diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 11:52:01 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 11:52:01 -0800 |
| commit | 45442334036a5bc8f3a77ee357b5ac1c45272a03 (patch) | |
| tree | aa87b44da7a1734e8c51b612dac24c95b2d079bb | |
| parent | 73ecb6c7b615c016be6d3da182576cf464ca118b (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-0.txt | 13239 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-0.zip | bin | 283498 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h.zip | bin | 1746333 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/55124-h.htm | 21872 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/images/chat06_001.jpg | bin | 135855 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/images/chat06_002.jpg | bin | 213100 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/images/chat06_003.jpg | bin | 154180 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/images/chat06_004.jpg | bin | 86422 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/images/chat06_005.jpg | bin | 302429 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/images/chat06_006.jpg | bin | 245732 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55124-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 205569 -> 0 bytes |
14 files changed, 17 insertions, 35111 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f84c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55124 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55124) diff --git a/old/55124-0.txt b/old/55124-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 37e1267..0000000 --- a/old/55124-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13239 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de -Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to Engl, by François René Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England. Volume 6 (of 6) - Mémoires d'outre-tombe - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: July 16, 2017 [EBook #55124] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez and Marc D'Hooghe at -Free Literature (online soon in an extended version, also -linking to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - -THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ - -VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND - -SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND - -BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes. Vol. VI - - "NOTRE SANG A TEINT - LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE" - -LONDON: PUBLISHED BY FREEMANTLE -AND CO. AT 217 PICCADILLY MDCCCCII - - -[Illustration: Chateaubriand's tomb.] - - - - -CONTENTS - -VOLUME VI - -BOOK V 1-40 - -Journal from Carlsbad to Paris--Cynthia--Eger--Wallenstein--Weissenstadt ---Berneck--Memories--Bayreuth--Voltaire--Hollfeld--The -church--The little girl with the basket--The inn-keeper and his -maid-servant--Bamberg--The female hunchback--Würzburg: its canons--A -drunkard--The swallow--The inn at Wiesenbach--A German and his wife--My -age and appearance--Heidelberg--Pilgrims--Ruins--Mannheim--The -Rhine—-The Palatinate--Aristocratic and plebeian armies--Convent -and castle--A lonely inn--Kaiserslautern--Saarbrück--Metz--Charles -X.'s Council in France--Ideas on Henry V.--My letter to Madame la -Dauphine--Letters from Madame la Duchesse de Berry - -BOOK VI 41-76 - -Journal from Paris to Venice--The Jura--The Alps--Milan--Verona--The -roll-call of the dead--The Brenta--Incidental remarks--Venice--Venetian -architecture--Antonio--The Abbé Betio and M. Gamba--The rooms in the -Palace of the Doges--Prisons--Silvio Pellico's prison--The Frari--The -Academy of Fine Arts--Titian's _Assumption_--The metopes of the -Parthenon--Original drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo and -Raphael--The Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo--The Arsenal--Henry -IV.--A frigate leaving for America--The Cemetery of San Cristoforo--San -Michele di Murano--Murano--The woman and the child--Gondoliers--Bretons -and Venetians--Breakfast on the Riva degli Schiavoni--The tomb of -Mesdames at Trieste--Rousseau and Byron--Great geniuses inspired by -Venice--Old and new courtezans--Rousseau and Byron compared - -BOOK VII 77-118 - -Arrival of Madame de Bauffremont in Venice--Catajo--The Duke of -Modena--Petrarch's Tomb at Arqua--The land of poets--Tasso--Arrival -of Madame la Duchesse de Berry--Mademoiselle Lebeschu--Count -Lucchesi-Palli--Discussion--Dinner--Bugeaud the gaoler--Madame de -Saint-Priest, M. de Saint-Priest--Madame de Podenas--Our band--I -refuse to go to Prague--I yield at a word--Padua--Tombs--Zanze's -manuscript--Unexpected news--The Governor of the Lombardo-Venetian -Kingdom--Letters from Madame to Charles X. and Henry V.--M. de -Montbel--My note to the Governor--I set out for Prague - -BOOK VIII 119-145 - -Journal from Padua to Prague, from the 20th to the 26th of -September 1833--Conegliano--The translator of the _Dernier -Abencerrage_--Udine--Countess Samoyloff--M. de La Ferronays--A -priest--Carinthia--The Drave--A peasant lad--Forges--Breakfast -at the hamlet of St. Michael--The neck of the Tauern--A -cemetery--Atala: how changed--A sunrise--Salzburg--A military -review--Happiness of the peasants--Woknabrück--Reminiscences of -Plancoët--Night--German and Italian towns contrasted--Linx--The -Danube--Waldmünchen--Woods--Recollections of Combourg -and Lucile--Travellers--Prague--Madame de Gontaut--The -young Frenchmen--Madame la Dauphine--An excursion to -Butschirad--Butschirad--Charles X. asleep--Henry V.--Reception -of the young men--The ladder and the peasant-woman--Dinner at -Butschirad--Madame de Narbonne--Henry V.--A rubber--Charles X.--My -incredulity touching the declaration of majority--The newspapers--Scene -of the young men--Prague--I leave for France--I pass by Butschirad -at night--A meeting at Schlau--Carlsbad empty--Hollfeld--Bamberg--My -different St. Francis' Days--Trials of religion--France - -BOOK IX 146-198 - -General politics of the moment--Louis-Philippe--M. Thiers--M. de La -Fayette--Armand Carrel--Of some women: the lady from Louisiana--Madame -Tastu--Madame Sand--M. de Talleyrand--Death of Charles X. - -BOOK X 199-225 - -Conclusion--Historical antecedents from the Regency to 1793--The -Past--The old European order expiring--Inequality of fortunes--Danger -of the expansion of intellectual nature and material nature--The -downfall of the monarchies--The decline of society and the progress of -the individual--The future--The difficulty of understanding it--The -Christian idea is the future of the world--Recapitulation of my -life--Summary of the changes that have happened on the globe during my -life--End of the _Mémoires d'Outre-tombe_ - -APPENDICES - -I. THE MORGANATIC MARRIAGE OF THE DUCHESSE DE BERRY 229-235 - -II. UNPUBLISHED FRAGMENTS OF THE _MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE_ 236-247 - -III. THE LAST YEARS OF CHATEAUBRIAND 248-264 - -IV. THE TRANSLATOR'S SECOND NOTE 265-266 - -INDEX 269-332 - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - -VOL. VI - - CHATEAUBRIAND'S TOMB - THE DUCHESSE DE BERRY - THE DUC AND DUCHESSE D'ANGOULÊME - LOUIS PHILIPPE - ADOLPHE THIERS - THE VICOMTESSE DE CHATEAUBRIAND - - - - -THE - -MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND - -VOLUME VI[1] - - - - -BOOK V - - -Journal from Carlsbad to -Paris--Cynthia--Eger--Wallenstein--Weisaenstadt--Berneck--Memories ---Bayreuth--Voltaire--Hollfeld--The church--The little girl with -the basket--The inn-keeper and his maid-servant--Bamberg--The -female hunchback--Würzburg: its canons--A drunkard--The -swallow--The inn at Wiesenbach--A German and his wife--My age and -appearance--Heidelberg--Pilgrims--Ruins--Mannheim--The Rhine--The -Palatinate--Aristocratic and plebeian armies--Convent and castle--A -lonely inn--Kaiserslautern--Saarbrück--Metz--Charles X.'s Council in -France--Ideas on Henry V.--My letter to Madame la Dauphine--Letters -from Madame la Duchesse de Berry. - - -1 _June_ 1833, _evening._ - -The journey from Carlsbad to Elbogen, along the Eger, is pleasant. The -castle of this little town is of the twelfth century and keeps sentry -on a rock, at the entrance to the gorge of a valley. The foot of the -rock, covered with trees, is contained within a bend of the Eger: hence -the name of the town and the castle, Elbogen, the Elbow. - -The donjon was red with the last rays of the sun when I saw it from the -high-road. Above the mountains and woods hung the twisted column of -smoke of a foundry. - -I started at half-past nine from the Zwoda stage. I followed the road -along which Vauvenargues passed in the retreat from Prague, the young -man to whom Voltaire, in the _Éloge funèbre des officiers morts en -1741_, addresses these words: - -"Thou art no more, O sweet hope of my remaining days; -I have always beheld in thee the most unfortunate of men -and the most tranquil." - -From inside my calash, I watched the stars rise. - -Be not afraid, Cynthia,[2] it is but the whispering of the reeds bent -by our passage through their mobile forest. I have a dagger for jealous -men and blood for thee. Let not this tomb cause thee any alarm; it is -that of a woman once loved like thyself: Cecilia Metella lay here. - -How wonderful is this night in the Roman Campagna! The moon rises -behind the Sabine Hill to contemplate the sea; she causes to stand -forth from the diaphanous darkness the ashen-blue summits of Albano, -the more distant, less deeply-graven lines of Soracte. The long canal -of the old aqueducts lets fall a few globules of its waters through the -mosses, columbines, gilliflowers, and joins the mountains to the city -walls. Planted one above the other, the aerial porticoes, cutting into -the sky, turn in mid-air the torrent of the ages and the course of the -brooks. The legislatrix of the world, Rome, seated on the stone of her -sepulchre, with her robe of centuries, projects the irregular outline -of her tall figure into the milky solitude. - -Let us sit down: this pine-tree, like the goat-herd of the Abruzzi, -unfolds its parasol among ruins. The moon showers her snowy light upon -the Gothic crown of the tower of Metella's tomb and on the festoons of -marble that link the horns of the bucrania: a graceful pomp inviting us -to enjoy life, which speeds so soon. - -Hark! The nymph Egeria is singing beside her fountain; the nightingale -warbles in the vine of the Hypogeum of the Scipios; the languid Syrian -breeze indolently wafts to us the fragrance of the wild tuberoses. The -palm-tree of the abandoned villa waves half-drowned in the amethyst and -azure of the Phosbean light. But thou, made pale by the reflections of -Diana's purity, thou, O Cynthia, art a thousand times more graceful -than that palm-tree. The shades of Delia, Lalage, Lydia, Lesbia, -resting on broken cornices, stammer mysterious words around thee. Thy -glances cross those of the stars and mingle with their rays. - -[Sidenote: To Cynthia.] - -But, Cynthia, nothing is real except the happiness which thou canst -enjoy. Those constellations which shine so brightly on thy head -harmonize with thy bliss only through the illusions of a beguiling -perspective. O young and fair Italian, time is ending! On those flowery -carpets thy companions have already passed. - -A mist unfolds itself, rises and veils the eye of the night with a -silvery retina; the pelican cries and returns to the strand; the -woodcock alights in the horse-tails of the diamond-studded springs; -the bell resounds under the dome of St. Peter's; the nocturnal -plain-chant, the voice of the middle-ages, saddens the lonely monastery -of Santa-Croce; the monk chants Lauds upon his knees, on the calcined -columns of San Paolo; vestals prostrate themselves on the icy slab that -closes their crypts; the _pifferaro_ pipes his midnight lament before -the solitary Madonna, at the condemned gate of a catacomb. 'Tis the -hour of melancholy; religion awakens and love falls asleep! - -Cynthia, thy voice is weakening: the refrain which the Neapolitan -fisherman taught thee in his swift-sailing bark, or the Venetian -oarsman in his gondola, dies away on thy lips. Yield to the exhaustion -of thy sleep; I will watch over thy repose. The darkness with which thy -lids cover thy eyes vies in suavity with that which drowsy, perfumed -Italy pours over thy brow. When the neighing of our horses is heard in -the Campagna, when the morning-star proclaims the dawn, the herd of -Frascati will come down with his goats and I shall not cease to soothe -thee with my whispered lullaby: - - "A bundle of jasmin and narcissus, an alabaster Hebe but lately - emerging from the hollow way of an excavation, or fallen from the - frontal of a temple, lies on this bed of anemones: no, Muse, you - err. The jasmin, the alabaster Hebe is a Roman sorceress, born - sixteen months ago of May and the half of a spring, to the sound of - the lyre, at the rise of dawn, in a field of roses of Pæstum. - - "Winds from the orange-trees of Palermo that blow over Circe's - isle; breezes that pass to Tasso's tomb, that caress the nymphs - and Cupids of the Farnese; you that play in the Vatican among - Raphael's Virgins, among the statues of the Muses; you that dip - your wings in the cascades of Tivoli; genii of the arts that live - on master-pieces and flutter with the memories, come: you alone do - I permit to inspire Cynthia's sleep. - - "And you, majestic daughters of Pythagoras, Fates in your robes - of flax, inevitable sisters seated at the axle of the spheres, - turn the thread of Cynthia's destiny over golden spindles; make it - fall from your fingers and rise again to your hands with ineffable - harmony; immortal spinsters, open the gate of ivory to those dreams - which lie on a woman's breast without oppressing it! I will sing - thee, O canephor of the Roman solemnities, young Charite fed on - ambrosia in Venus' lap, smile sent from the East to glide over my - life, violet forgotten in Horace' garden...." - - -"Mein Herr, ten kreutzers vor de durnbike!" - -A