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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09dc58a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55152 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55152) diff --git a/old/55152-0.txt b/old/55152-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5f3aa92..0000000 --- a/old/55152-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2358 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Whale Fishery of New England, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Whale Fishery of New England - -Author: Various - -Editor: State Street Trust Company - -Release Date: July 19, 2017 [EBook #55152] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHALE FISHERY OF NEW ENGLAND *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Brian Wilcox and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Italic text is marked _thus_. - -The spelling, punctuation and hyphenation are as the original, except -for apparent typographical errors, which have been corrected. - - - - - WHALE FISHERY OF - NEW ENGLAND - - AN ACCOUNT, - WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND SOME INTERESTING AND AMUSING - ANECDOTES, OF THE RISE AND FALL OF AN INDUSTRY - WHICH HAS MADE NEW ENGLAND FAMOUS - THROUGHOUT THE WORLD - - [Illustration: Sailing ship page decoration] - - - PRINTED FOR THE - STATE STREET TRUST COMPANY - BOSTON, MASS. - - - - - COPYRIGHTED 1915 - BY THE - STATE STREET TRUST COMPANY - - The vignette on the title-page is reproduced from a print of the - ship “Maria” of New Bedford, which in 1853 was the oldest whaleship - owned in the United States. Her registry was dated 1782. She was - built in Pembroke, now called Hanson, for a privateer during the - Revolutionary War, and was bought in the year 1783 by William Rotch - of Nantucket, afterwards of New Bedford. At one time she was owned - by Samuel Rodman, and also by the Russells. In construction she was - the typical whaleship of her time. It is said that she earned for - her owners $250,000 and made twenty-five voyages, bringing back a - full cargo each time. The tailpiece is from a very old print which - represents whaling in the seventeenth century. - - - _Compiled, arranged and printed - under the direction of the - Walton Advertising and Printing Company - Boston, Mass._ - - - - -FOREWORD - - -The people of New England have long been interested in all matters -pertaining to the sea, and members of many of her best-known families -have commanded its merchant ships and whalers. - -The State Street Trust Company has always endeavored to encourage an -interest in historical matters, and it is hoped that this pamphlet, the -ninth of the series, which deals with one of our earliest industries, -will be interesting to the Company’s depositors and also to the -general public. It is sent to you with the compliments of the Company, -which for over twenty years has tried to serve the interests of its -depositors. - -For valuable assistance in the preparation of this pamphlet the Trust -Company desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to Dr. Benjamin Sharp -and Sidney Chase, residents of Nantucket (the latter being a descendant -of the Starbucks, Coffins and Husseys), to Z. W. Pease, Frank Wood and -George H. Tripp, all of New Bedford (Mr. Tripp being the librarian of -the Free Public Library), Llewellyn Howland, Frederick P. Fish, Charles -H. Taylor, Jr., Roy C. Andrews and Madison Grant of the American -Museum of Natural History, New York, D. A. deMenocal, J. E. Lodge -and Kojiro Tornita of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and George F. -Lord, secretary of the Boston Stock Exchange. Assistance has also been -rendered by the officers of the Trust Company. - -The following books have been used as references and contain valuable -information and many interesting anecdotes:— - - “The Story of New England Whalers,” by John R. Spears. - - “History of the American Whale Fishery,” by Alexander Starbuck. - - “A History of the American Whale Fishery,” by Walter S. Tower. - - “Moby Dick, or the White Whale,” by Herman Melville. - - “Whaling Ventures and Adventures,” by George H. Tripp. - - “Whaling and Fishing,” by Charles Nordhoff. - - “Miriam Coffin,” by Col. Joseph C. Hart. - - “The Gam,” by Capt. Charles Henry Robbins. - - “Eighteen Months on a Greenland Whaler,” by Joseph P. Faulkner. - - “Arctic Whaleman and Whaling,” by Rev. Lewis Holmes. - - “Cruise of the Cachalot,” by Frank T. Bullen. - - “History of Nantucket,” by Edward K. Godfrey. - - “History of Nantucket,” by Obed Macy. - - “History of Nantucket,” by Douglas-Lithgow. - - “The Glacier’s Gift” (Nantucket), by Eva C. G. Folger. - - “History of New Bedford,” by Daniel Ricketson. - - “The Perils and Romance of Whaling,” by G. Kobbé. - - “The Whale and its Captors,” by Rev. Henry T. Cheever. - - “Incidents of a Whaling Voyage,” by Olmstead. - - “Nimrod of the Sea,” by Captain Davis. - - “Hunting the Biggest of all Big Game,” by Roy C. Andrews. - - “Four Years Aboard a Whaleship,” by William B. Whitecar, Jr. - - “Etchings of a Whaling Cruise,” by J. Ross Browne. - - “Bark Kathleen, sunk by a Whale,” by Capt. T. H. Jenkins. - - “Peter the Whaler,” by William H. G. Kingston. - - “The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States,” by - George Brown Goode, prepared for the United States Tenth Census. - -[Illustration: Model of the whaleship “Henry,” made at sea in 1847. -This model stands in the main banking rooms of the Company, and may be -seen by visitors.] - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - THE WHALE 7 - - ANCIENT HISTORY OF WHALING 8 - - EARLY NEW ENGLAND WHALING 13 - - NANTUCKET 16 - - NEW BEDFORD 23 - - OTHER NEW ENGLAND WHALING PORTS 33 - - ABOARD A “BLUBBER HUNTER” 35 - - WHALING IMPLEMENTS AND WHALEBOATS 37 - - DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WHALES AND THEIR PRODUCTS 41 - - METHODS OF CAPTURE AND “TRYING OUT” 45 - - THE PERILS OF WHALING 51 - - THE “CATALPA” EXPEDITION 58 - - DECLINE OF WHALING AND THE CAUSES 60 - - WHALING OF TO-DAY 62 - - The illustrations used in this brochure are from rare prints in the - possession of the Dartmouth Historical Society and the Free Public - Library of New Bedford, H. S. Hutchinson & Co., Charles H. Taylor, - Jr., Roy C. Andrews of the American Museum of Natural History of - New York, Doubleday, Page & Co., and others. - - * * * * * - -“Neither the perseverance of Holland, nor the activity of France, nor -the dexterous and firm sagacity of the English enterprise, ever carried -this most perilous mode of hardy industry to the extent to which it -has been pushed by this recent People; a People who are still, as -it were, but in the gristle, and not yet hardened into the bone, of -manhood.”—_From a speech by Edmund Burke before Parliament in 1775._ - -[Illustration: Capturing a huge sperm whale. (From a very rare print.)] - - - - -THE WHALE - - “Oh, the rare old Whale, ’mid storm and gale, - In his ocean home will be - A giant in might where might is right, - And King of the boundless sea.” - - _From “Moby Dick.”_ - - -No animal in prehistoric or historic times has ever exceeded the -whale, in either size or strength, which explains perhaps its survival -from ancient times. Few people have any idea of the relative size of -the whale compared with other animals. A large specimen weighs about -ninety tons, or thirty times as much as an elephant, which beside a -whale appears about as large as a dog compared to an elephant. It is -equivalent in bulk to one hundred oxen, and outweighs a village of one -thousand people. If cut into steaks and eaten, as in Japan, it would -supply a meal to an army of one hundred and twenty thousand men. - -[Illustration: A French lithograph showing the comparative sizes of a -whale, an elephant, a horse, and a giraffe.] - -Whales have often exceeded one hundred feet in length, and George Brown -Goode, in his report on the United States Fisheries, mentions a finback -having been killed that was one hundred and twenty feet long. A whale’s -head is sometimes thirty-five feet in circumference, weighs thirty -tons, and has jaws twenty feet long, which open thirty feet wide to a -mouth that is as large as a room twenty feet long, fifteen feet high, -nine feet wide at the bottom, and two feet wide at the top. A score of -Jonahs standing upright would not have been unduly crowded in such a -chamber. - -The heart of a whale is the size of a hogshead. The main blood artery -is a foot in diameter, and ten to fifteen gallons of blood pour out at -every pulsation. The tongue of a right whale is equal in weight to ten -oxen, while the eye of all whales is hardly as large as a cow’s, and -is placed so far back that it has in direction but a limited range of -vision. The ear is so small that it is difficult to insert a knitting -needle, and the brain is only about ten inches square. The head, or -“case,” contains about five hundred barrels, of ten gallons each, of -the richest kind of oil, called spermaceti. - -One of these giants, when first struck by a harpoon, can go as fast as -a steam yacht, twenty or twenty-five miles an hour, but it soon slows -down to its usual speed of about twelve miles, developing about one -hundred and forty-five horse-power. - -Mr. Roy C. Andrews, of the American Museum of Natural History, New -York, was on a whaler ninety feet long, which struck a finback whale, -and he says that for seven hours the whale towed the vessel, with -engines going at full speed astern, almost as though it had been a -rowboat. - -The whale’s young are about twelve feet long at birth, and can swim -as soon as they are born. So faithfully does the cow whale watch over -her offspring when they are together that she will rarely move when -attacked for fear of leaving the young whale unprotected, or of hurting -it if she thrashes round to escape capture. It is believed that whales -sometimes live to attain the age of eight hundred years. They sleep -at the bottom of the ocean, which fact shows that they do not inhale -air when asleep, like the warm-blooded animals, and to help them in -breathing below the surface they have a large reservoir of blood to -assist circulation. This spot is known to whalemen as the “life” of the -whale. When “sounding” to a great depth it is estimated that the whale -bears on its back the weight of twenty battleships. The strength and -power of a whale are described as almost unbelievable. - - - - -ANCIENT HISTORY OF WHALING - - -Every one knows the story of Jonah; how he was thrown overboard to -appease the gods, and how a “big fish” swallowed him and carried him -ashore. It will always be a mooted question whether or not the big -fish was a whale. If it were a whale, it is doubtful whether Jonah got -any further than its mouth, on account of the smallness of a whale’s -throat. It may be well to explain that a whale does not belong to the -fish family, but is a mammal, and therefore, perhaps, this great fish -mentioned wasn’t a whale. - -This “fishing on a gigantic scale,” as it has been often termed, is -of very ancient origin and dates back to 890 A.D., when a Norwegian, -called Octhere, skirted the coast of Norway for whales. - -The Biscayans, who in the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and -fifteenth centuries became famous on account of their whale fishery, -were the first people to prosecute this industry as a regular -commercial pursuit. In this connection the French are also mentioned -about 1261, using the whale for food. Also the Icelanders are -believed to have whaled some time during the twelfth century. The first -reference to English whaling appears during the fourteenth century, and -by statutory law the whale was declared “a royal fish.” Another curious -law was that the King, as Honorary Harpooner, received the head, and -the Queen the tail of all whales captured along the English coast, -which is very much like halving an apple, there is so little left. - -[Illustration: From an old English print.] - -[Illustration: A rare old English print of the Eighteenth Century.] - -[Illustration: A “cachalot” on the seacoast of Holland. People have -always shown intense interest in drift whales.] - -[Illustration: Whale-hunting in Westmannshaven Bay, Norway. - -The Norwegians were the earliest whalers of which we have any records.] - -[Illustration: The Dutch boiling oil on shore in a huge “try-works,” -which was the early method of preparing the oil.] - -In 1612 the Dutch became the leaders and were still very active about -1680, employing two hundred and sixty ships and fourteen thousand -seamen, and during the last part of the seventeenth century they -furnished nearly all Europe with oil. To them is attributed the -improvements in the harpoon, the line, and the lance, and to their -early prominence in the industry we owe the very name “whale,” a -derivation from the Dutch and German word “wallen,” meaning to roll -or wallow. They established a whaling settlement at Spitzbergen, only -eleven degrees from the North Pole, where they boiled the oil; in fact, -during the early days of whaling all nations “tried out” their oil on -land. The Dutch continued to be the leaders until about 1770, when the -English superseded them owing to the royal bounties. - - - - -EARLY NEW ENGLAND WHALING - - -The history of American whaling really begins with the settlement of -the New England Colonies. When the “Mayflower” anchored inside of Cape -Cod, the Pilgrims saw whales playing about the ship, and this was their -chief reason for settling there. It afterwards proved that the products -of the whale formed an important source of income to the settlers on -Massachusetts Bay. - -The subject of drift, or dead whales which were washed ashore, first -attracted the colonists, and there are numerous references to them on -record. It was the invariable rule for the government to get one-third, -the town one-third, and the owner one-third, and in 1662 it was voted -that a portion of every whale should be given to the church. The whale -fishery increased steadily, so that in 1664 Secretary Randolph could -truthfully write to England, “The new Plymouth colony made great -profit by whale killing.” The success of the settlers on Cape Cod and -elsewhere encouraged Salem to consider ways and means of whaling; for -as early as 1688 one James Loper, of Salem, petitioned the Colonial -authorities for a patent for making oil, and four years later some -Salem whalers complained that Easthamptonites had stolen whales that -bore Salem harpoons. As early as 1647 whaling had become a recognized -industry in Hartford, Conn., but for some reason did not prosper. - -The first white people to explore our New England coasts discovered -that the Indians were ahead of them in the pursuit of the whale. The -Red Men in canoes attacked these beasts with stone-headed arrows and -spears which were attached to short lines. Usually wooden floats were -tied to the line, which impeded the progress of the animal, and by -frequent thrusts these early hunters actually worried the life out of -the whale. - -[Illustration: This print shows the high sterns of the old Dutch -ships.] - -Waymouth’s Journal of his voyage to America in 1605 gives the first -description of the Indian method of whaling in canoes on the New -England coast from November to April, when spouters generally abounded -there. “One especial thing is their manner of killing the whale” runs -the quaint description “which they call a powdawe; and will describe -his form; how he bloweth up the water; and that he is twelve fathoms -long: that they go in company of their king with a multitude of their -boats; and strike him with a bone made in fashion of a harping iron -fastened to a rope, which they make great and strong of the bark of -trees, which they veer out after him; then all their boats come about -him as he riseth above water, with their arrows they shoot him to -death; when they have killed him and dragged him to shore, they call -all their chief lords together, and sing a song of joy; and those chief -lords, whom they call sagamores, divide the spoil and give to every man -a share, which pieces so distributed, they hang up about their houses -for provisions; and when they boil them they blow off the fat and put -to their pease, maize and other pulse which they eat.” - -[Illustration: Early method of bringing whales on shore by means of a -windlass.] - -The Esquimaux at this time were very much more advanced than the -Indians, and showed their ingenuity by inventing the “toggle” harpoon, -which is in use to this day, and which was improved upon in 1848 by -a Negro in New Bedford called Lewis Temple, who made his fortune -turning out irons. This harpoon was arranged to sink very easily into -the blubber, but when pulled out the end turned at right angles to the -shank, thus preventing the harpoon from withdrawing. - -Boston is mentioned only occasionally in connection with the Whale -Fishery. During 1707 the Boston papers state that a whale forty feet -long entered the harbour and was killed near Noddle’s Island, and -another interesting record is in a letter written in 1724 by the Hon. -Paul Dudley, who mentions that he has just received a note from a Mr. -Atkins of Boston, who was one of the first to go fishing for sperm -whales. There were many whaleships recorded in the Boston records, -although fitting out and sailing from other neighboring ports. - - - - -NANTUCKET - - -A large part of the romance of whaling centres around the island of -Nantucket and its hardy seamen. It was from here that the Red Men first -sallied out in canoes to chase the whale; from here the small sloops -first set out laden with cobblestones, as the story goes, to throw at -the whales to see if they were near enough to risk a harpoon. These -daring Nantucketers were, in 1791, the first to sail to the Pacific, -and later on in 1820 to the coast of Japan, and finally they made their -ships known in every harbour of the world. Thirty islands and reefs in -the Pacific are named after Nantucket captains and merchants. - -There is an amusing legend concerning the origin of the island. A -giant was said to be in the habit of sleeping on Cape Cod, because -its peculiar shape fitted him when he curled himself up. One night he -became very restless and thrashed his feet around so much that he got -his moccasins filled with sand. In the morning he took off first one -moccasin and then the other, flinging their contents across the sea, -thus forming the islands of Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket. - -From the time of the settlement of the island, the entire population, -from the oldest inhabitant down to the youngest child, realized that -on the whaling industry depended their livelihood. A story is told -of a Nantucket youngster who tied his mother’s darning cotton to a -fork, and, hurling it at the cat as she tried to escape, yelled “Pay -out, mother! Pay out! There she ‘sounds’ through the window!” The -inhabitants always alluded to a train as “tying up,” a wagon was called -a “side-wheeler,” every one you met was addressed as “captain,” and a -horse was always “tackled” instead of harnessed. The refrain of an old -Nantucket song runs as follows:— - - “So be cheery, my lads, let your hearts never fail, - While the bold harpooner is striking the whale!” - -A young man who had not doubled the cape or harpooned a whale had no -chance of winning a Nantucket, New Bedford, or New London belle, and -it is stated as a fact that the girls of Nantucket at one time formed -a secret society, and one of their pledges was never to marry a man -until he had “struck his whale.” The well-known Nantucket novel “Miriam -Coffin” tells of a girl who made to her two lovers a condition of -marriage that they must first of all undertake a whaling voyage, and -that she would wed the more successful of the two. It happened that -one was a Minister, and the other was no better adapted to the whale -fishery; nevertheless, both set out to sea. The former was killed by a -whale, and the latter returned after an absence of several years, but -instead of claiming his bride, he tells her that before going he had -already made up his mind that a girl who made such foolish propositions -was no girl for him; and so the story ends. - -[Illustration: A whaler circling Cape Horn.] - -Many a Nantucket bride stepped from her home to her husband’s whaleship -for a three-year voyage round Cape Horn, which probably suggested these -verses:— - - “I asked a maiden by my side, - Who sighed and looked at me forlorn, - ‘Where is your heart?’ She quick replied, - ‘Round Cape Horn.’ - - * * * * * - - “I said, ‘I’ll let your fathers know,’ - To boys in mischief on the lawn; - They all replied, ‘Then you must go - Round Cape Horn.’ - - * * * * * - - “In fact, I asked a little boy - If he could tell where he was born; - He answered, with a mark of joy, - ‘Round Cape Horn.’” - -Any one who did not live in Nantucket was called a foreigner. To show -their attitude a schoolboy was asked to write a thesis on Napoleon, and -he began by stating that “Napoleon was a great man and a great soldier, -but he was an off-islander.” In fact, it was an act of condescension -for a Nantucketer even to shake hands with a “Mainlander,” and there -are many of the older islanders to-day who have never set foot on any -other soil. - -Most of the inhabitants were Quakers, and there was a saying that a -Nantucketer was half Quaker and half sailor. Though their cemetery -contains about ten thousand graves, there are only half a dozen -tombstones in one corner of the field. There are no “Friends” in -Nantucket to-day. The following incident shows the Quaker thrift, to -which was due in a great measure their success in whaling. When the -first chaise was purchased, the owner was about to take a drive in it, -but, after a few minutes’ deliberation, decided it was too progressive, -and would subject him to criticism, so he loaned it only to invalids -and funeral parties. - -Billy Clark was town crier, and for forty years, up to the time of -his death in 1909, he voluntarily announced with a bell and horn the -arrival of all whalers and steamers. Once as he went along ringing, -a girl asked him rudely where he got his bell, and his reply was, -“I got my bell where you got your manners,—at the ‘brass foundry.’” -Nantucketers declare that his death was due to the fact that he -actually “blew his lungs away.” - -The Chase family has always occupied a most prominent position in the -history of the island. One of the family was Reuben Chase, who served -under John Paul Jones on the “Ranger,” and on his death the following -epitaph was placed on his tombstone:— - - “Free from the storms and gusts of human life, - Free from its error and its strife, - Here lies Reuben Chase anchored; who stood - The sea of ebbing life and flowing misery. - He was not dandy rigged, his prudent eye - Fore-saw and took a reef at fortune’s quickest flow. - He luffed and bore away to please mankind; - Yet duty urged him still to head the wind, - Rumatic gusts at length his masts destroyed, - Yet jury health awhile he yet enjoyed, - Worn out with age and shattered head, - At foot he struck and grounded on his bed. - There careening thus he lay, - His final bilge expecting every day, - Heaven took his ballast from his dreary hold, - And left his body destitute of soul.” - -Every islander knows the story of the Nantucket skipper who claimed -that he could always tell where his ship was by the color and taste of -the lead after sounding. Marden, his mate, on one trip determined to -fool him, and for this purpose brought some dirt from a neighbor’s -garden in Nantucket. He woke up the skipper one morning off Cape -Horn, and showed him the lead, which had been smeared with this dirt, -whereupon, to quote the words of James Thomas Fields,— - - “The skipper stormed and tore his hair, - Hauled on his boots and roared to Marden: - ‘Nantucket’s sunk, and here we are - Right over old Marm Hackett’s garden!’” - -Another Nantucket captain always took to sea medicine bottles, each -numbered and indexed to suit different complaints. Once his mate was -ill, and, looking up the bottle to administer in his case, found -that No. 13 contained the cure for his patient. Unfortunately, this -bottle had all been used, so, after careful deliberation, he mixed the -contents of bottles 6 and 7, which he gave the mate, who promptly died. - -Early history tells us that Thomas Macy purchased the island for thirty -pounds and two beaver hats, “One for myself and one for my wife,” and -to him therefore belongs the honor of the settlement of Nantucket; he -had been driven away from Massachusetts for sheltering Quakers, which -was at that time against the law, and with his friend Edward Starbuck -fled to the island and established a colony composed of such well-known -families as the Coffins, Husseys, Swaynes, Gardners, Chases, Folgers, -and Starbucks. These men were not whalers, but they watched the Indians -and learned much from them, and later on employed Ichabod Paddock to -come over from Cape Cod and instruct them further. - -The character of the island and its situation far out in the ocean, -its poor soil, and the number of whales along its shores, all proved -an inducement to the Nantucketers to follow the sea as a calling. At -first, there were so many whales that they did not find it necessary -to go beyond the coast; so, under the guidance of Paddock, lookouts -were erected along the South shore, and each man patrolled a certain -amount of territory. Each one took his share of whales killed, and -business flourished. This method of whaling continued until 1712, -when Christopher Hussey, while cruising along the coast, was blown -out to sea. He ran across a sperm whale, which he finally killed and -brought home. This year was epoch making, as this was the first sperm -whale known to have been taken by Americans. The oil from this species -of whale being superior to that of all others, the Nantucketers now -(1715) decided to change their methods and to whale in the “deep.” -As the vessels steadily increased in size with greater and greater -cargo-carrying capacity, voyages necessarily became longer, extending -even to periods of four or five years. In fact, a voyage lasting but -two years was considered unusually short. The point of view of most -whalers regarding a two-year voyage is shown by the captain who, when -boarding his ship, was reminded by a friend that he had not said -“Good-by” to his wife,— - -“Why should I?” said he; “I am only to be gone two years.” - -[Illustration: The famous Roach (Rotch) fleet, “Enterprise,” “Wm. -Roach,” “Pocahontas,” and “Houqua,” among a “school” of sperm whales -off the coast of Hawaii. Ships often cruised together and divided the -catch. Honolulu owes its rapid rise partially to the frequent visits of -the whalers. The first vessel fitted out from the Sandwich Islands was -in 1837 and was owned by Henry A. Pierce of New Bedford.] - -About 1730 “try-works” were built on the vessels instead of on the -shore, and the oil was boiled and stowed away at sea, thus allowing -the ships to make much longer voyages. At this time Nantucket owned as -many whaleships as all the other ports of America combined. Whaling -continued to increase, and the sterile island was turned into a -prosperous community, when the Revolution came on, and for the time -being practically put an end to the industry. Nantucket was the only -port that carried on whaling during the war: the island simply had to -whale or starve, as the inhabitants knew no other occupation. Most -of their vessels were eventually captured or lost by shipwreck, and -over twelve hundred of their men were either killed or made prisoners. -The end of the war found the island’s business hopelessly