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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c8e353 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55181 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55181) diff --git a/old/55181-0.txt b/old/55181-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c35a013..0000000 --- a/old/55181-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1531 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 40, -April 3, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 40, April 3, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 23, 2017 [EBook #55181] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, APRIL 3, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 40. SATURDAY, APRIL 3, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: THE IRISH MIDWIFE, PART III.--DANDY KEHO’S CHRISTENING. BY -WILLIAM CARLETON.] - -The following Sunday morning, Rose paid an early visit to her patient, -for, as it was the day of young Dandy’s christening, her presence was -considered indispensable. There is, besides, something in the appearance -and bearing of a midwife upon those occasions which diffuses a spirit of -buoyancy and light-heartedness not only through the immediate family, -but also through all who may happen to participate in the ceremony, or -partake of the good cheer. In many instances it is known that the very -presence of a medical attendant communicates such a cheerful confidence -to his patient, as, independently of any prescription, is felt to be a -manifest relief. So is it with the midwife; with this difference, that -she exercises a greater and more comical latitude of consolation than -the doctor, although it must be admitted that the one generally falls -woefully short of that conventional dress with which we cover nudity -of expression. No doubt many of her very choicest stock jokes, to -carry on the metaphor, are a little too _fashionably_ dressed to pass -current out of the sphere in which they are used; but be this as it may, -they are _so_ traditional in character, and so humorous in conception, -that we never knew the veriest prude to feel offended, or the morosest -temperament to maintain its sourness, at their recital. Not that she -is at all gross or unwomanly in any thing she may say, but there is -generally in her apothegms a passing touch of fancy--a quick but terse -vivacity of insinuation, at once so full of fun and sprightliness, and -that truth which all know but few like to acknowledge, that we defy -any one not irretrievably gone in some incurable melancholy to resist -her humour. The moment she was seen approaching the house, every one -in it felt an immediate elevation of spirits, with the exception of -Mrs Keho herself, who knew that wherever Rose had the arrangement of -the bill of fare, there was sure to be what the Irish call “full an’ -plinty”--“lashins an’ lavins”--a fact which made her groan in spirit at -the bare contemplation of such waste and extravagance. She was indeed a -woman of a very un-Irish heart--so sharp in her temper and so penurious -in soul, that one would imagine her veins were filled with vinegar -instead of blood. - -“_Banaght Dheah in shoh_” (the blessing of God be here), Rose exclaimed -on entering. - -“_Banaght Dheah agus Murra ghuid_” (the blessing of God and the Virgin on -you), replied Corny, “an’ you’re welcome, Rose ahagur.” - -“I know that, Corny. Well, how are we?--how is my son?” - -“Begarra, thrivin’ like a pair o’ throopers.” - -“Thank God for it! Hav’n’t we a good right to be grateful to him any way? -An’ is my little man to be christened to-day?” - -“Indeed he is--the gossips will be here presently, an’ so will _her_ -mother. But, Rose, dear, will you take the ordherin’ of the aitin’ an’ -drinkin’ part of it?--you’re betther up to these things than we are, -an’ so you ought, of coorse. Let there be no want of any thing; an’ if -there’s an overplush, sorra may care; there’ll be poor mouths enough -about the door for whatever’s left. So, you see, keep never mindin’ any -hint _she_ may give you--you know she’s a little o’ the closest; but no -matther. Let there, as I said, be enough an’ to spare.” - -“Throth, there spoke your father’s son, Corny; all the ould dacency’s not -dead yet, any how. Well, I’ll do my best. But she’s not fit to be up, you -know, an’ of coorse can’t disturb us.” The expression of her eye could -not be misunderstood as she uttered this. “I see,” said Corny--“devil a -betther, if you manage that, all’s right.” - -“An’ now I must go in, till I see how she an’ my son’s gettin’ an: that’s -always my first start; bekase you know, Corny, honey, that _their_ health -goes afore every thing.” - -Having thus undertaken the task required of her, she passed into the -bedroom of Mrs Keho, whom she found determined to be up, in order, as she -said, to be at the head of her own table. - -“Well, alanna, if you must, you must; but in the name of goodness I wash -my hands out of the business teetotally. Dshk, dshk, dshk! Oh, wurra! -to think of a woman in your state risin’ to sit at her own table! That -I may never, if I’ll see it, or be about the place at all. If you take -your life by your own wilfulness, why, God forgive you; but it mustn’t be -while I’m here. But since you’re bent on it, why, give me the child, an’ -afore I go, any how, I may as well dress it, poor thing! The heavens pity -it--my little man--eh?--where was it?--cheep--that’s it, a ducky; stretch -away. Aye stretchin’ an’ thrivin’ an, my son! Oh, thin, wurra! Mrs Keho, -but it’s you that ought to ax God’s pardon for goin’ to do what might -lave that darlin’ o’ the world an orphan, may be. Arrah be the vestments, -if I can have patience wid you. May God pity you, my child. If anything -happened your mother, what ’ud become of you, and what ’ud become of -your poor father this day? Dshk, dshk, dshk!” These latter sounds, -exclamations of surprise and regret, were produced by striking the tongue -against that part of the inward gum which covers the roots of the teeth. - -“Indeed, Rose,” replied her patient, in her sharp, shrill, quick voice, -“I’m able enough to get up; if I don’t, we’ll be harrished. Corny’s a -fool, an’ it’ll be only rap an’ rive wid every one in the place.” - -“Wait, ma’am, if you plaise. Where’s his little barrow? Ay, I have it. -Wait, ma’am, if you plaise, till I get the child dressed, an’ I’ll soon -take myself out o’ this. Heaven presarve us! I have seen the like o’ -this afore--ay have I--where it was as clear as crystal _that there was -something over them_--ay, over them that took their own way as you’re -doin’.” - -“But if I don’t get up”---- - -“Oh, by all manes, ma’am--by all manes. I suppose you have a laise o’ -your life, that’s all. It’s what I wish I could get.” - -“An’ must I stay here in bed all day, an’ me able to rise, an’ sich -wilful waste as will go an too?” - -“Remember you’re warned. This is your first baby, God bless it, an’ spare -you both. But, Mrs Keho, does it stand to raison that you’re as good a -judge of these things as a woman like me, that it’s my business? I ax you -that, ma’am.” - -This poser in fact settled the question, not only by the reasonable force -of the conclusion to be derived from it, but by the cool authoritative -manner in which it was put. - -“Well,” said the other, “in that case, I suppose, I must give in. You -ought to know best.” - -“Thank you kindly, ma’am; have you found it out at last? No, but you -ought to put your two hands under my feet for preventin’ you from doin’ -what you intinded. That I may never sup sorrow, but it was as much as -your life was worth. Compose yourself; I’ll see that there’s no waste, -and that’s enough. Here, hould my son--why, thin, isn’t he the beauty o’ -the world, now that he has got his little dress upon him?--till I pin -up this apron across the windy; the light’s too strong for you. There -now: the light’s apt to give one a headache when it comes in full bint -upon the eyes that way. Come, alanna, come an now, till I show you to -your father an’ them all. Wurra, thin, Mrs Keho, darlin’,” (this was -said in a low confidential whisper, and in a playful wheedling tone -which baffles all description), “wurra, thin, Mrs Keho, darlin’, but -it’s he that’s the proud man, the proud Corny, this day. Rise your head -a little--aisy--there now, that’ll do--one kiss to my son, now, before -he laives his mammy, he says, for a weeny while, till he pays his little -respects to his daddy an’ to all his friends, he says, an’ thin he’ll -come back to mammy agin--to his own little bottle, he says.” - -Young Corny soon went the rounds of the whole family, from his father -down to the little herd-boy who followed and took care of the cattle. -Many were the jokes which passed between the youngsters on this -occasion--jokes which have been registered by such personages as Rose, -almost in every family in the kingdom, for centuries, and with which -most of the Irish people are too intimately and thoroughly acquainted to -render it necessary for us to repeat them here. - -Rose now addressed herself to the task of preparing breakfast, which, -in honour of the happy event, was nothing less than “tay, white bread, -and Boxty,” with a glass of poteen to sharpen the appetite. As Boxty, -however, is a description of bread not generally known to our readers, -we shall give them a sketch of the manner in which this Irish luxury is -made. A basket of the best potatoes is got, which are washed and peeled -raw; then is procured a tin grater, on which they are grated; the water -is then shired off them, and the macerated mass is put into a clean -sheet, or table-cloth, or bolster-cover. This is caught at each end by -two strong men, who twist it in opposite directions until the contortions -drive up the substance into the middle of the sheet, &c.; this of course -expels the water also; but lest the twisting should be insufficient for -that purpose, it is placed, like a cheese-cake, under a heavy weight, -until it is properly dried. They then knead it into cakes, and bake it on -a pan or griddle; and when eaten with butter, we can assure our readers -that it is quite delicious. - -The hour was now about nine o’clock, and the company asked to the -christening began to assemble. The gossips or sponsors were four in -number; two of them wealthy friends of the family that had never been -married, and the two others a simple country pair, who were anxious to -follow in the matrimonial steps of Corny and his wife. The rest were, as -usual, neighbours, relatives, and _cleaveens_, to the amount of sixteen -or eighteen persons, men, women, and children, all dressed in their best -apparel, and disposed to mirth and friendship. Along with the rest was -Bob M’Cann, the fool, who by the way could smell out a good dinner with -as keen a nostril as the wisest man in the parish could boast of, and who -on such occasions carried turf and water in quantities that indicated -the supernatural strength of a Scotch brownie rather than that of a -human being. Bob’s qualities, however, were well proportioned to each -other, for, truth to say, his appetite was equal to his strength, and his -cunning to either. - -Corny and Mrs Moan were in great spirits, and indeed we might predicate -as much of all who were present. Not a soul entered the house who was -not brought up by Corny to an out-shot room, as a private mark of his -friendship, and treated to an underhand glass of as good poteen “as ever -went down the red lane,” to use a phrase common among the people. Nothing -upon an occasion naturally pleasant gives conversation a more cheerful -impulse than this; and the consequence was, that in a short time the -scene was animated and mirthful to an unusual degree. - -Breakfast at length commenced in due form. Two bottles of whisky were -placed upon the table, and the first thing done was to administer a glass -to each guest. - -“Come, neighbours,” said Corny, “we must dhrink the good woman’s health -before we ate, especially as it’s the first time, any how.” - -“To be sure they will, achora, an’ why not? An’ if it’s the first time, -Corny, it won’t be the---- Musha! you’re welcome, Mrs ----! an’ jist in -time too”--this she said, addressing his mother-in-law, who then entered. -“Look at this swaddy, Mrs ----; my soul to happiness, but he’s fit to be -the son of a lord. Eh, a pet? Where was my darlin’? Corny, let me dip my -finger in the whisky till I rub his gums wid it. That’s my bully! Oh, -the heavens love it, see how it puts the little mouth about lookin’ for -it agin. Throth you’ll have the spunk in you yet, acushla, an’ it’s a -credit to the Kehos you’ll be, if you’re spared, as you will, plaise the -heavens!” - -“Well, Corny,” said one of the gossips, “here’s a speedy uprise an’ a -sudden recovery to the good woman, an’ the little sthranger’s health, an’ -God bless the baker that gives thirteen to the dozen, any how!” - -“Ay, ay, Paddy Rafferty, you’ll have your joke any way; an’, throth, -you’re welcome to it, Paddy; if you weren’t, it isn’t standin’ for young -Corny you’d be to-day.” - -“Thrue enough,” said Rose, “an’, by the dickens, Paddy isn’t the boy to -be long under an obligation to any one. Eh, Paddy, did I help you there, -avick? Aisy, childre; you’ll smother my son if you crush about him that -way.” This was addressed to some of the youngsters, who were pressing -round to look at and touch the infant. - -“It won’t be my fault if I do, Rose,” said Paddy, slyly eyeing Peggy -Betagh, then betrothed to him, who sat opposite, her dark eyes flashing -with repressed humour and affection. Deafness, however, is sometimes a -very convenient malady to young ladies, for Peggy immediately commenced -a series of playful attentions to the unconscious infant, which were -just sufficient to excuse her from noticing this allusion to their -marriage. Rose looked at her, then nodded comically to Paddy, shutting -both her eyes by way of a wink, adding aloud, “Throth you’ll be the -happy boy, Paddy; an’ woe betide you if you aren’t the sweetest end of -a honeycomb to her. Take care an’ don’t bring me upon you. Well, Peggy, -never mind, alanna; who has a betther right to his joke than the dacent -boy that’s--aisy, childre: saints above! but ye’ll smother the child, so -you will.--Where did I get him, Dinney? sure I brought him as a present -to Mrs Keho; I never come but I bring a purty little babby along wid -me--than the dacent boy, dear, that’s soon to be your lovin’ husband? -Arrah, take your glass, acushla; the sorrabarm it’ll do you.” - -“Bedad, I’m afeard, Mrs Moan. What if it ’ud get into my head, an’ me’s -to stand for my little godson? No, bad scran to me if I could--faix, a -glass ’ud be too many for me.” - -“It’s not more than half tilled, dear; but there’s sense in what the girl -says, Dandy, so don’t press it an her.” - -In the brief space allotted to us we could not possibly give any thing -like a full and correct picture of the happiness and hilarity which -prevailed at the breakfast in question. When it was over, they all -prepared to go to the parish chapel, which was distant at least a couple -of miles, the midwife staying at home to see that all the necessary -preparations were made for dinner. As they were departing, Rose took the -Dandy aside, and addressed him thus: - -“Now, Dandy, when you see the priest, tell him that it is your wish, -above all things, ‘that he should christen it against the fairies.’ If -you say that, it’s enough. And, Peggy, achora, come here. You’re not -carryin’ that child right, alanna; but you’ll know betther yet, plaise -goodness. No, avillish, don’t keep its little head so closely covered -wid your cloak; the day’s a burnin’ day, glory be to God, an’ the Lord -guard my child; sure the least thing in the world, where there’s too much -hait, ’ud smother my darlin’. Keep its head out farther, and just shade -its little face that way from the sun. Och, will I ever forget the Sunday -whin poor Molly M’Guigan wint to take Pat Feasthalagh’s child from under -her cloak to be christened, the poor infant was a corpse; an’ only that -the Lord put it into my head to have it privately christened, the father -an’ mother’s hearts would break. Glory be to God! Mrs Duggan, if the -child gets cross, dear, or misses any thing, act the mother by him, the -little man. Eh, alanna! where was it? Where was my duck o’ diamonds--my -little Con Roe? My own sweety little ace o’ hearts--eh, alanna! Well, God -keep it, till I see it again, the jewel!” - -Well, the child was baptized by the name of his father, and the persons -assembled, after their return from chapel, lounged about Corny’s house, -or took little strolls in the neighbourhood, until the hour of dinner. -This of course was much more convivial, and ten times more vociferous, -than the breakfast, cheerful as that meal was. At dinner they had a dish, -which we believe is, like the Boxty, peculiarly Irish in its composition: -we mean what is called _sthilk_. This consists of potatoes and beans -pounded up together in such a manner that the beans are not broken, and -on this account the potatoes are well champed before the beans are put -into them. This is dished in a large bowl, and a hole made in the middle -of it, into which a _miscaun_ or roll of butter is thrust, and then -covered up until it is melted. After this, every one takes a spoon and -digs away with his utmost vigour, dipping every morsel into the well of -butter in the middle, before he puts it into his mouth. Indeed, from the -strong competition which goes forward, and the rapid motion of each right -hand, no spectator could be mistaken in ascribing the motive of their -proceedings to the principle of the old proverb, devil take the hindmost. -_Sthilk_ differs from another dish made of potatoes in much the same way, -called _colcannon_. If there were beans, for instance, in _colcannon_, it -would be _sthilk_. This practice of many persons eating out of the same -dish, though Irish, and not cleanly, is of very old antiquity. Christ -himself mentions it at the Last Supper. Let us hope, however, that, -like the old custom which once prevailed in Ireland, of several persons -drinking at meals out of the same mether, the usage we speak of will soon -be replaced by one of more cleanliness and individual comfort. - -After dinner the whisky began to go round, for in these days punch was -a luxury almost unknown to the class we are writing of. In fact, nobody -there knew how to make it but the midwife, who wisely kept the secret -to herself, aware that if the whisky were presented to them in such a -palatable shape, they would not know when to stop, and she herself -might fall short of the snug bottle that is usually kept as a treat for -those visits which she continues to pay during the convalescence of her -patients. - -“Come, Rose,” said Corny, who was beginning to soften fast, “it’s your -turn now to thry a glass of what never seen wather.” “I’ll take the -glass, Dandy--deed will I--but the thruth is, I never dhrink it _hard_. -No, but I’ll jist take a drop o’ hot wather an’ a grain o’ sugar, an’ -scald it; that an’ as much carraway seeds us will lie upon a sixpence -does me good; for, God help me, the stomach isn’t at all sthrong wid me, -in regard of bein’ up so much at night, an’ deprived of my nathural rest.” - -“Rose,” said one of them, “is it thrue that you war called out one night, -an’ brought blindfoulded to some grand lady belongin’ to the quality?” - -“Wait, avick, till I make a drop o’ _wan-grace_[1] for the misthress, -poor thing; an’, Corny, I’ll jist throuble you for about a thimbleful o’ -spirits to take the smell o’ the wather off it. The poor creature, she’s -a little weak still, an’ indeed it’s wonderful how she stood it out; but, -my dear, God’s good to his own, an’ fits the back to the burden, praise -be to his name!” - -She then proceeded to scald the drop of spirits for herself, or, in other -words, to mix a good tumbler of ladies’ punch, making it, as the phrase -goes, hot, strong, and sweet--not forgetting the carraways, to give -it a flavour. This being accomplished, she made the wan-grace for Mrs -Keho, still throwing in a word now and then to sustain her part in the -conversation, which was now rising fast into mirth, laughter, and clamour. - -“Well, but, Rose, about the lady of quality, will you tell us that?” - -“Oh, many a thing happened me as well worth tellin’, if you go to that; -but I’ll tell it to you, childre, for sure the curiosity’s nathural to -yez. Why, I was one night at home an’ asleep, an’ I hears a horse’s foot -gallopin’ for the bare life up to the door. I immediately put my head -out, an’ the horseman says, ‘Are you Mrs Moan?’ - -‘That’s the name that’s an me, your honour,’ says myself. - -‘Dress yourself thin,’ says he, ‘for you’re sadly wanted; dress yourself -and mount behind me, for there’s not a moment to be lost!’ At the same -time I forgot to say that his hat was tied about his face in sich a way -that I couldn’t catch a glimpse of it. Well, my dear, we didn’t let the -grass grow undher our feet for about a mile or so. ‘Now,’ says he, ‘you -must allow yourself to be blindfoulded, an’ it’s useless to oppose it, -for it must be done. There’s the character, may be the life, of a great -lady at stake; so be quiet till I cover your eyes, or,’ says he, lettin’ -out a great oath, ‘it’ll be worse for you. I’m a desperate man;’ an’, -sure enough, I could feel the heart of him beatin’ undher his ribs, as -if it would burst in pieces. Well, my dears, what could I do in the -hands of a man that was strong and desperate. ‘So,’ says I, ‘cover my -eyes in welcome; only, for the lady’s sake, make no delay.’ Wid that he -dashed his spurs into the poor horse, an’ he foamin’ an’ smokin’ like a -lime-kiln already. Any way, in about half an hour I found myself in a -grand bedroom; an’ jist as I was put into the door, he whishpers me to -bring the child to him in the next room, as soon as it would be born. -Well, sure I did so, afther lavin’ the mother in a fair way. But what -’ud you have of it?--the first thing I see, lyin’ an the table, was a -purse of money an’ a case o’ pistols. Whin I looked at him, I thought the -devil, Lord guard us! was in his face, he looked so black and terrible -about the brows. ‘Now, my good woman,’ says he, ‘so far you’ve acted well, -but there’s more to be done yet. Take your choice of these two,’ says he, -‘this purse, or the contents o’ one o’ these pistols, as your reward. You -must murdher the child upon the spot.’ ‘In the name of God an’ his Mother, -be you man or devil, I defy you,’ says I; ‘no innocent blood ’ll ever be -shed by these hands.’ ‘I’ll give you ten minutes,’ says he, ‘to put an -end to that brat there;’ an’ wid that he cocked one o’ the pistols. My -dears, I had nothin’ for it but to say _in_ to myself a _pather_ an’ -_ave_ as fast as I could, for I thought it was all over wid me. However, -glory be to God! the prayers gave me great stringth, an’ I spoke stoutly. -‘Whin the king of Jerusalem,’ says I--‘an’ he was a greater man than ever -you’ll be--whin the king of Jerusalem ordhered the midwives of Aigyp to -put Moses to death, they wouldn’t do it, and God preserved them in spite -of him, king though he was,’ says I; ‘an’ from that day to this it was -never known that a midwife took away the life of the babe she aided into -the world--No, an’ I’m not goin’ to be the first that’ll do it.’ ‘The -time is out,’ says he, puttin’ the pistol to my ear, ‘but I’ll give you -one minute more.’ ‘Let me go to my knees first,’ says I; ‘an’ now may God -have mercy on my sowl, for, bad as I am, I’m willin’ to die, sooner than -commit murdher an the innocent.’ He gave a start as I spoke, an’ threw -the pistol down. ‘Ay,’ said he, ‘an the innocent--an the innocent--that -is thrue! But you are an extraordinary woman: you have saved that child’s -life, and previnted me from committing two great crimes, for it was my -intintion to murder you afther you had murdered it.’ I thin, by his -ordhers, brought the poor child to its mother, and whin I came back -to the room, ‘Take that purse,’ says he, ‘an’ keep it as a reward for -your honesty.’ ‘Wid the help o’ God,’ says I, ‘a penny of it will never -come into my company, so it’s no use to ax me.’ ‘Well,’ says he, ‘afore -you lave this, you must swear not to mintion to a livin’ sowl what has -happened this night, for a year and a day.’ It didn’t signify to me -whether I mintioned it or not; so being jack-indifferent about it, I tuck -the oath, and kept it. He thin bound my eyes agin, hoisted me up behind -him, an’ in a short time left me at home. Indeed, I wasn’t betther o’ the -start it tuck out o’ me for as good as six weeks afther!” - -The company now began to grow musical; several songs were sung; and -when the evening got farther advanced, a neighbouring fiddler was -sent for, and the little party had a dance in the barn, to which they -adjourned lest the noise might disturb Mrs Keho, had they held it in the -dwelling-house. Before this occurred, however, the “midwife’s glass” went -the round of the gossips, each of whom drank her health, and dropped some -silver, at the same time, into the bottom of it. It was then returned to -her, and with a smiling face she gave the following toast:--“Health to -the parent stock! So long as it thrives, there will always be branches! -Corny Keho, long life an’ good health to you an’ yours! May your son live -to see himself as happy as his father! Youngsters, here’s that you may -follow a good example! The company’s health in general I wish; an’, Paddy -Rafferty, that you may never have a blind child but you’ll have a lame -one to lead it!--ha! ha! ha! What’s the world widout a joke? I must see -the good woman an’ my little son afore I go; but as I won’t follow yez to -the barn, I’ll bid yez good night, neighbours, an’ the blessin’ of Rose -Moan be among yez!” - -And so also do we take leave of our old friend Rose Moan, the Irish -Midwife, who we understand took her last leave of the world only about a -twelvemonth ago. - -[1] A wan-grace is a kind of small gruel or meal tea sweetened with -sugar. - - - - -THE BAROMETZ, OR TARTAN LAMB. - - -Before steam and all the other facilities for travel had made us so -well acquainted with the productions of remote parts of the earth as we -are at present, every traveller on his return astonished his auditors -or the readers of his works with accounts of monsters which existed -only as the creations of his ingenuity, and to give importance to his -discoveries. One out of many which could be produced, and which, as -they may afford innocent amusement, we purpose from time to time to -bring under the notice of the readers of the Penny Journal, we lately -met with in an account of Struy’s Travels through Russia, Tartary, &c., -in the seventeenth century. The object of wonder was in this case the -Scythian or Tartarian lamb, a creature which, it was stated, sprang -from the ground like a plant, and, restrained to the spot on which it -was produced, devoured every vegetable production within its reach, and -was itself in turn eaten by the wolves of the country. This singular -production has since been found to be nothing more than a plant of the -fern tribe, the _Aspedium barometz_, found occasionally in arid plains, -where scarcely any other vegetable production can exist; it rises like -many others of the tree ferns with a rugged or shaggy stem; and the plant -having decayed or been uprooted by any accident, it is not impossible -that by means of a storm or otherwise it might be found supported on its -feet, namely, the stumps of the leaves; but that it pastured on other -plants, or was mistaken by the wolves for a lamb, although speculations -which the wonder-seeking traveller might be tempted to indulge in, it -need hardly be said are ornamental additions introduced to suit the taste -of the narrator, and to pander to that love of the marvellous which -prevailed in the age in which he lived. The following is his account of -this wonderful plant-animal:-- - -“On the western side of the Volga there is an elevated salt plain of -great extent, but wholly uncultivated and uninhabited. On this plain -(which furnishes all the neighbouring countries with salt) grows the -boranez, or bornitch. This wonderful plant has the shape and appearance -of a lamb, with feet, head, and tail distinctly formed. Boranez, in the -language of Muscovy, signifies a little lamb. Its skin is covered with -very white down, as soft as silk. The Tartars and Muscovites esteem it -highly, and preserve it with great care in their houses, where I have -seen many such lambs. The sailor who gave me one of those precious plants -found it in a wood, and had its skin made into an under-waistcoat. I -learned at Astrican from those who were best acquainted with the subject, -that the lamb grows upon a stalk about three feet high, that the part -by which it is sustained is a kind of navel, and that it turns itself -round, and bends down to reach the herbage which serves it for food. -They also said that it dries up and pines away when the grass fails. -To this I objected, that the languor and occasional withering might be -natural to it, as plants are accustomed to fade at certain times. To -this they replied, that they had also once thought so, but that numerous -experiments had proved the contrary to be the fact, such as cutting -away, or by other means corrupting or destroying the grass all around -it; after which they assured me that it fell into a languishing state -and decayed insensibly. These persons also added, that the wolves are -very fond of these vegetable lambs, and devour them with avidity, because -they resemble in taste the animals whose name they bear, and that in fact -they have bones, blood, and flesh, and hence they are called zoophytes, -or plant-animals. Many other things I was likewise told, which might, -however, appear scarcely probable to such as have not seen them.” - - M. - - * * * * * - -METHOD OF MAKING TAR AT ARCHANGEL.--They dig a hole in the ground, of -sufficient size, some two or three fathoms deep, and little more than -half way down they make a platform of wood, and thereon heap earth about -a foot deep, except in the middle, where a hole is left in the form of -a tunnel. They then fill the pit with fir billets piled up from the -platform, and rising about a fathom or more above ground, which part they -wall about with turf and clay to keep in the fire. They command the fire -by quenching: for which use they make a lixivium of the ashes of fir. -When all is ready, they set fire a-top, and keep the wood burning, but -very leisurely, till it has sunk within a foot or two of the partition; -and then they heave out the fire as fast as it is possible; for if it -once laid hold of the tar which is settled down into the lower pit, it -blows all up forthwith. These tar-pits take up a great deal of trouble, -and many men to tend them during the time of their burning, that the fire -may descend even and leisurely, whereby the tar may have time to soak out -of the wood, and settle down into the pit. As it comes from the wood it -is pure tar, but in the pit it mixes with water, which issues from the -wood also; therefore it is afterwards clarified.--_Life of Sir Dudley -North._ - - * * * * * - -AURORA BOREALIS.--According to Crantz, the Greenlanders hold the northern -lights for a game of tennis, or for a dance of departed souls; and this -opinion is not a whit more irrational than the superstition of the -oriental nations, the Greeks and Romans, and all the unenlightened people -of the middle ages, who, in the aurora borealis, and other fiery meteors, -saw fighting armies, flaming swords, chariots and spears, battles and -blood, and even thought that they heard the clashing of arms and the -sound of martial music. In the rainbow the ancient inhabitants of the -north discovered a bridge from earth to heaven, and called it the bridge -of the gods, which was watched by a dog, whom no art could elude, and -whose auditory faculty was such, that he could hear the grass grow or the -wool on the sheep’s back; the Kamschatkadales make of it a new garment -for their aërial spirits, edged with fringes of red-coloured seal-skin, -and leather thongs of various gaudy dyes. - - - - -THE ISLE OF SAINTS. - -“Primus ordo sanctissimus; secundus ordo sanctior; tertius sanctus. -Primus sicut sol ardescit; secundus sicut luna; tertius sicut -stellæ.”--See the ancient catalogue of the three classes of Irish saints, -as published by Usher and Lanigan. - - - There lived to Erin’s hallowed borders, - In days of yore, three saintly Orders. - And first, the simply HOLY:--They - Shed like the stars a flickering ray. - The second--HOLIER--poured a light - Moon-like, subdued and calmly bright. - The third, or HOLIEST of all, - Shone like the sun--or like Saint Paul. - - But, oh, the state of man’s unrest - In good!--the _last_ were first and best. - The _middle_ but a term between - The purest and the least serene; - Less than the greatest--greater far - Than those whose emblem is the star. - Waning they ran a downward race, - With fainter faith and lessening grace, - Till, reaching to the stage most lowly, - The least and latest were the Holy. - - Oh, that they there had staid!--that sin - Had, to this swept and garnished inn - Returning, found the entrance barred, - And Faith still keeping watch and ward!-- - Alas!