plague upon you with your "crutches!" I had changed my sky! I was -just in the right mood! The Muse will not return! That accursed Eger, -to which we are coming, is the cause of my unhappiness. - -The nights are fatal at Eger. Schiller shows us Wallenstein, betrayed -by his accomplices, going to the window of a room in the fortress of -Eger: - - Am Himmel ist geschäftige Bewegung, - Des Thurmes Fahne jagt der Wind, schnell geht - Der Wolken Zug, die Mondeszichel wankt, - Und durch die Nacht zucht ungewisse Helle[3]. - -Wallenstein, on the point of being assassinated, expresses himself in -touching terms on the death of Max Piccolomini[4], beloved by Thekla[5]: - - Die Blume ist hinweg aus meinem Leben - . . . . . . . - Denn er stand neben mir, wie meine Jugend, - Er machte mir das Wirkliche zum Traum[6]. - -Wallenstein retires to his place of rest: - - Sieh, es ist Nacht geworden; auf dem Schloss - Ist's auch schon stille. Leucine, Kämmerling! - . . . . . . . - Ich denke einen langen Schlaf zu thun; - Denn dieser letzten Tage Qual war gross. - Sorgt, dass sie nicht zu zeitig mir erwecken[7]. - -The dagger of the murderers snatches Wallenstein from his dreams of -ambition, even as the voice of the turnpike-man put an end to my -dream of love. Both Schiller and Benjamin Constant, who gave proof of -a new talent by imitating the German tragic poet, have gone to join -Wallenstein, while I, at the gates of Eger, recall their treble fame. - -[Sidenote: Bavaria.] - -2 _June_ 1833. - -I passed through Eger and, on Saturday the 1st of June, at day-break, -entered Bavaria: a tall red-haired girl, bare-foot and bare-headed, -came to open the turnpike to me, like Austria in person. The cold -lasted: the grass in the moats was covered with a white hoar-frost; wet -foxes came out of the oat-fields; grey, zig-zag, wide-spreading clouds -hung across in the sky like eagles' wings. - -I arrived at Weissenstadt at nine o'clock in the morning; at the same -moment, a sort of gig was carrying away a young woman driving without a -hat; she looked very much like what she probably was: joy, love's short -fortune, then the hospital and the common grave. Strolling pleasure, -may Heaven not be too severe on your boards! There are so many actors -worse than yourself in this world! - -Before entering the village, I passed through "_wastes_:" this word -was at the point of my pencil; it belonged to our old Frankish tongue: -it describes the aspect of a desolate country better than the word -"_lande_," which means earth. I still know the song which they used to -sing in the evening when crossing the waste-lands: - - C'est le chevalier des Landes: - Malheureux chevalier! - Quand il fut dans la lande, - A ouï les sings sonner[8]. - -After Weissenstadt comes Berneck. On leaving Berneck, the road is lined -with poplar-trees, whose winding avenue filled me with an indescribable -sentiment of mingled pleasure and sadness. On ransacking my memory, -I found that they resembled the poplars with which the high-road was -formerly laid out at the entrance to Villeneuve-sur-Yonne on the Paris -side. Madame de Beaumont is no more; M. Joubert is no more; the poplars -are felled and, after the fourth fall of the Monarchy, I am passing at -the feet of the poplars at Berneck: - - "Give me," says St. Augustine, "a man who loves, and he will - understand what I say." - -Youth laughs at those disappointments; it is charming, happy: in vain -do you tell it that the time will come when it too will know a similar -bitterness; it thrusts you aside with its light wing and flies away in -search of pleasures: it is right, if it dies with them. - -Here is Bayreuth, a reminiscence of another sort. This town stands in -the middle of a hollow plain of crops mixed with meadow-land: it has -wide streets, low houses, a weak population. In the time of Voltaire -and Frederic II., the Margravine of Bayreuth was famous; her death -inspired the bard of Ferney with the only ode in which he displayed any -lyrical talent: - - Tu ne chanteras plus, solitaire Sylvandre, - Dans ce palais des arts, où les sons de ta voix - Contre les préjugés osaient se faire entendre, - Et de l'humanité faisaient parler les droits[9]. - -The poet here praises himself justly, were it not that there was no -one less solitary in the world than Voltaire-Sylvander. The poet adds, -addressing the Margravine: - - Des tranquilles hauteurs de la philosophie, - Ta pitié contemplait, avec des yeux sereins, - Les fantômes changeants du songes de la vie, - Tant de rêves détruits, tant de projets si vains[10]. - -[Sidenote: Bayreuth.] - -From the height of a palace, it is easy to look down with calm eyes -upon the poor devils who pass along the street; but those lines are -none the less mightily true.... Who could feel them better than myself? -I have seen so many phantoms defile through the dream of life! At -this very moment, have I not been looking on the three royal larvæ -in the Castle in Prague and on the daughter of Marie-Antoinette at -Carlsbad? In 1733, just a century ago, what was it occupied men's -minds? Had they the least idea of what is now? When Frederic was -married, in 1733, under the rough tutelage of his father, had he, in -_Mathew Laensberg_[11], seen M. de Tournon[12] Intendant of Bayreuth -and leaving his intendance for the "Prefectship" of Rome? In 1933, the -traveller passing through Franconia will ask of my shade if I could -have guessed the facts of which he will be a witness. - -While I was breakfasting, I read some lessons which a German lady, -young and pretty, of course, was writing to a master's dictation: - - "_Celui_ qu'il _est content, est riche. Vous et_ je _nous avons peu - d'argent; mais nous sommes_ content. _Nous sommes_ ainci _à mon - avis plus riches que tel qui a_ un _tonne d'or, et il est...._" - -That is true, mademoiselle, you and _je_ have little money; you are -satisfied, as it seems, and you laugh at a ton of gold; but, if, by -chance, I were not satisfied, you must agree that, for me, a ton of -gold might be rather pleasant. - -On leaving Bayreuth, one goes up. Slender pruned firs represented to -me the pillars of the mosque at Cairo or the Cathedral of Cordova, -but shrunk and blackened, like a landscape reproduced in the _camera -obscura._ The road runs on from hill to hill and valley to valley: the -hills wide, with a tuft of wood on their brows; the valleys narrow and -green, but badly watered. At the lowest point of these valleys, one -sees a hamlet marked by the _campanile_ of a little church. The whole -of Christian civilization was formed in this way: the missionary, -become a parish-priest, stopped; the Barbarians cantoned themselves -around him, like flocks gathering round the shepherd. In former days, -those remote habitations would have made me dream more than one kind of -dream; to-day, I dream not at all and am nowhere at ease. - -Baptiste, suffering from over-fatigue, compelled me to stop at -Hollfeld. While supper was being made ready, I climbed the rock which -overlooks a part of the village. Upon that rock rises a square belfry; -swifts screamed as they swept round the roof and fronts of the turret. -That scene consisting of a few birds and an old tower had not repeated -itself since the days of my childhood at Combourg; my heart was quite -oppressed by it. I went down to the church on a hanging ground towards -the west; it was surrounded by its grave-yard abandoned by the new -deceased. The old dead only marked out their furrows there: a proof -that they had tilled their field. The setting sun, pale and drowned, -on the horizon, in a fir-plantation, lit up the lonely refuge where no -other man than I stood erect. When shall I be recumbent in my turn? We -are beings of nothingness and darkness; our impotency and our potency -are strongly characterized: we cannot, at will, procure for ourselves -either light or life; but nature, by giving us eye-lids and a hand, has -put night and death at our disposal. - -Entering the church, whose door was half-open, I knelt down with the -intention of saying an _Our Father_ and _Hail Mary_ for the repose of -my mother's soul: a servitude of immortality laid upon Christian souls -in their mutual affection. Suddenly I thought I heard the shutter of a -confessional open; I fancied that Death, instead of a priest, was about -to appear at the penance grating. At that very moment, the bell-ringer -came to lock the door of the church: I had only time to leave. - -[Sidenote: The little basket-carrier.] - -Returning to the inn, I met a little basket-carrier: she had bare legs -and feet; her skirt was short, her bodice torn; she walked stooping and -with her arms crossed. Together we climbed a steep road; she turned her -sun-burnt face a little to my side; her pretty and dishevelled head -was glued against her basket. Her eyes were black; her mouth was half -open to facilitate her breathing; one saw that, under her burdened -shoulders, her young breast had as yet felt no other weight than the -spoils of the orchards. She tempted one to talk to her of roses: - -"Ρόδα μ'εἴ ρηχας[13]." - -I applied myself to casting the adolescent vintager's horoscope: will -she grow old at the wine-press, unknown and happy as the mother of a -family? Will she be carried off to the camps by a corporal? Will she -fall a prey to some Don Juan? The abducted village-girl loves her -ravisher as much with astonishment as with passion: he transports -her to a marble palace on the Straits of Messina, under a palm-tree -beside a spring, opposite the sea displaying its azure billows and Etna -belching flames. - -I had reached this point in my story, when my companion, turning to -the left in a wide open space, went towards some lonely dwellings. -As she was about to disappear, she stopped, cast a last look at the -stranger, and then, bowing her head to pass, with her basket, under a -low door-way, entered a cottage, like a little shy cat gliding into a -barn among the sheaves. Let us go on to find in her prison Her Royal -Highness Madame la Duchesse de Berry: - - Je la suivis, mais je pleurai - De ne pouvoir plus suivre qu'elle[14]. - -My host at Hollfeld is a curious man: he and his maid-servant are -inn-keepers with extreme reluctance; they abhor travellers. When they -espy a carriage from afar, they go to hide themselves, cursing those -vagabonds who have nothing to do but scour the high-roads, those idle -persons who disturb an honest publican and prevent him from drinking -the wine which he is obliged to sell to them. The old servant sees -that her master is being ruined, but she is waiting for a stroke of -Providence in his favour; like Sancho, she will say: - -"Sir, accept this fine Kingdom of Micomicon which falls from heaven -into your hand." - -Once the first movement of ill-humour is past, the couple, in the -interval between two bouts, put a good face on the matter. The -chamber-maid murders a trifle of French, squints for two and has an air -of saying to you: - -"I have seen finer sparks than you in Napoleon's armies!" - -She smelt of tobacco and brandy, like glory by the camp-fire; she ogled -me with a provoking and wicked glance: how sweet it is to be loved at -the very moment when one had given up all hopes of it! But, Javotte, -you come too late for my "broken and mortified temptations," as a -Frenchman of old said; my sentence is passed: - -"Harmonious veteran, take thy rest," M. Lerminier[15] has said to me. - -You see, fair and friendly stranger, I am forbidden to listen to your -song: - - Vivandière du regiment, - _Javotte_ l'on me nomme, - Je vends, je donne, et bois gaîment - Mon vin et mon rogomme. - J'ai le pied leste et l'œil mutin, - Tin tin, tin tin, tin tin, tin tin, - R'lin lin tin[16]. - -There you have another reason why I withstand your seductions; you are -frivolous; you would betray me. Fly away then, Dame Javotte of Bavaria, -like your predecessor, Madame Isabeau[17]. - -2 _June_ 1833. - -I have left Hollfeld, I am passing through Bamberg at night. All is -sleeping: I see only a tiny light whose feeble glimmer comes from the -back of a room to grow wan at a window. What is waking here: pleasure -or sorrow, love or death? - -At Bamberg, in 1815, Berthier, Prince of Neufchâtel, fell from a -balcony into the street[18]: his master was about to fall from a -greater height. - -_Sunday_ 2 _June._ - -At Dettelbach, reappearance of the vines. Four growths mark the limit -of four natures and four climates: the birch, the vine, the olive and -the palm, always going towards the sun. - -[Sidenote: The Hunchback.] - -After Dettelbach, two stages to Würzburg, and a female hunchback seated -behind my carriage; it was Terence's Andria: _Inopia.... egregia -forma.... ætate integra._[19] The postillion wanted to make her get -down; I objected, for two reasons: first, because I should have been -afraid lest that fairy should have thrown a spell over me; secondly, -because, having read in a biography of myself that I am a hunchback, -all female hunchbacks are my sisters. Who can satisfy himself that -he is not hunchbacked? Who will ever tell you that you are? If you -look at yourself in the glass, you cannot say at all; do we ever see -ourselves as we are? You will find a turn in your figure that suits you -to perfection. All hunchbacks are proud and happy; the advantages of -the hump are hallowed in song. At the entrance to a lane, my hunchback, -in her ragged finery, stepped majestically to the ground: carrying her -burden, like all mortals, Serpentina plunged into a corn-field and -disappeared among spikes taller than herself. - -At mid-day, on the 2nd of June, I had reached the top of a hill from -which one descried Würzburg: the citadel on a height, the town below, -with its palace, its steeples and its turrets. The palace, although -thick-set, would be handsome even in Florence; in case of rain, the -Prince could give shelter to all his subjects in his mansion without -giving up his own apartments. - -The Bishop of Würzburg was formerly the Sovereign Bishop: the -nomination was in the gift of the canons of the Chapter. After his -election, he passed, stripped to the waist, between his colleagues -drawn up in two rows, who scourged him. It was hoped that the princes, -offended at this manner of consecrating a royal back, would refrain -from presenting themselves as candidates. To-day this would be of no -avail: there is not a descendant of Charlemagne but would consent to be -whipped for three days on end to obtain the crown of Yvetot. - -I have seen the Emperor of Austria's brother Duke of Würzburg[20]; he -used to sing very prettily at Fontainebleau, in the Galerie de François -I<sup>er</sup>, at the concerts of the Empress Joséphine. - -They kept Schwartz two hours at the passport-office. Left with my -unharnessed carriage in front of a church, I went in: I prayed with -the Christian crowd which represents the old society in the midst of -the new. A procession went out and marched round the church: why am I -not a monk on the walls of Rome? The times to which I belong would be -realized in me. - -When the first seeds of religion budded in my soul, I opened out like -a virgin soil which, cleared of its brambles, bears its first harvest. -Came a dry and icy wind, and the soil was parched. The sky took pity -on it; it gave it its tepid dews; then the wind blew again. This -alternation of faith and doubt long made my life a mixture of despair -and unspeakable delights. O my good, sainted mother, pray Jesus Christ -for me: your son needs redeeming more than other men! - -I left Würzburg at four o'clock and took the Mannheim Road. I entered -the Grand-duchy of Baden; I found a village in a merry mood; a drunkard -gave me his hand, shouting: - -"Long live the Emperor!" - -Everything that has happened since the fall of Napoleon is null and -void in Germany. The men who rose to snatch their national independence -from Bonaparte's ambition dream only of him, so greatly did he stir the -imagination of the nations, from the Bedouins in their tents to the -Teutons in their huts. - -As I went towards France, the children became noisier in the hamlets, -the postillions drove faster, life sprang up once more. - -[Sidenote: The Swallow.] - -At Bischoffsheim, where I dined, a fair onlooker appeared at my state -banquet: a swallow, a real Procne, with a reddish breast, came to perch -at my open window, on the iron bar from which swung the sign of the -Golden Sun; then it warbled most sweetly, looking at me as though it -knew me and without showing the least alarm. I have never complained of -being awakened by the daughter of Pandion; I have never, like Anacreon, -called her a "chatterer;" I have always, on the contrary, hailed her -return with the song of the children of the isle of Rhodes: - - "She comes, the swallow comes, bringing good seasons and a joyful - time! Open the window, do not despise the swallow[21]!" - -"François," said my fellow-guest at Bischoffsheim, "my -great-great-grandmother used to live at Combourg, under the rafters -of the roof of your turret; you used to keep her company every year, -in autumn, in the reeds in the pond, when you went dreaming, of an -evening, with your sylph. She landed on your native rock, on the very -day when you embarked for America, and she followed your sail for some -time. My grandmother built her nest in Charlotte's window; eight years -after, she arrived at Jaffa with you: you have mentioned this in your -_Itinéraire?_[22] My mother, while twittering to the dawn, fell one day -into your room at the Foreign Office[23]; you opened the window for her. -My mother has had many children: I who am speaking to you am of her -last nest; I have met you before on the old Tivoli Road in the Roman -Campagna: do you remember? My feathers were so black and so glossy! You -looked at me sadly. Would you like us to fly away together?" - -"Alas, my dear swallow, who know my story so well, you are extremely -kind; but I am a poor moulting bird, and my feathers will never come -back; I cannot, therefore, fly away with you. And you could not carry -me: I am too heavy with sorrows and years. And then, where should we -go? Spring and beautiful climates are no longer of my season. For you, -the air and love; for me, the ground and loneliness. You are going -away: may the dew cool your wings! May a hospitable yard offer to your -tired flight, when you are crossing the Ionian Sea! May a peaceful -October save you from shipwreck! Greet the olive-trees of Athens and -the palm-trees of Rosetta for me. If I am no more when the flowers -bring you back, I invite you to my funeral banquet: come at sunset to -snap up the gnats on the grass of my grave; like you, I love liberty -and I have lived on little[24]." - - -3 _and_ 4 _June_ 1833. - -I set out myself by land, a few moments after the swallow had set sail. -The night was overcast; the moon hovered, weakened and wasted, among -the clouds; my eyes, half-asleep, closed as they looked at it; I felt -as though I were expiring in the mysterious light which illumines the -shadows: "I felt," says Manzoni, "I know not what peaceful depression, -the fore-runner of the last rest." - -I stopped at Wiesenbach: a solitary inn, a narrow, cultivated valley -between two wooded hills. A German from Brunswick, a traveller like -myself, hearing my name pronounced, came running up to me. He pressed -my hand, spoke to me of my works; his wife, he told me, was learning -to read French in the _Génie du Christianisme._ He did not cease to -express surprise at my "youth:" - -"But," he added, "that is the fault of my judgment; I ought to think -you, from your last works, as young as you look." - -[Sidenote: My age and appearance.] - -My life has been mixed up with so many events that, in my readers' -heads, I have the ancientness of those events themselves. I often speak -of my grey head; this is calculated vanity on my part, so that people -may exclaim, when they see me: - -"Ah, he is not so old!" - -A man is at ease with white hair: he can boast of it; to glory in -having black hair would be in bad taste: a fine matter for triumph, to -be as your mother made you! But to be as time, misfortune and wisdom -have dressed you, that is fine! My little artifice has succeeded -sometimes. Quite recently a priest asked to see me; he stood dumb at -the sight of me; at last recovering his speech, he cried: - -"Ah, monsieur, so you will be able to fight a long time yet for the -faith!" - -One day, as I was passing through Lyons, a lady wrote to me; she begged -me to give her daughter a seat in my carriage and take her to Paris. -The proposal struck me as singular; but, after all, having verified the -signature, I found my unknown correspondent to be a highly respectable -lady and I replied politely. The mother introduced her daughter to me, -a divinity of sixteen. No sooner had the mother set eyes upon me than -she blushed scarlet; her confidence forsook her: - -"Forgive me," she stammered; "I am none the less filled with esteem.... -But you understand the proprieties.... I made a mistake.... I am so -greatly surprised." - -I insisted, looking at my promised companion, who seemed amused at the -discussion; I was lavish with protestations that I would take every -imaginable care of that beautiful young person; the mother humbled -herself with excuses and courtesies. The two ladies departed. I was -proud of having frightened them so much. For some hours I thought -myself made young again by the Dawn. The lady had fancied that the -author of the _Génie du Christianisme_ was a venerable Abbé de -Chateaubriand, a tall, dry, simple old man, constantly taking snuff -out of a huge tin snuff-box, who might very well be trusted to take an -innocent school-girl to the Sacred Heart. - -They used to tell in Vienna, two or three lustres ago, that I lived -all alone in a certain valley called the Vallée-aux-Loups. My house -was built on an island; when people wanted to see me, they had to blow -a horn on the opposite bank of the river: a river at Châtenay! I then -looked out through a hole: if the company pleased me, a thing that -hardly ever happened, I came myself to fetch them in a little boat; -if not, not. In the evening, I pulled my boat on shore and nobody -was allowed to land on my island. In point of fact, I ought to have -lived in this way; this Viennese story has always charmed me: M. de -Metternich surely did not invent it; he is not sufficiently my friend -for that. - -I do not know what the German traveller will have told his wife -about me, nor if he went out of his way to undeceive her as to my -decrepitude. I fear that I possess the drawbacks of black hair and -white hair both and that I am neither young enough nor staid enough. -For the rest, I was hardly in the mood for coquetry at Wiesenbach; a -melancholy wind blew under the doors and through the passages of the -inn: when the breeze blows, I am in love with nothing else. - -From Wiesenbach to Heidelberg, one follows the course of the Necker, -cased by hills which carry forests on a bank of sand and red sulphate. -How many rivers I have seen flow! I met pilgrims from Walthüren: -they formed two parallel lines on either side of the high-road; the -carriages passed in the middle. The women walked bare-foot, beads in -hand, with a parcel of linen on their heads; the men bare-headed, also -carrying their beads in their hands. It was raining; in some places the -watery clouds crept along the sides of the hills. Boats loaded with -timber went down the river, others went up, under sail, or in tow. In -the broken places in the hills were hamlets standing among the fields, -in the midst of rich vegetable-gardens adorned with Bengal roses and -different flowering shrubs. Pilgrims, pray for my poor little King: he -is exiled, he is innocent; he is commencing his pilgrimage while you -are performing yours and I ending mine. If he is not to reign, it will -always be a certain glory to me to have fastened the wreck of so great -a fortune to my life-boat God alone sends the fair wind and opens the -harbour. - -[Sidenote: Heidelberg.] - -As one approaches Heidelberg, the bed of the Necker, strewn with rocks, -widens. One sees the wharf of the town and the town itself, which wears -a pleasant mien. The back-ground of the whole picture ends in a tall -earthly horizon: it seems to bar the stream. - -A red-brick triumphal arch marks the entrance to Heidelberg. To the -left, on a hill, stand the ruins of a medieval castle. Apart from -their picturesque effect and some popular traditions, the remains of -the Gothic period interest only the nations whose work they are. Does -a Frenchman trouble his head about the lords Palatine, the princesses -Palatine, plump, white and blue-eyed though they may have been? One -forgets them for St. Geneviève of Brabant[25]. Those modern ruins have -nothing in common with modern nations, excepting their outward aspect -of Christianity and their feudal character. - -It is different, leaving out the sun, with the monuments of Greece and -Italy; these belong to all nations: they commence their history; their -inscriptions are written in languages known to all civilized men. The -ruins even of renovated Italy possess a general interest, because they -are stamped with the seal of the arts and the arts come within the -public domain of society. A fresco by Domenichino[26] or Titian that -becomes obliterated, a palace by Michael Angelo or Palladio[27] that -crumbles throw the genius of all the centuries into mourning. - -At Heidelberg, they show a tun of inordinate proportions, a drunkards' -Coliseum in ruins: at least no Christian has lost his life in that -amphitheatre of the Vespasians of the Rhine; his reason, yes: that is -no great loss. - -At the outlet of Heidelberg, the hills to the right and left of the -Necker fall away, and one enters upon a plain. A winding embankment, -raised a few feet above the level of the corn-fields, is delineated -between two rows of cherry-trees harshly treated by the wind and of -walnut-trees "often by the wayfarers attacked[28]." - -At the entrance to Mannheim, one drives through hop-vines, whose long, -dry props were as yet decorated to only one third of their height -by the climbing creeper. Julian the Apostate wrote a pretty epigram -against beer; the Abbé de La Bletterie[29] imitated it with some -elegance: - - Tu n'es qu'un faux Bacchus ... - J'en atteste le véritable. - . . . . . . . - Que le Gaulois, pressé d'une soif éternelle - Au défaut de la grappe ait recours aux épis, - De Cérès qu'il vante le fils: - Vive le fils de Semèle[30]. - -A few orchards, some walks shaded by willow-trees of all sizes form a -verdant suburb to Mannheim. The houses in the town have often only one -storey above the ground-floor. The main street is wide and planted with -trees in the middle: one more down-fallen city. I do not like false -gold, and so I did not want any Mannheim gold; but I certainly have -"Toulouse gold[31]," to judge by the disasters of my life: yet who has -more than I respected the Temple of Apollo? - - -3 _and_ 4 _June_ 1833. - -I crossed the Rhine at two o'clock in the afternoon. At the moment of -passing, a steam-boat came up stream. What would Cæsar have said if he -had met such a machine while he was building his bridge? - -On the other side of the Rhine, opposite Mannheim, one finds Bavaria -again, as a result of the odious slashings and jobbings of the Treaties -of Paris, Vienna and Aix-la-Chapelle. Every one cut out his share with -scissors, without any regard for reason, humanity or justice, without -troubling about the slice of population that fell into a pair of royal -chops. - -[Sidenote: The Palatinate.] - -Driving through the Cisrhenan Palatinate, I reflected how this country -had once formed a department of France, how white Gaul was girt about -by the Rhine, the "blue sash" of Germany. Napoleon and the Republic -before him had realized the dream of several of our kings, above all -of Louis XIV. So long as we do not occupy our natural frontiers, there -will be war