wrecked; -but, with their usual pluck and determination, the Nantucketers once -more built up a profitable fleet. So impoverished were they that the -government for one year levied no taxes. - -At the close of the war a Quaker, called William Rotch, was Nantucket’s -greatest whaler, and even he became so discouraged with the prospects -at home that in 1785 he left the island in his ship, the “Maria,” -for London. He endeavored to make some arrangement with the English -government to import some whaling families from Nantucket, but, -failing to do so, repaired to France, where he succeeded in making an -agreement with Louis XVI. A great many families moved to France, and -carried on the pursuit from Dunkirk in Normandy. Rotch soon returned to -Nantucket, and later moved to New Bedford, where he died. The old Rotch -counting-house was later used as a club-room for Nantucket whaling -captains, and is even now being used as such. In the old prosperous -days this was jocosely called the House of Commons, while another club, -which was used by the ship owners, was named the House of Lords. - -Immediately after the war, the ship “Bedford,” one of the Rotch -vessels, was loaded with oil, and sent to England under command of -Captain Mooers. This was the first vessel to display the American flag -in a British port. It is related that one of the crew of the ship was -hunchbacked, and when on shore one day a British sailor clapped his -hand on his shoulder, and said, “Hello, Jack, what have you got here?” -“Bunker Hill, and be d—d to you,” replied the Yankee. - -The redoubtable Nantucketers resumed their whaling at the close of the -Revolution, and their energy and skill were again yielding rich profits -when the War of 1812 almost annihilated the island’s fleet. But as it -was another case of whale or starve, Nantucket continued to send out a -few whalers, and was the only American port during the war that dared -to brave the risks of British capture. - - -[Illustration: A “camel” floating a whaler to sea over the Nantucket -bar. The “camel” was used from 1842 to 1849, enabling the Nantucketers -for a time to keep pace with the New Bedfordites.] - -About this time, in one of the Pacific ports, an incident occurred -which showed in an amusing light the ready wit and intrepid courage of -an American whaleman. He had in some way displeased an English naval -officer, who, feeling himself highly insulted, promptly challenged the -Yankee, who accepted and, being the challenged party, had the choice -of weapons. He selected, of course, the weapon with which he was most -skilful and took his stand with a poised harpoon. It had altogether too -dangerous an appearance for the irate Englishman, particularly as the -whaleman was evidently an expert in the manual of thrust and parry, and -so with as good grace as he could command, the Englishman withdrew from -the fight. - -At a very early day in the fishery, whaling vessels, which were at -first long rowboats and later small sloops, began to increase in size, -and about 1820 ships of three hundred tons were found profitable. -The increase in profit producing capacity, strange as it may appear, -actually sounded the death-knell of the Nantucket whaling, for -across the mouth of the harbour ran a bar, over which it soon became -impossible for whaling vessels of large size to pass. The difficulty -was for a time overcome by the true Yankee ingenuity of some inventive -Nantucketer, who devised the “camel,” a veritable dry-dock barge in -which the larger whaleships, lightened often of oil and bone, were -floated over the bar into the forest of masts which in those days -characterized a harbour now frequented only by a few schooners and -sloops, the small pleasure crafts of the summer residents, and an -occasional steamer. - -As whaleships still continued to increase in size, the “camel” -expedient was only a temporary success; for the time came when vessels -were of too great tonnage to be thus floated over the bar, and the -daring and skilful Nantucketer, who had taught the civilized world -not only how, but where, to whale, had to admit defeat and gradually -give up the industry to more fortunately situated ports. At this time, -about 1830, Nantucket was commercially the third largest city in -Massachusetts, Boston being first and Salem second. - -In 1843 Nantucket owned its record number of ships, eighty-eight. In -1846, which is referred to as the “boom” year in American whaling, -sixteen vessels cleared from Nantucket and sixty-nine from her near-by -rival—New Bedford. In 1869 Nantucket sent her last ship and disappeared -from the list of whaling ports. The great fire of 1846 also contributed -to the downfall of the industry. - -A new era in whaling was to be born, with New Bedford as the centre, -and Nantucket was to become only a health resort and mecca for -sight-seers, more than ten thousand persons visiting the island in 1914. - - - - -NEW BEDFORD - - -New Bedford undoubtedly owed its whaling success to its proximity to -Nantucket, to its wonderful harbour, and to the honesty, thrift, and -good business ability of its citizens, most of whom were Quakers. - - -[Illustration: A whaler leaving New Bedford Harbour.] - -As in Nantucket, the whole city lived to go whaling, and as each -inhabitant made more money, he moved his residence higher up on the -Hill. It is said that there was an inn called the “Crossed Harpoons,” -and another called “Spouter Inn,” and there is a Whaleman’s Chapel on -Johnny Cake Hill where regular Sunday services were held, at which the -following hymn was always sung by the congregation:— - - “The ribs and terrors of the whale - Arched over me in dismal gloom, - While all God’s sun-lit waves rolled by - And left me deepening down to doom. - - “I saw the opening maw of hell, - With endless pains and sorrows there; - Which none but they that feel can tell— - Oh, I was plunging to despair— - - “In black distress I called to God, - When I could scarce believe him mine, - He bowed his ear to my complaints— - No more the whale did me confine.” - -The pulpit of this chapel was made to represent the prow of a -whaleship, and was ascended by means of a rope ladder, which the -minister, who had been a harpooner in his youth, hauled up after him. -Around the walls of this little church can still be seen tablets -erected in memory of many whalemen who lost their lives at sea. There -also was a daily paper called _The Whaleman_, which gave the reports of -the whaleships and the whaling news. It has been said that New Bedford -fathers gave whales for dowers to their daughters, and that they had -reservoirs of oil in their attics to burn on gala occasions. - -It is a curious fact that three Morgans not long ago married three -Rotchs, three Rotchs married three Rodmans, and three Rodmans married -three Motleys. Among other well-known New Bedford whaling families are -the Hathaways, Swifts, Howlands, Morgans, Stones, Delanos, Rodmans, -Seaburys, Giffords, Tabers, Grinnells, and Wings. - -Whaling was a tremendous financial gamble, and until a vessel came -home “clean” or “greasy,” meaning empty or full, the success of the -voyage was not known. They tell a story of a New Bedford captain who -had been out for nearly four years, and as he came up to the wharf the -owners asked him what luck he had had. His reply was, “I didn’t get any -whales, but I had a damn good sail.” There is another tale of a seaman -whose vessel left New Bedford on the day of his mother’s funeral. -Naturally he set sail with a heavy heart, and during his three years’ -cruise he thought many times of his sorrowful father at home. As the -ship neared the docks he was met by his father with “Hurry up, Jim, I -want to introduce you to your new mother.” There were many changes at -home during a long cruise, and sometimes even the fashions had entirely -changed. One whaleship captain described his surprise at seeing for the -first time the crinoline or hoop skirt. - -The real founder of New Bedford, and the pioneer of the whale fishery -at this port, was Joseph Russell, who sent his ships out in 1765. -Several years later the first ship was launched and was called the -“Dartmouth,” and this vessel is well known to history owing to the fact -that she was one of the ships that carried into Boston Harbour the tea -that was thrown overboard. The whaling industry increased steadily, -except during the wars, until 1857, when the New Bedford fleet numbered -three hundred and twenty-nine vessels, was valued at over twelve -million dollars, and employed over twelve thousand seamen. If these -vessels had been strung out in line, they would have stretched over ten -miles. In addition to these sailors, thousands of others were employed -at home making casks, irons, ropes, and many other articles used in -whaling. In fact, it was often stated that the population was divided -into three parts,—those away on a voyage, those returning, and those -getting ready for the next trip. - -There were many nationalities represented in the crews of the whalers, -and the New Bedford streets presented a very foreign appearance, with -Spaniards, Portuguese, Dutch, Norwegians, Germans, French, English, -Scotch, Irish, Sandwich Islanders, and New Englanders at every turn. A -large number of Portuguese served on whaleships, and a part of the city -near the south end of Water Street became known as Fayal. - -The “Golden Age,” as it is called, of whaling was between 1825 and -1860, and during the whole of this period New Bedford assumed the lead, -even long after other ports had given up the pursuit. It is estimated -that about the year 1848 there were over seventy millions invested -in the industry and seventy thousand persons derived from it their -subsistence. - -It is an interesting fact that the insurance on American whalemen -was about one-half the rate that was charged the Englishman, which -certainly showed the superiority of our Yankee seamen. There were -several whaling insurance companies in New Bedford. There is a story -told of a New Bedford ship owner who had just heard that his vessel -had gone down and he hadn’t yet received the insurance policy from the -company. He sent a letter down to the office which read as follows: -“I have heard from my ship and thee need not place the insurance.” Of -course, the policy was sent up immediately. - -The New Bedford whalers explored new grounds, and to this fact chiefly -is due the continued prosperity of its whale fishery, but it was to die -slowly; in 1875 the fleet from this port had declined to 116 vessels, -in 1886 to 77 ships, and in 1906 to 24. - - -[Illustration: The famous Stone Fleet sailing from New Bedford, Nov. -16, 1861. The ships were loaded with stones and were sunk in the -mouths of certain Southern harbours during the Civil War, to prevent -blockade runners from entering. The vessels in this picture are the -Garland, Maria Theresa, Rebecca Simms, Leonidas, South America, Archer, -American, Harvest, Amazon, Cossack, Courier, Henrietta, Potomac, -Kensington, Herald and L. C. Richmond.] - -[Illustration: The captains of the Stone Fleet. A fine type of old -New England ship masters. Standing from left to right—Captains Beard, -Gifford, Swift, Childs, Stall, French, Wood, Cumiski, Willis, Bailey. -Sitting from left to right—Captains Malloy, Swift, Brown, Howland, -Worth, Tilton, Brayton, Taylor, Chadwick.] - -One of the chief historical events of New Bedford happened in 1861, -when the famous Stone Fleet sailed from that port. The United States -government decided to purchase some old ships and sink them in the -channels of the harbours of Charleston and Savannah, to prevent -blockade running during the war. H. Bartlett & Sons supervised their -purchase and Captain Rodolphus N. Swift was the general agent. Bartlett -purchased some of the old whalers for as small a price as thirty-one -hundred and fifty dollars, some of them having more cement than wood -in their hulls. To James Duddy, a teamster, fell the task of supplying -the seventy-five hundred tons of stones with which to fill the vessels, -and many a New Bedford stone wall now lies at the bottom of some of -our Southern harbours. Captain Rodney French, an old “slaver,” who -afterwards became Mayor of New Bedford, was selected as commander of -the fleet, and on Thanksgiving Day most of New Bedford assembled on the -wharves and saw fifteen of her once famous fleet, which had for years -been the homes of its seamen, sail forth never to return. It must have -been a very sad day for the city, and it may be said that this event -marked the beginning of the decline of the industry at New Bedford. - -One captain insisted upon washing the decks of his ship every morning, -using pulverized stones instead of sand, and another, to give the fleet -a warlike appearance, mounted a formidable “Quaker” gun, made from a -section of a spar. - -A second fleet sailed later in the year, making forty-five vessels in -all. Although the expedition cost the government about a quarter of a -million dollars, its success was only temporary. The captain of the -“Alabama” swore vengeance on New Bedford and destroyed or captured -every whaler he could find, and in the “Alabama” awards that were made -after the war New Bedford received a large share. - -Ten years later occurred the worst disaster that ever befell a whaling -fleet. Thirty-four whalers were caught in the ice in the Arctic regions -and sunk, and it is a curious fact that, while the loss reached one -million five hundred thousand dollars, not a single human life was -sacrificed. These three pictures of a series of five on the following -page show the sinking of the ships, the abandonment of their vessels, -which had their flags union down, and the eighty-mile sail through -the ice-floes to the open sea, where twelve hundred and nineteen men, -women, and children were taken home in the seven whalers that had not -been lost in the ice. It must have been very crowded, as each ship had -to stow away several hundred persons in addition to her own crew. There -were many sad hearts as they left their vessels and almost all of their -belongings, and started off in the small boats. The trip to sea and the -trans-shipment in the heavy swell must have been made with the utmost -care, otherwise many lives would have been sacrificed. The loss to the -New Bedford owners was so tremendous that they never really recovered -from the catastrophe, and many families had to economize for years -after. The Swifts, Howlands, and Rotchs were among those who lost ships. - -On one of the vessels in the first picture of this series was a large -quantity of the finest Manila cigars and also some rare Madeira -wine, that had been picked up in the Philippines the year before on -instructions from the ship’s owner. When the captain of this vessel -reached New Bedford and reported the loss of his command, the owner’s -first question, after listening to the dismal tale, was whether his -cigars and wine had been saved. “All of it,” came the reply. “Where is -it?” said the owner, looking more cheerful. “Well, you see, I drank the -wine and Mr. Jones, the mate, he smoked the cigars, and they certainly -done us both good,” replied the captain. - -The ship “Progress,” shown in the last picture, forms an interesting -connecting link between the Stone Fleet and this 1871 disaster. - -[Illustration: Abandonment of the whalers in the Arctic Ocean, -September, 1871. Vessels surrounded by the ice, and many of them in a -sinking condition.] - -[Illustration: Abandonment of the whalers in the Arctic Ocean, -September, 1871. Showing the whaleboats being hauled up on Blossom -Shoals, where the ship-wrecked crews spent the night crowded under the -upturned boats.] - -[Illustration: Abandonment of the whalers in the Arctic Ocean, -September, 1871. The seven ships receiving the 1217 men, women, and -children of the abandoned vessels. The sea was very rough and the -trans-shipment was very dangerous. The ship “Progress,” whose history -is given on the opposite page, is at the right of the picture.] Under -the name of the “Charles Phelps” she whaled from Stonington, Conn., for -a number of years and finally was purchased for the Stone Fleet. She -was found to be in such good condition that the government decided not -to sink her, and she returned to New Bedford and was sold; and it was -this same vessel that took part in the rescue of the twelve hundred and -nineteen shipwrecked people ten years later. In 1893 she was fitted out -as if for a whaling voyage and towed by way of the St. Lawrence River -to Chicago, where she was exhibited at the Fair, and now lies rotting -on the sands of the lake at South Chicago. No other whaler ever had so -interesting and varied a history. - -The year after this Arctic disaster found the fleet again in the -Arctic, and the “Minerva,” one of the ships left at Point Belcher, was -discovered and found to be in good condition; the others had sunk. One -lone person was found who had remained on board his ship for the whole -year, and his sufferings had been fearful. The natives had stolen all -the whalebone and oil from the sinking vessels, and when some of the -same shipwrecked captains arrived the next year the Esquimaux tried to -sell them back their own property, and one native was using one of the -chronometer cases as a dinner pot in which to boil his blubber. The -“Minerva” was manned and sailed to New Bedford and continued in the -whaling industry. - -New Bedford ships suffered severely during the Rebellion, but later -new ones were added to the fleet and business again prospered. Lack of -space prevents enumerating the achievements of American whalers during -the Civil War. Captain William P. Randall, however, will go down in -history as a hero of this war; he was brought up on a whaleship and -later served in the navy. - -Captain Frederick Fish, father of Frederick P. Fish and Charles H. -Fish, of Boston, was one of the best known and most respected of -the whaling captains sailing out of New Bedford. He commanded the -“Montreal” and the “Columbus” when only twenty-two years old, made nine -voyages round the world, and was one of the most successful whalers of -his day. Once when near the Sandwich Islands his vessel happened to -anchor very close to an English ship, and Captain Fish noticed that -every evening at sunset the English commander, while at anchor, set -all sails and then furled them again in order to show how quickly this -work could be performed. After a few evenings Captain Fish ordered his -crew to do the same, and the time consumed was so much less that the -next evening the Englishman decided he did not care to go through the -performance; in fact, he never tried to show off again in that port. - -There is also another amusing story told about Captain Fish. His ship -at one port took on a great many chickens, which were used for food, -and finally one of the crew rebelled and informed the captain that he -had eaten enough hen. He was immediately ordered out on a yard-arm and -was made to crow like a rooster for such a long time that when he was -again allowed on deck, he had a most excellent appetite for another -chicken dinner. Captain Fish delighted in telling of the time when -he took a local pilot on board somewhere in the Pacific to conduct -his vessel into port. He asked the navigator if he were sure of his -course, and received a prompt and decisive answer in the affirmative. -Presently, to the disgust of the captain, the vessel touched. The next -question put to the pilot was whether or not he could swim, and finding -that he could, Captain Fish ordered his crew to throw him overboard. -This was done, and, the distance being short, the swimmer made the -land, and the captain himself took his vessel in the rest of the way. - -[Illustration: New Bedford fifty years ago (1808). (This print is dated -1858.)] - -Captain Fish was an excellent story teller, and another yarn has been -handed down in connection with one of his trips. The voyage had been -very unsuccessful, and as he was looking over his chart he tossed his -dividers down in a disgruntled manner, and by accident they chanced to -stick in the chart. He then conceived the novel idea of sailing to the -very place where his instrument happened to land, and curiously enough -he was rewarded by a very large catch. - -Once when one of his whaleboats had been overturned by a fighting -whale he hurried to the assistance of the crew, who were struggling -in the water, and to his amazement found two of them squabbling over -the ownership of a pair of old shoes, instead of thinking about saving -their lives. It is a curious fact that he never learned to swim, and -often saved his life when capsized by grabbing some floating débris. -His nerve and courage were remarkable, and it is related that even on -his death-bed he told the doctor an amusing story. - -This picture of New Bedford in 1808 is most interesting. The oil -market shed on the right-hand side of the street was built in 1795 by -Barnabas Russell for his son Joseph, and the last building shown on -the right of the picture was the mansion of William Rotch, Sr., and -the first estate in the village at that time. This Rotch was the son -of Joseph Rotch, one of New Bedford’s earliest whalers, and he himself -is represented in his old chaise, the only private carriage then in -the town. He is negotiating for a load of hay, and from all accounts -he must have been a keen business man, for he was often seen going to -market so early that he had to use a lantern. All the other figures in -this picture also are intended to represent well-known citizens of the -time. The two men shaking hands are Captain Crocker and Samuel Rodman; -the latter, who was the son-in-law of William Rotch, had the reputation -of being the best dressed man in New Bedford in his day. One of the -boys harnessed to the small cart is the Hon. George Howland, Jr., -great-uncle of Llewellyn Howland. H. H. Hathaway, Jr., and Thomas S. -Hathaway have three ancestors in the picture. - -[Illustration: Oil stored on the wharves at New Bedford awaiting a -favorable market. The owners, dressed in silk hats, long-tailed coats, -and polished top boots, might often be seen watching, testing, and -marking the oil-barrels.] - - - - -OTHER NEW ENGLAND WHALING PORTS - - -Rhode Island pursued whales in 1731, Newport and Providence being -the two most successful ports. Fifty ships were owned by Connecticut -and Rhode Island in 1775. Massachusetts owned over three hundred at -this time. Rhode Island was more of a “slave” than a whaling State. -New London became a great whaling port in 1846, and was the third in -importance in New England. - -The people of Cape Cod began sending ships to sea about 1726, and a -few years later a dozen or so vessels were fitted out at Provincetown. -Boston claimed twenty whaleships in 1775, and registered from one -to eleven vessels almost every year until 1903, since which date no -whaleship has been recorded from this port. Gloucester turned to -whaling in 1833. - -The following figures show the different whaling ports in Massachusetts -and the largest number of vessels enrolled in any one year in each. New -Bedford, of course, held first place with 329 in 1857, with Nantucket -88 in 1843, Provincetown claimed 54 in 1869; Fairhaven 50 in 1848 to -1852; Edgartown and Mattapoisett owned 19 each; Salem had 14 in 1840; -Boston 11 in 1868; Dartmouth, 10; Plymouth, 9; Falmouth, 8; Wareham, -Fall River, and Marion, 7 each; Beverly, Holmes’ Hole, Orleans, 5 -each; Lynn, 4; Newburyport, 3; Gloucester, Dorchester, and Sandwich, -2 each; and the following claimed 1: Braintree, Hingham, Marblehead, -Barnstable, Duxbury, Quincy, Truro, Yarmouth, and Wellfleet. Of -the Rhode Island towns Warren owned 25; Newport, 12; Bristol, 10; -Providence, 9. Connecticut towns that owned whalers were New London, -70; Stonington, 27; Mystic, 18; and a few scattered among half a dozen -other places. Portsmouth, N.H., at one time owned two vessels, and -between the years 1835 to 1845 Bath, Bucksport, Portland, and Wiscasset -in Maine each had one. Massachusetts, however, could claim five-sixths -of the total fleet. - -A few words must be said in praise of Samuel Mulford of Long Island. -Governor Hunter of New York claimed for his State a share of all whales -caught, whereupon Mulford waged war against this act in every possible -way. Finally he sailed to London and put his case before the Crown. -The people in London were much amused at his country clothes, and the -pickpockets in particular became a nuisance to him in the streets. -Mulford, however, showed his resourcefulness by sewing fish hooks in -his pockets and succeeded in capturing the thief. Another incident -shows the ingenuity of the whaleman. The ship “Syren” was attacked by a -horde of murderous savages, and the crew of the ship would, doubtless, -have been murdered had it not been for a quick stratagem of the mate. -He remembered a package of tacks in the cabin and yelled, “Break out -the carpet tacks and sow ’em over the deck.” The natives, yelling with -pain, jumped headlong into the sea, and the ship was saved. - - -[Illustration: The Japanese method of capturing whales was to entangle -them in nets. A great many boatloads of men would drive the whale -toward the nets by throwing bricks and stones at it. When once -entangled the infuriated animal could be easily killed. In 1884 the -Ukitsu Whaling Company employed over 100,000 whalemen. One of the most -successful of the Japanese in this pursuit was Masutomi Matazaemon, who -accumulated a large fortune. The Japanese have been very slow to adopt -our Western methods.] - -[Illustration: A typical “blubber hunter” cruising for “right” whales -in the Arctic.] - -The world owes many discoveries to the energy and determination of -whaleship captains. Over four hundred islands in the Pacific were -discovered and named by American whalemen, and the history of New -Zealand is closely connected with the visits of New England whalers. -Australia, too, was opened to the world by the whalemen. - -It was to a certain extent due to the testimony of Captain Bryant, -a whale captain of Mattapoisett, that Alaska was purchased by the -United States government. That there was a northwest passage was also -discovered by American whalemen in this way: the date and name of a -ship were always marked on its harpoons, and in several instances -whales were captured in the Pacific by ships that were known to have -been cruising not long before in the Atlantic. It was Captain Timothy -Folger, of Nantucket, who charted the Gulf Stream at the request -of Benjamin Franklin, to whom he was related, and this drawing was -engraved on an old chart and preserved in London. In this way English -mariners discovered how to avoid the swift current and thereby gain -much time. Our seamen in the early days were not very kindly treated by -the Japanese, but, finally, several whalemen secured their good will by -teaching them English. This encouraged the American government to send -out Commodore Perry’s expedition, which succeeded in making our first -treaty with Japan, thus opening that country to Western civilization. - -It was difficult to make discoveries ahead of our whalemen. In 1834 -two Russian discovery ships approached a forlorn little island in the -Antarctic Ocean and the commander was about to take possession in -the name of his Czar. There was a dense fog at the time, but when it -cleared away they were very much surprised and vexed to see a little -Connecticut ship at anchor between their two vessels. The name of -this whaler was the “Hero” of Stonington, captained by Nathaniel B. -Palmer, who was only twenty-one years of age and was just returning -from his discovery of the Antarctic Continent. The Russian commander -was so impressed by the achievement