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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c287d84 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55202 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55202) diff --git a/old/55202-0.txt b/old/55202-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b22f625..0000000 --- a/old/55202-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1541 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 43, -April 24, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 43, April 24, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 26, 2017 [EBook #55202] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 43. SATURDAY, APRIL 24, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: DRIMNAGH CASTLE, COUNTY OF DUBLIN.] - -Among the many objects of historical or picturesque interest in the -immediate vicinity of our metropolis, there are few, perhaps, better -worthy of a visit than the subject of our prefixed illustration--the old -Castle of Drimnagh, which is situated between the villages of Crumlin and -Clondalkin, and distant about three miles from the city. We have here -presented to us an ancient castellated residence, of irregular but highly -picturesque outline, still surrounded and protected by its ancient moat, -and, though in good condition and inhabited, still retaining to such an -extent its original character as a place of strength, that as we look -upon it, we might almost imagine ourselves living in the ages of its -military greatness, and belonging to a state of society very different -from that secure and peaceful one in which we happily have our existence. -In addition to these circumstances, the Castle of Drimnagh is highly -interesting, from the beauty and picturesqueness of its situation, which -is not only strikingly romantic in itself, but commands a variety of -views of the most pleasing character; as the scenery of the City and Bay -towards the east; that of the Park, Castleknock, and Clondalkin, towards -the north; and, in congenial harmony with its ivied walls, the dark -mountains of the county of Dublin towards the south--the wild fastnesses -of the Irish clans whose predatory aggressions it was originally built to -repress. - -The date of the erection of this castle is not exactly known, but there -is every reason to presume that it was originally founded as early as the -reign of John, by Hugh de Bernivale, who it is probable came with that -Prince into Ireland, and at all events received in 1215 a grant from him -of the lands of Drimnagh and Terenure, which continued in the possession -of his descendants for four centuries afterwards. It is from this Hugh de -Bernivale, who, as it is said, derived his descent from the ancient Dukes -of Brittany, that the several noble families of Barnwall, in Ireland, -descend. He died in 1221, leaving a son and heir, Hugo, who died without -issue the 8th of October 1237; and another son, Reginald, who becoming -heir to his brother, had his inheritance of four carracutes of land with -their appurtenances in Drimnagh and Terenure confirmed to him by patent, -by king Henry III. These possessions were ultimately, and after much -litigation, alienated from the family in the reign of James I, when they -passed into the hands of Sir Adam Loftus, ancestor of the noble family -of Ely; but Drimnagh Castle is at present the property of the Marquis of -Lansdowne. - -The Castle of Drimnagh has been repaired or re-edified at various -times, so that it is not an easy matter to determine at present what -portions of it are of great antiquity, and what are altogether of more -recent date; but upon the whole it will convey a very good idea of the -fortified residence of a noble family in Ireland previous to the close of -the seventeenth century. During the troubles consequent upon the great -rebellion of 1641, it was considered a fortress of such consequence that -the Duke of Ormond had, in 1649, some thoughts of strengthening its -fortifications and making it his residence, but was dissuaded from doing -so by General Purcile and other officers of his army. - - P. - - - - -THE FOSTER BROTHER. - -BY WILLIAM CARLETON. - - -There is scarcely a trait of human nature involved in more mystery, -or generally less understood, than the singular strength of affection -which binds the humble peasant of Irish life to his foster-brother, and -more especially if the latter be a person of rank or consideration. -This anomalous attachment, though it may to a certain extent be mutual, -is nevertheless very seldom known to be equal in strength between -the parties. Experience has sufficiently proved to us, that whilst -instances of equality in feeling have been known to characterize it, the -predominant power of its spirit has always been found to exist in the -person of the humbler party. How to account for this would certainly -require a more philosophical acquaintance with human nature than has -fallen to our lot; we must therefore be content to know that the fact -is precisely as we have stated it. Irish history and tradition furnish -us with sufficient materials on which to ground clear and distinct -proofs that the attachment of habit and contiguity in these instances -far transcends that of natural affection itself. It is very seldom -that one brother will lay down his life for another, and yet instances -of such high and heroic sacrifices have occurred in the case of the -foster-brother, whose affection has thus not unfrequently triumphed -over death itself. It is certainly impossible to impute this wild but -indomitable attachment to the force of domestic feeling, because, whilst -we maintain that the domestic affections in Ireland are certainly -stronger than those of any other country in the world, still instances -of this inexplicable devotion have occurred in the persons of those in -whom the domestic ties were known to be very feeble. It is true, there -are many moral anomalies in the human heart with which we are as yet but -imperfectly acquainted; and as they arise from some wayward and irregular -combination of its impulses, that operates independently of any known -principles of action, it is not likely that we shall ever thoroughly -understand them. There is another peculiarity in Irish feeling, which, as -it is analogous to this, we cannot neglect to mention it. We allude to -the _Parisheen_, a term which we must explain at further length to our -readers. When the Dublin Foundling Hospital was in existence, the poor -infants whom an unhappy destiny consigned to that gloomy and withering -institution were transmitted to different parts of the country, to be -nursed by the wives of the lower classes of the peasantry--such as -day-labourers, cottiers, and small farmers, who cultivated from three to -six or eight acres of land. These children were generally, indeed almost -always, called Parisheens--a word which could be properly applied only to -such as, having no known parents, were supported by the parish in which -they happened to be born. It was transferred to the Foundlings, however; -although, with the exception of the metropolis, which certainly paid a -parish tax for their maintenance, they were principally supported by a -very moral act of Parliament, which, by the wise provision of a large -grant, held out a very liberal bounty to profligacy. At all events, the -opprobrious epithet of Parisheen was that usually fixed upon them. - -Now, of all classes of our fellow-creatures, one might almost naturally -suppose that those deserted and forsaken beings would be apt, consigned -as they uniformly were to the care of mercenary strangers, to experience -neglect, ill-treatment, or even cruelty itself; and yet, honour be to the -generous hearts and affectionate feelings of our humble people, it has -been proved, by the incontestible authority of a Commission expressly -appointed to examine and report on the working of the very hospital in -question, that the care, affection, and tenderness with which these -ill-fated creatures were treated by the nurses to whom they were given -out, was equal, if not superior, to that which was bestowed upon their -own children. Even when removed from these nurses to situations of -incomparably more comfort--situations in which they were lodged, fed, and -clothed, in a far superior manner--they have been known, in innumerable -instances, to elope from their masters and mistresses, and return to -their old abodes, preferring the indulgence of their affection, with -poverty and distress, to any thing else that life could offer. - -All this, however, was very natural and reasonable, for we know that even -the domestic animal will love the hand that feeds him. But that which -we have alluded to as constituting the strong analogy between it and -the attachment of the foster-brother, is the well-known fact, that the -affection of the children to the nurses, though strong and remarkable, -was as nothing when compared with that which the nurses felt for them. -This was proved by a force of testimony which no scepticism could -encounter. The parting scenes between them were affecting, and in many -instances agonizing, to the last degree. Nay, nurses have frequently come -up to Dublin, and with tears in their eyes, and in accents of the most -unfeigned sorrow, begged that the orphans might be allowed to stay with -them, undertaking, rather than part with them, that they would support -them at their own expense. It would be very difficult to produce a more -honourable testimony to the moral honesty, generosity, and exquisite -kindness of heart which characterize our people, than the authentic facts -we have just mentioned. They fell naturally in our way when treating -of the subject which preceded them, and we could not, in justice to -circumstances so beautiful and striking, much less injustice to the -people themselves, pass them over in silence. - -We shall now relate a short story, illustrating the attachment of a -foster-brother; but as we have reason to believe that the circumstances -are true, we shall introduce fictitious names instead of real ones. - -The rebellion of ninety-eight was just at its height, when the incidents -we are about to mention took place. A gentleman named Moore had a -daughter remarkable for her beauty and accomplishments. Indeed, so -celebrated had she become, that her health was always drunk as the toast -of her native county. Many suitors she had, of course, but among the rest -two were remarkable for their assiduous attentions to her, and an intense -anxiety to secure her affections. Henry Irwin was a high loyalist, as -was her own father, whose consent to gain the affections of his daughter -had been long given to his young friend. The other, who in point of fact -had already secured her affections, was unfortunately deeply involved -in, or we should rather say an open leader on, the insurgent side. His -principles had become known to Moore, as republican, for some time before -the breaking out of the insurrection; in consequence he was forbidden his -house, and warned against holding communication with any member of his -family. He had succeeded, however, before this, by the aid of Miss Moore -herself, who was aware of his principles, in placing as butler in her -father’s family his own foster-brother, Frank Finnegan--an arrangement -which never would have been permitted, had Moore known of the peculiar -bond of affection which subsisted between them. Of this, however, he was -ignorant; and in admitting Finnegan into his family, he was not aware -of the advantages he afforded to the proscribed suitor of his daughter. -This interdiction, however, came too late for the purposes of prudence. -Ere it was issued, Hewson and his daughter had exchanged vows of mutual -affection; but the national outbreak which immediately ensued, by forcing -Hewson to assume his place as an insurgent leader, appeared to have -placed a barrier between him and her, which was naturally considered -to be insurmountable. In the meantime, Moore himself, who was a local -magistrate, and also a captain of yeomanry, took an extremely active -part in quelling the insurrection, and in hunting down and securing the -rebels. Nor was Irwin less zealous in following the footsteps of the -man to whom he wished to recommend himself as his future son-in-law. -They acted together; and so vigorous were the measures of the young -loyalist, that the other felt it necessary in some instances to check the -exuberance of his loyalty. This, however, was not known to the opposite -party; for as Irwin always seemed to act under the instructions of his -friend Moore, so was it obviously enough inferred that every harsh act -and wanton stretch of authority which he committed, was either sanctioned -or suggested by the other. The consequence was, that Moore became, -if possible, more odious than Irwin, who was looked upon as a rash, -hot-headed zealot; whilst the veteran was marked as a cool and wily old -fox, who had ten times the cunning and cruelty of the senseless puppet he -was managing. In this, it is unnecessary to say, they were egregiously -mistaken. - -In the meantime the rebellion went forward, and many acts of cruelty and -atrocity were committed on both sides. Moore’s house and family would -have been attacked, and most probably murder and ruin might have visited -him and his, were it not for the influence of Hewson with the rebels. -Twice did the latter succeed, and on each occasion with great difficulty, -in preventing him and his household from falling victims to the vengeance -of the insurgents. Moore was a man of great personal courage, but apt to -underrate the character and enterprize of those who were opposed to him. -Indeed, his prudence was by no means on a par with his bravery or zeal, -for he has often been known to sally out at the head of a party in quest -of his enemies, and leave his own mansion, and the lives of those who -were in it, exposed and defenceless. - -On one of those excursions it was that he chanced to capture a small body -of the insurgents, headed by an intimate friend and distant relative of -Hewson’s. As the law at that unhappy period was necessarily quick in its -operations, we need scarcely say, that, having been taken openly armed -against the King and the Constitution, they were tried and executed by -the summary sentence of a court-martial. A deep and bloody vengeance was -now sworn against him and his by the rebels, who for some time afterwards -lay in wait for the purpose of retaliating in a spirit prompted by the -atrocious character of the times. - -Hewson’s attachment to his daughter, however, had been long known, and -his previous interference on behalf of her father had been successful -on that account only. Now, however, the plan of attack was laid without -his cognizance, and that with the most solemn injunctions to every one -concerned in it not to disclose their object to any human being not -officially acquainted with it, much less to Hewson, who they calculated -would once more take such steps as might defeat their sanguinary purpose. -These arrangements having been made, matters were allowed to remain -quiet for a little, until Moore should be off his guard; for we must -observe here, that he had felt it necessary, after the execution of the -captured rebels, to keep his house strongly and resolutely defended. The -attack was therefore postponed until the apprehensions created by his -recent activity should gradually wear away, and his enemies might with -less risk undertake the work of bloodshed and destruction. The night at -length was appointed on which the murderous attack must be made. All -the dark details were arranged with a deliberation at which, removed as -we now are from the sanguinary excitement of the times, the very soul -shudders and gets sick. A secret, however, communicated even under the -most solemn sanction to a great number, stands a great chance of being no -secret at all, especially during civil war, where so many interests of -friendship, blood, and marriage, bind the opposing parties together in -spite of the public principles under which they act. Miss Moore’s maid -had a brother, for instance, who, together with several of his friends -and relatives, being appointed to aid in the attack, felt anxious that -she should not be present on that night, lest her acquaintance with them -might be ultimately dangerous to the assailants. He accordingly sought an -opportunity of seeing her, and in earnest language urged her to absent -herself from her master’s house on the appointed night. The girl was not -much surprised at the ambiguity of his hints, for the truth was, that -no person, man or woman, possessing common sense, could be ignorant of -the state of the country, or of the evil odour in which Moore and Irwin, -and all those who were active on the part of government, were held. She -accordingly told him that she would follow his advice, and spoke to him -in terms so shrewd and significant, that he deemed it useless to preserve -further secrecy. The plot was thus disclosed, and the girl warned to -leave the house, both for her own sake and for that of those who were to -wreak their vengeance upon Moore and his family. - -The poor girl, hoping that her master and the rest might fly from the -impending danger, communicated the circumstances to Miss Moore, who -forthwith communicated them to her father, who, again, instead of -flying, took measures to collect about his premises, during the early -part of the dreaded night, a large and well-armed force from the next -military station. Now, it so happened that this girl, whose name was -Baxter, had a leaning towards Hewson’s foster-brother Finnegan, who in -plain language was her accepted lover. If love will not show itself in a -case of danger, it is good for nothing. We need scarcely say that Peggy -Baxter, apprehensive of danger to her sweetheart, confided