--they slept in Ease’s bower; - They could not “watch one little hour.” - The stars their ineffectual light - In slumber sealed. The thief by night - Entered; and o’er the rich domain - Sowed tares among the better grain. - Sin flourished;--poverty and strife - Embittered all the charms of life; - And passion, with unbounded sway, - Swept sun and moon and stars away. - - And yet not ever such, sweet Isle, - Shall be thy fate. The stars shall smile - Again upon thy valleys green, - Again the moon shall beam serene - Upon thy mountains; and the bright - Celestial sun clothe thee with light, - With plenty bless, and warm and cheer - Thy long-delayed millenial year. - - Even now the sacred morning dawns, - The clouds are fleeting from thy lawns; - And, as light thickens in the sky, - Lo! Riot and Intemperance fly; - And chaste sobriety imparts - Her cup, and Industry his arts. - Peace, Love, and Holiness once more - Row their sweet ark towards thy shore; - And Heaven renews the favouring smile - That made thee once the SAINTLY ISLE. - - - - -ANIMAL CHARMING, OR THE SUBJUGATION OF ANIMALS BY MEANS OF CHARMS, -SPELLS, OR DRUGS. - -Third and Concluding Article. - - -In my last paper I endeavoured to show how exceedingly absurd and -unfounded was the notion of the Abbé Dubois and Denon, that the -serpent-charmers of India were and are a set of juggling impostors, -who practise on the credulity of the vulgar, and vainly set forward -pretensions to an art which has no actual existence, and which, -consequently, possesses no legitimate claims on the attention of the -philosophic inquirer. I now wish to bring all that I would observe upon -this very curious subject to a conclusion. I acknowledge my inability -to furnish my readers with a thorough explanation of the means by which -these wonders are performed, but I think I may be able, at all events, to -suggest such hints as may place them on the direct path to the attainment -of the knowledge they desire; after which, nothing will be necessary -but some degree of research and perseverance to afford them a complete -gratification of their wishes. - -It is evident, that whatever may be the supplementary means employed in -serpent-charming, music is necessary to its accomplishment. I should not -be satisfied on this point were it merely dependent upon the assertions -of the jugglers themselves, as in such case it might not unnaturally be -set down as a mere external cloak for some more important secret which -the performers did not wish to be discovered; and for this reason I made -the observation in my first article on this subject, that the precise -importance of the music in these operations was not as yet entirely -apparent. I wish it to be understood, however, that although the degree -of importance in which music should be held as an adjunct to the charming -of snakes, or as a primary part of the process, has not as yet been -ascertained by those who have investigated or endeavoured to investigate -the business, and published the results of their inquiries, I for my -part am fully satisfied on the subject. To return, however, to our more -immediate matter of discussion. - -Many have conceived that serpent-charming depends in the first instance -upon the snakes being previously deprived of their fangs, and thus -rendered innocuous. This opinion I have already demonstrated as palpably -erroneous. Others, again, hold that the jugglers possess a power, by -eating certain herbs, or chewing the leaves or roots of certain plants, -of rendering themselves proof against animal poisons. In order to render -themselves perfectly secure, it is said that their practice is to chew -the herbs, to inoculate various parts of their body with the juice, and -even bathe themselves in water in which these herbs have been steeped. -It is supposed that the bodies of the charmers thus become not merely -proof against the most deadly poison should they chance to be bitten, -but that those thus prepared exhale from their persons an odour which -produces a benumbing or stupifying effect upon the reptiles, and renders -them an easy capture. Whether or not it be true that such is the case, -we know that the Psylli not merely profess the power of charming snakes, -but also that of curing by spells, and the application of certain herbs, -such as have been bitten by them. We are informed by the historian and -biographer Plutarch, that Cato in his march through the desert took with -him many of those persons called Psylli (then a distinct tribe, though at -the present day that name is applied indiscriminately to all professing -the art of serpent-charming) to suck out the poison from the wounds of -any of his soldiers that might chance to be bitten by any of the numerous -venomous serpents which infested his route. The powers of the Psylli were -then always attributed to magic, and the performers themselves took care -to confirm that opinion by accompanying the application of remedies to -their patients with muttered spells or elaborately wrought and imposing -incantations. This is a testimony respecting the ancient repute in which -charmers were held, not lightly to be rejected. - -While some travellers are too sceptical, I have likewise to complain -that others are too credulous. For instance, while Dubois and Denon -scout the idea of serpents being charmed at all, Bruce asserts, and -that from minute personal observation, that all the blacks of Sennaar -are completely armed by nature against the bite of either scorpion or -viper. “They will,” says he, “take their horned snakes (there the most -common and one of the most fatal of the viper tribe) in their hands at -all times, put them in their bosoms, and throw them at one another as -children will balls or apples, during which sport the serpents are seldom -irritated to bite, or if they do, no mischief results from the wound.” Of -course it must be evident that Bruce in this instance ascribed rather too -much to the bounty of nature, and forgot how far art might have aided in -producing the appearance which astonished him. - -Don Pedro D’Orbies Y. Vargas, who published in the year 1791 the result -of a series of investigations he instituted to ascertain the secret on -which serpent-charming depended, informs us that it is also extensively -practised by the natives of South America, and that they produce the -wished-for end by means of a certain plant named the quacho-mithy, so -designated from its having been first observed to have been resorted -to by the serpent-hawk, or, as the bird is sometimes styled, the -“quacho-mithy,” and by it sucked, preparatory to its encounters with -the poisonous reptiles which it fought with and destroyed for its prey. -Taking the hint from the naturally and instinctively instructed bird, -the Indians chewed the plant thus discovered, and inoculated and washed -their bodies with its juice, rubbing it into punctures made in their -breasts, hands, and feet; and, thus prepared, they dreaded not the bite -of the most venomous snake. Don Pedro himself, and the domestics of -his household, used after these simple precautions to venture into the -thickest woods and the most dangerous meadows, and fearlessly seize in -their hands the largest and most poisonous serpents; the creatures seemed -as if under the influence of a sort of charm or fascination, and very -rarely attempted to bite; and at any rate, even if they did, no evil -consequence resulted from the wound beyond the temporary inconvenience -produced by the laceration of the flesh by the animals’ teeth. - -The same gentleman to whom I was indebted for the anecdote of the -encounter with the cobra de capella, mentioned in a preceding paper, -informed me that he had detected a snake-charmer in the act of chewing -and inoculating himself with some plant, the name or character of -which he could not however ascertain, though he offered the juggler a -considerable sum for the information. One of the leaves of this plant, -and the only one he saw, he states to have been of a long and narrow -form, with the sides indented or scolloped, somewhat like those of our -own common dandelion. - -Now, it appears to me by no means difficult of deduction from the -facts brought forward in this and the preceding papers on the same -subject, that the secret of the snake-charmers is dependent upon two -ingredients, viz, in the first place the employment of an antidote which -will not only mollify the effects of the reptiles’ venom, should the -experimenters happen to be bitten, but, from some peculiar odour which it -emits, stupify or intoxicate the snake, and indispose it from violence, -inclining it rather to appreciate the melody with which they are treating -it, and luxuriate in hearing of their fife; and, in the second place, the -sounds of music which the whole class of reptiles appear more or less to -be sensible of, and which will induce the serpents to quit their holes -when they come within the sphere of the influence of the intoxicating -odour, and, abandoning themselves to its effects, fall into a state -of temporary oblivion, and are taken captive. We ourselves are well -acquainted with several substances which are capable of producing upon -such creatures as we are conversant with in these islands, effects no -less astonishing than those produced upon the snakes by the charmers of -India or South America. It is, for instance, a very common thing, and -an experiment I have not only often seen tried, but have tried myself -dozens of times, and that with success, to charm trout, perch, or roach, -with assafœtida. If you sprinkle this substance, finely powdered, upon -the surface of the water, you will presently see the fish crowding to -the spot; and even if you rub your hands well with it, and, gradually -approaching the water, gently immerse them in it, you will ere long find -the fish attracted towards you, and, losing their natural timidity, -actually permit themselves to be taken. Many have imagined that it was -upon the use of a certain drug that the wonderful power possessed and -successfully exerted by Sullivan, the whisperer, depended; but for my -part I think the circumstance of Sullivan’s son having been unable -to produce similar effects, although instructed by his father in the -mystery, is sufficient to show that Sullivan’s trick depended upon some -means less certain in operation than the mere employment of a drug would -be, and in which mechanical dexterity and personal bearing occupied -places of no mean importance. - -Rat-catchers used formerly to employ certain drugs, or combinations of -them, to collect these vermin into one place, and thus destroy them -wholesale, or to entice them into the trap; and it has been pretended by -some worthy members of this ancient and mystic calling, that they are -possessed of secrets by which they can, if they please, draw away all the -rats from any premises on which they may be employed. I have, however, -sought after the most _talented_ living professors of rat-catching, -and I cannot say I have ever witnessed miracles equal to that. I have, -however, _seen_ a trap placed in a cellar haunted by rats, and left -there all night, filled next morning with these vermin to the number of -thirty, and surrounded by a host of others, who actually could not enter -from want of room! I have _seen_ a tame white rat smeared with a certain -composition, let loose in a vault, and in less than half an hour return, -followed by at least half a dozen others, who appeared so enamoured of -the white-coloured decoy, or of some scent that hung about him, that -they suffered themselves to be taken alive in the rat-catcher’s hand, -and never so much as offer to bite. I purchased this secret from an old -rat-catcher, and have much pleasure in communicating it to the public, -and more especially to the discriminating patrons of the Irish Penny -Journal. It consists of the following simple preparation:-- - - Powdered assafœtida 2 grains. - Essential oil of rhodium 3 drachms. - Essential oil of lavender 1 scruple. - Oil of aniseed 1 drachm. - -Let the assafœtida be first well triturated with the aniseed, then add -the oil of rhodium, still continuing to rub the material well up together -in a mortar, after which add the oil of lavender, and cork up the mixture -in a close bottle until required. The method of employing this receipt is -very simple, and consists merely in smearing the decoy rat with it, in -mixing a few drops of it with a little flour or starch, and employing the -paste thus formed as a bait for the trap; and if you anoint your hands -with this mixture, you may put them into a cage full of rats without -the slightest danger of a bite. I have done so repeatedly myself, and -never got bitten unless when I had prepared the composition improperly, -or displayed timidity in proceeding to handle the animals--a defect of -demeanour which appears capable of counteracting the working of the charm. - -The liking which rats exhibit for the perfume produced by the above -simple composition is truly wonderful, but will be readily admitted, -even while as yet its efficacy remains untested, by any person who has -witnessed the passion exhibited by cats for valerian, or of dogs for -galbanum, and after much consideration and attentive observation I have -come to the conclusion that the effects produced by different substances -upon these animals have a common origin, viz., in the peculiar odour -calling into play the sexual appetite, and that too in a more than -commonly energetic manner; of course I only mean to apply this latter -observation to the case of dogs, rats, and cats. I have no intention -of thus seeking to explain away the effect produced upon serpents -or fishes by certain odours, accompanied by music; indeed, in these -instances I should rather ascribe the effects produced to a sort of -intoxicating, fascinating influence, bearing no distant resemblance to -the power exercised towards other animals by many of the serpent tribe -themselves. The fascination of the rattle-snake, for example, seems in a -great measure to depend upon the agency of a certain intoxicating odour -which the reptile has the power of producing at pleasure. In support of -this opinion I may adduce the testimony of Major A. Gordon, who thus -explains the fascination of serpents in a paper read before the New York -Historical Society. He adduced various facts in support of his opinions, -and amongst the rest mentions a negro, who could by smell alone discover -a rattle-snake when in the exercise of this power, at the distance of -two hundred feet, and who, following such indications, never failed of -finding some poor animal drawn within its vortex, and in vain struggling -with the irresistible influence. By no means remotely allied to charming -and fascination would appear to be that mysterious and as yet doubtful -power, animal magnetism, a subject on which I shall not dilate, as it -hardly falls within the limits indicated by the heading of this paper, -which has now run to a length considerably greater than I contemplated -at starting; and consequently I think it time to take my leave, trusting -I have at least given a clue to the great secret on which depends the -magical influence of the serpent-charmer. - - H. D. R. - - - - -WHY DO ROOTS GROW DOWNWARDS, AND STEMS TOWARDS THE HEAVENS? - -Second Article. - - -Our readers may remember a very simple experiment, but pregnant with -important results, which we described in our former article: namely, -if an onion plant, exposed to day light, be laid horizontally on the -ground, the extremities of the stem and roots will in the course of a -few hours turn themselves in their natural directions, the one upwards -and the other downwards; if a similar plant be placed in a dark cellar, -to which no light has access, the same things will take place; but that -which happens in a few hours in the one instance, will require as many -days in the other. From this experiment we were led to conclude that in -the production of the proper directions of stems and roots, two classes -of causes operate, namely, the light; and, secondly, some other principle -distinct from light. Our former article was devoted to the explanation -of the manner in which light causes stems to ascend, and roots to -descend; we shall now endeavour to investigate that other principle, less -powerful, but more universal, which shares in the production of the same -phenomena. - -If the flower stalk of the common dandelion be split vertically into a -number of portions, each of these will be seen, spontaneously, to curl -outwards; the same tendency must be familiar to every one in celery -dressed for the table; if the root of the dandelion be split vertically -into two or more parts, these will likewise be found to curve, but in a -contrary direction from those of the stem; they will curl inwards. We -thus find that all the portions of stem placed round the central axis -have a natural tendency to curl outwards; while all the portions of root -round the central axis have a tendency to curl inwards. The stem may be -therefore considered as consisting of a number of springs placed round a -central axis, and all endeavouring to burst away from each other; while -the root, in a like manner, may be regarded as composed of a number of -springs placed round a central axis, and all pressing against each other. -These natural tendencies are overcome, in the living plant, by the mutual -cohesion of these parts or springs; but when this cohesion is removed by -the knife, their influence becomes acknowledged. - -Now, if we imagine a number of springs, all of equal strength, and either -dragging away from each other or pressing together, it will be easily -understood that in such cases perfect equilibrium should result: for, of -two springs pulling in opposite directions, for either to overcome, it -is necessary that one should be the more powerful; and the same applies -to springs pressing against each other. As long, therefore, as a stem -consists of a number of equal springs, all endeavouring to burst away -from each other, its direction will be in a straight line; and as long -as a root is composed of equal springs pressing towards each other, its -direction, likewise, will be straight. - -If a stem or root be placed for a certain length of time in a horizontal -position, the peculiar tendency to curvation of its parts will become -modified. If a stem which has been thus treated be split along its axis, -the part which, while it was in a horizontal position, was superior, will -have its tendency to curl