of this youthful captain that he -cheerfully acquiesced in naming the place Palmer’s Land. This name has -since been changed to Graham Land. It is an undisputed fact that the -whalers prepared the way for the missionaries. - - - - -ABOARD A “BLUBBER HUNTER” - - -Nothing can be more romantic than to be attending a clam-bake on -Mishaum Point or Barney’s Joy and to see a whaleship, or “blubber -hunter” as she is often termed, round the point and start to sea. It is -with quite different feelings that one peers down into her forecastle, -which is often referred to as the Black Hole of Calcutta. This room, -which is the home of thirty to forty men for three or four years, is -reached by a perpendicular ladder through a small hatchway, which is -the only means of ventilation. The bunks are in tiers and are about the -size of a coffin, so narrow that it has often been said that one has to -get out of them in order to turn over. A small table in the centre of -this “hole” and the seamen’s chests lashed to the floor comprise all -the furnishings, except possibly a few bottles of rum, which were often -labelled “camphor.” In fact, one might speak of the dis-accommodations -of the forecastle, and it is no wonder that a cruise in a whaler is -often spoken of as a “sailor’s horror.” The odor of grease, dirt, oil, -and lack of air are unbearable except to one thoroughly accustomed to a -whaling trip, and sailors often say that this attractive place should -not be approached without a clothespin on one’s nose. The utensils -comprised a few tin plates and a bucket of water, with one cup for the -use of every one. The food consisted of “longlick” and “scouse,” the -former made of tea, coffee, and molasses, and the latter of hardtack, -beans, and meat. It is not difficult to see, therefore, why most of the -captains anchored their ships well out beyond the harbour, so as to -prevent desertions after the novice seaman had glanced at his sleeping -quarters. There have been cases of sailors jumping overboard on the -chance of reaching land, and it is on record that the greater part of a -whaleship’s crew once floated to shore on the cover of the try-works. A -captain was very careful where he allowed his men to land, and, in case -he was afraid of desertions, took care to allow them shore leave only -at places where the natives were troublesome, or where for a ten-dollar -bill he knew he could get the whole crew returned to him. - -The whaleship looked very clumsy and was built for strength rather -than for speed, the bow and stern looking as if they were made by the -mile and chopped off in lengths to suit. It is a curious fact that the -“Rousseau,” belonging to the Howlands, when caught in a storm off the -Cape of Good Hope sailed astern for seven days faster than she had ever -sailed ahead, and successfully weathered the point. - -There is an amusing anecdote that has gone the whaling rounds, of a -greenhorn, called Hezekiah Ellsprett, who arrived on board the night -before sailing. One of the men told him that the first ones on board -had the right to pick out their berths and suggested that he paint his -name on the berth he should select. Hezekiah looked round, found the -best-looking cabin, painted his name in big letters on the outside of -the door, and made himself comfortable for the night. He had chosen -the captain’s room, and in the morning the captain came on board, and -in very violent terms informed him that he was in the wrong end of the -ship. - -The whaleman’s life was indeed a hard one, and his share of the profit, -or “lay” as it was called, was so small that at the end of a moderately -successful voyage if his share amounted to several hundred dollars -he was doing well. His earnings were depleted by the captain’s “slop -chest,” where the sailors had to purchase their tobacco and clothes at -high prices, and if there were any kicks the answer was that he could -“get skinned or go naked.” The most necessary part of the sailor’s -equipment was the sheath knife which was used about the ship and to -repair his clothes, and it was this same implement that he used to cut -his food! - -Regular deck watches were kept, and in good weather the officers often -winked their eyes if some of the men slept. Among sailors this was -called a “caulk,” and often some kind of a joke was played on the -sleeper. In one case they tied a live pig to the slumberer’s feet and -watched the fun from behind the try-works. - -Whalers would rarely cruise past the Azores without stopping at Fayal, -where they were most hospitably received by the American Consul, who -for centuries was one of the Dabney family. In fact, the island is -often referred to among whalemen as the “Isle de Dabney.” - -“Gamming” or exchanging visits between two whalers at sea was -thoroughly enjoyed and gave a chance to the sailors to swap -experiences, and many a weird, sorrowful, or wonderful story must have -been related. An incident is recorded of a meeting between two brothers -who had lived in Nantucket, and who had not met for twenty-three years. -There is an old adage among whalers that when a year from home, on -“gamming” with a ship that has sailed subsequent to your own departure, -you have the privilege of begging; when two years out, of stealing; and -when three years away from home, of both stealing and begging. - -A New London ship was once holding a reception on board for some -natives, and each of the crew was endeavoring in some way to amuse -the guests. One seaman took out his set of false teeth, thinking -he would provide entertainment; but instead the natives became so -alarmed that they tumbled over the side into their canoes and made -their retreat as quickly as possible. The crew was asked on shore for -a return visit; but an invitation to the exhibitor of the teeth was -not forthcoming, and he was obliged to remain alone on the ship, much -to his disappointment. Captain Gardner of Nantucket stated that in -thirty-seven years he spent only four years and eight months at home, -and Captain North, also of Nantucket, figured that he had sailed one -million one hundred and ninety-one thousand miles. - -Nothing could have equalled the joy of returning home after a long -voyage, and the anxiety to reach port was almost unbearable. Often a -vessel ran into bad winds and had to anchor for days a few miles off -shore, and there is one case known of a ship being blown to sea and -lost after having actually come within sight of New Bedford Harbour. - -Many a whaleman has laughed at this story. It was customary for the -first mate to keep the log book. One day he was intoxicated, so the -captain entered the day’s events, noting that “the mate was drunk all -day.” The next day the mate protested, but the captain said that it was -true and must remain on the records. The mate resumed his charge of the -diary, and got more than even with his superior officer by recording on -the following day that “the Captain was sober all day.” - - - - -WHALING IMPLEMENTS AND WHALEBOATS - - -[Illustration: This picture, taken by Roy C. Andrews, Esq., of the -American Museum of Natural History, on his last whaling expedition, -shows a bomb exploding in a whale.] - -[Illustration: WHALING IMPLEMENTS. - -Figure 1. Harpoon with one barb. Figure 2. Harpoon with two barbs. -Figure 3. The “toggle iron.” Figure 4. The lance for killing the whale -by reaching its “life.” Figure 5. A spade used in small boats for -making holes in the blubber after capture and on the whaleship for -cutting the blubber from the body of the whale. Figure 6. A bomb lance. -Figure 7. The “boarding knife” used for making holes in the strips of -blubber for the hoisting hooks. Figure 8. The dipper used to bail oil -out of the “case,” or head, and from the try-works into the cooler. -Figure 9. A piece of whalebone as it comes from the whale. Figure 10. A -strainer used for draining the scraps from the oil.] - - -The earliest method of killing whales was by means of the bow and -arrow, and the first accounts of New England whaling refer to the -harpoons as being made of stone or bone. There are three kinds, -however, that have been popular among American whalemen: one had one -barb (Figure 1), shown on the preceding page; another had two barbs -(Figure 2); and the third was the “toggle iron” (Figure 3), which has -already been described. The edges were sharpened like a razor and -were protected by a wooden cover when not in use. They were so sharp -that Melville in “Moby Dick” describes his whaling hero, Queequeg, as -shaving with one. The lance (Figure 4) which was used after the harpoon -had been driven in “to the hitches,” or its entire length, resembled a -flat spoon, and was very sharp on the edges and on the point. The long -line was attached to the harpoon, and shorter lines, called “monkey -ropes,” were made fast to the lances. - -It has been shown by the records of one James Durbee, a veteran harpoon -maker of New Bedford, that between the years 1828 and 1868 he made and -sold 58,517 harpoons, and he was only one of eight or ten manufacturers -of whaling implements in that one port. - -An interesting and authentic anecdote of a lost harpoon describes how -a Captain Paddock in 1802 struck a whale, which escaped with his iron, -and in 1815, thirteen years later, the same captain killed the same -whale and recovered his lost weapon. - -A whaler is supplied with from four to seven whaleboats, three of -which are usually on the port side, one on the starboard side near -the stern, and the rest are on deck; it was the improved early canoe, -sharp at both ends so as to make a dash at the whale and then be able -to retreat just as easily. The floor was very flat so as to enable -the boat to be turned quickly in order to dodge a sudden movement of -the whale. The boat was about twenty-eight feet long, was equipped -with one long steering oar and five rowing oars, and a sail which was -occasionally used; also paddles were sometimes resorted to in order to -avoid noise. In the bow of the boat two seven-foot harpoons were placed -ready for use. A warp was securely fastened to them, and to this warp -was secured, after the boat was lowered, a line of two or three hundred -fathoms of the best manila two-thirds of an inch in diameter, and -with a tensile strength of about three tons. It ran from the harpoons -through a chock or groove in the bow to a coil in a depressed box near -by, and then lengthwise along the boat to the stout loggerhead or post -in the stern, around which it made a turn or two, and then went forward -to the line tub near the tub oarsman. Its twelve or eighteen hundred -feet of line were coiled in this tub, with every possible precaution -to prevent fouling in the outrun. When the rope was coiled and the tub -was covered, it was said to resemble a Christmas cake ready to present -to the whales. The loggerhead was for snubbing and managing the line -as it ran out. A spare line was carried in another tub. A boat was -also supplied with extra harpoons, lances, spades, hatchet with which -to cut the line if necessary, lanterns, box of food, keg of water, and -compass, weighing, all complete, about twelve hundred pounds. - -[Illustration: - - Fig. 1. The Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus). - Fig. 2. The California Gray Whale (Rjachianectes glaucus). - Fig. 3. The North Pacific Humpback (Megaptera versabilis). - Fig. 4. The Sulphur Bottom (Sibbaldius sulfurens). - Fig. 5. The Bowhead (Balaena mysticetus). - Fig. 6. The Finback or Oregon Finner (Balaenoptera velifera). - Fig. 7. The Pacific Right Whale (Balaena japonica). -] - - - - -DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WHALES AND THEIR PRODUCTS - - -There are many different kinds of whales; namely, sperm whale, right -whale, finback, humpback, razor-back, sulphur bottom whale, and the -narwhal. The two former species are the more often sought after. The -sperm whale was so called because it was the only kind that furnished -sperm oil, which is a richer and more valuable fluid than the ordinary -whale oil. This species was also called “cachalot.” It has one spout -hole through which it blows vapor (not water as is generally supposed), -which resembles one’s breath on a frosty morning; it has also about -fifty teeth on the lower jaw which fit into sockets in the upper jaw, -and very small eyes and ears. This kind of whale usually employed its -mouth as a means of defence, whereas the right whale used its immense -tail. A large-sized whale will yield about eighty barrels of oil, but -they have been known to boil even larger amounts. Captain John Howland -of New Bedford captured two whales which produced over four hundred -barrels together. The tongue alone often produced twenty-five barrels. -In order to attract the squid, or cuttle-fish, which is often lured -by a shiny object from the dark recesses in the great depths of the -ocean, the jaw and inner side of the Brobdingnagian mouth are lined -with a silvery membrane of phosphorescent whiteness, which is probably -the only thing the squid sees when the dark body of the whale is at -the great depths to which it sometimes descends for food. Huge pieces -of shark and hundreds of mackerel have been found in the stomach of a -sperm whale, showing what a carnivorous animal the sperm whale is. - -[Illustration: A ship on the northwest coast “cutting in” her last -right whale, showing the jaw with the whalebone being hauled on board.] - -The right whale was so called because it was supposed to be the “right” -whale to capture. It differs from the sperm whale chiefly from the fact -that it has long strips of whalebone in its mouth which catch the small -fish for food, the whalebone serving in place of the teeth of the other -species. A right whale usually has about five or six hundred of these -parallel strips, which weigh in all about one ton; they are over ten -feet long, are fixed to its upper jaw, and hang down on each side of -the tongue. These strips are fringed with hair, which hangs from the -sides of the mouth and through which the whale strains the “brit,” on -which a right whale feeds. The “brit” is a little reddish shrimp-shaped -jellyfish which occurs in such quantities in various parts of the ocean -that often the sea is red with them. With its mouth stretched open, -resembling more than anything else a Venetian blind, a sulphur bottom -or right whale scoops, at a speed of from four to six miles an hour, -through the “brit” just under the surface and thus sifts in its search -for food a tract fifteen feet wide and often over a quarter of a mile -long. As the whale drives through the water much like a huge black -scow, the sea foams through the slatted bone, packing the jellyfish -upon the hair sieve. When it thinks it has a mouthful it raises the -lower jaw and, keeping the lips apart, forces the great spongy tongue -into the whalebone sieve. It then closes its lips, swallows the catch -and repeats until satiated. Another difference between the sperm and -the right whale is that the latter has two spout holes instead of one. - -The sperm whale is found in the warm waters off the coasts of Chili, -Peru, Japan, New Zealand, Madagascar, California, and Brazil; in the -Caribbean, China, and Red Seas, in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf; -off the Azores, Java, Galapagos, Society, Sandwich, Fiji, and Samoan -Islands; and off the Cape de Verdes. The right whale is found in the -high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean, in Baffin’s Bay, in the Ochotsk -Sea, near Tristan d’Acunha and the Desolation Islands, and in the Japan -Sea. There were many other cruising grounds, but these were the most -frequented. - -The finback is even longer than the other varieties, but whalers rarely -attack it owing to the thickness of the blubber and also owing to -the fact that it swims so fast that, to use a favorite expression of -whalemen, it “will run the nails out of the bottom of the boat.” - -The “narwhal,” or nostril whale, has a horn five to ten feet long -protruding forward from its jaw. This species is also spoken of as the -“Unicorn.” Opinions differ as to the use of this horn; some think it is -used as a rake to turn over its food at the bottom of the sea, others -think it is employed as an ice-piercer, but the author of “Moby Dick” -suggests that it would make an exceedingly good folder for it to use -in reading pamphlets. In ancient times this narwhal’s tusk was used to -detect poison in food and wine, the idea being prevalent that the tusk -would be discolored if it came in contact with any poisonous substance. -It is difficult in the present day to appreciate the wholesale fear of -poison which existed up to quite modern times. This fear was so general -and pressing that no one of any position dared to eat and drink without -a previous assurance that what was set before him did not contain some -poison. Some authorities vouch for the fact that the tusk was also used -as salts for fainting women. - -The chief products of the fishery are sperm and whale oil, whalebone, -and ambergris. Spermaceti, meaning a foot of “sperm oil,” was the most -valuable and was found only in the sperm whale. This oil was formerly -used chiefly in the manufacture of sperm candles, and at one time -there were eight factories for the manufacture of these candles in New -England, Nantucket alone turning out three hundred and eighty tons -annually before the war. In the olden times this oil was considered -a sure cure for almost any kind of disease and was worth its weight -in silver. Shakespeare makes reference to it in these words—“The -sovereign’st thing on earth was ’parmaceti for an inward bruise.” At -present it is used chiefly in making refined oils for lubricating. - -Whale oil was procured from all the other varieties of whales, and -was formerly used as an illuminant in the old “whale oil” lamps; it -is used now to a certain extent in the tanning of leather and in the -manufacture of soaps, but chiefly in making heavy lubricating oils. - -Whalebone has been the most important product of the whale fishery for -a number of years, and in fact whaling would undoubtedly have died -out altogether had it not been for the discovery of its use in making -women’s stays. Many a whaleman has lost his life in the endeavor to -improve the female figure. It is a curious fact that fifty years or -more ago this product was always thrown away as worthless. The value -has gone down in the past few years on account of the invention of -steel stays, which take the place of whalebone. - -The high and low prices of these three commodities are of interest. -Sperm oil was $2.55 per gallon in 1866, and is 46 cents now. Whale oil -was $1.45 per gallon in 1865, and is 26 cents now. Whalebone was $5.80 -per pound in 1904, 8 cents in 1809, and is $1.75 now. - -Ambergris, the rarest and most valuable of all the products, is a -secretion from the intestines of the sperm whale and results from a -disease. It is a very rare article and is worth almost its weight -in gold, selling usually at $300 a pound. Its chief use is in the -preparation of fine perfumeries. It is believed that the largest amount -taken by one ship was brought back by the “Watchman” of Nantucket, -which vessel found eight hundred pounds in 1858. Small amounts were -sold every year in New Bedford even up to the year 1913. The Turks used -it in cooking and also carried it to Mecca for the same purpose that -frankincense is carried to St. Peter’s in Rome. Some wine merchants -used to drop a little into their wine as a spice, and it was said that -the Moors used it in green tea as a flavoring to present to their -guests. - -The whale is used for food chiefly by the Japanese and Esquimaux, and a -famous doctor belonging to the latter tribe some years ago recommended -the blubber for infants. In fact, the whale would perhaps be considered -a good dish were there not so much of him. Whale-meat is said by some -to resemble boarding-house steak. In France, during the Middle Ages, -the tongue was considered a great delicacy, and by some epicures the -brains, mixed with flour, were much sought after. - -The largest income received by the whalers of America in any one year -was in 1854, when they netted $10,802,594.20, although the record size -of the fleet was attained eight years before. The five years from -1853 to 1857 inclusive yielded a return of $51,063,659.59, the catch -of each year selling for fifty per cent. of the total value of the -whaling fleet. The total value of the cargoes from 1804 to 1876 was -$331,947,480.51. - -Captain W. T. Walker, of New Bedford, is called the counting-house -hero of the American Whale Fishery. He purchased in 1848 an old -whaleship called the “Envoy” that was about to be broken up, and -when ready for sea this ship stood the owner $8,000. He could get no -insurance; nevertheless he “took a chance,” and after a three years’ -voyage he returned and had netted for himself the extraordinary sum -of $138,450, or 1,630 per cent. The largest profit, however, was made -by the “Pioneer” of New London, in 1865, the value of her cargo being -$151,060. For a short voyage Frederick Fish, who has been mentioned -before, holds the record for his ship the “Montreal,” which brought -back a cargo worth over $36,000 after a voyage occupying only two -months and fifteen days. - -There were many unprofitable voyages, and many were the ships that came -home with barrels filled with salt water instead of oil for ballast. -Some vessels, as whalemen say, didn’t have enough oil to grease their -irons. - - - - -METHODS OF CAPTURE AND “TRYING OUT” - - “Whales has feelin’s as well as anybody. They don’t like to be - stuck in the gizzards an’ hauled alongside, an’ cut in, an’ tried - out in those here boilers no more’n I do!” - - _Barzy Macks’s Biology._ - - -When the lookout at the masthead shouts out “Thar she blows,” or -“There she whitewaters,” the whaleboats are gotten out and rowed -towards the whale, while signals from the ship show from time to time -the whereabouts of the whales and directions for their pursuit. The -first man to “raise oil”—an expression which means the first to see a -whale—usually received a plug of tobacco or some other prize, and this -made the lookouts more keen. - -In “Moby Dick” Melville says that the crew pulls to the refrain “A Dead -Whale or a Stove Boat,” which became such well-known by-words among -whalemen that when Mr. W. W. Crapo last year presented to New Bedford -“The Whaleman” statue, they were inscribed upon it. When rowing in a -rough sea the captain cautioned the men to trim the boat and not to -“shift their tobacco.” - -As they approach the whale the bow oarsman, who is the harpooner, -stands up at a signal from the captain of the boat, who is steering, -and yells out to “give it to him.” The next order is probably to “stern -all” in order to avoid the whale. The boat is probably now fast, -and either the whale will sound and run out the line at a terrific -rate or else he may race away dragging the boat after him, which -whalemen call “A Nantucket Sleigh-Ride.” This kind of sleigh-ride was -often at railroad speed and was perhaps one of the most exhilarating -and exciting experiences in the line of sport. An empty boat would -certainly capsize, but a whaleboat had six trained, strong, athletic -men sitting on her thwarts, whose skill enabled them to sway their -bodies to the motions of the boat so that she would keep an even keel, -even though her speed might plough small valleys over the huge swells -and across the broad troughs of an angry Pacific, and great billows of -foam piled up at her bow while the water rushed past the stern like a -mad whirlpool. The greatest care must be taken not to allow the line -to get snarled up or to let a turn catch an arm or leg, for it would -result in almost immediate death to the person thus entangled. Conan -Doyle, who once took a trip on a whaler, tells of a man who was caught -by the line and hauled overboard so suddenly that he was hardly seen to -disappear. One of the men in the boat grabbed a knife to cut the line, -whereupon another seaman shouted out, “Hold your hand, the whale’ll be -a good present for the widow!” - - -[Illustration: No. 1. “The Chase.” A rare New Bedford print.] - -[Illustration: No. 2. “The Conflict,” showing ratchet in bow through -which the line is run, and post in stern around which line is placed.] - -[Illustration: No. 3. “The Capture.” A whale will usually turn on its -back when dying.] - -There is one case known where a man who had been hauled down by the -line had the presence of mind to get out his knife and cut the rope, -which allowed him to come to the surface more dead than alive; also -occasionally the entangled arm or ankle would be torn off, thus freeing -the man and allowing him to rise. - -Two harpoons were thrown if possible, and then it was customary for the -harpooner to exchange places with the boat-steerer, who got ready his -lance, which he plunged in and hauled out again until the whale went -into his “flurry” and rolled over dead, or “fin out” as it was called. -Often the whale would get frightened or “gallied,” or would jump in -the air or “breach,” and therefore great care was taken to avoid his -attacks. When the whale “breaches” the tail becomes very conspicuous, -and one old salt used to say that an additional tail appeared after -every glass of grog. - -Scoresby speaks of a whale which drew out from the different boats ten -thousand four hundred and forty yards, or nearly six miles, of rope. It -was necessary when the line of one boat was nearly exhausted to bend on -the end to a new rope in another boat and so on, and of course often -miles of rope and many harpoons would be lost if the whale escaped. -When the line was drawn out rapidly it was necessary to pour water over -the snub post to keep the rope from burning. - -There have been races almost as exciting as a Harvard-Yale race when -the boats of different nations have been dashing for a whale, which is -prized at between three thousand and four thousand dollars. Many years -ago an English, a French, a Dutch, and an American ship lay becalmed -in the Pacific, when suddenly a whale was “raised.” All four ships -lowered and raced across the waters, with the American in the rear. In -a few minutes the Yankee passed the Dutchman, who yelled “donner und -blitzen!” The American captain encouraged his men by shouting “Thar -she blows, she’s an eighty-barreler, break the oars, lads!” and soon -the French were left astern with curses of “Le diable.” The Englishmen -were still ahead; the American boat-steerer now began to help the -stroke oarsman by pushing his oar, and their boat crept up slowly upon -their only rivals. The English boat-steerer also grabbed his stroke’s -oar, but it snapped off at the rowlock, and the Americans overtook -them and captured the whale. Another international race took place -in Delagoa Bay, which has become a classic among American whalemen. -Again an English and a Yankee whaleboat were chasing a whale, and, in -some manner, the former was able to cut in between the whale and the -Americans, and as the English harpooner was reaching for his iron, the -American harpooner “pitch-poled” his harpoon over the English boat, and -his iron made fast. - - -[Illustration: A “cutting” stage, showing blubber being stripped from -the whale.] - -[Illustration: Hauling the “case,” or head, on board. The case weighs -sometimes as much as 30 tons.] - -[Illustration: Cutting off the lower jaw of a sperm whale, showing the -teeth.] - -After a capture came the long, hard row back to the ship, then the -tedious process of “cutting in” and “trying out.” First of all the -head, or “case,” was cut off and tied astern while the strips of -blubber were cut from the body and hauled on board, as next shown, by -means of huge