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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #55285 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55285)
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-Project Gutenberg's Lives of Famous London Beggars, by John Thomas Smith
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Lives of Famous London Beggars
-       With Forty Portraits of the Most Remarkable.
-
-Author: John Thomas Smith
-
-Release Date: August 7, 2017 [EBook #55285]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF FAMOUS LONDON BEGGARS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by deaurider, cpinfield and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber's Note.
-
-There are thirty plates, located at the end of the text, that depict
-individuals described in it. They have been moved to follow the text
-that describes them. They are annotated "London Published as the Act
-directs [date] by J. T. Smith No. 4 Chandos St Covent Garden."
-
-Inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling have been retained.
-
-Italics are indicated by _underscores_. Small capitals have been
-replaced by full capitals and a superscript by ordinary font.
-
-
-[Illustration: ST MARTIN
-
-_The Patron Saint of the Beggars. From a rare print in the possession of
-Thos. Lloyd, Esq._]
-
-
- LIVES OF FAMOUS
- LONDON BEGGARS,
-
- WITH
- FORTY PORTRAITS OF THE MOST REMARKABLE.
-
- DRAWN FROM LIFE BY
- JOHN THOMAS SMITH.
-
-[Illustration: Publisher's Mark]
-
- LONDON:
- DIPROSE AND BATEMAN, SHEFFIELD STREET,
- LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-_Mr Granger, at the close of his Biographical History of England, says,
-"I shall conclude this volume with observing, that Lord Bacon has
-somewhere remarked, that biography has been confined within too narrow
-limits; as if the lives of great personages only deserved the notice of
-the inquisitive part of mankind. I have, perhaps, in the foregoing
-strictures extended the sphere of it too far. I began with Monarchs, and
-have ended with Ballad-Singers, Chimney-Sweepers, and Beggars. But they
-that fill the highest and the lowest classes of human life, seem, in
-many respects, to be more nearly allied than even themselves imagine. A
-skilful anatomist would find little or no difference, in dissecting the
-body of a king and that of the meanest of his subjects; and a judicious
-philosopher would discover a surprising conformity, in discussing the
-nature and qualities of their minds."_
-
-Beggary, of late, particularly for the last six years, had become so
-dreadful in London, that the more active interference of the legislature
-was deemed absolutely necessary; indeed, the deceptions of the idle and
-sturdy were so various, cunning, and extensive, that it was in most
-instances extremely difficult to discover the real object of charity
-from the impostor.
-
-Concluding, therefore, from the reduction of the metropolitan beggars,
-that several curious characters would disappear by being either
-compelled to industry, or to partake of the liberal parochial rates
-provided for them in their respective workhouses, it occurred to the
-author of the present publication, that likenesses of the most
-remarkable of them, with a few particulars of their habits, would not be
-unamusing to those to whom they have been a pest for several years.
-
-In order to convince his readers that he does not stand alone as a
-delineator of mendicants, he begs leave to observe, that several of the
-very first-rate artists have studied from them.
-
-Michael Angelo Buonarotti often drew from beggars; and report says, that
-in the early part of his life, when he had not the means of paying them
-in money, he would make an additional sketch, and, presenting it to the
-party, desire him to take it to some particular person, who would
-purchase it. Fuseli, in his life of Michael Angelo, says that "a beggar
-rose from his hand the patriarch of poverty." The same artist, in one of
-his lectures, delivered at the Royal Academy, also observes, that
-"Michael Angelo ennobled his beggars into Patriarchs and Prophets, in
-the ceiling of the Sistini Chapel."
-
-Annibal Caracci frequently drew subjects in low life. His "Cries of
-Bologna," etched by Giuseppe Maria Mitelli, pub. 1660, in folio, are
-evidently from real characters. It will also be recollected, that some
-of the finest productions of Murillo, Jan Miel, and Drogsloot, are
-beggars. Callot's twenty-four beggars are evidently from nature; and
-among Rembrandt's etchings are to be found twenty-three plates of this
-description.
-
-Sir Joshua Reynolds frequently painted from beggars, and from these
-people have originated some of his finest pictures, particularly his
-"Mercury as a Pickpocket," and "Cupid as a Link-boy." His Count Ugolino,
-was painted from a pavier, soon after he had left St George's Hospital
-from a severe fever. Mr West painted the portrait of a beggar, on the
-day when he became a hundred years old; and considered him as a
-pensioner for several years afterwards. The same person was used also as
-a model by Copley, Opie, &c. Who can forget the lovely countenance of
-Gainsborough's Shepherd's Boy, that has once seen Earlom's excellent
-engraving from it? He was a lad well known as a beggar to those who
-walked St James's Street thirty years ago. The model for the celebrated
-picture of the Woodman, by the same artist, is now living in the
-Borough, at the venerable age of 107.
-
-Mr Nollekens, in 1778, when modelling the bust of Dr Johnson, who then
-wore a wig, called in a beggar to sit for the hair. The same artist was
-not equally fortunate in the locks of another great character, for on
-his application to a beggar for the like purpose, the fellow declined to
-sit, with an observation that three half-crowns were not sufficient for
-the trouble.
-
-The late Mr Nathaniel Hone, in the year 1850, painted the portrait of
-James Turner, a common beggar, who valued his time at a shilling an
-hour. Captain Baillie has made an etching of this picture.
-
-That truly spirited painter, Mr Ward, made similar overtures to a lame
-sailor, who thought fit to reject them and prefer his begging occupation.
-
-One of the many fine things produced by Flaxman, is a figure of a blind
-sailor, Jack Stuart, mentioned in page 19 of this work. The artist has
-introduced him in a beautiful monument, erected in Campsal Church, to
-the memory of Misses Yarborough.
-
-Beggars have not only been useful to artists as models, but serviceable
-to them in other instances. Francis Perrier, who was born of poor
-parents, when a boy entered into the service of a blind beggar, for the
-express purpose of getting from France to Rome to pursue his studies in
-that city; and Old Scheemaker, the sculptor, Nollekens's master,
-absolutely begged his way from Flanders to Rome for the same purpose.
-
-Though the biographical part of this publication exhibits some curious
-customs of the London beggars which have fallen within the author's
-observations, and though it may in some instances be deemed original,
-yet he confesses that he has adopted the usual craft of the common
-vender, who invariably puts the best sample into the mouth of the sack.
-Such, he needs not state the truly interesting Introduction to be; it
-was written and presented to him by his honoured and valuable friend,
-FRANCIS DOUCE, Esq.
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTION.
-
-
-The present work is very far from being offered as a general view of
-that peculiar branch of pauperism, which includes the many wandering
-classes of mankind that are supported by the casual and irregular bounty
-of others, or by means that have at least the appearance of industry or
-honourable ingenuity; for that would be a task requiring the united
-efforts of the historian, the legislator, and the antiquary. It may be
-deemed sufficient to submit to the reader's notice, such accounts and
-gleanings as immediately relate to the particular characters which are
-here once more embodied and presented to him by the aid of the graphic
-art. In the mean time, a slight sketch of the state and progress of
-mendicity in former ages may be neither unacceptable nor without its use.
-
-The Beggar's calling, if not one of the most respectable, may doubtless
-be regarded as one of the most ancient. In every part of the globe where
-man is congregated, the inequality of his condition, the too frequent
-indolence of his habits, or the shifts to which human misery is
-occasionally reduced, will compel him to depend for his support on the
-generosity of his fellow-creatures, and even sometimes lead him to
-prefer this disgraceful state of existence. The sacred volume has
-supplied us with evidence of the mendicant profession at an early
-period. King David, when imprecating curses on the head of his enemy,
-prays that "his children be continually vagabonds, and _beg_;"[1] and
-the story of Ulysses and the beggar Irus, as related in one of the
-oldest works extant, is known almost to every one.
-
-The state of mendicity among the Greeks and Romans is but obscurely
-recorded, nor have any specific laws or regulations that they might have
-framed relating to that subject been transmitted to us. The beggars in
-Horace, who lamented the death of the musician Tigellinus, were probably
-of the common kind, though some have supposed them to have been
-fortune-tellers or prophets. Their dress would be of the ragged sort,
-the _mendicula impluviata_ of Plautus. We learn from Seneca, that the
-beggars of his time practised every species of imposture, and even
-amputated their limbs for the purpose of exciting compassion.
-
-During the middle ages, we meet with a few legislative acts relating to
-the vagrant classes. In a capitulary of the Emperor Charlemagne, beggars
-were prohibited from wandering about the country; and another ancient
-law of the Franks is cited by Beatus Rhenanus in his German chronicle,
-by which every city is ordered to maintain its own poor, who are
-nevertheless to be compelled to manual labour, or otherwise not to be
-entitled to relief; a vagrant life is also strictly prohibited. For a
-considerable time the kingdom of France was much infested with a set of
-itinerant beggars, usually known by the appellation of _Truands_, and
-their occupation by that of _Truandise_; from which terms our own
-language has adopted an obvious word of much significance. These people
-likewise gave name to one of the streets of Paris, called _La
-Truanderie_; and, under pretence of begging alms, committed the most
-atrocious crimes and excesses practising every kind of fraud and
-imposture; so that the name gradually became the representative of every
-thing that was bad and infamous. In later times they were called
-_Argotiers_. They assumed the form of a regular government, elected a
-king, and established a fixed code of laws, and a language peculiar to
-themselves, constructed probably by some of the debauched and licentious
-youths who, abandoning their scholastic studies, associated with these
-vagabonds. The facetious author of a poetical life of the famous French
-robber Cartouche, has given a very humorous account of the origin of the
-word _Argot_, which, at the expense of graver etymologists, he derives
-from the ship Argos; contending that this _jargon_, a term that would
-perhaps have supplied the real and perverted meaning of the other, was
-either invented by the navigators of that celebrated vessel, for the
-purpose of deceiving his majesty of Colchos, or constructed by Agamemnon
-at Argos, and transported afterwards to Troy, where the Greek generals
-used it to harangue their soldiers. The same writer has likewise
-compiled a dictionary of the language in question, which is given at the
-end of Cartouche's history. Their king assumed the title of the _Great
-Chosroes_, in imitation of the Persian monarch of that name, and
-his officers had their several cant denominations contrived with
-considerable ingenuity. One of these sovereigns thought fit to prefer
-his own name, and was called _Roi de Thunes_. This fellow used to be
-drawn triumphantly through the streets in a little cart by two stout
-dogs, and at length finished his career on a gibbet at Bourdeaux. The
-new members of this honourable fraternity were graciously received by
-the monarch, and consigned to his officers for instruction. These taught
-them to counterfeit wounds, sores, and ulcers, by means of the juice of
-celandine and other herbs; to make preparations of grease, &c., for the
-purpose of hindering dogs from barking, and many other tricks and
-contrivances essential to the profession of a beggar. The necessary
-qualifications for an officer at court, was the possession of masks,
-rags, plaisters, bandages, crutches, and other matters calculated to
-excite charity and compassion; a candidate for the monarchy, which was
-elective, must have passed through one or more offices, and have sported
-a limb in all appearance shockingly diseased, but curable in a day's
-time. The royal habits were composed of a thousand bits of rag, of
-various colours. Every year the king held a council of his officers and
-subjects, who reported their proceedings, and paid him the legal and
-accustomed tribute money; offences were inquired into, and summary
-punishment inflicted. Many of the above officers were runaway scholars
-and debauched priests, who taught the novices the _Argot_ language, and
-performed other duties which exempted them from the usual tribute to the
-sovereign. These impostors were divided into numerous classes, assuming
-various appellations. Those who counterfeited maimed soldiers were
-called _Narquois_, corresponding with our Rufflers. The little urchins,
-who before the establishment of regular hospitals were permitted to beg
-in groups, and appeared as half-starved, were denominated _Orphelins_,
-or _Orphans_. Fellows assuming the character of broken merchants and
-tradesmen, called themselves _Marcandiers_ and _Rifodés_; these,
-pretending to have been ruined by war, by fire, and other calamities,
-made use of false certificates of their loss, and were frequently
-accompanied by their wives and children. The _Malingreux_ were the
-dropsical and otherwise diseased impostors, who frequented the churches,
-and demanded alms to enable them to make pilgrimages and perform masses
-to particular saints. The _Hubins_ shewed certificates of having been
-bitten by wolves or dogs, and placed themselves under St Hubert's
-protection. The _Coquillarts_ pretended to have made a pilgrimage to St
-James or St Michael, and sold their cockle-shells even to those fools
-who had done so. The _Sabouleux_ counterfeited demoniacs, by means of
-soap held in the mouth, with which they produced their foam, and
-exhibited false wounds on their heads and bodies, which they pretended
-to have inflicted on themselves during their fits. These last were the
-most faithful subjects of the _Great Chosroes_, and paid him a much
-higher tribute than any of the rest. Besides the above, there were the
-_Pietres_, the _Courtaux_, the _Polissons_, the _Capons_, the
-_Francmitoux_, and a variety of others, all assuming different
-characters, to defraud the unwary in every possible manner. These
-particulars have been collected together as exhibiting a general view of
-the manners and practices of the begging tribe in the kingdom of France,
-where the regulations concerning them appear to have been very frequent
-and severe. In the reign of Francis I. many edicts of the court issued
-against them, by some of which all the beggars in Paris were compelled
-to clear the city sewers and ditches, and to assist in repairing the
-fortifications; and for this purpose the police officers seized upon all
-that were able-bodied and competent to work. Many were banished to the
-provinces, and if they continued to beg, and refused to assist in the
-vintage, they were ordered to be hanged. Whipping was the more general
-punishment; and where licensed, they were not suffered to go about in
-troops, but confined to travel in Paris only, to prevent robberies and
-other mischief. Those who could not labour, on account of infirmity,
-were maintained in hospitals, or by contributions at the churches, where
-they were not permitted, as at present, to beg, under pain of whipping.
-In the admirable Pictures of Paris by Mercier, there is an interesting
-article on the sturdy beggars of that city, where their noisy orgies at
-their places of rendezvous, when they have stripped themselves of their
-false limbs and hideous plasters, are eloquently described. He mentions
-one cruel and wicked practice among these impostors, namely, that when
-they steal other people's children for want of their own, they distort
-and even dislocate the members of the unfortunate victims, to give them
-what they impiously term the arms and legs of God Almighty.
-
-With respect to the vagabonds of Spain, who will be found to resemble,
-with small difference, many of the classes above described, it will be
-sufficient to refer the reader to those excellent novels, Lazarillo de
-Tormes, and Guzman de Alfarache. The manners of the Italian mendicants
-and impostors are admirably depicted, with many entertaining stories, in
-the very curious work of Rafael Frianoro, entitled, "Il vagabondo, overo
-sferzo de bianti e vagabondi," _Viterbo_, 1620, 12mo, in which the
-catalogue of names of the parties, and of the impostures practised, far
-exceeded those of any other country.
-
-Della Valle, in his travels to the East Indies, informs us, that the
-beggars there make use of a trumpet to express their wants, frequently
-terrifying the people into charity by their loud clamours. Of the
-Chinese mendicants, some particulars will be found in explaining one of
-the plates of this work.
-
-It would amount to positive negligence, if, in the present sketch, those
-wanderers that are usually known among ourselves by the appellation of
-Gypsies, and on the continent by that of Bohemians, on account of their
-first appearance in that country, were passed over without some notice;
-but their history has been so learnedly and copiously detailed by M.
-Grellmann, that it may be thought sufficient on this occasion to advert
-to the English translation of that excellent work by Mr Raper, published
-1787, in quarto.
-
-Nor should the mention of the orders of mendicant friars be omitted,
-who, no doubt, had their prototypes in the knavish priests of Cybele. Of
-these persons there were four orders,--viz., the Augustinians, the
-Carmelites, the Dominicans, and the Minorites. They wandered from place
-to place, professing poverty, and exciting the charity of others. They
-had assumed and acquired an unlimited control over the consciences of
-the deluded victims of their artifice, and at length became particularly
-odious to the monks and the clergy in general, continuing nevertheless
-to maintain their power and influence, from the marked favour and
-protection of the Roman Pontiffs, who regarded them as some of their
-best friends and supporters. In our own country these people encountered
-a most bitter and inveterate enemy in the celebrated Wickliffe, who, in
-his sermons and other works, declaimed against them with much vehement
-eloquence as thieves, hypocrites, and children of Judas Iscariot;
-telling them that Christ never commissioned any one to appear in the
-character of a beggar; and that, although he preferred a state of
-poverty, he never demanded alms himself, nor allowed of others doing it,
-but in cases of extreme necessity.
-
-Another set of ecclesiastical mendicants were those pseudo-monks, who,
-among many other irregularities, scrupled not to take to themselves
-wives, whilst their brethren contented themselves with concubines. These
-were branded by the regular monks with the appellation of _Beghards_,
-and are specially termed _sturdy beggars_, in a very bitter invective
-against them by Felix Hammerlein, a civilian and canon of Zurich, in the
-fifteenth century, who emphatically calls them the legitimate sons of
-Belial. Many other writers declaimed against them with great acrimony,
-and some of the more rigid Papists seem to have classed them among the
-_Lollards_, an appellation that has very much arrested the attention of
-the learned in etymology, though without any certainty as to its origin.
-
-The records of our early history supply few, if any, materials that
-throw light upon the subject before us; and the laws of the Saxons, as
-well as those of our British ancestors, are entirely silent as to any
-regulation concerning vagrants or mendicants of any kind. A curious
-incident however in the life of Edward the Confessor, as related by his
-historian Alured of Rievaulx, is worthy of being mentioned. This
-sovereign is said to have been remarkable for his benevolence to the
-poor, many of whom he privately supported. Among these was one Ralph, a
-Norman, a miserable object, whose limbs were shockingly contracted by
-disease. This man, scarcely able to creep along on his knees, as was the
-usual practice with such persons, and urged by necessity, the mother of
-invention, was the first who is reported as making use of a hollow
-vessel of wood, in the form of a bason, in which he placed his hinder
-parts, guiding and supporting his crippled limbs by means of his hands,
-and thus sailed along, as it were, upon the ground. On the king's death
-he made a pilgrimage to his tomb, and addressing himself to the monarch
-as if alive, was healed, as says the legend, of his disease.
-
-The next two centuries of English history are equally barren of incident
-to our purpose. From that time, however, the statute laws of the kingdom
-furnish abundant regulations concerning the vagrant classes, and it has
-therefore been thought worth while to submit to the reader's notice the
-following extracts and abridgments.
-
-The statute of labourers, made in the 23d year of Edw. III., recites
-that there are many sturdy beggars, who prefer a life of indolence to
-active labour, and commit theft and other crimes; and therefore, with a
-view to discourage such practices, and compel these persons to work for
-their living, it enacts that none, on pain of imprisonment, shall, under
-colour of pity or of alms, give anything to those who are competent to
-labour, or presume by such means to "_favour them towards their
-desires_."
-
-By Stat. xii. Rich. II. c. 6, every beggar who is able to work shall be
-put in the stocks, and such as are unable to work shall abide in the
-cities and towns where they be dwelling at the time of proclaiming this
-statute; and if the inhabitants shall not be able to maintain them, then
-the said beggars shall withdraw themselves to other places within the
-hundred, rape, or wapentake, or to the places of their nativity, within
-forty days as above, and there continually abide during their lives; and
-all that go in pilgrimage as beggars, but are able to work, shall be
-punished with the stocks, unless they have letters testimonial from a
-justice of the peace. The sheriffs and gaolers are also charged with the
-custody of beggars, though it does not appear for what particular
-offence. Religious persons and hermits who beg must have licence from
-their ordinaries, and scholars of the universities from their
-chancellors, under the like penalties.
-
-The Stat. xix. Hen. VII., adverting to the rigour of the last-mentioned
-regulations, and to the great expense of confining vagabonds and beggars
-in prison, enacts, that an immediate discharge from the gaols shall take
-place, and all beggars be set in the stocks for a day and a night,
-without other food than bread and water, and then sent to the place of
-their nativity, or where they may have resided for the space of three
-years. It also enacts, that such beggars as are not able to work be
-passed to their own towns, where only they are to be allowed to beg.
-
-By Stat. xxii. Hen. VIII., persons unable to work are to be licensed by
-certificate from mayors, sheriffs, bailiffs, or justices, to beg within
-certain districts; and if they be found begging without such licence,
-they are to be set in the stocks for three days and three nights, and
-fed only on bread and water, or else whipped, at the discretion of the
-magistrate, who is afterwards to give the party a licence and dismiss
-him. Persons being "whole and mighty in body, and able to labour," and
-found begging, are to be whipped at the cart's tail till blood come, and
-then dismissed to their own district, receiving a licence, stating their
-punishment, and authorising them to beg by the way. Scholars at the
-universities begging without licence, to be punished as above. Persons
-wandering about with unlawful games, and fortune-tellers of all kinds,
-to be punished for the first offence by two days whipping; for the
-second, by like whipping, with subsequent pillory and loss of one ear;
-for the third, the like punishment, with loss of the other ear. The
-licence was in these words,--"Memorandum, that A. B. of Dale, for
-reasonable considerations, is licensed to beg within the hundred of P.
-K. in the county of L.;" and the licence after whipping is as
-follows,--"I. S., whipped for a vagrant strong beggar, at Dale, in the
-county of L., according to the law, the 22 July, in the 23 year of King
-Henry the Eighth, was assigned to pass forthwith and directly from
-thence to Sale, in the county of M., where he saith he was born, or
-where he last dwelled by the term of three years, and he is limited to
-be there within fourteen days next ensuing, at his peril," &c.
-
-By this act, persons delivered from gaol, or acquitted of felonies, who
-could not pay the usual fees, were to be licensed by the keeper to raise
-such fees by begging for the space of six weeks, on pain of whipping for
-default of such licence.
-
-By the 27th Hen. VIII., further provisions were made for the labour and
-employment of vagabonds and beggars. Churchwardens to gather alms for
-supporting the poor on Sundays and holidays. Begging children, between
-the ages of five and fourteen years, to be placed under masters of
-husbandry; and those between the ages of twelve and sixteen to be
-whipped for running away. Beggars offending again after the first
-punishment, to be marked by cutting off the upper gristle of the right
-ear; and if found still loitering in idleness, to be indicted as felons
-at the quarter sessions, and on conviction to suffer death. The
-mendicant friars are specially excepted in this act, which provides many
-additional supports for the poor besides the vast donations from the
-still existing monasteries, and the almshouses and hospitals.