outwards increased; while that which was under -the same circumstances inferior, will have its tendency to curl outwards -diminished. If a root be placed, during a certain period, horizontally, -and then split along its axis, the superior portion will be found to have -its tendency to curl inwards increased, while the inferior portion will -have the same tendency diminished. A horizontal position is therefore -found to increase the peculiar tendencies to curvation of the superior -parts of stems and roots, and to lessen those of the inferior half. - -Now, we have already ascertained that while equal springs either pull -against or press towards each other, equilibrium is obtained; but if -from any cause the springs become unequal, the greater power may be -expected to overcome the less. When a stem or root has been kept for -some time horizontally, the upper half has its elastic power increased, -while the spring of the most depending portion has become diminished; -we have therefore now springs of unequal power placed round a central -axis, the superior being rendered more energetic, while their antagonists -have become weakened; it is reasonable, therefore, to expect that the -respective directions of roots and stems under such circumstances should -be obedient to the excess of elasticity which the upper half has acquired -over the lower; in other words, these stems and roots ought to direct -themselves in accordance with the natural tendencies of the superior -springs which enter into the structure of these organs. Now, the superior -springs of the stems have a natural tendency to curl outwards, or when -placed horizontally, upwards; and the superior half of the root has an -equally natural tendency to curl inwards, or, when placed horizontally, -downwards. Need we be surprised, therefore, if in obedience to these more -powerful springs the stems and roots of vegetables shall (as experience -shows us they will do) curve, after having been placed for some time in a -horizontal position, the former upward and the latter downward? - -Let us now endeavour to explain the causes which produce these peculiar -and different tendencies to curvation of stems and roots, and for this -purpose it will be necessary for us to premise, that the fleshy substance -which constitutes the basis of vegetable structure is composed of a -multitude of little vesicles or cells, each perfectly distinct in itself, -and merely adhering by its external surface with those surrounding it, -while it contains a thick syrupy liquid; these cells, although pressed to -a certain extent against each other, are not so closely approached as to -obliterate completely the spaces existing between them, so that little -passages, called intercellular passages, continue to remain, during the -life of the plant, between the cells through which the ascending sap -rises in its passage to the buds. This ascending sap is not so viscid -a liquid as that contained in the cells: thus, the syrupy contents of -the latter must, according to the principle of endosmose described in -a previous article, absorb into the cells the ascending sap, in a way -similar to that whereby syrup placed in a bladder, immersed in a basin -of water, will attract the latter liquid through the membrane, until the -bladder be filled. While the sap continues to ascend, therefore, the -cells must necessarily continue swollen in proportion to their size. - -If we examine the relative size of the cells in stems and roots, we -will meet with a remarkable phenomenon: in stems the largest cells are -situated towards the centre; but on the contrary, in roots, the largest -cells are placed near the circumference. Now, we have ascertained in -the preceding paragraph that all the cells have a tendency to swell in -proportion to their size: it follows that the central cells of stems -and the circumferential cells of roots possess the greatest tendency to -swell. The centre of a stem has therefore greater elasticity than the -circumference, while the circumference of a root has greater elasticity -than the centre. When this elasticity in either case is permitted to -exert itself by means of a vertical section, it causes each half of the -stem to curl outwards, and each half of the root to curl inwards. If the -influence of endosmose be acknowledged, the explanation is perfect. - -But it may be said, what proof have we that endosmose operates in these -cases? An experiment instituted by Dutrochet, and repeated by the writer -of this article, sufficiently demonstrates its influence. A plant of -dandelion was immersed in syrup, and after a certain time the root and -stalk were severally split in a vertical direction: the tendencies to -incurvation of these organs were now seen to be completely changed from -what they are under ordinary circumstances; the parts of the stalk curled -inwards, those of the root outwards: this was exactly what might be -expected, if we suppose endosmose to be the cause of these phenomena; -placed in syrup, this thick fluid attracted liquid out of the cells, -which consequently shrunk in place of expanding; and the larger cells -contracting more than the smaller, the former elasticities became -reversed. - -It remains to be seen why it is that when roots and stems are planted -for some time in a horizontal position, the proper elasticities of the -superior parts become increased, while those of the inferior become -diminished. These phenomena can be explained by recollecting that the -ascending sap is a heterogeneous fluid, composed of mucilage and syrup, -mixed with light water and carbonic acid, which have been drawn up -unchanged from the extremities of the roots, and are destined to escape, -or undergo decomposition in the leaves. It is not difficult to imagine -that this heterogeneous fluid contained in the intercellular passages -should be subjected to the influence of gravity; if this be admitted, -we can then understand how in a horizontal root or stem the heavier and -more viscid portion of the sap should descend into the inferior half, -and the lighter ascend between the cells of the superior half; endosmose -will take place in proportion to the difference of density between the -liquid in the intercellular passages and that contained in the cells; -therefore it will take place more energetically in the superior half, -where is the lighter fluid; and as the elasticity depends upon the -energy of endosmose, the upper portion will, according to its nature, -curve with greater force, while the elasticity of the lower part will be -lessened. This explanation acquires increased weight from the fact that -the specific gravity of the most depending portions of stems and roots -growing horizontally in the dark, is greater than that of the upper. - -But we have stronger arguments in favour of the supposition that gravity -is essentially connected with the several directions of stems and roots. -These directions take place naturally in the “line of gravity,” that -is, parallel to a line drawn from the centre of the mass towards the -centre of the earth; at the same time it is to be remarked, that although -roots grow in the direction of gravity, that is, towards the centre of -the earth, stems grow in exactly the opposite way. An experiment made -by Mr Knight has been repeated by different philosophers, to determine -whether these directions of stems and roots bear to other physical laws -the same relation they do to gravity. Seeds permitted to germinate in -wet moss were attached to the circumference of a wheel made to revolve -constantly in a vertical manner; under these circumstances the roots grew -outwards, away from the circumference of the wheel, and the stems towards -its centre; the roots were thus found to obey the centrifugal force, -and the stems the centripetal; but while the wheel revolved vertically, -gravity and the centrifugal force were operating in the same direction. -It was necessary to cause them to act in different directions, and for -this purpose the wheel was made to revolve horizontally: in this case -the centrifugal force acted at right angles to the line of gravity, and -it was accordingly found, in obedience to the law of the composition of -forces, that the roots no longer grew towards the centre of the earth, -nor towards the circumference of the wheel, but in a plane between these -two forces; and the angle which they formed with the line of gravity -could be rendered more or less acute by increasing or diminishing the -velocity with which the wheel rotated. It was thus made evident that -roots and stems were influenced by physical laws, although growing in -opposite directions. - -We have thus shown why roots grow downwards and stems towards the -heavens: in the dark these things arise through the influence of gravity -controlling endosmose, and thus producing the proper incurvations of the -parts of stems and roots. Under the influence of light the same phenomena -more energetically arise from the agency of this element over vegetable -growth. - - J. A. - - - - -THE LADY WITH THE SPECTACLES. - - -Beauty in spectacles is like Cupid in knee breeches, or the Graces with -pocket handkerchiefs--an excrescence of refinement; an innovation of the -ideas which spiritualize woman into a goddess; a philosophical blossom -of the “march of mind.” Beauty in spectacles! and has it come to this? -Burke said that the age of chivalry was past, and publishers say that -the age of poetry has followed it; powder and periwigs destroyed the -one, and spectacles have gone far to annihilate the other. Think of the -queen of beauty of some tournament--thanks to my Lord Eglintoun for -making such words familiar to us--looking on the encountering knights -through a patent pair of spectacles!--picture to yourself a beautiful -and romantic young lady parting from her lover, taking the “first long -lingering kiss of love,” as pretty Miss Pardoe terms it, and just imagine -the figure the spectacles would cut in such an encounter; think of Mary -Queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Scott’s “Jewess,” or Shakspeare’s “Lady -Macbeth,” with such appendages! I think of a heroine in a novel taking -off her spectacles to shed “salt tears” for her lover’s absence, or in -the emotion of a distressing juncture throwing herself at the feet of -some obdurate tyrant, breaking the lenses of her “sight preservers;” -think of all this, and judge of the effect which spectacles, as an -ornament, have upon romance. Beauty has three stages--the coy, the -dignified, and the intellectual. The first exists until about twenty, -the second until twenty-five, and the last until beauty has made unto -itself wings and flown away. It is in this last stage that women wear -spectacles. The symptoms of spectacles begin at an early age. The young -Miss has a primness, a staidness, and a miniature severity of aspect, at -variance from her years. They never seem young; there is no freshness -of heart in them: they become women faster than other girls, and become -old faster than other women; they are remarkable for thin lips, sharp -noses, and white artificial teeth. They are walking strictures upon -human life--bleak visions of philosophy in petticoats--daughters, not it -would seem of love, but of Fellows of the Royal Society! They are fond -of phrenology and meetings of scientific associations. They like a good -pew in church, and write long letters to their unfortunate “friends in -the country.” They are generally spinsters, or, if married, motherless. -No young wife with “six small children” ever wore spectacles. They go a -good deal into company, where they are seen seated on sofas talking to -ladies older than themselves, or turning over the leaves of a book, and -with interesting abstraction poring over it. They dance quadrilles, but -never waltz. Heaven and earth! think of a pair of spectacles whirling -in a waltz. They have a genius for the “scholastic profession,” and -frequently exercise it as amateurs “never eat suppers;” and are, many of -them, members of the Horticultural Society. The lady with the spectacles! -Half a century ago this would have been understood to refer to some -one stricken in years, but now-a-days infirmity of eye-sight has been -raised to the rank of a charm. The moment spectacles become really -useful they are abandoned; it is the harmonious combination of youth and -short-sightedness which gives beauty to the guise. Intense interest is -expected to be felt towards her, who, still young and lovely, abandons -the frivolities of her sex for the calm secluded pleasures of intellect. -This is the point our heroines aim at. But we have done with them. They -may be very good in their way, but their ways are not as our ways. -Flirts, coquettes, prudes, and a host of other orders into which the -sex are classified, have their failings, but they, at least, are women; -while the “lady with the spectacles” seems hardly a daughter of Eve, -but a mysterious being; a new creation, come into the world to gladden -the lovers of modern science, and patronise the house of Solomons and -Co.--_Court Gazette._ - - * * * * * - -MARRIAGE.--It is the happiest and most virtuous state of society, in -which the husband and wife set out early together, make their property -together, and with perfect sympathy of soul graduate all their expenses, -plans, calculations and desires, with reference to their present -means, and to their future and common interest. Nothing delights me -more than to enter the neat little tenement of the young couple, who -within perhaps two or three years, without any resources but their own -knowledge or industry, have joined heart and hand, and engage to share -together the responsibilities, duties, interests, trials, and pleasures -of life. The industrious wife is cheerfully employing her own hands in -domestic duties, putting her house in order, or mending her husband’s -clothes, or preparing the dinner, whilst, perhaps, the little darling -sits prattling upon the floor, or lies sleeping in the cradle--and -everything seems preparing to welcome the happiest of husbands and the -best of fathers, when he shall come from his toil to enjoy the sweets -of his little paradise. This is the true domestic pleasure, the “only -bliss that survived the fall.” Health, contentment, love, abundance, -and bright prospects, are all here. But it has become a prevalent -sentiment, that a man must acquire his fortune before he marries--that -the wife must have no sympathy, nor share with him in the pursuit of -it, in which most of the pleasure truly consists; and the young married -people must set out with as large and expensive an establishment as is -becoming those who have been wedded for 20 years. This is very unhappy. -It fills the community with bachelors, who are waiting to make their -fortunes, endangering virtue and promoting vice--it destroys the true -economy and design of the domestic institution, and it promotes idleness -and inefficiency among females, who are expecting to be taken up by a -fortune, and passively sustained, without any care or concern on their -part--and thus many a wife becomes, as a gentleman once remarked, not a -“help-mate,” but a “help-eat.”--_Winslow._ - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser. No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; SLOCOMBE and - SIMMS, Leeds; J. MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID - ROBERTSON, Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -40, April 3, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, APRIL 3, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55181-0.txt or 55181-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/8/55181/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 40, April 3, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 23, 2017 [EBook #55181] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, APRIL 3, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 40.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, APRIL 3, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/christening.jpg" width="500" height="450" alt="A christening scene" /> -</div> - -<h2>THE IRISH MIDWIFE, <span class="smcap">Part III</span>.—DANDY KEHO’S CHRISTENING.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY WILLIAM CARLETON.