tackles from the mast. Blubber averages in thickness -from twelve to eighteen inches, and if cut four and one-half inches -thick would carpet a room sixty-six feet long by twenty-seven wide. -Then the head was either bailed out, if it were a sperm whale, or -else the whalebone was taken in, if it were a right whale. The strips -or “blanket pieces” were then minced, and after boiling, the oil was -cooled and stored away in barrels below deck. The “try-works” consisted -of iron pots set in brick furnaces, and there were pans of water -underneath to prevent the decks from burning. This process of boiling -the oil was most irksome and disagreeable as the men were soaked in oil -from head to foot, and the smell of the burning fluid was so frightful -that it has often been alluded to as Hell on a large scale, and was -usually called a “squantum,” which is the Nantucket word for a picnic; -nevertheless, old whalers delighted in it. - -It is a superstition among some whalemen that a ship which for once has -a sperm whale’s head on her starboard quarter, and a right whale’s on -her port side, will never afterwards capsize. - - - - -THE PERILS OF WHALING - - -Whalemen not only had to undergo the perils of the sea, but in addition -ran the danger of being killed by the whale and of being attacked by -savages at the ports where it was often necessary to land for food and -water. Also in cases of accident the whaleship was usually off the -regular cruise followed by the merchantmen and therefore less likely to -be assisted by other vessels. Furthermore, the long voyages, poor food, -and the many dangers of whaling induced many mutinies. - - -[Illustration: A whale playing battledore and shuttlecock with a -1200-pound whaleboat and six men.] - -The worst massacre occurred on the “Awashonks,” of Falmouth, in 1835, -near the Marshall Islands. The natives came on board in large numbers -and seemed most friendly, when, on a given signal, they killed the -captain and many of the crew. Finally the seamen laid a charge of -dynamite under a hatchway where the savages were sitting, and blew most -of them to pieces, the crew being then enabled to recapture the vessel. -A few years later, when the “Sharon” of Fairhaven was cruising not far -from Ascension Island, the crew lowered for a whale, and upon returning -to the ship it was discovered that three of the “Kanaka” crew, recently -engaged, had taken charge of the ship and had killed the captain. The -first mate in the whaleboat did not dare attack, but the third mate, -Benjamin Clough, who was only nineteen years old, swam to the ship in -the darkness, climbed up the rudder, shot two of the mutineers, and had -a hand-to-hand encounter with the third, who died soon afterwards. The -first mate then returned on board. Clough was made captain of a ship -immediately upon his return to Fairhaven. Still another mutiny took -place on the ship “Junior” which sailed from New Bedford in 1857, most -of the officers being killed. Plummer, the ringleader, wrote a story -of the mutiny in the log book, which is now in the possession of the -New Bedford Library, and the account was signed by the five mutineers -in order to clear the rest of the men on board. The five murderers on -sighting land lowered two whaleboats with all the plunder they could -find and rowed ashore. The mutineers were subsequently captured and -were brought in cages to Boston, where they were defended by Benjamin -F. Butler. Davis, the author of “Nimrod of the Sea,” mentions a quarrel -on board the “Chelsea,” which ended by the men all signing a “round -robin” to return to duty, and in order that no name should head the -list the signatures were set down in a circle, like the spokes of a -wheel, from which possibly comes the word “ringleader.” - -The most fearful mutiny happened on the “Globe” of Nantucket, in 1822. -A boat-steerer called Comstock laid a plot which resulted in the death -of all the officers of the ship, and those who were not killed outright -were thrown overboard. Comstock then took charge of the ship, and -stated that if any man disobeyed him, he would be put to death by being -boiled in the “try-pots.” The ringleader was finally killed by some of -the crew, and the ship brought into port. - -Captain Warrens, of the whaler “Greenland,” in 1775, told a most -thrilling narrative, which shows the perils of Arctic whaling, and is -the most weird and grewsome of all whaling yarns. While becalmed one -day he sighted a vessel with rigging dismantled, and he immediately -lowered and rowed over to her. Upon boarding the ship he found seated -at the cabin table the corpse of a man. He held a pen in his hand, and -the log book was on the table in front of him. The last entry was “Nov. -14, 1762. We have now been enclosed in the ice seventeen days. The fire -went out yesterday and our master has been trying ever since to kindle -it again without success. His wife died this morning. There is no -relief.” Other corpses were found in the cabin and a number of sailors -in the forward part of the ship. The vessel had been frozen in the ice -for thirteen years! - -There are many exciting accounts of accidents to whaleboats, and a -few are worth mentioning. Captain Sparks, of the “Edward Lee” of -Provincetown, in 1881, chased a whale and finally lost him. He and his -crew endeavored to find his ship, but for some reason were unable to do -so. The nearest land was one thousand miles away, and with no food or -water the prospect was not very encouraging. For six days they sailed -on, when by good fortune they killed a whale, and finally were picked -up and brought to land. - -Another incident shows how a whale will sometimes fight. Captain Morse, -of the “Hector” of New Bedford, had his boat attacked by a whale, which -grabbed the bow in its mouth, shaking the crew and implements in all -directions. The mate came to the rescue, and the whale at once started -to chase his boat, snapping its jaws less than a foot behind the stern. -The crew rowed desperately and succeeded in dodging its attacks, until -finally the animal turned over to get more air, and a well-driven lance -luckily killed it. The harpoons of the “Barclay” were found in it, and -it was learned that this same whale had killed the “Barclay’s” captain -only three days before. Another incident shows the fierceness of the -attack of a fighting whale. The “Osceola 3rd,” of New Bedford, shot -thirty-one bombs into a whale before it was killed. - - -[Illustration: THE WHALE FISHERY “IN A FLURRY.” - -A whale is often fond of eating whaleboats and men.] - -Captain Davis, in “Nimrod of the Sea,” mentions an occurrence in -which a whale attacked one of the men who had been hauled from the -whaleboat. Then ensued a fight, and every time the monster swam for -him he was obliged to dive. The mate rushed into the encounter with -his boat and finally succeeded in killing the whale. Another captain -described how the crew of his whaleboat was obliged to cling all night -on the body of a dead whale until help came at daybreak. It happened -to be Christmas evening, and the famished men obtained their Christmas -dinner by digging from the back of the dead animal enough meat to -satisfy their hunger. If a whaleboat were upset, and it was seen that -the crew had something to hold on to in order to prevent going under, -it was often a long time before the other boats rendered assistance, -it being a truism among whalemen that whales were of much higher -commercial value than men. - -Captain Hosmer, of the bark “Janet” of Westport (near New Bedford), -met with a horrible experience off the coast of Peru in 1849. He had -just secured a whale, and in towing it back to his ship his boat was -capsized. He immediately displayed distress signals, and the “Janet” -sailed towards the men who clung to the small boat, when suddenly, to -his amazement and horror, the ship swung off and headed in another -direction. They could see her sailing about searching for them, but -were unable to attract her attention, and finally, as the distance -between them increased, they set sail towards the nearest land, after -bailing out their boat with difficulty, and having lost one man by -drowning. The nearest coast was over one thousand miles away, and -they had not a drop of water or a morsel of food. At the end of seven -days lots were cast to decide who should be killed in order that the -rest might live. Four more of the crew died, and after twenty days -the two survivors landed on an island and were later picked up by the -“Leonidas” of New Bedford. - -There are three cases known to history of a whale sinking a ship. The -“Essex,” of Nantucket, was attacked by a huge whale in 1819, and twice -did the animal make a rush at the ship, which became submerged in a few -minutes. Owen Chase, the first mate, wrote an account of the accident -and subsequent sufferings of the crew. Three whaleboats set sail for -the Marquesas Islands. One boat was never heard from; another was -picked up by an English brig with only three of the crew alive; and the -third with only two survivors, having sailed over twenty-five hundred -miles, was picked up by a Nantucket vessel, _three months_ after the -accident. Captain Pollard, who was in command of the “Essex” at this -time, had previously been one of the crew on Fulton’s “Claremont” on -his first trip up the Hudson. He survived the frightful experience, but -nothing could induce him ever to refer to it. He finally abandoned the -sea and became a police officer in Nantucket. - - -[Illustration: The “Ann Alexander” of New Bedford.] - -[Illustration: The “Kathleen” of New Bedford sinking in mid-ocean, -having been “stove” by a monster whale. Flags at the mastheads are -signals for the three whaleboats to return.] - -The “Ann Alexander” of New Bedford, which is shown in the next cut, -met a similar fate in 1850, and the ship sank so quickly that only one -day’s supplies were saved. With the horror of the “Essex” staring them -in the face the crew set sail in the small boats, and with great good -fortune in two days sighted the “Nantucket” and were taken on board. -Five months after this incident the “Rebecca Sims,” of New Bedford, -killed a whale, and to the great surprise of the crew, the irons of -the “Ann Alexander” were discovered in its body, and there were also -several pieces of the ship’s timber imbedded in its head. - -The latest of the three accidents happened to the bark “Kathleen” in -the Atlantic Ocean in 1902, and the picture shows her about to sink -after having been rammed by a whale. The three flags at the mastheads -are signals to the three boats to return at once, but as each one -was fast to a whale, they were loath to obey the signals. The whale -showing its “flukes” at the right of the picture is the one that stove -the hole in the vessel. The “Kathleen” also had a whale alongside, -making four just captured. The accident meant a loss, not counting the -vessel and oil on board, of ten to twelve thousand dollars. Captain -Jenkins, who was in command, lowered with Mrs. Jenkins, a parrot, and -nineteen of the crew, and with difficulty rowed to the other boats, -which took in their share of the men from the captain’s over-crowded -one. Captain Jenkins declares that the parrot, when removed from its -home on the “Kathleen,” swore that “he would be damned if he’d ever -go to sea again!” Three boat loads were discovered by a Glasgow ship, -but the fourth had to sail over one thousand miles to the Barbadoes. -Captain Jenkins is to-day living in South Dartmouth. He has written a -small volume on the loss of his ship and is such a well-known whaleman -that he was one of those who occupied the platform at the time of the -unveiling of “The Whaleman” statue. - - - - -THE “CATALPA” EXPEDITION - - -While not primarily a whaling voyage, the “Catalpa” Expedition should -be outlined in any account of whaling adventures. - - -[Illustration: Whaling-bark “Catalpa” of New Bedford rescuing prisoners -from Australia in 1876; on the left is the police-boat racing to -intercept the convicts in the rowboat, and on the right is the English -armed cruiser “Georgette” coming to the assistance of the police. The -prisoners barely escaped.] - -A number of Irish subjects who had joined the Fenian conspiracy of 1866 -had been banished to Australia for life and were serving in the English -penal colony at Freemantle. John Boyle O’Reilly had escaped with the -aid of a whaleship and immediately began to form a plot to release -his fellow prisoners. O’Reilly suggested a whaleship for the rescue, -chiefly because it would create little suspicion, as whaleships were -frequently seen off the coast of Australia. Captain H. C. Hathaway, -who was the head of the night police force at New Bedford, was then -consulted, and he recommended their approaching a certain George S. -Anthony, a most successful whaler. Accordingly a meeting was held in -a dark room, and Captain Anthony finally accepted the leadership of -the expedition, probably not realizing fully the danger involved. The -“Catalpa” was selected, and she sailed from New Bedford on April 29, -1875, not even an officer sharing the secret with the brave commander. -The ship actually captured whales and finally arrived off Bunbury on -the coast of Australia. In the mean time a man called John J. Breslin, -who used to be a freight agent in Boston, had gone to Australia with -a fellow conspirator to arrange the land end of the scheme. On the -day appointed Captain Anthony rowed ashore with his crew, and with -great difficulty Breslin and his six prisoners, who had escaped from -their work in the woods, were placed on board the rowboat, which set -out to sea to join the “Catalpa,” some miles off shore. A storm came -up, but by good fortune and skilful seamanship, after a whole day -and night, the “Catalpa” was sighted. At the same time the English -cruiser “Georgette” was seen coming out of Freemantle in search of the -refugees. By great luck for some reason she never noticed the small -whaleboat and after questioning the “Catalpa” put back towards the -shore. The rescued and rescuers rowed on and finally were observed by -the men on the “Catalpa.” At the same time Captain Anthony noticed with -horror that there was an armed guard boat almost as near the “Catalpa” -as was his boat. It was a terrific race, but the whaleboat arrived a -few seconds ahead and the occupants climbed on board; the officers -had lost, and the prisoners were free. The rescued men knew their -pursuers and, leaning over the rail of the “Catalpa,” wished them “Good -morning,” and there was nothing for the officers to do but to answer -them in the same tone. When the captain reached home he weighed one -hundred and twenty-three pounds, having lost thirty-seven pounds on the -voyage, through worry and excitement. The police of Western Australia -endeavored to get these prisoners returned, but as their letter was -addressed to the same Captain Hathaway who assisted the plotters of the -expedition, there was not much help in this direction! - -It is a very curious fact that at the precise moment that Disraeli was -telling the House of Lords that he would not release these prisoners -they were free on the Yankee ship. Receptions were held in New Bedford -and Boston in honor of Captain Anthony and the other rescuers, and the -daring captain will always be a hero with the Irish people. - - - - -DECLINE OF WHALING AND THE CAUSES - - -The first whaler to sail from San Francisco was the “Popmunnett” in -the year 1850, and for thirty years after there were a few whaleships -registered in this port. Steam whalers were introduced into the -American fleet in 1880, when New Bedford sent out one, but it was -the adoption of steam and the proximity to the Arctic that made San -Francisco a whaling port at the time other places were giving up the -pursuit. In 1893 there were thirty-three vessels enrolled there, many -of which had been transferred from the Eastern cities. Since 1895 -Boston, New Bedford, Provincetown, and San Francisco have been the only -places from which whalers have been regularly registered, and in 1903 -Boston recorded her last whaleship. - - -[Illustration: A modern steam whaler in the act of shooting a harpoon -gun.] - -[Illustration: The modern harpoon gun, showing line with which to hold -the whale.] - -There are a number of reasons for the decline of the whale fishery, -but the chief factor was undoubtedly the introduction of kerosene. -The opening of the first oil well in Pennsylvania sealed the fate of -whaling. Henceforth sperm candles were used for ornament, and whale -oil lamps soon became interesting relics. Other causes doubtless -contributed to this rapid decline; for instance, the financial crisis -of 1857; the uncertainty of the business, especially since Arctic -whaling was begun in 1848; the increased cost of fitting out the ships -for longer voyages; and the California gold craze in 1849, when many -crews and officers deserted. Also the rise of the cotton industry from -about 1850 to 1875 in New Bedford drew a great deal of capital from -the uncertain whale fishery to the more conservative investments in -cotton mills, which were successful from the very start. As whaling -died out the mills were built up, and it is owing to these same mills -that the city was saved from becoming a deserted fishing village. Then -later even the lubricating oils began to be made from the residuum of -kerosene, and about the same time wax was invented for candles, which -again robbed the whaling industry of another market for oil. Soon came -the Civil War, in which many vessels were captured or destroyed, then -followed the sinking of forty or more vessels of the Charleston Stone -Fleet described elsewhere, and finally came the Arctic disasters of -1871 and 1876, all of which hastened the end of the industry. - -[Illustration: Whale-meat in Japan awaiting shipment to market. It is -sold to the poorer classes in all the large towns at prices which range -from 7 to 8 cents a pound. One whale yields as much meat as a herd of -100 cattle.] - - - - -WHALING OF TO-DAY - - -Whaling will doubtless be carried on from San Francisco in a small way -as long as there is any demand for whalebone, and from New Bedford -and Provincetown while there is any market for sperm and whale oil. -Most of the Pacific steam whalers are now provided with a harpoon gun -invented by Svend Foyn, a Norwegian. This gun is placed in the bow, and -to the harpoon is attached a rope with which to play the whale, as one -does a fish with a rod and reel, but there is little romance in this -method of whaling. - -In modern whaling the flesh is made into guano and the bones and blood -into fertilizer, and even the water in which the blubber has been -“tried out” is used in making glue. The meat is to-day sold to Japan, -and, if the weather is very cold and the supply of fish is limited, a -whale might bring there as much as four thousand dollars by utilizing -all the by-products as well as the meat, which is sometimes canned. In -America a whale is now valued at about two hundred dollars, but, if the -entire carcass is utilized, it might bring one thousand dollars. - -From the _Whalemen’s Shipping List_, still published in New Bedford, -it can be figured that the total whaling fleet in America last year -(1913) consisted of thirty-four vessels, twenty hailing from New -Bedford, eleven from San Francisco, two from Provincetown, and one from -Stamford, Conn. The Atlantic fleet, however, reported a total catch of -over twenty thousand barrels of sperm oil and one thousand pounds of -whalebone during the year 1913, which is a considerably larger amount -than for the year previous. - -Whaling in stout wooden ships on the far seas of the East and the West -is no longer carried on, for the glory and the profit of the industry -have gone never to return. Substitute products have come in, and to-day -the little whaling that is still done is along the coasts of the -Antarctic and Arctic Oceans, off the shores of Western Africa, Northern -Japan, New Zealand, California, and South America, and in the main it -is carried on in stout iron steamers. Ere long the last whaleship will -disappear from the sea and only the romance of a great industry will -remain. - -[Illustration: _Corpora dum gaudent immania tollere Cętæ_ - -_Sic varijs telis, varijs feriuntur aristis_ - -A very old picture of whale-killing in the 17th century.] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Whale Fishery of New England, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHALE FISHERY OF NEW ENGLAND *** - -***** This file should be named 55152-0.txt or 55152-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/5/55152/ - -Produced by deaurider, Brian Wilcox and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Whale Fishery of New England - -Author: Various - -Editor: State Street Trust Company - -Release Date: July 19, 2017 [EBook #55152] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHALE FISHERY OF NEW ENGLAND *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Brian Wilcox and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<h1>WHALE FISHERY OF NEW ENGLAND</h1> - -<p class="center padt2 padb2">AN ACCOUNT,<br /> -WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND SOME INTERESTING AND AMUSING<br /> -ANECDOTES, OF THE RISE AND FALL OF AN INDUSTRY<br /> -WHICH HAS MADE NEW ENGLAND FAMOUS<br /> -THROUGHOUT THE WORLD</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_001.jpg" width="118" height="200" alt="sailing ship page decoration" /> -</div> - - -<p class="center padt2"><span class="smaller">PRINTED FOR THE</span><br /> -STATE STREET TRUST COMPANY<br /> -<span class="small">BOSTON, MASS.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center noindent smaller padb2"> -<span class="smcap">Copyrighted 1915<br /> -by the<br /> -State Street Trust Company</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"><p class="noindent small padt2 padb2">The vignette -on the title-page is -reproduced from a print of -the ship “Maria” of New Bedford, -which in 1853 was the oldest whaleship -owned in the United States. Her registry -was dated 1782. She was built in Pembroke, now -called Hanson, for a privateer during the Revolutionary War, -and was bought in the year 1783 by William Rotch of Nantucket, -afterwards of New Bedford. At one time she was owned by -Samuel Rodman, and also by the Russells. In construction -she was the typical whaleship of her time. It is said -that she earned for her owners $250,000 and made -twenty-five voyages, bringing back a full -cargo each time. The tailpiece is from -a very old print which represents -whaling in the seventeenth -century.</p></div> - -<p class="center noindent smaller padt2"> -<i>Compiled, arranged and printed<br /> -under the direction of the<br /> -Walton Advertising and Printing Company<br /> -Boston, Mass.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"><h2 class="center" id="FOREWORD">FOREWORD</h2></div> - -<p>The people of New England have long been interested in all matters -pertaining to the sea, and members of many of her best-known families -have commanded its merchant ships and whalers.</p> - -<p>The State Street Trust Company has always endeavored to encourage an -interest in historical matters, and it is hoped that this pamphlet, the -ninth of the series, which deals with one of our earliest industries, -will be interesting to the Company’s depositors and also to the -general public. It is sent to you with the compliments of the Company, -which for over twenty years has tried to serve the interests of its -depositors.</p> - -<p>For valuable assistance in the preparation of this pamphlet the Trust -Company desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to Dr. Benjamin Sharp -and Sidney Chase, residents of Nantucket (the latter being a descendant -of the Starbucks, Coffins and Husseys), to Z. W. Pease, Frank Wood and -George H. Tripp, all of New Bedford (Mr. Tripp being the librarian of -the Free Public Library), Llewellyn Howland, Frederick P. Fish, Charles -H. Taylor, Jr., Roy C. Andrews and Madison Grant of the American -Museum of Natural History, New York, D. A. deMenocal, J. E. Lodge -and Kojiro Tornita of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and George F. -Lord, secretary of the Boston Stock Exchange. Assistance has also been -rendered by the officers of the Trust Company.</p> - -<p>The following books have been used as references and contain valuable -information and many interesting anecdotes:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="indent">“The Story of New England Whalers,” by John R. Spears.</p> - -<p class="indent">“History of the American Whale Fishery,” by Alexander Starbuck.</p> - -<p class="indent">“A History of the American Whale Fishery,” by Walter S. Tower.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Moby Dick, or the White Whale,” by Herman Melville.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Whaling Ventures and Adventures,” by George H. Tripp.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Whaling and Fishing,” by Charles Nordhoff.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Miriam Coffin,” by Col. Joseph C. Hart.</p> - -<p class="indent">“The Gam,” by Capt. Charles Henry Robbins.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Eighteen Months on a Greenland Whaler,” by Joseph P. Faulkner.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Arctic Whaleman and Whaling,” by Rev. Lewis Holmes.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Cruise of the Cachalot,” by Frank T. Bullen.</p> - -<p class="indent">“History of Nantucket,” by Edward K. Godfrey.</p> - -<p class="indent">“History of Nantucket,” by Obed Macy.</p> - -<p class="indent">“History of Nantucket,” by Douglas-Lithgow.</p> - -<p class="indent">“The Glacier’s Gift” (Nantucket), by Eva C. G. Folger.</p> - -<p class="indent">“History of New Bedford,” by Daniel Ricketson.</p> - -<p class="indent">“The Perils and Romance of Whaling,” by G. Kobbé.</p> - -<p class="indent">“The Whale and its Captors,” by Rev. Henry T. Cheever.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Incidents of a Whaling Voyage,” by Olmstead.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Nimrod of the Sea,” by Captain Davis.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Hunting the Biggest of all Big Game,” by Roy C. Andrews.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Four Years Aboard a Whaleship,” by William B. Whitecar, Jr.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Etchings of a Whaling Cruise,” by J. Ross Browne.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Bark Kathleen, sunk by a Whale,” by Capt. T. H. Jenkins.</p> - -<p class="indent">“Peter the Whaler,” by William H. G. Kingston.</p> - -<p class="indent">“The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States,” by -George Brown Goode, prepared for the United States Tenth Census.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_004.jpg" width="600" height="505" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Model of the whaleship “Henry,” made at sea in 1847. -This model stands in the main banking rooms of the Company, and may be -seen by visitors.