the secret -to him also in the early part of the day of the attack. Finnegan was -surprised, especially when he heard from Peggy that Hewson had been kept -in ignorance of the whole design (for so her brother had told her), in -consequence of his attachment to her young mistress. There was now no -possible way of warding off such a calamity, unless by communicating -with Hewson; and this, as Finnegan was a sound United Irishman, he knew -he could do without any particular danger. He lost no time, therefore, -in seeing him; and we need scarcely say that his foster-brother felt -stunned and thunderstruck at the deed that was about to be perpetrated -without his knowledge. Finnegan then left him, but ere he reached home, -the darkness had set in, and on arriving, he sought the kitchen and its -comforts, ignorant, as were indeed most of the servants, that the upper -rooms and out-houses were literally crammed with fierce and well-armed -soldiers. - -Matters were now coming to a crisis. Hewson, aware that there was -little time to be lost, collected a small party of his own immediate -and personal friends, not one of whom, from their known attachment to -him, had been, any more than himself, admitted to a knowledge of their -attack upon Moore. Determined, therefore, to be beforehand with the -others, he and they met at an appointed place, from whence they went -quickly, and with as much secrecy as possible, to Moore’s house, for the -purpose not only of apprising him of the fate to which he and his were -doomed, but also with an intention of escorting him and all his family -as far from his house as might be consistent with the safety of both -parties. Our readers are of course prepared for the surprise and capture -of honest Hewson and his friends, of whose friendly intentions they are -aware. It is too true. Not expecting to find the house defended, they -were unprepared for an attack or sally; and the upshot was, that in a -few minutes two of them were shot, and most of the rest, among whom was -Hewson, taken prisoners on the spot. Those who escaped communicated to -the other insurgents an account of the strength with which Moore’s house -was defended; and the latter, instead of making an attempt to rescue -their friends, abandoned the meditated attack altogether, and left Hewson -and his party to their fate. A gloomy fate that was. Assertions and -protestations of their innocence were all in vain. An insurgent party -were expected to attack the house, and of course they came, headed by -Hewson himself, who, as Moore said, no doubt intended to spare none of -them but his daughter, and her, only, in order that she might become a -rebel’s wife. Irwin, too, his rival in love and his foe in politics, was -on the court-martial, and what had he to expect? Death; and nothing but -the darkness of the night prevented his enemies from putting it into -immediate execution upon him and his companions. - -Hewson maintained a dignified silence; and upon seeing his friends -guarded from the hall where they were now assembled into a large barn, he -desired to be placed along with them. - -“No,” said Moore; “if you are a rebel ten times over, you are a -gentleman; you must not herd with them; and besides, Mr Hewson, with -great respect to you, we shall place you in a much safer place. In the -highest room in a house unusually high, we shall lodge you, out of which -if you escape, we will say you are an innocent man. Frank Finnegan, show -him and those two soldiers up to the observatory; get him refreshments, -and leave him in their charge. Guard his door, men, for you shall be held -responsible for his appearance in the morning.” - -The men, in obedience to these orders, escorted him to the door, outside -of which was their station for the night. When Frank and he entered -the observatory, the former gently shut the door, and, turning to his -foster-brother, exclaimed in accents of deep distress, but lowering his -voice, “There is not a moment to be lost; you must escape.” - -“That is impossible,” replied Hewson, “unless I had wings and could use -them.” - -“We must try,” returned Frank; “we can only fail--at the most they can -only take your life, and that they’ll do at all events.” - -“I know that,” said Hewson, “and I am prepared for it.” - -“Hear me,” said the other; “I will come up by and bye with refreshments, -say in about half an hour; be you stripped when I come. We are both of a -size; and as these fellows don’t know either of us very well, I wouldn’t -say but you may go out in my clothes. I’ll hear nothing,” he added, -seeing Hewson about to speak; “I am here too long, and these fellows -might begin to suspect something. Be prepared when I come. Good bye, Mr -Hewson,” he said aloud, as he opened the door; “in troth an’ conscience -I’m sorry to see you here, but that’s the consequence of turnin’ rebel -against King George, an’ glory to him--_soon and sudden_,” he added in -an undertone. “In about half an hour I’ll bring you up some supper, sir. -Keep a sharp eye on him,” he whispered to the two soldiers, giving them -at the same time a knowing and confidential wink; “these same rebels are -like eels, an’ will slip as aisily through your fingers--an’ the devil -a better one yez have in there;” and as he spoke, he pointed over his -shoulder with his inverted thumb to the door of the observatory. - -Much about the time he had promised to return, a crash was heard upon -the stairs, and Finnegan’s voice in a high key exclaiming, “The curse -o’ blazes on you for stairs, an’ hell _presume_ all the rebels in -Europe, I pray heavens this night! There’s my nose broke between you -all!” He then stooped down, and in a torrent of bitter imprecations--all -conveyed, however, in mock oaths--he collected and placed again upon -the tray on which they had been, all the materials for Hewson’s supper. -He then ascended, and on presenting himself at the prisoner’s door, the -blood was copiously streaming from his nose. The soldiers--who by the -way were yeomen--on seeing him, could not avoid laughing at his rueful -appearance--a circumstance which seemed to nettle him a good deal. “Yez -may laugh!” he exclaimed, “but I’d hould a wager I’ve shed more blood for -his majesty this night than either of you ever did in your lives!” - -This only heightened their mirth, in the midst of which he entered -Hewson’s room; and ere the action could be deemed possible, they had -exchanged clothes. - -“Now,” said he, “fly. Behind the garden Miss Moore is waitin’ for you; -she knows all. Take the bridle-road through the broad bog, an’ get into -Captain Corny’s demesne. Take my advice too, an’ go both of you to -America, if you can. But, aisy. God forgive me for pullin’ you by the -nose instead of shakin’ you by the hand, an’ me may never see you more.” - -The poor fellow’s voice became unsteady with emotion, although the smile -at his own humour was upon his face at the time. - -“As I came in with a bloody nose,” he proceeded, giving that of Hewson a -fresh pull, “you know you must go out with one. An’ now God’s blessin’ be -with you! Think of one who loved you as none else did.” - -The next morning there was uproar, tumult, and confusion in the house of -the old loyalist magistrate, when it was discovered that his daughter and -the butler were not forthcoming. But when, on examining the observatory, -it was ascertained that Finnegan was safe and Hewson gone, no language -can describe the rage and fury of Moore, Irwin, and the military in -general. Our readers may anticipate what occurred. The noble fellow was -brought to the drum-head, tried, and sentenced to be shot where he stood: -but ere the sentence was put in execution, Moore addressed him. “Now, -Finnegan,” said he, “I will get you off, if you tell us where Hewson and -my daughter are. I pledge my honour publicly that I’ll save your life, -and get you a free pardon, if you enable us to trace and recover them.” - -“I don’t know where they are,” he replied, “but even if I did, I would -not betray them.” - -“Think of what has been said to you,” added Irwin. “I give you my pledge -also to the same effect.” - -“Mr Irwin,” he replied, “I have but one word to say. When I did what I -did, I knew very well that my life would go for his; an’ I know that -if he had thought so, he would be standin’ now in my place. Put your -sentence in execution; I’m prepared.” - -“Take five minutes,” said Moore. “Give him up and live.” - -“Mr Moore,” said he, with a decision and energy which startled them, “I -AM HIS FOSTER-BROTHER!” - -This was felt to be sufficient; he stood at the appointed place, calm and -unshrinking, and at the first discharge fell instantaneously dead. - -Thus passed a spirit worthy of a place in a brighter page than that of -our humble miscellany, and which, if the writer of this lives, will be -more adequately recorded. - -Hewson, finding that the insurgent cause was becoming hopeless, -escaped, after two or three other unsuccessful engagements, to America, -instigated by the solicitations of his young wife. Old Moore died in a -few years afterwards, but he survived his resentment, for he succeeded -in reconciling the then government to his son-in-law, who returned to -Ireland; and it was found by his will, much to the mortification of -many of his relatives, that he had left the bulk of his property to Mrs -Hewson, who had always been his favourite child, and whose attachment to -Hewson he had himself originally encouraged. - -There are two records more connected with this transaction, with which -we shall close. In a northern newspaper, dated some fifteen years -afterwards, there occurs the following paragraph:-- - -“AFFAIR OF HONOUR--FATAL DUEL.--Yesterday morning, at the early hour of -five o’clock, a duel was fought between A. Irwin, Esq. and J. Hewson, -Esq. of Mooredale, the former of whom, we regret to say, fell by the -second fire. We hope the words attributed to one of the parties are not -correctly reported. The blood of Frank Finnegan is now avenged.” - -The other record is to be found in the churchyard of ----, where there is -a handsome monument erected, with the following inscription:-- - -“Sacred to the memory of Francis Finnegan, whose death presented an -instance of the noblest virtue of which human nature is capable, that -of laying down his life for his friend. This monument is erected to his -memory by James Hewson, his friend and foster-brother, for whom he died.” - - - - -TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY. - - With awe around these sacred walks I tread; - These are the lasting monuments of the dead:-- - “The dead!” methinks a thousand tongues reply: - “These are the tombs of such as cannot die! - Crown’d with eternal fame, they sit sublime, - And laugh at all the little strife of time.”--CRABBE. - - -Our College Library is a creditable establishment--a goodly structure to -look at, both inside and out--and has a choice and ample collection of -books of all sizes and in all languages. Gentle reader, have you ever -felt the book passion? Know you what it is? If not, belike you might walk -down our noble library’s length, and survey the books and busts, and -stalls and gallery at each side, and the beautiful antique manuscripts -in glass cases at the end just before you enter the Fagel Library, and -be no more impressed--you will excuse us--no more than a grave-digger in -knocking about an old coffin or a skull, yea, though the skull should -once have belonged to poor Yorick, the king’s jester! Ah, sir, the -passion is a tender one, if you knew but all--full of lack-a-daisical -and melancholy, yet pleasing fancies. There are people smitten by the -mere outside of a book--by the fineness of the paper, the breadth of the -margin, or the beauty of the letter-press; but they know nothing of the -true affection. Give them an annual, or an album, or any other bit of -gilt gingerbread, and they will have all they require to their hearts’ -content. Let them make sonnets to their mistress’s eyebrow; there is no -soul in them; they are mere dandies; they have nothing congenial with -the true passion. To be a proper lover of books a man must have been a -great reader of them; and the more his reading, the stronger will be -his love for them. They then present themselves to him with their train -of associations, and as his eye passes along the shelves, he recognises -each volume as an old acquaintance: some he shakes hands with cordially; -with some he exchanges a few words; others he just nods to, and to some -perhaps he may give the cut direct; but he knows them all in some way -or other. As the review of a fine army to an old general, so is a fine -library to a true student. He loves to see his levy _en masse_, and -in detail. The sight of them cheers his spirits, elevates his mind, -and--mark this, gentle reader--gives him the idea of power. There lies a -great secret, which in these costermonger days we deserve great credit -for communicating to the world free-gratis for nothing. - -Knowledge is power--that’s our major; there one stands in the midst of a -noble army of books--that’s our minor, or lieutenant; then a man feels -strong, and vastly well pleased with himself--and that is our fife and -drum, or conclusion, by every law of drill or logic. - -In our juvenile days, before we were A-B-C’d, and therefore before we -enjoyed the privilege of free ingress and egress at the superb Old -Trinity, we used to pass whole days of rumination in the quiet pastures -of Marsh’s. This library, situate in an antique building to one side -of Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, is graciously open to the public in -general, and to all under-graduates of the University in particular, and -wears a secluded, cloistered, antiquated air about it, that invites to -contemplation. You are there on classic ground. The genius of Swift seems -to hover o’er you. You fancy yourself with an age that has passed away, -and among spirits that have long since winged their flight from earth. -Many a summer’s day have we mused and read, and read and mused, in its -delightful solitude, without any other interruption save the cackling of -hens and crowing of cocks in some of the neighbouring yards, the playing -or screaming of children in Kevin-street or Mitre-alley, the scolding of -women in some of the adjoining houses, or a few words of conversational -politeness interchanged between us and the Rev. Mr Cradoe, the librarian, -chiefly on the news of the morning. - -But as a book-store, Marsh’s is not to be compared with the College -Library. Formerly this splendid repository was open only four hours in -the day for public use, from eight till ten in the morning, and from -eleven till one; but a more liberal access to its treasures has been -conceded of late; the entire is now free from nine in the morning till -four in the afternoon, without interruption. This is a great acquisition -to the privileged, and has been attended by a vast increase of readers -and visitors; but there is still room for amendment in particulars of no -small importance to general convenience. We are happy to say, however, -that to some of these the attention of the enlightened heads of the -University has been directed, and that great improvements in the economy -of the institution may at no distant day be expected. In the first -place, the books are exceedingly ill arranged, and there is no printed -catalogue of them, so that the visitor finds great difficulty in laying -his hand upon those he may be in quest of; in addition to which it may -be stated, that there is no attendant librarian, or other official whose -duty it is to give information, or procure the work which the visitor may -require. They order this matter better in France; but whatever may be -intended as to such functionaries, we have learned with much satisfaction -that a new catalogue is now in course of preparation, and that it is to -be a printed one. The preparing of so great a work for the press must -necessarily occupy a good deal of time. It has been, we understand, now -about two years in hands, and will be completed, it is expected, in about -two more. There are six writing-clerks constantly employed in preparing -slips for the printer, under competent direction. A greatly improved -classification will be effected, and the printed volumes, when perfected, -will be offered for sale. Incidental to the execution of this great work, -there will be a new and improved arrangement of the books on the shelves -to correspond with that in the catalogues; and when both these important -matters are effected, it is obvious that the difficulties which are now -experienced in the pursuit of knowledge within this venerable gallery, -will be in a great degree removed. - -There is another point on which complaints are sometimes made, namely, -the excessive cold of the building in winter. It was originally intended -that no fires should be lit in it, as a security to its valuable but -highly combustible contents against accident through that medium; but in -this provision, it is plain, the preservative principle was much more -attended to than the utilitarian, and is carried, as we conceive at -the present day, to an unreasonable length. But, at all events, modern -ingenuity can meet the difficulty; for the air may be heated by means of -tubes, without the immediate presence of combustion; wherefore we are -led to expect that the same liberal and enlightened spirit which has -suggested and directed the realization of other improvements, will direct -and realize this also in due time. - -By the bye, the origin of this great establishment is curious. On the -defeat of the Spaniards by the English at the battle of Kinsale in 1603, -we are told that the triumphant soldiery determined to commemorate -their victory by some permanent monument, and that they collected -among themselves the sum of £1800, which they resolved should be laid -out in the purchase of books for a library, to be founded in the then -infant establishment of Trinity College.