in Europe, because the interest of self-preservation drives -France to seize the boundaries necessary to her national independence. -Here we have planted trophies to claim back in due season. - -The plain between the Rhine and the Monts Tonnerre looks sad; earth and -men seem to say that their fate is not settled, that they belong to -no people; they appear to be expecting new invasions, as it were new -river-floods. The Germans of Tacitus devastated great spaces on their -frontiers and left them empty between these and their enemies. Woe to -the border populations that till the battlefields on which the nations -are to meet! - -As I approached ----, I saw a sad sight: a wood of young fir-trees, -five or six feet high, felled and bound into faggots, a forest mown -like grass. I have spoken of the cemetery of Lucerne, where the -children's burials throng on one side. I never felt more keenly the -need to end my wanderings, to die under the protection of a friendly -hand laid upon my heart to interrogate it, when they shall say: - -"It has stopped beating." - -From the edge of my tomb I would like to be able to cast back a glance -of satisfaction over my many years, just as a pontiff, on reaching the -sanctuary, blesses the long line of the priests who have served as his -retinue. - -Louvois[32] burnt down the Palatinate; unfortunately it was Turenne's -hand that held the torch. The Revolution laid waste the same country, -the witness and victim by turns of our aristocratic and plebeian -struggles. It is enough to name the warriors to judge of the difference -of the times: on the one side, Condé, Turenne, Créqui[33], Luxembourg, -La Force[34], Villars[35]; on the other, Kellermann, Hoche, Pichegru, -Moreau. Let us deny none of our victories; military glories especially -have known only enemies of France and held only one opinion: on the -battle-field, honour and danger level all ranks. Our fathers called -the blood that flowed from a non-mortal wound "volatile blood:" a -phrase typical of the contempt for death natural to Frenchmen in every -century. Institutions can alter nothing in this national genius. The -soldiers who, after the death of Turenne[36], said, "Let the _Pie_ -loose, we shall encamp where she stops," would have been quite as good -as Napoleon's grenadiers. - -On the heights of Dunkheim, the first rampart of the Gauls on that -side, one discovers the seats of camps and military positions to-day -empty of soldiers: Burgundians, Franks, Goths, Huns, Suevi, so many -waves of the Barbarian deluge, have by turns assailed those heights. - -Not far from Dunkheim, one sees the remains of a monastery. The monks -enclosed within that retreat had seen many armies passing round at -their feet; they had shown hospitality to many warriors; there some -crusader had ended his life, changed his helm for the frock; there were -passions which called for silence and rest before the last rest and the -last silence. Did they find what they sought? Those ruins will not tell. - -After the remnants of the sanctuary of peace come the fragments of the -lair of war: the demolished bastions, mantlets, curtains, trunnions of -a fortress. Ramparts crumble even as cloisters. The castle was ambushed -in a rugged path to close it to the enemy: it did not keep time and -death from passing. - -From Dunkheim to Frankenstein, the road pushes through a valley so -narrow that it will scarcely hold a carriage way; the trees descending -from two opposite slopes join and embrace in the ravine. I have -followed similar dales between Messenia and Arcadia, but for the good -road: Pan knew nothing about civil engineering. Flowering broom and a -jay carried me back to the recollection of Brittany; I remember the -pleasure which the cry of that bird gave me in the mountains of Judea. -My memory is a panorama; there the most varied sites and skies, with -their scorching sun or their foggy horizon, come to paint themselves on -the same canvas. - -The inn at Frankenstein is placed in a meadow in the mountains, watered -by a stream. The postmaster speaks French; his young sister, or his -wife, or his daughter is charming. He complains of being a Bavarian; he -busies himself with the cultivation of forests; to me he represented an -American planter. - -At Kaiserslautern, where I arrived at night as at Bamberg, I passed -through the region of dreams: what did all those sleeping inhabitants -see in their slumbers? If I had time, I would tell the story of their -visions. Nothing would have reminded me of earth, if two quails had -not called to one another from cage to cage. In the fields in Germany, -from Prague to Mannheim, one meets only carrion crows, sparrows and -larks; but the towns are full of nightingales, warblers, thrushes, -quails: plaintive prisoners, male and female, who greet you at the -bars of their gaol when you pass. The windows are decked with pinks, -mignonette, roses, jasmine. The northern nations have the tastes of -another clime; they love the arts and music: the Germans came to fetch -the vine in Italy; their sons would gladly repeat the invasion to -conquer birds and flowers in the same spots. - -[Sidenote: Prussia.] - -The change in the post-boy's jacket told me, on Tuesday the 4th of -June, at Saarbrück, that I was entering Prussia. I saw a squadron -of hussars ride past under the window of my inn; they looked very -spirited: I was as spirited as they; I would cheerfully have helped -to give those gentry a drubbing, even though a lively feeling of -respect makes me attached to the Prussian Royal Family, even though the -outbursts of the Prussians in Paris were but reprisals for Napoleon's -brutality in Berlin; but, if history has the time to enter into the -cold justice which connects consequences with their origins, the man -who witnesses living facts is carried away by those facts, without -going back to the past to seek the causes from which they sprang and -which excuse them. My country has done me great harm; but how gladly I -would offer up my blood for her! Oh, what strong heads, what consummate -politicians, above all, what good Frenchmen were those negociators of -the Treaties of 1815! - -A few hours yet, and my native soil will once more quiver beneath my -steps. What shall I hear? Since three weeks I have known nothing of -what my friends have been saying and doing. Three weeks! A long space -of time for man whom one moment carries away, for empires which three -days suffice to overthrow! And my prisoner of Blaye: what has become -of her? Shall I be able to convey to her the answer which she is -awaiting? If ever the person of an ambassador should be sacred, it is -mine; my diplomatic career was consecrated near the Head of the Church; -it has been completely sanctified near an unfortunate monarch: I have -negociated a new family compact among the children of the Bearnese; I -have carried and brought back its deeds from prison to exile and from -exile to prison. - - -4 _and_ 5 _June._ - -As I passed the border which separates the territory of Saarbrück from -that of Forbach, France did not show herself to me in a brilliant -manner: first, a cripple seated in a wooden bowl; then, another man -who crawled on his hands and knees, dragging his legs after him like -two crooked tails or two dead snakes; next, appeared, in a cart, two -swarthy, wrinkled old women, the van-guard of the women of France. It -was enough to make one go back again to the Prussian Army. - -But presently I found a handsome young soldier walking with a young -girl; the soldier was pushing the young girl's wheel-barrow before him -and she was carrying the trooper's pipe and sword. Further on, another -young girl holding the tail of a plough and an aged ploughman goading -the oxen; further on, an old man begging for a blind child; further on, -a cross. In a hamlet, a dozen children's heads, at the window of an -unfinished house, looked like a group of angels in a glory. Here is a -tiny girl of five or six, sitting on the threshold of a cottage-door, -with bare head, fair hair, a dirty face, pulling a little grimace -because of a cold wind blowing; with her two white shoulders peeping -from a torn frock, her arms crossed over her knees drawn up close to -her chest, looking at what was going on around her with the curiosity -of a bird, Raphael would have sketched her; as for me, I felt inclined -to steal her from her mother. - -[Sidenote: France.] - -At the entrance to Forbach, a troop of learned dogs appeared: the two -biggest harnessed to the costume-wagon; five or six others of different -tails, noses, sizes and colours followed the baggage, each with its -piece of bread in its mouth. Two grave instructors, one carrying a -big drum, the other carrying nothing, led the band. Go, my friends, -go round the world as I have done, in order to learn to know the -nations. You have your place in the world just as much as I; you are -quite as good as the dogs of my kind. Give a paw to Diane, to Mirza, -to Pax, with your hat on your ear, your sword by your side, your tail -sticking out like a trumpet between the skirts of your coat: dance for -a bone, or for a kick, as we men do; but do not go making the mistake -of jumping for the King! - -Reader, bear with these arabesques; the hand that traced them will -never do you any other harm: it is withered. Remember, when you see -them, that they are only the freakish scrolls drawn by a painter on the -vault of his tomb. - -At the custom-house, an elderly junior clerk made a pretense at -examining my calash. I had got a five-franc piece ready; he saw it in -my hand, but dared not take it, because of his superiors, who were -watching him. He took off his cap, on the pretext of searching me -better, laid it on the seat in front of me and said, in an under-tone: - -"In my cap, please." - -Oh, what a great phrase! It comprises the history of the human race; -how often have liberty, loyalty, friendship, devotion, love said: - -"In my cap, please!" - -I shall give that phrase to Béranger for the chorus of a song. - -I was struck, on entering Metz, by something which I had not noticed -in 1821; the modern fortifications surround the Gothic fortifications: -Guise and Vauban[37] are two names that go well together. - -Our years and our memories lie in regular and parallel strata at -different depths of our life, deposited by the waves of time that pass -over us in succession. It was from Metz, in 1792, that the column -issued which was engaged under the walls of Thionville with our little -corps of Emigrants. I am returning from my pilgrimage to the retreat of -the banished Prince whom I served in his first exile. I then gave him -a little of my blood; I have just been weeping with him: at my age, we -have little left but tears. - -In 1821, M. de Tocqueville[38], my brother's brother-in-law, was -Prefect of the Moselle. The trees, no thicker than laths, which M. de -Tocqueville planted, in 1820, at the gates of Metz now give shade. -There is a scale to measure our days by; but man is not like wine, -he does not improve when reckoned by vintages. The ancients used to -steep roses in their Falernian; when an amphora of a hundred-year-old -consulate was uncorked, it perfumed the banquet. The clearest -intelligence might be mingled with old years, and no one would be -tempted to get tipsy with it. - -I had not been a quarter of an hour in the inn at Metz, when behold -Baptiste coming in a great state of excitement: mysteriously he drew -from his pocket a white paper parcel, containing a seal; M. le Duc de -Bordeaux and Mademoiselle had charged him with that seal, telling him -to give it me "only on French soil." They had been very anxious the -whole night before my departure, fearing lest the jeweller would not -have time to finish the work. - -The seal has three faces: on one is engraved an anchor; on the second, -the two words which Henry said to me at our first interview: "Yes, -always!" on the third, the date of my arrival in Prague. The brother -and sister begged me to wear the seal "for love of them." The mystery -of this present, the order given by the two exiled children to hand me -the token of their memory "only on French soil" filled my eyes with -tears. The seal shall never leave me; I shall wear it "for love of -Louise and Henry." - -I would have liked to see, at Metz, the house of Fabert[39], the common -soldier who became a marshal of France and who received the collar of -the Orders, his nobility tracing its origin only to his sword. - -The Barbarians our fathers, at Metz, butchered the Romans[40] surprised -in the midst of the debauchery of a feast; our soldiers have waltzed, -in the monastery of Alcobaça, with the skeleton of Iñez de Castro[41]: -sorrows and pleasures, crimes and follies, fourteen centuries separate -you and you are all alike completely past. The eternity commenced just -now is as old as the eternity dating from the first death, the murder -of Abel. Nevertheless, men, during their ephemeral appearance on this -globe, persuade themselves that they are leaving some trace behind -them: why, good Heaven, yes, every fly has its shadow! - -I left Metz and passed through Verdun, where I was so unhappy and where -Carrel's lonely friend lives to-day[42]. I skirted the heights of -Valmy; I do not care to speak of it any more than of Jemmapes: I should -be afraid lest I should find a crown there. - -Châlons reminded me of a great weakness of Bonaparte, who banished -beauty there[43]. Peace be with Châlons, which tells me that I still -have friends! - -At Château-Thierry, I found my idol, La Fontaine. It was the hour of -the Angelus: Jean's wife was no longer there, and Jean had returned to -Madame de La Sablière[44]. - -As I grazed the wall of Meaux Cathedral, I repeated Bossuet's[45] own -words to him: - -"Man reaches his tomb dragging behind him the long chain of his hopes -deceived." - -[Sidenote: Back in Paris.] - -In Paris, I passed the quarters in which I had lived with my sisters in -my youth; next, the Palace of Justice, commemorative