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="center" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2></div> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="my90" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="toc"> -<tr> -<th class="tdr normal small" colspan="2">PAGE</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">The Whale</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#THE_WHALE">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Ancient History of Whaling</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#ANCIENT_HISTORY_OF_WHALING">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Early New England Whaling</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#EARLY_NEW_ENGLAND_WHALING">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Nantucket</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#NANTUCKET">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">New Bedford</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#NEW_BEDFORD">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Other New England Whaling Ports</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#OTHER_NEW_ENGLAND_WHALING_PORTS">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Aboard a “Blubber Hunter”</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#ABOARD_A_BLUBBER_HUNTER">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Whaling Implements and Whaleboats</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#WHALING_IMPLEMENTS_AND_WHALEBOATS">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Different Species of Whales and their Products</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#DIFFERENT_SPECIES_OF_WHALES_AND_THEIR_PRODUCTS">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Methods of Capture and “Trying out”</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#METHODS_OF_CAPTURE_AND_TRYING_OUT">45</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">The Perils of Whaling</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#THE_PERILS_OF_WHALING">51</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">The “Catalpa” Expedition</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#THE_CATALPA_EXPEDITION">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Decline of Whaling and the Causes</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#DECLINE_OF_WHALING_AND_THE_CAUSES">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl padr1"><p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Whaling of To-day</span></p></td> -<td class="tdr vertb"><a href="#WHALING_OF_TODAY">62</a></td> -</tr></table></div> - -<p class="small">The illustrations used in this brochure are from rare prints in the -possession of the Dartmouth Historical Society and the Free Public -Library of New Bedford, H. S. Hutchinson & Co., Charles H. Taylor, -Jr., Roy C. Andrews of the American Museum of Natural History of -New York, Doubleday, Page & Co., and others.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>“Neither the perseverance of Holland, nor the activity of France, nor -the dexterous and firm sagacity of the English enterprise, ever carried -this most perilous mode of hardy industry to the extent to which it -has been pushed by this recent People; a People who are still, as -it were, but in the gristle, and not yet hardened into the bone, of -manhood.”—<i>From a speech by Edmund Burke before Parliament in 1775.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="600" height="406" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Capturing a huge sperm whale. (From a very rare print.)</p></div> - -<div class="chapter"><h2 class="center" id="THE_WHALE"><b>THE WHALE</b></h2></div> - -<div class="poetry-container padb1 padt1"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“Oh, the rare old Whale, ’mid storm and gale,</div> -<div class="i1">In his ocean home will be</div> -<div class="line">A giant in might where might is right,</div> -<div class="i1">And King of the boundless sea.”</div> -<div class="right"><i>From “Moby Dick.”</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_007_cap_n.jpg" width="35" height="35" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">N<span class="uppercase">o animal</span> in prehistoric or historic times has ever exceeded the -whale, in either size or strength, which explains perhaps its survival -from ancient times. Few people have any idea of the relative size of -the whale compared with other animals. A large specimen weighs about -ninety tons, or thirty times as much as an elephant, which beside a -whale appears about as large as a dog compared to an elephant. It is -equivalent in bulk to one hundred oxen, and outweighs a village of one -thousand people. If cut into steaks and eaten, as in Japan, it would -supply a meal to an army of one hundred and twenty thousand men.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_007.jpg" width="600" height="304" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A French lithograph showing the comparative sizes of a -whale, an elephant, a horse, and a giraffe.</p></div> - -<p>Whales have often exceeded one hundred feet in length, and George Brown -Goode, in his report on the United States Fisheries, mentions a finback -having been killed that was one hundred and twenty feet long. A whale’s -head is sometimes thirty-five feet in circumference, weighs thirty -tons, and has jaws twenty feet long, which open thirty feet wide to a -mouth that is as large as a room twenty feet long, fifteen feet high, -nine feet wide at the bottom, and two feet wide at the top. A score of -Jonahs standing upright would not have been unduly crowded in such a -chamber.</p> - -<p>The heart of a whale is the size of a hogshead. The main blood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> artery -is a foot in diameter, and ten to fifteen gallons of blood pour out at -every pulsation. The tongue of a right whale is equal in weight to ten -oxen, while the eye of all whales is hardly as large as a cow’s, and -is placed so far back that it has in direction but a limited range of -vision. The ear is so small that it is difficult to insert a knitting -needle, and the brain is only about ten inches square. The head, or -“case,” contains about five hundred barrels, of ten gallons each, of -the richest kind of oil, called spermaceti.</p> - -<p>One of these giants, when first struck by a harpoon, can go as fast as -a steam yacht, twenty or twenty-five miles an hour, but it soon slows -down to its usual speed of about twelve miles, developing about one -hundred and forty-five horse-power.</p> - -<p>Mr. Roy C. Andrews, of the American Museum of Natural History, New -York, was on a whaler ninety feet long, which struck a finback whale, -and he says that for seven hours the whale towed the vessel, with -engines going at full speed astern, almost as though it had been a -rowboat.</p> - -<p>The whale’s young are about twelve feet long at birth, and can swim -as soon as they are born. So faithfully does the cow whale watch over -her offspring when they are together that she will rarely move when -attacked for fear of leaving the young whale unprotected, or of hurting -it if she thrashes round to escape capture. It is believed that whales -sometimes live to attain the age of eight hundred years. They sleep -at the bottom of the ocean, which fact shows that they do not inhale -air when asleep, like the warm-blooded animals, and to help them in -breathing below the surface they have a large reservoir of blood to -assist circulation. This spot is known to whalemen as the “life” of the -whale. When “sounding” to a great depth it is estimated that the whale -bears on its back the weight of twenty battleships. The strength and -power of a whale are described as almost unbelievable.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ANCIENT_HISTORY_OF_WHALING"><span class="inblk">ANCIENT HISTORY OF WHALING</span></h2></div> - -<p>Every one knows the story of Jonah; how he was thrown overboard to -appease the gods, and how a “big fish” swallowed him and carried him -ashore. It will always be a mooted question whether or not the big -fish was a whale. If it were a whale, it is doubtful whether Jonah got -any further than its mouth, on account of the smallness of a whale’s -throat. It may be well to explain that a whale does not belong to the -fish family, but is a mammal, and therefore, perhaps, this great fish -mentioned wasn’t a whale.</p> - -<p>This “fishing on a gigantic scale,” as it has been often termed, is -of very ancient origin and dates back to 890 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span>, when a -Norwegian, called Octhere, skirted the coast of Norway for whales.</p> - -<p>The Biscayans, who in the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and -fifteenth centuries became famous on account of their whale fishery, -were the first people to prosecute this industry as a regular -commercial pursuit. In this connection the French are also mentioned -about <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>1261, using the whale for food. Also the Icelanders are -believed to have whaled some time during the twelfth century. The first -reference to English whaling appears during the fourteenth century, and -by statutory law the whale was declared “a royal fish.” Another curious -law was that the King, as Honorary Harpooner, received the head, and -the Queen the tail of all whales captured along the English coast, -which is very much like halving an apple, there is so little left.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_009.jpg" width="368" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">From an old English print.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_010.jpg" width="600" height="452" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A rare old English print of the Eighteenth Century.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="600" height="372" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A “cachalot” on the seacoast of Holland. People have -always shown intense interest in drift whales.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_012_1.jpg" width="600" height="414" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Whale-hunting in Westmannshaven Bay, Norway.<br /> -The Norwegians were the earliest whalers of which we have any records.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_012_2.jpg" width="600" height="454" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The Dutch boiling oil on shore in a huge “try-works,” -which was the early method of preparing the oil.</p></div> - -<p>In 1612 the Dutch became the leaders and were still very active about -1680, employing two hundred and sixty ships and fourteen thousand -seamen, and during the last part of the seventeenth century they -furnished nearly all Europe with oil. To them is attributed the -improvements in the harpoon, the line, and the lance, and to their -early prominence in the industry we owe the very name “whale,” a -derivation from the Dutch and German word “wallen,” meaning to roll -or wallow. They established a whaling settlement at Spitzbergen, only -eleven degrees from the North Pole, where they boiled the oil; in fact, -during the early days of whaling all nations “tried out” their oil on -land. The Dutch continued to be the leaders until about 1770, when the -English superseded them owing to the royal bounties.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="EARLY_NEW_ENGLAND_WHALING"><span class="inblk">EARLY NEW ENGLAND WHALING</span></h2></div> - -<p>The history of American whaling really begins with the settlement of -the New England Colonies. When the “Mayflower” anchored inside of Cape -Cod, the Pilgrims saw whales playing about the ship, and this was their -chief reason for settling there. It afterwards proved that the products -of the whale formed an important source of income to the settlers on -Massachusetts Bay.</p> - -<p>The subject of drift, or dead whales which were washed ashore, first -attracted the colonists, and there are numerous references to them on -record. It was the invariable rule for the government to get one-third, -the town one-third, and the owner one-third, and in 1662 it was voted -that a portion of every whale should be given to the church. The whale -fishery increased steadily, so that in 1664 Secretary Randolph could -truthfully write to England, “The new Plymouth colony made great -profit by whale killing.” The success of the settlers on Cape Cod and -elsewhere encouraged Salem to consider ways and means of whaling; for -as early as 1688 one James Loper, of Salem, petitioned the Colonial -authorities for a patent for making oil, and four years later some -Salem whalers complained that Easthamptonites had stolen whales that -bore Salem harpoons. As early as 1647 whaling had become a recognized -industry in Hartford, Conn., but for some reason did not prosper.</p> - -<p>The first white people to explore our New England coasts discovered -that the Indians were ahead of them in the pursuit of the whale. The -Red Men in canoes attacked these beasts with stone-headed arrows and -spears which were attached to short lines. Usually wooden floats were -tied to the line, which impeded the progress of the animal, and by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> -frequent thrusts these early hunters actually worried the life out of -the whale.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_014.jpg" width="600" height="385" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">This print shows the high sterns of the old Dutch -ships.</p></div> - -<p>Waymouth’s Journal of his voyage to America in 1605 gives the first -description of the Indian method of whaling in canoes on the New -England coast from November to April, when spouters generally abounded -there. “One especial thing is their manner of killing the whale” runs -the quaint description “which they call a powdawe; and will describe -his form; how he bloweth up the water; and that he is twelve fathoms -long: that they go in company of their king with a multitude of their -boats; and strike him with a bone made in fashion of a harping iron -fastened to a rope, which they make great and strong of the bark of -trees, which they veer out after him; then all their boats come about -him as he riseth above water, with their arrows they shoot him to -death; when they have killed him and dragged him to shore, they call -all their chief lords together, and sing a song of joy; and those chief -lords, whom they call sagamores, divide the spoil and give to every man -a share, which pieces so distributed, they hang up about their houses -for provisions; and when they boil them they blow off the fat and put -to their pease, maize and other pulse which they eat.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_015.jpg" width="600" height="391" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Early method of bringing whales on shore by means of a -windlass.</p></div> - -<p>The Esquimaux at this time were very much more advanced than the -Indians, and showed their ingenuity by inventing the “toggle” harpoon, -which is in use to this day, and which was improved upon in 1848 by -a Negro in New Bedford called Lewis Temple, who made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> his fortune -turning out irons. This harpoon was arranged to sink very easily into -the blubber, but when pulled out the end turned at right angles to the -shank, thus preventing the harpoon from withdrawing.</p> - -<p>Boston is mentioned only occasionally in connection with the Whale -Fishery. During 1707 the Boston papers state that a whale forty feet -long entered the harbour and was killed near Noddle’s Island, and -another interesting record is in a letter written in 1724 by the Hon. -Paul Dudley, who mentions that he has just received a note from a Mr. -Atkins of Boston, who was one of the first to go fishing for sperm -whales. There were many whaleships recorded in the Boston records, -although fitting out and sailing from other neighboring ports.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="NANTUCKET"><span class="inblk">NANTUCKET</span></h2></div> - -<p>A large part of the romance of whaling centres around the island of -Nantucket and its hardy seamen. It was from here that the Red Men first -sallied out in canoes to chase the whale; from here the small sloops -first set out laden with cobblestones, as the story goes, to throw at -the whales to see if they were near enough to risk a harpoon. These -daring Nantucketers were, in 1791, the first to sail to the Pacific, -and later on in 1820 to the coast of Japan, and finally they made their -ships known in every harbour of the world. Thirty islands and reefs in -the Pacific are named after Nantucket captains and merchants.</p> - -<p>There is an amusing legend concerning the origin of the island. A -giant was said to be in the habit of sleeping on Cape Cod, because -its peculiar shape fitted him when he curled himself up. One night he -became very restless and thrashed his feet around so much that he got -his moccasins filled with sand. In the morning he took off first one -moccasin and then the other, flinging their contents across the sea, -thus forming the islands of Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket.</p> - -<p>From the time of the settlement of the island, the entire population, -from the oldest inhabitant down to the youngest child, realized that -on the whaling industry depended their livelihood. A story is told -of a Nantucket youngster who tied his mother’s darning cotton to a -fork, and, hurling it at the cat as she tried to escape, yelled “Pay -out, mother! Pay out! There she ‘sounds’ through the window!” The -inhabitants always alluded to a train as “tying up,” a wagon was called -a “side-wheeler,” every one you met was addressed as “captain,” and a -horse was always “tackled” instead of harnessed. The refrain of an old -Nantucket song runs as follows:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“So be cheery, my lads, let your hearts never fail,</div> -<div class="line">While the bold harpooner is striking the whale!”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>A young man who had not doubled the cape or harpooned a whale had no -chance of winning a Nantucket, New Bedford, or New London belle, and -it is stated as a fact that the girls of Nantucket at one time formed -a secret society, and one of their pledges was never to marry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> a man -until he had “struck his whale.” The well-known Nantucket novel “Miriam -Coffin” tells of a girl who made to her two lovers a condition of -marriage that they must first of all undertake a whaling voyage, and -that she would wed the more successful of the two. It happened that -one was a Minister, and the other was no better adapted to the whale -fishery; nevertheless, both set out to sea. The former was killed by a -whale, and the latter returned after an absence of several years, but -instead of claiming his bride, he tells her that before going he had -already made up his mind that a girl who made such foolish propositions -was no girl for him; and so the story ends.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_017.jpg" width="600" height="406" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A whaler circling Cape Horn.</p></div> - -<p>Many a Nantucket bride stepped from her home to her husband’s whaleship -for a three-year voyage round Cape Horn, which probably suggested these -verses:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“I asked a maiden by my side,</div> -<div class="i1">Who sighed and looked at me forlorn,</div> -<div class="line">‘Where is your heart?’ She quick replied,</div> -<div class="i1">‘Round Cape Horn.’</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“I said, ‘I’ll let your fathers know,’</div> -<div class="i1">To boys in mischief on the lawn;</div> -<div class="line">They all replied, ‘Then you must go</div> -<div class="i1">Round Cape Horn.’</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“In fact, I asked a little boy</div> -<div class="i1">If he could tell where he was born;</div> -<div class="line">He answered, with a mark of joy,</div> -<div class="i1">‘Round Cape Horn.’”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span></p> - -<p>Any one who did not live in Nantucket was called a foreigner. To show -their attitude a schoolboy was asked to write a thesis on Napoleon, and -he began by stating that “Napoleon was a great man and a great soldier, -but he was an off-islander.” In fact, it was an act of condescension -for a Nantucketer even to shake hands with a “Mainlander,” and there -are many of the older islanders to-day who have never set foot on any -other soil.</p> - -<p>Most of the inhabitants were Quakers, and there was a saying that a -Nantucketer was half Quaker and half sailor. Though their cemetery -contains about ten thousand graves, there are only half a dozen -tombstones in one corner of the field. There are no “Friends” in -Nantucket to-day. The following incident shows the Quaker thrift, to -which was due in a great measure their success in whaling. When the -first chaise was purchased, the owner was about to take a drive in it, -but, after a few minutes’ deliberation, decided it was too progressive, -and would subject him to criticism, so he loaned it only to invalids -and funeral parties.</p> - -<p>Billy Clark was town crier, and for forty years, up to the time of -his death in 1909, he voluntarily announced with a bell and horn the -arrival of all whalers and steamers. Once as he went along ringing, -a girl asked him rudely where he got his bell, and his reply was, -“I got my bell where you got your manners,—at the ‘brass foundry.’” -Nantucketers declare that his death was due to the fact that he -actually “blew his lungs away.”</p> - -<p>The Chase family has always occupied a most prominent position in the -history of the island. One of the family was Reuben Chase, who served -under John Paul Jones on the “Ranger,” and on his death the following -epitaph was placed on his tombstone:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“Free from the storms and gusts of human life,</div> -<div class="line">Free from its error and its strife,</div> -<div class="line">Here lies Reuben Chase anchored; who stood</div> -<div class="line">The sea of ebbing life and flowing misery.</div> -<div class="line">He was not dandy rigged, his prudent eye</div> -<div class="line">Fore-saw and took a reef at fortune’s quickest flow.</div> -<div class="line">He luffed and bore away to please mankind;</div> -<div class="line">Yet duty urged him still to head the wind,</div> -<div class="line">Rumatic gusts at length his masts destroyed,</div> -<div class="line">Yet jury health awhile he yet enjoyed,</div> -<div class="line">Worn out with age and shattered head,</div> -<div class="line">At foot he struck and grounded on his bed.</div> -<div class="line">There careening thus he lay,</div> -<div class="line">His final bilge expecting every day,</div> -<div class="line">Heaven took his ballast from his dreary hold,</div> -<div class="line">And left his body destitute of soul.”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Every islander knows the story of the Nantucket skipper who claimed -that he could always tell where his ship was by the color and taste of -the lead after sounding. Marden, his mate, on one trip determined to -fool him, and for this purpose brought some dirt from a neighbor’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> -garden in Nantucket. He woke up the skipper one morning off Cape -Horn, and showed him the lead, which had been smeared with this dirt, -whereupon, to quote the words of James Thomas Fields,—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“The skipper stormed and tore his hair,</div> -<div class="i1">Hauled on his boots and roared to Marden:</div> -<div class="line">‘Nantucket’s sunk, and here we are</div> -<div class="i1">Right over old Marm Hackett’s garden!’”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Another Nantucket captain always took to sea medicine bottles, each -numbered and indexed to suit different complaints. Once his mate was -ill, and, looking up the bottle to administer in his case, found -that No. 13 contained the cure for his patient. Unfortunately, this -bottle had all been used, so, after careful deliberation, he mixed the -contents of bottles 6 and 7, which he gave the mate, who promptly died.</p> - -<p>Early history tells us that Thomas Macy purchased the island for thirty -pounds and two beaver hats, “One for myself and one for my wife,” and -to him therefore belongs the honor of the settlement of Nantucket; he -had been driven away from Massachusetts for sheltering Quakers, which -was at that time against the law, and with his friend Edward Starbuck -fled to the island and established a colony composed of such well-known -families as the Coffins, Husseys, Swaynes, Gardners, Chases, Folgers, -and Starbucks. These men were not whalers, but they watched the Indians -and learned much from them, and later on employed Ichabod Paddock to -come over from Cape Cod and instruct them further.</p> - -<p>The character of the island and its situation far out in the ocean, -its poor soil, and the number of whales along its shores, all proved -an inducement to the Nantucketers to follow the sea as a calling. At -first, there were so many whales that they did not find it necessary -to go beyond the coast; so, under the guidance of Paddock, lookouts -were erected along the South shore, and each man patrolled a certain -amount of territory. Each one took his share of whales killed, and -business flourished. This method of whaling continued until 1712, -when Christopher Hussey, while cruising along the coast, was blown -out to sea. He ran across a sperm whale, which he finally killed and -brought home. This year was epoch making, as this was the first sperm -whale known to have been taken by Americans. The oil from this species -of whale being superior to that of all others, the Nantucketers now -(1715) decided to change their methods and to whale in the “deep.” -As the vessels steadily increased in size with greater and greater -cargo-carrying capacity, voyages necessarily became longer, extending -even to periods of four or five years. In fact, a voyage lasting but -two years was considered unusually short. The point of view of most -whalers regarding a two-year voyage is shown by the captain who, when -boarding his ship, was reminded by a friend that he had not said -“Good-by” to his wife,—</p> - -<p>“Why should I?” said he; “I am only to be gone two years.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_020.jpg" width="600" height="409" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The famous Roach (Rotch) fleet, “Enterprise,” “Wm. -Roach,” “Pocahontas,” and “Houqua,” among a “school” of sperm whales -off the coast of Hawaii. Ships often cruised together and divided the -catch. Honolulu owes its rapid rise partially to the frequent visits of -the whalers. The first vessel fitted out from the Sandwich Islands was -in 1837 and was owned by Henry A. Pierce of New Bedford.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span></p> - -<p>About 1730 “try-works” were built on the vessels instead of on the -shore, and the oil was boiled and stowed away at sea, thus allowing -the ships to make much longer voyages. At this time Nantucket owned as -many whaleships as all the other ports of America combined. Whaling -continued to increase, and the sterile island was turned into a -prosperous community, when the Revolution came on, and for the time -being practically put an end to the industry. Nantucket was the only -port that carried on whaling during the war: the island simply had to -whale or starve, as the inhabitants knew no other occupation. Most -of their vessels were eventually captured or lost by shipwreck, and -over twelve hundred of their men were either killed or made prisoners. -The end of the war found the island’s business hopelessly wrecked; -but, with their usual pluck and determination, the Nantucketers once -more built up a profitable fleet. So impoverished were they that the -government for one year levied no taxes.