-
-At the commencement of the reign of Edw. VI., a most severe and
-extraordinary statute was made for the punishment of vagabonds and
-relief of poor persons. It does not appear who were the contrivers of
-this instrument, the preamble and general spirit of which were more in
-accordance with the tyrannical and arbitrary measures of the preceding
-reign, than with the mild and merciful character of the infant
-sovereign, who is well known to have taken a very active part in the
-affairs of government. It repeals all the former statutes on this
-subject, and enacts, that if any beggar or other person, not being lame
-or impotent, and after loitering or idly wandering for the space of
-three days or more, shall not offer himself to labour, or being engaged
-in any person's service shall run away or leave his work, it shall be
-lawful for the master to carry him before a justice of peace, who, on
-proof of the offence, shall cause the party to be marked with a hot iron
-with the letter V on the breast, and adjudge him to be his master's
-slave for the space of two years, who shall feed him "on bread and
-water, or, at his discretion, on refuse of meat, and cause the said
-slave to work, by beating, chaining, or otherwise, in such work or
-labour (how vile soever it be) as he shall put him unto." If the slave
-should run away, or absent himself for a fortnight without leave, the
-master may pursue and punish him by chaining or beating, and have his
-action of damage against any one who shall harbour or detain him. On
-proof before the justice of the slave's escape, he is to be sentenced to
-be marked on the forehead or ball of the cheek with a hot iron with the
-letter S, and adjudged to be his master's slave for ever; and for the
-second offence of running away, he is to be regarded as a felon and
-suffer death. The children of beggars to be taken from them, and, with
-other vagrant children, to be apprenticed by the magistrate to whoever
-will take them; and if such children so apprenticed run away, they are
-to be retaken, and become slaves till the age of twenty in females, and
-twenty-four in males, and punishment by chains, &c., and power to the
-master to let, sell, or bequeath them, as goods and chattels, for the
-term aforesaid. If any slave should maim or wound the master in
-resisting correction, or conspire to wound or murder him, or burn his
-house or other property, he is to suffer death as a felon, unless the
-master will consent to retain him as a slave for ever; and if any
-parent, nurse, or bearer about of children, so become slaves, shall
-steal or entice them away from the master, such person shall be liable
-to become a slave to the said master for ever, and the party so stolen
-or enticed away restored. If any vagrant be brought to a place where he
-shall state himself to have been born, and it shall be manifest that he
-was not so born there, for such lie he shall be marked in the face with
-an S, and become a slave to the inhabitants or corporation of the city
-for ever. Any master of a slave may put a ring of iron about his neck,
-arm, or leg, for safe custody; and any person taking or helping to take
-off such ring, without consent of the master, shall forfeit the sum of
-ten pounds.
-
-This diabolical statute, after remaining for two years, was repealed, on
-the ground that, from its extreme severity, it had not been enforced,
-and instead of it the xxii. Hen. VIII. was revived. The taking
-apprentices the children of beggars was, however, continued; but instead
-of slavery for the offence of running away, the punishment of the stocks
-was substituted. In the last year of King Edward's reign, further
-provisions for supporting the poor were made, by gathering alms at
-church by the parish officers, who were "gently to ask and demand of
-every man and woman what they of their charity will be contented to give
-weekly toward the relief of the poor, and the same to be written in a
-register or book." The collectors are empowered to make such of the poor
-labour as they shall think fit; but none are permitted "to go, or sit
-openly, _a begging_."
-
-The last statute that it will be necessary to refer to, is that of the
-xxxix. Eliz. c. 4, for the punishment and suppression of rogues,
-vagabonds, and sturdy beggars, by which houses of correction are for the
-first time established; and all persons calling themselves scholars, and
-going about begging, fellows pretending losses by sea, persons using
-unlawful games, fortune-tellers, procurers, collectors for gaols and
-hospitals, fencers, bearwards, common players of interludes, minstrels
-(except such players as are licensed by any baron of the realm),
-jugglers, tinkers, pedlars, common labourers able in body but begging
-and refusing labour for reasonable wages, persons delivered from gaol
-and begging for fees, all persons whatever that beg in any manner as
-wanderers, and all gypsies or pretending to be so, shall be adjudged
-rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars, and be liable to the punishment
-of whipping till the blood come, and passed to their respective
-parishes, and committed to the house of correction until further
-provision by work, or placing in almshouses. If any of the above persons
-shall appear to be dangerous to the inferior sort of people, or will not
-otherwise be reformed, they shall be committed to the house of
-correction or county gaol, and at the quarter-sessions, if necessary,
-banished from the kingdom to such places as shall be assigned by the
-privy council, or otherwise be sent to the galleys of the kingdom for
-life, with pain of death on returning from banishment. No vagabonds or
-beggars to be imported from Ireland, Scotland, or the Isle of Man, or,
-if already here, to be sent back to their respective countries. No
-diseased poor persons to be suffered to repair to the baths of Bath or
-Buxton for cure, unless they forbear to beg, and are licensed by two
-justices; and that the above cities be not charged with finding relief
-for such persons. This statute not to extend to children under seven
-years old, nor to _glassmen_ of good behaviour, travelling with licence,
-and forbearing to beg.
-
-It is impossible to look upon a more finished picture of the general
-manners of the begging classes, a little before the Reformation, than in
-the following extract from the once deservedly celebrated satire
-entitled the _Ship of Fools_. Although of foreign construction, it is
-not the less calculated for the meridian of England; and indeed the
-translator has in some degree adapted it to his own country. The author
-thus addresses the parties in question:--
-
-"All vacabondes and myghty beggers, the whyche gothe beggynge from dore
-to dore, and ayleth lytell or nought, with lame men and crepylles, come
-unto me, and I shall gyve you an almesse saluberryme and of grete
-vertue. The mendycans be in grete nombre, wherfore I wyll declare unto
-you some of theyr foolysshe condycyons. These fooles, the whiche be
-founde in theyr corporal bodyes, wyl nourysh and kepe dyvers chyldren.
-The monkes have this myschefe and the clerkes also, the whiche have
-theyr coffers ful of grete rychesses and treasoures. Nevertheles yet
-they applye themselfe in the offyce of the mendycans, in purchasyng and
-beggynge on every syde. They be a grete sorte replenysshed with
-unhappynes, saynge that they lede theyr lyves in grete poverte and
-calamyte; and therefore, they praye evry man to gyve them theyr good
-almesse, in release of theyr payne and myserye. And yet they have golde
-and sylver grete plentye, but they will spende nothinge before the comyn
-people. Somtyme the cursed taketh the almesse of the poore indygente. I
-fynde grete fautes in the abbottes, monkes, pryours, chanons, and
-coventes, for all that they have rentes, tenementes, and possessyons
-ynough, yet, as folkes devoyde of sense and understondynge, they be
-never satysfyed with goodes. They goo from vyllage to vyllage and from
-towne to towne, berynge grete bagges upon theyr neckes, assemblynge so
-moche goodes that it is grete mervayle, and whan they be in theyr
-relygyous cloysters, they make them byleve that they have had lytell
-gyven them or nothynge; for God knoweth they make heven chere in the
-countre. There is another sort of pardoners, the which bereth relyques
-aboute with them, in abusynge the pore folkes; for and yf they have but
-one poore peny in theyr purses they must have it. They garde togyder
-golde and sylver in every place, lyke as yf it grewe. They make the
-poore folkes byleve moche gay gere. They sel the feders of the Holy
-Ghoost. They bere the bones of some deed body aboute, the which,
-paraventure, is damned. They shewe the heer of some old hors, saynge
-that it is of the berde of the Innocentes. There is an innumerable syght
-of suche folkes and of vacabondes in this realme of Englonde, the which
-be hole of all theyr membres and myghte wynne theyr lyves honestly.
-Notwithstondynge they go beggynge from dore to dore, because they wyll
-not werke, and patcheth an olde mautell or an olde gowne with an hondred
-colours, and byndeth foule cloutes aboute theyr legges, as who say they
-be sore. And oftentymes they be more rycher than they that gyveth them
-almesse. They breke theyr chyldrens membres in theyr youthe, because
-that men sholde have the more pyte of them. They go wepynge and
-wryngynge of theyr handes, and counterfettynge the sorrowfull, praynge
-for Goddes sake to gyve them an almesse, and maketh so well the
-hypocrytes that there is no man the whiche seeth them but that he is
-abused, and must gyve them an almesse. There is some stronge and
-puysaunt rybaudes, the whiche wyll not laboure, but lyve, as these
-beggers, without doynge ony thynge, the whiche be dronke oftentymes.
-They be well at ease to have grete legges and bellyes eten to the bonis;
-for they wyll not put noo medycynes therto for to hele them, but soner
-envenymeth them, and dyvers other begylynges of which I holde my pease.
-O poore frantyke fooles, the whiche robbeth them that hathe no brede for
-to ete, and by adventure dare not aske none for shame, the auncyent men,
-poore wedowes, lazars, and blynde men. Alas! thynke thereon, for truely
-ye shall gyve accomptes before Hym that created us."
-
-In the year 1566, Thomas Harman, Esq., probably a justice of peace,
-published a very singular and amusing work, entitled, "A Caveat, or
-Warning for Common Cursetors (runners) vulgarely called Vagabones;" in
-which he has described the several sorts of thieving beggars and other
-rogues with considerable humour, and has collected together a great
-number of words belonging to what he humorously calls the "leud lousey
-language of these lewtering luskes and lazy lorrels, wherewith they bye
-and sell the common people as they pas through the countrey." He says
-they term this language _Pedlar's French_, or, _Canting_, which had not
-then been invented above thirty years. As the book has lately been
-reprinted, it will be proper, on this occasion, to use it more
-sparingly, and to mention only such of Harman's vagabonds as fall under
-the begging class. These are 1. The _Rufflers_; particularly mentioned
-in the Stat. xxvii. Henry VIII. against vagabonds, as fellows pretending
-to be wounded soldiers. These, says Harman, after a year or two's
-practice, unless they be prevented by twined hemp, become,--2. _Upright
-Men_; still pretending to have served in the wars, and offering, though
-never intending, to work for their living. They decline receiving meat
-or drink, and take nothing but money by way of charity, but contrive to
-steal pigs and poultry at night, chiefly plundering the farmers. Of
-late, says the author, they have been much whipped at fairs. They attack
-and rob other beggars that do not belong to their own fraternity,
-occasionally admitting or installing them into it by pouring a quart of
-liquor on their pates, with these words, "I do stall thee, W. T., to the
-rogue, and that from henceforth it shall be lawful for thee to cant for
-thy living in all places." All sorts of beggars are obedient to them,
-and they surpass all the rest in pilfering and stealing. 3. _Hookers_,
-or _Anglers_; these knaves beg by day, and pilfer at night, by means of
-a pole with a hook at the end, with which they lay hold of linen, or any
-thing hanging from windows or elsewhere. The author relates a curious
-feat of dexterity practised by one of them at a farm house, where, in
-the dead of the night, he contrived to hook off the bed-clothes from
-three men who were lying asleep, leaving them in their shirts, and when
-they awoke from cold, supposing, to use the author's words, "that Robin
-Goodfellow had bene with them that night." 4. _Rogues_; going about with
-a white handkerchief tied round the head, and pretending to be lame.
-These people committed various other frauds and impostures, in order to
-obtain charity. 5. _Pallyards_; with patched garments, collecting, by
-way of alms, provisions, or whatever they could get, which they sold for
-ready money; they are chiefly Welshmen, and make artificial sores by
-applying spearwort to raise blisters on their bodies, or else arsenic or
-ratsbane to create incurable wounds. 6. _Abraham Men_; pretending to be
-lunatics, who have been a long time confined in Bedlam or some other
-prison, where they have been unmercifully used with blows, &c. They beg
-money or provisions at farmers' houses, or bully them by fierce looks or
-menaces. 7. _Traters_; or fellows travelling about the country with
-black boxes at the girdle, containing forged briefs, or licences to beg
-for hospitals. Some have clouts bound round their legs, and walk as if
-lame, with staves in their hands. 8. _Freshwater Mariners_, or
-_Whipjacks_; whose ships, says the witty author, were drowned in
-Salisbury Plain. These counterfeit great losses at sea by shipwreck and
-piracy, and are chiefly Irishmen, begging with false licences, under the
-supposed seal of the Admiralty, so artfully constructed as to deceive
-even the best lawyers. 9. The _Counterfeit Crank_; who is described at
-large, with a figure, in another part of this work. 10. _Dommerars_;
-chiefly Welshmen, pretending to be dumb, and forcibly keeping down their
-tongues doubled, groaning for charity, and keeping up their hands most
-piteously, by which means they procure considerable gains. 11.
-_Demanders for glymmar_; who are chiefly women that go about with false
-licences to beg, as sufferers from fire,--glymmar, in pedlars' language,
-signifying that element. Many other classes are enumerated in this
-curious volume, as--priggars of prauncers, swadders, jarkman, patricos,
-bawdy baskets, autem morts, walking morts, doxies, dells, kynchin morts,
-and kynchin coes; but all these are rather pilferers than beggars.
-
-As every trade or profession had its patron saint, so the beggars made
-choice of St Martin, who appears to have had a great regard for them.
-This person was originally a soldier of rank in the armies of the
-Emperors Constantius and Julian, but preferring a religious life, he
-applied to Saint Hilary, of Poitou, who appointed him his sub-deacon;
-and soon afterwards becoming a saint himself, he of course acquired the
-power of working miracles, many of which, with much other legendary
-matter, have been related by his credulous but elegant historian,
-Sulpitius Severus, and transferred, with due additions and improvements,
-into that grand repertory of pious frauds, the Golden Legend, and some
-other works of similar authority. It is related of him, that when a
-soldier, as he passed by one of the gates of Amiens in winter time, he
-met a poor naked man, on whom none would bestow alms. Martin drew out
-his sword, and cutting his mantle asunder in the middle, gave one half
-to the poor man, having nothing else to bestow on him, contenting
-himself with the remainder to keep him from the cold. On the ensuing
-night he saw the Saviour of the world in heaven, clothed with that part
-which he had given to the poor man, and exclaiming to the angels that
-surrounded him, "Martin, yet new in the faith, hath covered me with this
-vesture." Ever afterwards he became particularly attached to beggars and
-poor people. The cripples and lepers seem, however, to have made
-exclusive choice of St Giles for their patron, to whom the hospitals and
-other places for their relief were usually dedicated. So the parish
-church of Cripplegate was dedicated to him; and the ward itself, named
-after a very ancient gate to which the crippled beggars particularly
-resorted. There would be some difficulty to account for their preference
-of this Saint, as he does not appear to have been either lame or
-leprous. He was a noble Christian, born at Athens, a man of singular
-charity, giving largely to the poor, and on one occasion doing more than
-St Martin, by giving the _whole_ of his coat to a diseased and naked
-beggar, who is said to have been immediately healed on putting it on.
-
-As an exemplification of the legend of Saint Martin might be acceptable
-to many readers, it has been thought fit to select, as an appropriate
-embellishment, one of the oldest figures of the Saint that remain, and
-to place it before the title of the work. This print has been copied
-with scrupulous fidelity from an ancient engraving in copper, in the
-truly valuable collection of Thomas Lloyd, Esq., by a German artist,
-whose name unfortunately has not been preserved, and who probably
-executed it between the years 1460 and 1470. In this instance the story
-has not been correctly adhered to, for the designer of the print has
-there introduced a _couple_ of beggars; an error that is sufficiently
-compensated by the variety it affords of the mendicant costume, one of
-these fellows making use of a creeper and dish, the other of a crutch. A
-later print of this subject, and of extreme curiosity on all accounts,
-may likewise be consulted. It is from a design by Jerom Bosche, an
-artist of grotesque celebrity, and represents Saint Martin in a boat
-full of beggars, with crowds of others on shore, in every possible form
-and attitude. It is accompanied with the following inscription, in the
-Flemish language: "The good Saint Martin is here represented among the
-crippled, nasty, wretched tribe, distributing to them his cloak, instead
-of money; the miserable crew contending for the spoil."
-
-In the year 1741, a spirited presentment to the Court of King's Bench
-was made by the Grand Jury of Middlesex, against the unusual swarms of
-sturdy and clamorous beggars, as well as the many frightful objects
-exposed in the streets; in which they state, that notwithstanding a very
-strong presentment to the same effect had been made by a former jury in
-1728, they had found the evil rather increased than remedied. This they
-ascribe to negligence in the proper officers, and trust that a proper
-remedy will be applied, and themselves not troubled with the poor, at
-the same time that they are every day more and more loaded with taxes to
-provide for them; and that his Majesty's subjects may have the passage
-of the streets, as in former happy times, free and undisturbed, and be
-able to transact the little business to which the decay of trade has
-reduced them, without molestation.
-
-In the last session of the present Parliament, the matter has been again
-taken up with a degree of skill and vigour that reflects great honour on
-its conductors; and we may indulge a hope to see the streets of the
-Metropolis freed from the many public and disgusting nuisances that have
-increased with its population, and the real objects of charity and
-compassion humanely and properly cherished and protected, as well as the
-vast and oppressive expense of supporting them reduced.
-
-Already we perceive the alarm has been taken by the members of the
-mendicant tribes; and it may not be too much to add, that the interest
-and curiosity of the present work are likely to augment, in proportion
-as the characters that have led to its composition shall decrease in
-numbers. That they should entirely disappear, may be more than can be
-reasonably expected.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The figure above represents an English Beggar about the middle of the
-fifteenth century, and has been copied from a Pontifical among the
-Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, on one of the margins of which the
-illuminator has rather strangely introduced it.
-
-[1] Psal. cix. 10. The passage in 1 Samuel ii. 8, "He lifteth up the
-_beggar_ from the dunghill," has not been used, because the original
-word does not seem to mean a common beggar. Strictly rendered, it
-signifies a _poor person_, or one in want.
-
-
-
-
- MENDICANT WANDERERS THROUGH THE
- STREETS OF LONDON.
-
-
-Sailors, according to the old adage, find a port in every storm. The
-appeal of "My worthy heart, stow a copper in Jack's locker,--for poor
-Jack has not had a quid to-day," is as piercingly felt by the lowly
-cottager as the British Admiral.
-
-Who can recollect Bigg's pathetic picture of the "Shipwrecked
-Sailor-boy," or Mrs Ludlam's charming poem of "The Lost Child," without
-shedding the tear of sympathy?
-
-The public are not, however, to conclude, that because a fellow sports a
-jacket and trousers, he must have been a seaman; for there are many
-fresh-water sailors, who never saw a ship but from London Bridge. Such
-an impostor was Jack Stuart, Flaxman's model, whose effigy is attached
-to the capital letter of this page. Jack's latter history is truly
-curious. After lingering for nearly three months, he died on the 15th of
-August 1815, aged 35. His funeral was attended by his wife and faithful
-dog, Tippo, as chief mourners, accompanied by three blind beggars in
-black cloaks; namely, John Fountain, George Dyball, and John Jewis. Two
-blind fiddlers, William Worthington and Joseph Symmonds, preceded the
-coffin, playing the 104th Psalm. The whimsical procession moved on,
-amidst crowds of spectators, from Jack's house, in Charlton Gardens,
-Somers Town, to the churchyard of St Pancras, Middlesex. The mourners
-afterwards returned to the place from whence the funeral had proceeded,
-where they remained the whole of the night, dancing, drinking, swearing,
-and fighting, and occasionally chaunting Tabernacle hymns; for it must
-be understood, that most of the beggars are staunch Methodists. The
-person from whom these particulars were obtained, and who was one of the
-party, thought himself extremely happy that he came off with a pair of
-black eyes _only_. The conduct of this man's associates in vice was
-however powerfully contrasted by the extraordinary attachment and
-fidelity of Jack's cur, Tippo, his long and stedfast guide, who, after
-remaining three days upon his master's grave, refusing every sort of
-food, died with intermitting sighs and howling sorrow. The dog of
-Woollett, the engraver, died nearly a similar death.
-
-The following plate exhibits Stuart's pupil, George Dyball, a fellow of
-considerable notoriety. He sometimes dresses as a sailor, in nankeen
-waistcoat and trousers; but George, like his master, never was a seaman.
-Stuart taught him to maund, by allowing him to kneel at a respectful
-distance, and repeat his supplications.
-
-Dyball was remarkable for his leader, Nelson, whose tricks displayed in
-an extraordinary degree the sagacity and docility of the canine race.
-This dog would, at a word from his master, lead him to any part of the
-town he wished to traverse, and at so quick a pace, that both animals
-have been observed to get on much faster than any other streetwalkers.
-His business was to make a response to his master's "_Pray pity the
-Blind_" by an impressive whine, accompanied with uplifted eyes and an
-importunate turn of the head; and when his eyes have not caught those of
-the spectators, he has been seen to rub the tin box against their knees,
-to enforce his solicitations. When money was thrown into the box, he
-immediately put it down, took out the contents with his mouth, and,
-joyfully wagging his tail, carried them to his master. After this, for a
-moment or two, he would venture to smell about the spot; but as soon as
-his master uttered "_Come, Sir_," off he would go, to the extent of his
-string, with his tail between his legs, apprehensive of the effects of
-his master's corrective switch. This animal was presented to Dyball by
-Joseph Symmonds, the blind fiddler, who received him of James Garland,
-another blind beggar, who had taught him his tricks. Unfortunately for
-Dyball, this treasure has lately been stolen from him, as is supposed by
-some itinerant player, and he is now obliged to depend on a dog of
-inferior qualifications, though George has declared him to "_Shew very
-pretty for tricks_."
-
-This custom of teaching dogs to beg with cans in their mouths is not
-new. A few years since, there was such an animal in a booth at
-Bartholomew Fair, who made his supplications in favour of an Italian
-rope-dancer. The practice is indeed very ancient, as appears in a truly
-curious illuminated copy of the Speculum Humanć Salvationis, written in
-the early part of the fifteenth century, in the possession of a friend
-of the author.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE I.
-
-George Dyball, a blind beggar of considerable notoriety, and his dog
-Nelson.]
-
-The next plate is of a beggar well known at fairs near the Metropolis.
-He is certainly blind, and perhaps one of the most cunning and witty of
-his tribe; for in order that his blindness may be manifest, he literally
-throws up his eyeballs, as if desirous of exemplifying the following
-lines in Hudibras:--
-
-  "As men of inward light are wont
-  To turn their optics in upon't."
-
-He is a foreigner, and probably a Frenchman; at all events he professed
-to be so on the commencement of the war; but having acquired a tolerable
-stock of English, and perhaps not choosing to return home, he now
-declares himself "_A poor Spaniard Man_."
-
-Sometimes he will, by an artful mode of singing any stuff that comes
-into his head, and by merely sounding the last word of a line, so
-contrive to impose upon the waggoners and other country people, as to
-make them believe that he fought in the field of Waterloo.
-
-"Poor fellow," exclaimed a spectator, "he has been in the battle of
-Waterloo." "_Yes, my belove friends_," returned the mendicant, "_De
-money de money go very low too_."
-
-However, this fellow is now and then detected, in consequence of a
-picture, which is painted on a tin plate and fastened to his breast,
-being the portrait of and worn many years ago by a marine, who had lost
-his sight at Gibraltar. His hair, which is sometimes bushy, is now and
-then closely put under his hat, or tied in a tail; and when he alters
-his voice, he becomes a different character--the form of a decrepit
-vender of matches. The seated beggar in this plate is frequently to be
-seen at the wall of Privy Chambers; he never asks charity, nor goes any
-great distance from Westminster, where he resides.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE II.
-
-A blind beggar well known at fairs near the metropolis; declares himself
-"_a poor Spaniard man_."]
-
-The following plate of a walking beggar, attended by a boy, was taken
-from a drawing made in West Smithfield. The object of it is well known
-about Finsbury Square and Bunhill Row; sometimes he stands at the gates
-of Wesley's meeting-house. His cant is, "Do, my worthy, tender-hearted
-Christians, remember the blind; pray pity the stone dark blind." The
-tricks of the boy that attended this man when the drawing was made,
-brought to mind the sportive Lazarillo De Tormes, when he was the guide
-of a beggar; from which entertaining history there are two very spirited
-etchings by Thomas Wyck,--the one, where he defrauds his master when
-partaking of the bunch of grapes; and the other, where he revenges a
-thrashing received from his master by causing him to strike his head
-against a pillar, and tumble into a ditch that he was attempting to leap.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE III.
-
-Blind beggar attended by a boy. From a drawing made in West Smithfield.