of my trial; next, -the Prefecture of Police, which served me as a prison. I have returned -at last to my hospice, thus winding off the skein of my days. The frail -insect of the sheep-folds drops at the end of a silken thread to the -ground, where the foot of some ewe will soon crush it. - - -PARIS, RUE D'ENFER, 6 _June_ 1833. - -On alighting from my carriage and before going to bed, I wrote a letter -to Madame la Duchesse de Berry to give her an account of my mission. -My return had put the police into a flutter; the telegraph announced -it to the Prefect of Bordeaux and the commandant of the fortress of -Blaye: orders were given to redouble the measures of supervision; it -appears even that Madame was put on board before the day fixed for her -departure[46]. My letter missed Her Royal Highness by a few hours and -was taken to her in Italy. - -If Madame had made no declaration; if even, after that declaration, she -had denied the consequences of it; much more if, on arriving in Sicily, -she had protested against the part which she had been compelled to -play in order to escape from her gaolers, France and Europe would have -believed her word, so greatly was Philip's Government under suspicion. -All the Judases would have suffered punishment for the spectacle which -they gave to the world in the smoking-room at Blaye. But Madame would -not consent to retain a political character by denying her marriage; -what one gains, by a lie, in reputation for cleverness one loses in -consideration: any former sincerity which you may have professed hardly -avails to defend you. When a man who enjoys public esteem demeans -himself, he is no longer sheltered within his name, but behind his -name. Madame, by her admission, escaped from the gloom of her prison: -the female eagle, like the male eagle, has need of liberty and sunlight. - -M. le Duc de Blacas, in Prague, had announced to me the formation of a -council of which I was to be the head, with M. the Chancellor[47] and -M. le Marquis de Latour-Maubourg: I was going to become alone (still -according to M. le Duc) the Council of Charles X., absent on some -business. I was shown a plan: the machinery was very complicated; M. -de Blacas' work retained a few arrangements made by the Duchesse de -Berry, when she, on her side, had laid claim to organizing the State by -coming madly, but bravely, to place herself at the head of her Kingdom -_in partibus._ The ideas of that adventurous woman were not at all -lacking in good sense: she had divided France into four great military -governments, chosen the commanders, appointed the officers, embodied -the soldiers and, without troubling whether all her people had joined -the flag, she would herself have hastened to carry it; she did not -doubt but that she would find in the fields St. Martin's[48] cope or -the Oriflamme, Galaor[49] or Bayard. Blows of battle-axes and bullets -from fire-locks, retreats into the forests, perils in the homes of a -few faithful friends, caves, castles, cottages, escalades: all this -suited and delighted Madame. There is something eccentric, original and -captivating in her character that will make her live. The future will -take her as it pleases, in spite of correct persons and sober-minded -cowards. - -[Sidenote: My plans for Henry V.] - -I should have brought to the Bourbons, if they had sent for me, the -popularity which I enjoyed by my two-fold claim as a writer and a -statesman. I could have no doubt of that popularity, for I had received -the confidences of every shade of opinion. People had not confined -themselves to generalities; each had pointed out to me what he desired -in case of eventualities; many had confessed their genius to me and -rendered obvious to me the place for which they were eminently fitted. -Everybody, friends and enemies alike, sent me to be about the person of -the Duc de Bordeaux. By the different combinations of my opinions and -my fortunes, by the ravages of death, which had successively carried -away the men of my generation, I seemed to be the only one left for the -choice of the Royal Family. - -I might feel tempted by the part awarded to me: there was something -calculated to flatter my vanity, as an unknown servant and rejected -by the Bourbons, in the idea of being the support of their House; -of holding out my hand to Philip Augustus, St. Louis, Charles V., -Louis XII., Francis I., Henry IV. and Louis XIV. in their tombs; of -protecting with my feeble renown the blood, the crown and the shades -of so many great men: I alone against faithless France and dishonoured -Europe. - -But to arrive at that what should I have had to do? What the commonest -mind would have done: fawn upon the Court of Prague, overcome its -antipathies, conceal my ideas from it until I was in a position to -develop them. - -And, certainly, those ideas went far: if I had been the young Prince's -governor, I should have striven to gain his confidence. If he had -recovered his crown, I should have advised him to wear it only to lay -it aside at the proper time. I would have liked to see the Capets -disappear in a manner worthy of their greatness. What a fine, what an -illustrious day that would have been when, after setting up religion, -perfecting the Constitution of the State, enlarging the rights of -citizens, breaking the last fetters of the press, emancipating the -commons, destroying monopoly, striking the balance between wages and -labour, consolidating property and restricting its abuses, reviving -industry, reducing taxation, re-establishing our honour among the -nations, extending our frontiers and thus securing our independence -against the foreigner; when, after accomplishing all these things, my -pupil would have said to the nation solemnly called together: - -"Frenchmen, your education is finished with mine. My first ancestor, -Robert the Strong[50], died for you, and my father asked for mercy for -the man who took his life. My sires raised and formed France through -barbarism; now the march of events, the progress of civilization compel -you to dispense with a protector. I am descending the throne; I confirm -all the benefits of my fathers, while releasing you from your oaths to -the Monarchy." - -Say if that end would not have surpassed all that is most wonderful in -that dynasty! Say if ever a magnificent enough temple could have been -raised to its memory! Compare that end with that which the decrepit -sons of Henry IV. would make, stubbornly pinning themselves to a throne -swamped by democracy, trying to preserve their power with the aid of -measures of police, measures of violence, methods of corruption, and -dragging on for a few short moments a degraded existence! - -"Let them make my brother King," said the child Louis XIII., after the -death of Henry IV., "I do not want to be King." - -Henry V. has no other brother than his people: let him make it King. - -To arrive at this resolution, chimerical though it may seem, one would -have to feel the greatness of one's race, not because one was descended -from an old stock, but because one was the heir of men through whom -France became powerful, enlightened and civilized. - -Now, as I have just said, the way to be called upon to set to work -on that plan would have been to wheedle the weaknesses of Prague, to -raise magpies with the child of the throne like Luynes[51], to flatter -Concini[52] like Richelieu. I had begun well at Carlsbad; a little -note of submission and gossip would have forwarded my business. To -bury myself alive in Prague was no easy matter, it is true; for not -only should I have had to overcome the repugnance of the Royal Family, -but the hatred of the foreigners as well. My ideas are odious to the -Cabinets; they know that I detest the Treaties of Vienna, that I would -make war at any price to give France the necessary frontiers and to -restore the balance of power in Europe. - -However, by giving signs of repentance, by weeping, by expiating my -sins of national honour, by beating my breast, by admiring for my -penance the genius of the blockheads who govern the world, I might -perhaps have been able to crawl into the Baron de Damas' place; then, -suddenly standing erect, I should have flung away my crutches. - -[Sidenote: Wherein I fail.] - -But, alas, where is my ambition? Where is my faculty of dissimulation? -Where is my art of enduring constraint and boredom? Where is my -capacity for attaching importance to anything whatsoever? I took up -my pen two or three times, I began to draft two or three letters in -obedience to Madame la Dauphine, who had ordered me to write to her. -Soon, revolting against myself, I wrote at one dash and after my own -manner the letter which was to break my neck. I knew it quite well; I -weighed the results quite well: it matters little. And to-day, now that -the thing is done, I am delighted at having sent the whole business to -the devil and flung my "governorship " out of so wide a window. I shall -be told: - -"Could you not have expressed the same truths by stating them less -crudely?" - -Yes, yes, by diluting, beating about the bush, employing honeyed words, -bleating, quavering: - - Son œil tout pénitent ne pleure qu'eau béniste[53]. - -I cannot do that. - -Here is the letter, abridged, however, by almost half its length, which -will make the hair of our drawing-room diplomatists rise up in dismay: -the Duc de Choiseul was somewhat of my humour; therefore he spent the -end of his end at Chanteloup: - - "PARIS, _Rue d'Enfer_, 30 _June_ 1833. - - "MADAME, - - "The most precious moments of my long career are those which Madame - la Dauphine permitted me to spend with her. It was in a humble - house at Carlsbad that a Princess who is the object of universal - veneration deigned to speak to me with confidence. Heaven has laid - at the bottom of her soul a treasure of magnanimity and religion - which the prodigality of misfortune has not been able to dry up. I - had before me the daughter of Louis XVI. exiled anew; that orphan - of the Temple whom the Martyr-King pressed to his heart before - going to gather the palm! God's name is the only name that one can - pronounce when one comes to plunge one's self in contemplation of - the impenetrable counsels of His Providence. - - "Praise is suspicious, when it is addressed to prosperity: with - the Dauphiness, admiration knows no embarrassment. I have said it, - Madame: your sorrows have attained so great a height, that they have - become one of the glories of the Revolution. I shall therefore, - once in my life, have met destinies so superior, so much apart, - that I can tell them, without fear of offending them or of being - misunderstood, what I think of the future state of society. One can - discuss the fate of empires with you, who would, without regretting - them, see pass at the feet of your virtue all those earthly - kingdoms, many of which have already flowed away at the feet of - your House. - - "The catastrophes of which you have been the most illustrious - witness and the sublimest victim, great though they appeared to - be, are, nevertheless, but the particular accidents of the general - transformation which is being operated in the human race; the - reign of Napoleon, which shook the world, is but a link in the - revolutionary chain. We must start from this truth to understand - the possibilities of a third Restoration and what means that - Restoration possesses of being included in the plan of social - changes. If it did not enter into it as an homogeneous element, it - would inevitably be rejected by an order of things contrary to its - nature. - - "Therefore, Madame, if I told you that the Legitimacy had a chance - of returning through the aristocracy of the nobles and clergy, with - their privileges; through the Court, with its distinctions; through - the Royalty, with its attractions, I should be deceiving you. The - Legitimacy, in France, is no longer a sentiment; it is a principle - in so far as it guarantees property and interests, rights and - liberties; but if it remained proved that the Legitimacy would - not defend or was powerless to protect that property and those - interests, those rights and those liberties, it would cease to be - even a principle. When any one puts forward that the Legitimacy - will necessarily come about, that it cannot be dispensed with, that - it is enough to wait, for France to come crying mercy to it on her - knees, he is putting forward an illusion. The Restoration may never - return, or may last for but a moment, if the Legitimacy seeks its - strength where it does not exist. - - [Sidenote: My letter to the Dauphiness.] - - "Yes, Madame, I say it sorrowfully, Henry V. might remain a foreign - and banished Prince: a young and new ruin of an edifice already - fallen, but, in short, a ruin. We old servants of the Legitimacy - will soon have spent the small stock of years that is left to us; - we shall shortly be resting in our graves, asleep with our old - ideas, like the ancient knights with their ancient suits of armour - into which rust and time have eaten, suits of armour which no - longer shape themselves to the figure nor adapt themselves to the - usages of the living. - - "All that was militating, in 1789, for the preservation of the - old order of things, religion, laws, manners, customs, property, - classes, privileges, corporations, no longer exists. A general - ferment has become manifest; Europe is hardly safer than - ourselves; no form of society is entirely destroyed, none entirely - established; all is worn or new, or decrepit or not yet rooted; all - has the weakness of old age or childhood. The kingdoms that have - sprung from the territorial limitations drawn by the last treaties - are of yesterday; love of country has lost its force, because the - country is an uncertain and fleeting thing to populations sold - by auction, dealt in like second-hand furniture, now allotted to - hostile populations, now handed over to unknown masters. Thus - dug up, furrowed, tilled, the soil is