</p> - -<p>At the close of the war a Quaker, called William Rotch, was Nantucket’s -greatest whaler, and even he became so discouraged with the prospects -at home that in 1785 he left the island in his ship, the “Maria,” -for London. He endeavored to make some arrangement with the English -government to import some whaling families from Nantucket, but, -failing to do so, repaired to France, where he succeeded in making an -agreement with Louis XVI. A great many families moved to France, and -carried on the pursuit from Dunkirk in Normandy. Rotch soon returned to -Nantucket, and later moved to New Bedford, where he died. The old Rotch -counting-house was later used as a club-room for Nantucket whaling -captains, and is even now being used as such. In the old prosperous -days this was jocosely called the House of Commons, while another club, -which was used by the ship owners, was named the House of Lords.</p> - -<p>Immediately after the war, the ship “Bedford,” one of the Rotch -vessels, was loaded with oil, and sent to England under command of -Captain Mooers. This was the first vessel to display the American flag -in a British port. It is related that one of the crew of the ship was -hunchbacked, and when on shore one day a British sailor clapped his -hand on his shoulder, and said, “Hello, Jack, what have you got here?” -“Bunker Hill, and be d—d to you,” replied the Yankee.</p> - -<p>The redoubtable Nantucketers resumed their whaling at the close of the -Revolution, and their energy and skill were again yielding rich profits -when the War of 1812 almost annihilated the island’s fleet. But as it -was another case of whale or starve, Nantucket continued to send out a -few whalers, and was the only American port during the war that dared -to brave the risks of British capture.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_022.jpg" width="600" height="324" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A “camel” floating a whaler to sea over the Nantucket -bar. The “camel” was used from 1842 to 1849, enabling the Nantucketers -for a time to keep pace with the New Bedfordites.</p></div> - -<p>About this time, in one of the Pacific ports, an incident occurred -which showed in an amusing light the ready wit and intrepid courage of -an American whaleman. He had in some way displeased an English naval -officer, who, feeling himself highly insulted, promptly challenged the -Yankee, who accepted and, being the challenged party, had the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> choice -of weapons. He selected, of course, the weapon with which he was most -skilful and took his stand with a poised harpoon. It had altogether too -dangerous an appearance for the irate Englishman, particularly as the -whaleman was evidently an expert in the manual of thrust and parry, and -so with as good grace as he could command, the Englishman withdrew from -the fight.</p> - -<p>At a very early day in the fishery, whaling vessels, which were at -first long rowboats and later small sloops, began to increase in size, -and about 1820 ships of three hundred tons were found profitable. -The increase in profit producing capacity, strange as it may appear, -actually sounded the death-knell of the Nantucket whaling, for -across the mouth of the harbour ran a bar, over which it soon became -impossible for whaling vessels of large size to pass. The difficulty -was for a time overcome by the true Yankee ingenuity of some inventive -Nantucketer, who devised the “camel,” a veritable dry-dock barge in -which the larger whaleships, lightened often of oil and bone, were -floated over the bar into the forest of masts which in those days -characterized a harbour now frequented only by a few schooners and -sloops, the small pleasure crafts of the summer residents, and an -occasional steamer.</p> - -<p>As whaleships still continued to increase in size, the “camel” -expedient was only a temporary success; for the time came when vessels -were of too great tonnage to be thus floated over the bar, and the -daring and skilful Nantucketer, who had taught the civilized world -not only how, but where, to whale, had to admit defeat and gradually -give up the industry to more fortunately situated ports. At this time, -about 1830, Nantucket was commercially the third largest city in -Massachusetts, Boston being first and Salem second.</p> - -<p>In 1843 Nantucket owned its record number of ships, eighty-eight. In -1846, which is referred to as the “boom” year in American whaling, -sixteen vessels cleared from Nantucket and sixty-nine from her near-by -rival—New Bedford. In 1869 Nantucket sent her last ship and disappeared -from the list of whaling ports. The great fire of 1846 also contributed -to the downfall of the industry.</p> - -<p>A new era in whaling was to be born, with New Bedford as the centre, -and Nantucket was to become only a health resort and mecca for -sight-seers, more than ten thousand persons visiting the island in 1914.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="NEW_BEDFORD"><span class="inblk">NEW BEDFORD</span></h2></div> - -<p>New Bedford undoubtedly owed its whaling success to its proximity to -Nantucket, to its wonderful harbour, and to the honesty, thrift, and -good business ability of its citizens, most of whom were Quakers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="600" height="331" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A whaler leaving New Bedford Harbour.</p></div> - -<p>As in Nantucket, the whole city lived to go whaling, and as each -inhabitant made more money, he moved his residence higher up on the -Hill. It is said that there was an inn called the “Crossed Harpoons,” -and another called “Spouter Inn,” and there is a Whaleman’s Chapel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> on -Johnny Cake Hill where regular Sunday services were held, at which the -following hymn was always sung by the congregation:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“The ribs and terrors of the whale</div> -<div class="i1">Arched over me in dismal gloom,</div> -<div class="line">While all God’s sun-lit waves rolled by</div> -<div class="i1">And left me deepening down to doom.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“I saw the opening maw of hell,</div> -<div class="i1">With endless pains and sorrows there;</div> -<div class="line">Which none but they that feel can tell—</div> -<div class="i1">Oh, I was plunging to despair—</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="line">“In black distress I called to God,</div> -<div class="i1">When I could scarce believe him mine,</div> -<div class="line">He bowed his ear to my complaints—</div> -<div class="i1">No more the whale did me confine.”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>The pulpit of this chapel was made to represent the prow of a -whaleship, and was ascended by means of a rope ladder, which the -minister, who had been a harpooner in his youth, hauled up after him. -Around the walls of this little church can still be seen tablets -erected in memory of many whalemen who lost their lives at sea. There -also was a daily paper called <i>The Whaleman</i>, which gave the reports of -the whaleships and the whaling news. It has been said that New Bedford -fathers gave whales for dowers to their daughters, and that they had -reservoirs of oil in their attics to burn on gala occasions.</p> - -<p>It is a curious fact that three Morgans not long ago married three -Rotchs, three Rotchs married three Rodmans, and three Rodmans married -three Motleys. Among other well-known New Bedford whaling families are -the Hathaways, Swifts, Howlands, Morgans, Stones, Delanos, Rodmans, -Seaburys, Giffords, Tabers, Grinnells, and Wings.</p> - -<p>Whaling was a tremendous financial gamble, and until a vessel came -home “clean” or “greasy,” meaning empty or full, the success of the -voyage was not known. They tell a story of a New Bedford captain who -had been out for nearly four years, and as he came up to the wharf the -owners asked him what luck he had had. His reply was, “I didn’t get any -whales, but I had a damn good sail.” There is another tale of a seaman -whose vessel left New Bedford on the day of his mother’s funeral. -Naturally he set sail with a heavy heart, and during his three years’ -cruise he thought many times of his sorrowful father at home. As the -ship neared the docks he was met by his father with “Hurry up, Jim, I -want to introduce you to your new mother.” There were many changes at -home during a long cruise, and sometimes even the fashions had entirely -changed. One whaleship captain described his surprise at seeing for the -first time the crinoline or hoop skirt.</p> - -<p>The real founder of New Bedford, and the pioneer of the whale fishery -at this port, was Joseph Russell, who sent his ships out in 1765. -Several years later the first ship was launched and was called the -“Dartmouth,” and this vessel is well known to history owing to the fact -that she was one of the ships that carried into Boston Harbour the tea<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> -that was thrown overboard. The whaling industry increased steadily, -except during the wars, until 1857, when the New Bedford fleet numbered -three hundred and twenty-nine vessels, was valued at over twelve -million dollars, and employed over twelve thousand seamen. If these -vessels had been strung out in line, they would have stretched over ten -miles. In addition to these sailors, thousands of others were employed -at home making casks, irons, ropes, and many other articles used in -whaling. In fact, it was often stated that the population was divided -into three parts,—those away on a voyage, those returning, and those -getting ready for the next trip.</p> - -<p>There were many nationalities represented in the crews of the whalers, -and the New Bedford streets presented a very foreign appearance, with -Spaniards, Portuguese, Dutch, Norwegians, Germans, French, English, -Scotch, Irish, Sandwich Islanders, and New Englanders at every turn. A -large number of Portuguese served on whaleships, and a part of the city -near the south end of Water Street became known as Fayal.</p> - -<p>The “Golden Age,” as it is called, of whaling was between 1825 and -1860, and during the whole of this period New Bedford assumed the lead, -even long after other ports had given up the pursuit. It is estimated -that about the year 1848 there were over seventy millions invested -in the industry and seventy thousand persons derived from it their -subsistence.</p> - -<p>It is an interesting fact that the insurance on American whalemen -was about one-half the rate that was charged the Englishman, which -certainly showed the superiority of our Yankee seamen. There were -several whaling insurance companies in New Bedford. There is a story -told of a New Bedford ship owner who had just heard that his vessel -had gone down and he hadn’t yet received the insurance policy from the -company. He sent a letter down to the office which read as follows: -“I have heard from my ship and thee need not place the insurance.” Of -course, the policy was sent up immediately.</p> - -<p>The New Bedford whalers explored new grounds, and to this fact chiefly -is due the continued prosperity of its whale fishery, but it was to die -slowly; in 1875 the fleet from this port had declined to 116 vessels, -in 1886 to 77 ships, and in 1906 to 24.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_027_1.jpg" width="600" height="283" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The famous Stone Fleet sailing from New Bedford, Nov. -16, 1861. The ships were loaded with stones and were sunk in the -mouths of certain Southern harbours during the Civil War, to prevent -blockade runners from entering. The vessels in this picture are the -Garland, Maria Theresa, Rebecca Simms, Leonidas, South America, Archer, -American, Harvest, Amazon, Cossack, Courier, Henrietta, Potomac, -Kensington, Herald and L. C. Richmond.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_027_2.jpg" width="600" height="394" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The captains of the Stone Fleet. A fine type of old -New England ship masters. Standing from left to right—Captains Beard, -Gifford, Swift, Childs, Stall, French, Wood, Cumiski, Willis, Bailey. -Sitting from left to right—Captains Malloy, Swift, Brown, Howland, -Worth, Tilton, Brayton, Taylor, Chadwick.</p></div> - -<p>One of the chief historical events of New Bedford happened in 1861, -when the famous Stone Fleet sailed from that port. The United States -government decided to purchase some old ships and sink them in the -channels of the harbours of Charleston and Savannah, to prevent -blockade running during the war. H. Bartlett & Sons supervised their -purchase and Captain Rodolphus N. Swift was the general agent. Bartlett -purchased some of the old whalers for as small a price as thirty-one -hundred and fifty dollars, some of them having more cement than wood -in their hulls. To James Duddy, a teamster, fell the task of supplying -the seventy-five hundred tons of stones with which to fill the vessels, -and many a New Bedford stone wall now lies at the bottom of some of -our Southern harbours. Captain Rodney French, an old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> “slaver,” who -afterwards became Mayor of New Bedford, was selected as commander of -the fleet, and on Thanksgiving Day most of New Bedford assembled on the -wharves and saw fifteen of her once famous fleet, which had for years -been the homes of its seamen, sail forth never to return. It must have -been a very sad day for the city, and it may be said that this event -marked the beginning of the decline of the industry at New Bedford.</p> - -<p>One captain insisted upon washing the decks of his ship every morning, -using pulverized stones instead of sand, and another, to give the fleet -a warlike appearance, mounted a formidable “Quaker” gun, made from a -section of a spar.</p> - -<p>A second fleet sailed later in the year, making forty-five vessels in -all. Although the expedition cost the government about a quarter of a -million dollars, its success was only temporary. The captain of the -“Alabama” swore vengeance on New Bedford and destroyed or captured -every whaler he could find, and in the “Alabama” awards that were made -after the war New Bedford received a large share.</p> - -<p>Ten years later occurred the worst disaster that ever befell a whaling -fleet. Thirty-four whalers were caught in the ice in the Arctic regions -and sunk, and it is a curious fact that, while the loss reached one -million five hundred thousand dollars, not a single human life was -sacrificed. These three pictures of a series of five on the following -page show the sinking of the ships, the abandonment of their vessels, -which had their flags union down, and the eighty-mile sail through -the ice-floes to the open sea, where twelve hundred and nineteen men, -women, and children were taken home in the seven whalers that had not -been lost in the ice. It must have been very crowded, as each ship had -to stow away several hundred persons in addition to her own crew. There -were many sad hearts as they left their vessels and almost all of their -belongings, and started off in the small boats. The trip to sea and the -trans-shipment in the heavy swell must have been made with the utmost -care, otherwise many lives would have been sacrificed. The loss to the -New Bedford owners was so tremendous that they never really recovered -from the catastrophe, and many families had to economize for years -after. The Swifts, Howlands, and Rotchs were among those who lost ships.</p> - -<p>On one of the vessels in the first picture of this series was a large -quantity of the finest Manila cigars and also some rare Madeira -wine, that had been picked up in the Philippines the year before on -instructions from the ship’s owner. When the captain of this vessel -reached New Bedford and reported the loss of his command, the owner’s -first question, after listening to the dismal tale, was whether his -cigars and wine had been saved. “All of it,” came the reply. “Where is -it?” said the owner, looking more cheerful. “Well, you see, I drank the -wine and Mr. Jones, the mate, he smoked the cigars, and they certainly -done us both good,” replied the captain.</p> - -<p>The ship “Progress,” shown in the last picture, forms an interesting -connecting link between the Stone Fleet and this 1871 disaster.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_029_1.jpg" width="600" height="187" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Abandonment of the whalers in the Arctic Ocean, -September, 1871. Vessels surrounded by the ice, and many of them in a -sinking condition.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_029_2.jpg" width="600" height="181" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Abandonment of the whalers in the Arctic Ocean, -September, 1871. Showing the whaleboats being hauled up on Blossom -Shoals, where the ship-wrecked crews spent the night crowded under the -upturned boats.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_029_3.jpg" width="600" height="237" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Abandonment of the whalers in the Arctic Ocean, -September, 1871. The seven ships receiving the 1217 men, women, and -children of the abandoned vessels. The sea was very rough and the -trans-shipment was very dangerous. The ship “Progress,” whose history -is given on the opposite page, is at the right of the picture.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p> - -<p>Under the name of the “Charles Phelps” she whaled from Stonington, Conn., for -a number of years and finally was purchased for the Stone Fleet. She -was found to be in such good condition that the government decided not -to sink her, and she returned to New Bedford and was sold; and it was -this same vessel that took part in the rescue of the twelve hundred and -nineteen shipwrecked people ten years later. In 1893 she was fitted out -as if for a whaling voyage and towed by way of the St. Lawrence River -to Chicago, where she was exhibited at the Fair, and now lies rotting -on the sands of the lake at South Chicago. No other whaler ever had so -interesting and varied a history.</p> - -<p>The year after this Arctic disaster found the fleet again in the -Arctic, and the “Minerva,” one of the ships left at Point Belcher, was -discovered and found to be in good condition; the others had sunk. One -lone person was found who had remained on board his ship for the whole -year, and his sufferings had been fearful. The natives had stolen all -the whalebone and oil from the sinking vessels, and when some of the -same shipwrecked captains arrived the next year the Esquimaux tried to -sell them back their own property, and one native was using one of the -chronometer cases as a dinner pot in which to boil his blubber. The -“Minerva” was manned and sailed to New Bedford and continued in the -whaling industry.</p> - -<p>New Bedford ships suffered severely during the Rebellion, but later -new ones were added to the fleet and business again prospered. Lack of -space prevents enumerating the achievements of American whalers during -the Civil War. Captain William P. Randall, however, will go down in -history as a hero of this war; he was brought up on a whaleship and -later served in the navy.</p> - -<p>Captain Frederick Fish, father of Frederick P. Fish and Charles H. -Fish, of Boston, was one of the best known and most respected of -the whaling captains sailing out of New Bedford. He commanded the -“Montreal” and the “Columbus” when only twenty-two years old, made nine -voyages round the world, and was one of the most successful whalers of -his day. Once when near the Sandwich Islands his vessel happened to -anchor very close to an English ship, and Captain Fish noticed that -every evening at sunset the English commander, while at anchor, set -all sails and then furled them again in order to show how quickly this -work could be performed. After a few evenings Captain Fish ordered his -crew to do the same, and the time consumed was so much less that the -next evening the Englishman decided he did not care to go through the -performance; in fact, he never tried to show off again in that port.</p> - -<p>There is also another amusing story told about Captain Fish. His ship -at one port took on a great many chickens, which were used for food, -and finally one of the crew rebelled and informed the captain that he -had eaten enough hen. He was immediately ordered out on a yard-arm and -was made to crow like a rooster for such a long time that when he was -again allowed on deck, he had a most excellent appetite for another -chicken dinner. Captain Fish delighted in telling of the time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> when -he took a local pilot on board somewhere in the Pacific to conduct -his vessel into port. He asked the navigator if he were sure of his -course, and received a prompt and decisive answer in the affirmative. -Presently, to the disgust of the captain, the vessel touched. The next -question put to the pilot was whether or not he could swim, and finding -that he could, Captain Fish ordered his crew to throw him overboard. -This was done, and, the distance being short, the swimmer made the -land, and the captain himself took his vessel in the rest of the way.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_031.jpg" width="600" height="402" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">New Bedford fifty years ago (1808). (This print is dated -1858.)</p></div> - -<p>Captain Fish was an excellent story teller, and another yarn has been -handed down in connection with one of his trips. The voyage had been -very unsuccessful, and as he was looking over his chart he tossed his -dividers down in a disgruntled manner, and by accident they chanced to -stick in the chart. He then conceived the novel idea of sailing to the -very place where his instrument happened to land, and curiously enough -he was rewarded by a very large catch.</p> - -<p>Once when one of his whaleboats had been overturned by a fighting -whale he hurried to the assistance of the crew, who were struggling -in the water, and to his amazement found two of them squabbling over -the ownership of a pair of old shoes, instead of thinking about saving -their lives. It is a curious fact that he never learned to swim, and -often saved his life when capsized by grabbing some floating débris. -His nerve and courage were remarkable, and it is related that even on -his death-bed he told the doctor an amusing story.</p> - -<p>This picture of New Bedford in 1808 is most interesting. The oil -market shed on the right-hand side of the street was built in 1795 by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> -Barnabas Russell for his son Joseph, and the last building shown on -the right of the picture was the mansion of William Rotch, Sr., and -the first estate in the village at that time. This Rotch was the son -of Joseph Rotch, one of New Bedford’s earliest whalers, and he himself -is represented in his old chaise, the only private carriage then in -the town. He is negotiating for a load of hay, and from all accounts -he must have been a keen business man, for he was often seen going to -market so early that he had to use a lantern. All the other figures in -this picture also are intended to represent well-known citizens of the -time. The two men shaking hands are Captain Crocker and Samuel Rodman; -the latter, who was the son-in-law of William Rotch, had the reputation -of being the best dressed man in New Bedford in his day. One of the -boys harnessed to the small cart is the Hon. George Howland, Jr., -great-uncle of Llewellyn Howland. H. H. Hathaway, Jr., and Thomas S. -Hathaway have three ancestors in the picture.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_032.jpg" width="600" height="547" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Oil stored on the wharves at New Bedford awaiting a -favorable market. The owners, dressed in silk hats, long-tailed coats, -and polished top boots, might often be seen watching, testing, and -marking the oil-barrels.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="OTHER_NEW_ENGLAND_WHALING_PORTS"><span class="inblk">OTHER NEW ENGLAND WHALING PORTS</span></h2></div> - -<p>Rhode Island pursued whales in 1731, Newport and Providence being -the two most successful ports. Fifty ships were owned by Connecticut -and Rhode Island in 1775. Massachusetts owned over three hundred at -this time. Rhode Island was more of a “slave” than a whaling State. -New London became a great whaling port in 1846, and was the third in -importance in New England.</p> - -<p>The people of Cape Cod began sending ships to sea about 1726, and a -few years later a dozen or so vessels were fitted out at Provincetown. -Boston claimed twenty whaleships in 1775, and registered from one -to eleven vessels almost every year until 1903, since which date no -whaleship has been recorded from this port. Gloucester turned to -whaling in 1833.</p> - -<p>The following figures show the different whaling ports in Massachusetts -and the largest number of vessels enrolled in any one year in each. New -Bedford, of course, held first place with 329 in 1857, with Nantucket -88 in 1843, Provincetown claimed 54 in 1869; Fairhaven 50 in 1848 to -1852; Edgartown and Mattapoisett owned 19 each; Salem had 14 in 1840; -Boston 11 in 1868; Dartmouth, 10; Plymouth, 9; Falmouth, 8; Wareham, -Fall River, and Marion, 7 each; Beverly, Holmes’ Hole, Orleans, 5 -each; Lynn, 4; Newburyport, 3; Gloucester, Dorchester, and Sandwich, -2 each; and the following claimed 1: Braintree, Hingham, Marblehead, -Barnstable, Duxbury, Quincy, Truro, Yarmouth, and Wellfleet. Of -the Rhode Island towns Warren owned 25; Newport, 12; Bristol, 10; -Providence, 9. Connecticut towns that owned whalers were New London, -70; Stonington, 27; Mystic, 18; and a few scattered among half a dozen -other places. Portsmouth, N.H., at one time owned two vessels, and -between the years 1835 to 1845 Bath, Bucksport, Portland, and Wiscasset -in Maine each had one. Massachusetts, however, could claim five-sixths -of the total fleet.</p> - -<p>A few words must be said in praise of Samuel Mulford of Long Island. -Governor Hunter of New York claimed for his State a share of all whales -caught, whereupon Mulford waged war against this act in every possible -way. Finally he sailed to London and put his case before the Crown. -The people in London were much amused at his country clothes, and the -pickpockets in particular became a nuisance to him in the streets. -Mulford, however, showed his resourcefulness by sewing fish hooks in -his pockets and succeeded in capturing the thief. Another incident -shows the ingenuity of the whaleman. The ship “Syren” was attacked by a -horde of murderous savages, and the crew of the ship would, doubtless, -have been murdered had it not been for a quick stratagem of the mate. -He remembered a package of tacks in the cabin and yelled, “Break out -the carpet tacks and sow ’em over the deck.” The natives, yelling with -pain, jumped headlong into the sea, and the ship was saved.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_034_1.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The Japanese method of capturing whales was to entangle -them in nets. A great many boatloads of men would drive the whale -toward the nets by throwing bricks and stones at it. When once -entangled the infuriated animal could be easily killed. In 1884 the -Ukitsu Whaling Company employed over 100,000 whalemen. One of the most -successful of the Japanese in this pursuit was Masutomi Matazaemon, who -accumulated a large fortune. The Japanese have been very slow to adopt -our Western methods.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_034_2.