-Well known about Finsbury Square and Bunhill Row. His cant is, "Do, my
-worthy tender-hearted Christians, remember the blind; pray, pity the
-stone-dark blind."]
-
-The next subject is a tall blind man, with a long staff, with which he
-strikes the curbstones. He is seldom to be seen in any particular place,
-and was drawn when he stood against the wall of Mr Whitbread's brewhouse.
-
-He is frequently a vender of the penny religious tracts, dispersed by a
-society of Methodists, though perhaps with little use, for they are
-often purchased by people who are actually going to the gin-shop. It is
-here stated, on credible authority, that there are no less than 27,000
-of the Methodist and 21,500 of the Evangelical Magazines published every
-month; and it is also reported, that not less than 800 Methodistical
-meeting-houses have been erected in England within the last year.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE IV.
-
-Tall blind beggar, with a long staff, with which he strikes the
-curb-stones. Drawn while standing against the wall of Whitbread's
-Brewery.]
-
-The beggar portrayed in the next plate is a blind man, who remains for
-many hours successively with his legs in one position. He observes a
-profound silence when on his stand, but makes noise enough when he
-attends the Tabernacle Walk on the Sabbath; on the week days, however,
-he is frequently heard singing obscene songs. He is introduced, with his
-wife, in the background of George Dyball's plate.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE V.
-
-Blind beggar, who observes a profound silence when on his stand, but
-makes noise enough when he attends the Tabernacle Walk on the Sabbath.]
-
-The next plate affords a remarkable instance of sobriety in a blind man,
-who never tasted gin in his life. He was some years since to be found on
-the historically and beggarly-famed road of Bethnal Green, and obtained
-an honest livelihood by trafficking in halfpenny ballads.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VI.
-
-Blind man, who never tasted gin in his life. Frequented Bethnal Green
-Road, and obtained an honest livelihood by trafficking in halfpenny
-ballads.]
-
-The ensuing etching is of Charles Wood, a blind man, with an organ and a
-dancing dog, which he declares to be "_The real learned French dog,
-Bob_," and extols his tricks by the following never-failing address,
-"_Ladies and Gentlemen, this is the real learned French dog; please to
-encourage him; throw any thing down to him, and see how nimbly he'll
-pick it up, and give it to his poor blind master. Look about, Bob; be
-sharp; see what you're about, Bob._" Money being thrown, Bob picks it
-up, and puts it into his master's pocket. "_Thank ye, thank ye, my good
-masters; should any more Ladies and Gentlemen wish to encourage the poor
-dog, he's now quite in the humour; he'll pick it up almost before you
-can throw it down._" It is needless to add, that this man, whose station
-is against Privy Garden Wall, makes what is called "_a pretty penny_" by
-his learned French friend.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-This little animal is of so interesting a nature, that it has been
-thought worth while to give a side view of him, in order to exhibit the
-true cut of his tail.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VII.
-
-Charles Wood, a blind man, with an organ and a dancing dog. "The real
-learned French dog, Bob." Money being thrown, Bob picks it up, and puts
-it into his master's pocket.]
-
-The two succeeding plates are of a class that must ensure attention from
-the gaping multitude, and are commonly termed industrious beggars.
-
-The female figure is that of Priscilla, an inhabitant of St James,
-Clerkenwell, who is often to be seen in the summer seated against the
-wall of the Reservoir of the New River Water-works, Spa-fields, and
-employed in the making of patchwork quilts. She threads her own needle,
-cuts her own patches, and fits them entirely herself.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE VIII.
-
-Priscilla, an inhabitant of St James, Clerkenwell, seated against the
-wall of the New River Water Works, Spa-fields, and employed in the
-making of patchwork quilts.]
-
-The other plate exhibits the portrait of Taylor, a blind shoemaker, who
-lost his sight eighteen years since by a blight. This harmless man, who
-lives at No. 6 Saffron Hill, maintains a family by his attention to his
-stands, which are sometimes at Whitehall, and the wall by Whitfield's
-Chapel, Tottenham Court Road. This meritorious pair may be justly
-regarded as true objects of compassion, as they never associate with the
-common street-beggars.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE IX.
-
-Taylor, a blind shoemaker, at the wall by Whitefield's Chapel, Tottenham
-Court Road.]
-
-The next plate, which will close the series of blind beggars, exhibits
-the portrait of William Kinlock. He was employed many years ago to turn
-a wheel for a four-post bedstead turner in Oxford Street, but afterwards
-lost his sight at Gibraltar, under the great Lord Heathfield. His stands
-are at Furnival's Inn and Portugal Street, near which latter place he
-resides.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE X.
-
-William Kinlock, a blind beggar, who lost his sight at Gibraltar.]
-
-Industrious beggars are sometimes confounded with sturdy impostors. Of
-the latter description is the man whose figure is given in the next
-plate. His employment is to cut a chain out of a piece of ash, which
-chain he calls "Turkish Moorings."
-
-After this fellow had agreed to accept two shillings for half an hour's
-sitting for the present work, he had not been seated in the kitchen ten
-minutes before he began to nestle, and growled a hope that he might not
-be detained long, adding that he could get twice the money in less time
-either at Charing Cross or Hyde Park Corner. In order to soften the
-brute, he had the offer of bread, cheese, and small beer. He said he
-never took any. At this moment the servant being employed in making a
-veal pie, he was asked whether he would accept of a steak, and take it
-to a public-house for his lunch. After slowly turning his head, without
-giving the least motion of his body, he sneeringly observed, that the
-veal had no fat.
-
-It was then determined to keep him the full time; and after a few close
-questions, he observed, that no one dared to keep him in prison; that he
-worked with tools, and was not a beggar. True it was, indeed, that his
-hat was on the ground; and if people would put money into it, surely it
-was not for him to turn it out. As to his chains, few persons would give
-him his price; they were five shillings a yard; nor did he care much to
-sell them, for if he did he should have nothing to show. After turning
-his money over several times, and for which he did not condescend to
-make the least acknowledgement, he exclaimed on leaving the house, "_Now
-that you have draughted me off, I suppose you'll make a fine deal of
-money of it_."
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XI.
-
-Chain maker, who said he was not a beggar; and if people would put money
-into his hat, surely it was not for him to turn it out.]
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The annexed representation is of a fellow whose figure was recently
-copied in Holborn, and although he was so scandalously intoxicated in
-the middle of the day that it was with the greatest difficulty he could
-stand, yet many people followed to give him money, because the
-inscription on his hat declared him to be "OUT OF EMPLOYMENT." Such are
-the effects of imposture, and the mischief of ill-directed benevolence.
-
-As a contrast to the two preceding characters, see the next plate, which
-affords the portraits of two truly industrious persons, Joseph Thake and
-his son. These people are natives of Watford, in Hertfordshire, who
-finding it impossible to procure work, and being determined not to beg,
-employed themselves in making puzzles. The boy learned the art when
-under a shepherd in Cambridgeshire. These specimens of ingenuity are
-made of pieces of willow, which contain small stones, serving for
-children's rattles, or as an amusement for grown persons who,
-unacquainted with the key, after taking them to pieces are puzzled to
-put them together again. When honest Thake and his son had filled a
-sack, they trudged to the great City, where they took their station in
-St Paul's Churchyard, vending their toys at the moderate price of
-sixpence a piece.
-
-Their rustic simplicity quickly procured them customers; among whom the
-author's friend, Mr Henry Pocknell, after purchasing a few specimens of
-their handy-work, procured for him the pleasure of imitating his example.
-
-The worthy parent transferred the money to his son, who requested that
-he might have the satisfaction of presenting his benefactor with a bird.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XII.
-
-Joseph Thake and his son, who made rattle puzzles, and sold them in St
-Paul's Churchyard at sixpence a piece.]
-
-The succeeding plate displays the effigy of Joseph Johnson, a black, who
-in consequence of his having been employed in the merchant service only,
-is not entitled to the provision of Greenwich. His wounds rendering him
-incapable of doing further duty on the ocean, and having no claim to
-relief in any parish, he is obliged to gain a living on shore; and in
-order to elude the vigilance of the parochial beadles, he first started
-on Tower Hill, where he amused the idlers by singing George Alexander
-Stevenson's "Storm." By degrees he ventured into the public streets, and
-at length became what is called a "Regular Chaunter." But novelty, the
-grand secret of all exhibitions, from the Magic Lantern to the Panorama,
-induced Black Joe to build a model of the ship Nelson, to which, when
-placed on his cap, he can, by a bow of thanks, or a supplicating
-inclination to a drawing-room window, give the appearance of sea-motion.
-Johnson is as frequently to be seen in the rural village as in great
-cities; and when he takes a journey, the kindhearted waggoner will often
-enable him in a few hours to visit the marketplaces of Staines, Romford,
-or St Albans, where he never fails to gain the farmer's penny, either by
-singing "The British Seaman's Praise," or Green's more popular song of
-"The Wooden Walls of Old England."
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIII.
-
-Joseph Johnson, a black sailor, with a model of the ship _Nelson_ on his
-cap.]
-
-The following plate presents the portrait of another black man of great
-notoriety, Charles M'Gee, a native of Ribon, in Jamaica, born in 1744,
-and whose father died at the great age of 108. This singular man usually
-stands at the Obelisk, at the foot of Ludgate Hill. He has lost an eye,
-and his woolly hair, which is almost white, is tied up behind in a tail,
-with a large tuft at the end, horizontally resting upon the cape of his
-coat. Charles is supposed to be worth money. His stand is certainly
-above all others the most popular, many thousands of persons crossing it
-in the course of the day. He has of late on the working-days sported a
-smart coat, presented to him by a city pastry-cook. On a Sunday he is a
-constant attendant at Rowland Hill's meeting-house, and on that occasion
-his apparel is appropriately varied.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIV.
-
-Charles M'Gee, a notorious black man, whose father died at the age of
-108. He usually stood at the Obelisk, at the foot of Ludgate Hill.]
-
-This man's portrait, when in his 73d year, was drawn on the 9th of
-October 1815, in the parlour of a public-house, the sign of the Twelve
-Bells, opposite to the famous well of St Brigit, which gave name to the
-ancient palace of our kings, Bridewell; but which has, ever since the
-grant of Edward VI., been a house of correction for vagabonds, &c. It is
-a truly curious circumstance, that this establishment gave name to other
-prisons of a similar kind; for instance, Clerkenwell Bridewell, and
-Tothill-fields' Bridewell. Over the entrance of the latter, the
-following inscription has been placed:--
-
- HERE ARE SEVERAL SORTS OF WORK
- FOR THE POOR OF THIS PARISH OF ST.
- MARGARET'S, WESTMINSTER;
- AS ALSO THE COUNTY, ACCORDING TO
- LAW, AND FOR SUCH AS WILL BEG, AND
- LIVE IDLE IN THIS CITY AND LIBERTY
- OF WESTMINSTER, ANNO 1655.
-
-Black people, as well as those destitute of sight, seldom fail to excite
-compassion. Few persons, however humble their situation, can withhold
-charity from the infant smiling upon features necessarily dead to its
-supplications, and deeply shrouded from the prying eyes of the vulgar by
-the bonnet, placarded with
-
- PRAY PITY THE BLIND AND FATHERLESS!
-
-A lady, on seeing this woodcut, composed the following lines:--
-
-  Lo! yonder Widow, reft of sight,
-    A Mother, who ne'er knew
-  The joys which Parents' eyes delight
-    When first their Babes they view.
-
-  Close to her breast, with cherub smile,
-    The cherish'd Infant lies;
-  And t'wards those darkened orbs the while
-    Lifts its unconscious eyes.
-
-  Then, Stranger, pause, and yield a gift
-    To Misery's Children due;
-  Lo! e'en yon grasping Miser's thrift
-    Now drops like hallowed dew.
-
-  M. P.
-
-Doctor Johnson, who generally gave to importunate beggars, never failed
-to relieve the silent blind.
-
-Black men are extremely cunning, and often witty; they have mostly short
-names, such as Jumbo, Toby, &c., but the last seems of late to be the
-most fashionable, for it has not only been used by the master of Mr
-Punch, the street-strolling puppet, as a name for that merry little
-fellow's dog, but by the proprietor of the Sapient Pig.
-
-The last negro beggar called Toby, was a character well known in this
-Metropolis. He was destitute of toes, had his head bound with a white
-handkerchief, and bent himself almost double to walk upon two
-hand-crutches, with which he nearly occupied the width of the pavement.
-Master Toby generally affected to be tired and exhausted whenever he
-approached a house where the best gin was to be procured; and was
-perhaps of all the inhabitants of Church Lane, St Giles's, the man who
-expended the most money in that national cordial.
-
-But this man was nothing when compared with a Lascar, who lately sold
-halfpenny ballads, and whose gains enabled him to spit his goose, or
-broil a duck; for it is well known, that upon an average he made not
-less than fifteen shillings per day.
-
-The author of this little work sincerely regrets the loss of a sketch
-that he made from a black man, whose countenance and figure were the
-most interesting of any of the tribe. He was nearly six feet in height,
-rather round in the shoulders, and usually wore a covering of green
-baize; indeed altogether he brought to recollection that exquisite
-statue of Cicero, in the Pomfret collection of marbles at Oxford, so
-beautifully engraved by Sherwin. This fellow, who had often been taken
-up, has not been seen for several months.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Go-cart, Billies in bowls, or Sledge-beggars, are denominations for
-those cripples whose misfortunes will not permit them to travel in any
-other way; and these are next presented to the reader's notice.
-
-Men of this class are to be found in every country. The little fellow
-above depicted in the cart is copied from Luca Carlevarij's 100 Views in
-Venice, a set of long quarto plates, most spiritedly etched, and
-published in 1703.
-
-Hogarth, whose active eye caught Nature in all her garbs, has introduced
-in his Wedding of the Industrious Apprentice, a cripple well known in
-those days under the appellation of Philip in the Tub, a fellow who
-constantly attended weddings, and retailed the ballad of "Jesse, or the
-Happy Pair."
-
-Dublin has ever been famous for a Billy in the Bowl. A very remarkable
-fellow of this class, well known in that city, and who thought proper to
-leave Ireland on the Union, was met in London by a Noble Lord, who
-observed, "So you are here too!" "Yes, my Lord," replied the beggar,
-"the Union has brought us all over."
-
-The back view of the person exhibited in the following plate, is that of
-Samuel Horsey, who, in December 1816, had been a London beggar for
-thirty-one years. Of this man there are various opinions, and it is much
-to be doubted if the truth can be obtained even from his own mouth. He
-states that Mr Abernethy cut off his legs in St Bartholomew's Hospital,
-but he does not declare from what cause; so that being deprived of the
-power of gaining a subsistence by labour, he was forced to become a
-beggar. By some persons he is styled the King of the Beggars, but
-certainly without the least foundation. He says that no one has been
-less acquainted with beggars than himself; and as for his having the
-command of a district, that he utterly denies. His walks, or rather
-movements, are not always confined; on some days he slides to Charing
-Cross, but is oftener to be seen at the door of Mr Coutts's
-banking-house, perhaps with an idea that persons just after they have
-received money are more likely to bestow charity.
-
-Of all other men, Horsey has the most dexterous mode of turning, or
-rather swinging himself, into a gin-shop. He dashes the door open by
-forcibly striking the front of his sledge and himself against it.
-
-He was once seen in a most perilous situation, when he lodged in a
-two-pair of stairs back room, in Wharton's Court, Holborn. He had placed
-himself on the window-sill, in order to clean the outside upper panes,
-and was attached as usual to his sledge, when unfortunately he broke a
-square. On this occasion he let loose the volley of oaths which at other
-times he can so forcibly discharge; nor did his rage subside after he
-had launched himself into the room again; indeed he was heard at
-intervals to vociferate in this way for several hours.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XV.
-
-Samuel Horsey, a London beggar for more than thirty-one years.
-Frequented the neighbourhood of Charing Cross and Coutts's Bank.]
-
-The very extraordinary torso etched in the next plate is that of John
-Mac Nally, of the county of Tyrone. This poor fellow lost the use of his
-legs by a log, that crushed both his thighs, when an apprentice at Cork.
-
-His head, shoulders, and chest, which are exactly those of Hercules,
-would prove valuable models for the artist.
-
-Mac, who is well known about Parliament Street, Whitehall, and the
-Surrey foot of Westminster Bridge, after scuttling along the streets for
-some time upon a sledge, discovered the power of novelty, and trained
-two dogs, Boxer and Rover, to draw him in a truck, by which contrivance
-he has increased his income beyond all belief.
-
-Though this man's dogs when coupled have occasional snarlings,
-particularly when one scratches himself with an overstrained exertion,
-the other feeling at the same time an inclination to dose, yet, when
-their master has been dead drunk, and become literally a log on his
-truck, they have very cordially united their efforts to convey him to
-his lodgings in St Ann's Lane, Westminster, and perhaps with more safety
-than if he had governed them, frequently taking a circuitous route
-during street repairs in order to obtain the clearest path.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
-
-John MacNally, of Tyrone County, with his two dogs Boxer and Rover, who
-drew him in a truck. Well known about Parliament Street and Whitehall.]
-
-The figure in the box is that of a Jew mendicant, who has unfortunately
-lost the use of his legs, and is placed every morning in the above
-vehicle, so that he may be drawn about the neighbourhood of Petticoat
-Lane, and exhibited as an object of charity. His venerable appearance
-renders it impossible for a Jew or a Christian to pass without giving
-him alms, though he never begs but of his own people; a custom highly
-creditable to the Jews, and even more attentively observed by that truly
-honourable Society of Friends, vulgarly called Quakers, who neither
-suffer their poor to beg, nor become burthensome to any but themselves.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
-
-A Jew Beggar, who has lost the use of his legs, and was drawn in a box
-about the neighbourhood of Petticoat Lane.]
-
-About forty-eight years ago, when the sites of Portland Place,
-Devonshire Street, &c., were fields, the famous Tommy Lowe, then a
-singer at Mary-le-bone Gardens, raised a subscription to enable an
-unfortunate man to run a small chariot, drawn by four muzzled mastiffs,
-from a pond near Portland Chapel--called Cockney Ladle, which supplied
-Mary-le-bone Basin with water--to the Farthing Pie-house, a building
-remaining at the end of Norton Street, and now the sign of the Green
-Man, in order to accommodate children with a ride for a halfpenny. And
-it is rather extraordinary, that the son of that very man, a few years
-since, and after the death of his wife, harnessed a spaniel to a small
-cart, but large enough to hold his infant, which the animal drew after
-the father from lamp to lamp through the very streets above mentioned.
-The dog became so accustomed to his task, that as soon as he heard his
-master cover a lamp, away he would scamper to the next, and there wait
-the arrival of the ladder.
-
-Street-crossing sweepers next make their appearance; the first on the
-list being William Tomlins, whose stand is very productive, as it
-includes both Albemarle and St James Streets. Of this man there is
-nothing further remarkable, beyond his attention to his pitch, for so
-the beggars and ballad-singers call their stands. He appears to be alive
-to the receipt of every penny, and will not suffer himself by any means
-to be diverted from his solicitations; as a strong proof of which, he
-refused to hold the horse of a gentleman who called to him for that
-purpose, and from this it may be inferred that he thought begging a
-better occupation.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.
-
-William Tomlins, a crossing-sweeper, who stood at Albemarle and St
-James's Streets.]
-
-The next character portrayed is a constant sweeper of the crossing at
-the top of Ludgate Hill. This man finds it his interest to wear a cloth
-round his head, as he is on that account frequently noticed by elderly
-maiden city dames, who mistake him for one of their own sex.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XIX.
-
-Sweeper of the crossing at the top of Ludgate Hill.]
-
-The crossing from Charles Street to Rathbone Place is swept by Daniel
-Cropp, as filthy a looking fellow as any of his tribe. In order to
-render himself noticed, he literally combs his hair with his opened
-fingers. He at present differs from the etching, by wearing a fireman's
-jacket.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XX.
-
-Daniel Cropp, sweeper of the crossing from Charles Street to Rathbone
-Place.]
-
-The next plate represents a lad who occasionally sweeps the crossing at
-the end of Princes Street, Hanover Square, and wears a large waistcoat,
-surmounted by a soldier's jacket.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXI.
-
-Lad who swept the crossing at the end of Princes Street, Hanover Square.]
-
-At the time he was drawn, he was so sickly that his person was not
-recognised as a vender of matches, in which character he had two years
-before been selected as a subject for this work, and whose portrait as
-such is given in the following plate. The boy occasionally sings the old
-match song, and at certain hours finds it his interest to exercise his
-broom at the above station.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXII.
-
-Vendor of matches.]
-
-The subjects of the next two plates are unfortunate mendicants. The
-first is a silver-haired man, of the name of Lilly, who lost his leg in
-some repairs at Westminster. Poets' Corner, in the Abbey, is the place
-where he is mostly to be seen.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.
-
-"Lilly," who lost his leg in some repairs at Westminster. Mostly to be
-seen at Poets' Corner in the Abbey.]
-
-The second plate is the portrait of William Frasier, deprived of both
-his hands in the field of battle. His allowance as a maimed soldier not
-being sufficient to maintain his large family, he is obliged to depend
-on the benevolence of such of the public who purchase boot-laces of him.
-When this poor fellow's portrait was taken, he lodged in Market Lane, in
-the house formerly occupied by Torre, the print-seller, who was the
-original fireworker at Mary-le-bone Gardens.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIV.
-
-William Frasier, deprived of both his hands in the field of battle.
-Maintains his family by the sale of boot-laces.]
-
-London has of late been gradually losing many of its old street customs,
-particularly that pleasing one of the milkmaid's garland, so richly
-decorated with articles of silver and bunches of cowslips. The garland
-was of a pyramidal form, and placed upon a horse carried by two
-chairmen, adorned with ribbons and tulips. The plate consisted of pint
-mugs, quart tankards, and large dishes, sometimes to the value of five
-hundred pounds, hired of silversmiths for the purpose. The milkwoman and
-her pretty maids, in their Nancy Dawson petticoats, would dance to the
-fiddler's jigs of "Paddy O'Rafferty," or "Off she goes," before the
-doors of their customers; but now, instead of this innocent scene of
-May-day gaiety, the streets are infested by such fellows as the one
-exhibited in the adjoining plate, who have been dismissed, perhaps for
-their indecent conduct, from the public places of entertainment. These
-men hire old dresses, and join the Chimney Sweeper's, Cinder-sifter's,
-or Bunter's Garland, or Jack in the Green, &c., and exhibit all sorts of
-grimace and ribaldry to extort money from their numerous admirers.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXV.
-
-May-Day Gaiety.--These men hire old dresses, and join the
-Cinder-sifter's or Bunter's Garland, or Jack in the Green, &c., and
-exhibit all sorts of grimace and ribaldry, to extort money from their
-numerous admirers.]
-
-Few persons, particularly those in elevated life, can witness, or even
-entertain a true idea of the various modes by which the lowest classes
-gain a livelihood. It is scarcely to be believed that some few years ago
-a woman, of the name of Smith, regularly went over London early in the
-morning, to strike out the teeth of dead dogs that had been stolen and
-killed for the sake of their skins. These teeth she sold to bookbinders,
-carvers, and gilders, as burnishing tools.
-
-There are women who, on Sunday mornings when there are no carts about,
-frequent Thames Street, and the adjoining lanes inhabited by Lisbon
-merchants, to pick up from the kennels the refuse of lemons, after they
-have been squeezed for their juice. These they sell to the Jew
-distillers, who extract a further portion of liquor, and thus afford
-them the means of selling, at a considerably reduced price, lemon drops
-to the lower order of confectioners.