</span></h2> - -<p>The following Sunday morning, Rose paid an early visit to -her patient, for, as it was the day of young Dandy’s christening, -her presence was considered indispensable. There is, -besides, something in the appearance and bearing of a midwife -upon those occasions which diffuses a spirit of buoyancy and -light-heartedness not only through the immediate family, but -also through all who may happen to participate in the ceremony, -or partake of the good cheer. In many instances it is -known that the very presence of a medical attendant communicates -such a cheerful confidence to his patient, as, independently -of any prescription, is felt to be a manifest relief. So -is it with the midwife; with this difference, that she exercises -a greater and more comical latitude of consolation than the -doctor, although it must be admitted that the one generally -falls woefully short of that conventional dress with which we -cover nudity of expression. No doubt many of her very -choicest stock jokes, to carry on the metaphor, are a little too -<em>fashionably</em> dressed to pass current out of the sphere in which -they are used; but be this as it may, they are <em>so</em> traditional in -character, and so humorous in conception, that we never -knew the veriest prude to feel offended, or the morosest temperament -to maintain its sourness, at their recital. Not that -she is at all gross or unwomanly in any thing she may say, -but there is generally in her apothegms a passing touch of -fancy—a quick but terse vivacity of insinuation, at once so -full of fun and sprightliness, and that truth which all know -but few like to acknowledge, that we defy any one not irretrievably -gone in some incurable melancholy to resist her -humour. The moment she was seen approaching the house, -every one in it felt an immediate elevation of spirits, with the -exception of Mrs Keho herself, who knew that wherever -Rose had the arrangement of the bill of fare, there was sure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> -to be what the Irish call “full an’ plinty”—“lashins an’ -lavins”—a fact which made her groan in spirit at the bare -contemplation of such waste and extravagance. She was -indeed a woman of a very un-Irish heart—so sharp in her temper -and so penurious in soul, that one would imagine her veins -were filled with vinegar instead of blood.</p> - -<p>“<i lang="ga">Banaght Dheah in shoh</i>” (the blessing of God be here), -Rose exclaimed on entering.</p> - -<p>“<i lang="ga">Banaght Dheah agus Murra ghuid</i>” (the blessing of God -and the Virgin on you), replied Corny, “an’ you’re welcome, -Rose ahagur.”</p> - -<p>“I know that, Corny. Well, how are we?—how is my son?”</p> - -<p>“Begarra, thrivin’ like a pair o’ throopers.”</p> - -<p>“Thank God for it! Hav’n’t we a good right to be grateful -to him any way? An’ is my little man to be christened -to-day?”</p> - -<p>“Indeed he is—the gossips will be here presently, an’ so -will <em>her</em> mother. But, Rose, dear, will you take the ordherin’ -of the aitin’ an’ drinkin’ part of it?—you’re betther up to these -things than we are, an’ so you ought, of coorse. Let there -be no want of any thing; an’ if there’s an overplush, sorra -may care; there’ll be poor mouths enough about the door for -whatever’s left. So, you see, keep never mindin’ any hint <em>she</em> -may give you—you know she’s a little o’ the closest; but no -matther. Let there, as I said, be enough an’ to spare.”</p> - -<p>“Throth, there spoke your father’s son, Corny; all the -ould dacency’s not dead yet, any how. Well, I’ll do my best. -But she’s not fit to be up, you know, an’ of coorse can’t disturb -us.” The expression of her eye could not be misunderstood -as she uttered this. “I see,” said Corny—“devil a -betther, if you manage that, all’s right.”</p> - -<p>“An’ now I must go in, till I see how she an’ my son’s -gettin’ an: that’s always my first start; bekase you know, -Corny, honey, that <em>their</em> health goes afore every thing.”</p> - -<p>Having thus undertaken the task required of her, she passed -into the bedroom of Mrs Keho, whom she found determined -to be up, in order, as she said, to be at the head of her own -table.</p> - -<p>“Well, alanna, if you must, you must; but in the name of -goodness I wash my hands out of the business teetotally. -Dshk, dshk, dshk! Oh, wurra! to think of a woman in your -state risin’ to sit at her own table! That I may never, if I’ll -see it, or be about the place at all. If you take your life by -your own wilfulness, why, God forgive you; but it mustn’t -be while I’m here. But since you’re bent on it, why, give me -the child, an’ afore I go, any how, I may as well dress it, -poor thing! The heavens pity it—my little man—eh?—where -was it?—cheep—that’s it, a ducky; stretch away. -Aye stretchin’ an’ thrivin’ an, my son! Oh, thin, wurra! Mrs -Keho, but it’s you that ought to ax God’s pardon for goin’ to -do what might lave that darlin’ o’ the world an orphan, may -be. Arrah be the vestments, if I can have patience wid you. -May God pity you, my child. If anything happened your mother, -what ’ud become of you, and what ’ud become of your -poor father this day? Dshk, dshk, dshk!” These latter -sounds, exclamations of surprise and regret, were produced -by striking the tongue against that part of the inward gum -which covers the roots of the teeth.</p> - -<p>“Indeed, Rose,” replied her patient, in her sharp, shrill, quick -voice, “I’m able enough to get up; if I don’t, we’ll be harrished. -Corny’s a fool, an’ it’ll be only rap an’ rive wid every one in -the place.”</p> - -<p>“Wait, ma’am, if you plaise. Where’s his little barrow? -Ay, I have it. Wait, ma’am, if you plaise, till I get the child -dressed, an’ I’ll soon take myself out o’ this. Heaven presarve -us! I have seen the like o’ this afore—ay have I—where -it was as clear as crystal <em>that there was something -over them</em>—ay, over them that took their own way as you’re -doin’.”</p> - -<p>“But if I don’t get up”——</p> - -<p>“Oh, by all manes, ma’am—by all manes. I suppose you -have a laise o’ your life, that’s all. It’s what I wish I could -get.”</p> - -<p>“An’ must I stay here in bed all day, an’ me able to rise, -an’ sich wilful waste as will go an too?”</p> - -<p>“Remember you’re warned. This is your first baby, God -bless it, an’ spare you both. But, Mrs Keho, does it stand to -raison that you’re as good a judge of these things as a woman -like me, that it’s my business? I ax you that, ma’am.”</p> - -<p>This poser in fact settled the question, not only by the -reasonable force of the conclusion to be derived from it, but -by the cool authoritative manner in which it was put.</p> - -<p>“Well,” said the other, “in that case, I suppose, I must -give in. You ought to know best.”</p> - -<p>“Thank you kindly, ma’am; have you found it out at last? -No, but you ought to put your two hands under my feet -for preventin’ you from doin’ what you intinded. That -I may never sup sorrow, but it was as much as your life -was worth. Compose yourself; I’ll see that there’s no waste, -and that’s enough. Here, hould my son—why, thin, isn’t he -the beauty o’ the world, now that he has got his little dress -upon him?—till I pin up this apron across the windy; the -light’s too strong for you. There now: the light’s apt to give one -a headache when it comes in full bint upon the eyes that way. -Come, alanna, come an now, till I show you to your father -an’ them all. Wurra, thin, Mrs Keho, darlin’,” (this was said -in a low confidential whisper, and in a playful wheedling tone -which baffles all description), “wurra, thin, Mrs Keho, darlin’, -but it’s he that’s the proud man, the proud Corny, this -day. Rise your head a little—aisy—there now, that’ll do—one -kiss to my son, now, before he laives his mammy, he says, for -a weeny while, till he pays his little respects to his daddy an’ -to all his friends, he says, an’ thin he’ll come back to -mammy agin—to his own little bottle, he says.”</p> - -<p>Young Corny soon went the rounds of the whole family, -from his father down to the little herd-boy who followed and -took care of the cattle. Many were the jokes which passed -between the youngsters on this occasion—jokes which have -been registered by such personages as Rose, almost in -every family in the kingdom, for centuries, and with which -most of the Irish people are too intimately and thoroughly -acquainted to render it necessary for us to repeat them -here.</p> - -<p>Rose now addressed herself to the task of preparing breakfast, -which, in honour of the happy event, was nothing -less than “tay, white bread, and Boxty,” with a glass of poteen -to sharpen the appetite. As Boxty, however, is a description -of bread not generally known to our readers, we shall -give them a sketch of the manner in which this Irish luxury is -made. A basket of the best potatoes is got, which are -washed and peeled raw; then is procured a tin grater, on -which they are grated; the water is then shired off them, and -the macerated mass is put into a clean sheet, or table-cloth, or -bolster-cover. This is caught at each end by two strong -men, who twist it in opposite directions until the contortions -drive up the substance into the middle of the sheet, &c.; this -of course expels the water also; but lest the twisting should -be insufficient for that purpose, it is placed, like a cheese-cake, -under a heavy weight, until it is properly dried. They then -knead it into cakes, and bake it on a pan or griddle; and when -eaten with butter, we can assure our readers that it is quite -delicious.</p> - -<p>The hour was now about nine o’clock, and the company -asked to the christening began to assemble. The gossips or -sponsors were four in number; two of them wealthy friends -of the family that had never been married, and the two others -a simple country pair, who were anxious to follow in the matrimonial -steps of Corny and his wife. The rest were, as -usual, neighbours, relatives, and <i lang="ga">cleaveens</i>, to the amount of -sixteen or eighteen persons, men, women, and children, all -dressed in their best apparel, and disposed to mirth and friendship. -Along with the rest was Bob M’Cann, the fool, who -by the way could smell out a good dinner with as keen a -nostril as the wisest man in the parish could boast of, and -who on such occasions carried turf and water in quantities -that indicated the supernatural strength of a Scotch brownie -rather than that of a human being. Bob’s qualities, however, -were well proportioned to each other, for, truth to say, -his appetite was equal to his strength, and his cunning to -either.</p> - -<p>Corny and Mrs Moan were in great spirits, and indeed -we might predicate as much of all who were present. Not -a soul entered the house who was not brought up by Corny -to an out-shot room, as a private mark of his friendship, -and treated to an underhand glass of as good poteen “as -ever went down the red lane,” to use a phrase common among -the people. Nothing upon an occasion naturally pleasant -gives conversation a more cheerful impulse than this; and the -consequence was, that in a short time the scene was animated -and mirthful to an unusual degree.</p> - -<p>Breakfast at length commenced in due form. Two bottles -of whisky were placed upon the table, and the first thing -done was to administer a glass to each guest.</p> - -<p>“Come, neighbours,” said Corny, “we must dhrink the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> -good woman’s health before we ate, especially as it’s the first -time, any how.”</p> - -<p>“To be sure they will, achora, an’ why not? An’ if it’s -the first time, Corny, it won’t be the—— Musha! you’re welcome, -Mrs ——! an’ jist in time too”—this she said, addressing -his mother-in-law, who then entered. “Look at this -swaddy, Mrs ——; my soul to happiness, but he’s fit to be -the son of a lord. Eh, a pet? Where was my darlin’? -Corny, let me dip my finger in the whisky till I rub his -gums wid it. That’s my bully! Oh, the heavens love it, see -how it puts the little mouth about lookin’ for it agin. Throth -you’ll have the spunk in you yet, acushla, an’ it’s a credit to -the Kehos you’ll be, if you’re spared, as you will, plaise the -heavens!”</p> - -<p>“Well, Corny,” said one of the gossips, “here’s a speedy -uprise an’ a sudden recovery to the good woman, an’ the little -sthranger’s health, an’ God bless the baker that gives -thirteen to the dozen, any how!”</p> - -<p>“Ay, ay, Paddy Rafferty, you’ll have your joke any way; -an’, throth, you’re welcome to it, Paddy; if you weren’t, it -isn’t standin’ for young Corny you’d be to-day.”</p> - -<p>“Thrue enough,” said Rose, “an’, by the dickens, Paddy -isn’t the boy to be long under an obligation to any one. Eh, -Paddy, did I help you there, avick? Aisy, childre; you’ll -smother my son if you crush about him that way.” This was -addressed to some of the youngsters, who were pressing -round to look at and touch the infant.</p> - -<p>“It won’t be my fault if I do, Rose,” said Paddy, slyly -eyeing Peggy Betagh, then betrothed to him, who sat opposite, -her dark eyes flashing with repressed humour and affection. -Deafness, however, is sometimes a very convenient -malady to young ladies, for Peggy immediately commenced a -series of playful attentions to the unconscious infant, which -were just sufficient to excuse her from noticing this allusion -to their marriage. Rose looked at her, then nodded comically -to Paddy, shutting both her eyes by way of a wink, -adding aloud, “Throth you’ll be the happy boy, Paddy; an’ -woe betide you if you aren’t the sweetest end of a honeycomb -to her. Take care an’ don’t bring me upon you. Well, Peggy, -never mind, alanna; who has a betther right to his joke -than the dacent boy that’s—aisy, childre: saints above! -but ye’ll smother the child, so you will.—Where did I get him, -Dinney? sure I brought him as a present to Mrs Keho; I -never come but I bring a purty little babby along wid me—than -the dacent boy, dear, that’s soon to be your lovin’ husband? -Arrah, take your glass, acushla; the sorrabarm it’ll do -you.”</p> - -<p>“Bedad, I’m afeard, Mrs Moan. What if it ’ud get into -my head, an’ me’s to stand for my little godson? No, bad -scran to me if I could—faix, a glass ’ud be too many for me.”</p> - -<p>“It’s not more than half tilled, dear; but there’s sense in -what the girl says, Dandy, so don’t press it an her.”</p> - -<p>In the brief space allotted to us we could not possibly give -any thing like a full and correct picture of the happiness and -hilarity which prevailed at the breakfast in question. When -it was over, they all prepared to go to the parish chapel, -which was distant at least a couple of miles, the midwife staying -at home to see that all the necessary preparations were -made for dinner. As they were departing, Rose took the -Dandy aside, and addressed him thus:</p> - -<p>“Now, Dandy, when you see the priest, tell him that it is -your wish, above all things, ‘that he should christen it against -the fairies.’ If you say that, it’s enough. And, Peggy, achora, -come here. You’re not carryin’ that child right, alanna; but -you’ll know betther yet, plaise goodness. No, avillish, don’t -keep its little head so closely covered wid your cloak; the day’s -a burnin’ day, glory be to God, an’ the Lord guard my child; -sure the least thing in the world, where there’s too much hait, -’ud smother my darlin’. Keep its head out farther, and just -shade its little face that way from the sun. Och, will I ever -forget the Sunday whin poor Molly M’Guigan wint to take -Pat Feasthalagh’s child from under her cloak to be christened, -the poor infant was a corpse; an’ only that the Lord put it -into my head to have it privately christened, the father an’ -mother’s hearts would break. Glory be to God! Mrs Duggan, -if the child gets cross, dear, or misses any thing, act the -mother by him, the little man. Eh, alanna! where was it? -Where was my duck o’ diamonds—my little Con Roe? -My own sweety little ace o’ hearts—eh, alanna! Well, God -keep it, till I see it again, the jewel!”</p> - -<p>Well, the child was baptized by the name of his father, -and the persons assembled, after their return from chapel, -lounged about Corny’s house, or took little strolls in the -neighbourhood, until the hour of dinner. This of course -was much more convivial, and ten times more vociferous, than -the breakfast, cheerful as that meal was. At dinner they had -a dish, which we believe is, like the Boxty, peculiarly Irish in -its composition: we mean what is called <i lang="ga">sthilk</i>. This consists -of potatoes and beans pounded up together in such a manner -that the beans are not broken, and on this account the potatoes -are well champed before the beans are put into them. -This is dished in a large bowl, and a hole made in the middle -of it, into which a <i lang="ga">miscaun</i> or roll of butter is thrust, and -then covered up until it is melted. After this, every one takes -a spoon and digs away with his utmost vigour, dipping every -morsel into the well of butter in the middle, before he puts it -into his mouth. Indeed, from the strong competition which -goes forward, and the rapid motion of each right hand, no -spectator could be mistaken in ascribing the motive of their -proceedings to the principle of the old proverb, devil take -the hindmost. <i lang="ga">Sthilk</i> differs from another dish made of potatoes -in much the same way, called <i lang="ga">colcannon</i>. If there were -beans, for instance, in <i lang="ga">colcannon</i>, it would be <i lang="ga">sthilk</i>. This -practice of many persons eating out of the same dish, though -Irish, and not cleanly, is of very old antiquity. Christ himself -mentions it at the Last Supper. Let us hope, however, that, -like the old custom which once prevailed in Ireland, of several -persons drinking at meals out of the same mether, the usage -we speak of will soon be replaced by one of more cleanliness -and individual comfort.</p> - -<p>After dinner the whisky began to go round, for in these -days punch was a luxury almost unknown to the class we are -writing of. In fact, nobody there knew how to make it but -the midwife, who wisely kept the secret to herself, aware that -if the whisky were presented to them in such a palatable -shape, they would not know when to stop, and she herself -might fall short of the snug bottle that is usually kept as a -treat for those visits which she continues to pay during the -convalescence of her patients.