prepared to receive the - democratic seed which the Days of July have ripened. - - "The kings think that, by keeping sentry around their thrones, - they will stop the movements of intelligence; they imagine that, - by giving a description of the principles, they will have them - seized at the frontiers; they are persuaded that, by multiplying - customs-officers, gendarmes, police-spies, military commissions, - they will prevent them from circulating. But those ideas do not - travel on foot: they are in the air, they fly, we breathe them. The - absolute governments, which are establishing telegraphs, railways, - steam-boats and trying, at the same time, to keep men's minds on - the level of the political dogmas of the fourteenth century, are - inconsistent; at once progressive and reactionary, they are lost - in the confusion resulting from a contradiction of theory and - practice. It is impossible to separate the industrial principle - from the principle of liberty; one must needs stifle both or admit - both. Wherever the French language is understood, ideas come with - the passports of the age. - - "You see, Madame, how essential it is that the starting-point - should be carefully chosen. The child of hope under your guard, - innocence taking refuge under your virtues and misfortunes as under - a royal canopy: I know no more imposing spectacle; if there be a - chance of success for the Legitimacy, it is there in its entirety. - The France of the future will be able to bow, without descending, - before the glory of the past, to stand in emotion before that - great apparition in her history represented by the daughter of - Louis XVI. leading the last of the Henrys by the hand. As the - Queen-protectress of the young Prince, you will exercise over the - nation the influence of the immense memories mingled in your august - person. Who will not feel an unaccustomed confidence revive within - him when the orphan of the Temple watches over the education of the - orphan of St. Louis? - - "It is to be desired, Madame, that this education, directed by men - whose names are popular in France, should in a certain measure - become public. Louis XIV., who otherwise justifies the pride of his - motto[54], did a great injury to his House by isolating the Sons of - France behind the barriers of an Oriental education. - - "The young Prince appeared to me to be gifted with a quick - intelligence. He will have to complete his studies by travels - among the nations of the Old and even of the New Continent, so as - to become acquainted with politics and to be alarmed at neither - institutions nor doctrines. If he could serve as a soldier in some - far-off foreign war, one ought not to dread to expose him. He has a - resolute air; he seems to have in his heart the blood of his father - and of his mother; but, if he could ever experience anything but - the sense of glory in danger, let him abdicate: without courage, in - France, there is no crown. - - "Madame, on seeing me extend into a long future the thought of the - education of Henry V., you will naturally suppose that I do not - think him destined to ascend the throne so soon. I will endeavour - impartially to deduct the opposite reasons for hopes and fears. - - "The Restoration may take place to-day, to-morrow. There is - something so sudden, so inconstant observable in the French - character, that a change is always probable; it is always safe - to wager a hundred to one, in France, that any particular thing - will not last: it is at the moment when the Government appears - most firmly seated that it falls. We have seen the nation worship - Bonaparte and detest him, abandon him, take him back, abandon him - again, forget him in his exile, raise altars to him after his - death, and then relapse from its enthusiasm. That fickle nation, - which never loved liberty save by fits and starts, but which ever - dotes on equality; that multiform nation was fanatical under - Henry IV., factious under Louis XIII., grave under Louis XIV., - revolutionary under Louis XVI., gloomy under the Republic, warlike - under Bonaparte, constitutional under the Restoration: to-day it is - prostituting its liberties to the so-called Republican Monarchy, - perpetually varying its nature in the spirit of its leaders. Its - changefulness has increased since it has thrown off the habits of - the home and the yoke of religion. - - [Sidenote: On the prospects.] - - "Therefore, a chance may bring about the fall of the Government of - the 9th of August; but a chance may be delayed: an abortive child - has been born to us, but France is a sturdy mother; she may, with - the milk of her breast, be able to correct the vices of a depraved - paternity. - - "Although the present royalty does not seem as though it were - likely to live, I continue to fear that it may live beyond the - limit which one might assign to it. Since forty years, all - governments have perished in France by their own fault alone. Louis - XVI. could have saved his crown and his life twenty times over; - the Republic died only of the excesses of its furies; Bonaparte - was able to establish his dynasty, yet flung himself down from the - height of his glory; but for the Ordinances of July, the Legitimist - Throne would still be standing. The head of the present Government - will make none of those mistakes that kill; his power will never - commit suicide; all his cleverness is employed exclusively for his - preservation: he is too intelligent to die by an act of folly nor - has he enough in him to be guilty of the mistakes of genius or - the weaknesses of honour or virtue. He has felt that he might be - destroyed by war: he will not make war; it matters little to him, - whether France be degraded in the eyes of foreigners: publicists - will prove to him that disgrace is industry and ignominy credit. - - "The sham Legitimacy wants all that the Legitimacy wants, with - the exception of the Royal Person: it wants order; it can obtain - that through 'arbitrariness' more easily than the Legitimacy. To - perpetrate acts of despotism with words of liberty and pretended - royalist institutions, that is all that it wants; each accomplished - fact brings forth a recent right which combats an ancient right, - each hour commences a legality. Time has two powers: with one hand - it overthrows, with the other it builds up. Lastly, time acts - upon men's minds by the mere fact that it progresses; they sever - violently from those in power, attack them, sulk with them; then - lassitude supervenes; success reconciles people to its cause: soon - none remains outside, save a few lofty souls, whose perseverance - confounds those who have failed. - - "Madame, this long statement obliges me to make a few explanations - to Your Royal Highness. - - "If I had not raised a free voice in the day of fortune, I should - not have felt the courage to speak the truth in the time of - misfortune. I did not go to Prague of my own accord; I would not - have ventured to trouble you with my presence; the dangers of - devotion do not lie about your august person, they lie in France: - that is where I have sought them. Since the Days of July, I have - never ceased to fight for the legitimist cause. I was the first - to proclaim the kingship of Henry V. A jury of Frenchmen, which - acquitted me, left my proclamation in force. I long for nothing but - rest, the need of my years; yet I did not hesitate to sacrifice - it when the decrees extended and renewed the proscription of the - Royal Family. Offers were made to me to attach me to the Government - of Louis-Philippe: I had not earned that proof of good-will; I - showed how incompatible it was with my nature by claiming my share - in my old King's adversity. Alas, I had not brought about that - adversity and I had tried to prevent it! I am not recalling these - circumstances to give myself an importance or create for myself a - merit which I do not possess; I have done no more than my duty; I - am only explaining my position, in order to excuse the independence - of my language. Madame will pardon the frankness of a man who - would joyfully accept a scaffold to restore to her a throne. - - "When I appeared before Your Majesty at Carlsbad, I may say that I - had not the happiness to be known to you. You had scarcely done me - the honour to address a few words to me in my life. You were able - to see, in our solitary conversations, that I was not the man that - had perhaps been described to you, that the independence of my mind - did not take away from the moderation of my character and, above - all, did not break the chains of my admiration and respect for the - illustrious daughter of my Kings. - - [Sidenote: Of the Legitimate Monarchy.] - - "I again beseech Your Majesty to consider that the order of the - truths developed in this letter, or rather in this memorandum, - is what constitutes my strength, if I have any; it is that which - enables me to reach men of different parties and bring them back to - the royalist cause. If I had rejected the opinions of the age, I - should have had no hold upon my time. I am seeking to rally round - the ancient throne those modern ideas which, from being hostile, - become friendly in passing through my loyalty. If the liberal - opinions which abound ceased to be diverted to the profit of the - reconstructed Legitimate Monarchy, Monarchical Europe would perish. - It is a fight to the death between the two principles, monarchical - and republican, if they remain distinct and separate: the - consecration of a single edifice built up again out of the various - materials of two edifices would belong to you, Madame, to you who - have been admitted into the highest as into the most mysterious of - initiations, undeserved misfortune, to you who are marked at the - altar with the blood of the spotless victim, to you who, in the - contemplation attendant upon a saintly austerity, would open with a - pure and blessed hand the portals of the new temple. - - "Your sagacity, Madame, and your superior reason will throw light - upon and correct all that may be doubtful or erroneous in my - opinions touching the present state of France. - - "My emotion, as I end this letter, passes all that I can say. - - "And so the palace of the sovereigns of Bohemia is the Louvre of - Charles X. and of his pious and royal son! And so Hradschin is - young Henry's Pau Castle! And you, Madame: in what Versailles - do you live? With what can your piety, your greatnesses, your - sufferings be compared, if not with those of the women of the - House of David who wept at the foot of the Cross? May Your Majesty - see the Royalty of St Louis rise radiant from the tomb! May I - exclaim, recalling the century which bears the name of your - glorious ancestor; for, Madame, nothing becomes you, nothing is - contemporaneous with you but what is great and sacred: - - O jour heureux pour moi! - De quelle ardeur j'irais reconnaître mon roi[55]! - - "I am, Madame, with the most profound respect, - - "Your Majesty's most humble and most obedient servant, - - "CHATEAUBRIAND." - -After writing this letter, I resumed the habits of my life: I found -my old priests again, the lonely corner in my garden, which seemed to -me much finer than Count Chotek's garden, my Boulevard d'Enfer, my -Cimetière de l'Ouest, my Memoirs reminding me of my past days and, -above all, the select little society of the Abbaye-aux-Bois. The -kindness of a serious friendship makes the thoughts abound; a few -moments of the commerce of the soul suffice for the needs of my nature; -I afterwards make up for this expenditure of intelligence by twenty-two -hours of inaction and sleep. - - -PARIS, RUE D'ENFER, 25 _August_ 1833. - -While I was beginning to breathe, I saw one morning the traveller enter -my house who had handed a packet from me to Madame la Duchesse de Berry -at Palermo; he brought me this reply from the Princess: - -[Sidenote: Letter from Madame de Berry.] - - "NAPLES, 10 _August_ 1833. - - "I have written you a line, monsieur le vicomte, to acknowledge - the receipt of your letter, wishing to have a safe opportunity of - speaking to you of my gratitude for what you have seen and done - in Prague. It seems to me that they _let you see very little_, - but enough, however, to enable you to judge that, despite the - _methods_ employed, the result, in so far as our dear child is - concerned, is not what one might fear. I am very glad to receive - this assurance from you; but I hear from Paris that M. Barrande has - been sent away. What is to be done in this? How I long to be at my - post! - - "As to the requests which I asked you to make (and which were not - quite welcomed), they have proved by their action that they were no - better informed than I: for I was not in any need of what I asked, - having in no way lost my rights. - - "I am going to ask your advice to reply to the solicitations which - I receive from all sides. You will make such use of what follows - as, in your wisdom, you think proper. Royalist France, the people - devoted to Henry V. look to his mother, now at last free, to issue - a proclamation. - - "I left at Blaye a few lines which must be known to-day; they - expect more from me; they want to know the sad story of my - detention during seven months in that impenetrable fortress. It - ought to be made known in its fullest details; let the cause be - seen, in this story, of all the tears and griefs that have broken - my heart. Men will learn from it the moral tortures which I have - been made to suffer. Justice must be done in it to them to whom - it belongs; but also it must reveal the atrocious measures taken - against a defenseless woman, defenseless because she was always - refused a council, by a Government having her kinsman at its head, - in order to tear from me a secret which, in any case, could not - concern politics and the discovery of which ought not to change my - situation if I was an object of dread to the French Government, - which had the power of guarding me, but