-
-It is seldom that the common beggars eat the food given to them; and it
-is a well-known fact, that they sell their broken bread to the lowest
-order of the biscuit bakers, who grind it for the purpose of making
-"tops and bottoms," &c.
-
-This was also the practice in former days, as appears in an old ballad,
-from which the following is an extract:--
-
- THE BEGGAR'S WEDDING;
- OR, THE JOVIAL CREW.
- _Printed with allowance, October 19, 1676._
-
-  "Then Tom a Bedlam winds his horn at best,
-  Their trumpet 'twas to bring away their feast;
-  Pickt marybones they had, found in the street,
-  Carrots kickt out of kennels with their feet;
-  Crusts gathered up for bisket, twice so dry'd;
-  Alms-tubs, and olla podridas, beside
-  Many such dishes more; but it would cumber
-  Any to name them, more than I can number.
-  Then comes the banquet, which must never fail,
-  That the town gave, of whitebread and strong ale.
-  All were so tipsie, that they could not go,
-  And yet would dance, and cry'd for music hoe:
-  With tonges and gridirons they were play'd unto,
-  And blind men sung, as they are us'd to do.
-  Some whistled, and some hollow sticks did sound,
-  And so melodiously they play around:
-  Lame men, lame women, manfully cry advance,
-  And so, all limping, jovially did dance."
-
-Some women gain a living by going from house to house and begging
-phials. They pretend that they have an order for medicines at the
-dispensary, for their dear husband, or only child, but know not in what
-way to get it without a bottle, as they are obliged to take one of their
-own; at the same time, some will beg white linen rags to dress wounds
-with. These they soon turn into money at the old iron shops,--the
-"dealers in marine stores."
-
-Those who beg old shoes, such as Grannee Manoo, make as much as six or
-seven shillings a day. They sell them to the people who live in cellars
-in Monmouth Street, or stalls in Food and Raiment Alley, Rosemary Lane,
-&c. These persons give them new soles, and are called Translators. In
-Mountsorrel, Leicestershire, a cobbler of the name of Bates styles
-himself a translator.
-
-The plate of two Bone-pickers is the next to be described. The
-physiognomy of the fellow who is stitching patches together to tack to
-his coat, which consists of some hundreds of bits of old velvet,
-carpets, &c., would baffle the skill of either Lavater or Spurzheim; it
-has the mixture of the idiot, the goat, and the bull-dog. Such a visage
-might have been useful to Spagnolet, or his pupil Salvator. In order to
-discover a few of the habits of this character, he was followed for
-several hours through many streets, alleys, and courts, in the parish of
-St Martin's in the Fields. On his arrival at Moor's Yard, which is said
-to have been a place for the execution of public criminals in early
-times, he was accused of stealing door mats, and with some difficulty
-extricated his tatters from the tugs of a couple of dogs. In Hartshorn
-Lane, in the Strand, at one time the residence of Ben Jonson, he was
-seen to take up a brick, and throw it at two curs fighting for a bone,
-which he picked up and put into his bag. These bones are bought by the
-burners at Haggerstone, Shoreditch, and Battlebridge, at two shillings
-per bushel, in which half a bushel is given over, that being bone
-measure.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXVI.
-
-Two bone-pickers, one of them stitching patches together to tack to his
-coat.]
-
-Bill Row and John Taylor, two grubbers, are introduced in the next
-plate. These men, with Stephen Lloyd, form the sum total of their
-description in London. They procure a livelihood by whatever they find
-in grubbing out the dirt from between the stones with a crooked bit of
-iron, in search of nails that fall from horse-shoes, which are allowed
-to be the best iron that can be made use of for gun-barrels; and though
-the streets are constantly looked over at the dawn of day by a set of
-men in search of sticks, handkerchiefs, shawls, &c., that may have been
-dropped during the night, yet these grubbers now and then find rings
-that have been drawn off with the gloves, or small money that has been
-washed by the showers between the stones. These men are frequently
-employed to clear gully-holes and common sewers, the stench of which is
-so great that their breath becomes pestilential; and its noxious quality
-on one occasion had so powerful an effect on a man of the name of Dixie,
-as to deprive him of two of his senses, smelling and tasting, and yet
-Ned Flowers followed this calling for forty years.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXVII.
-
-Bill Row and John Taylor, two grubbers.]
-
-But there is still a more wretched class of beings than the grubbers,
-who never know the comfort of dry clothes,--they are, like the leech,
-perpetually in water. The occupation of these draggle-tail wretches
-commences on the banks of the Thames at low water. They go up to their
-knees in mud, to pick up the coals that fall from the barges when at the
-wharfs. Their flesh and dripping rags are like the coals they carry in
-small bags across their shoulders, and which they dispose of, at a
-reduced price, to the meanest order of chandler-shop retailers.
-
-The environs produce characters equally curious with those of London,
-particularly among that order of people called Simplers, whose business
-it is to gather and supply the city markets with physical herbs. Such an
-innocent instance of rustic simplicity is William Friday, whose portrait
-is exhibited in the following plate. This man starts from Croydon, with
-champignons, mushrooms, &c., and is alternately snail-picker,
-leech-bather, and viper-catcher.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII.
-
-William Finley,--is alternately snail-picker, leech-bather, and
-viper-catcher.]
-
-The man whose portrait is given in the succeeding plate, mimics the
-notes of the common English birds by means of a folded bit of tin,
-similar to that used by Mr Punch's orator, and which is held between the
-teeth; but in order to engage the attention of the credulous, he
-pretends, as his lips are nearly closed, to draw his tones from two
-tobacco-pipes, using one for the fiddle, the other for the bow, and
-never fails to collect an attentive audience, either in the street or
-tap-room.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXIX.
-
-Street musician, who mimics the notes of the common English birds by
-means of a folded bit of tin, which is held between the teeth; but in
-order to engage the attention of the credulous, he pretends to draw his
-tones from two tobacco pipes.]
-
-Musicians of this description were at one time very numerous. Gravelot,
-when he kept a drawing-school in the Strand, made sketches of several.
-One particularly picturesque, was of a blind chaunter of the old ballads
-of "There was a wealthy Lawyer," or "O Brave Nell," and has been
-admirably etched by Miller. This man accompanied his voice by playing
-upon a catgut string drawn over a bladder, and tied at both ends of a
-mop-stick; but the boys continually perplexing him by pricking his
-bladder, and a pampered prodigal having with a sword let out all his
-wind, he fortunately hit upon a mode of equally charming the ear by
-substituting a tin tea-canister.
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXX.
-
-A blind chaunter of the old ballads, who accompanied his voice by
-playing upon a catgut string drawn over a tea canister, and tied at both
-ends of a mop stick.]
-
-Thomas King, a most excellent painter of conversation-scenes, who lived
-at the time of Hogarth, and assisted him in his large pictures of Paul
-before Felix in Lincoln's Inn Hall, and the Good Samaritan in
-Bartholomew's Hospital, has left portraits of several of these singular
-beings,--such as Maddox, the balancer of a straw; but particularly that
-of Matthew Skeggs, who played a concerto upon a broomstick, in the
-character of Signor Bumbasto, at the little theatre in the Haymarket.
-These portraits have been engraved by Houston. That of Skeggs was
-published by himself, at the sign of the Hoop and Bunch of Grapes, in St
-Alban's Street, now a part of Waterloo Place. Since their time, Mr
-Meadows, the comedian, has been particularly famous for his imitations
-of birds; and some of the lowest description of street vagabonds have
-produced tones by playing upon their chins with their knuckles. Another
-hero of the knuckle, was the famous Buckhorse, the friend of Ned Shuter,
-and who formerly sold sticks in Covent Garden. This fellow grew so
-callous to the blow of the knuckle, as to place his head firmly against
-a wall, and suffer, for a shilling, any wretch to strike him with his
-doubled fist, with all his strength, in his face, which became at last
-more like a Good-Friday bun than any thing human. Of this man there are
-many portraits.
-
-Of Scottish, Welsh, and Irish mendicants there are now very few in
-London; perhaps their full number does not exceed fifty, unless by
-including that lower order of street-musicians who so frequently
-distract the harmonious ear with their droning bag-pipes, screaming
-clarionets, and crazy harps. These people, with match, tooth-pick, and
-cotton-ball venders, may be considered but as one remove from beggary.
-
-The lowest class of the Scotch are bakers' men; the women are
-laundresses. The Welshmen, of whom London never had many, are
-principally employed by the potters of Lambeth, at which place they have
-an old established house of worship. It is a cheerful sight to behold
-their women, who are remarkable for their cleanliness, and, like the
-Scotch, are generally pictures of vigorous health. These will go in
-trains of twenty or thirty persons, from Hammersmith to Covent Garden
-Market, joining in one national melody, and perfuming the air with their
-baskets of ripe strawberries.
-
-Of all people the poor Irish are the most anxious to gain employment,
-and are truly valuable examples of industry. They sleep less than other
-labourers; for at the dawn of day they assemble in flocks at their usual
-stands for hire,--namely, Whitechapel, Queen Street, Cheapside, and on
-the spot formerly occupied by St Giles's pound, at the ends of Oxford
-Street and Tottenham Court Road. The most laborious of them are
-chairmen, paviers, bricklayers' labourers, potato-gatherers, and
-basket-men; and, to the eternal disgrace of the commonalty of the
-English, these people, as well as the Scotch and Welsh, are guilty of
-very few excesses, particularly in that odious practice of drinking, a
-vice so much increased by the accommodation of seats in gin-shops, which
-are the first opened and last shut in London.
-
-The Irish carry immense loads. A hod of bricks, weighing one hundred and
-ten pounds, is carried one hundred and twenty times at least in the
-course of the day, and sometimes up a ladder of the height of five
-stories, and all for two shillings and ninepence per day. The pavier's
-rammer, of more than half a hundred weight, is raised not fewer than two
-thousand times in the course of the day. _What Englishman could do
-this?_ With respect to loads on the head, the Irish surpass all others.
-Leary makes nothing of carrying two hundred weight from the Fox under
-the Hill, near the Adelphi, to Covent Garden, many times on a market
-morning; and yet, extraordinary as this may appear, his feats have been
-more than equalled by a female. A man of the name of Eglesfield, who has
-sold flowers in Covent Garden for the last thirty-six years, knew an
-Irish girl who would often walk under the weight of two hundred pounds.
-He declares that she brought a load of one hundred and a half from
-Newgate Market to Covent Garden on her head, without once pitching,
-though it must be observed that this was not potato-weight, which has
-always one hundred and twenty-six pounds to the hundred.
-
-The following woodcut represents the humane manner in which cripples are
-conveyed from door to door in many parts of Ireland. The following
-description has been kindly furnished to the Author by a friend, who has
-frequently assisted in the conveyance, and takes no ordinary interest in
-the condition of the poor.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-In the country parts of Ireland, beggars are treated with great
-tenderness and pious hospitality. Many of them are recognised as
-descended from ancient and powerful septs, which decayed in the
-revolutions of property and influence. During many years after the
-invasion of King Henry, the houses of hospitality (so amply described in
-Sir John Davis's Tracts) which were established by the Chiefs for their
-poor relations and the traveller, were still kept open; and to this
-hour, some gentry and farmers provide the itinerant beggars with a bed
-as well as food. The alms are generally given in meal, flax, wool, milk,
-or potatoes, but seldom in money, except in cities or towns. After
-receiving a night's lodging or alms, long and devout prayers are
-distinctly uttered at the door of the benefactor. Like the players in
-Hamlet, they are the brief chronicles of the times, and their praises of
-the good frequently contribute to matrimonial connections. In some parts
-of the country the beggars have a particular day in the week for
-appearing abroad, when they are plentifully supplied for the remaining
-six; and those who, from loss of limbs, or other infirmity, are unable
-to walk, are seated upon barrows, and carried or wheeled from door to
-door, by the servants of each house or the casual passenger, an act of
-piety which is not unfrequently performed by members of respectable
-families. The beggars are seen in crowds near places of Catholic
-worship, or pilgrimage, and many of them are distinguished for great
-piety and temperance. The English traveller is sometimes surprised at
-seeing a venerable figure, clothed in a hair-cloth shirt or tunic,
-repeating his orisons on the side of a road, with naked shivering limbs,
-and a beard which for years has been unconscious of a razor. Yet in
-Ireland, as in other places, there are pretended objects, and beggars
-who misapply the benefactions of the charitable. They receive no
-interruption from the police, except in Dublin, where a large close cart
-frequently returns to the workhouse full of discontented mendicants, who
-have an extraordinary aversion to restraint upon their freedom, or
-compulsion to attend the established worship, which is generally
-different from their own.
-
-This class of the Irish are by no means unacquainted with the use of wit
-and waggery. The celebrated Dr O'Leary used to entertain his friends
-with some instances of their ingenuity. As he was riding to Maynooth
-College, a beggar accosted him for alms, declaring that he had not
-received a farthing for three days. The good Doctor gave him some
-silver, and being accosted on his return, in the evening, with a similar
-story, he upbraided the petitioner with his falsehood, telling him that
-he was Dr O'Leary. "Oh, long life to your reverence," said the beggar,
-"who would I tell my lies to, except my clargy?"
-
-The parts in and near London mostly inhabited by the Irish poor, are
-Calmel Buildings, Orchard Street; Petty France, Westminster; Paddy's
-Land, near Plaistow; forty houses on the Rumford Road; and in the parish
-of St Giles in the Fields. This latter place, which is their principal
-residence, is called their colony, and is styled by them "The Holy
-Land;" in the centre of it there is a mass of building called "Rats'
-Castle."
-
-In the time of Queen Elizabeth, St Giles's was the rendezvous of the
-beggars; for in "A Caveat, or Warning, for Common Cursitors, vulgarely
-called Vagabones, set forth by Thomas Harman, Esquire," 1567, it appears
-that Nicoles Genynges, the cranke, went over "the water into St George's
-fields," and not, according to the expectation of Mr Harman, who caused
-him to be dogged, toward Holborn, or St Giles's in the Fields.
-
-It appears from a very early plan of St Giles's in the Fields, in the
-possession of Mr Parton, vestry clerk of that parish, that the lowest
-class of its inhabitants live on a portion of sixteen acres formerly
-called "Pittaunce Croft" (the allowance), which extended from a large
-mansion called Tottenhall, the fragments of which were of late supposed
-to have been parts of a palace of King John; they have been recently
-taken down. This house of Tottenhall was formerly inhabited by a
-Prebendary of St Paul's; it stood on the north side of that part of the
-road called "Tottenham Court," leading from the north end of Tottenham
-Court Road to Battle Bridge. The sixteen acres commenced from the above
-house, and went on southerly to St Giles's Church, and from thence
-easterly along the north side of the High Street to Red Lion Fields (now
-Red Lion Square).
-
-The streets, lanes, alleys, and courts, forming the nest of houses
-inhabited by thieves, beggars, and the poor labouring Irish, are
-encompassed by a portion of the south side of Russell Street, formerly
-called Leonard Street, commencing from Tottenham Court Road, parts of
-the west sides of Charlotte and Plumtree Streets, and a part of the
-north and round the east of High Street to the first mentioned station
-of Russell Street. To the honour of Scotland, not one Scotch beggar is
-to be found in the dregs or lees of St Giles's. However wretched and
-depraved the inhabitants of this spot may now be, they certainly were
-worse fifty years ago, for it appears that there was then no honour
-among thieves; the sheets belonging to the lodging-houses, where a bed
-at that time was procured for twopence, having the names of the owners
-painted on them in large characters of red lead, in order to prevent
-their being bought if stolen,--as for instance,
-
- JOHN LEA,
- LAWRENCE LANE.
- STOP THIEF.
-
-At the same period, the shovels, pokers, tongs, gridirons, and purl pots
-of the public-houses, particularly those of the Maidenhead Inn, in Dyott
-Street (now changed to George Street), and which was then kept by a man
-of the name of Jordan, were all chained to the fire-place. At this house
-the beggars, after a good day's maunding, would bleed the dragon, a
-large silver tankard so called, and which was to be filled with punch
-only. There is now a house, the sign of the Rose and Crown, in Church
-Lane, which was formerly called the Beggars' Opera; and there was
-another house so denominated, the sign of the Weaver's Arms, in Church
-Lane, Whitechapel.
-
-The last cook-shop where the knives and forks were chained to the table,
-was on the south side of High Street. It was kept about forty years ago
-by a man of the name of Fussell.
-
-Perhaps the only waggery in public-house customs now remaining, is in
-the tap-room of the Apple Tree, opposite to Cold Bath Fields Prison.
-There are a pair of handcuffs fastened to the wires as bell-pulls, and
-the orders given by some of the company, when they wish their friends to
-ring, are, to "agitate the conductor."
-
-Most of the kitchens in High Street, from St Giles's Church to the
-entrance of Holborn, were sausage, sheep's head, roley poley pudding,
-pancake, and potatoe cellars. The last heroine of the frying-pan
-exhibited a short nose and shining red face, and was known by the
-appellation of "Little Fanny." She had fried and boiled for Mrs Markham,
-now living in the same house, thirty-three years. Her face had become so
-ardent by frequent wipings, that for many years it would not bear a
-touch.
-
-It was the opinion of Sir Nathaniel Conant, when that able and active
-magistrate attended the Committee of the House of Commons, that
-extensive as mendicity has been of late, it is by no means to be
-compared with what it was thirty years ago.
-
-It is very obvious that since the proceedings of the Committee for
-inquiring into the state of mendicity, the common beggars have decreased
-considerably in their numbers; and although they are still extremely
-numerous, it appears that where our wonderful Metropolis is molested
-with one beggar, there are twenty to be met with in almost every capital
-on the continent.
-
-England, justly claiming the palm for the encouragement of every art and
-science, has ever been foremost in almsgiving, not only to her own
-people, but to those of almost every part of the globe. Nor can any
-other country boast such parochial poorhouses. The vast improvements of
-the streets and public edifices, great as they are, by no means keep
-pace with them either as to comfort or expense, of which Marylebone and
-Pancras are examples; and to the honour of these parishes, as well as
-that of St James, their concerns are regulated, examined, and audited by
-independent characters of the highest integrity.
-
-Notwithstanding the great benefit of these asylums for the destitute,
-and the laws for the punishment of beggars, the sympathetic heart of the
-true Christian, a character unpolluted by the cant of crafty sectarists,
-is ever open to the tale of the distressed, from a respect for that
-excellent doctrine of St Paul, that
-
- CHARITY NEVER FAILETH.
-
-The following eulogium on this virtue, is extracted from Mr Hamilton's
-appeal in behalf of a religious community which had been deprived of its
-property during the French Revolution:--
-
-"Charity is an emanation from the choicest attribute of the Deity; it
-is, as it were, a portion of the Divinity engrafted upon the human
-stock; it cancels a multitude of transgressions in the possessor, and
-gives him a foretaste of celestial joys. It whetted the pious Martin's
-sword, when he divided his garment with the beggar; and swelled the
-royal Alfred's bosom, while a pilgrim was the partner of his meal. It
-influenced the sorrowing widow to cast her mite into the treasury; and
-held a Saviour on the Cross, when he could have summoned Heaven to his
-rescue. Its practice was dictated by the law, its neglect has been
-censured by the prophets; and when the Lord of the vineyard sent his
-only Son, he came not to destroy the law, but to fulfil it. Other
-virtues may have a limit here, but Charity extends beyond the grave.
-Faith may be lost in endless certainty, and Hope may perish in the
-fruition of its object, but Charity shall live for countless ages, for
-ever blessing and for ever blessed!"
-
-THE END.
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-_A Soap-eater, copied from a rare print of the time of Queen Elizabeth_
-
-_A Tom of Bedlam copied from an Old Drawing of the time of Edw. 6th. in
-the possession of Fran. Douce Esq._
-
-_Copied from a Drawing of the time of Henry VIIth in the possession of
-Francis Douce, Esq._]
-
-[Illustration: PLATE XXXI.
-
-Beggars leaving town for their workhouse.]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-John Thomas Smith
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-<pre>
-
-Project Gutenberg's Lives of Famous London Beggars, by John Thomas Smith
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Lives of Famous London Beggars
-       With Forty Portraits of the Most Remarkable.
-
-Author: John Thomas Smith
-
-Release Date: August 7, 2017 [EBook #55285]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF FAMOUS LONDON BEGGARS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by deaurider, cpinfield and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-
-<div id="tnote">
-
-<p>Transcriber's Note.</p>
-
-<p>There are thirty plates, located at the end of the text, that depict
-individuals described in it. They have been moved to follow the text
-that describes them. They are annotated "London Published as the
-Act directs [date] by J. T. Smith No. 4 Chandos St Covent Garden."</p>
-
-<p>Inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling have been retained.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="image-center" style="max-width: 287px;">
-  <img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="287" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>ST MARTIN<br />
-    <i>The Patron Saint of the Beggars. From a rare print in the possession
-       of Thos. Lloyd, Esq.</i></p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="front">
-
- <h1>LIVES OF FAMOUS<br />
-     LONDON BEGGARS,</h1>
-
- <p><span class="small">WITH</span><br />
- FORTY PORTRAITS OF THE MOST REMARKABLE.</p>
-
- <p><span class="small">DRAWN FROM LIFE BY</span><br />
-    JOHN THOMAS SMITH.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center">
-  <img src="images/mark.jpg" width="63" height="75" alt="mark"/>
-</div>
-
- <p><span class="smcap">London</span>:<br />
- DIPROSE <span class="small">AND</span> BATEMAN, SHEFFIELD STREET,<br />
- <span class="smcap">Lincoln's Inn Fields</span>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{3}</a></div>
-
-<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
-
-<p class="small italic">Mr Granger, at the close of his Biographical History of England, says, "I shall conclude this volume with
-observing, that Lord Bacon has somewhere remarked, that biography has been confined within too narrow limits; as
-if the lives of great personages only deserved the notice of the inquisitive part of mankind. I have, perhaps, in the
-foregoing strictures extended the sphere of it too far. I began with Monarchs, and have ended with Ballad-Singers,
-Chimney-Sweepers, and Beggars. But they that fill the highest and the lowest classes of human life, seem, in many
-respects, to be more nearly allied than even themselves imagine. A skilful anatomist would find little or no difference, in
-dissecting the body of a king and that of the meanest of his subjects; and a judicious philosopher would discover a
-surprising conformity, in discussing the nature and qualities of their minds."</p>
-
-<div class="gap-above"></div>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-b.jpg" width="150" height="233" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="nodent"><span class="uppercase"><span class="drop-cap1">B</span>eggary</span>,
-of late, particularly for the last six years, had
-become so dreadful in London, that the more active
-interference of the legislature was deemed absolutely
-necessary; indeed, the deceptions of the idle and sturdy
-were so various, cunning, and extensive, that it was in
-most instances extremely difficult to discover the real
-object of charity from the impostor.</p>
-
-<p>Concluding, therefore, from the reduction of the
-metropolitan beggars, that several curious characters would
-disappear by being either compelled to industry, or to
-partake of the liberal parochial rates provided for them
-in their respective workhouses, it occurred to the author
-of the present publication, that likenesses of the most
-remarkable of them, with a few particulars of their habits,
-would not be unamusing to those to whom they have
-been a pest for several years.</p>
-
-<p>In order to convince his readers that he does not stand alone as a delineator of
-mendicants, he begs leave to observe, that several of the very first-rate artists have
-studied from them.</p>
-
-<p>Michael Angelo Buonarotti often drew from beggars; and report says, that in the
-early part of his life, when he had not the means of paying them in money, he would
-make an additional sketch, and, presenting it to the party, desire him to take it to some
-particular person, who would purchase it. Fuseli, in his life of Michael Angelo, says that
-"a beggar rose from his hand the patriarch of poverty." The same artist, in one of his
-lectures, delivered at the Royal Academy, also observes, that "Michael Angelo ennobled
-his beggars into Patriarchs and Prophets, in the ceiling of the Sistini Chapel."</p>
-
-<p>Annibal Caracci frequently drew subjects in low life. His "Cries of Bologna,"
-etched by Giuseppe Maria Mitelli, pub. 1660, in folio, are evidently from real characters.