[1] This sum was handed to the -celebrated Ussher, and by him judiciously expended, conformably to the -wishes of the generous conquerors at Kinsale. And here we pause to pay -our most profound respects to the memory of these literary warriors. -Who would have expected that the most scientific, and studious, and -intellectual men of _our_ age, would owe the most splendid temple -dedicated to their use, which the country can boast, to the bounty of a -victorious soldiery in the beginning of the seventeenth century? There -was a spirit of chivalry in this transaction which we cannot sufficiently -admire; and though we live in an age in which we pique ourselves -excessively on the march of intellect, we doubt that any testimonial -more solid and convincing is producible by us to show that our organ of -veneration in this respect is at all more highly developed than that of -men who went before us in the days of Queen Elizabeth. The bequest at all -events does honour to the profession of arms, and we are sure would be -duly appreciated by a grateful posterity, as a memorial of their mind and -achievements, if it were only more generally known. - -So began our splendid University Library. In process of time its -collection of volumes was increased by many valuable donations, till -at length their growing number demanding a corresponding increase of -room, the present edifice was erected for their reception. It is built -of hewn stone, with a rich Corinthian entablature, crowned with a -balustrade, reminding us in its appearance of the gallery of the Louvre -at Paris, and was completed in 1732. The room is certainly the finest -in the empire appropriated to such a purpose. It is 210 feet long, 41 -feet broad, and 40 feet high, and is very elegantly and suitably fitted -up. At its farther end, in the eastern pavilion, is a fine apartment 52 -feet long, 26 wide, and 22 high, containing the Fagel library, purchased -at an expence of £8000, and comprising upwards of 17,000 volumes. This -library was the property of Mr Fagel, Pensionary of Holland, who had -it removed to London on the French invasion of Holland in 1794; the -purchase money was a grant to the College from the Governors of Sir -Erasmus Smith’s schools. The total number of volumes now in the entire -building, including the Fagel library, and 1419 volumes of manuscripts, -is 89,455.[2] The manuscripts are in Greek, Latin, English, Irish, -Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and other languages. Many of them relate to -Irish history and antiquities, particularly to the troubles of 1641, -all the depositions relating to which are here; as also the particulars -of the settlement of Ireland and plantation of it by James I. There are -many Latin manuscripts of the sacred scriptures, particularly of the New -Testament, of various ages and remote antiquity. Several are in the Irish -character but Latin language. There is also the Greek manuscript of the -New Testament that belonged to Montfortius, and is the only one extant -that reads the once contested verse, 1 Ep. John, ch. 5, v. 7. There are -old translations of the Bible by Wickliffe, Pervie, Ambrose, Ussher, -&c. There is no fund for the augmentation of the library except what -the Board may please to allot for the purpose; but it receives a great -annual increase by being entitled to one copy of every work entered at -Stationers’ Hall. - -Our library and the Bodleian at Oxford are exactly of the same age; -and it is another curious fact, that while Ussher was laying out the -soldiers’ money in London to the best advantage, he met there Sir T. -Bodley engaged in a similar business for his establishment at Oxford. -If there were auction rooms in those days, we have no doubt the two -gentlemen were acceptable visitors, heartily welcome to the auctioneers, -and that they seldom let a good thing go without a smart competition. - -With regard to Marsh’s Library, we may mention that it was founded in -1707 by Doctor Narcissus Marsh, then Archbishop of Dublin, and that the -building is erected on part of the ground attached to what was formerly -the archbishop’s palace. The books were originally the collection of -the celebrated Bishop Stillingfleet, and were purchased by Doctor Marsh -for the public use. Once upon a time each book was fastened by a chain -to an iron rod which ran along the shelves, so that all who partook -of the bounty of the good archbishop might read and satisfy their -souls without any danger of violating the eighth commandment; but this -stringent system is now abolished: the chains are broken; the prisoners -are free; the books are emancipated! The change may be considered as a -compliment to the honesty of modern times; and all we say is, we wish -they may deserve it. Much as we admire and commend these great public -institutions, however, it is not to be denied that their real amount of -utility is limited enough--limited at least when one compares the end -with the means. Many thousand volumes must lie on their shelves from year -to year, without ever being opened; there must be many that are fit only -for burning, and that just occupy good room to the exclusion of their -betters; and as to the very best books, how limited must the access to -them necessarily be in a great public room! Their use consists chiefly -in their being available for consultation--a most important purpose, -no doubt, but yet one the accomplishment of which still leaves a vast -hiatus in our reading hours to be filled up by other means. Now, every -individual, we humbly think, should have a library of his own, if it were -ever so small. No man ever made a good gardener that had not a small -garden, his own property, to begin with; and it is something the same -with a good reader. The careful, and leisurely, and repeated study of a -few good books, does one more real good than a cursory and indigestive -perusal of a vast number. This is well known; and, therefore, without -detracting from the just value of public libraries, we would wish that a -taste for book-collecting, as well as book-reading, were widely diffused -among us. Take our word for it, there is no better company than good -books; you may choose from among them companions for all hours, and for -all moods of the mind. Ask them questions, and they will be sure at all -times to give you at least a civil answer. They are finger-posts to the -travelling man, and travel through all regions to him who never moves -from the chimney corner. They are implements of trade to the professional -man, and a profession itself to him that has none. They are music to -the melancholy, and as a dance to the merry; as salt are they to the -solid, and to the solid as salt. They are as a new world to him that has -exhausted the old, for “of making many books,” as the preacher saith, -“there is no end.” But we must come to an end ourselves. We would, -in short, advocate the claims of literature in general, and its high -title to consideration, as it commends itself to all men in common; and -we plead guilty to the ambition of adding to the numerous honourable -characteristics of our countrymen, that of being in an eminent degree a -reading people. Irishmen ought to remember that their country was famous -in ancient days for its learning, and cherish an honest ambition in -modern times to retrieve its character. As one means of forwarding this -object, we would seek to diffuse among them a reading habit, and give our -best encouragement to whatever instrumentalities might tend to increase -libraries, and make reading easy to all classes. Cheap literature is a -luxury of sterling value; but until people have acquired a taste for -it, they will hold it cheap enough. Never do we pass a book-shop, or -an humble bookseller’s stall, without a feeling of reverence for the -profession. There, say we, is a dispensary of ideal aliment indispensable -to our mental existence, and, if properly used, yielding nothing but -health, prosperity, and enjoyment to the soul. If our countrymen read, -they will become informed--learned; and if they read good books, they -must not only become informed and learned, but wise. The vivacity of -their conversation will then be enriched with all the streams both of -useful and entertaining knowledge. Reading will be a delightful resource -to the working man, and no bad employment at least to the idle. Poverty -will have its compensations. There will be another distinction set up in -society besides that of having, or not having, mere worldly professions. -The dignity of mind will be asserted. Mind with its congenial influences -must act upon manners; and if, as the inscription upon the old gate at -Oxford beareth record, “manours maketh ye man,” our country will be once -more exalted among the nations. - - X. D. - -[1] The first stone of Trinity College was laid on the 13th March 1591, -by Thomas Smith, Mayor; it was opened two years afterwards, in 1593. - -[2] This return is given from the most recent calculation officially -made, and may be depended on. - - - - -SANTA CROCE. - -BY J. U. U. - - - I stood and saw the pictured gloom unfold - Grey Santa Croce, crossed by dusky rays - That dimmed its columned aisle; as from of old - Its ancient air lay slumbering o’er the cold - Dark dwellers underneath. When to my gaze, - Shade-like, ’mid that grey gloom of distant day. - She stood, whom Petrarch looked on there and caught - That love too strong for death! A tender gleam - Like moonlight fell around her, baffling thought; - Strange! ’twas remembrance thither stole, and brought - That smile of sweetness from my breast’s deep stream - More strong than fancy, and transformed the dream - To thee--from her, whom a less hallowed fire - Hath made immortal with the love-devoted lyre. - - * * * * * - -SENSIBLE ADVICE.--Avoid condolence with those who are mourning the loss -of friends. Condolences, as well as mournings, are bad things. Men, -and more especially women, give actual increase to their grief while, -under the notion of duty, and even of merit, they make display of it. If -mournings were altogether out of use, a vast mass of suffering would be -prevented from coming into existence. Some savage or barbarous nations -make merry at funerals: they are wiser, in this respect, than polished -ones.--_Bowring’s Deontology._ - - * * * * * - -When a native of Java has a child born, he immediately plants a -cocoa-tree, which, adding a circle every year to its bark, indicates -the age of the tree, and therefore the age of the child. The child, -in consequence, regards the tree with affection all the rest of its -life.--_Buck’s Harmonies, &c., of Nature._ - - - - -THE THUGS. - - -The Thugs were known in the time of the Emperor Akbar of Delhi, by whom -many were executed. They were first known to the British government -in 1812, and then many were hanged in Bundelkund. Again, in 1817, -they attracted notice by their horrible acts, and twelve villages in -Bundelkund, which were peopled almost entirely by them, were taken by -a force sent against them. They were then dispersed, but assembled in -various parts in Sindhia’s and the Nagpoor country, also in Holkar’s -dominions. From 1817 till 1831 they were not molested, and, in -consequence, increased greatly in the latter year. Measures were taken to -suppress them, which have been attended with great success. One hundred -and eleven were executed at Jubbulpoor, and upwards of four hundred -transported for life to the eastern settlement of Pinang. - -The Thugs form a perfectly distinct class of persons, who subsist -almost entirely upon the produce of the murders they are in the habit -of committing. They appear to have derived their denomination from the -practice usually adopted by them of decoying the persons they fix upon -to destroy, to join their party; and then, taking advantage of the -confidence they endeavour to inspire, to strangle their unsuspecting -victims. There are several peculiarities in the habits of the Thugs, in -their mode of causing death, and in the precautions they adopt for the -prevention of discovery, that distinguish them from every other class of -delinquents; and it may be considered a general rule whereby to judge -of them, that they affect to disclaim the practice of petty theft, -housebreaking, and indeed every species of stealing that has not been -preceded by the perpetration of murder. - -The Thugs adopt no other method of killing but strangulation, and the -implement made use of for this purpose is a handkerchief, or any other -convenient strip of cloth. The manner in which the deed is done will be -described hereafter. They never attempt to rob a traveller until they -have in the first instance deprived him of life; after the commission -of a murder, they invariably bury the body immediately, if time and -opportunity serve, or otherwise conceal it; and never leave a corpse -uninterred in the highway, unless they happen to be disturbed. - -To trace the origin of this practice would now be a matter of some -difficulty, for if the assertions of the Thugs themselves are entitled to -any credit, it has been in vogue from time immemorial; and they pretend -that its institution is coeval with the creation of the world. Like -most other inhuman practices, the traditions regarding it are mixed up -with tales of Hindoo superstition; and the Thugs would wish to make it -appear, that, in immolating the numberless victims that yearly fall by -their hands, they are only obeying the injunctions of the deity of their -worship, to whom they say they are offering an acceptable sacrifice. - -A very considerable number of the Thugs are Mussulmans. No judgment of -the birth or caste of a Thug can, however, be formed from his name; for -it not unfrequently happens that a Hindoo Thug has a Mussulman name with -a Hindoo _alias_ attached, and _vice versa_ with respect to the Thugs -who are by birth Mahommedans. In almost every instance the Thugs have -more than one appellation by which they are known. They usually move in -large parties, often amounting to one hundred or two hundred persons, -and resort to all sort of subterfuges for the purpose of concealing -their real profession. If they are travelling southward, they represent -themselves to be either proceeding in quest of service, or on their way -to rejoin the regiments they belong to in this part of the country. When, -on the contrary, their route lies towards the north, they represent -themselves to be sepoys from corps of the Bombay or Nizam’s army, who -are going on leave to Hindustan. The gangs do not always consist of -persons who are Thugs by birth. It is customary for them to entice, by -the promise of monthly pay or the hopes of amassing money that are held -out, many persons who are ignorant of the deeds of death that are to be -perpetrated for the attainment of these objects, until made aware of the -reality by seeing the victims of their cupidity fall under the hands of -the stranglers; and the Thugs declare that novices have occasionally been -so horrified at the sight as to have effected their immediate escape. - -Many of the most notorious Thugs are the adopted children of others of -the same class. They make it a rule, when a murder is committed, never -to spare the life of any one, either male or female, who is old enough -to remember and relate the particulars of the deed. But in the event of -their meeting with children of such a tender age as to make it impossible -they should be enabled to relate the fact, they generally spare their -lives, and, adopting them, bring them up to the trade of Thugs. These men -of course eventually become acquainted with the fact of the murder of -their fathers and mothers by the very persons with whom they have dwelt -since their childhood, but are still not deterred from following the -same dreadful trade. It might be supposed that a class of persons whose -hearts must be effectually hardened against all the better feelings of -humanity, would encounter few scruples of conscience in the commission of -the horrid deeds whereby they subsist; but, in point of fact, they are as -much the slaves of superstition, and as much directed by the observance -of omens in the commission of murder, as the most inoffensive of the -natives of India are in the ordinary affairs of their lives. - -In the event of an expedition proving more than ordinarily successful, a -pilgrimage is usually made to Bhowanee, and a portion of the spoil taken -by the gang is set aside for the purpose of being sent to the pagoda -at Binda Chul, near Mirzapoor, as an offering to the goddess Kalee. -Propitiatory offerings are also made, and various ceremonies performed, -should the Thugs have failed in obtaining any plunder for a length of -time. - -In every gang of Thugs are to be found one or more officers, who -appear to hold that rank not by the choice of their followers, but in -consequence of their wealth and influence in their respective villages, -and having assembled their immediate followers in the vicinity of their -homes. The profits of an officer are of course greater than those of his -followers; he receives six and a half or seven per cent. on all silver -coin and other property, and then shares in the remainder in common with -the other Thugs of the party. When gold is obtained in coin or in mass, -the tenth part is taken by the officer, previous to dividing it; and he -has a tithe of all pearls, shawls, gold embroidered cloths, brass and -copper pots, horses, &c. Next to the officer, the most important person -is the _bhuttoat_, or strangler, who carries the handkerchief with which -the Thugs usually murder their victims. This implement is merely a piece -of fine strong cotton cloth, about a yard long; at one end a knot is -tied, and the cloth is slightly twisted, and kept ready for use in front -of the