</p> - -<p>“Come, Rose,” said Corny, who was beginning to soften -fast, “it’s your turn now to thry a glass of what never seen -wather.” “I’ll take the glass, Dandy—deed will I—but the -thruth is, I never dhrink it <em>hard</em>. No, but I’ll jist take a drop -o’ hot wather an’ a grain o’ sugar, an’ scald it; that an’ as -much carraway seeds us will lie upon a sixpence does me -good; for, God help me, the stomach isn’t at all sthrong wid -me, in regard of bein’ up so much at night, an’ deprived of my -nathural rest.”</p> - -<p>“Rose,” said one of them, “is it thrue that you war called -out one night, an’ brought blindfoulded to some grand lady -belongin’ to the quality?”</p> - -<p>“Wait, avick, till I make a drop o’ <em>wan-grace</em><a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> for the -misthress, poor thing; an’, Corny, I’ll jist throuble you for -about a thimbleful o’ spirits to take the smell o’ the wather -off it. The poor creature, she’s a little weak still, an’ indeed -it’s wonderful how she stood it out; but, my dear, God’s good -to his own, an’ fits the back to the burden, praise be to his -name!”</p> - -<p>She then proceeded to scald the drop of spirits for herself, -or, in other words, to mix a good tumbler of ladies’ punch, -making it, as the phrase goes, hot, strong, and sweet—not forgetting -the carraways, to give it a flavour. This being accomplished, -she made the wan-grace for Mrs Keho, still throwing -in a word now and then to sustain her part in the conversation, -which was now rising fast into mirth, laughter, and -clamour.</p> - -<p>“Well, but, Rose, about the lady of quality, will you tell -us that?”</p> - -<p>“Oh, many a thing happened me as well worth tellin’, if -you go to that; but I’ll tell it to you, childre, for sure the -curiosity’s nathural to yez. Why, I was one night at home -an’ asleep, an’ I hears a horse’s foot gallopin’ for the bare -life up to the door. I immediately put my head out, an’ the -horseman says, ‘Are you Mrs Moan?’</p> - -<p>‘That’s the name that’s an me, your honour,’ says myself.</p> - -<p>‘Dress yourself thin,’ says he, ‘for you’re sadly wanted; -dress yourself and mount behind me, for there’s not a moment -to be lost!’ At the same time I forgot to say that his -hat was tied about his face in sich a way that I couldn’t catch -a glimpse of it. Well, my dear, we didn’t let the grass grow -undher our feet for about a mile or so. ‘Now,’ says he, ‘you -must allow yourself to be blindfoulded, an’ it’s useless to oppose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> -it, for it must be done. There’s the character, may be -the life, of a great lady at stake; so be quiet till I cover your -eyes, or,’ says he, lettin’ out a great oath, ‘it’ll be worse for -you. I’m a desperate man;’ an’, sure enough, I could feel -the heart of him beatin’ undher his ribs, as if it would burst -in pieces. Well, my dears, what could I do in the hands of a -man that was strong and desperate. ‘So,’ says I, ‘cover -my eyes in welcome; only, for the lady’s sake, make no delay.’ -Wid that he dashed his spurs into the poor horse, an’ he -foamin’ an’ smokin’ like a lime-kiln already. Any way, in -about half an hour I found myself in a grand bedroom; an’ -jist as I was put into the door, he whishpers me to bring the -child to him in the next room, as soon as it would be born. -Well, sure I did so, afther lavin’ the mother in a fair way. -But what ’ud you have of it?—the first thing I see, lyin’ an -the table, was a purse of money an’ a case o’ pistols. Whin -I looked at him, I thought the devil, Lord guard us! was in -his face, he looked so black and terrible about the brows. -‘Now, my good woman,’ says he, ‘so far you’ve acted well, -but there’s more to be done yet. Take your choice of these -two,’ says he, ‘this purse, or the contents o’ one o’ these pistols, -as your reward. You must murdher the child upon the -spot.’ ‘In the name of God an’ his Mother, be you man or -devil, I defy you,’ says I; ‘no innocent blood ’ll ever be shed -by these hands.’ ‘I’ll give you ten minutes,’ says he, ‘to -put an end to that brat there;’ an’ wid that he cocked one o’ -the pistols. My dears, I had nothin’ for it but to say <em>in</em> to -myself a <i lang="la">pather</i> an’ <i lang="la">ave</i> as fast as I could, for I thought it -was all over wid me. However, glory be to God! the prayers -gave me great stringth, an’ I spoke stoutly. ‘Whin the king -of Jerusalem,’ says I—‘an’ he was a greater man than ever you’ll -be—whin the king of Jerusalem ordhered the midwives of -Aigyp to put Moses to death, they wouldn’t do it, and God -preserved them in spite of him, king though he was,’ says I; -‘an’ from that day to this it was never known that a midwife -took away the life of the babe she aided into the world—No, -an’ I’m not goin’ to be the first that’ll do it.’ ‘The time is -out,’ says he, puttin’ the pistol to my ear, ‘but I’ll give you -one minute more.’ ‘Let me go to my knees first,’ says I; ‘an’ -now may God have mercy on my sowl, for, bad as I am, I’m -willin’ to die, sooner than commit murdher an the innocent.’ -He gave a start as I spoke, an’ threw the pistol down. ‘Ay,’ -said he, ‘an the innocent—an the innocent—that is thrue! -But you are an extraordinary woman: you have saved that -child’s life, and previnted me from committing two great -crimes, for it was my intintion to murder you afther you had -murdered it.’ I thin, by his ordhers, brought the poor child -to its mother, and whin I came back to the room, ‘Take that -purse,’ says he, ‘an’ keep it as a reward for your honesty.’ -‘Wid the help o’ God,’ says I, ‘a penny of it will never come -into my company, so it’s no use to ax me.’ ‘Well,’ says he, -‘afore you lave this, you must swear not to mintion to a livin’ -sowl what has happened this night, for a year and a day.’ It -didn’t signify to me whether I mintioned it or not; so being -jack-indifferent about it, I tuck the oath, and kept it. He thin -bound my eyes agin, hoisted me up behind him, an’ in a short -time left me at home. Indeed, I wasn’t betther o’ the start -it tuck out o’ me for as good as six weeks afther!”</p> - -<p>The company now began to grow musical; several songs -were sung; and when the evening got farther advanced, a -neighbouring fiddler was sent for, and the little party had a -dance in the barn, to which they adjourned lest the noise -might disturb Mrs Keho, had they held it in the dwelling-house. -Before this occurred, however, the “midwife’s glass” -went the round of the gossips, each of whom drank her -health, and dropped some silver, at the same time, into the -bottom of it. It was then returned to her, and with a smiling -face she gave the following toast:—“Health to the -parent stock! So long as it thrives, there will always be -branches! Corny Keho, long life an’ good health to you an’ -yours! May your son live to see himself as happy as his -father! Youngsters, here’s that you may follow a good example! -The company’s health in general I wish; an’, Paddy -Rafferty, that you may never have a blind child but you’ll -have a lame one to lead it!—ha! ha! ha! What’s the world -widout a joke? I must see the good woman an’ my little -son afore I go; but as I won’t follow yez to the barn, I’ll bid -yez good night, neighbours, an’ the blessin’ of Rose Moan -be among yez!”</p> - -<p>And so also do we take leave of our old friend Rose Moan, -the Irish Midwife, who we understand took her last leave of -the world only about a twelvemonth ago.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A wan-grace is a kind of small gruel or meal tea sweetened with sugar.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE BAROMETZ, OR TARTAN LAMB.</h2> - -<p>Before steam and all the other facilities for travel had made us -so well acquainted with the productions of remote parts of -the earth as we are at present, every traveller on his return -astonished his auditors or the readers of his works with accounts -of monsters which existed only as the creations of his -ingenuity, and to give importance to his discoveries. One out -of many which could be produced, and which, as they may afford -innocent amusement, we purpose from time to time to bring -under the notice of the readers of the Penny Journal, we -lately met with in an account of Struy’s Travels through Russia, -Tartary, &c., in the seventeenth century. The object of wonder -was in this case the Scythian or Tartarian lamb, a creature -which, it was stated, sprang from the ground like a plant, and, -restrained to the spot on which it was produced, devoured every -vegetable production within its reach, and was itself in turn -eaten by the wolves of the country. This singular production -has since been found to be nothing more than a plant of -the fern tribe, the <i lang="la">Aspedium barometz</i>, found occasionally -in arid plains, where scarcely any other vegetable production -can exist; it rises like many others of the tree ferns with a -rugged or shaggy stem; and the plant having decayed or been -uprooted by any accident, it is not impossible that by means -of a storm or otherwise it might be found supported on its -feet, namely, the stumps of the leaves; but that it pastured on -other plants, or was mistaken by the wolves for a lamb, although -speculations which the wonder-seeking traveller might -be tempted to indulge in, it need hardly be said are ornamental -additions introduced to suit the taste of the narrator, and -to pander to that love of the marvellous which prevailed in -the age in which he lived. The following is his account of -this wonderful plant-animal:—</p> - -<p>“On the western side of the Volga there is an elevated salt -plain of great extent, but wholly uncultivated and uninhabited. -On this plain (which furnishes all the neighbouring countries -with salt) grows the boranez, or bornitch. This wonderful -plant has the shape and appearance of a lamb, with feet, head, -and tail distinctly formed. Boranez, in the language of Muscovy, -signifies a little lamb. Its skin is covered with very -white down, as soft as silk. The Tartars and Muscovites -esteem it highly, and preserve it with great care in their -houses, where I have seen many such lambs. The sailor who -gave me one of those precious plants found it in a wood, and -had its skin made into an under-waistcoat. I learned at -Astrican from those who were best acquainted with the subject, -that the lamb grows upon a stalk about three feet high, -that the part by which it is sustained is a kind of navel, and -that it turns itself round, and bends down to reach the herbage -which serves it for food. They also said that it dries up and -pines away when the grass fails. To this I objected, that the -languor and occasional withering might be natural to it, as -plants are accustomed to fade at certain times. To this they -replied, that they had also once thought so, but that numerous -experiments had proved the contrary to be the fact, such as -cutting away, or by other means corrupting or destroying the -grass all around it; after which they assured me that it fell -into a languishing state and decayed insensibly. These persons -also added, that the wolves are very fond of these vegetable -lambs, and devour them with avidity, because they resemble -in taste the animals whose name they bear, and that in fact -they have bones, blood, and flesh, and hence they are called -zoophytes, or plant-animals. Many other things I was likewise -told, which might, however, appear scarcely probable to -such as have not seen them.”</p> - -<p class="right">M.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Method of making Tar at Archangel.</span>—They dig -a hole in the ground, of sufficient size, some two or three -fathoms deep, and little more than half way down they make -a platform of wood, and thereon heap earth about a foot deep, -except in the middle, where a hole is left in the form of a -tunnel. They then fill the pit with fir billets piled up from -the platform, and rising about a fathom or more above -ground, which part they wall about with turf and clay to -keep in the fire. They command the fire by quenching: for -which use they make a lixivium of the ashes of fir. When all is -ready, they set fire a-top, and keep the wood burning, but very -leisurely, till it has sunk within a foot or two of the partition; -and then they heave out the fire as fast as it is possible; for -if it once laid hold of the tar which is settled down into the -lower pit, it blows all up forthwith. These tar-pits take up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> -a great deal of trouble, and many men to tend them during -the time of their burning, that the fire may descend even and -leisurely, whereby the tar may have time to soak out of the -wood, and settle down into the pit. As it comes from the -wood it is pure tar, but in the pit it mixes with water, which -issues from the wood also; therefore it is afterwards clarified.—<cite>Life -of Sir Dudley North.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Aurora Borealis.</span>—According to Crantz, the Greenlanders -hold the northern lights for a game of tennis, or for -a dance of departed souls; and this opinion is not a whit more -irrational than the superstition of the oriental nations, the -Greeks and Romans, and all the unenlightened people of the -middle ages, who, in the aurora borealis, and other fiery meteors, -saw fighting armies, flaming swords, chariots and spears, -battles and blood, and even thought that they heard the clashing -of arms and the sound of martial music. In the rainbow -the ancient inhabitants of the north discovered a bridge from -earth to heaven, and called it the bridge of the gods, which -was watched by a dog, whom no art could elude, and whose -auditory faculty was such, that he could hear the grass grow -or the wool on the sheep’s back; the Kamschatkadales make -of it a new garment for their aërial spirits, edged with fringes -of red-coloured seal-skin, and leather thongs of various gaudy -dyes.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE ISLE OF SAINTS.</h2> - -<p>“Primus ordo sanctissimus; secundus ordo sanctior; tertius sanctus. -Primus sicut sol ardescit; secundus sicut luna; tertius sicut stellæ.”—See -the ancient catalogue of the three classes of Irish saints, as published -by Usher and Lanigan.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There lived to Erin’s hallowed borders,</div> -<div class="verse">In days of yore, three saintly Orders.</div> -<div class="verse">And first, the simply <span class="smcapuc">HOLY</span>:—They</div> -<div class="verse">Shed like the stars a flickering ray.</div> -<div class="verse">The second—<span class="smcapuc">HOLIER</span>—poured a light</div> -<div class="verse">Moon-like, subdued and calmly bright.</div> -<div class="verse">The third, or <span class="smcapuc">HOLIEST</span> of all,</div> -<div class="verse">Shone like the sun—or like Saint Paul.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">But, oh, the state of man’s unrest</div> -<div class="verse">In good!—the <em>last</em> were first and best.</div> -<div class="verse">The <em>middle</em> but a term between</div> -<div class="verse">The purest and the least serene;</div> -<div class="verse">Less than the greatest—greater far</div> -<div class="verse">Than those whose emblem is the star.</div> -<div class="verse">Waning they ran a downward race,</div> -<div class="verse">With fainter faith and lessening grace,</div> -<div class="verse">Till, reaching to the stage most lowly,</div> -<div class="verse">The least and latest were the Holy.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Oh, that they there had staid!—that sin</div> -<div class="verse">Had, to this swept and garnished inn</div> -<div class="verse">Returning, found the entrance barred,</div> -<div class="verse">And Faith still keeping watch and ward!—</div> -<div class="verse">Alas!—they slept in Ease’s bower;</div> -<div class="verse">They could not “watch one little hour.”</div> -<div class="verse">The stars their ineffectual light</div> -<div class="verse">In slumber sealed. The thief by night</div> -<div class="verse">Entered; and o’er the rich domain</div> -<div class="verse">Sowed tares among the better grain.</div> -<div class="verse">Sin flourished;—poverty and strife</div> -<div class="verse">Embittered all the charms of life;</div> -<div class="verse">And passion, with unbounded sway,</div> -<div class="verse">Swept sun and moon and stars away.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And yet not ever such, sweet Isle,</div> -<div class="verse">Shall be thy fate. The stars shall smile</div> -<div class="verse">Again upon thy valleys green,</div> -<div class="verse">Again the moon shall beam serene</div> -<div class="verse">Upon thy mountains; and the bright</div> -<div class="verse">Celestial sun clothe thee with light,</div> -<div class="verse">With plenty bless, and warm and cheer</div> -<div class="verse">Thy long-delayed millenial year.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Even now the sacred morning dawns,</div> -<div class="verse">The clouds are fleeting from thy lawns;</div> -<div class="verse">And, as light thickens in the sky,</div> -<div class="verse">Lo! Riot and Intemperance fly;</div> -<div class="verse">And chaste sobriety imparts</div> -<div class="verse">Her cup, and Industry his arts.