-It will also be recollected, that some of the finest productions of Murillo, Jan Miel, and
-Drogsloot, are beggars. Callot's twenty-four beggars are evidently from nature; and
-among Rembrandt's etchings are to be found twenty-three plates of this description.</p>
-
-<p>Sir Joshua Reynolds frequently painted from beggars, and from these people have
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{4}</a></span>
-originated some of his finest pictures, particularly his "Mercury as a Pickpocket," and
-"Cupid as a Link-boy." His Count Ugolino, was painted from a pavier, soon after he
-had left St George's Hospital from a severe fever. Mr West painted the portrait of a
-beggar, on the day when he became a hundred years old; and considered him as a
-pensioner for several years afterwards. The same person was used also as a model by
-Copley, Opie, &amp;c. Who can forget the lovely countenance of Gainsborough's Shepherd's
-Boy, that has once seen Earlom's excellent engraving from it? He was a lad well known
-as a beggar to those who walked St James's Street thirty years ago. The model for the
-celebrated picture of the Woodman, by the same artist, is now living in the Borough, at
-the venerable age of 107.</p>
-
-<p>Mr Nollekens, in 1778, when modelling the bust of Dr Johnson, who then wore a
-wig, called in a beggar to sit for the hair. The same artist was not equally fortunate in
-the locks of another great character, for on his application to a beggar for the like
-purpose, the fellow declined to sit, with an observation that three half-crowns were not
-sufficient for the trouble.</p>
-
-<p>The late Mr Nathaniel Hone, in the year 1850, painted the portrait of James Turner,
-a common beggar, who valued his time at a shilling an hour. Captain Baillie has made
-an etching of this picture.</p>
-
-<p>That truly spirited painter, Mr Ward, made similar overtures to a lame sailor, who
-thought fit to reject them and prefer his begging occupation.</p>
-
-<p>One of the many fine things produced by Flaxman, is a figure of a blind sailor,
-Jack Stuart, mentioned in page 19 of this work. The artist has introduced him in a
-beautiful monument, erected in Campsal Church, to the memory of Misses Yarborough.</p>
-
-<p>Beggars have not only been useful to artists as models, but serviceable to them in
-other instances. Francis Perrier, who was born of poor parents, when a boy entered
-into the service of a blind beggar, for the express purpose of getting from France to
-Rome to pursue his studies in that city; and Old Scheemaker, the sculptor, Nollekens's
-master, absolutely begged his way from Flanders to Rome for the same purpose.</p>
-
-<p>Though the biographical part of this publication exhibits some curious customs of
-the London beggars which have fallen within the author's observations, and though it
-may in some instances be deemed original, yet he confesses that he has adopted the usual
-craft of the common vender, who invariably puts the best sample into the mouth of the
-sack. Such, he needs not state the truly interesting Introduction to be; it was written
-and presented to him by his honoured and valuable friend, <span class="smcap">Francis Douce</span>, Esq.</p>
-
-<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{5}</a></div>
-
-<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-t.jpg" width="150" height="151" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="nodent"><span class="uppercase"><span class="drop-cap1">T</span>he</span> present work is very far from being offered as a general view of that
-peculiar branch of pauperism, which includes the many wandering classes
-of mankind that are supported by the casual and irregular bounty of others,
-or by means that have at least the appearance of industry or honourable
-ingenuity; for that would be a task requiring the united efforts of the historian, the
-legislator, and the antiquary. It may be deemed sufficient to submit to the reader's
-notice, such accounts and gleanings as immediately relate to the particular characters
-which are here once more embodied and presented to him by the aid of the graphic art.
-In the mean time, a slight sketch of the state and progress of mendicity in former ages
-may be neither unacceptable nor without its use.</p>
-
-<p>The Beggar's calling, if not one of the most respectable, may doubtless be regarded
-as one of the most ancient. In every part of the globe where man is congregated, the
-inequality of his condition, the too frequent indolence of his habits, or the shifts to which
-human misery is occasionally reduced, will compel him to depend for his support on the
-generosity of his fellow-creatures, and even sometimes lead him to prefer this disgraceful
-state of existence. The sacred volume has supplied us with evidence of the mendicant
-profession at an early period. King David, when imprecating curses on the head of his
-enemy, prays that "his children be continually vagabonds, and <i>beg</i>;"
-<span class="fnanchor"><a name="Ref_1" id="Ref_1" href="#Foot_1">[1]</a></span>
-and the story of Ulysses and the beggar Irus, as related in one of the
-oldest works extant, is known almost to every one.</p>
-
-<p>The state of mendicity among the Greeks and Romans is but obscurely recorded,
-nor have any specific laws or regulations that they might have framed relating to that
-subject been transmitted to us. The beggars in Horace, who lamented the death of the
-musician Tigellinus, were probably of the common kind, though some have supposed
-them to have been fortune-tellers or prophets. Their dress would be of the ragged sort,
-the <i>mendicula impluviata</i> of Plautus. We learn from Seneca, that the beggars of his
-time practised every species of imposture, and even amputated their limbs for the
-purpose of exciting compassion.</p>
-
-<p>During the middle ages, we meet with a few legislative acts relating to the vagrant
-classes. In a capitulary of the Emperor Charlemagne, beggars were prohibited from
-wandering about the country; and another ancient law of the Franks is cited by Beatus
-Rhenanus in his German chronicle, by which every city is ordered to maintain its own
-poor, who are nevertheless to be compelled to manual labour, or otherwise not to be
-entitled to relief; a vagrant life is also strictly prohibited. For a considerable time the
-kingdom of France was much infested with a set of itinerant beggars, usually known by
-the appellation of <i>Truands</i>, and their occupation by that of <i>Truandise</i>; from which
-terms our own language has adopted an obvious word of much significance. These
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{6}</a></span>
-people likewise gave name to one of the streets of Paris, called <i>La Truanderie</i>; and,
-under pretence of begging alms, committed the most atrocious crimes and excesses
-practising every kind of fraud and imposture; so that the name gradually became the
-representative of every thing that was bad and infamous. In later times they were
-called <i>Argotiers</i>. They assumed the form of a regular government, elected a king, and
-established a fixed code of laws, and a language peculiar to themselves, constructed
-probably by some of the debauched and licentious youths who, abandoning their
-scholastic studies, associated with these vagabonds. The facetious author of a poetical
-life of the famous French robber Cartouche, has given a very humorous account of the
-origin of the word <i>Argot</i>, which, at the expense of graver etymologists, he derives from
-the ship Argos; contending that this <i>jargon</i>, a term that would perhaps have supplied
-the real and perverted meaning of the other, was either invented by the navigators of
-that celebrated vessel, for the purpose of deceiving his majesty of Colchos, or constructed
-by Agamemnon at Argos, and transported afterwards to Troy, where the Greek generals
-used it to harangue their soldiers. The same writer has likewise compiled a dictionary
-of the language in question, which is given at the end of Cartouche's history. Their
-king assumed the title of the <i>Great Chosroes</i>, in imitation of the Persian monarch of that
-name, and his officers had their several cant denominations contrived with considerable
-ingenuity. One of these sovereigns thought fit to prefer his own name, and was called
-<i>Roi de Thunes</i>. This fellow used to be drawn triumphantly through the streets in a
-little cart by two stout dogs, and at length finished his career on a gibbet at Bourdeaux.
-The new members of this honourable fraternity were graciously received by the monarch,
-and consigned to his officers for instruction. These taught them to counterfeit wounds,
-sores, and ulcers, by means of the juice of celandine and other herbs; to make preparations
-of grease, &amp;c., for the purpose of hindering dogs from barking, and many other
-tricks and contrivances essential to the profession of a beggar. The necessary qualifications
-for an officer at court, was the possession of masks, rags, plaisters, bandages,
-crutches, and other matters calculated to excite charity and compassion; a candidate for
-the monarchy, which was elective, must have passed through one or more offices, and
-have sported a limb in all appearance shockingly diseased, but curable in a day's time.
-The royal habits were composed of a thousand bits of rag, of various colours. Every
-year the king held a council of his officers and subjects, who reported their proceedings,
-and paid him the legal and accustomed tribute money; offences were inquired into, and
-summary punishment inflicted. Many of the above officers were runaway scholars and
-debauched priests, who taught the novices the <i>Argot</i> language, and performed other
-duties which exempted them from the usual tribute to the sovereign. These impostors
-were divided into numerous classes, assuming various appellations. Those who counterfeited
-maimed soldiers were called <i>Narquois</i>, corresponding with our Rufflers. The little
-urchins, who before the establishment of regular hospitals were permitted to beg in
-groups, and appeared as half-starved, were denominated <i>Orphelins</i>, or <i>Orphans</i>. Fellows
-assuming the character of broken merchants and tradesmen, called themselves <i>Marcandiers</i>
-and <i>Rifodés</i>; these, pretending to have been ruined by war, by fire, and other
-calamities, made use of false certificates of their loss, and were frequently accompanied
-by their wives and children. The <i>Malingreux</i> were the dropsical and otherwise diseased
-impostors, who frequented the churches, and demanded alms to enable them to make
-pilgrimages and perform masses to particular saints. The <i>Hubins</i> shewed certificates of
-having been bitten by wolves or dogs, and placed themselves under St Hubert's protection.
-The <i>Coquillarts</i> pretended to have made a pilgrimage to St James or St Michael,
-and sold their cockle-shells even to those fools who had done so. The <i>Sabouleux</i> counterfeited
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{7}</a></span>
-demoniacs, by means of soap held in the mouth, with which they produced their
-foam, and exhibited false wounds on their heads and bodies, which they pretended to
-have inflicted on themselves during their fits. These last were the most faithful subjects
-of the <i>Great Chosroes</i>, and paid him a much higher tribute than any of the rest. Besides
-the above, there were the <i>Pietres</i>, the <i>Courtaux</i>, the <i>Polissons</i>, the <i>Capons</i>, the
-<i>Francmitoux</i>, and a variety of others, all assuming different characters, to defraud the
-unwary in every possible manner. These particulars have been collected together as
-exhibiting a general view of the manners and practices of the begging tribe in the
-kingdom of France, where the regulations concerning them appear to have been very
-frequent and severe. In the reign of Francis I. many edicts of the court issued against
-them, by some of which all the beggars in Paris were compelled to clear the city sewers
-and ditches, and to assist in repairing the fortifications; and for this purpose the police
-officers seized upon all that were able-bodied and competent to work. Many were
-banished to the provinces, and if they continued to beg, and refused to assist in the
-vintage, they were ordered to be hanged. Whipping was the more general punishment;
-and where licensed, they were not suffered to go about in troops, but confined to travel
-in Paris only, to prevent robberies and other mischief. Those who could not labour, on
-account of infirmity, were maintained in hospitals, or by contributions at the churches,
-where they were not permitted, as at present, to beg, under pain of whipping. In the
-admirable Pictures of Paris by Mercier, there is an interesting article on the sturdy
-beggars of that city, where their noisy orgies at their places of rendezvous, when they
-have stripped themselves of their false limbs and hideous plasters, are eloquently
-described. He mentions one cruel and wicked practice among these impostors, namely,
-that when they steal other people's children for want of their own, they distort and even
-dislocate the members of the unfortunate victims, to give them what they impiously
-term the arms and legs of God Almighty.</p>
-
-<p>With respect to the vagabonds of Spain, who will be found to resemble, with small
-difference, many of the classes above described, it will be sufficient to refer the reader to
-those excellent novels, Lazarillo de Tormes, and Guzman de Alfarache. The manners of
-the Italian mendicants and impostors are admirably depicted, with many entertaining
-stories, in the very curious work of Rafael Frianoro, entitled, "Il vagabondo, overo sferzo
-de bianti e vagabondi," <i>Viterbo</i>, 1620, 12mo, in which the catalogue of names of the
-parties, and of the impostures practised, far exceeded those of any other country.</p>
-
-<p>Della Valle, in his travels to the East Indies, informs us, that the beggars there make
-use of a trumpet to express their wants, frequently terrifying the people into charity by
-their loud clamours. Of the Chinese mendicants, some particulars will be found in
-explaining one of the plates of this work.</p>
-
-<p>It would amount to positive negligence, if, in the present sketch, those wanderers
-that are usually known among ourselves by the appellation of Gypsies, and on the continent
-by that of Bohemians, on account of their first appearance in that country, were
-passed over without some notice; but their history has been so learnedly and copiously
-detailed by M. Grellmann, that it may be thought sufficient on this occasion to advert to
-the English translation of that excellent work by Mr Raper, published 1787, in quarto.</p>
-
-<p>Nor should the mention of the orders of mendicant friars be omitted, who, no doubt,
-had their prototypes in the knavish priests of Cybele. Of these persons there were four
-orders,&mdash;viz., the Augustinians, the Carmelites, the Dominicans, and the Minorites. They
-wandered from place to place, professing poverty, and exciting the charity of others.
-They had assumed and acquired an unlimited control over the consciences of the deluded
-victims of their artifice, and at length became particularly odious to the monks and the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{8}</a></span>
-clergy in general, continuing nevertheless to maintain their power and influence, from
-the marked favour and protection of the Roman Pontiffs, who regarded them as some of
-their best friends and supporters. In our own country these people encountered a most
-bitter and inveterate enemy in the celebrated Wickliffe, who, in his sermons and other
-works, declaimed against them with much vehement eloquence as thieves, hypocrites,
-and children of Judas Iscariot; telling them that Christ never commissioned any one to
-appear in the character of a beggar; and that, although he preferred a state of poverty,
-he never demanded alms himself, nor allowed of others doing it, but in cases of extreme
-necessity.</p>
-
-<p>Another set of ecclesiastical mendicants were those pseudo-monks, who, among many
-other irregularities, scrupled not to take to themselves wives, whilst their brethren contented
-themselves with concubines. These were branded by the regular monks with the
-appellation of <i>Beghards</i>, and are specially termed <i>sturdy beggars</i>, in a very bitter invective
-against them by Felix Hammerlein, a civilian and canon of Zurich, in the fifteenth
-century, who emphatically calls them the legitimate sons of Belial. Many other writers
-declaimed against them with great acrimony, and some of the more rigid Papists seem to
-have classed them among the <i>Lollards</i>, an appellation that has very much arrested the
-attention of the learned in etymology, though without any certainty as to its origin.</p>
-
-<p>The records of our early history supply few, if any, materials that throw light upon
-the subject before us; and the laws of the Saxons, as well as those of our British
-ancestors, are entirely silent as to any regulation concerning vagrants or mendicants of
-any kind. A curious incident however in the life of Edward the Confessor, as related
-by his historian Alured of Rievaulx, is worthy of being mentioned. This sovereign is
-said to have been remarkable for his benevolence to the poor, many of whom he privately
-supported. Among these was one Ralph, a Norman, a miserable object, whose limbs
-were shockingly contracted by disease. This man, scarcely able to creep along on his
-knees, as was the usual practice with such persons, and urged by necessity, the mother
-of invention, was the first who is reported as making use of a hollow vessel of wood, in
-the form of a bason, in which he placed his hinder parts, guiding and supporting his
-crippled limbs by means of his hands, and thus sailed along, as it were, upon the ground.
-On the king's death he made a pilgrimage to his tomb, and addressing himself to the
-monarch as if alive, was healed, as says the legend, of his disease.</p>
-
-<p>The next two centuries of English history are equally barren of incident to our purpose.
-From that time, however, the statute laws of the kingdom furnish abundant
-regulations concerning the vagrant classes, and it has therefore been thought worth while
-to submit to the reader's notice the following extracts and abridgments.</p>
-
-<p>The statute of labourers, made in the 23d year of Edw. III., recites that there are
-many sturdy beggars, who prefer a life of indolence to active labour, and commit theft
-and other crimes; and therefore, with a view to discourage such practices, and compel
-these persons to work for their living, it enacts that none, on pain of imprisonment, shall,
-under colour of pity or of alms, give anything to those who are competent to labour, or
-presume by such means to "<i>favour them towards their desires</i>."</p>
-
-<p>By Stat. xii. Rich. II. c. 6, every beggar who is able to work shall be put in the
-stocks, and such as are unable to work shall abide in the cities and towns where they be
-dwelling at the time of proclaiming this statute; and if the inhabitants shall not be able
-to maintain them, then the said beggars shall withdraw themselves to other places within
-the hundred, rape, or wapentake, or to the places of their nativity, within forty days as
-above, and there continually abide during their lives; and all that go in pilgrimage as
-beggars, but are able to work, shall be punished with the stocks, unless they have letters
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{9}</a></span>
-testimonial from a justice of the peace. The sheriffs and gaolers are also charged with
-the custody of beggars, though it does not appear for what particular offence. Religious
-persons and hermits who beg must have licence from their ordinaries, and scholars of the
-universities from their chancellors, under the like penalties.</p>
-
-<p>The Stat. xix. Hen. VII., adverting to the rigour of the last-mentioned regulations,
-and to the great expense of confining vagabonds and beggars in prison, enacts, that an
-immediate discharge from the gaols shall take place, and all beggars be set in the stocks
-for a day and a night, without other food than bread and water, and then sent to the
-place of their nativity, or where they may have resided for the space of three years. It
-also enacts, that such beggars as are not able to work be passed to their own towns,
-where only they are to be allowed to beg.</p>
-
-<p>By Stat. xxii. Hen. VIII., persons unable to work are to be licensed by certificate
-from mayors, sheriffs, bailiffs, or justices, to beg within certain districts; and if they be
-found begging without such licence, they are to be set in the stocks for three days and
-three nights, and fed only on bread and water, or else whipped, at the discretion of the
-magistrate, who is afterwards to give the party a licence and dismiss him. Persons being
-"whole and mighty in body, and able to labour," and found begging, are to be whipped
-at the cart's tail till blood come, and then dismissed to their own district, receiving a
-licence, stating their punishment, and authorising them to beg by the way. Scholars at
-the universities begging without licence, to be punished as above. Persons wandering
-about with unlawful games, and fortune-tellers of all kinds, to be punished for the first
-offence by two days whipping; for the second, by like whipping, with subsequent pillory
-and loss of one ear; for the third, the like punishment, with loss of the other ear. The
-licence was in these words,&mdash;"Memorandum, that A. B. of Dale, for reasonable considerations,
-is licensed to beg within the hundred of P. K. in the county of L.;" and the licence
-after whipping is as follows,&mdash;"I. S., whipped for a vagrant strong beggar, at Dale, in the
-county of L., according to the law, the 22 July, in the 23 year of King Henry the Eighth,
-was assigned to pass forthwith and directly from thence to Sale, in the county of M.,
-where he saith he was born, or where he last dwelled by the term of three years, and he
-is limited to be there within fourteen days next ensuing, at his peril," &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>By this act, persons delivered from gaol, or acquitted of felonies, who could not pay
-the usual fees, were to be licensed by the keeper to raise such fees by begging for the
-space of six weeks, on pain of whipping for default of such licence.</p>
-
-<p>By the 27th Hen. VIII., further provisions were made for the labour and employment
-of vagabonds and beggars. Churchwardens to gather alms for supporting the poor
-on Sundays and holidays. Begging children, between the ages of five and fourteen
-years, to be placed under masters of husbandry; and those between the ages of twelve
-and sixteen to be whipped for running away. Beggars offending again after the first
-punishment, to be marked by cutting off the upper gristle of the right ear; and if found
-still loitering in idleness, to be indicted as felons at the quarter sessions, and on conviction
-to suffer death. The mendicant friars are specially excepted in this act, which provides
-many additional supports for the poor besides the vast donations from the still existing
-monasteries, and the almshouses and hospitals.</p>
-
-<p>At the commencement of the reign of Edw. VI., a most severe and extraordinary
-statute was made for the punishment of vagabonds and relief of poor persons. It does
-not appear who were the contrivers of this instrument, the preamble and general spirit
-of which were more in accordance with the tyrannical and arbitrary measures of the
-preceding reign, than with the mild and merciful character of the infant sovereign, who
-is well known to have taken a very active part in the affairs of government. It repeals
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{10}</a></span>
-all the former statutes on this subject, and enacts, that if any beggar or other person,
-not being lame or impotent, and after loitering or idly wandering for the space of three
-days or more, shall not offer himself to labour, or being engaged in any person's service
-shall run away or leave his work, it shall be lawful for the master to carry him before a
-justice of peace, who, on proof of the offence, shall cause the party to be marked with a
-hot iron with the letter V on the breast, and adjudge him to be his master's slave for
-the space of two years, who shall feed him "on bread and water, or, at his discretion, on
-refuse of meat, and cause the said slave to work, by beating, chaining, or otherwise, in
-such work or labour (how vile soever it be) as he shall put him unto." If the slave
-should run away, or absent himself for a fortnight without leave, the master may pursue
-and punish him by chaining or beating, and have his action of damage against any one
-who shall harbour or detain him. On proof before the justice of the slave's escape, he
-is to be sentenced to be marked on the forehead or ball of the cheek with a hot iron
-with the letter S, and adjudged to be his master's slave for ever; and for the second
-offence of running away, he is to be regarded as a felon and suffer death. The children
-of beggars to be taken from them, and, with other vagrant children, to be apprenticed
-by the magistrate to whoever will take them; and if such children so apprenticed run
-away, they are to be retaken, and become slaves till the age of twenty in females, and
-twenty-four in males, and punishment by chains, &amp;c., and power to the master to let,
-sell, or bequeath them, as goods and chattels, for the term aforesaid. If any slave
-should maim or wound the master in resisting correction, or conspire to wound or
-murder him, or burn his house or other property, he is to suffer death as a felon, unless
-the master will consent to retain him as a slave for ever; and if any parent, nurse, or
-bearer about of children, so become slaves, shall steal or entice them away from the
-master, such person shall be liable to become a slave to the said master for ever, and the
-party so stolen or enticed away restored. If any vagrant be brought to a place where
-he shall state himself to have been born, and it shall be manifest that he was not so
-born there, for such lie he shall be marked in the face with an S, and become a slave to
-the inhabitants or corporation of the city for ever. Any master of a slave may put a
-ring of iron about his neck, arm, or leg, for safe custody; and any person taking or
-helping to take off such ring, without consent of the master, shall forfeit the sum of ten
-pounds.</p>
-
-<p>This diabolical statute, after remaining for two years, was repealed, on the ground
-that, from its extreme severity, it had not been enforced, and instead of it the xxii.