waistcoat of the person carrying it. There is no doubt but that -all Thugs are expert in the use of the handkerchief; but if they are to -be believed, only particular persons are called upon or permitted to -perform this office. When a large gang is collected, the most able-bodied -and alert of their number are fixed upon as stranglers, and they are made -the bearers of the handkerchief only after the performance of various and -often expensive ceremonies, and only on the observance of a favourable -omen. The junior Thugs make a merit of attending upon the older and more -experienced Thugs, shampooing their bodies, and performing the most -menial offices. They gradually become initiated into all the mysteries of -the art, and if they prove to be powerful men, these promising disciples -are made stranglers. When a murder is to be committed, the strangler -usually follows the particular person whom he has been nominated by the -jemadar to strangle; and on the preconcerted signal being given, the -handkerchief is seized with the knot in the _left hand_, the right hand -being about nine inches farther up, in which manner it is thrown over -the head of the person to be strangled from behind; the two hands are -crossed as the victim falls; and such is the certainty with which the -deed is done, as the Thugs frequently declare, that before the body falls -to the ground, the eyes start out of the head, and life becomes extinct. -Should the person to be strangled prove a powerful man, or the strangler -inexpert, another Thug lays hold of the end of the handkerchief, and the -work is completed. The perfection of the act is said to be, when several -persons are simultaneously murdered without any of them having time to -utter a cry, or to be aware of the fate of their comrades. - -Favourable opportunities are given for stranglers to make their first -essay in the art of strangling. When a single traveller is met with, a -novice is instructed to make a trial of his skill; the party sets off -during the night, and stops while it is still dark to drink water or to -smoke. While seated for the purpose, the jemadar inquires what time of -the night it may be, and the Thugs look up at the stars to ascertain. -This being the preconcerted signal, the strangler is immediately on -the alert, and the unsuspecting traveller, on looking up at the heavens -in common with the rest of the party, offers his neck to the ready -handkerchief, and becomes an easy prey to his murderer. The strangler -receives half a rupee extra for every murder that is committed, and if -the plunder is great, some article of value is assigned to him over and -above his share. - -One of the most necessary persons to a gang of Thugs is he who goes by -the name of Tillaee, or spy. The Thugs do not always depend upon chance -for obtaining plunder, or roam about in the expectation of meeting -travellers, but frequently take up their quarters in or near a large -town, or some great thoroughfare, from whence they make expeditions, -according to the information obtained by the spies. These men are chosen -from among the most smooth-spoken and intelligent of their number, and -their chief duty is to gain information. For this purpose they are -decked out in the garb of respectable persons, whose appearance and -manners they must have the art of assuming. They frequent the bazaars -of the town near which their associates are encamped, and endeavour -to pick up intelligence of the intended dispatch or expected arrival -of goods or treasure, of which information is forthwith given to the -gang, who send out a party to intercept them. Inquiry is also made for -any party of travellers who may have arrived, and who put up in the -inns, or elsewhere. Every art is brought into practice to scrape an -acquaintance with these people. They are given to understand that the spy -is travelling the same road. An opportunity is taken to throw out hints -regarding the unsafeness of the roads, and the frequency of murders and -robberies; an acquaintance with some of the friends or relatives of the -travellers is feigned, and an invitation from them to partake of the -repast that has been prepared where the spy has put up--the conveniences -of which, and the superiority of the water, are abundantly praised. -The result is, that the travellers are inveigled into joining the gang -of Thugs, and they are feasted and treated with every politeness and -consideration by the very wretches who are at the time plotting their -murder, and calculating the share they shall acquire in the division of -their property. - -Instances sometimes occur where a party of Thugs find their victims -too numerous for them while they remain in a body, and they are seldom -at a loss for expedients to create dissensions, and a consequent -division among them. If all their arts of intrigue and cajolery fail -in producing the desired effect, an occasion is taken advantage of to -ply the travellers with intoxicating liquors; a quarrel is got up, and -from words they proceed to blows, which end in the dissension of the -company, who, proceeding by different roads, fall an easier prey to their -remorseless destroyers. Having enticed the travellers into the snare -they have laid for them, the next object is to choose a convenient spot -for their murder. This, in their technical language, is called a _bhil_, -and is usually fixed upon at some distance from a village on the banks -of a small stream, where the trees and underwood afford a shelter from -the view of occasional passengers. The Thug who is sent on this duty -is called a _bhilla_; and having fixed on the place, he either returns -to the encampment of his party, or meets them on the way to report -the result of his inquiry. If the bhilla returns to the camp with his -report, the grave-diggers are sent out with him to prepare a grave for -the interment of the persons it is intended to murder. Arrangements are -previously made, so that the party in company with the travellers shall -not arrive at the bhil too soon. At the particular spot agreed on, the -bhilla meets the party. The jemadar calls out to him, “Have you cleared -out the hole?” The bhilla replies, “Yes,” on which the concerted signal -is given that serves as the death-warrant of the unsuspecting travellers, -who are forthwith strangled. - -The division of plunder, as may be supposed, often leads to the most -violent disputes, which it is astonishing do not end in bloodshed. But -it might almost be supposed the Thugs have a prejudice against spilling -blood; for, when pursued, they refrain from making use of the weapons -they usually bear, even in defence of their own persons. The most wanton -prodigality occurs when plunder is divided; and occasionally the most -valuable shawls and brocades are torn into small strips, and distributed -amongst the gang, should any difference of opinion arise as to their -appropriation. The Thugs say this is also done that every person may run -the same risk, for such an article could not be shared among them until -converted into money, and some danger is attendant upon the transaction. -They appear invariably to destroy all bills of exchange that fall into -their hands, as well as many other articles that are likely to lead to -detection. Ready money is what they chiefly look for; and when they have -a choice of victims, the possessors of gold and silver would certainly be -fixed upon in preference to others. - -To facilitate their plan of operations, the Thugs have established -a regular system of intelligence and communication throughout the -countries they have been in the practice of frequenting, and they become -acquainted, with astonishing celerity, with proceedings of their comrades -in all directions. They omit no opportunity of making inquiries regarding -the progress of other gangs, and are equally particular in supplying the -requisite information of their own movements. For this purpose they have -connected themselves with several persons of note residing in the Nizam’s -dominions, who follow the profession of Thugs in conjunction with their -agricultural pursuits. - -Such is the extent to which this dreadful system has been carried, that -no idea can be formed of the expenditure of human life to which it has -given occasion, or the immensity of the wealth that has been acquired -by its adoption. When it is taken into consideration that many of the -Thugs confess to their having, for the last twenty-five or thirty years, -annually made a tour with parties of more than a hundred men, and with no -other object than that of murder and rapine; that they boast of having -successively put their tens and twenties to death daily; and that they -say an enumeration of all the lives they have personally assisted to -destroy would swell the catalogue to hundreds, and, as some declare, to -thousands--some conception of the horrid reality may be formed; of the -amount of the property that they have yearly made away with, it must be -impossible to form any calculation; for, independent of the thousands -in ready money, jewels and bullion, the loads of valuable cloths, and -every description of merchandise, that continually fall into their hands, -the bills of exchange that they invariably destroy must amount to a -considerable sum. - -The impunity with which the Thugs have heretofore carried on their -merciless proceedings, the facility they have possessed of recruiting -their numbers--which are restricted to no particular caste or sect--the -security they have had of escaping detection, and the ease with which -they have usually purchased their release when seized by the officers -of the weak native governments in whose dominions they have usually -committed their greatest depredations, have altogether so tended to -confirm the system, and to disseminate it to the fearful extent to which -it has now attained, that the life of no single traveller on any of the -roads in the country has been safe, and but a slight chance has been -afforded to large parties of escaping the fangs of the blood-thirsty -demons who have frequented them.--_Abridged from the New Monthly -Magazine._ - - * * * * * - -LOVE AND POETRY.--“You know,” says Burns, “our country custom of coupling -a man and woman together as partners in the labours of harvest. In my -fifteenth autumn my partner was a bewitching creature, a year younger -than myself. My scarcity of English denies me the power of doing her -justice in that language; she was a _bonnie, sweet, sonsie lass_. In -short, she altogether, unwittingly to herself, initiated me in that -delicious passion, which, in spite of acid disappointment, gin-horse -prudence, and book-worm philosophy, I hold to be the first of human joys, -our sweetest blessing here below. How she caught the contagion I cannot -tell; you medical people talk much of infection from breathing the same -air, the touch, &c., but I never expressly said I loved her. Indeed, I -did not know myself why I liked so much to loiter behind with her, when -returning in the evening from our labours; why the tones of her voice -made my heart-strings thrill like an Æolian harp; and particularly why -my pulse beat such a furious ratan when I looked and fingered over her -little hand, to pick out the cruel nettle-stings and thistles. Among -her other love-inspiring qualities she sang sweetly; and it was her -favourite reel to which I attempted giving an embodied vehicle in rhyme. -I was not so presumptuous as to imagine that I could make verses like -printed ones, composed by men who had Greek and Latin; but my girl sang -a song which was said to be composed by a small country laird’s son, on -one of his father’s maids with whom he was in love; and I saw no reason -why I might not rhyme as well as he; for, excepting that he could smear -sheep, and cast peats, his father living on the moorlands, he had no more -scholarcraft than myself. Thus with me began Love and Poetry.”--_Burns in -a Letter to Dr Moore, 1787._ - - * * * * * - -PHENOMENA OF SOUND.--In the Arctic regions persons can converse at more -than a mile distant when the thermometer is below zero. In air, sound -travels from 1130 to 1142 feet per second. In water, sound passes at the -rate of 4708 feet per second. Sound travels in air, about 900 feet for -every pulsation of a healthy person at 75 in a minute. A bell sounded -under water may be heard under water at 1200 feet distant. Sounds are -distinct at twice the distance on water that they are on land. In a -balloon, the barking of dogs on the ground may be heard at an elevation -of three or four miles. On Table Mountain, a mile above Cape Town, every -noise in it, and even words, may be heard distinctly. The fire of the -English on landing in Egypt was distinctly heard 130 miles on the sea. -Dr Jameson says, in calm weather he heard every word of a sermon at the -distance of two miles! Water is a better conductor of sound than air. -Wood is also a powerful conductor of sound, and so is flannel or riband. -Sound affects particles of dust in a sunbeam, cobwebs, and water in -musical glasses; it shakes small pieces of paper off a string in concord. -Deaf persons may converse through deal rods held between the teeth, or -held to the throat or breast. Echoes are formed by elliptical surfaces -combined with surrounding surfaces, or by such of them as fall into the -respective distances of the surface of an ellipse, and are, therefore, -directed to the other focus of the ellipse; for all the distances from -both foci to such surface are equal, and hence there is a concentration -of sounds at those points direct from one focus, and reflected back again -from the other focus. An echo returns a monosyllable at 70 feet distance, -and another syllable at every 40 feet additional. The echo of artillery -is encreased or created by a cloud or clouds. Miners distinguish the -substance bored by the sound; and Physicians distinguish the action of -the heart or lungs by a listening tube. Gamblers can distinguish, in -tossing money, which side is undermost, though covered by the hand. - - * * * * * - -GENERAL RUN OF FACULTIES.--Society is a more level surface than we -imagine. Wise men or absolute fools are hard to be met with, as there -are few giants or dwarfs. The heaviest charge we can bring against the -general texture of society is, that it is common-place; and many of those -who are singular had better be common-place. Our fancied superiority to -others is in some one thing, which we think most of, because we excel -in it, or have paid most attention to it; whilst we overlook their -superiority to us in something else, which they set equal and exclusive -store by. This is fortunate for all parties. I never felt myself superior -to any one who did not go out of his way to affect qualities which he -had not. In his own individual character and line of pursuit every one -has knowledge, experience, and skill; and who shall say which pursuit -requires most, thereby proving his own narrowness and incompetence to -decide? Particular talent or genius does not imply general capacity. -Those who are more versatile are seldom great in any one department; and -the stupidest people can generally do something. The highest pre-eminence -in any one study commonly arises from the concentration of the attention -and faculties on that one study. He who expects from a great name in -politics, in philosophy, in art, equal greatness in other things, is -little versed in human nature. Our strength lies in our weakness. The -learned in books are ignorant of the world. He who is ignorant of books -is often well acquainted with other things; for life is of the same -length in the learned and the unlearned; the mind cannot be idle; if it -is not taken up with one thing it attends to another through choice or -necessity: and the degree of previous capacity in one class or another is -a mere lottery.--_Hazlitt’s Characteristics._ - - * * * * * - -TRUTH.--The confusion and undesigned inaccuracy so often to be observed -in conversation, especially in that of uneducated persons, proves that -truth needs to be cultivated as a talent, as well as recommended as a -virtue.--_Mrs Fry._ - - * * * * * - -Knowledge is an excellent drug, but no drug has virtue enough to preserve -itself from corruption and decay, if the vessel be tainted and impure -wherein it is put to keep.--_Montaigne’s Essays._ - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley. - Paternoster Row, London, SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; SLOCOMBE and - SIMMS, Leeds; J. MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID - ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -43, April 24, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - -***** This file should be named 55202-0.txt or 55202-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/2/0/55202/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 43, April 24, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 26, 2017 [EBook #55202] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 43.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, APRIL 24, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/castle.jpg" width="500" height="370" alt="Drimnagh Castle" /> -</div> - -<h2>DRIMNAGH CASTLE, COUNTY OF DUBLIN.