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A typical “blubber hunter” cruising for “right” whales -in the Arctic.</p></div> - -<p>The world owes many discoveries to the energy and determination<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> of -whaleship captains. Over four hundred islands in the Pacific were -discovered and named by American whalemen, and the history of New -Zealand is closely connected with the visits of New England whalers. -Australia, too, was opened to the world by the whalemen.</p> - -<p>It was to a certain extent due to the testimony of Captain Bryant, -a whale captain of Mattapoisett, that Alaska was purchased by the -United States government. That there was a northwest passage was also -discovered by American whalemen in this way: the date and name of a -ship were always marked on its harpoons, and in several instances -whales were captured in the Pacific by ships that were known to have -been cruising not long before in the Atlantic. It was Captain Timothy -Folger, of Nantucket, who charted the Gulf Stream at the request -of Benjamin Franklin, to whom he was related, and this drawing was -engraved on an old chart and preserved in London. In this way English -mariners discovered how to avoid the swift current and thereby gain -much time. Our seamen in the early days were not very kindly treated by -the Japanese, but, finally, several whalemen secured their good will by -teaching them English. This encouraged the American government to send -out Commodore Perry’s expedition, which succeeded in making our first -treaty with Japan, thus opening that country to Western civilization.</p> - -<p>It was difficult to make discoveries ahead of our whalemen. In 1834 -two Russian discovery ships approached a forlorn little island in the -Antarctic Ocean and the commander was about to take possession in -the name of his Czar. There was a dense fog at the time, but when it -cleared away they were very much surprised and vexed to see a little -Connecticut ship at anchor between their two vessels. The name of -this whaler was the “Hero” of Stonington, captained by Nathaniel B. -Palmer, who was only twenty-one years of age and was just returning -from his discovery of the Antarctic Continent. The Russian commander -was so impressed by the achievement of this youthful captain that he -cheerfully acquiesced in naming the place Palmer’s Land. This name has -since been changed to Graham Land. It is an undisputed fact that the -whalers prepared the way for the missionaries.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ABOARD_A_BLUBBER_HUNTER"><span class="inblk">ABOARD A “BLUBBER HUNTER”</span></h2></div> - -<p>Nothing can be more romantic than to be attending a clam-bake on -Mishaum Point or Barney’s Joy and to see a whaleship, or “blubber -hunter” as she is often termed, round the point and start to sea. It is -with quite different feelings that one peers down into her forecastle, -which is often referred to as the Black Hole of Calcutta. This room, -which is the home of thirty to forty men for three or four years, is -reached by a perpendicular ladder through a small hatchway, which is -the only means of ventilation. The bunks are in tiers and are about the -size of a coffin, so narrow that it has often been said that one has to -get out of them in order to turn over. A small table in the centre of -this “hole” and the seamen’s chests lashed to the floor comprise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> all -the furnishings, except possibly a few bottles of rum, which were often -labelled “camphor.” In fact, one might speak of the dis-accommodations -of the forecastle, and it is no wonder that a cruise in a whaler is -often spoken of as a “sailor’s horror.” The odor of grease, dirt, oil, -and lack of air are unbearable except to one thoroughly accustomed to a -whaling trip, and sailors often say that this attractive place should -not be approached without a clothespin on one’s nose. The utensils -comprised a few tin plates and a bucket of water, with one cup for the -use of every one. The food consisted of “longlick” and “scouse,” the -former made of tea, coffee, and molasses, and the latter of hardtack, -beans, and meat. It is not difficult to see, therefore, why most of the -captains anchored their ships well out beyond the harbour, so as to -prevent desertions after the novice seaman had glanced at his sleeping -quarters. There have been cases of sailors jumping overboard on the -chance of reaching land, and it is on record that the greater part of a -whaleship’s crew once floated to shore on the cover of the try-works. A -captain was very careful where he allowed his men to land, and, in case -he was afraid of desertions, took care to allow them shore leave only -at places where the natives were troublesome, or where for a ten-dollar -bill he knew he could get the whole crew returned to him.</p> - -<p>The whaleship looked very clumsy and was built for strength rather -than for speed, the bow and stern looking as if they were made by the -mile and chopped off in lengths to suit. It is a curious fact that the -“Rousseau,” belonging to the Howlands, when caught in a storm off the -Cape of Good Hope sailed astern for seven days faster than she had ever -sailed ahead, and successfully weathered the point.</p> - -<p>There is an amusing anecdote that has gone the whaling rounds, of a -greenhorn, called Hezekiah Ellsprett, who arrived on board the night -before sailing. One of the men told him that the first ones on board -had the right to pick out their berths and suggested that he paint his -name on the berth he should select. Hezekiah looked round, found the -best-looking cabin, painted his name in big letters on the outside of -the door, and made himself comfortable for the night. He had chosen -the captain’s room, and in the morning the captain came on board, and -in very violent terms informed him that he was in the wrong end of the -ship.</p> - -<p>The whaleman’s life was indeed a hard one, and his share of the profit, -or “lay” as it was called, was so small that at the end of a moderately -successful voyage if his share amounted to several hundred dollars -he was doing well. His earnings were depleted by the captain’s “slop -chest,” where the sailors had to purchase their tobacco and clothes at -high prices, and if there were any kicks the answer was that he could -“get skinned or go naked.” The most necessary part of the sailor’s -equipment was the sheath knife which was used about the ship and to -repair his clothes, and it was this same implement that he used to cut -his food!</p> - -<p>Regular deck watches were kept, and in good weather the officers often -winked their eyes if some of the men slept. Among sailors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> this was -called a “caulk,” and often some kind of a joke was played on the -sleeper. In one case they tied a live pig to the slumberer’s feet and -watched the fun from behind the try-works.</p> - -<p>Whalers would rarely cruise past the Azores without stopping at Fayal, -where they were most hospitably received by the American Consul, who -for centuries was one of the Dabney family. In fact, the island is -often referred to among whalemen as the “Isle de Dabney.”</p> - -<p>“Gamming” or exchanging visits between two whalers at sea was -thoroughly enjoyed and gave a chance to the sailors to swap -experiences, and many a weird, sorrowful, or wonderful story must have -been related. An incident is recorded of a meeting between two brothers -who had lived in Nantucket, and who had not met for twenty-three years. -There is an old adage among whalers that when a year from home, on -“gamming” with a ship that has sailed subsequent to your own departure, -you have the privilege of begging; when two years out, of stealing; and -when three years away from home, of both stealing and begging.</p> - -<p>A New London ship was once holding a reception on board for some -natives, and each of the crew was endeavoring in some way to amuse -the guests. One seaman took out his set of false teeth, thinking -he would provide entertainment; but instead the natives became so -alarmed that they tumbled over the side into their canoes and made -their retreat as quickly as possible. The crew was asked on shore for -a return visit; but an invitation to the exhibitor of the teeth was -not forthcoming, and he was obliged to remain alone on the ship, much -to his disappointment. Captain Gardner of Nantucket stated that in -thirty-seven years he spent only four years and eight months at home, -and Captain North, also of Nantucket, figured that he had sailed one -million one hundred and ninety-one thousand miles.</p> - -<p>Nothing could have equalled the joy of returning home after a long -voyage, and the anxiety to reach port was almost unbearable. Often a -vessel ran into bad winds and had to anchor for days a few miles off -shore, and there is one case known of a ship being blown to sea and -lost after having actually come within sight of New Bedford Harbour.</p> - -<p>Many a whaleman has laughed at this story. It was customary for the -first mate to keep the log book. One day he was intoxicated, so the -captain entered the day’s events, noting that “the mate was drunk all -day.” The next day the mate protested, but the captain said that it was -true and must remain on the records. The mate resumed his charge of the -diary, and got more than even with his superior officer by recording on -the following day that “the Captain was sober all day.”</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="WHALING_IMPLEMENTS_AND_WHALEBOATS"><span class="inblk">WHALING IMPLEMENTS AND WHALEBOATS</span></h2></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_038_1.jpg" width="600" height="327" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">This picture, taken by Roy C. Andrews, Esq., of the -American Museum of Natural History, on his last whaling expedition, -shows a bomb exploding in a whale.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_038_2.jpg" width="600" height="516" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">WHALING IMPLEMENTS.</p> - -<p>Figure 1. Harpoon with one barb. Figure 2. Harpoon with two barbs. -Figure 3. The “toggle iron.” Figure 4. The lance for killing the whale -by reaching its “life.” Figure 5. A spade used in small boats for -making holes in the blubber after capture and on the whaleship for -cutting the blubber from the body of the whale. Figure 6. A bomb lance. -Figure 7. The “boarding knife” used for making holes in the strips of -blubber for the hoisting hooks. Figure 8. The dipper used to bail oil -out of the “case,” or head, and from the try-works into the cooler. -Figure 9. A piece of whalebone as it comes from the whale. Figure 10. A -strainer used for draining the scraps from the oil.</p></div> - -<p>The earliest method of killing whales was by means of the bow and -arrow, and the first accounts of New England whaling refer to the -harpoons as being made of stone or bone. There are three kinds, -however, that have been popular among American whalemen: one had one -barb<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> (Figure 1), shown on the preceding page; another had two barbs -(Figure 2); and the third was the “toggle iron” (Figure 3), which has -already been described. The edges were sharpened like a razor and -were protected by a wooden cover when not in use. They were so sharp -that Melville in “Moby Dick” describes his whaling hero, Queequeg, as -shaving with one. The lance (Figure 4) which was used after the harpoon -had been driven in “to the hitches,” or its entire length, resembled a -flat spoon, and was very sharp on the edges and on the point. The long -line was attached to the harpoon, and shorter lines, called “monkey -ropes,” were made fast to the lances.</p> - -<p>It has been shown by the records of one James Durbee, a veteran harpoon -maker of New Bedford, that between the years 1828 and 1868 he made and -sold 58,517 harpoons, and he was only one of eight or ten manufacturers -of whaling implements in that one port.</p> - -<p>An interesting and authentic anecdote of a lost harpoon describes how -a Captain Paddock in 1802 struck a whale, which escaped with his iron, -and in 1815, thirteen years later, the same captain killed the same -whale and recovered his lost weapon.</p> - -<p>A whaler is supplied with from four to seven whaleboats, three of -which are usually on the port side, one on the starboard side near -the stern, and the rest are on deck; it was the improved early canoe, -sharp at both ends so as to make a dash at the whale and then be able -to retreat just as easily. The floor was very flat so as to enable -the boat to be turned quickly in order to dodge a sudden movement of -the whale. The boat was about twenty-eight feet long, was equipped -with one long steering oar and five rowing oars, and a sail which was -occasionally used; also paddles were sometimes resorted to in order to -avoid noise. In the bow of the boat two seven-foot harpoons were placed -ready for use. A warp was securely fastened to them, and to this warp -was secured, after the boat was lowered, a line of two or three hundred -fathoms of the best manila two-thirds of an inch in diameter, and -with a tensile strength of about three tons. It ran from the harpoons -through a chock or groove in the bow to a coil in a depressed box near -by, and then lengthwise along the boat to the stout loggerhead or post -in the stern, around which it made a turn or two, and then went forward -to the line tub near the tub oarsman. Its twelve or eighteen hundred -feet of line were coiled in this tub, with every possible precaution -to prevent fouling in the outrun. When the rope was coiled and the tub -was covered, it was said to resemble a Christmas cake ready to present -to the whales. The loggerhead was for snubbing and managing the line -as it ran out. A spare line was carried in another tub. A boat was -also supplied with extra harpoons, lances, spades, hatchet with which -to cut the line if necessary, lanterns, box of food, keg of water, and -compass, weighing, all complete, about twelve hundred pounds.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_040.jpg" width="600" height="425" alt="" /> -<div class="blockquote"> -<p class="indent">Fig. 1. The Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus).</p> -<p class="indent">Fig. 2. The California Gray Whale (Rjachianectes glaucus).</p> -<p class="indent">Fig. 3. The North Pacific Humpback (Megaptera versabilis).</p> -<p class="indent">Fig. 4. The Sulphur Bottom (Sibbaldius sulfurens).</p> -<p class="indent">Fig. 5. The Bowhead (Balaena mysticetus).</p> -<p class="indent">Fig. 6. The Finback or Oregon Finner (Balaenoptera velifera).</p> -<p class="indent">Fig. 7. The Pacific Right Whale (Balaena japonica).</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="DIFFERENT_SPECIES_OF_WHALES_AND_THEIR_PRODUCTS"><span class="inblk">DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WHALES AND THEIR PRODUCTS</span></h2></div> - -<p>There are many different kinds of whales; namely, sperm whale, right -whale, finback, humpback, razor-back, sulphur bottom whale, and the -narwhal. The two former species are the more often sought after. The -sperm whale was so called because it was the only kind that furnished -sperm oil, which is a richer and more valuable fluid than the ordinary -whale oil. This species was also called “cachalot.” It has one spout -hole through which it blows vapor (not water as is generally supposed), -which resembles one’s breath on a frosty morning; it has also about -fifty teeth on the lower jaw which fit into sockets in the upper jaw, -and very small eyes and ears. This kind of whale usually employed its -mouth as a means of defence, whereas the right whale used its immense -tail. A large-sized whale will yield about eighty barrels of oil, but -they have been known to boil even larger amounts. Captain John Howland -of New Bedford captured two whales which produced over four hundred -barrels together. The tongue alone often produced twenty-five barrels. -In order to attract the squid, or cuttle-fish, which is often lured -by a shiny object from the dark recesses in the great depths of the -ocean, the jaw and inner side of the Brobdingnagian mouth are lined -with a silvery membrane of phosphorescent whiteness, which is probably -the only thing the squid sees when the dark body of the whale is at -the great depths to which it sometimes descends for food. Huge pieces -of shark and hundreds of mackerel have been found in the stomach of a -sperm whale, showing what a carnivorous animal the sperm whale is.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_042.jpg" width="600" height="382" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A ship on the northwest coast “cutting in” her last -right whale, showing the jaw with the whalebone being hauled on board.</p></div> - -<p>The right whale was so called because it was supposed to be the “right” -whale to capture. It differs from the sperm whale chiefly from the fact -that it has long strips of whalebone in its mouth which catch the small -fish for food, the whalebone serving in place of the teeth of the other -species. A right whale usually has about five or six hundred of these -parallel strips, which weigh in all about one ton; they are over ten -feet long, are fixed to its upper jaw, and hang down on each side of -the tongue. These strips are fringed with hair, which hangs from the -sides of the mouth and through which the whale strains the “brit,” on -which a right whale feeds. The “brit” is a little reddish shrimp-shaped -jellyfish which occurs in such quantities in various parts of the ocean -that often the sea is red with them. With its mouth stretched open, -resembling more than anything else a Venetian blind, a sulphur bottom -or right whale scoops, at a speed of from four to six miles an hour, -through the “brit” just under the surface and thus sifts in its search -for food a tract fifteen feet wide and often over a quarter of a mile -long. As the whale drives through the water much like a huge black -scow, the sea foams through the slatted bone, packing the jellyfish -upon the hair sieve. When it thinks it has a mouthful it raises the -lower jaw and, keeping the lips apart, forces the great spongy tongue -into the whalebone sieve. It then closes its lips, swallows the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> catch -and repeats until satiated. Another difference between the sperm and -the right whale is that the latter has two spout holes instead of one.</p> - -<p>The sperm whale is found in the warm waters off the coasts of Chili, -Peru, Japan, New Zealand, Madagascar, California, and Brazil; in the -Caribbean, China, and Red Seas, in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf; -off the Azores, Java, Galapagos, Society, Sandwich, Fiji, and Samoan -Islands; and off the Cape de Verdes. The right whale is found in the -high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean, in Baffin’s Bay, in the Ochotsk -Sea, near Tristan d’Acunha and the Desolation Islands, and in the Japan -Sea. There were many other cruising grounds, but these were the most -frequented.</p> - -<p>The finback is even longer than the other varieties, but whalers rarely -attack it owing to the thickness of the blubber and also owing to -the fact that it swims so fast that, to use a favorite expression of -whalemen, it “will run the nails out of the bottom of the boat.”</p> - -<p>The “narwhal,” or nostril whale, has a horn five to ten feet long -protruding forward from its jaw. This species is also spoken of as the -“Unicorn.” Opinions differ as to the use of this horn; some think it is -used as a rake to turn over its food at the bottom of the sea, others -think it is employed as an ice-piercer, but the author of “Moby Dick” -suggests that it would make an exceedingly good folder for it to use -in reading pamphlets. In ancient times this narwhal’s tusk was used to -detect poison in food and wine, the idea being prevalent that the tusk -would be discolored if it came in contact with any poisonous substance. -It is difficult in the present day to appreciate the wholesale fear of -poison which existed up to quite modern times. This fear was so general -and pressing that no one of any position dared to eat and drink without -a previous assurance that what was set before him did not contain some -poison. Some authorities vouch for the fact that the tusk was also used -as salts for fainting women.</p> - -<p>The chief products of the fishery are sperm and whale oil, whalebone, -and ambergris. Spermaceti, meaning a foot of “sperm oil,” was the most -valuable and was found only in the sperm whale. This oil was formerly -used chiefly in the manufacture of sperm candles, and at one time -there were eight factories for the manufacture of these candles in New -England, Nantucket alone turning out three hundred and eighty tons -annually before the war. In the olden times this oil was considered -a sure cure for almost any kind of disease and was worth its weight -in silver. Shakespeare makes reference to it in these words—“The -sovereign’st thing on earth was ’parmaceti for an inward bruise.” At -present it is used chiefly in making refined oils for lubricating.</p> - -<p>Whale oil was procured from all the other varieties of whales, and -was formerly used as an illuminant in the old “whale oil” lamps; it -is used now to a certain extent in the tanning of leather and in the -manufacture of soaps, but chiefly in making heavy lubricating oils.</p> - -<p>Whalebone has been the most important product of the whale fishery for -a number of years, and in fact whaling would undoubtedly have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> died -out altogether had it not been for the discovery of its use in making -women’s stays. Many a whaleman has lost his life in the endeavor to -improve the female figure. It is a curious fact that fifty years or -more ago this product was always thrown away as worthless. The value -has gone down in the past few years on account of the invention of -steel stays, which take the place of whalebone.</p> - -<p>The high and low prices of these three commodities are of interest. -Sperm oil was $2.55 per gallon in 1866, and is 46 cents now. Whale oil -was $1.45 per gallon in 1865, and is 26 cents now. Whalebone was $5.80 -per pound in 1904, 8 cents in 1809, and is $1.75 now.</p> - -<p>Ambergris, the rarest and most valuable of all the products, is a -secretion from the intestines of the sperm whale and results from a -disease. It is a very rare article and is worth almost its weight -in gold, selling usually at $300 a pound. Its chief use is in the -preparation of fine perfumeries. It is believed that the largest amount -taken by one ship was brought back by the “Watchman” of Nantucket, -which vessel found eight hundred pounds in 1858. Small amounts were -sold every year in New Bedford even up to the year 1913. The Turks used -it in cooking and also carried it to Mecca for the same purpose that -frankincense is carried to St. Peter’s in Rome. Some wine merchants -used to drop a little into their wine as a spice, and it was said that -the Moors used it in green tea as a flavoring to present to their -guests.</p> - -<p>The whale is used for food chiefly by the Japanese and Esquimaux, and a -famous doctor belonging to the latter tribe some years ago recommended -the blubber for infants. In fact, the whale would perhaps be considered -a good dish were there not so much of him. Whale-meat is said by some -to resemble boarding-house steak. In France, during the Middle Ages, -the tongue was considered a great delicacy, and by some epicures the -brains, mixed with flour, were much sought after.</p> - -<p>The largest income received by the whalers of America in any one year -was in 1854, when they netted $10,802,594.20, although the record size -of the fleet was attained eight years before. The five years from -1853 to 1857 inclusive yielded a return of $51,063,659.59, the catch -of each year selling for fifty per cent. of the total value of the -whaling fleet. The total value of the cargoes from 1804 to 1876 was -$331,947,480.51.</p> - -<p>Captain W. T. Walker, of New Bedford, is called the counting-house -hero of the American Whale Fishery. He purchased in 1848 an old -whaleship called the “Envoy” that was about to be broken up, and -when ready for sea this ship stood the owner $8,000. He could get no -insurance; nevertheless he “took a chance,” and after a three years’ -voyage he returned and had netted for himself the extraordinary sum -of $138,450, or 1,630 per cent. The largest profit, however, was made -by the “Pioneer” of New London, in 1865, the value of her cargo being -$151,060. For a short voyage Frederick Fish, who has been mentioned -before, holds the record for his ship the “Montreal,” which brought -back a cargo worth over $36,000 after a voyage occupying only two -months and fifteen days.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span></p> - -<p>There were many unprofitable voyages, and many were the ships that came -home with barrels filled with salt water instead of oil for ballast. -Some vessels, as whalemen say, didn’t have enough oil to grease their -irons.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="METHODS_OF_CAPTURE_AND_TRYING_OUT"><span class="inblk">METHODS OF CAPTURE AND “TRYING OUT”</span></h2></div> - -<p><span class="small">“Whales has feelin’s as well as anybody. They don’t like to be -stuck in the gizzards an’ hauled alongside, an’ cut in, an’ tried -out in those here boilers no more’n I do!”</span></p> -<p class="right small"><i>Barzy Macks’s Biology.</i></p> - -<p>When the lookout at the masthead shouts out “Thar she blows,” or -“There she whitewaters,” the whaleboats are gotten out and rowed -towards the whale, while signals from the ship show from time to time -the whereabouts of the whales and directions for their pursuit. The -first man to “raise oil”—an expression which means the first to see a -whale—usually received a plug of tobacco or some other prize, and this -made the lookouts more keen.</p> - -<p>In “Moby Dick” Melville says that the crew pulls to the refrain “A Dead -Whale or a Stove Boat,” which became such well-known by-words among -whalemen that when Mr. W. W. Crapo last year presented to New Bedford -“The Whaleman” statue, they were inscribed upon it. When rowing in a -rough sea the captain cautioned the men to trim the boat and not to -“shift their tobacco.”</p> - -<p>As they approach the whale the bow oarsman, who is the harpooner, -stands up at a signal from the captain of the boat, who is steering, -and yells out to “give it to him.” The next order is probably to “stern -all” in order to avoid the whale. The boat is probably now fast, -and either the whale will sound and run out the line at a terrific -rate or else he may race away dragging the boat after him, which -whalemen call “A Nantucket Sleigh-Ride.” This kind of sleigh-ride was -often at railroad speed and was perhaps one of the most exhilarating -and exciting experiences in the line of sport. An empty boat would -certainly capsize, but a whaleboat had six trained, strong, athletic -men sitting on her thwarts, whose skill enabled them to sway their -bodies to the motions of the boat so that she would keep an even keel, -even though her speed might plough small valleys over the huge swells -and across the broad troughs of an angry Pacific, and great billows of -foam piled up at her bow while the water rushed past the stern like a -mad whirlpool. The greatest care must be taken not to allow the line -to get snarled up or to let a turn catch an arm or leg, for it would -result in almost immediate death to the person thus entangled. Conan -Doyle, who once took a trip on a whaler, tells of a man who was caught -by the line and hauled overboard so suddenly that he was hardly seen to -disappear. One of the men in the boat grabbed a knife to cut the line, -whereupon another seaman shouted out, “Hold your hand, the whale’ll be -a good present for the widow!”