-Hen. VIII. was revived. The taking apprentices the children of beggars was, however,
-continued; but instead of slavery for the offence of running away, the punishment of
-the stocks was substituted. In the last year of King Edward's reign, further provisions
-for supporting the poor were made, by gathering alms at church by the parish officers,
-who were "gently to ask and demand of every man and woman what they of their
-charity will be contented to give weekly toward the relief of the poor, and the same to
-be written in a register or book." The collectors are empowered to make such of the
-poor labour as they shall think fit; but none are permitted "to go, or sit openly, <i>a
-begging</i>."</p>
-
-<p>The last statute that it will be necessary to refer to, is that of the xxxix. Eliz. c. 4,
-for the punishment and suppression of rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars, by which
-houses of correction are for the first time established; and all persons calling themselves
-scholars, and going about begging, fellows pretending losses by sea, persons using
-unlawful games, fortune-tellers, procurers, collectors for gaols and hospitals, fencers,
-bearwards, common players of interludes, minstrels (except such players as are licensed
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{11}</a></span>
-by any baron of the realm), jugglers, tinkers, pedlars, common labourers able in body
-but begging and refusing labour for reasonable wages, persons delivered from gaol and
-begging for fees, all persons whatever that beg in any manner as wanderers, and all
-gypsies or pretending to be so, shall be adjudged rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars,
-and be liable to the punishment of whipping till the blood come, and passed to their
-respective parishes, and committed to the house of correction until further provision by
-work, or placing in almshouses. If any of the above persons shall appear to be dangerous
-to the inferior sort of people, or will not otherwise be reformed, they shall be
-committed to the house of correction or county gaol, and at the quarter-sessions, if
-necessary, banished from the kingdom to such places as shall be assigned by the privy
-council, or otherwise be sent to the galleys of the kingdom for life, with pain of death
-on returning from banishment. No vagabonds or beggars to be imported from Ireland,
-Scotland, or the Isle of Man, or, if already here, to be sent back to their respective
-countries. No diseased poor persons to be suffered to repair to the baths of Bath or
-Buxton for cure, unless they forbear to beg, and are licensed by two justices; and that
-the above cities be not charged with finding relief for such persons. This statute not to
-extend to children under seven years old, nor to <i>glassmen</i> of good behaviour, travelling
-with licence, and forbearing to beg.</p>
-
-<p>It is impossible to look upon a more finished picture of the general manners of the
-begging classes, a little before the Reformation, than in the following extract from the
-once deservedly celebrated satire entitled the <i>Ship of Fools</i>. Although of foreign
-construction, it is not the less calculated for the meridian of England; and indeed the
-translator has in some degree adapted it to his own country. The author thus addresses
-the parties in question:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>"All vacabondes and myghty beggers, the whyche gothe beggynge from dore to dore, and
-ayleth lytell or nought, with lame men and crepylles, come unto me, and I shall gyve you an
-almesse saluberryme and of grete vertue. The mendycans be in grete nombre, wherfore I wyll
-declare unto you some of theyr foolysshe condycyons. These fooles, the whiche be founde in theyr
-corporal bodyes, wyl nourysh and kepe dyvers chyldren. The monkes have this myschefe and the
-clerkes also, the whiche have theyr coffers ful of grete rychesses and treasoures. Nevertheles yet
-they applye themselfe in the offyce of the mendycans, in purchasyng and beggynge on every syde.
-They be a grete sorte replenysshed with unhappynes, saynge that they lede theyr lyves in grete
-poverte and calamyte; and therefore, they praye evry man to gyve them theyr good almesse, in
-release of theyr payne and myserye. And yet they have golde and sylver grete plentye, but they
-will spende nothinge before the comyn people. Somtyme the cursed taketh the almesse of the
-poore indygente. I fynde grete fautes in the abbottes, monkes, pryours, chanons, and coventes,
-for all that they have rentes, tenementes, and possessyons ynough, yet, as folkes devoyde of sense
-and understondynge, they be never satysfyed with goodes. They goo from vyllage to vyllage and
-from towne to towne, berynge grete bagges upon theyr neckes, assemblynge so moche goodes that
-it is grete mervayle, and whan they be in theyr relygyous cloysters, they make them byleve that
-they have had lytell gyven them or nothynge; for God knoweth they make heven chere in the
-countre. There is another sort of pardoners, the which bereth relyques aboute with them, in
-abusynge the pore folkes; for and yf they have but one poore peny in theyr purses they must have
-it. They garde togyder golde and sylver in every place, lyke as yf it grewe. They make the poore
-folkes byleve moche gay gere. They sel the feders of the Holy Ghoost. They bere the bones of
-some deed body aboute, the which, paraventure, is damned. They shewe the heer of some old hors,
-saynge that it is of the berde of the Innocentes. There is an innumerable syght of suche folkes
-and of vacabondes in this realme of Englonde, the which be hole of all theyr membres and myghte
-wynne theyr lyves honestly. Notwithstondynge they go beggynge from dore to dore, because they
-wyll not werke, and patcheth an olde mautell or an olde gowne with an hondred colours, and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{12}</a></span>
-byndeth foule cloutes aboute theyr legges, as who say they be sore. And oftentymes they be more
-rycher than they that gyveth them almesse. They breke theyr chyldrens membres in theyr
-youthe, because that men sholde have the more pyte of them. They go wepynge and wryngynge
-of theyr handes, and counterfettynge the sorrowfull, praynge for Goddes sake to gyve them an
-almesse, and maketh so well the hypocrytes that there is no man the whiche seeth them but that he
-is abused, and must gyve them an almesse. There is some stronge and puysaunt rybaudes, the
-whiche wyll not laboure, but lyve, as these beggers, without doynge ony thynge, the whiche be
-dronke oftentymes. They be well at ease to have grete legges and bellyes eten to the bonis; for
-they wyll not put noo medycynes therto for to hele them, but soner envenymeth them, and dyvers
-other begylynges of which I holde my pease. O poore frantyke fooles, the whiche robbeth them
-that hathe no brede for to ete, and by adventure dare not aske none for shame, the auncyent men,
-poore wedowes, lazars, and blynde men. Alas! thynke thereon, for truely ye shall gyve accomptes
-before Hym that created us."</p>
-
-<p>In the year 1566, Thomas Harman, Esq., probably a justice of peace, published a
-very singular and amusing work, entitled, "A Caveat, or Warning for Common Cursetors
-(runners) vulgarely called Vagabones;" in which he has described the several sorts of
-thieving beggars and other rogues with considerable humour, and has collected together
-a great number of words belonging to what he humorously calls the "leud lousey language
-of these lewtering luskes and lazy lorrels, wherewith they bye and sell the common
-people as they pas through the countrey." He says they term this language <i>Pedlar's
-French</i>, or, <i>Canting</i>, which had not then been invented above thirty years. As the book
-has lately been reprinted, it will be proper, on this occasion, to use it more sparingly, and
-to mention only such of Harman's vagabonds as fall under the begging class. These are
-1. The <i>Rufflers</i>; particularly mentioned in the Stat. xxvii. Henry VIII. against vagabonds,
-as fellows pretending to be wounded soldiers. These, says Harman, after a year or two's
-practice, unless they be prevented by twined hemp, become,&mdash;2. <i>Upright Men</i>; still pretending
-to have served in the wars, and offering, though never intending, to work for
-their living. They decline receiving meat or drink, and take nothing but money by way
-of charity, but contrive to steal pigs and poultry at night, chiefly plundering the farmers.
-Of late, says the author, they have been much whipped at fairs. They attack and rob
-other beggars that do not belong to their own fraternity, occasionally admitting or
-installing them into it by pouring a quart of liquor on their pates, with these words, "I
-do stall thee, W. T., to the rogue, and that from henceforth it shall be lawful for thee to
-cant for thy living in all places." All sorts of beggars are obedient to them, and they
-surpass all the rest in pilfering and stealing. 3. <i>Hookers</i>, or <i>Anglers</i>; these knaves beg
-by day, and pilfer at night, by means of a pole with a hook at the end, with which they
-lay hold of linen, or any thing hanging from windows or elsewhere. The author relates
-a curious feat of dexterity practised by one of them at a farm house, where, in the dead
-of the night, he contrived to hook off the bed-clothes from three men who were lying
-asleep, leaving them in their shirts, and when they awoke from cold, supposing, to use
-the author's words, "that Robin Goodfellow had bene with them that night." 4. <i>Rogues</i>;
-going about with a white handkerchief tied round the head, and pretending to be lame.
-These people committed various other frauds and impostures, in order to obtain charity.
-5. <i>Pallyards</i>; with patched garments, collecting, by way of alms, provisions, or whatever
-they could get, which they sold for ready money; they are chiefly Welshmen, and make
-artificial sores by applying spearwort to raise blisters on their bodies, or else arsenic or
-ratsbane to create incurable wounds. 6. <i>Abraham Men</i>; pretending to be lunatics,
-who have been a long time confined in Bedlam or some other prison, where they have
-been unmercifully used with blows, &amp;c. They beg money or provisions at farmers'
-houses, or bully them by fierce looks or menaces. 7. <i>Traters</i>; or fellows travelling about
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{13}</a></span>
-the country with black boxes at the girdle, containing forged briefs, or licences to beg
-for hospitals. Some have clouts bound round their legs, and walk as if lame, with staves
-in their hands. 8. <i>Freshwater Mariners</i>, or <i>Whipjacks</i>; whose ships, says the witty
-author, were drowned in Salisbury Plain. These counterfeit great losses at sea by shipwreck
-and piracy, and are chiefly Irishmen, begging with false licences, under the supposed
-seal of the Admiralty, so artfully constructed as to deceive even the best lawyers.
-9. The <i>Counterfeit Crank</i>; who is described at large, with a figure, in another part of this
-work. 10. <i>Dommerars</i>; chiefly Welshmen, pretending to be dumb, and forcibly keeping
-down their tongues doubled, groaning for charity, and keeping up their hands most
-piteously, by which means they procure considerable gains. 11. <i>Demanders for glymmar</i>;
-who are chiefly women that go about with false licences to beg, as sufferers from fire,&mdash;glymmar,
-in pedlars' language, signifying that element. Many other classes are enumerated
-in this curious volume, as&mdash;priggars of prauncers, swadders, jarkman, patricos, bawdy
-baskets, autem morts, walking morts, doxies, dells, kynchin morts, and kynchin coes; but
-all these are rather pilferers than beggars.</p>
-
-<p>As every trade or profession had its patron saint, so the beggars made choice of St
-Martin, who appears to have had a great regard for them. This person was originally a
-soldier of rank in the armies of the Emperors Constantius and Julian, but preferring a
-religious life, he applied to Saint Hilary, of Poitou, who appointed him his sub-deacon;
-and soon afterwards becoming a saint himself, he of course acquired the power of working
-miracles, many of which, with much other legendary matter, have been related by his
-credulous but elegant historian, Sulpitius Severus, and transferred, with due additions
-and improvements, into that grand repertory of pious frauds, the Golden Legend, and
-some other works of similar authority. It is related of him, that when a soldier, as he
-passed by one of the gates of Amiens in winter time, he met a poor naked man, on whom
-none would bestow alms. Martin drew out his sword, and cutting his mantle asunder in
-the middle, gave one half to the poor man, having nothing else to bestow on him, contenting
-himself with the remainder to keep him from the cold. On the ensuing night he
-saw the Saviour of the world in heaven, clothed with that part which he had given to
-the poor man, and exclaiming to the angels that surrounded him, "Martin, yet new in
-the faith, hath covered me with this vesture." Ever afterwards he became particularly
-attached to beggars and poor people. The cripples and lepers seem, however, to have
-made exclusive choice of St Giles for their patron, to whom the hospitals and other places
-for their relief were usually dedicated. So the parish church of Cripplegate was
-dedicated to him; and the ward itself, named after a very ancient gate to which the
-crippled beggars particularly resorted. There would be some difficulty to account for
-their preference of this Saint, as he does not appear to have been either lame or leprous.
-He was a noble Christian, born at Athens, a man of singular charity, giving largely to
-the poor, and on one occasion doing more than St Martin, by giving the <i>whole</i> of his coat
-to a diseased and naked beggar, who is said to have been immediately healed on putting
-it on.</p>
-
-<p>As an exemplification of the legend of Saint Martin might be acceptable to many
-readers, it has been thought fit to select, as an appropriate embellishment, one of the
-oldest figures of the Saint that remain, and to place it before the title of the work. This
-print has been copied with scrupulous fidelity from an ancient engraving in copper, in
-the truly valuable collection of Thomas Lloyd, Esq., by a German artist, whose name
-unfortunately has not been preserved, and who probably executed it between the years
-1460 and 1470. In this instance the story has not been correctly adhered to, for the
-designer of the print has there introduced a <i>couple</i> of beggars; an error that is sufficiently
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{14}</a></span>
-compensated by the variety it affords of the mendicant costume, one of these fellows
-making use of a creeper and dish, the other of a crutch. A later print of this subject,
-and of extreme curiosity on all accounts, may likewise be consulted. It is from a design
-by Jerom Bosche, an artist of grotesque celebrity, and represents Saint Martin in a boat
-full of beggars, with crowds of others on shore, in every possible form and attitude. It
-is accompanied with the following inscription, in the Flemish language: "The good Saint
-Martin is here represented among the crippled, nasty, wretched tribe, distributing to
-them his cloak, instead of money; the miserable crew contending for the spoil."</p>
-
-<p>In the year 1741, a spirited presentment to the Court of King's Bench was made by
-the Grand Jury of Middlesex, against the unusual swarms of sturdy and clamorous
-beggars, as well as the many frightful objects exposed in the streets; in which they state,
-that notwithstanding a very strong presentment to the same effect had been made by a
-former jury in 1728, they had found the evil rather increased than remedied. This they
-ascribe to negligence in the proper officers, and trust that a proper remedy will be applied,
-and themselves not troubled with the poor, at the same time that they are every day
-more and more loaded with taxes to provide for them; and that his Majesty's subjects
-may have the passage of the streets, as in former happy times, free and undisturbed, and
-be able to transact the little business to which the decay of trade has reduced them,
-without molestation.</p>
-
-<p>In the last session of the present Parliament, the matter has been again taken up
-with a degree of skill and vigour that reflects great honour on its conductors; and we
-may indulge a hope to see the streets of the Metropolis freed from the many public and
-disgusting nuisances that have increased with its population, and the real objects of
-charity and compassion humanely and properly cherished and protected, as well as the
-vast and oppressive expense of supporting them reduced.</p>
-
-<p>Already we perceive the alarm has been taken by the members of the mendicant
-tribes; and it may not be too much to add, that the interest and curiosity of the present
-work are likely to augment, in proportion as the characters that have led to its composition
-shall decrease in numbers. That they should entirely disappear, may be more than
-can be reasonably expected.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center">
-  <img src="images/14.jpg" width="265" height="300" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="small">The figure above represents an English Beggar about the middle of the fifteenth century, and has been copied
-from a Pontifical among the Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, on one of the margins of which the
-illuminator has rather strangely introduced it.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="nodent"><a name="Foot_1" id="Foot_1" href="#Ref_1">[1]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
-Psal. cix. 10. The passage in 1 Samuel ii. 8, "He lifteth up the <i>beggar</i> from the dunghill," has not been
-used, because the original word does not seem to mean a common beggar. Strictly rendered, it signifies a <i>poor
-person</i>, or one in want.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{15}</a></div>
-
-<h2>MENDICANT WANDERERS THROUGH THE<br />
-    STREETS OF LONDON.</h2>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-s.jpg" width="150" height="168" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="nodent"><span class="uppercase"><span class="drop-cap1">S</span>ailors</span>,
-according to the old adage, find a
-port in every storm. The appeal of "My
-worthy heart, stow a copper in Jack's
-locker,&mdash;for poor Jack has not had a quid
-to-day," is as piercingly felt by the lowly
-cottager as the British Admiral.</p>
-
-<p>Who can recollect Bigg's pathetic picture
-of the "Shipwrecked Sailor-boy," or
-Mrs Ludlam's charming poem of "The Lost
-Child," without shedding the tear of
-sympathy?</p>
-
-<p>The public are not, however, to conclude,
-that because a fellow sports a jacket
-and trousers, he must have been a seaman;
-for there are many fresh-water sailors,
-who never saw a ship but from London
-Bridge. Such an impostor was Jack Stuart,
-Flaxman's model, whose effigy is attached
-to the capital letter of this page. Jack's latter history is truly curious. After lingering
-for nearly three months, he died on the 15th of August 1815, aged 35. His funeral was
-attended by his wife and faithful dog, Tippo, as chief mourners, accompanied by three
-blind beggars in black cloaks; namely, John Fountain, George Dyball, and John Jewis.
-Two blind fiddlers, William Worthington and Joseph Symmonds, preceded the coffin,
-playing the 104th Psalm. The whimsical procession moved on, amidst crowds of spectators,
-from Jack's house, in Charlton Gardens, Somers Town, to the churchyard of St
-Pancras, Middlesex. The mourners afterwards returned to the place from whence the
-funeral had proceeded, where they remained the whole of the night, dancing, drinking,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{16}</a></span>
-swearing, and fighting, and occasionally chaunting Tabernacle hymns; for it must be
-understood, that most of the beggars are staunch Methodists. The person from whom
-these particulars were obtained, and who was one of the party, thought himself extremely
-happy that he came off with a pair of black eyes <i>only</i>. The conduct of this man's
-associates in vice was however powerfully contrasted by the extraordinary attachment
-and fidelity of Jack's cur, Tippo, his long and stedfast guide, who, after remaining three
-days upon his master's grave, refusing every sort of food, died with intermitting sighs
-and howling sorrow. The dog of Woollett, the engraver, died nearly a similar death.</p>
-
-<p>The following plate exhibits Stuart's pupil, George Dyball, a fellow of considerable
-notoriety. He sometimes dresses as a sailor, in nankeen waistcoat and trousers; but
-George, like his master, never was a seaman. Stuart taught him to maund, by allowing
-him to kneel at a respectful distance, and repeat his supplications.</p>
-
-<p>Dyball was remarkable for his leader, Nelson, whose tricks displayed in an extraordinary
-degree the sagacity and docility of the canine race. This dog would, at a word
-from his master, lead him to any part of the town he wished to traverse, and at so quick
-a pace, that both animals have been observed to get on much faster than any other streetwalkers.
-His business was to make a response to his master's "<i>Pray pity the Blind</i>" by
-an impressive whine, accompanied with uplifted eyes and an importunate turn of the
-head; and when his eyes have not caught those of the spectators, he has been seen to
-rub the tin box against their knees, to enforce his solicitations. When money was thrown
-into the box, he immediately put it down, took out the contents with his mouth, and,
-joyfully wagging his tail, carried them to his master. After this, for a moment or two,
-he would venture to smell about the spot; but as soon as his master uttered "<i>Come, Sir</i>,"
-off he would go, to the extent of his string, with his tail between his legs, apprehensive
-of the effects of his master's corrective switch. This animal was presented to Dyball by
-Joseph Symmonds, the blind fiddler, who received him of James Garland, another blind
-beggar, who had taught him his tricks. Unfortunately for Dyball, this treasure has
-lately been stolen from him, as is supposed by some itinerant player, and he is now
-obliged to depend on a dog of inferior qualifications, though George has declared him to
-"<i>Shew very pretty for tricks</i>."</p>
-
-<p>This custom of teaching dogs to beg with cans in their mouths is not new. A few
-years since, there was such an animal in a booth at Bartholomew Fair, who made his
-supplications in favour of an Italian rope-dancer. The practice is indeed very ancient, as
-appears in a truly curious illuminated copy of the Speculum Humanć Salvationis, written
-in the early part of the fifteenth century, in the possession of a friend of the author.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 337px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-01.jpg" width="337" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE I.</p>
-    <p>George Dyball, a blind beggar of considerable notoriety, and his dog Nelson.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The next plate is of a beggar well known at fairs near the Metropolis. He is certainly
-blind, and perhaps one of the most cunning and witty of his tribe; for in order
-that his blindness may be manifest, he literally throws up his eyeballs, as if desirous of
-exemplifying the following lines in Hudibras:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
- <div class="poetry">
-  <div class="stanza">
-   <div class="verse quote">"As men of inward light are wont</div>
-   <div class="verse">To turn their optics in upon't."</div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>He is a foreigner, and probably a Frenchman; at all events he professed to be so on
-the commencement of the war; but having acquired a tolerable stock of English, and
-perhaps not choosing to return home, he now declares himself "<i>A poor Spaniard Man</i>."</p>
-
-<p>Sometimes he will, by an artful mode of singing any stuff that comes into his head,
-and by merely sounding the last word of a line, so contrive to impose upon the
-waggoners and other country people, as to make them believe that he fought in the
-field of Waterloo.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{17}</a></span>
-"Poor fellow," exclaimed a spectator, "he has been in the battle of Waterloo."