</h2> - -<p>Among the many objects of historical or picturesque interest -in the immediate vicinity of our metropolis, there are -few, perhaps, better worthy of a visit than the subject of our -prefixed illustration—the old Castle of Drimnagh, which is -situated between the villages of Crumlin and Clondalkin, and -distant about three miles from the city. We have here presented -to us an ancient castellated residence, of irregular but -highly picturesque outline, still surrounded and protected by -its ancient moat, and, though in good condition and inhabited, -still retaining to such an extent its original character as -a place of strength, that as we look upon it, we might almost -imagine ourselves living in the ages of its military greatness, -and belonging to a state of society very different from that -secure and peaceful one in which we happily have our existence. -In addition to these circumstances, the Castle of -Drimnagh is highly interesting, from the beauty and picturesqueness -of its situation, which is not only strikingly romantic -in itself, but commands a variety of views of the most -pleasing character; as the scenery of the City and Bay towards -the east; that of the Park, Castleknock, and Clondalkin, towards -the north; and, in congenial harmony with its ivied walls, the -dark mountains of the county of Dublin towards the south—the -wild fastnesses of the Irish clans whose predatory aggressions -it was originally built to repress.</p> - -<p>The date of the erection of this castle is not exactly known, -but there is every reason to presume that it was originally -founded as early as the reign of John, by Hugh de Bernivale, -who it is probable came with that Prince into Ireland, and -at all events received in 1215 a grant from him of the lands -of Drimnagh and Terenure, which continued in the possession -of his descendants for four centuries afterwards. It is from -this Hugh de Bernivale, who, as it is said, derived his descent -from the ancient Dukes of Brittany, that the several noble -families of Barnwall, in Ireland, descend. He died in 1221, -leaving a son and heir, Hugo, who died without issue the 8th -of October 1237; and another son, Reginald, who becoming -heir to his brother, had his inheritance of four carracutes of -land with their appurtenances in Drimnagh and Terenure -confirmed to him by patent, by king Henry III. These possessions -were ultimately, and after much litigation, alienated -from the family in the reign of James I, when they passed -into the hands of Sir Adam Loftus, ancestor of the noble family -of Ely; but Drimnagh Castle is at present the property -of the Marquis of Lansdowne.</p> - -<p>The Castle of Drimnagh has been repaired or re-edified -at various times, so that it is not an easy matter to determine -at present what portions of it are of great antiquity, and -what are altogether of more recent date; but upon the whole -it will convey a very good idea of the fortified residence of a -noble family in Ireland previous to the close of the seventeenth -century. During the troubles consequent upon the -great rebellion of 1641, it was considered a fortress of such -consequence that the Duke of Ormond had, in 1649, some -thoughts of strengthening its fortifications and making it his -residence, but was dissuaded from doing so by General Purcile -and other officers of his army.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE FOSTER BROTHER.</h2> - -<p class="center">BY WILLIAM CARLETON.</p> - -<p>There is scarcely a trait of human nature involved in more -mystery, or generally less understood, than the singular -strength of affection which binds the humble peasant of Irish -life to his foster-brother, and more especially if the latter be -a person of rank or consideration. This anomalous attachment, -though it may to a certain extent be mutual, is nevertheless -very seldom known to be equal in strength between -the parties. Experience has sufficiently proved to us, that -whilst instances of equality in feeling have been known to -characterize it, the predominant power of its spirit has always -been found to exist in the person of the humbler party. How -to account for this would certainly require a more philosophical -acquaintance with human nature than has fallen to our -lot; we must therefore be content to know that the fact is precisely -as we have stated it. Irish history and tradition furnish -us with sufficient materials on which to ground clear -and distinct proofs that the attachment of habit and contiguity -in these instances far transcends that of natural affection -itself. It is very seldom that one brother will lay down his -life for another, and yet instances of such high and heroic sacrifices -have occurred in the case of the foster-brother, whose -affection has thus not unfrequently triumphed over death itself. -It is certainly impossible to impute this wild but indomitable -attachment to the force of domestic feeling, because, whilst -we maintain that the domestic affections in Ireland are certainly -stronger than those of any other country in the world, -still instances of this inexplicable devotion have occurred in the -persons of those in whom the domestic ties were known to be -very feeble. It is true, there are many moral anomalies in the -human heart with which we are as yet but imperfectly acquainted; -and as they arise from some wayward and irregular combination -of its impulses, that operates independently of any -known principles of action, it is not likely that we shall ever -thoroughly understand them. There is another peculiarity in -Irish feeling, which, as it is analogous to this, we cannot neglect -to mention it. We allude to the <em>Parisheen</em>, a term which -we must explain at further length to our readers. When the -Dublin Foundling Hospital was in existence, the poor infants -whom an unhappy destiny consigned to that gloomy and withering -institution were transmitted to different parts of the -country, to be nursed by the wives of the lower classes of the -peasantry—such as day-labourers, cottiers, and small farmers, -who cultivated from three to six or eight acres of land. These -children were generally, indeed almost always, called Parisheens—a -word which could be properly applied only to such as, -having no known parents, were supported by the parish in which -they happened to be born. It was transferred to the Foundlings, -however; although, with the exception of the metropolis, which -certainly paid a parish tax for their maintenance, they were -principally supported by a very moral act of Parliament, -which, by the wise provision of a large grant, held out a very -liberal bounty to profligacy. At all events, the opprobrious -epithet of Parisheen was that usually fixed upon them.</p> - -<p>Now, of all classes of our fellow-creatures, one might almost -naturally suppose that those deserted and forsaken beings -would be apt, consigned as they uniformly were to the care of -mercenary strangers, to experience neglect, ill-treatment, or -even cruelty itself; and yet, honour be to the generous hearts -and affectionate feelings of our humble people, it has been -proved, by the incontestible authority of a Commission expressly -appointed to examine and report on the working of -the very hospital in question, that the care, affection, and tenderness -with which these ill-fated creatures were treated by -the nurses to whom they were given out, was equal, if not superior, -to that which was bestowed upon their own children. -Even when removed from these nurses to situations of incomparably -more comfort—situations in which they were lodged, -fed, and clothed, in a far superior manner—they have been -known, in innumerable instances, to elope from their masters -and mistresses, and return to their old abodes, preferring the -indulgence of their affection, with poverty and distress, to any -thing else that life could offer.</p> - -<p>All this, however, was very natural and reasonable, for we -know that even the domestic animal will love the hand that -feeds him. But that which we have alluded to as constituting -the strong analogy between it and the attachment of the foster-brother, -is the well-known fact, that the affection of the -children to the nurses, though strong and remarkable, was as -nothing when compared with that which the nurses felt for -them. This was proved by a force of testimony which no -scepticism could encounter. The parting scenes between them -were affecting, and in many instances agonizing, to the last -degree. Nay, nurses have frequently come up to Dublin, and -with tears in their eyes, and in accents of the most unfeigned -sorrow, begged that the orphans might be allowed to stay with -them, undertaking, rather than part with them, that they -would support them at their own expense. It would be -very difficult to produce a more honourable testimony -to the moral honesty, generosity, and exquisite kindness of -heart which characterize our people, than the authentic facts -we have just mentioned. They fell naturally in our way -when treating of the subject which preceded them, and we -could not, in justice to circumstances so beautiful and striking, -much less injustice to the people themselves, pass them over in -silence.</p> - -<p>We shall now relate a short story, illustrating the attachment -of a foster-brother; but as we have reason to believe -that the circumstances are true, we shall introduce fictitious -names instead of real ones.</p> - -<p>The rebellion of ninety-eight was just at its height, when -the incidents we are about to mention took place. A gentleman -named Moore had a daughter remarkable for her beauty -and accomplishments. Indeed, so celebrated had she become, -that her health was always drunk as the toast of her native -county. Many suitors she had, of course, but among the -rest two were remarkable for their assiduous attentions to her, -and an intense anxiety to secure her affections. Henry Irwin -was a high loyalist, as was her own father, whose consent to -gain the affections of his daughter had been long given to his -young friend. The other, who in point of fact had already -secured her affections, was unfortunately deeply involved in, -or we should rather say an open leader on, the insurgent side. -His principles had become known to Moore, as republican, for -some time before the breaking out of the insurrection; in consequence -he was forbidden his house, and warned against holding -communication with any member of his family. He had succeeded, -however, before this, by the aid of Miss Moore herself, -who was aware of his principles, in placing as butler in her father’s -family his own foster-brother, Frank Finnegan—an arrangement -which never would have been permitted, had Moore -known of the peculiar bond of affection which subsisted between -them. Of this, however, he was ignorant; and in admitting -Finnegan into his family, he was not aware of the advantages -he afforded to the proscribed suitor of his daughter. This -interdiction, however, came too late for the purposes of prudence. -Ere it was issued, Hewson and his daughter had exchanged -vows of mutual affection; but the national outbreak -which immediately ensued, by forcing Hewson to assume his -place as an insurgent leader, appeared to have placed a barrier -between him and her, which was naturally considered to be -insurmountable. In the meantime, Moore himself, who was a -local magistrate, and also a captain of yeomanry, took an extremely -active part in quelling the insurrection, and in hunting -down and securing the rebels. Nor was Irwin less zealous in -following the footsteps of the man to whom he wished to recommend -himself as his future son-in-law. They acted together; -and so vigorous were the measures of the young loyalist, -that the other felt it necessary in some instances to check -the exuberance of his loyalty. This, however, was not known -to the opposite party; for as Irwin always seemed to act under -the instructions of his friend Moore, so was it obviously enough -inferred that every harsh act and wanton stretch of authority -which he committed, was either sanctioned or suggested by -the other. The consequence was, that Moore became, if possible, -more odious than Irwin, who was looked upon as a rash, -hot-headed zealot; whilst the veteran was marked as a cool -and wily old fox, who had ten times the cunning and cruelty -of the senseless puppet he was managing. In this, it is unnecessary -to say, they were egregiously mistaken.</p> - -<p>In the meantime the rebellion went forward, and many acts -of cruelty and atrocity were committed on both sides. Moore’s -house and family would have been attacked, and most probably -murder and ruin might have visited him and his, were it -not for the influence of Hewson with the rebels. Twice did -the latter succeed, and on each occasion with great difficulty, -in preventing him and his household from falling victims to the -vengeance of the insurgents. Moore was a man of great personal -courage, but apt to underrate the character and enterprize -of those who were opposed to him. Indeed, his prudence -was by no means on a par with his bravery or zeal, for he has -often been known to sally out at the head of a party in quest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> -of his enemies, and leave his own mansion, and the lives of -those who were in it, exposed and defenceless.</p> - -<p>On one of those excursions it was that he chanced to capture -a small body of the insurgents, headed by an intimate friend -and distant relative of Hewson’s. As the law at that unhappy -period was necessarily quick in its operations, we need -scarcely say, that, having been taken openly armed against the -King and the Constitution, they were tried and executed by -the summary sentence of a court-martial. A deep and bloody -vengeance was now sworn against him and his by the rebels, -who for some time afterwards lay in wait for the purpose -of retaliating in a spirit prompted by the atrocious character -of the times.</p> - -<p>Hewson’s attachment to his daughter, however, had been -long known, and his previous interference on behalf of her father -had been successful on that account only. Now, however, -the plan of attack was laid without his cognizance, and that -with the most solemn injunctions to every one concerned in it -not to disclose their object to any human being not officially -acquainted with it, much less to Hewson, who they calculated -would once more take such steps as might defeat their sanguinary -purpose. These arrangements having been made, matters -were allowed to remain quiet for a little, until Moore -should be off his guard; for we must observe here, that he -had felt it necessary, after the execution of the captured rebels, -to keep his house strongly and resolutely defended. The -attack was therefore postponed until the apprehensions created -by his recent activity should gradually wear away, and his enemies -might with less risk undertake the work of bloodshed and -destruction. The night at length was appointed on which the -murderous attack must be made. All the dark details were -arranged with a deliberation at which, removed as we now are -from the sanguinary excitement of the times, the very soul -shudders and gets sick. A secret, however, communicated even -under the most solemn sanction to a great number, stands a -great chance of being no secret at all, especially during civil -war, where so many interests of friendship, blood, and marriage, -bind the opposing parties together in spite of the public -principles under which they act. Miss Moore’s maid had -a brother, for instance, who, together with several of his -friends and relatives, being appointed to aid in the attack, felt -anxious that she should not be present on that night, lest her -acquaintance with them might be ultimately dangerous to the -assailants. He accordingly sought an opportunity of seeing -her, and in earnest language urged her to absent herself -from her master’s house on the appointed night. The girl -was not much surprised at the ambiguity of his hints, for the -truth was, that no person, man or woman, possessing common -sense, could be ignorant of the state of the country, or of the -evil odour in which Moore and Irwin, and all those who were -active on the part of government, were held. She accordingly -told him that she would follow his advice, and spoke to him in -terms so shrewd and significant, that he deemed it useless to -preserve further secrecy. The plot was thus disclosed, and -the girl warned to leave the house, both for her own sake and -for that of those who were to wreak their vengeance upon -Moore and his family.</p> - -<p>The poor girl, hoping that her master and the rest might -fly from the impending danger, communicated the circumstances -to Miss Moore, who forthwith communicated them to her -father, who, again, instead of flying, took measures to collect -about his premises, during the early part of the dreaded night, -a large and well-armed force from the next military station. -Now, it so happened that this girl, whose name was Baxter, -had a leaning towards Hewson’s foster-brother Finnegan, -who in plain language was her accepted lover. If love will -not show itself in a case of danger, it is good for nothing. -We need scarcely say that Peggy Baxter, apprehensive of -danger to her sweetheart, confided the secret to him also in -the early part of the day of the attack. Finnegan was surprised, -especially when he heard from Peggy that Hewson had -been kept in ignorance of the whole design (for so her brother -had told her), in consequence of his attachment to her young -mistress. There was now no possible way of warding off -such a calamity, unless by communicating with Hewson; and -this, as Finnegan was a sound United Irishman, he knew he -could do without any particular danger. He lost no time, -therefore, in seeing him; and we need scarcely say that his -foster-brother felt stunned and thunderstruck at the deed that -was about to be perpetrated without his knowledge. Finnegan -then left him, but ere he reached home, the darkness had -set in, and on arriving, he sought the kitchen and its comforts, -ignorant, as were indeed most of the servants, that the upper -rooms and out-houses were literally crammed with fierce and -well-armed soldiers.