</div> -<div class="verse">Peace, Love, and Holiness once more</div> -<div class="verse">Row their sweet ark towards thy shore;</div> -<div class="verse">And Heaven renews the favouring smile</div> -<div class="verse">That made thee once the <span class="smcap">Saintly Isle</span>.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<h2 class="gap4">ANIMAL CHARMING,<br /> -<span class="smaller">OR THE SUBJUGATION OF ANIMALS BY MEANS OF -CHARMS, SPELLS, OR DRUGS.</span></h2> - -<h3>Third and Concluding Article.</h3> - -<p>In my last paper I endeavoured to show how exceedingly -absurd and unfounded was the notion of the Abbé Dubois and -Denon, that the serpent-charmers of India were and are a -set of juggling impostors, who practise on the credulity of the -vulgar, and vainly set forward pretensions to an art which -has no actual existence, and which, consequently, possesses -no legitimate claims on the attention of the philosophic inquirer. -I now wish to bring all that I would observe upon -this very curious subject to a conclusion. I acknowledge my -inability to furnish my readers with a thorough explanation -of the means by which these wonders are performed, but I -think I may be able, at all events, to suggest such hints as -may place them on the direct path to the attainment of the -knowledge they desire; after which, nothing will be necessary -but some degree of research and perseverance to afford them -a complete gratification of their wishes.</p> - -<p>It is evident, that whatever may be the supplementary -means employed in serpent-charming, music is necessary to -its accomplishment. I should not be satisfied on this point -were it merely dependent upon the assertions of the jugglers -themselves, as in such case it might not unnaturally -be set down as a mere external cloak for some more important -secret which the performers did not wish to be discovered; -and for this reason I made the observation in my first article -on this subject, that the precise importance of the music in -these operations was not as yet entirely apparent. I wish it -to be understood, however, that although the degree of importance -in which music should be held as an adjunct to the -charming of snakes, or as a primary part of the process, has -not as yet been ascertained by those who have investigated -or endeavoured to investigate the business, and published the -results of their inquiries, I for my part am fully satisfied -on the subject. To return, however, to our more immediate -matter of discussion.</p> - -<p>Many have conceived that serpent-charming depends in the -first instance upon the snakes being previously deprived of -their fangs, and thus rendered innocuous. This opinion I -have already demonstrated as palpably erroneous. Others, -again, hold that the jugglers possess a power, by eating certain -herbs, or chewing the leaves or roots of certain plants, of -rendering themselves proof against animal poisons. In order -to render themselves perfectly secure, it is said that their -practice is to chew the herbs, to inoculate various parts of -their body with the juice, and even bathe themselves in water -in which these herbs have been steeped. It is supposed that -the bodies of the charmers thus become not merely proof -against the most deadly poison should they chance to be -bitten, but that those thus prepared exhale from their persons -an odour which produces a benumbing or stupifying effect -upon the reptiles, and renders them an easy capture. Whether -or not it be true that such is the case, we know that the -Psylli not merely profess the power of charming snakes, but -also that of curing by spells, and the application of certain -herbs, such as have been bitten by them. We are informed -by the historian and biographer Plutarch, that Cato in his -march through the desert took with him many of those persons -called Psylli (then a distinct tribe, though at the present day -that name is applied indiscriminately to all professing the art -of serpent-charming) to suck out the poison from the wounds -of any of his soldiers that might chance to be bitten by any -of the numerous venomous serpents which infested his route. -The powers of the Psylli were then always attributed to -magic, and the performers themselves took care to confirm -that opinion by accompanying the application of remedies to -their patients with muttered spells or elaborately wrought -and imposing incantations. This is a testimony respecting the -ancient repute in which charmers were held, not lightly to be -rejected.</p> - -<p>While some travellers are too sceptical, I have likewise to -complain that others are too credulous. For instance, while -Dubois and Denon scout the idea of serpents being charmed at -all, Bruce asserts, and that from minute personal observation, -that all the blacks of Sennaar are completely armed by nature -against the bite of either scorpion or viper. “They will,” says -he, “take their horned snakes (there the most common and -one of the most fatal of the viper tribe) in their hands at all -times, put them in their bosoms, and throw them at one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> -another as children will balls or apples, during which sport -the serpents are seldom irritated to bite, or if they do, no -mischief results from the wound.” Of course it must be evident -that Bruce in this instance ascribed rather too much to -the bounty of nature, and forgot how far art might have aided -in producing the appearance which astonished him.</p> - -<p>Don Pedro D’Orbies Y. Vargas, who published in the year -1791 the result of a series of investigations he instituted to -ascertain the secret on which serpent-charming depended, -informs us that it is also extensively practised by the natives -of South America, and that they produce the wished-for end -by means of a certain plant named the quacho-mithy, so designated -from its having been first observed to have been -resorted to by the serpent-hawk, or, as the bird is sometimes -styled, the “quacho-mithy,” and by it sucked, preparatory to -its encounters with the poisonous reptiles which it fought with -and destroyed for its prey. Taking the hint from the naturally -and instinctively instructed bird, the Indians chewed the -plant thus discovered, and inoculated and washed their -bodies with its juice, rubbing it into punctures made in their -breasts, hands, and feet; and, thus prepared, they dreaded not -the bite of the most venomous snake. Don Pedro himself, and -the domestics of his household, used after these simple precautions -to venture into the thickest woods and the most dangerous -meadows, and fearlessly seize in their hands the largest -and most poisonous serpents; the creatures seemed as if under -the influence of a sort of charm or fascination, and very -rarely attempted to bite; and at any rate, even if they did, no -evil consequence resulted from the wound beyond the temporary -inconvenience produced by the laceration of the flesh by -the animals’ teeth.</p> - -<p>The same gentleman to whom I was indebted for the anecdote -of the encounter with the cobra de capella, mentioned -in a preceding paper, informed me that he had detected a -snake-charmer in the act of chewing and inoculating himself -with some plant, the name or character of which he -could not however ascertain, though he offered the juggler -a considerable sum for the information. One of the leaves of -this plant, and the only one he saw, he states to have been -of a long and narrow form, with the sides indented or scolloped, -somewhat like those of our own common dandelion.</p> - -<p>Now, it appears to me by no means difficult of deduction -from the facts brought forward in this and the preceding -papers on the same subject, that the secret of the snake-charmers -is dependent upon two ingredients, viz, in the first -place the employment of an antidote which will not only -mollify the effects of the reptiles’ venom, should the experimenters -happen to be bitten, but, from some peculiar odour which -it emits, stupify or intoxicate the snake, and indispose it from -violence, inclining it rather to appreciate the melody with -which they are treating it, and luxuriate in hearing of their -fife; and, in the second place, the sounds of music which the -whole class of reptiles appear more or less to be sensible of, -and which will induce the serpents to quit their holes when -they come within the sphere of the influence of the intoxicating -odour, and, abandoning themselves to its effects, fall into a -state of temporary oblivion, and are taken captive. We ourselves -are well acquainted with several substances which are -capable of producing upon such creatures as we are conversant -with in these islands, effects no less astonishing than -those produced upon the snakes by the charmers of India or -South America. It is, for instance, a very common thing, -and an experiment I have not only often seen tried, but have -tried myself dozens of times, and that with success, to charm -trout, perch, or roach, with assafœtida. If you sprinkle this -substance, finely powdered, upon the surface of the water, you -will presently see the fish crowding to the spot; and even if -you rub your hands well with it, and, gradually approaching -the water, gently immerse them in it, you will ere long find -the fish attracted towards you, and, losing their natural timidity, -actually permit themselves to be taken. Many have -imagined that it was upon the use of a certain drug that the -wonderful power possessed and successfully exerted by Sullivan, -the whisperer, depended; but for my part I think the circumstance -of Sullivan’s son having been unable to produce -similar effects, although instructed by his father in the mystery, -is sufficient to show that Sullivan’s trick depended upon -some means less certain in operation than the mere employment -of a drug would be, and in which mechanical dexterity -and personal bearing occupied places of no mean importance.</p> - -<p>Rat-catchers used formerly to employ certain drugs, or combinations -of them, to collect these vermin into one place, and -thus destroy them wholesale, or to entice them into the trap; -and it has been pretended by some worthy members of this -ancient and mystic calling, that they are possessed of secrets -by which they can, if they please, draw away all the rats -from any premises on which they may be employed. I have, -however, sought after the most <em>talented</em> living professors of -rat-catching, and I cannot say I have ever witnessed miracles -equal to that. I have, however, <em>seen</em> a trap placed in a cellar -haunted by rats, and left there all night, filled next morning -with these vermin to the number of thirty, and surrounded by -a host of others, who actually could not enter from want of -room! I have <em>seen</em> a tame white rat smeared with a certain -composition, let loose in a vault, and in less than half an hour -return, followed by at least half a dozen others, who appeared -so enamoured of the white-coloured decoy, or of some scent -that hung about him, that they suffered themselves to be taken -alive in the rat-catcher’s hand, and never so much as offer to -bite. I purchased this secret from an old rat-catcher, and -have much pleasure in communicating it to the public, and -more especially to the discriminating patrons of the Irish -Penny Journal. It consists of the following simple preparation:—</p> - -<table summary="Recipe"> - <tr> - <td>Powdered assafœtida</td> - <td>2 grains.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Essential oil of rhodium</td> - <td>3 drachms.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Essential oil of lavender</td> - <td>1 scruple.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oil of aniseed</td> - <td>1 drachm.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Let the assafœtida be first well triturated with the aniseed, -then add the oil of rhodium, still continuing to rub the -material well up together in a mortar, after which add the -oil of lavender, and cork up the mixture in a close bottle until -required. The method of employing this receipt is very simple, -and consists merely in smearing the decoy rat with it, -in mixing a few drops of it with a little flour or starch, and -employing the paste thus formed as a bait for the trap; and -if you anoint your hands with this mixture, you may put them -into a cage full of rats without the slightest danger of a bite. -I have done so repeatedly myself, and never got bitten unless -when I had prepared the composition improperly, or displayed -timidity in proceeding to handle the animals—a defect of demeanour -which appears capable of counteracting the working -of the charm.</p> - -<p>The liking which rats exhibit for the perfume produced by -the above simple composition is truly wonderful, but will be -readily admitted, even while as yet its efficacy remains untested, -by any person who has witnessed the passion exhibited -by cats for valerian, or of dogs for galbanum, and after -much consideration and attentive observation I have come to -the conclusion that the effects produced by different substances -upon these animals have a common origin, viz., in -the peculiar odour calling into play the sexual appetite, and -that too in a more than commonly energetic manner; of -course I only mean to apply this latter observation to the -case of dogs, rats, and cats. I have no intention of thus -seeking to explain away the effect produced upon serpents or -fishes by certain odours, accompanied by music; indeed, in -these instances I should rather ascribe the effects produced to -a sort of intoxicating, fascinating influence, bearing no distant -resemblance to the power exercised towards other animals -by many of the serpent tribe themselves. The fascination -of the rattle-snake, for example, seems in a great measure -to depend upon the agency of a certain intoxicating -odour which the reptile has the power of producing at pleasure. -In support of this opinion I may adduce the testimony of -Major A. Gordon, who thus explains the fascination of serpents -in a paper read before the New York Historical Society. -He adduced various facts in support of his opinions, -and amongst the rest mentions a negro, who could by smell -alone discover a rattle-snake when in the exercise of this -power, at the distance of two hundred feet, and who, following -such indications, never failed of finding some poor animal -drawn within its vortex, and in vain struggling with the irresistible -influence. By no means remotely allied to charming -and fascination would appear to be that mysterious and as -yet doubtful power, animal magnetism, a subject on which I -shall not dilate, as it hardly falls within the limits indicated by -the heading of this paper, which has now run to a length -considerably greater than I contemplated at starting; and -consequently I think it time to take my leave, trusting I have -at least given a clue to the great secret on which depends -the magical influence of the serpent-charmer.</p> - -<p class="right">H. D. R.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">WHY DO ROOTS GROW DOWNWARDS, AND -STEMS TOWARDS THE HEAVENS?</h2> - -<h3>Second Article.</h3> - -<p>Our readers may remember a very simple experiment, but -pregnant with important results, which we described in our -former article: namely, if an onion plant, exposed to day -light, be laid horizontally on the ground, the extremities of -the stem and roots will in the course of a few hours turn -themselves in their natural directions, the one upwards and -the other downwards; if a similar plant be placed in a dark -cellar, to which no light has access, the same things will take -place; but that which happens in a few hours in the one instance, -will require as many days in the other. From this -experiment we were led to conclude that in the production -of the proper directions of stems and roots, two classes of -causes operate, namely, the light; and, secondly, some other -principle distinct from light. Our former article was devoted -to the explanation of the manner in which light causes stems -to ascend, and roots to descend; we shall now endeavour to -investigate that other principle, less powerful, but more universal, -which shares in the production of the same phenomena.</p> - -<p>If the flower stalk of the common dandelion be split vertically -into a number of portions, each of these will be seen, -spontaneously, to curl outwards; the same tendency must -be familiar to every one in celery dressed for the table; if -the root of the dandelion be split vertically into two or more -parts, these will likewise be found to curve, but in a contrary -direction from those of the stem; they will curl inwards. -We thus find that all the portions of stem placed round the -central axis have a natural tendency to curl outwards; while -all the portions of root round the central axis have a tendency -to curl inwards. The stem may be therefore considered -as consisting of a number of springs placed round a central -axis, and all endeavouring to burst away from each other; -while the root, in a like manner, may be regarded as composed -of a number of springs placed round a central axis, -and all pressing against each other. These natural tendencies -are overcome, in the living plant, by the mutual cohesion -of these parts or springs; but when this cohesion is removed -by the knife, their influence becomes acknowledged.