-"<i>Yes, my belove friends</i>," returned the mendicant, "<i>De money de money go very low
-too</i>."</p>
-
-<p>However, this fellow is now and then detected, in consequence of a picture, which
-is painted on a tin plate and fastened to his breast, being the portrait of and worn many
-years ago by a marine, who had lost his sight at Gibraltar. His hair, which is sometimes
-bushy, is now and then closely put under his hat, or tied in a tail; and when he alters his
-voice, he becomes a different character&mdash;the form of a decrepit vender of matches. The
-seated beggar in this plate is frequently to be seen at the wall of Privy Chambers; he
-never asks charity, nor goes any great distance from Westminster, where he resides.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 356px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-02.jpg" width="356" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE II.</p>
-    <p>A blind beggar well known at fairs near the metropolis; declares himself
-    "<i>a poor Spaniard man</i>."</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The following plate of a walking beggar, attended by a boy, was taken from a drawing
-made in West Smithfield. The object of it is well known about Finsbury Square
-and Bunhill Row; sometimes he stands at the gates of Wesley's meeting-house. His cant
-is, "Do, my worthy, tender-hearted Christians, remember the blind; pray pity the stone
-dark blind." The tricks of the boy that attended this man when the drawing was made,
-brought to mind the sportive Lazarillo De Tormes, when he was the guide of a beggar;
-from which entertaining history there are two very spirited etchings by Thomas Wyck,&mdash;the
-one, where he defrauds his master when partaking of the bunch of grapes; and the
-other, where he revenges a thrashing received from his master by causing him to strike
-his head against a pillar, and tumble into a ditch that he was attempting to leap.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 327px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-03.jpg" width="327" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE III.</p>
-    <p>Blind beggar attended by a boy. From a drawing made in West Smithfield. Well
-    known about Finsbury Square and Bunhill Row. His cant is, "Do, my worthy tender-hearted
-    Christians, remember the blind; pray, pity the stone-dark blind."</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The next subject is a tall blind man, with a long staff, with which he strikes the
-curbstones. He is seldom to be seen in any particular place, and was drawn when he
-stood against the wall of Mr Whitbread's brewhouse.</p>
-
-<p>He is frequently a vender of the penny religious tracts, dispersed by a society of
-Methodists, though perhaps with little use, for they are often purchased by people who
-are actually going to the gin-shop. It is here stated, on credible authority, that there are
-no less than 27,000 of the Methodist and 21,500 of the Evangelical Magazines published
-every month; and it is also reported, that not less than 800 Methodistical meeting-houses
-have been erected in England within the last year.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 331px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-04.jpg" width="331" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE IV.</p>
-    <p>Tall blind beggar, with a long staff, with which he strikes the
-    curb-stones. Drawn while standing against the wall of Whitbread's
-    Brewery.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The beggar portrayed in the next
-plate is a blind man, who remains for many hours successively with his legs in one
-position. He observes a profound silence when on his stand, but makes noise enough
-when he attends the Tabernacle Walk on the Sabbath; on the week days, however, he
-is frequently heard singing obscene songs. He is introduced, with his wife, in the background
-of George Dyball's plate.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 320px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-05.jpg" width="320" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE V.</p>
-    <p>Blind beggar, who observes a profound silence when on his stand, but
-    makes noise enough when he attends the Tabernacle Walk on the Sabbath.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The next plate affords a remarkable instance of sobriety in a blind man, who never
-tasted gin in his life. He was some years since to be found on the historically and
-beggarly-famed road of Bethnal Green, and obtained an honest livelihood by trafficking
-in halfpenny ballads.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 334px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-06.jpg" width="334" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE VI.</p>
-    <p>Blind man, who never tasted gin in his life. Frequented Bethnal Green
-    Road, and obtained an honest livelihood by trafficking in halfpenny ballads.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="image-float-left">
-  <img src="images/18a.jpg" width="265" height="300" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p>The ensuing etching is of Charles Wood, a blind man, with an organ and a dancing
-dog, which he declares to be "<i>The real learned French dog, Bob</i>," and extols his tricks by
-the following never-failing address, "<i>Ladies and Gentlemen, this is the real learned
-French dog; please to encourage him; throw any thing down to him, and see how
-nimbly he'll pick it up, and give it to his poor blind master. Look about, Bob; be sharp;
-see what you're about, Bob.</i>" Money being thrown, Bob picks it up, and puts it into his
-master's pocket. "<i>Thank ye, thank ye, my good masters; should any more Ladies and
-Gentlemen wish to encourage the poor dog, he's now quite in the humour; he'll pick it up
-almost before you can throw it down.</i>" It is needless to add, that this man, whose station
-is against Privy Garden Wall, makes what is called "<i>a pretty penny</i>" by his learned
-French friend.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{18}</a></span>
-This little animal is of so interesting a nature, that it has been thought worth while to
-give a side view of him, in order to exhibit the true cut of his tail.</p>
-
-<div class="block">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 328px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-07.jpg" width="328" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE VII.</p>
-    <p>Charles Wood, a blind man, with an organ and a dancing dog. "The real
-    learned French dog, Bob." Money being thrown, Bob picks it up, and puts
-    it into his master's pocket.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The two succeeding plates are of a class that must ensure
-attention from the gaping multitude, and are commonly termed
-industrious beggars.</p>
-
-<p>The female figure is that of Priscilla, an inhabitant of St
-James, Clerkenwell, who is often to be seen in the summer
-seated against the wall of the Reservoir of the New River
-Water-works, Spa-fields, and employed in the making of patchwork
-quilts. She threads her own needle, cuts her own
-patches, and fits them entirely herself.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 319px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-08.jpg" width="319" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE VIII.</p>
-    <p>Priscilla, an inhabitant of St James, Clerkenwell, seated against the
-    wall of the New River Water Works, Spa-fields, and employed in the
-    making of patchwork quilts.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The other plate exhibits the portrait of Taylor, a blind shoemaker, who lost
-his sight eighteen years since by a blight. This harmless man,
-who lives at No. 6 Saffron Hill, maintains a family by his attention to his stands, which
-are sometimes at Whitehall, and the wall by Whitfield's Chapel, Tottenham Court Road.
-This meritorious pair may be justly regarded as true objects of compassion, as they never
-associate with the common street-beggars.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 336px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-09.jpg" width="336" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE IX.</p>
-    <p>Taylor, a blind shoemaker, at the wall by Whitefield's Chapel, Tottenham
-    Court Road.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The next plate, which will close the series of blind beggars, exhibits the portrait of
-William Kinlock. He was employed many years ago to turn a wheel for a four-post
-bedstead turner in Oxford Street, but afterwards lost his sight at Gibraltar, under the
-great Lord Heathfield. His stands are at Furnival's Inn and Portugal Street, near which
-latter place he resides.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 342px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-10.jpg" width="342" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE X.</p>
-    <p>William Kinlock, a blind beggar, who lost his sight at Gibraltar.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-in.jpg" width="150" height="187" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="nodent"><span class="uppercase"><span class="drop-cap2">In</span>dustrious</span>
-beggars are sometimes confounded with
-sturdy impostors. Of the latter description is the
-man whose figure is given in the next plate. His
-employment is to cut a chain out of a piece of ash,
-which chain he calls "Turkish Moorings."</p>
-
-<p>After this fellow had agreed to accept two shillings
-for half an hour's sitting for the present work,
-he had not been seated in the kitchen ten minutes
-before he began to nestle, and growled a hope that he
-might not be detained long, adding that he could get
-twice the money in less time either at Charing Cross
-or Hyde Park Corner. In order to soften the brute,
-he had the offer of bread, cheese, and small beer. He
-said he never took any. At this moment the servant
-being employed in making a veal pie, he was asked
-whether he would accept of a steak, and take it to a public-house for his lunch. After
-slowly turning his head, without giving the least motion of his body, he sneeringly
-observed, that the veal had no fat.</p>
-
-<p>It was then determined to keep him the full time; and after a few close questions,
-he observed, that no one dared to keep him in prison; that he worked with tools, and was
-not a beggar. True it was, indeed, that his hat was on the ground; and if people would
-put money into it, surely it was not for him to turn it out. As to his chains, few persons
-would give him his price; they were five shillings a yard; nor did he care much to sell
-them, for if he did he should have nothing to show. After turning his money over
-several times, and for which he did not condescend to make the least acknowledgement, he
-exclaimed on leaving the house, "<i>Now that you have draughted me off, I suppose you'll
-make a fine deal of money of it</i>."</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 329px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-11.jpg" width="329" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XI.</p>
-    <p>Chain maker, who said he was not a beggar; and if people would put money
-    into his hat, surely it was not for him to turn it out.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{19}</a></div>
-
-<div class="image-float-left">
-  <img src="images/19.jpg" width="150" height="192" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p>The annexed representation is of a fellow whose figure was recently copied in
-Holborn, and although he was so scandalously intoxicated in the middle of the day that
-it was with the greatest difficulty he could stand, yet
-many people followed to give him money, because the
-inscription on his hat declared him to be "<span class="smcap">Out of
-Employment</span>." Such are the effects of imposture,
-and the mischief of ill-directed benevolence. As a
-contrast to the two preceding characters, see the next
-plate, which affords the portraits of two truly industrious
-persons, Joseph Thake and his son. These
-people are natives of Watford, in Hertfordshire, who
-finding it impossible to procure work, and being determined
-not to beg, employed themselves in making
-puzzles. The boy learned the art when under a shepherd
-in Cambridgeshire. These specimens of ingenuity
-are made of pieces of willow, which contain
-small stones, serving for children's rattles, or as an
-amusement for grown persons who, unacquainted
-with the key, after taking them to pieces are puzzled
-to put them together again. When honest Thake and his son had filled a sack, they
-trudged to the great City, where they took their station in St Paul's Churchyard, vending
-their toys at the moderate price of sixpence a piece.</p>
-
-<p>Their rustic simplicity quickly procured them customers; among whom the author's
-friend, Mr Henry Pocknell, after purchasing a few specimens of their handy-work, procured
-for him the pleasure of imitating his example.</p>
-
-<p>The worthy parent transferred the money to his son, who requested that he might
-have the satisfaction of presenting his benefactor with a bird.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 356px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-12.jpg" width="356" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XII.</p>
-    <p>Joseph Thake and his son, who made rattle puzzles, and sold them in St Paul's
-    Churchyard at sixpence a piece.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The succeeding plate displays the effigy of Joseph Johnson, a black, who in consequence
-of his having been employed in the merchant service only, is not entitled to the
-provision of Greenwich. His wounds rendering him incapable of doing further duty on
-the ocean, and having no claim to relief in any parish, he is obliged to gain a living on
-shore; and in order to elude the vigilance of the parochial beadles, he first started on
-Tower Hill, where he amused the idlers by singing George Alexander Stevenson's "Storm."
-By degrees he ventured into the public streets, and at length became what is called a
-"Regular Chaunter." But novelty, the grand secret of all exhibitions, from the Magic
-Lantern to the Panorama, induced Black Joe to build a model of the ship Nelson, to
-which, when placed on his cap, he can, by a bow of thanks, or a supplicating inclination
-to a drawing-room window, give the appearance of sea-motion. Johnson is as frequently
-to be seen in the rural village as in great cities; and when he takes a journey, the kindhearted
-waggoner will often enable him in a few hours to visit the marketplaces of
-Staines, Romford, or St Albans, where he never fails to gain the farmer's penny, either
-by singing "The British Seaman's Praise," or Green's more popular song of "The Wooden
-Walls of Old England."</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 363px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-13.jpg" width="363" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XIII.</p>
-    <p>Joseph Johnson, a black sailor, with a model of the ship <i>Nelson</i> on his cap.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The following plate presents the portrait of another black man
-of great notoriety, Charles M'Gee, a native of Ribon, in Jamaica, born in 1744, and whose
-father died at the great age of 108. This singular man usually stands at the Obelisk, at
-the foot of Ludgate Hill. He has lost an eye, and his woolly hair, which is almost white,
-is tied up behind in a tail, with a large tuft at the end, horizontally resting upon the cape
-of his coat. Charles is supposed to be worth money. His stand is certainly above all
-others the most popular, many thousands of persons crossing it in the course of the day.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{20}</a></span>
-He has of late on the working-days sported a smart coat, presented to him by a city
-pastry-cook. On a Sunday he is a constant attendant at Rowland Hill's meeting-house,
-and on that occasion his apparel is appropriately varied.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 326px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-14.jpg" width="326" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XIV.</p>
-    <p>Charles M'Gee, a notorious black man, whose father died at the age of 108. He
-    usually stood at the Obelisk, at the foot of Ludgate Hill.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>This man's portrait, when in
-his 73d year, was drawn on the 9th of October 1815, in the parlour of a public-house, the
-sign of the Twelve Bells, opposite to the famous well of St Brigit, which gave name to the
-ancient palace of our kings, Bridewell; but which has, ever since the grant of Edward
-VI., been a house of correction for vagabonds, &amp;c. It is a truly curious circumstance, that
-this establishment gave name to other prisons of a similar kind; for instance, Clerkenwell
-Bridewell, and Tothill-fields' Bridewell. Over the entrance of the latter, the following
-inscription has been placed:&mdash;</p>
-
- <p class="gap-above center">HERE ARE SEVERAL SORTS OF WORK<br />
- FOR THE POOR OF THIS PARISH OF ST.<br />
- MARGARET'S, WESTMINSTER;<br />
- AS ALSO THE COUNTY, ACCORDING TO<br />
- LAW, AND FOR SUCH AS WILL BEG, AND<br />
- LIVE IDLE IN THIS CITY AND LIBERTY<br />
- OF WESTMINSTER, ANNO 1655.</p>
-
-<p>Black people, as well as those destitute of sight, seldom fail to excite compassion.
-Few persons, however humble their situation, can withhold charity from the infant
-smiling upon features necessarily dead to its supplications, and deeply shrouded from the
-prying eyes of the vulgar by the bonnet, placarded with</p>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-p.jpg" width="150" height="179" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="nodent"><span class="drop-cap1">P</span>RAY
-PITY THE BLIND AND FATHERLESS!</p>
-
-<p class="gap-above">A lady, on seeing this woodcut, composed the following
-lines:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
- <div class="poetry">
-
-  <div class="stanza">
-  <div class="verse">Lo! yonder Widow, reft of sight,</div>
-  <div class="verse indent2">A Mother, who ne'er knew</div>
-  <div class="verse">The joys which Parents' eyes delight</div>
-  <div class="verse indent2">When first their Babes they view.</div>
-  </div>
-
-  <div class="stanza">
-  <div class="verse">Close to her breast, with cherub smile,</div>
-  <div class="verse indent2">The cherish'd Infant lies;</div>
-  <div class="verse">And t'wards those darkened orbs the while</div>
-  <div class="verse indent2">Lifts its unconscious eyes.</div>
-  </div>
-
-<div class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{21}</a></div>
-
-  <div class="stanza">
-  <div class="verse">Then, Stranger, pause, and yield a gift</div>
-  <div class="verse indent2">To Misery's Children due;</div>
-  <div class="verse">Lo! e'en yon grasping Miser's thrift</div>
-  <div class="verse indent2">Now drops like hallowed dew.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;M. P.</div>
-  </div>
-
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Doctor Johnson, who generally gave to importunate beggars, never failed to relieve
-the silent blind.</p>
-
-<p>Black men are extremely cunning, and often witty; they have mostly short names,
-such as Jumbo, Toby, &amp;c., but the last seems of late to be the most fashionable, for it has
-not only been used by the master of Mr Punch, the street-strolling puppet, as a name for
-that merry little fellow's dog, but by the proprietor of the Sapient Pig.</p>
-
-<p>The last negro beggar called Toby, was a character well known in this Metropolis.
-He was destitute of toes, had his head bound with a white handkerchief, and bent himself
-almost double to walk upon two hand-crutches, with which he nearly occupied the width
-of the pavement. Master Toby generally affected to be tired and exhausted whenever
-he approached a house where the best gin was to be procured; and was perhaps of all the
-inhabitants of Church Lane, St Giles's, the man who expended the most money in that
-national cordial.</p>
-
-<p>But this man was nothing when compared with a Lascar, who lately sold halfpenny
-ballads, and whose gains enabled him to spit his goose, or broil a duck; for it is well
-known, that upon an average he made not less than fifteen shillings per day.</p>
-
-<p>The author of this little work sincerely regrets the loss of a sketch that he made from
-a black man, whose countenance and figure were the most interesting of any of the tribe.
-He was nearly six feet in height, rather round in the shoulders, and usually wore a
-covering of green baize; indeed altogether he brought to recollection that exquisite statue
-of Cicero, in the Pomfret collection of marbles at Oxford, so beautifully engraved by
-Sherwin. This fellow, who had often been taken up, has not been seen for several
-months.</p>
-
-<div class="image-float-left">
-  <img src="images/21.jpg" width="100" height="67" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p>Go-cart, Billies in bowls, or Sledge-beggars, are denominations for those cripples
-whose misfortunes will not permit them to travel in any other
-way; and these are next presented to the reader's notice.</p>
-
-<p>Men of this class are to be found in every country. The
-little fellow above depicted in the cart is copied from Luca
-Carlevarij's 100 Views in Venice, a set of long quarto plates, most
-spiritedly etched, and published in 1703.</p>
-
-<p>Hogarth, whose active eye caught Nature in all her garbs, has introduced in his
-Wedding of the Industrious Apprentice, a cripple well known in those days under the
-appellation of Philip in the Tub, a fellow who constantly attended weddings, and retailed
-the ballad of "Jesse, or the Happy Pair."</p>
-
-<p>Dublin has ever been famous for a Billy in the Bowl. A very remarkable fellow of
-this class, well known in that city, and who thought proper to leave Ireland on the
-Union, was met in London by a Noble Lord, who observed, "So you are here too!"
-"Yes, my Lord," replied the beggar, "the Union has brought us all over."</p>
-
-<p>The back view of the person exhibited in the following plate, is that of Samuel
-Horsey, who, in December 1816, had been a London beggar for thirty-one years. Of
-this man there are various opinions, and it is much to be doubted if the truth can be
-obtained even from his own mouth. He states that Mr Abernethy cut off his legs in St
-Bartholomew's Hospital, but he does not declare from what cause; so that being deprived
-of the power of gaining a subsistence by labour, he was forced to become a beggar. By
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{22}</a></span>
-some persons he is styled the King of the Beggars, but certainly without the least foundation.
-He says that no one has been less acquainted with beggars than himself; and as
-for his having the command of a district, that he utterly denies. His walks, or rather
-movements, are not always confined; on some days he slides to Charing Cross, but is
-oftener to be seen at the door of Mr Coutts's banking-house, perhaps with an idea that
-persons just after they have received money are more likely to bestow charity.</p>
-
-<p>Of all other men, Horsey has the most dexterous mode of turning, or rather swinging
-himself, into a gin-shop. He dashes the door open by forcibly striking the front of his
-sledge and himself against it.</p>
-
-<p>He was once seen in a most perilous situation, when he lodged in a two-pair of stairs
-back room, in Wharton's Court, Holborn. He had placed himself on the window-sill, in
-order to clean the outside upper panes, and was attached as usual to his sledge, when
-unfortunately he broke a square. On this occasion he let loose the volley of oaths which
-at other times he can so forcibly discharge; nor did his rage subside after he had launched
-himself into the room again; indeed he was heard at intervals to vociferate in this way
-for several hours.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 336px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-15.jpg" width="336" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XV.</p>
-    <p>Samuel Horsey, a London beggar for more than thirty-one years. Frequented the
-    neighbourhood of Charing Cross and Coutts's Bank.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The very extraordinary torso etched in the next plate is that of John Mac Nally, of
-the county of Tyrone. This poor fellow lost the use of his legs by a log, that crushed
-both his thighs, when an apprentice at Cork.</p>
-
-<p>His head, shoulders, and chest, which are exactly those of Hercules, would prove
-valuable models for the artist.</p>
-
-<p>Mac, who is well known about Parliament Street, Whitehall, and the Surrey foot of
-Westminster Bridge, after scuttling along the streets for some time upon a sledge, discovered
-the power of novelty, and trained two dogs, Boxer and Rover, to draw him in a
-truck, by which contrivance he has increased his income beyond all belief.</p>
-
-<p>Though this man's dogs when coupled have occasional snarlings, particularly when
-one scratches himself with an overstrained exertion, the other feeling at the same time
-an inclination to dose, yet, when their master has been dead drunk, and become literally
-a log on his truck, they have very cordially united their efforts to convey him to his
-lodgings in St Ann's Lane, Westminster, and perhaps with more safety than if he had
-governed them, frequently taking a circuitous route during street repairs in order to
-obtain the clearest path.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 333px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-16.jpg" width="333" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XVI.</p>
-    <p>John MacNally, of Tyrone County, with his two dogs Boxer and Rover, who
-    drew him in a truck. Well known about Parliament Street and Whitehall.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The figure in the box is that of a Jew mendicant, who has unfortunately lost the use
-of his legs, and is placed every morning in the above vehicle, so that he may be drawn
-about the neighbourhood of Petticoat Lane, and exhibited as an object of charity. His
-venerable appearance renders it impossible for a Jew or a Christian to pass without giving
-him alms, though he never begs but of his own people; a custom highly creditable to the
-Jews, and even more attentively observed by that truly honourable Society of Friends,
-vulgarly called Quakers, who neither suffer their poor to beg, nor become burthensome to
-any but themselves.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 349px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-17.jpg" width="349" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XVII.</p>
-    <p>A Jew Beggar, who has lost the use of his legs, and was drawn in a box
-    about the neighbourhood of Petticoat Lane.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>About forty-eight years ago, when the sites of Portland Place, Devonshire Street,
-&amp;c., were fields, the famous Tommy Lowe, then a singer at Mary-le-bone Gardens, raised
-a subscription to enable an unfortunate man to run a small chariot, drawn by four
-muzzled mastiffs, from a pond near Portland Chapel&mdash;called Cockney Ladle, which supplied
-Mary-le-bone Basin with water&mdash;to the Farthing Pie-house, a building remaining at
-the end of Norton Street, and now the sign of the Green Man, in order to accommodate
-children with a ride for a halfpenny. And it is rather extraordinary, that the son of that
-very man, a few years since, and after the death of his wife, harnessed a spaniel to a
-small cart, but large enough to hold his infant, which the animal drew after the father
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{23}</a></span>
-from lamp to lamp through the very streets above mentioned. The dog became so accustomed
-to his task, that as soon as he heard his master cover a lamp, away he would
-scamper to the next, and there wait the arrival of the ladder.</p>
-
-<p>Street-crossing sweepers next make their appearance; the first on the list being
-William Tomlins, whose stand is very productive, as it includes both Albemarle and St
-James Streets. Of this man there is nothing further remarkable, beyond his attention
-to his pitch, for so the beggars and ballad-singers call their stands. He appears to be
-alive to the receipt of every penny, and will not suffer himself by any means to be
-diverted from his solicitations; as a strong proof of which, he refused to hold the horse
-of a gentleman who called to him for that purpose, and from this it may be inferred that
-he thought begging a better occupation.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 376px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-18.jpg" width="376" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XVIII.</p>
-    <p>William Tomlins, a crossing-sweeper, who stood at Albemarle and St
-    James's Streets.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The next character portrayed is a constant sweeper of the crossing at the top of
-Ludgate Hill. This man finds it his interest to wear a cloth round his head, as he is on
-that account frequently noticed by elderly maiden city dames, who mistake him for one
-of their own sex.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 344px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-19.jpg" width="344" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XIX.</p>
-    <p>Sweeper of the crossing at the top of Ludgate Hill.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The crossing from Charles Street to Rathbone Place is swept by Daniel Cropp, as
-filthy a looking fellow as any of his tribe. In order to render himself noticed, he
-literally combs his hair with his opened fingers. He at present differs from the etching,
-by wearing a fireman's jacket.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 339px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-20.jpg" width="339" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XX.</p>
-    <p>Daniel Cropp, sweeper of the crossing from Charles Street to Rathbone
-    Place.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The next plate represents a lad who occasionally sweeps
-the crossing at the end of Princes Street, Hanover Square, and wears a large waistcoat,
-surmounted by a soldier's jacket.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 361px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-21.jpg" width="361" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXI.</p>
-    <p>Lad who swept the crossing at the end of Princes Street, Hanover Square.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>At the time he was drawn, he was so sickly that his
-person was not recognised as a vender of matches, in which character he had two years
-before been selected as a subject for this work, and whose portrait as such is given in the
-following plate. The boy occasionally sings the old match song, and at certain hours
-finds it his interest to exercise his broom at the above station.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 340px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-22.jpg" width="340" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXII.</p>
-    <p>Vendor of matches.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The subjects of the next two plates are unfortunate mendicants. The first is a
-silver-haired man, of the name of Lilly, who lost his leg in some repairs at Westminster.
-Poets' Corner, in the Abbey, is the place where he is mostly to be seen.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 323px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-23.jpg" width="323" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXIII.</p>
-    <p>"Lilly," who lost his leg in some repairs at Westminster. Mostly to be
-    seen at Poets' Corner in the Abbey.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The second plate is the portrait of William Frasier, deprived of both his hands in the
-field of battle. His allowance as a maimed soldier not being sufficient to maintain his
-large family, he is obliged to depend on the benevolence of such of the public who purchase
-boot-laces of him. When this poor fellow's portrait was taken, he lodged in Market
-Lane, in the house formerly occupied by Torre, the print-seller, who was the original fireworker
-at Mary-le-bone Gardens.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 328px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-24.jpg" width="328" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXIV.</p>
-    <p>William Frasier, deprived of both his hands in the field of battle.