</p> - -<p>Matters were now coming to a crisis. Hewson, aware that -there was little time to be lost, collected a small party of his -own immediate and personal friends, not one of whom, from -their known attachment to him, had been, any more than himself, -admitted to a knowledge of their attack upon Moore. -Determined, therefore, to be beforehand with the others, he -and they met at an appointed place, from whence they went -quickly, and with as much secrecy as possible, to Moore’s -house, for the purpose not only of apprising him of the fate -to which he and his were doomed, but also with an intention -of escorting him and all his family as far from his house as -might be consistent with the safety of both parties. Our -readers are of course prepared for the surprise and capture -of honest Hewson and his friends, of whose friendly intentions -they are aware. It is too true. Not expecting to find the -house defended, they were unprepared for an attack or sally; -and the upshot was, that in a few minutes two of them were -shot, and most of the rest, among whom was Hewson, taken -prisoners on the spot. Those who escaped communicated to -the other insurgents an account of the strength with which -Moore’s house was defended; and the latter, instead of making -an attempt to rescue their friends, abandoned the meditated -attack altogether, and left Hewson and his party to their fate. -A gloomy fate that was. Assertions and protestations of -their innocence were all in vain. An insurgent party were -expected to attack the house, and of course they came, headed -by Hewson himself, who, as Moore said, no doubt intended to -spare none of them but his daughter, and her, only, in order -that she might become a rebel’s wife. Irwin, too, his rival in -love and his foe in politics, was on the court-martial, and what -had he to expect? Death; and nothing but the darkness of -the night prevented his enemies from putting it into immediate -execution upon him and his companions.</p> - -<p>Hewson maintained a dignified silence; and upon seeing his -friends guarded from the hall where they were now assembled -into a large barn, he desired to be placed along with them.</p> - -<p>“No,” said Moore; “if you are a rebel ten times over, you -are a gentleman; you must not herd with them; and besides, -Mr Hewson, with great respect to you, we shall place you in -a much safer place. In the highest room in a house unusually -high, we shall lodge you, out of which if you escape, we will -say you are an innocent man. Frank Finnegan, show him -and those two soldiers up to the observatory; get him refreshments, -and leave him in their charge. Guard his door, men, for -you shall be held responsible for his appearance in the -morning.”</p> - -<p>The men, in obedience to these orders, escorted him to the -door, outside of which was their station for the night. When -Frank and he entered the observatory, the former gently -shut the door, and, turning to his foster-brother, exclaimed in -accents of deep distress, but lowering his voice, “There is -not a moment to be lost; you must escape.”</p> - -<p>“That is impossible,” replied Hewson, “unless I had wings -and could use them.”</p> - -<p>“We must try,” returned Frank; “we can only fail—at -the most they can only take your life, and that they’ll do at -all events.”</p> - -<p>“I know that,” said Hewson, “and I am prepared for it.”</p> - -<p>“Hear me,” said the other; “I will come up by and bye with -refreshments, say in about half an hour; be you stripped when -I come. We are both of a size; and as these fellows don’t -know either of us very well, I wouldn’t say but you may go out -in my clothes. I’ll hear nothing,” he added, seeing Hewson -about to speak; “I am here too long, and these fellows might -begin to suspect something. Be prepared when I come. -Good bye, Mr Hewson,” he said aloud, as he opened the -door; “in troth an’ conscience I’m sorry to see you here, -but that’s the consequence of turnin’ rebel against King -George, an’ glory to him—<em>soon and sudden</em>,” he added in an -undertone. “In about half an hour I’ll bring you up some -supper, sir. Keep a sharp eye on him,” he whispered to the -two soldiers, giving them at the same time a knowing and confidential -wink; “these same rebels are like eels, an’ will slip -as aisily through your fingers—an’ the devil a better one yez -have in there;” and as he spoke, he pointed over his shoulder -with his inverted thumb to the door of the observatory.</p> - -<p>Much about the time he had promised to return, a crash was -heard upon the stairs, and Finnegan’s voice in a high key exclaiming, -“The curse o’ blazes on you for stairs, an’ hell <em>presume</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> -all the rebels in Europe, I pray heavens this night! -There’s my nose broke between you all!” He then stooped -down, and in a torrent of bitter imprecations—all conveyed, -however, in mock oaths—he collected and placed again upon -the tray on which they had been, all the materials for Hewson’s -supper. He then ascended, and on presenting himself at the -prisoner’s door, the blood was copiously streaming from his -nose. The soldiers—who by the way were yeomen—on seeing -him, could not avoid laughing at his rueful appearance—a circumstance -which seemed to nettle him a good deal. “Yez -may laugh!” he exclaimed, “but I’d hould a wager I’ve shed -more blood for his majesty this night than either of you ever -did in your lives!”</p> - -<p>This only heightened their mirth, in the midst of which he -entered Hewson’s room; and ere the action could be deemed -possible, they had exchanged clothes.</p> - -<p>“Now,” said he, “fly. Behind the garden Miss Moore is -waitin’ for you; she knows all. Take the bridle-road through -the broad bog, an’ get into Captain Corny’s demesne. Take -my advice too, an’ go both of you to America, if you can. But, -aisy. God forgive me for pullin’ you by the nose instead of -shakin’ you by the hand, an’ me may never see you more.”</p> - -<p>The poor fellow’s voice became unsteady with emotion, -although the smile at his own humour was upon his face at the -time.</p> - -<p>“As I came in with a bloody nose,” he proceeded, giving -that of Hewson a fresh pull, “you know you must go out with -one. An’ now God’s blessin’ be with you! Think of one who -loved you as none else did.”</p> - -<p>The next morning there was uproar, tumult, and confusion -in the house of the old loyalist magistrate, when it was discovered -that his daughter and the butler were not forthcoming. -But when, on examining the observatory, it was ascertained -that Finnegan was safe and Hewson gone, no language can -describe the rage and fury of Moore, Irwin, and the military -in general. Our readers may anticipate what occurred. The -noble fellow was brought to the drum-head, tried, and sentenced -to be shot where he stood: but ere the sentence was -put in execution, Moore addressed him. “Now, Finnegan,” -said he, “I will get you off, if you tell us where Hewson and -my daughter are. I pledge my honour publicly that I’ll save -your life, and get you a free pardon, if you enable us to trace -and recover them.”</p> - -<p>“I don’t know where they are,” he replied, “but even if I -did, I would not betray them.”</p> - -<p>“Think of what has been said to you,” added Irwin. “I -give you my pledge also to the same effect.”</p> - -<p>“Mr Irwin,” he replied, “I have but one word to say. -When I did what I did, I knew very well that my life would -go for his; an’ I know that if he had thought so, he would be -standin’ now in my place. Put your sentence in execution; -I’m prepared.”</p> - -<p>“Take five minutes,” said Moore. “Give him up and live.”</p> - -<p>“Mr Moore,” said he, with a decision and energy which -startled them, “<span class="smcap">I am his Foster-Brother!</span>”</p> - -<p>This was felt to be sufficient; he stood at the appointed -place, calm and unshrinking, and at the first discharge fell instantaneously -dead.</p> - -<p>Thus passed a spirit worthy of a place in a brighter page -than that of our humble miscellany, and which, if the writer -of this lives, will be more adequately recorded.</p> - -<p>Hewson, finding that the insurgent cause was becoming hopeless, -escaped, after two or three other unsuccessful engagements, -to America, instigated by the solicitations of his young -wife. Old Moore died in a few years afterwards, but he survived -his resentment, for he succeeded in reconciling the then -government to his son-in-law, who returned to Ireland; and -it was found by his will, much to the mortification of many of -his relatives, that he had left the bulk of his property to Mrs -Hewson, who had always been his favourite child, and whose -attachment to Hewson he had himself originally encouraged.</p> - -<p>There are two records more connected with this transaction, -with which we shall close. In a northern newspaper, -dated some fifteen years afterwards, there occurs the following -paragraph:—</p> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">Affair of Honour—Fatal Duel.</span>—Yesterday morning, -at the early hour of five o’clock, a duel was fought between -A. Irwin, Esq. and J. Hewson, Esq. of Mooredale, the -former of whom, we regret to say, fell by the second fire. -We hope the words attributed to one of the parties are not -correctly reported. The blood of Frank Finnegan is now -avenged.”</p> - -<p>The other record is to be found in the churchyard of ——, -where there is a handsome monument erected, with the following -inscription:—</p> - -<p>“Sacred to the memory of Francis Finnegan, whose death -presented an instance of the noblest virtue of which human -nature is capable, that of laying down his life for his friend. -This monument is erected to his memory by James Hewson, -his friend and foster-brother, for whom he died.”</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY.</h2> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">With awe around these sacred walks I tread;</div> -<div class="verse">These are the lasting monuments of the dead:—</div> -<div class="verse">“The dead!” methinks a thousand tongues reply:</div> -<div class="verse">“These are the tombs of such as cannot die!</div> -<div class="verse">Crown’d with eternal fame, they sit sublime,</div> -<div class="verse">And laugh at all the little strife of time.”—<span class="smcap">Crabbe.</span></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Our College Library is a creditable establishment—a goodly -structure to look at, both inside and out—and has a choice -and ample collection of books of all sizes and in all languages. -Gentle reader, have you ever felt the book passion? Know -you what it is? If not, belike you might walk down our -noble library’s length, and survey the books and busts, and -stalls and gallery at each side, and the beautiful antique manuscripts -in glass cases at the end just before you enter the -Fagel Library, and be no more impressed—you will excuse -us—no more than a grave-digger in knocking about an old -coffin or a skull, yea, though the skull should once have belonged -to poor Yorick, the king’s jester! Ah, sir, the passion -is a tender one, if you knew but all—full of lack-a-daisical -and melancholy, yet pleasing fancies. There are people -smitten by the mere outside of a book—by the fineness of the -paper, the breadth of the margin, or the beauty of the letter-press; -but they know nothing of the true affection. Give -them an annual, or an album, or any other bit of gilt gingerbread, -and they will have all they require to their hearts’ -content. Let them make sonnets to their mistress’s eyebrow; -there is no soul in them; they are mere dandies; they -have nothing congenial with the true passion. To be a proper -lover of books a man must have been a great reader of -them; and the more his reading, the stronger will be his love -for them. They then present themselves to him with their -train of associations, and as his eye passes along the shelves, -he recognises each volume as an old acquaintance: some he -shakes hands with cordially; with some he exchanges a few -words; others he just nods to, and to some perhaps he may -give the cut direct; but he knows them all in some way or -other. As the review of a fine army to an old general, so is -a fine library to a true student. He loves to see his levy <i lang="fr">en -masse</i>, and in detail. The sight of them cheers his spirits, -elevates his mind, and—mark this, gentle reader—gives him -the idea of power. There lies a great secret, which in these -costermonger days we deserve great credit for communicating -to the world free-gratis for nothing.</p> - -<p>Knowledge is power—that’s our major; there one stands -in the midst of a noble army of books—that’s our minor, or -lieutenant; then a man feels strong, and vastly well pleased -with himself—and that is our fife and drum, or conclusion, -by every law of drill or logic.</p> - -<p>In our juvenile days, before we were A-B-C’d, and therefore -before we enjoyed the privilege of free ingress and egress at the -superb Old Trinity, we used to pass whole days of rumination -in the quiet pastures of Marsh’s. This library, situate -in an antique building to one side of Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, -is graciously open to the public in general, and to all -under-graduates of the University in particular, and wears a -secluded, cloistered, antiquated air about it, that invites to -contemplation. You are there on classic ground. The -genius of Swift seems to hover o’er you. You fancy yourself -with an age that has passed away, and among spirits that -have long since winged their flight from earth. Many a -summer’s day have we mused and read, and read and mused, -in its delightful solitude, without any other interruption save -the cackling of hens and crowing of cocks in some of the -neighbouring yards, the playing or screaming of children in -Kevin-street or Mitre-alley, the scolding of women in some -of the adjoining houses, or a few words of conversational -politeness interchanged between us and the Rev. Mr Cradoe, -the librarian, chiefly on the news of the morning.</p> - -<p>But as a book-store, Marsh’s is not to be compared with -the College Library. Formerly this splendid repository was -open only four hours in the day for public use, from eight till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> -ten in the morning, and from eleven till one; but a more -liberal access to its treasures has been conceded of late; the -entire is now free from nine in the morning till four in the -afternoon, without interruption. This is a great acquisition -to the privileged, and has been attended by a vast increase of -readers and visitors; but there is still room for amendment -in particulars of no small importance to general convenience. -We are happy to say, however, that to some of these the attention -of the enlightened heads of the University has been -directed, and that great improvements in the economy of the -institution may at no distant day be expected. In the first -place, the books are exceedingly ill arranged, and there is no -printed catalogue of them, so that the visitor finds great difficulty -in laying his hand upon those he may be in quest of; in -addition to which it may be stated, that there is no attendant -librarian, or other official whose duty it is to give information, -or procure the work which the visitor may require. -They order this matter better in France; but whatever may -be intended as to such functionaries, we have learned with -much satisfaction that a new catalogue is now in course of -preparation, and that it is to be a printed one. The preparing -of so great a work for the press must necessarily occupy -a good deal of time. It has been, we understand, now about -two years in hands, and will be completed, it is expected, in -about two more. There are six writing-clerks constantly -employed in preparing slips for the printer, under competent -direction. A greatly improved classification will be -effected, and the printed volumes, when perfected, will be -offered for sale. Incidental to the execution of this great -work, there will be a new and improved arrangement of the -books on the shelves to correspond with that in the catalogues; -and when both these important matters are effected, -it is obvious that the difficulties which are now experienced -in the pursuit of knowledge within this venerable gallery, will -be in a great degree removed.</p> - -<p>There is another point on which complaints are sometimes -made, namely, the excessive cold of the building in winter. -It was originally intended that no fires should be lit in it, as -a security to its valuable but highly combustible contents -against accident through that medium; but in this provision, it -is plain, the preservative principle was much more attended to -than the utilitarian, and is carried, as we conceive at the present -day, to an unreasonable length. But, at all events, modern -ingenuity can meet the difficulty; for the air may be heated -by means of tubes, without the immediate presence of combustion; -wherefore we are led to expect that the same -liberal and enlightened spirit which has suggested and directed -the realization of other improvements, will direct and -realize this also in due time.</p> - -<p>By the bye, the origin of this great establishment is curious. -On the defeat of the Spaniards by the English at the battle -of Kinsale in 1603, we are told that the triumphant soldiery -determined to commemorate their victory by some permanent -monument, and that they collected among themselves -the sum of £1800, which they resolved should be laid out in -the purchase of books for a library, to be founded in the then -infant establishment of Trinity College.