not the right, without a - trial which I claimed more than once. - - "But my kinsman, the husband of my aunt, the head of a family - which, in spite of the general and so justly wide-spread opinion - against it, I had allowed to hope for the hand of my daughter, - Louis-Philippe in short, thinking me to be with child and unmarried - (which would have decided any other family to open the doors of - my prison), had every form of moral torture inflicted on me to - force me to take steps by means of which he expected to be able to - establish his niece's dishonour. For the rest, if I am bound to - explain myself positively as to my declarations and their motives, - without entering into any details as to my private life, for which - I am accountable to no one, I will say in all truth that they were - torn from me by my vexations, my moral tortures and the hope of - recovering my liberty. - - "The bearer will give you details and tell you of the forced - uncertainty as to the moment of my journey and its destination, - which interfered with my wish to avail myself of your obliging - offer by inviting you to join me before I went to Prague, as I - have great need of your advice. To-day it would be too late, as I - wish to be with my children as soon as possible. But, as nothing - is certain in this world and as I am used to disappointments, if - my arrival in Prague should, _against my wish_, be delayed, I rely - surely upon seeing you at the place where I shall be obliged to - stop and will write to you from there; if, on the contrary, I reach - my son as soon as I hope, you know better than I if you ought to - come there. I can only assure you of the pleasure it would give me - to see you at all times and places. - - "MARIE CAROLINE." - - - NAPLES, 18 _August_ 1833. - - "Our friend has not been able to start yet and I have received news - of what is happening in Prague which is not of a nature calculated - to diminish my longing to go there, but which also makes the need - of your advice more urgent. If, therefore, you are able to proceed - to Venice without delay, you will find me there, or else letters - left at the post-office telling you where you can join me. I shall - travel part of the journey with some people for whom I entertain - feelings of great friendship and gratitude: M.[56] and Madame - de Bauffremont[57]. We often speak of you; their devotion to - myself and to our Henry makes them long to see you arrive. M. de - Mesnard[58] shares that longing." - -Madame de Berry refers in her letter to a little manifesto[59] which -was issued after she left Blaye and which was of no great value, -because it said neither yes nor no. The letter, on the other hand, is -curious as an historical document, since it reveals the feelings of -the Princess towards her kinsmen-gaolers and points to the sufferings -endured by her. Marie-Caroline's reflections are just; she expresses -them with spirit and pride. Again, one likes to see that courageous -and devoted mother, whether fettered or free, constantly occupied with -the interests of her son. There, at least in that heart, are youth -and life to be found. It cost me an effort once more to undertake a -long journey; but I was too much touched by the confidence of that -poor Princess to refuse to obey her wishes and to abandon her on the -high-road. M. Jauge came to the assistance of my poverty, as he had -done the first time. - -I took the field again with a dozen volumes scattered around me. -Now, while I was peregrinating _da capo_ in the Prince de Bénévent's -calash, he was eating in London in the manger of his fifth master, in -expectation of the accident which will send him, perhaps, to sleep at -Westminster, among saints, kings and wise men: a burial to which his -religion, fidelity and virtues have justly entitled him. - - - -[1] This book was written on the road from Carlsbad to Paris, from the -1st to the 5th of June 1833, and in Paris, in the Rue d'Enfer, from the -6th of June to the 25th of August 1833.--T. - -[2] The author addresses an imaginary Cynthia. Cynthia was one of the -surnames of Diana, from Mount Cynthus, where she was born.--B. - -[3] SCHILLER: _Wallenstein's Tod_, Act V. Sc. iii. - -[4] Max Piccolomini, son to Octavio Piccolomini, the famous Austrian -general.--T. - -[5] Thekla, Wallenstein's daughter.--T. - -[6] _Wallenstein: Tod_, Act V. Sc. iii.--T. - -[7] _Wallenstein's Tod_. Act V. Sc. v.--T. - -[8] - - "It is the knight of the Landes: - O unhappy knight! - Heard bells ring on every hand, - When crossing the waste at night."--T. - - -[9] VOLTAIRE: _Ode sur la mort de S. A. S. Mme. la princesse de -Bareith_, 141-144: - - "Lonely Sylvander, thou shalt sing no more - In this Art's palace, where thy voice did ban, - Loudly, the firm-set prejudice of yore - And made the world talk of the rights of man."--T. - -[10] _Ode sur la mort de S. A. S. Mme. la princesse de Bareith_, 91-94: - - "From philosophie heights, free from all strife, - Thy pity contemplated, with calm eyes, - The changing phantoms of the dreams of life: - So many a dream or plan in ruin lies."--T. - - -[11] Mathew Laensberg (_fl._ 17th Century) was supposed to be the -author of the famous _Almanack de Liège_, called by his name and first -published in 1636, containing prognostications in the manner of the -modern _Zadkiel_ or _Old Moore._--T. - -[12] The Comte de Toumon (_cf._ Vol. V., p. 258, n. 1) was appointed -Intendant of Bayreuth by Napoleon before being moved to Rome, as -Prefect, in 1809.--T. - -[13] ARISTOPHANES.--_Author's Note._ - -[14] VOLTAIRE: _Stances à madame la marquise Du Châtelet_, 29-36: - - "I followed her, but wept that now - I could not follow others as well." - -The poet is able to continue the pursuit of friendship, but must -abandon that of love.--T. - -[15] Jean Louis Eugène Lerminier (1803-1857), a liberal professor and -journalist. He had published, on the 15th of October 1832, an article -in the _Revue des Deux-Mondes_, entitled, _De l'Opinion légitimiste: M. -de Chateaubriand_, to which the author of the Memoirs alludes above.--B. - -[16] BÉRANGER: _La Vivandière_, 1-7, not quite correctly quoted. In the -original, the _vivandière_ is called "Catin:" Chateaubriand substitutes -"Javotte," a favourite name for an inn-servant in France, and alters -the last lines so as to avoid the rhyme to "Catin" at the end. To -attempt a rough translation: - - "I'm the vivandière so gay, - Javotte I'm called: that's handy; - I sell, I drink, I give away - My wine, my rum, my brandy. - I'm light of foot and I give a wink, - Chink chink, chink chink, chink chink, chink chink, - Clink, clink, chink."--T. - - -[17] Isabel, or Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (_d._ 1435), -married in 1385 to Charles VI. She obtained the Regency when the King -became demented in 1392, favoured the enemies of France and, in 1420, -concluded the Treaty of Troyes, which placed the crown on the head of -Henry V. of England.--T. - -[18] _Cf._ Vol. III., p. 91, n. 3. Berthier was watching a Russian -regiment pass under his windows, on its way to the French frontier, -when he was seized with a sudden fit of madness and jumped from the -balcony to the pavement below (1 June 1815).--T. - -[19] _Andria_, Act. I. Sc. i. 44.45.--T. - -[20] Ferdinand III. Archduke of Austria, Grand-duke of Tuscany, later -Grand-duke of Würzburg (1769-1824), brother of the Emperor Francis I. -He was Grand-duke of Tuscany from 1790, but lost his States in 1796. -In 1805, the Bishopric of Würzburg was secularized and turned into a -grand-duchy, and the Archduke Ferdinand became its titulary. On the -fall of the Empire, Tuscany was restored to Austria and Ferdinand -reinstated. At the same time (1814), Würzburg was restored to -Bavaria.--B. - -[21] These lines are a translation from the χελιδονίζειν, recorded by -Athenæus.--B. - -[22] Chateaubriand writes, when describing his arrival at Jaffa, in the -_Itinéraire de Paris à Jerusalem_: - - "The wind fell, at mid-day. The calm continued for the rest of that - day and was prolonged till the 29th [of September 1806]. We were - boarded by three new passengers: two wagtails and a swallow." - -And then he refers again to the swallows at Combourg in his childhood -and to the swallows in America which, in their turn, reminded him of -the Combourg swallows.--B. - -[23] In the _Congrès de Vérone_ (Vol. II., p. 389), Chateaubriand, -writing of his dismissal from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (6 June -1824), begins with these charming lines: - - "On the 6th, in the morning, we were not sleeping; the dawn - murmured in the little garden; the birds twittered: we heard the - day break; a swallow fell down our chimney into our room; we opened - the window for it: if we could only have flown away with it!"--B. - - -[24] This reply to the swallow was written long before 1833. The -Comte de Marcellus relates, in _Chateaubriand et son temps_, how, in -the summer of 1822, he was walking with the Ambassador in Kensington -Gardens. Chateaubriand told him how, early that same morning, he had -imagined that he heard a swallow twittering outside his window. He -looked and saw a smoke and soot-blackened sparrow which might almost -be mistaken for a swallow; and he set himself to hold an imaginary -conversation with the swallow disguised as a sparrow. He handed -Marcellus a paper covered with the words which he had addressed to it -and which he had written down so soon as the light permitted. They -correspond literally with the above speech. - -Marcellus goes on to say that he clapped his hands with delight at -reading this inspiration in the manner of the ancients, until, at the -end of the paper and as though at the end of his enthusiasm, he began -to smile: - - "'What is it?' asked the poet, alarmed. 'Some slip?' - - 'Oh no,' I replied; 'only that "I live on little" troubles me, - although it suits the passage so admirably.' - - "'Well?' asked M. de Chateaubriand, with a certain animation. - - "'Why, have you so soon forgotten that the Duke of York is dining - with you to-night and that yesterday we drew up together, under the - dictation of our famous Montmirel, the fabric of the most splendid - banquet that ever perfumed the kitchens and honoured the annals of - diplomacy?' - - "M. de Chateaubriand replied: - - "'Ah, you are right; I did not think of that this morning.'"--B. - - -[25] St. Geneviève of Brabant (_fl._ 8th Century), the subject of a -number of romantic legends and adventures.--T. - -[26] Domenico Zampieri (1581-1641), known as Domenichino, a noted -Italian painter of the Eclectic-Bologna School.--T. - -[27] Andrea Palladio (1518-1580), the celebrated Italian architect.--T. - -[28] BOILEAU: _Épitres_, vi.--B. - -[29] Jean Philippe René de La Bletterie (1696-1772), a priest of the -Oratory, a native of Brittany like Chateaubriand and author of an -_Histoire de l'empereur Julien l'Apostat_ (1735).--T. - -[30] The following is John Duncombe's translation of Julian's Greek -Epigram on Barley-wine: - - "Who, what art thou? Thy name, thy birth declare: - Thou art no Bacchus, I by Bacchus swear. - Jove's son alone I know, I know not thee; - Thou smell'st like goats, but sweet as nectar he. - In Gallia, thirsty Gallia, thou wert born, - Scanty of grapes, but prodigal of corn. - Bromus, not Bromius, styl'd, thy brows with corn, - As sprung from Ceres, not from Jove, adorn." - - -[31] The common phrase is, "That's Toulouse gold, which will cost him -dear:" a reference to the gold stolen by the Romans at Toulouse, which -brought ill-luck, according to the legend, to all who possessed it.--T. - -[32] François Michel Letellier, Marquis de Louvois (1641-1691), the -organizer of the French standing army. Louvois was Minister of War -from 1666 to 1691; the Palatinate was burnt down in 1674 and again in -1689.--T. - -[33] François de Bonne de Créqui, Maréchal Duc de Lesdiguières (_circa_ -1687), one of the greatest French captains of the seventeenth century, -served gloriously under Louis XIV. in the campaigns of Flanders, Alsace -and Lorraine, from 1667 to 1678. He took Luxemburg in 1684.--T. - -[34] Armand Maréchal de La Force (_circa_ 1586-1675) served with -distinction in the Italian and German Wars.--T. - -[35] Louis Hector Maréchal Duc de Villars (1653-1734), Marlborough's -famous adversary.--T. - -[36] Turenne was killed by a cannon-ball while reconnoitering at -Sasbach (27 July 1675). The _Pic_ was his favourite piebald charger.--T. - -[37] François de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, successfully defended Metz -against Charles V. from October 1552 to January 1553; Vauban laid the -new fortifications, outside the old, in the reign of Louis XIV.--T. - -[38] The father of Alexis de Tocqueville.--_Author's Note. Cf._ Vol. -II., p. 295, n. 1.--T. - -The Comte de Tocqueville administered the Department of the Moselle -from February 1817 to June 1823.--B. - -[39] Abraham Maréchal Fabert (1599-1662), Governor of Sedan, son of -Abraham Fabert, the director of the ducal printing-works at Metz, was -the first commoner who became a marshal of France (1658).--T. - -[40] Metz was plundered by the Vandals in 406.--T. - -[41] Iñez de Castro (_d._ 1355), favourite and, later, wife of Peter of -Portugal, son of Alphonsus IV. The King had her murdered to prevent the -consequences of an unequal union. When Peter ascended the throne, as -Peter I., afterwards surnamed the Justiciary and the Cruel, he avenged -her death on her murderers by having their hearts torn out in his -presence at Santarem, in 1360. He caused Iñez to be exhumed and crowned -and showed her royal honours.--T. - -[42] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 207, n. 1.--T. - -[43] Madame Récamier was banished to Châlons in September 1811.--T. - -[44] Madame de La Sablière (_fl._ 17th Century), wife of Antoine -Rambouillet de La Sablière, one of the ornaments of the seventeenth -century and immortalized by the hospitality which she accorded to La -Fontaine.--T. - -[45] Bossuet was Bishop of Meaux.