-    Maintains his family by the sale of boot-laces.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>London has of late been gradually losing many of its old street customs, particularly
-that pleasing one of the milkmaid's garland, so richly decorated with articles of silver
-and bunches of cowslips. The garland was of a pyramidal form, and placed upon a horse
-carried by two chairmen, adorned with ribbons and tulips. The plate consisted of pint
-mugs, quart tankards, and large dishes, sometimes to the value of five hundred pounds,
-hired of silversmiths for the purpose. The milkwoman and her pretty maids, in their
-Nancy Dawson petticoats, would dance to the fiddler's jigs of "Paddy O'Rafferty," or "Off
-she goes," before the doors of their customers; but now, instead of this innocent scene of
-May-day gaiety, the streets are infested by such fellows as the one exhibited in the
-adjoining plate, who have been dismissed, perhaps for their indecent conduct, from the
-public places of entertainment. These men hire old dresses, and join the Chimney
-Sweeper's, Cinder-sifter's, or Bunter's Garland, or Jack in the Green, &amp;c., and exhibit all
-sorts of grimace and ribaldry to extort money from their numerous admirers.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 327px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-25.jpg" width="327" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXV.</p>
-    <p>May-Day Gaiety.&mdash;These men hire old dresses, and join the
-    Cinder-sifter's or Bunter's Garland, or Jack in the Green, &amp;c., and
-    exhibit all sorts of grimace and ribaldry, to extort money from their
-    numerous admirers.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Few persons, particularly those in elevated life, can witness, or even entertain a true
-idea of the various modes by which the lowest classes gain a livelihood. It is scarcely to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{24}</a></span>
-be believed that some few years ago a woman, of the name of Smith, regularly went over
-London early in the morning, to strike out the teeth of dead dogs that had been stolen
-and killed for the sake of their skins. These teeth she sold to bookbinders, carvers, and
-gilders, as burnishing tools.</p>
-
-<p>There are women who, on Sunday mornings when there are no carts about, frequent
-Thames Street, and the adjoining lanes inhabited by Lisbon merchants, to pick up from
-the kennels the refuse of lemons, after they have been squeezed for their juice. These
-they sell to the Jew distillers, who extract a further portion of liquor, and thus afford
-them the means of selling, at a considerably reduced price, lemon drops to the lower order
-of confectioners.</p>
-
-<p>It is seldom that the common beggars eat the food given to them; and it is a well-known
-fact, that they sell their broken bread to the lowest order of the biscuit bakers,
-who grind it for the purpose of making "tops and bottoms," &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>This was also the practice in former days, as appears in an old ballad, from which
-the following is an extract:&mdash;</p>
-
- <p class="gap-above center">THE BEGGAR'S WEDDING;<br />
- <span class="small">OR, THE JOVIAL CREW.</span><br />
- <i>Printed with allowance, October 19, 1676.</i></p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
- <div class="poetry">
-  <div class="stanza">
-   <div class="verse quote">"Then Tom a Bedlam winds his horn at best,</div>
-   <div class="verse">Their trumpet 'twas to bring away their feast;</div>
-   <div class="verse">Pickt marybones they had, found in the street,</div>
-   <div class="verse">Carrots kickt out of kennels with their feet;</div>
-   <div class="verse">Crusts gathered up for bisket, twice so dry'd;</div>
-   <div class="verse">Alms-tubs, and olla podridas, beside</div>
-   <div class="verse">Many such dishes more; but it would cumber</div>
-   <div class="verse">Any to name them, more than I can number.</div>
-   <div class="verse">Then comes the banquet, which must never fail,</div>
-   <div class="verse">That the town gave, of whitebread and strong ale.</div>
-   <div class="verse">All were so tipsie, that they could not go,</div>
-   <div class="verse">And yet would dance, and cry'd for music hoe:</div>
-   <div class="verse">With tonges and gridirons they were play'd unto,</div>
-   <div class="verse">And blind men sung, as they are us'd to do.</div>
-   <div class="verse">Some whistled, and some hollow sticks did sound,</div>
-   <div class="verse">And so melodiously they play around:</div>
-   <div class="verse">Lame men, lame women, manfully cry advance,</div>
-   <div class="verse">And so, all limping, jovially did dance."</div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Some women gain a living by going from house to house and begging phials. They
-pretend that they have an order for medicines at the dispensary, for their dear husband,
-or only child, but know not in what way to get it without a bottle, as they are obliged
-to take one of their own; at the same time, some will beg white linen rags to dress
-wounds with. These they soon turn into money at the old iron shops,&mdash;the "dealers in
-marine stores."</p>
-
-<p>Those who beg old shoes, such as Grannee Manoo, make as much as six or seven
-shillings a day. They sell them to the people who live in cellars in Monmouth Street, or
-stalls in Food and Raiment Alley, Rosemary Lane, &amp;c. These persons give them new
-soles, and are called Translators. In Mountsorrel, Leicestershire, a cobbler of the name of
-Bates styles himself a translator.</p>
-
-<p>The plate of two Bone-pickers is the next to be described. The physiognomy of the
-fellow who is stitching patches together to tack to his coat, which consists of some
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{25}</a></span>
-hundreds of bits of old velvet, carpets, &amp;c., would baffle the skill of either Lavater or
-Spurzheim; it has the mixture of the idiot, the goat, and the bull-dog. Such a visage
-might have been useful to Spagnolet, or his pupil Salvator. In order to discover a few
-of the habits of this character, he was followed for several hours through many streets,
-alleys, and courts, in the parish of St Martin's in the Fields. On his arrival at Moor's Yard,
-which is said to have been a place for the execution of public criminals in early times, he
-was accused of stealing door mats, and with some difficulty extricated his tatters from
-the tugs of a couple of dogs. In Hartshorn Lane, in the Strand, at one time the residence
-of Ben Jonson, he was seen to take up a brick, and throw it at two curs fighting for a
-bone, which he picked up and put into his bag. These bones are bought by the burners
-at Haggerstone, Shoreditch, and Battlebridge, at two shillings per bushel, in which half
-a bushel is given over, that being bone measure.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 342px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-26.jpg" width="342" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXVI.</p>
-    <p>Two bone-pickers, one of them stitching patches together to tack to his
-    coat.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Bill Row and John Taylor, two grubbers, are introduced in the next plate. These
-men, with Stephen Lloyd, form the sum total of their description in London. They
-procure a livelihood by whatever they find in grubbing out the dirt from between the
-stones with a crooked bit of iron, in search of nails that fall from horse-shoes, which are
-allowed to be the best iron that can be made use of for gun-barrels; and though the
-streets are constantly looked over at the dawn of day by a set of men in search of sticks,
-handkerchiefs, shawls, &amp;c., that may have been dropped during the night, yet these grubbers
-now and then find rings that have been drawn off with the gloves, or small money that
-has been washed by the showers between the stones. These men are frequently employed
-to clear gully-holes and common sewers, the stench of which is so great that their breath
-becomes pestilential; and its noxious quality on one occasion had so powerful an effect
-on a man of the name of Dixie, as to deprive him of two of his senses, smelling and
-tasting, and yet Ned Flowers followed this calling for forty years.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 385px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-27.jpg" width="385" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXVII.</p>
-    <p>Bill Row and John Taylor, two grubbers.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>But there is still a
-more wretched class of beings than the grubbers, who never know the comfort of dry
-clothes,&mdash;they are, like the leech, perpetually in water. The occupation of these draggle-tail
-wretches commences on the banks of the Thames at low water. They go up to their
-knees in mud, to pick up the coals that fall from the barges when at the wharfs. Their
-flesh and dripping rags are like the coals they carry in small bags across their shoulders,
-and which they dispose of, at a reduced price, to the meanest order of chandler-shop
-retailers.</p>
-
-<p>The environs produce characters equally curious with those of London, particularly
-among that order of people called Simplers, whose business it is to gather and supply the
-city markets with physical herbs. Such an innocent instance of rustic simplicity is
-William Friday, whose portrait is exhibited in the following plate. This man starts from
-Croydon, with champignons, mushrooms, &amp;c., and is alternately snail-picker, leech-bather,
-and viper-catcher.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 329px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-28.jpg" width="329" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXVIII.</p>
-    <p>William Finley,&mdash;is alternately snail-picker, leech-bather, and
-    viper-catcher.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The man whose portrait is given in the succeeding plate, mimics the notes of the
-common English birds by means of a folded bit of tin, similar to that used by Mr Punch's
-orator, and which is held between the teeth; but in order to engage the attention of the
-credulous, he pretends, as his lips are nearly closed, to draw his tones from two tobacco-pipes,
-using one for the fiddle, the other for the bow, and never fails to collect an
-attentive audience, either in the street or tap-room.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 331px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-29.jpg" width="331" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXIX.</p>
-    <p>Street musician, who mimics the notes of the common English birds by
-    means of a folded bit of tin, which is held between the teeth; but in
-    order to engage the attention of the credulous, he pretends to draw his
-    tones from two tobacco pipes.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Musicians of this description were
-at one time very numerous. Gravelot, when he kept a drawing-school in the Strand,
-made sketches of several. One particularly picturesque, was of a blind chaunter of the
-old ballads of "There was a wealthy Lawyer," or "O Brave Nell," and has been admirably
-etched by Miller. This man accompanied his voice by playing upon a catgut string
-drawn over a bladder, and tied at both ends of a mop-stick; but the boys continually
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{26}</a></span>
-perplexing him by pricking his bladder, and a pampered prodigal having with a sword
-let out all his wind, he fortunately hit upon a mode of equally charming the ear by substituting
-a tin tea-canister.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 325px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-30.jpg" width="325" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXX.</p>
-    <p>A blind chaunter of the old ballads, who accompanied his voice by
-    playing upon a catgut string drawn over a tea canister, and tied at both
-    ends of a mop stick.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Thomas King, a most excellent painter of conversation-scenes,
-who lived at the time of Hogarth, and assisted him in his large pictures of Paul
-before Felix in Lincoln's Inn Hall, and the Good Samaritan in Bartholomew's Hospital,
-has left portraits of several of these singular beings,&mdash;such as Maddox, the balancer of a
-straw; but particularly that of Matthew Skeggs, who played a concerto upon a broomstick,
-in the character of Signor Bumbasto, at the little theatre in the Haymarket. These
-portraits have been engraved by Houston. That of Skeggs was published by himself, at
-the sign of the Hoop and Bunch of Grapes, in St Alban's Street, now a part of Waterloo
-Place. Since their time, Mr Meadows, the comedian, has been particularly famous for
-his imitations of birds; and some of the lowest description of street vagabonds have
-produced tones by playing upon their chins with their knuckles. Another hero of the
-knuckle, was the famous Buckhorse, the friend of Ned Shuter, and who formerly sold
-sticks in Covent Garden. This fellow grew so callous to the blow of the knuckle, as to
-place his head firmly against a wall, and suffer, for a shilling, any wretch to strike him
-with his doubled fist, with all his strength, in his face, which became at last more like a
-Good-Friday bun than any thing human. Of this man there are many portraits.</p>
-
-<p>Of Scottish, Welsh, and Irish mendicants there are now very few in London; perhaps
-their full number does not exceed fifty, unless by including that lower order of street-musicians
-who so frequently distract the harmonious ear with their droning bag-pipes,
-screaming clarionets, and crazy harps. These people, with match, tooth-pick, and cotton-ball
-venders, may be considered but as one remove from beggary.</p>
-
-<p>The lowest class of the Scotch are bakers' men; the women are laundresses. The
-Welshmen, of whom London never had many, are principally employed by the potters of
-Lambeth, at which place they have an old established house of worship. It is a cheerful
-sight to behold their women, who are remarkable for their cleanliness, and, like the
-Scotch, are generally pictures of vigorous health. These will go in trains of twenty or
-thirty persons, from Hammersmith to Covent Garden Market, joining in one national
-melody, and perfuming the air with their baskets of ripe strawberries.</p>
-
-<p>Of all people the poor Irish are the most anxious to gain employment, and are truly
-valuable examples of industry. They sleep less than other labourers; for at the dawn of
-day they assemble in flocks at their usual stands for hire,&mdash;namely, Whitechapel, Queen
-Street, Cheapside, and on the spot formerly occupied by St Giles's pound, at the ends of
-Oxford Street and Tottenham Court Road. The most laborious of them are chairmen,
-paviers, bricklayers' labourers, potato-gatherers, and basket-men; and, to the eternal
-disgrace of the commonalty of the English, these people, as well as the Scotch and Welsh,
-are guilty of very few excesses, particularly in that odious practice of drinking, a vice so
-much increased by the accommodation of seats in gin-shops, which are the first opened
-and last shut in London.</p>
-
-<p>The Irish carry immense loads. A hod of bricks, weighing one hundred and ten
-pounds, is carried one hundred and twenty times at least in the course of the day, and
-sometimes up a ladder of the height of five stories, and all for two shillings and ninepence
-per day. The pavier's rammer, of more than half a hundred weight, is raised not fewer
-than two thousand times in the course of the day. <i>What Englishman could do this?</i>
-With respect to loads on the head, the Irish surpass all others. Leary makes nothing of
-carrying two hundred weight from the Fox under the Hill, near the Adelphi, to Covent
-Garden, many times on a market morning; and yet, extraordinary as this may appear,
-his feats have been more than equalled by a female. A man of the name of Eglesfield,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{27}</a></span>
-who has sold flowers in Covent Garden for the last thirty-six years, knew an Irish girl
-who would often walk under the weight of two hundred pounds. He declares that she
-brought a load of one hundred and a half from Newgate Market to Covent Garden on
-her head, without once pitching, though it must be observed that this was not potato-weight,
-which has always one hundred and twenty-six pounds to the hundred.</p>
-
-<p>The following woodcut represents the humane manner in which cripples are conveyed
-from door to door in many parts of Ireland. The following description has been
-kindly furnished to the Author by a friend, who has frequently assisted in the conveyance,
-and takes no ordinary interest in the condition of the poor.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center">
-  <img src="images/27.jpg" width="362" height="400" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p>In the country parts of Ireland, beggars are treated with great tenderness and pious
-hospitality. Many of them are recognised as descended from ancient and powerful septs,
-which decayed in the revolutions of property and influence. During many years after the
-invasion of King Henry, the houses of hospitality (so amply described in Sir John Davis's
-Tracts) which were established by the Chiefs for their poor relations and the traveller,
-were still kept open; and to this hour, some gentry and farmers provide the itinerant
-beggars with a bed as well as food. The alms are generally given in meal, flax, wool,
-milk, or potatoes, but seldom in money, except in cities or towns. After receiving a night's
-lodging or alms, long and devout prayers are distinctly uttered at the door of the benefactor.
-Like the players in Hamlet, they are the brief chronicles of the times, and their
-praises of the good frequently contribute to matrimonial connections. In some parts of
-the country the beggars have a particular day in the week for appearing abroad, when
-they are plentifully supplied for the remaining six; and those who, from loss of limbs, or
-other infirmity, are unable to walk, are seated upon barrows, and carried or wheeled from
-door to door, by the servants of each house or the casual passenger, an act of piety which
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{28}</a></span>
-is not unfrequently performed by members of respectable families. The beggars are seen
-in crowds near places of Catholic worship, or pilgrimage, and many of them are distinguished
-for great piety and temperance. The English traveller is sometimes surprised
-at seeing a venerable figure, clothed in a hair-cloth shirt or tunic, repeating his orisons
-on the side of a road, with naked shivering limbs, and a beard which for years has been
-unconscious of a razor. Yet in Ireland, as in other places, there are pretended objects, and
-beggars who misapply the benefactions of the charitable. They receive no interruption
-from the police, except in Dublin, where a large close cart frequently returns to the workhouse
-full of discontented mendicants, who have an extraordinary aversion to restraint
-upon their freedom, or compulsion to attend the established worship, which is generally
-different from their own.</p>
-
-<p>This class of the Irish are by no means unacquainted with the use of wit and
-waggery. The celebrated Dr O'Leary used to entertain his friends with some instances
-of their ingenuity. As he was riding to Maynooth College, a beggar accosted him for
-alms, declaring that he had not received a farthing for three days. The good Doctor gave
-him some silver, and being accosted on his return, in the evening, with a similar story, he
-upbraided the petitioner with his falsehood, telling him that he was Dr O'Leary. "Oh,
-long life to your reverence," said the beggar, "who would I tell my lies to, except my
-clargy?"</p>
-
-<p>The parts in and near London mostly inhabited by the Irish poor, are Calmel
-Buildings, Orchard Street; Petty France, Westminster; Paddy's Land, near Plaistow;
-forty houses on the Rumford Road; and in the parish of St Giles in the Fields. This
-latter place, which is their principal residence, is called their colony, and is styled by
-them "The Holy Land;" in the centre of it there is a mass of building called "Rats'
-Castle."</p>
-
-<p>In the time of Queen Elizabeth, St Giles's was the rendezvous of the beggars; for in
-"A Caveat, or Warning, for Common Cursitors, vulgarely called Vagabones, set forth by
-Thomas Harman, Esquire," 1567, it appears that Nicoles Genynges, the cranke, went over
-"the water into St George's fields," and not, according to the expectation of Mr Harman,
-who caused him to be dogged, toward Holborn, or St Giles's in the Fields.</p>
-
-<p>It appears from a very early plan of St Giles's in the Fields, in the possession of Mr
-Parton, vestry clerk of that parish, that the lowest class of its inhabitants live on a
-portion of sixteen acres formerly called "Pittaunce Croft" (the allowance), which extended
-from a large mansion called Tottenhall, the fragments of which were of late supposed to
-have been parts of a palace of King John; they have been recently taken down. This
-house of Tottenhall was formerly inhabited by a Prebendary of St Paul's; it stood on the
-north side of that part of the road called "Tottenham Court," leading from the north end
-of Tottenham Court Road to Battle Bridge. The sixteen acres commenced from the above
-house, and went on southerly to St Giles's Church, and from thence easterly along the
-north side of the High Street to Red Lion Fields (now Red Lion Square).</p>
-
-<p>The streets, lanes, alleys, and courts, forming the nest of houses inhabited by thieves,
-beggars, and the poor labouring Irish, are encompassed by a portion of the south side of
-Russell Street, formerly called Leonard Street, commencing from Tottenham Court Road,
-parts of the west sides of Charlotte and Plumtree Streets, and a part of the north and
-round the east of High Street to the first mentioned station of Russell Street. To the
-honour of Scotland, not one Scotch beggar is to be found in the dregs or lees of St Giles's.
-However wretched and depraved the inhabitants of this spot may now be, they certainly
-were worse fifty years ago, for it appears that there was then no honour among thieves;
-the sheets belonging to the lodging-houses, where a bed at that time was procured for
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{29}</a></span>
-twopence, having the names of the owners painted on them in large characters of red
-lead, in order to prevent their being bought if stolen,&mdash;as for instance,</p>
-
- <p class="center">JOHN LEA,<br />
- LAWRENCE LANE.<br />
- STOP THIEF.</p>
-
-<p>At the same period, the shovels, pokers, tongs, gridirons, and purl pots of the public-houses,
-particularly those of the Maidenhead Inn, in Dyott Street (now changed to George
-Street), and which was then kept by a man of the name of Jordan, were all chained to
-the fire-place. At this house the beggars, after a good day's maunding, would bleed the
-dragon, a large silver tankard so called, and which was to be filled with punch only.
-There is now a house, the sign of the Rose and Crown, in Church Lane, which was
-formerly called the Beggars' Opera; and there was another house so denominated, the
-sign of the Weaver's Arms, in Church Lane, Whitechapel.</p>
-
-<p>The last cook-shop where the knives and forks were chained to the table, was on the
-south side of High Street. It was kept about forty years ago by a man of the name of
-Fussell.</p>
-
-<p>Perhaps the only waggery in public-house customs now remaining, is in the
-tap-room of the Apple Tree, opposite to Cold Bath Fields Prison. There are a pair of
-handcuffs fastened to the wires as bell-pulls, and the orders given by some of the
-company, when they wish their friends to ring, are, to "agitate the conductor."</p>
-
-<p>Most of the kitchens in High Street, from St Giles's Church to the entrance of
-Holborn, were sausage, sheep's head, roley poley pudding, pancake, and potatoe cellars.
-The last heroine of the frying-pan exhibited a short nose and shining red face, and was
-known by the appellation of "Little Fanny." She had fried and boiled for Mrs
-Markham, now living in the same house, thirty-three years. Her face had become so
-ardent by frequent wipings, that for many years it would not bear a touch.</p>
-
-<p>It was the opinion of Sir Nathaniel Conant, when that able and active magistrate
-attended the Committee of the House of Commons, that extensive as mendicity has been
-of late, it is by no means to be compared with what it was thirty years ago.</p>
-
-<p>It is very obvious that since the proceedings of the Committee for inquiring into the
-state of mendicity, the common beggars have decreased considerably in their numbers;
-and although they are still extremely numerous, it appears that where our wonderful
-Metropolis is molested with one beggar, there are twenty to be met with in almost every
-capital on the continent.</p>
-
-<p>England, justly claiming the palm for the encouragement of every art and science,
-has ever been foremost in almsgiving, not only to her own people, but to those of almost
-every part of the globe. Nor can any other country boast such parochial poorhouses.
-The vast improvements of the streets and public edifices, great as they are, by no means
-keep pace with them either as to comfort or expense, of which Marylebone and Pancras
-are examples; and to the honour of these parishes, as well as that of St James, their
-concerns are regulated, examined, and audited by independent characters of the highest
-integrity.</p>
-
-<p>Notwithstanding the great benefit of these asylums for the destitute, and the laws
-for the punishment of beggars, the sympathetic heart of the true Christian, a character
-unpolluted by the cant of crafty sectarists, is ever open to the tale of the distressed, from
-a respect for that excellent doctrine of St Paul, that</p>
-
- <p class="center">CHARITY NEVER FAILETH.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{30}</a></span>
-The following eulogium on this virtue, is extracted from Mr Hamilton's appeal in
-behalf of a religious community which had been deprived of its property during the
-French Revolution:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/drop-qc.jpg" width="150" height="173" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="nodent"><span class="uppercase"><span class="drop-cap2">"C</span>harity</span>
-is an emanation from the choicest attribute of
-the Deity; it is, as it were, a portion of the Divinity
-engrafted upon the human stock; it cancels a
-multitude of transgressions in the possessor, and gives
-him a foretaste of celestial joys. It whetted the pious
-Martin's sword, when he divided his garment with
-the beggar; and swelled the royal Alfred's bosom,
-while a pilgrim was the partner of his meal. It
-influenced the sorrowing widow to cast her mite into
-the treasury; and held a Saviour on the Cross, when
-he could have summoned Heaven to his rescue. Its
-practice was dictated by the law, its neglect has been
-censured by the prophets; and when the Lord of the
-vineyard sent his only Son, he came not to destroy
-the law, but to fulfil it. Other virtues may have a
-limit here, but Charity extends beyond the grave. Faith may be lost in endless certainty,
-and Hope may perish in the fruition of its object, but Charity shall live for countless
-ages, for ever blessing and for ever blessed!"</p>
-
-<p class="gap-above center">THE END.</p>
-
-<div class="image-center" style="max-width: 394px;">
-  <img src="images/31.jpg" width="394" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p><i>A Soap-eater, copied from a rare print of the time of Queen Elizabeth</i></p>
-    <p><i>A Tom of Bedlam copied from an Old Drawing of the time of Edw. 6th.
-       in the possession of Fran. Douce Esq.</i></p>
-    <p><i>Copied from a Drawing of the time of Henry VII<sup>th</sup> in the
-       possession of Francis Douce, Esq.</i></p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="image-center-plate" style="max-width: 345px;">
-  <img src="images/pl-31.jpg" width="345" height="600" alt=""/>
-  <div class="caption">
-    <p>PLATE XXXI.</p>
-    <p>Beggars leaving town for their workhouse.</p>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives of Famous London Beggars, by 
-John Thomas Smith
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