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> This sum was -handed to the celebrated Ussher, and by him judiciously expended, -conformably to the wishes of the generous conquerors -at Kinsale. And here we pause to pay our most profound -respects to the memory of these literary warriors. Who -would have expected that the most scientific, and studious, -and intellectual men of <em>our</em> age, would owe the most splendid -temple dedicated to their use, which the country can boast, to -the bounty of a victorious soldiery in the beginning of the seventeenth -century? There was a spirit of chivalry in this -transaction which we cannot sufficiently admire; and though -we live in an age in which we pique ourselves excessively on -the march of intellect, we doubt that any testimonial more -solid and convincing is producible by us to show that our -organ of veneration in this respect is at all more highly developed -than that of men who went before us in the days of -Queen Elizabeth. The bequest at all events does honour -to the profession of arms, and we are sure would be duly appreciated -by a grateful posterity, as a memorial of their mind -and achievements, if it were only more generally known.</p> - -<p>So began our splendid University Library. In process of -time its collection of volumes was increased by many valuable -donations, till at length their growing number demanding a -corresponding increase of room, the present edifice was erected -for their reception. It is built of hewn stone, with a rich Corinthian -entablature, crowned with a balustrade, reminding -us in its appearance of the gallery of the Louvre at Paris, and -was completed in 1732. The room is certainly the finest in -the empire appropriated to such a purpose. It is 210 feet -long, 41 feet broad, and 40 feet high, and is very elegantly -and suitably fitted up. At its farther end, in the eastern pavilion, -is a fine apartment 52 feet long, 26 wide, and 22 high, -containing the Fagel library, purchased at an expence of -£8000, and comprising upwards of 17,000 volumes. This -library was the property of Mr Fagel, Pensionary of Holland, -who had it removed to London on the French invasion of Holland -in 1794; the purchase money was a grant to the College -from the Governors of Sir Erasmus Smith’s schools. The -total number of volumes now in the entire building, including -the Fagel library, and 1419 volumes of manuscripts, is 89,455.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -The manuscripts are in Greek, Latin, English, Irish, Hebrew, -Arabic, Persian, and other languages. Many of them relate -to Irish history and antiquities, particularly to the troubles of -1641, all the depositions relating to which are here; as also the -particulars of the settlement of Ireland and plantation of it by -James I. There are many Latin manuscripts of the sacred -scriptures, particularly of the New Testament, of various ages -and remote antiquity. Several are in the Irish character but -Latin language. There is also the Greek manuscript of the -New Testament that belonged to Montfortius, and is the only -one extant that reads the once contested verse, 1 Ep. John, -ch. 5, v. 7. There are old translations of the Bible by Wickliffe, -Pervie, Ambrose, Ussher, &c. There is no fund for the augmentation -of the library except what the Board may please to -allot for the purpose; but it receives a great annual increase -by being entitled to one copy of every work entered at Stationers’ -Hall.</p> - -<p>Our library and the Bodleian at Oxford are exactly of -the same age; and it is another curious fact, that while Ussher -was laying out the soldiers’ money in London to the best -advantage, he met there Sir T. Bodley engaged in a similar -business for his establishment at Oxford. If there were auction -rooms in those days, we have no doubt the two gentlemen -were acceptable visitors, heartily welcome to the auctioneers, -and that they seldom let a good thing go without a smart -competition.</p> - -<p>With regard to Marsh’s Library, we may mention that it was -founded in 1707 by Doctor Narcissus Marsh, then Archbishop -of Dublin, and that the building is erected on part of the -ground attached to what was formerly the archbishop’s palace. -The books were originally the collection of the celebrated -Bishop Stillingfleet, and were purchased by Doctor Marsh for -the public use. Once upon a time each book was fastened -by a chain to an iron rod which ran along the shelves, so that -all who partook of the bounty of the good archbishop might -read and satisfy their souls without any danger of violating -the eighth commandment; but this stringent system is now -abolished: the chains are broken; the prisoners are free; -the books are emancipated! The change may be considered -as a compliment to the honesty of modern times; and all we -say is, we wish they may deserve it. Much as we admire -and commend these great public institutions, however, it is -not to be denied that their real amount of utility is limited -enough—limited at least when one compares the end with the -means. Many thousand volumes must lie on their shelves -from year to year, without ever being opened; there must be -many that are fit only for burning, and that just occupy good -room to the exclusion of their betters; and as to the very -best books, how limited must the access to them necessarily -be in a great public room! Their use consists chiefly in their -being available for consultation—a most important purpose, -no doubt, but yet one the accomplishment of which still leaves -a vast hiatus in our reading hours to be filled up by other -means. Now, every individual, we humbly think, should have -a library of his own, if it were ever so small. No man ever -made a good gardener that had not a small garden, his own property, -to begin with; and it is something the same with a good -reader. The careful, and leisurely, and repeated study of a -few good books, does one more real good than a cursory and -indigestive perusal of a vast number. This is well known; -and, therefore, without detracting from the just value of public -libraries, we would wish that a taste for book-collecting, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> -well as book-reading, were widely diffused among us. Take -our word for it, there is no better company than good books; -you may choose from among them companions for all hours, -and for all moods of the mind. Ask them questions, and -they will be sure at all times to give you at least a civil answer. -They are finger-posts to the travelling man, and travel -through all regions to him who never moves from the chimney -corner. They are implements of trade to the professional -man, and a profession itself to him that has none. They are -music to the melancholy, and as a dance to the merry; as salt -are they to the solid, and to the solid as salt. They are as a -new world to him that has exhausted the old, for “of making -many books,” as the preacher saith, “there is no end.” But -we must come to an end ourselves. We would, in short, advocate -the claims of literature in general, and its high title -to consideration, as it commends itself to all men in common; -and we plead guilty to the ambition of adding to the numerous -honourable characteristics of our countrymen, that of -being in an eminent degree a reading people. Irishmen -ought to remember that their country was famous in ancient -days for its learning, and cherish an honest ambition in modern -times to retrieve its character. As one means of forwarding -this object, we would seek to diffuse among them a reading -habit, and give our best encouragement to whatever instrumentalities -might tend to increase libraries, and make reading -easy to all classes. Cheap literature is a luxury of sterling -value; but until people have acquired a taste for it, they will -hold it cheap enough. Never do we pass a book-shop, or -an humble bookseller’s stall, without a feeling of reverence -for the profession. There, say we, is a dispensary of ideal -aliment indispensable to our mental existence, and, if properly -used, yielding nothing but health, prosperity, and enjoyment -to the soul. If our countrymen read, they will become informed—learned; -and if they read good books, they must -not only become informed and learned, but wise. The vivacity -of their conversation will then be enriched with all the -streams both of useful and entertaining knowledge. Reading -will be a delightful resource to the working man, and no -bad employment at least to the idle. Poverty will have its -compensations. There will be another distinction set up in -society besides that of having, or not having, mere worldly -professions. The dignity of mind will be asserted. Mind -with its congenial influences must act upon manners; and if, as -the inscription upon the old gate at Oxford beareth record, -“manours maketh ye man,” our country will be once more -exalted among the nations.</p> - -<p class="right">X. D.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The first stone of Trinity College was laid on the 13th March 1591, by -Thomas Smith, Mayor; it was opened two years afterwards, in 1593.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> This return is given from the most recent calculation officially made, -and may be depended on.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">SANTA CROCE.</h2> - -<p class="center">BY J. U. U.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">I stood and saw the pictured gloom unfold</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Grey Santa Croce, crossed by dusky rays</div> -<div class="verse">That dimmed its columned aisle; as from of old</div> -<div class="verse">Its ancient air lay slumbering o’er the cold</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Dark dwellers underneath. When to my gaze,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Shade-like, ’mid that grey gloom of distant day.</div> -<div class="verse">She stood, whom Petrarch looked on there and caught</div> -<div class="verse indent1">That love too strong for death! A tender gleam</div> -<div class="verse">Like moonlight fell around her, baffling thought;</div> -<div class="verse">Strange! ’twas remembrance thither stole, and brought</div> -<div class="verse indent1">That smile of sweetness from my breast’s deep stream</div> -<div class="verse indent1">More strong than fancy, and transformed the dream</div> -<div class="verse">To thee—from her, whom a less hallowed fire</div> -<div class="verse">Hath made immortal with the love-devoted lyre.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Sensible Advice.</span>—Avoid condolence with those who are -mourning the loss of friends. Condolences, as well as mournings, -are bad things. Men, and more especially women, give -actual increase to their grief while, under the notion of duty, -and even of merit, they make display of it. If mournings -were altogether out of use, a vast mass of suffering would be -prevented from coming into existence. Some savage or barbarous -nations make merry at funerals: they are wiser, in -this respect, than polished ones.—<cite>Bowring’s Deontology.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">When a native of Java has a child born, he immediately -plants a cocoa-tree, which, adding a circle every year to its -bark, indicates the age of the tree, and therefore the age of -the child. The child, in consequence, regards the tree with -affection all the rest of its life.—<cite>Buck’s Harmonies, &c., of -Nature.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE THUGS.</h2> - -<p>The Thugs were known in the time of the Emperor Akbar -of Delhi, by whom many were executed. They were first -known to the British government in 1812, and then many -were hanged in Bundelkund. Again, in 1817, they attracted -notice by their horrible acts, and twelve villages in Bundelkund, -which were peopled almost entirely by them, were taken -by a force sent against them. They were then dispersed, but -assembled in various parts in Sindhia’s and the Nagpoor -country, also in Holkar’s dominions. From 1817 till 1831 -they were not molested, and, in consequence, increased -greatly in the latter year. Measures were taken to suppress -them, which have been attended with great success. One -hundred and eleven were executed at Jubbulpoor, and upwards -of four hundred transported for life to the eastern settlement -of Pinang.</p> - -<p>The Thugs form a perfectly distinct class of persons, who -subsist almost entirely upon the produce of the murders they -are in the habit of committing. They appear to have derived -their denomination from the practice usually adopted by them -of decoying the persons they fix upon to destroy, to join their -party; and then, taking advantage of the confidence they endeavour -to inspire, to strangle their unsuspecting victims. -There are several peculiarities in the habits of the Thugs, -in their mode of causing death, and in the precautions they -adopt for the prevention of discovery, that distinguish them -from every other class of delinquents; and it may be considered -a general rule whereby to judge of them, that they affect -to disclaim the practice of petty theft, housebreaking, and -indeed every species of stealing that has not been preceded -by the perpetration of murder.</p> - -<p>The Thugs adopt no other method of killing but strangulation, -and the implement made use of for this purpose is a -handkerchief, or any other convenient strip of cloth. The -manner in which the deed is done will be described hereafter. -They never attempt to rob a traveller until they have in the -first instance deprived him of life; after the commission of a -murder, they invariably bury the body immediately, if time -and opportunity serve, or otherwise conceal it; and never -leave a corpse uninterred in the highway, unless they happen -to be disturbed.</p> - -<p>To trace the origin of this practice would now be a matter -of some difficulty, for if the assertions of the Thugs themselves -are entitled to any credit, it has been in vogue from -time immemorial; and they pretend that its institution is -coeval with the creation of the world. Like most other inhuman -practices, the traditions regarding it are mixed up with -tales of Hindoo superstition; and the Thugs would wish to -make it appear, that, in immolating the numberless victims -that yearly fall by their hands, they are only obeying the injunctions -of the deity of their worship, to whom they say they -are offering an acceptable sacrifice.</p> - -<p>A very considerable number of the Thugs are Mussulmans. -No judgment of the birth or caste of a Thug can, however, -be formed from his name; for it not unfrequently happens -that a Hindoo Thug has a Mussulman name with a Hindoo -<i lang="la">alias</i> attached, and <i lang="la">vice versa</i> with respect to the Thugs who -are by birth Mahommedans. In almost every instance the -Thugs have more than one appellation by which they are -known. They usually move in large parties, often amounting -to one hundred or two hundred persons, and resort to all sort -of subterfuges for the purpose of concealing their real profession. -If they are travelling southward, they represent -themselves to be either proceeding in quest of service, or on -their way to rejoin the regiments they belong to in this part of -the country. When, on the contrary, their route lies towards -the north, they represent themselves to be sepoys from corps -of the Bombay or Nizam’s army, who are going on leave to -Hindustan. The gangs do not always consist of persons who -are Thugs by birth. It is customary for them to entice, by -the promise of monthly pay or the hopes of amassing money -that are held out, many persons who are ignorant of the -deeds of death that are to be perpetrated for the attainment -of these objects, until made aware of the reality by seeing the -victims of their cupidity fall under the hands of the stranglers; -and the Thugs declare that novices have occasionally been so -horrified at the sight as to have effected their immediate escape.</p> - -<p>Many of the most notorious Thugs are the adopted children -of others of the same class. They make it a rule, when -a murder is committed, never to spare the life of any one,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> -either male or female, who is old enough to remember and relate -the particulars of the deed. But in the event of their -meeting with children of such a tender age as to make it impossible -they should be enabled to relate the fact, they generally -spare their lives, and, adopting them, bring them up to -the trade of Thugs. These men of course eventually become -acquainted with the fact of the murder of their fathers and -mothers by the very persons with whom they have dwelt -since their childhood, but are still not deterred from following -the same dreadful trade. It might be supposed that a class -of persons whose hearts must be effectually hardened against -all the better feelings of humanity, would encounter few -scruples of conscience in the commission of the horrid deeds -whereby they subsist; but, in point of fact, they are as much -the slaves of superstition, and as much directed by the observance -of omens in the commission of murder, as the most inoffensive -of the natives of India are in the ordinary affairs of -their lives.</p> - -<p>In the event of an expedition proving more than ordinarily -successful, a pilgrimage is usually made to Bhowanee, and a -portion of the spoil taken by the gang is set aside for the purpose -of being sent to the pagoda at Binda Chul, near Mirzapoor, -as an offering to the goddess Kalee. Propitiatory offerings -are also made, and various ceremonies performed, should -the Thugs have failed in obtaining any plunder for a length -of time.