</p> - -<p>Now, if we imagine a number of springs, all of equal -strength, and either dragging away from each other or pressing -together, it will be easily understood that in such cases -perfect equilibrium should result: for, of two springs pulling -in opposite directions, for either to overcome, it is necessary -that one should be the more powerful; and the same applies -to springs pressing against each other. As long, therefore, -as a stem consists of a number of equal springs, all endeavouring -to burst away from each other, its direction will be -in a straight line; and as long as a root is composed of equal -springs pressing towards each other, its direction, likewise, -will be straight.</p> - -<p>If a stem or root be placed for a certain length of time -in a horizontal position, the peculiar tendency to curvation of -its parts will become modified. If a stem which has been -thus treated be split along its axis, the part which, while it -was in a horizontal position, was superior, will have its tendency -to curl outwards increased; while that which was -under the same circumstances inferior, will have its tendency -to curl outwards diminished. If a root be placed, during a -certain period, horizontally, and then split along its axis, the -superior portion will be found to have its tendency to curl -inwards increased, while the inferior portion will have the -same tendency diminished. A horizontal position is therefore -found to increase the peculiar tendencies to curvation -of the superior parts of stems and roots, and to lessen those -of the inferior half.</p> - -<p>Now, we have already ascertained that while equal springs -either pull against or press towards each other, equilibrium -is obtained; but if from any cause the springs become unequal, -the greater power may be expected to overcome the -less. When a stem or root has been kept for some time horizontally, -the upper half has its elastic power increased, -while the spring of the most depending portion has become -diminished; we have therefore now springs of unequal -power placed round a central axis, the superior being rendered -more energetic, while their antagonists have become -weakened; it is reasonable, therefore, to expect that the -respective directions of roots and stems under such circumstances -should be obedient to the excess of elasticity which -the upper half has acquired over the lower; in other words, -these stems and roots ought to direct themselves in accordance -with the natural tendencies of the superior springs which -enter into the structure of these organs. Now, the superior -springs of the stems have a natural tendency to curl outwards, -or when placed horizontally, upwards; and the superior -half of the root has an equally natural tendency to curl -inwards, or, when placed horizontally, downwards. Need we -be surprised, therefore, if in obedience to these more powerful -springs the stems and roots of vegetables shall (as -experience shows us they will do) curve, after having been -placed for some time in a horizontal position, the former upward -and the latter downward?</p> - -<p>Let us now endeavour to explain the causes which produce -these peculiar and different tendencies to curvation of stems -and roots, and for this purpose it will be necessary for us to -premise, that the fleshy substance which constitutes the -basis of vegetable structure is composed of a multitude of -little vesicles or cells, each perfectly distinct in itself, and -merely adhering by its external surface with those surrounding -it, while it contains a thick syrupy liquid; these cells, -although pressed to a certain extent against each other, are -not so closely approached as to obliterate completely the -spaces existing between them, so that little passages, called -intercellular passages, continue to remain, during the life of -the plant, between the cells through which the ascending sap -rises in its passage to the buds. This ascending sap is not -so viscid a liquid as that contained in the cells: thus, the -syrupy contents of the latter must, according to the principle -of endosmose described in a previous article, absorb into -the cells the ascending sap, in a way similar to that whereby -syrup placed in a bladder, immersed in a basin of water, will -attract the latter liquid through the membrane, until the bladder -be filled. While the sap continues to ascend, therefore, -the cells must necessarily continue swollen in proportion to -their size.</p> - -<p>If we examine the relative size of the cells in stems and -roots, we will meet with a remarkable phenomenon: in stems the -largest cells are situated towards the centre; but on the contrary, -in roots, the largest cells are placed near the circumference. -Now, we have ascertained in the preceding paragraph -that all the cells have a tendency to swell in proportion -to their size: it follows that the central cells of stems and -the circumferential cells of roots possess the greatest tendency -to swell. The centre of a stem has therefore greater -elasticity than the circumference, while the circumference of -a root has greater elasticity than the centre. When this -elasticity in either case is permitted to exert itself by means -of a vertical section, it causes each half of the stem to curl -outwards, and each half of the root to curl inwards. If the -influence of endosmose be acknowledged, the explanation is -perfect.</p> - -<p>But it may be said, what proof have we that endosmose -operates in these cases? An experiment instituted by Dutrochet, -and repeated by the writer of this article, sufficiently -demonstrates its influence. A plant of dandelion was immersed -in syrup, and after a certain time the root and stalk -were severally split in a vertical direction: the tendencies to -incurvation of these organs were now seen to be completely -changed from what they are under ordinary circumstances; -the parts of the stalk curled inwards, those of the root outwards: -this was exactly what might be expected, if we -suppose endosmose to be the cause of these phenomena; -placed in syrup, this thick fluid attracted liquid out of the -cells, which consequently shrunk in place of expanding; and -the larger cells contracting more than the smaller, the former -elasticities became reversed.</p> - -<p>It remains to be seen why it is that when roots and stems -are planted for some time in a horizontal position, the proper -elasticities of the superior parts become increased, while -those of the inferior become diminished. These phenomena -can be explained by recollecting that the ascending sap is a -heterogeneous fluid, composed of mucilage and syrup, mixed -with light water and carbonic acid, which have been drawn -up unchanged from the extremities of the roots, and are destined -to escape, or undergo decomposition in the leaves. It -is not difficult to imagine that this heterogeneous fluid contained -in the intercellular passages should be subjected to -the influence of gravity; if this be admitted, we can then -understand how in a horizontal root or stem the heavier and -more viscid portion of the sap should descend into the inferior -half, and the lighter ascend between the cells of the superior -half; endosmose will take place in proportion to the difference<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> -of density between the liquid in the intercellular passages -and that contained in the cells; therefore it will take -place more energetically in the superior half, where is the -lighter fluid; and as the elasticity depends upon the energy of -endosmose, the upper portion will, according to its nature, -curve with greater force, while the elasticity of the lower -part will be lessened. This explanation acquires increased -weight from the fact that the specific gravity of the most -depending portions of stems and roots growing horizontally -in the dark, is greater than that of the upper.</p> - -<p>But we have stronger arguments in favour of the supposition -that gravity is essentially connected with the several -directions of stems and roots. These directions take place -naturally in the “line of gravity,” that is, parallel to a -line drawn from the centre of the mass towards the centre of -the earth; at the same time it is to be remarked, that -although roots grow in the direction of gravity, that is, towards -the centre of the earth, stems grow in exactly the opposite -way. An experiment made by Mr Knight has been -repeated by different philosophers, to determine whether these -directions of stems and roots bear to other physical laws -the same relation they do to gravity. Seeds permitted to -germinate in wet moss were attached to the circumference of -a wheel made to revolve constantly in a vertical manner; -under these circumstances the roots grew outwards, away -from the circumference of the wheel, and the stems towards -its centre; the roots were thus found to obey the centrifugal -force, and the stems the centripetal; but while the wheel revolved -vertically, gravity and the centrifugal force were -operating in the same direction. It was necessary to cause -them to act in different directions, and for this purpose the -wheel was made to revolve horizontally: in this case the centrifugal -force acted at right angles to the line of gravity, and -it was accordingly found, in obedience to the law of the composition -of forces, that the roots no longer grew towards the -centre of the earth, nor towards the circumference of the -wheel, but in a plane between these two forces; and the angle -which they formed with the line of gravity could be rendered -more or less acute by increasing or diminishing the velocity -with which the wheel rotated. It was thus made evident that -roots and stems were influenced by physical laws, although -growing in opposite directions.</p> - -<p>We have thus shown why roots grow downwards and -stems towards the heavens: in the dark these things arise -through the influence of gravity controlling endosmose, and -thus producing the proper incurvations of the parts of stems -and roots. Under the influence of light the same phenomena -more energetically arise from the agency of this element over -vegetable growth.</p> - -<p class="right">J. A.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE LADY WITH THE SPECTACLES.</h2> - -<p>Beauty in spectacles is like Cupid in knee breeches, or the -Graces with pocket handkerchiefs—an excrescence of refinement; -an innovation of the ideas which spiritualize woman -into a goddess; a philosophical blossom of the “march of -mind.” Beauty in spectacles! and has it come to this? -Burke said that the age of chivalry was past, and publishers -say that the age of poetry has followed it; powder and periwigs -destroyed the one, and spectacles have gone far to annihilate -the other. Think of the queen of beauty of some -tournament—thanks to my Lord Eglintoun for making such -words familiar to us—looking on the encountering knights -through a patent pair of spectacles!—picture to yourself a -beautiful and romantic young lady parting from her lover, -taking the “first long lingering kiss of love,” as pretty Miss -Pardoe terms it, and just imagine the figure the spectacles -would cut in such an encounter; think of Mary Queen of -Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Scott’s “Jewess,” or Shakspeare’s -“Lady Macbeth,” with such appendages! I think of a heroine -in a novel taking off her spectacles to shed “salt tears” for -her lover’s absence, or in the emotion of a distressing juncture -throwing herself at the feet of some obdurate tyrant, -breaking the lenses of her “sight preservers;” think of all -this, and judge of the effect which spectacles, as an ornament, -have upon romance. Beauty has three stages—the coy, the -dignified, and the intellectual. The first exists until about -twenty, the second until twenty-five, and the last until beauty -has made unto itself wings and flown away. It is in this last -stage that women wear spectacles. The symptoms of spectacles -begin at an early age. The young Miss has a primness, -a staidness, and a miniature severity of aspect, at -variance from her years. They never seem young; there -is no freshness of heart in them: they become women faster -than other girls, and become old faster than other women; -they are remarkable for thin lips, sharp noses, and white -artificial teeth. They are walking strictures upon human -life—bleak visions of philosophy in petticoats—daughters, not -it would seem of love, but of Fellows of the Royal Society! -They are fond of phrenology and meetings of scientific associations. -They like a good pew in church, and write long -letters to their unfortunate “friends in the country.” They -are generally spinsters, or, if married, motherless. No young -wife with “six small children” ever wore spectacles. They -go a good deal into company, where they are seen seated on -sofas talking to ladies older than themselves, or turning over -the leaves of a book, and with interesting abstraction poring -over it. They dance quadrilles, but never waltz. Heaven -and earth! think of a pair of spectacles whirling in a waltz. -They have a genius for the “scholastic profession,” and frequently -exercise it as amateurs “never eat suppers;” and -are, many of them, members of the Horticultural Society. -The lady with the spectacles! Half a century ago this would -have been understood to refer to some one stricken in years, -but now-a-days infirmity of eye-sight has been raised to the -rank of a charm. The moment spectacles become really -useful they are abandoned; it is the harmonious combination -of youth and short-sightedness which gives beauty to the -guise. Intense interest is expected to be felt towards her, -who, still young and lovely, abandons the frivolities of her sex -for the calm secluded pleasures of intellect. This is the point -our heroines aim at. But we have done with them. They -may be very good in their way, but their ways are not as our -ways. Flirts, coquettes, prudes, and a host of other orders -into which the sex are classified, have their failings, but they, -at least, are women; while the “lady with the spectacles” -seems hardly a daughter of Eve, but a mysterious being; a -new creation, come into the world to gladden the lovers of -modern science, and patronise the house of Solomons and Co.—<cite>Court -Gazette.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Marriage.</span>—It is the happiest and most virtuous state of -society, in which the husband and wife set out early together, -make their property together, and with perfect sympathy of -soul graduate all their expenses, plans, calculations and desires, -with reference to their present means, and to their -future and common interest. Nothing delights me more than -to enter the neat little tenement of the young couple, who -within perhaps two or three years, without any resources but -their own knowledge or industry, have joined heart and hand, -and engage to share together the responsibilities, duties, interests, -trials, and pleasures of life. The industrious wife -is cheerfully employing her own hands in domestic duties, -putting her house in order, or mending her husband’s clothes, -or preparing the dinner, whilst, perhaps, the little darling sits -prattling upon the floor, or lies sleeping in the cradle—and -everything seems preparing to welcome the happiest of husbands -and the best of fathers, when he shall come from his -toil to enjoy the sweets of his little paradise. This is the true -domestic pleasure, the “only bliss that survived the fall.” -Health, contentment, love, abundance, and bright prospects, -are all here. But it has become a prevalent sentiment, that -a man must acquire his fortune before he marries—that the -wife must have no sympathy, nor share with him in the pursuit -of it, in which most of the pleasure truly consists; and -the young married people must set out with as large and expensive -an establishment as is becoming those who have been -wedded for 20 years. This is very unhappy. It fills the -community with bachelors, who are waiting to make their -fortunes, endangering virtue and promoting vice—it destroys -the true economy and design of the domestic institution, and -it promotes idleness and inefficiency among females, who are -expecting to be taken up by a fortune, and passively sustained, -without any care or concern on their part—and thus -many a wife becomes, as a gentleman once remarked, not a -“help-mate,” but a “help-eat.”—<cite>Winslow.</cite></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser. No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">Slocombe</span> and <span class="smcap">Simms</span>, Leeds; <span class="smcap">J. Menzies</span>, -Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -40, April 3, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, APRIL 3, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55181-h.htm or 55181-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/8/55181/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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