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_046.jpg" width="600" height="318" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">No. 1. “The Chase.” A rare New Bedford print.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_047.jpg" width="600" height="375" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">No. 2. “The Conflict,” showing ratchet in bow through -which the line is run, and post in stern around which line is placed.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_048.jpg" width="600" height="364" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">No. 3. “The Capture.” A whale will usually turn on its -back when dying.</p></div> - -<p>There is one case known where a man who had been hauled down by the -line had the presence of mind to get out his knife and cut the rope,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> -which allowed him to come to the surface more dead than alive; also -occasionally the entangled arm or ankle would be torn off, thus freeing -the man and allowing him to rise.</p> - -<p>Two harpoons were thrown if possible, and then it was customary for the -harpooner to exchange places with the boat-steerer, who got ready his -lance, which he plunged in and hauled out again until the whale went -into his “flurry” and rolled over dead, or “fin out” as it was called. -Often the whale would get frightened or “gallied,” or would jump in -the air or “breach,” and therefore great care was taken to avoid his -attacks. When the whale “breaches” the tail becomes very conspicuous, -and one old salt used to say that an additional tail appeared after -every glass of grog.</p> - -<p>Scoresby speaks of a whale which drew out from the different boats ten -thousand four hundred and forty yards, or nearly six miles, of rope. It -was necessary when the line of one boat was nearly exhausted to bend on -the end to a new rope in another boat and so on, and of course often -miles of rope and many harpoons would be lost if the whale escaped. -When the line was drawn out rapidly it was necessary to pour water over -the snub post to keep the rope from burning.</p> - -<p>There have been races almost as exciting as a Harvard-Yale race when -the boats of different nations have been dashing for a whale, which is -prized at between three thousand and four thousand dollars. Many years -ago an English, a French, a Dutch, and an American ship lay becalmed -in the Pacific, when suddenly a whale was “raised.” All four ships -lowered and raced across the waters, with the American in the rear. In -a few minutes the Yankee passed the Dutchman, who yelled “donner und -blitzen!” The American captain encouraged his men by shouting “Thar -she blows, she’s an eighty-barreler, break the oars, lads!” and soon -the French were left astern with curses of “Le diable.” The Englishmen -were still ahead; the American boat-steerer now began to help the -stroke oarsman by pushing his oar, and their boat crept up slowly upon -their only rivals. The English boat-steerer also grabbed his stroke’s -oar, but it snapped off at the rowlock, and the Americans overtook -them and captured the whale. Another international race took place -in Delagoa Bay, which has become a classic among American whalemen. -Again an English and a Yankee whaleboat were chasing a whale, and, in -some manner, the former was able to cut in between the whale and the -Americans, and as the English harpooner was reaching for his iron, the -American harpooner “pitch-poled” his harpoon over the English boat, and -his iron made fast.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_050_1.jpg" width="464" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A “cutting” stage, showing blubber being stripped from -the whale.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_050_2.jpg" width="413" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Hauling the “case,” or head, on board. The case weighs -sometimes as much as 30 tons.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_050_3.jpg" width="464" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Cutting off the lower jaw of a sperm whale, showing the -teeth.</p></div> - -<p>After a capture came the long, hard row back to the ship, then the -tedious process of “cutting in” and “trying out.” First of all the -head, or “case,” was cut off and tied astern while the strips of -blubber were cut from the body and hauled on board, as next shown, by -means of huge tackles from the mast. Blubber averages in thickness -from twelve to eighteen inches, and if cut four and one-half inches -thick would carpet a room sixty-six feet long by twenty-seven wide. -Then the head was either bailed out, if it were a sperm whale, or -else<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> the whalebone was taken in, if it were a right whale. The strips -or “blanket pieces” were then minced, and after boiling, the oil was -cooled and stored away in barrels below deck. The “try-works” consisted -of iron pots set in brick furnaces, and there were pans of water -underneath to prevent the decks from burning. This process of boiling -the oil was most irksome and disagreeable as the men were soaked in oil -from head to foot, and the smell of the burning fluid was so frightful -that it has often been alluded to as Hell on a large scale, and was -usually called a “squantum,” which is the Nantucket word for a picnic; -nevertheless, old whalers delighted in it.</p> - -<p>It is a superstition among some whalemen that a ship which for once has -a sperm whale’s head on her starboard quarter, and a right whale’s on -her port side, will never afterwards capsize.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="THE_PERILS_OF_WHALING"><span class="inblk">THE PERILS OF WHALING</span></h2></div> - -<p>Whalemen not only had to undergo the perils of the sea, but in addition -ran the danger of being killed by the whale and of being attacked by -savages at the ports where it was often necessary to land for food and -water. Also in cases of accident the whaleship was usually off the -regular cruise followed by the merchantmen and therefore less likely to -be assisted by other vessels. Furthermore, the long voyages, poor food, -and the many dangers of whaling induced many mutinies.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_052.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A whale playing battledore and shuttlecock with a -1200-pound whaleboat and six men.</p></div> - -<p>The worst massacre occurred on the “Awashonks,” of Falmouth, in 1835, -near the Marshall Islands. The natives came on board in large numbers -and seemed most friendly, when, on a given signal, they killed the -captain and many of the crew. Finally the seamen laid a charge of -dynamite under a hatchway where the savages were sitting, and blew most -of them to pieces, the crew being then enabled to recapture the vessel. -A few years later, when the “Sharon” of Fairhaven was cruising not far -from Ascension Island, the crew lowered for a whale, and upon returning -to the ship it was discovered that three of the “Kanaka” crew, recently -engaged, had taken charge of the ship and had killed the captain. The -first mate in the whaleboat did not dare attack, but the third mate, -Benjamin Clough, who was only nineteen years old, swam to the ship in -the darkness, climbed up the rudder, shot two of the mutineers, and had -a hand-to-hand encounter with the third, who died soon afterwards. The -first mate then returned on board. Clough was made captain of a ship -immediately upon his return to Fairhaven. Still another mutiny took -place on the ship “Junior” which sailed from New Bedford in 1857, most -of the officers being killed. Plummer, the ringleader, wrote a story -of the mutiny in the log book, which is now in the possession of the -New Bedford Library, and the account was signed by the five mutineers -in order to clear the rest of the men on board. The five murderers on -sighting land lowered two whaleboats with all the plunder they could -find and rowed ashore. The mutineers were subsequently captured and -were brought in cages to Boston, where they were defended by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> Benjamin -F. Butler. Davis, the author of “Nimrod of the Sea,” mentions a quarrel -on board the “Chelsea,” which ended by the men all signing a “round -robin” to return to duty, and in order that no name should head the -list the signatures were set down in a circle, like the spokes of a -wheel, from which possibly comes the word “ringleader.”</p> - -<p>The most fearful mutiny happened on the “Globe” of Nantucket, in 1822. -A boat-steerer called Comstock laid a plot which resulted in the death -of all the officers of the ship, and those who were not killed outright -were thrown overboard. Comstock then took charge of the ship, and -stated that if any man disobeyed him, he would be put to death by being -boiled in the “try-pots.” The ringleader was finally killed by some of -the crew, and the ship brought into port.</p> - -<p>Captain Warrens, of the whaler “Greenland,” in 1775, told a most -thrilling narrative, which shows the perils of Arctic whaling, and is -the most weird and grewsome of all whaling yarns. While becalmed one -day he sighted a vessel with rigging dismantled, and he immediately -lowered and rowed over to her. Upon boarding the ship he found seated -at the cabin table the corpse of a man. He held a pen in his hand, and -the log book was on the table in front of him. The last entry was “Nov. -14, 1762. We have now been enclosed in the ice seventeen days. The fire -went out yesterday and our master has been trying ever since to kindle -it again without success. His wife died this morning. There is no -relief.” Other corpses were found in the cabin and a number of sailors -in the forward part of the ship. The vessel had been frozen in the ice -for thirteen years!</p> - -<p>There are many exciting accounts of accidents to whaleboats, and a -few are worth mentioning. Captain Sparks, of the “Edward Lee” of -Provincetown, in 1881, chased a whale and finally lost him. He and his -crew endeavored to find his ship, but for some reason were unable to do -so. The nearest land was one thousand miles away, and with no food or -water the prospect was not very encouraging. For six days they sailed -on, when by good fortune they killed a whale, and finally were picked -up and brought to land.</p> - -<p>Another incident shows how a whale will sometimes fight. Captain Morse, -of the “Hector” of New Bedford, had his boat attacked by a whale, which -grabbed the bow in its mouth, shaking the crew and implements in all -directions. The mate came to the rescue, and the whale at once started -to chase his boat, snapping its jaws less than a foot behind the stern. -The crew rowed desperately and succeeded in dodging its attacks, until -finally the animal turned over to get more air, and a well-driven lance -luckily killed it. The harpoons of the “Barclay” were found in it, and -it was learned that this same whale had killed the “Barclay’s” captain -only three days before. Another incident shows the fierceness of the -attack of a fighting whale. The “Osceola 3rd,” of New Bedford, shot -thirty-one bombs into a whale before it was killed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_054.jpg" width="600" height="401" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">THE WHALE FISHERY “IN A FLURRY.”<br /> -A whale is often fond of eating whaleboats and men.</p></div> - -<p>Captain Davis, in “Nimrod of the Sea,” mentions an occurrence in -which a whale attacked one of the men who had been hauled from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> -whaleboat. Then ensued a fight, and every time the monster swam for -him he was obliged to dive. The mate rushed into the encounter with -his boat and finally succeeded in killing the whale. Another captain -described how the crew of his whaleboat was obliged to cling all night -on the body of a dead whale until help came at daybreak. It happened -to be Christmas evening, and the famished men obtained their Christmas -dinner by digging from the back of the dead animal enough meat to -satisfy their hunger. If a whaleboat were upset, and it was seen that -the crew had something to hold on to in order to prevent going under, -it was often a long time before the other boats rendered assistance, -it being a truism among whalemen that whales were of much higher -commercial value than men.</p> - -<p>Captain Hosmer, of the bark “Janet” of Westport (near New Bedford), -met with a horrible experience off the coast of Peru in 1849. He had -just secured a whale, and in towing it back to his ship his boat was -capsized. He immediately displayed distress signals, and the “Janet” -sailed towards the men who clung to the small boat, when suddenly, to -his amazement and horror, the ship swung off and headed in another -direction. They could see her sailing about searching for them, but -were unable to attract her attention, and finally, as the distance -between them increased, they set sail towards the nearest land, after -bailing out their boat with difficulty, and having lost one man by -drowning. The nearest coast was over one thousand miles away, and -they had not a drop of water or a morsel of food. At the end of seven -days lots were cast to decide who should be killed in order that the -rest might live. Four more of the crew died, and after twenty days -the two survivors landed on an island and were later picked up by the -“Leonidas” of New Bedford.</p> - -<p>There are three cases known to history of a whale sinking a ship. The -“Essex,” of Nantucket, was attacked by a huge whale in 1819, and twice -did the animal make a rush at the ship, which became submerged in a few -minutes. Owen Chase, the first mate, wrote an account of the accident -and subsequent sufferings of the crew. Three whaleboats set sail for -the Marquesas Islands. One boat was never heard from; another was -picked up by an English brig with only three of the crew alive; and the -third with only two survivors, having sailed over twenty-five hundred -miles, was picked up by a Nantucket vessel, <i>three months</i> after the -accident. Captain Pollard, who was in command of the “Essex” at this -time, had previously been one of the crew on Fulton’s “Claremont” on -his first trip up the Hudson. He survived the frightful experience, but -nothing could induce him ever to refer to it. He finally abandoned the -sea and became a police officer in Nantucket.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_056.jpg" width="600" height="411" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The “Ann Alexander” of New Bedford.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_057.jpg" width="600" height="412" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The “Kathleen” of New Bedford sinking in mid-ocean, -having been “stove” by a monster whale. Flags at the mastheads are -signals for the three whaleboats to return.</p></div> - -<p>The “Ann Alexander” of New Bedford, which is shown in the next cut, -met a similar fate in 1850, and the ship sank so quickly that only one -day’s supplies were saved. With the horror of the “Essex” staring them -in the face the crew set sail in the small boats, and with great good -fortune in two days sighted the “Nantucket” and were taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> on board. -Five months after this incident the “Rebecca Sims,” of New Bedford, -killed a whale, and to the great surprise of the crew, the irons of -the “Ann Alexander” were discovered in its body, and there were also -several pieces of the ship’s timber imbedded in its head.</p> - -<p>The latest of the three accidents happened to the bark “Kathleen” in -the Atlantic Ocean in 1902, and the picture shows her about to sink -after having been rammed by a whale. The three flags at the mastheads -are signals to the three boats to return at once, but as each one -was fast to a whale, they were loath to obey the signals. The whale -showing its “flukes” at the right of the picture is the one that stove -the hole in the vessel. The “Kathleen” also had a whale alongside, -making four just captured. The accident meant a loss, not counting the -vessel and oil on board, of ten to twelve thousand dollars. Captain -Jenkins, who was in command, lowered with Mrs. Jenkins, a parrot, and -nineteen of the crew, and with difficulty rowed to the other boats, -which took in their share of the men from the captain’s over-crowded -one. Captain Jenkins declares that the parrot, when removed from its -home on the “Kathleen,” swore that “he would be damned if he’d ever -go to sea again!” Three boat loads were discovered by a Glasgow ship, -but the fourth had to sail over one thousand miles to the Barbadoes. -Captain Jenkins is to-day living in South Dartmouth. He has written a -small volume on the loss of his ship and is such a well-known whaleman -that he was one of those who occupied the platform at the time of the -unveiling of “The Whaleman” statue.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="THE_CATALPA_EXPEDITION"><span class="inblk">THE “CATALPA” EXPEDITION</span></h2></div> - -<p>While not primarily a whaling voyage, the “Catalpa” Expedition should -be outlined in any account of whaling adventures.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_059.jpg" width="600" height="381" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Whaling-bark “Catalpa” of New Bedford rescuing prisoners -from Australia in 1876; on the left is the police-boat racing to -intercept the convicts in the rowboat, and on the right is the English -armed cruiser “Georgette” coming to the assistance of the police. The -prisoners barely escaped.</p></div> - -<p>A number of Irish subjects who had joined the Fenian conspiracy of 1866 -had been banished to Australia for life and were serving in the English -penal colony at Freemantle. John Boyle O’Reilly had escaped with the -aid of a whaleship and immediately began to form a plot to release -his fellow prisoners. O’Reilly suggested a whaleship for the rescue, -chiefly because it would create little suspicion, as whaleships were -frequently seen off the coast of Australia. Captain H. C. Hathaway, -who was the head of the night police force at New Bedford, was then -consulted, and he recommended their approaching a certain George S. -Anthony, a most successful whaler. Accordingly a meeting was held in -a dark room, and Captain Anthony finally accepted the leadership of -the expedition, probably not realizing fully the danger involved. The -“Catalpa” was selected, and she sailed from New Bedford on April 29, -1875, not even an officer sharing the secret with the brave commander. -The ship actually captured whales and finally arrived off Bunbury on -the coast of Australia. In the mean time a man called John J. Breslin, -who used to be a freight agent in Boston, had gone to Australia with -a fellow conspirator to arrange the land end of the scheme. On the -day appointed Captain Anthony rowed ashore with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> his crew, and with -great difficulty Breslin and his six prisoners, who had escaped from -their work in the woods, were placed on board the rowboat, which set -out to sea to join the “Catalpa,” some miles off shore. A storm came -up, but by good fortune and skilful seamanship, after a whole day -and night, the “Catalpa” was sighted. At the same time the English -cruiser “Georgette” was seen coming out of Freemantle in search of the -refugees. By great luck for some reason she never noticed the small -whaleboat and after questioning the “Catalpa” put back towards the -shore. The rescued and rescuers rowed on and finally were observed by -the men on the “Catalpa.” At the same time Captain Anthony noticed with -horror that there was an armed guard boat almost as near the “Catalpa” -as was his boat. It was a terrific race, but the whaleboat arrived a -few seconds ahead and the occupants climbed on board; the officers -had lost, and the prisoners were free. The rescued men knew their -pursuers and, leaning over the rail of the “Catalpa,” wished them “Good -morning,” and there was nothing for the officers to do but to answer -them in the same tone. When the captain reached home he weighed one -hundred and twenty-three pounds, having lost thirty-seven pounds on the -voyage, through worry and excitement. The police of Western Australia -endeavored to get these prisoners returned, but as their letter was -addressed to the same Captain Hathaway who assisted the plotters of the -expedition, there was not much help in this direction!</p> - -<p>It is a very curious fact that at the precise moment that Disraeli was -telling the House of Lords that he would not release these prisoners -they were free on the Yankee ship. Receptions were held in New Bedford -and Boston in honor of Captain Anthony and the other rescuers, and the -daring captain will always be a hero with the Irish people.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="DECLINE_OF_WHALING_AND_THE_CAUSES"><span class="inblk">DECLINE OF WHALING AND THE CAUSES</span></h2></div> - -<p>The first whaler to sail from San Francisco was the “Popmunnett” in -the year 1850, and for thirty years after there were a few whaleships -registered in this port. Steam whalers were introduced into the -American fleet in 1880, when New Bedford sent out one, but it was -the adoption of steam and the proximity to the Arctic that made San -Francisco a whaling port at the time other places were giving up the -pursuit. In 1893 there were thirty-three vessels enrolled there, many -of which had been transferred from the Eastern cities. Since 1895 -Boston, New Bedford, Provincetown, and San Francisco have been the only -places from which whalers have been regularly registered, and in 1903 -Boston recorded her last whaleship.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_061_1.jpg" width="600" height="464" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A modern steam whaler in the act of shooting a harpoon -gun.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_061_2.jpg" width="600" height="475" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The modern harpoon gun, showing line with which to hold -the whale.</p></div> - -<p>There are a number of reasons for the decline of the whale fishery, -but the chief factor was undoubtedly the introduction of kerosene. -The opening of the first oil well in Pennsylvania sealed the fate of -whaling. Henceforth sperm candles were used for ornament, and whale -oil lamps soon became interesting relics. Other causes doubtless -contributed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> to this rapid decline; for instance, the financial crisis -of 1857; the uncertainty of the business, especially since Arctic -whaling was begun in 1848; the increased cost of fitting out the ships -for longer voyages; and the California gold craze in 1849, when many -crews and officers deserted. Also the rise of the cotton industry from -about 1850 to 1875 in New Bedford drew a great deal of capital from -the uncertain whale fishery to the more conservative investments in -cotton mills, which were successful from the very start. As whaling -died out the mills were built up, and it is owing to these same mills -that the city was saved from becoming a deserted fishing village. Then -later even the lubricating oils began to be made from the residuum of -kerosene, and about the same time wax was invented for candles, which -again robbed the whaling industry of another market for oil. Soon came -the Civil War, in which many vessels were captured or destroyed, then -followed the sinking of forty or more vessels of the Charleston Stone -Fleet described elsewhere, and finally came the Arctic disasters of -1871 and 1876, all of which hastened the end of the industry.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_062.jpg" width="600" height="401" alt="" /> -<p>Whale-meat in Japan awaiting shipment to market. It is -sold to the poorer classes in all the large towns at prices which range -from 7 to 8 cents a pound. One whale yields as much meat as a herd of -100 cattle.</p></div> - -<div class="caption"> -<h2 id="WHALING_OF_TODAY"><span class="inblk">WHALING OF TO-DAY</span></h2></div> - -<p>Whaling will doubtless be carried on from San Francisco in a small way -as long as there is any demand for whalebone, and from New Bedford -and Provincetown while there is any market for sperm and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> whale oil. -Most of the Pacific steam whalers are now provided with a harpoon gun -invented by Svend Foyn, a Norwegian. This gun is placed in the bow, and -to the harpoon is attached a rope with which to play the whale, as one -does a fish with a rod and reel, but there is little romance in this -method of whaling.</p> - -<p>In modern whaling the flesh is made into guano and the bones and blood -into fertilizer, and even the water in which the blubber has been -“tried out” is used in making glue. The meat is to-day sold to Japan, -and, if the weather is very cold and the supply of fish is limited, a -whale might bring there as much as four thousand dollars by utilizing -all the by-products as well as the meat, which is sometimes canned. In -America a whale is now valued at about two hundred dollars, but, if the -entire carcass is utilized, it might bring one thousand dollars.</p> - -<p>From the <i>Whalemen’s Shipping List</i>, still published in New Bedford, -it can be figured that the total whaling fleet in America last year -(1913) consisted of thirty-four vessels, twenty hailing from New -Bedford, eleven from San Francisco, two from Provincetown, and one from -Stamford, Conn. The Atlantic fleet, however, reported a total catch of -over twenty thousand barrels of sperm oil and one thousand pounds of -whalebone during the year 1913, which is a considerably larger amount -than for the year previous.</p> - -<p>Whaling in stout wooden ships on the far seas of the East and the West -is no longer carried on, for the glory and the profit of the industry -have gone never to return. Substitute products have come in, and to-day -the little whaling that is still done is along the coasts of the -Antarctic and Arctic Oceans, off the shores of Western Africa, Northern -Japan, New Zealand, California, and South America, and in the main it -is carried on in stout iron steamers. Ere long the last whaleship will -disappear from the sea and only the romance of a great industry will -remain.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_063.jpg" width="550" height="195" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Corpora dum gaudent immania tollere Cętæ</i><br /> -<i>Sic varijs telis, varijs feriuntur aristis</i></p> - -<p class="caption">A very old picture of whale-killing in the 17th century.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="transnote"><p>Transcriber’s Note:</p> -<p>The spelling, punctuation and hyphenation are as the original, except -for apparent typographical errors, which have been corrected.</p></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Whale Fishery of New England, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHALE FISHERY OF NEW ENGLAND *** - -***** This file should be named 55152-h.htm or 55152-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/5/55152/ - -Produced by deaurider, Brian Wilcox and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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