</p> - -<p>In every gang of Thugs are to be found one or more officers, -who appear to hold that rank not by the choice of their followers, -but in consequence of their wealth and influence in -their respective villages, and having assembled their immediate -followers in the vicinity of their homes. The profits of an officer -are of course greater than those of his followers; he receives -six and a half or seven per cent. on all silver coin and -other property, and then shares in the remainder in common -with the other Thugs of the party. When gold is obtained -in coin or in mass, the tenth part is taken by the officer, previous -to dividing it; and he has a tithe of all pearls, shawls, -gold embroidered cloths, brass and copper pots, horses, &c. -Next to the officer, the most important person is the <em>bhuttoat</em>, -or strangler, who carries the handkerchief with which the -Thugs usually murder their victims. This implement is -merely a piece of fine strong cotton cloth, about a yard long; -at one end a knot is tied, and the cloth is slightly twisted, and -kept ready for use in front of the waistcoat of the person carrying -it. There is no doubt but that all Thugs are expert in -the use of the handkerchief; but if they are to be believed, -only particular persons are called upon or permitted to perform -this office. When a large gang is collected, the most -able-bodied and alert of their number are fixed upon as stranglers, -and they are made the bearers of the handkerchief only -after the performance of various and often expensive ceremonies, -and only on the observance of a favourable omen. The -junior Thugs make a merit of attending upon the older and -more experienced Thugs, shampooing their bodies, and performing -the most menial offices. They gradually become initiated -into all the mysteries of the art, and if they prove to be -powerful men, these promising disciples are made stranglers. -When a murder is to be committed, the strangler usually follows -the particular person whom he has been nominated by -the jemadar to strangle; and on the preconcerted signal -being given, the handkerchief is seized with the knot in the -<em>left hand</em>, the right hand being about nine inches farther up, -in which manner it is thrown over the head of the person to -be strangled from behind; the two hands are crossed as the -victim falls; and such is the certainty with which the deed is -done, as the Thugs frequently declare, that before the body -falls to the ground, the eyes start out of the head, and life becomes -extinct. Should the person to be strangled prove a -powerful man, or the strangler inexpert, another Thug lays -hold of the end of the handkerchief, and the work is completed. -The perfection of the act is said to be, when several -persons are simultaneously murdered without any of them -having time to utter a cry, or to be aware of the fate of their -comrades.</p> - -<p>Favourable opportunities are given for stranglers to make -their first essay in the art of strangling. When a single traveller -is met with, a novice is instructed to make a trial of his -skill; the party sets off during the night, and stops while it -is still dark to drink water or to smoke. While seated for -the purpose, the jemadar inquires what time of the night it -may be, and the Thugs look up at the stars to ascertain. This -being the preconcerted signal, the strangler is immediately on -the alert, and the unsuspecting traveller, on looking up at the -heavens in common with the rest of the party, offers his neck -to the ready handkerchief, and becomes an easy prey to his -murderer. The strangler receives half a rupee extra for every -murder that is committed, and if the plunder is great, some -article of value is assigned to him over and above his share.</p> - -<p>One of the most necessary persons to a gang of Thugs is -he who goes by the name of Tillaee, or spy. The Thugs do -not always depend upon chance for obtaining plunder, or roam -about in the expectation of meeting travellers, but frequently -take up their quarters in or near a large town, or some great -thoroughfare, from whence they make expeditions, according -to the information obtained by the spies. These men are -chosen from among the most smooth-spoken and intelligent of -their number, and their chief duty is to gain information. For -this purpose they are decked out in the garb of respectable -persons, whose appearance and manners they must have the -art of assuming. They frequent the bazaars of the town near -which their associates are encamped, and endeavour to pick -up intelligence of the intended dispatch or expected arrival of -goods or treasure, of which information is forthwith given to -the gang, who send out a party to intercept them. Inquiry -is also made for any party of travellers who may have arrived, -and who put up in the inns, or elsewhere. Every art -is brought into practice to scrape an acquaintance with these -people. They are given to understand that the spy is travelling -the same road. An opportunity is taken to throw out -hints regarding the unsafeness of the roads, and the frequency -of murders and robberies; an acquaintance with some of the -friends or relatives of the travellers is feigned, and an invitation -from them to partake of the repast that has been prepared -where the spy has put up—the conveniences of which, and the -superiority of the water, are abundantly praised. The result -is, that the travellers are inveigled into joining the gang of -Thugs, and they are feasted and treated with every politeness -and consideration by the very wretches who are at the time -plotting their murder, and calculating the share they shall acquire -in the division of their property.</p> - -<p>Instances sometimes occur where a party of Thugs find -their victims too numerous for them while they remain in a -body, and they are seldom at a loss for expedients to create -dissensions, and a consequent division among them. If all -their arts of intrigue and cajolery fail in producing the desired -effect, an occasion is taken advantage of to ply the travellers -with intoxicating liquors; a quarrel is got up, and from -words they proceed to blows, which end in the dissension of -the company, who, proceeding by different roads, fall an easier -prey to their remorseless destroyers. Having enticed the travellers -into the snare they have laid for them, the next object -is to choose a convenient spot for their murder. This, in -their technical language, is called a <em>bhil</em>, and is usually fixed -upon at some distance from a village on the banks of a small -stream, where the trees and underwood afford a shelter from -the view of occasional passengers. The Thug who is sent on -this duty is called a <em>bhilla</em>; and having fixed on the place, he -either returns to the encampment of his party, or meets them -on the way to report the result of his inquiry. If the bhilla -returns to the camp with his report, the grave-diggers are -sent out with him to prepare a grave for the interment of the -persons it is intended to murder. Arrangements are previously -made, so that the party in company with the travellers shall -not arrive at the bhil too soon. At the particular spot agreed -on, the bhilla meets the party. The jemadar calls out to him, -“Have you cleared out the hole?” The bhilla replies, “Yes,” -on which the concerted signal is given that serves as the death-warrant -of the unsuspecting travellers, who are forthwith -strangled.</p> - -<p>The division of plunder, as may be supposed, often leads -to the most violent disputes, which it is astonishing do not -end in bloodshed. But it might almost be supposed the Thugs -have a prejudice against spilling blood; for, when pursued, -they refrain from making use of the weapons they usually -bear, even in defence of their own persons. The most wanton -prodigality occurs when plunder is divided; and occasionally -the most valuable shawls and brocades are torn into small -strips, and distributed amongst the gang, should any difference -of opinion arise as to their appropriation. The Thugs -say this is also done that every person may run the same -risk, for such an article could not be shared among them until -converted into money, and some danger is attendant upon the -transaction. They appear invariably to destroy all bills of -exchange that fall into their hands, as well as many other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> -articles that are likely to lead to detection. Ready money -is what they chiefly look for; and when they have a choice of -victims, the possessors of gold and silver would certainly be -fixed upon in preference to others.</p> - -<p>To facilitate their plan of operations, the Thugs have established -a regular system of intelligence and communication -throughout the countries they have been in the practice of -frequenting, and they become acquainted, with astonishing -celerity, with proceedings of their comrades in all directions. -They omit no opportunity of making inquiries regarding the -progress of other gangs, and are equally particular in supplying -the requisite information of their own movements. For -this purpose they have connected themselves with several -persons of note residing in the Nizam’s dominions, who follow -the profession of Thugs in conjunction with their agricultural -pursuits.</p> - -<p>Such is the extent to which this dreadful system has been -carried, that no idea can be formed of the expenditure of human -life to which it has given occasion, or the immensity of -the wealth that has been acquired by its adoption. When it -is taken into consideration that many of the Thugs confess to -their having, for the last twenty-five or thirty years, annually -made a tour with parties of more than a hundred men, and -with no other object than that of murder and rapine; that -they boast of having successively put their tens and twenties -to death daily; and that they say an enumeration of all the -lives they have personally assisted to destroy would swell the -catalogue to hundreds, and, as some declare, to thousands—some -conception of the horrid reality may be formed; of the -amount of the property that they have yearly made away -with, it must be impossible to form any calculation; for, independent -of the thousands in ready money, jewels and bullion, -the loads of valuable cloths, and every description of merchandise, -that continually fall into their hands, the bills of -exchange that they invariably destroy must amount to a considerable -sum.</p> - -<p>The impunity with which the Thugs have heretofore carried -on their merciless proceedings, the facility they have possessed -of recruiting their numbers—which are restricted to -no particular caste or sect—the security they have had of -escaping detection, and the ease with which they have usually -purchased their release when seized by the officers of the -weak native governments in whose dominions they have -usually committed their greatest depredations, have altogether -so tended to confirm the system, and to disseminate it -to the fearful extent to which it has now attained, that the -life of no single traveller on any of the roads in the country -has been safe, and but a slight chance has been afforded to -large parties of escaping the fangs of the blood-thirsty -demons who have frequented them.—<cite>Abridged from the New -Monthly Magazine.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Love and Poetry.</span>—“You know,” says Burns, “our country -custom of coupling a man and woman together as partners in -the labours of harvest. In my fifteenth autumn my partner -was a bewitching creature, a year younger than myself. My -scarcity of English denies me the power of doing her justice -in that language; she was a <em>bonnie, sweet, sonsie lass</em>. In -short, she altogether, unwittingly to herself, initiated me in -that delicious passion, which, in spite of acid disappointment, -gin-horse prudence, and book-worm philosophy, I hold to be -the first of human joys, our sweetest blessing here below. -How she caught the contagion I cannot tell; you medical -people talk much of infection from breathing the same air, the -touch, &c., but I never expressly said I loved her. Indeed, I did -not know myself why I liked so much to loiter behind with her, -when returning in the evening from our labours; why the -tones of her voice made my heart-strings thrill like an Æolian -harp; and particularly why my pulse beat such a furious ratan -when I looked and fingered over her little hand, to pick out -the cruel nettle-stings and thistles. Among her other love-inspiring -qualities she sang sweetly; and it was her favourite -reel to which I attempted giving an embodied vehicle in rhyme. -I was not so presumptuous as to imagine that I could make verses -like printed ones, composed by men who had Greek and Latin; -but my girl sang a song which was said to be composed by a -small country laird’s son, on one of his father’s maids with -whom he was in love; and I saw no reason why I might not -rhyme as well as he; for, excepting that he could smear sheep, -and cast peats, his father living on the moorlands, he had no -more scholarcraft than myself. Thus with me began Love -and Poetry.”—<cite>Burns in a Letter to Dr Moore, 1787.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Phenomena of Sound.</span>—In the Arctic regions persons can -converse at more than a mile distant when the thermometer -is below zero. In air, sound travels from 1130 to 1142 feet -per second. In water, sound passes at the rate of 4708 feet -per second. Sound travels in air, about 900 feet for every -pulsation of a healthy person at 75 in a minute. A bell -sounded under water may be heard under water at 1200 feet -distant. Sounds are distinct at twice the distance on water -that they are on land. In a balloon, the barking of dogs on -the ground may be heard at an elevation of three or four -miles. On Table Mountain, a mile above Cape Town, every -noise in it, and even words, may be heard distinctly. The -fire of the English on landing in Egypt was distinctly heard -130 miles on the sea. Dr Jameson says, in calm weather he -heard every word of a sermon at the distance of two miles! -Water is a better conductor of sound than air. Wood is -also a powerful conductor of sound, and so is flannel or riband. -Sound affects particles of dust in a sunbeam, cobwebs, -and water in musical glasses; it shakes small pieces of -paper off a string in concord. Deaf persons may converse -through deal rods held between the teeth, or held to the -throat or breast. Echoes are formed by elliptical surfaces -combined with surrounding surfaces, or by such of them as fall -into the respective distances of the surface of an ellipse, and -are, therefore, directed to the other focus of the ellipse; for -all the distances from both foci to such surface are equal, and -hence there is a concentration of sounds at those points direct -from one focus, and reflected back again from the other -focus. An echo returns a monosyllable at 70 feet distance, -and another syllable at every 40 feet additional. The echo -of artillery is encreased or created by a cloud or clouds. -Miners distinguish the substance bored by the sound; and -Physicians distinguish the action of the heart or lungs by a -listening tube. Gamblers can distinguish, in tossing money, -which side is undermost, though covered by the hand.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">General Run of Faculties.</span>—Society is a more level -surface than we imagine. Wise men or absolute fools are -hard to be met with, as there are few giants or dwarfs. The -heaviest charge we can bring against the general texture of -society is, that it is common-place; and many of those who -are singular had better be common-place. Our fancied superiority -to others is in some one thing, which we think most -of, because we excel in it, or have paid most attention to it; -whilst we overlook their superiority to us in something else, -which they set equal and exclusive store by. This is fortunate -for all parties. I never felt myself superior to any one -who did not go out of his way to affect qualities which he had -not. In his own individual character and line of pursuit every -one has knowledge, experience, and skill; and who shall say -which pursuit requires most, thereby proving his own narrowness -and incompetence to decide? Particular talent or genius -does not imply general capacity. Those who are more versatile -are seldom great in any one department; and the stupidest -people can generally do something. The highest pre-eminence -in any one study commonly arises from the concentration -of the attention and faculties on that one study. He -who expects from a great name in politics, in philosophy, in -art, equal greatness in other things, is little versed in human -nature. Our strength lies in our weakness. The learned in -books are ignorant of the world. He who is ignorant of books -is often well acquainted with other things; for life is of the -same length in the learned and the unlearned; the mind cannot -be idle; if it is not taken up with one thing it attends to -another through choice or necessity: and the degree of previous -capacity in one class or another is a mere lottery.—<cite>Hazlitt’s -Characteristics.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Truth.</span>—The confusion and undesigned inaccuracy so -often to be observed in conversation, especially in that of uneducated -persons, proves that truth needs to be cultivated as -a talent, as well as recommended as a virtue.—<cite>Mrs Fry.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">Knowledge is an excellent drug, but no drug has virtue -enough to preserve itself from corruption and decay, if the -vessel be tainted and impure wherein it is put to keep.—<cite>Montaigne’s -Essays.</cite></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley. Paternoster Row, London, -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">Slocombe</span> and <span class="smcap">Simms</span>, Leeds; <span class="smcap">J. Menzies</span>, -Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -43, April 24, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL *** - -***** This file should be named 55202-h.htm or 55202-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/2/0/55202/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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