--T. - -[46] The Duchesse de Berry embarked on the 9th of June 1833.--B. - -[47] The Marquis de Pastoret.--B. - -[48] St. Martin (_circa_ 316--_circa_ 397) Bishop of Tours (371). He is -honoured on the 11th of November.--T. - -[49] The brother of Amadis of Gaul.--T. - -[50] Robert Count of Paris (_d._ 866), surnamed the Strong, father -of Robert I. King of France and stock of the Capets, was killed at -Brissarthe, in Anjou, while giving battle to the Normans.--T. - -[51] Charles d'Albert, Connétable Duc de Luynes (1578-1621), was a page -of Henry IV. He curried favour with the Dauphin by his skill in raising -speckled magpies. When the latter succeeded as Louis XIII., he loaded -Luynes with favours and dignities, gave him his duchy and created him -Constable of France. Luynes was on the verge of being disgraced, when -he died, of purples, on the 15th of December 1621.--T. - -[52] Concino Concini, later Maréchal Marquis d'Ancre, Baron de Lussigny -(_d._ 1617), was a member of the Household of Marie de' Medici, wife -of Henry IV. After the King's death, he bought the Marquisate of Ancre -and was appointed Governor of Normandy and a marshal of France without -ever having drawn the sword. He was, at the same time, Prime Minister -of Louis XIII.; and he had Richelieu for his private secretary. The -Duc de Luynes contributed towards hastening his downfall and, at last, -the young King ordered his assassination, which took place in the -court-yard of the Louvre on the 14th of April 1617.--T. - -[53] MATHURIN RÉGNIER: _Sat._ XIII.; _Macette_, 30: - - "Her penitent eye sheds holy water and none other."--T. - - -[54] "_L'État c'est moi!_ The State is I!"--T. - -[55] RACINE: _Athalie_, Act I. Sc. i.: - - "O happy day for me! - How gladly would I go my King again to see!"--T. - - -[56] Théodore Demetrius Prince de Bauffremont-Courtenay (1793-1853).--T. - -[57] Anne Laurence de Montmorency, Princesse de Bauffremont-Courtenay -(1802-1860), married to Théodore Prince de Bauffremont on the 6th of -September 1819.--T. - -[58] Louis Charles Bonaventura Pierre Comte de Mesnard (1769-1842) -emigrated in 1791 and became attached to the person of the Duc -de Berry. The Duke, on his return to France, appointed him his -aide-de-camp and, in 1816, he was appointed First Equerry to the -Duchess, whom he had gone to Marseilles to meet. The Comte de Mesnard -was with the Duc de Berry at the moment of his assassination. He was -created a peer of France in 1823. In 1830, he accompanied the Duchesse -de Berry to England, returned with her to France in 1832, took part -in the attempted rising in the Vendée and was arrested with his royal -mistress at Nantes. He was tried and acquitted on the 15th of March -1833 and at once joined the Duchesse de Berry in Italy.--T. - -[59] The following is the text of this little manifesto, which the -newspapers of the day did not dare to publish and which has remained -comparatively unknown: - - "The mother of Henry V., I returned without other support than his - misfortunes and his good right to put an end to the calamities - which France is undergoing, by restoring lawful authority, order - and stability, pledges essential to the rest and peace of nations. - Treachery handed me over to our enemies. Kept a prisoner and long - oppressed by persons to whom I had shown nothing but kindness, I - have bewailed their ingratitude and suffered with resignation the - wrongs with which they have overwhelmed me; but I shall never cease - to protest against the usurpation of the rights of a child whom - justice, ties of blood, honour and faith obliged them to protect - and defend. - - "I thank the people of France for the man? marks of attachment - which they have given me; my heart will never lose the remembrance - of it. - - "I beg all those who have been persecuted for the sake of my - son and myself, those who have offered me advice of which I was - deprived, in spite of the sad situation to which I was reduced - and those who have protested, in France's name and mine, against - the sequestration and the moral sufferings which stifled my very - complaints, to receive the assurance that I shall never forget - their affection nor the pains which they have endured. - - "The reproaches which some have dared to attribute to me as having - been uttered against friends of whose devotion I was too sure to - accuse their conduct have offended me to the quick: I indignantly - deny those insulting suppositions. - - "Whatever may be the future which Providence has in store for my - son, to love France, to devote his cares and his life to repairing - her misfortunes, to hope that she may be happy, even if he were not - himself charged to make her happy: those will at all tunes be his - sentiments and his wishes, those will also always be mine. - - "The French have never enjoyed real liberty except under the - protection of their lawful Sovereign: it will behove the heir of - the name and, I hope, the virtues of Henry the Great to continue - his reign and to realize all that he promised to France. - - "MARIE-CAROLINE." - - "Blaye Citadel, 7 June 1833." - ---B. - - - - -BOOK VI[60] - - -Journal from Paris to Venice--The Jura--The Alps--Milan--Verona--The -roll-call of the dead--The Brenta--Incidental remarks--Venice--Venetian -architecture--Antonio--The Abbé Betio and M. Gamba--The rooms in the -Palace of the Doges--Prisons--Silvio Pellico's prison--The Frari--The -Academy of Fine Arts--Titian's _Assumption_--The metopes of the -Parthenon--Original drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo and -Raphael--The Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo--The Arsenal--Henry -IV.--A frigate leaving for America--The Cemetery of San Cristoforo--San -Michele di Murano--Murano--The woman and the child--Gondoliers--Bretons -and Venetians--Breakfast on the Riva degli Schiavoni--The tomb of -Mesdames at Trieste--Rousseau and Byron--Great geniuses inspired by -Venice--Old and new courtezans--Rousseau and Byron compared. - - -7 _to_ 10 _September, on the road._ - -I left Paris on the 3rd of September 1833, taking the Simplon Road -through Pontarlier. - -Salins, lately burnt to the ground, had been built up again; I -preferred it with its Spanish tumble-down ugliness[61]. The Abbé -d'Olivet[62] was born on the banks of the Furieuse; Voltaire's first -master, who received his pupil at the Academy, had nothing in common -with the paternal stream. - -The great storm which caused so many shipwrecks in the Channel assailed -me on the Jura. I arrived at night on the "wastes" of the Lévier stage. -The caravanserai built of wooden planks, brilliantly lighted and filled -with travellers taking shelter suggested not a little the keeping of a -witches' sabbath. I refused to stop; they brought the horses. When it -came to closing the lanterns of the calash, a great difficulty arose; -the hostess, an extremely pretty young witch, lent a hand, laughing. -She took care to hold her candle-end, protected by a glass tube, close -up to her face, so as to be seen. - -At Pontarlier, my old host, a great Legitimist during his life-time, -was dead. I supped at the inn called the National: a good omen for the -newspaper of that name. Armand Carrel is the chief of those men who did -not lie during the Days of July. - -The Castle of Joux defends the approaches to Pontarlier; it has seen -two men succeed one another in its donjons, both of whom the Revolution -will bear in memory: Mirabeau and Toussaint-Louverture[63], the black -Napoleon, imitated and killed by the white Napoleon. - - "Toussaint," says Madame de Staël, "was brought to a French prison, - where he died in the most wretched manner. Perhaps Bonaparte does - not so much as remember this crime, because he has been less often - reproached with it than with the others." - -The hurricane increased: I encountered its greatest violence between -Pontarlier and Orbe. It increased the size of the mountains, rang the -bells in the hamlets, drowned the roar of the torrents in that of the -thunder, and swept down howling upon my calash, like a heavy squall on -the sail of a ship. When low-lying lightning-flashes cracked across the -heaths, one saw flocks of sheep stand motionless, their heads hidden -between their fore-feet, presenting their tails tucked in and their -shaggy quarters to the showers of rain and hail beaten up by the wind. -The voice of the man calling the time from the summit of a mountain -belfry sounded like the cry of the last hour. - -At Lausanne, all was smiling-again: I had often visited that town -before; I no longer know a soul there. - -At Bex, while they were harnessing to my carriage the horses which had -perhaps drawn the bier of Madame de Custine, I stood leaning against -the door of the house where my hostess of Fervacques died. She had been -celebrated before the revolutionary tribunal for her long hair. In -Rome, I have seen beautiful fair hair taken from a tomb. - -In the Rhone Valley, I met an almost naked little girl, dancing with -her goat; she asked for alms of a rich young man, well-dressed, who -was posting past with a laced courier in front and two footmen sitting -behind the glittering chariot. And you imagine that such a distribution -of property can exist? You think that it does not justify popular -risings? - -Sion brings back to me an epoch in my life: after being secretary of -embassy in Rome, I was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Valais -by the First Consul[64]. - -At Brigg, I left the Jesuits struggling to raise up again what cannot -be raised up[65]: uselessly established at the foot of time, they are -crushed beneath its mass, like their monastery beneath the weight of -the mountains. - -This was the tenth time of my crossing the Alps: I had told them -all that I had to tell them in the different years and different -circumstances of my life. Ever regretting what he has lost, ever rapt -in memories, ever marching towards the grave in tears and isolation: -that is man. - -The images borrowed from mountain scenery have particularly sensible -relations with our fortunes: this one passes in silence, like the -outpouring of a spring; that one attaches a noise to his course, like -a torrent; that other flings away his existence, like a cataract that -appeals and disappears. - -[Sidenote: The Simplon.] - -The Simplon already wears an abandoned air, even as the life of -Napoleon; even as that life, it has nothing left but its glory: it -is too great a work to belong to the little States upon which it has -devolved. Genius has no family; its inheritance falls by right of -escheat to the common crowd, which nibbles at it and plants a cabbage -where a cedar grew. - -The last time that I crossed the Simplon, I was going as Ambassador -to Rome; I fell; the herds whom I had left on the top of the mountain -are there yet: snows, clouds, tumble-down rocks, pine-forests and the -turmoil of waters incessantly encompass the hut threatened by the -avalanche. The most living person in those chalets is the goat. Why -die? I know. Why be born? I cannot tell. Still, admit that the foremost -sufferings, moral sufferings, the torments of the mind are wanting -among the dwellers in the region of the chamois and the eagles. When I -went to the Congress of Verona, in 1822, the station on the peak of the -Simplon was kept by a Frenchwoman: in the middle of a cold night and of -a squall of wind which prevented me from seeing her, she talked to me -of the Scala in Milan; she was expecting ribbons from Paris: her voice, -the only thing about that woman that I know, was very sweet through the -darkness and the gale. - -The descent to Domo d'Ossola appeared to me more and more wonderful; -a certain play of light and shadow increased its magic. One was -caressed by a little breath which our old tongue called the _aure_: a -sort of early morning-breeze, bathed and scented with the dew. I once -more beheld the Lago Maggiore, on which I was so melancholy in 1828 -and of which I caught sight from the Valley of Bellinzona in 1832. -At Sesto-Calende, Italy presented herself: a blind Paganini sang and -played the fiddle at the edge of the lake as I crossed the Ticino. - -On entering Milan, I again saw the magnificent avenue of tulip-trees -of which no one speaks; the travellers apparently take them for -plane-trees. I protest against this silence, in memory of my savages: -it is surely the least that America can do, to give shade to Italy. -One might also plant magnolias at Genoa, mixed with palm-trees and -orange-trees. But who dreams of such a thing? Who thinks of beautifying -the earth? That care is left to God. The governments are occupied -with their fall, and men prefer a card-board tree on the stage of a -_fantoccini_ theatre to the magnolia-tree whose roses would scent the -cradle of Christopher Columbus. - -In Milan, the annoyance about the passports is as stupid as it is -brutal. I did not pass through Verona without emotion; it was there -that my active political career had its real beginning. My mind thought -on what the world might have become if that career had not been -interrupted by a contemptible jealousy. - -Verona, so lively in 1822, thanks to the presence of the sovereigns of -Europe, had, in 1833, returned to silence; the Congress had passed as -completely in its lonely streets as the Court of the Scaligers and the -Senate-house of the Romans. The arenas whose benches I had seen filled -with a hundred thousand spectators yawned deserted; the buildings which -I had admired under the illuminations embroidered on their architecture -wrapped themselves, grey and bare as they were, in an atmosphere of -rain. - -[Sidenote: The roll-call of the dead.] - -How many ambitions were stirring among the actors at Verona! How many -destinies of nations were examined, discussed and weighed! Let us call -the roll of those wooers of dreams; let us open the book of the Day of -Wrath: _Liber scriptus proferetur_[66]; monarchs, princes, ministers, -here is your ambassador, your colleague returned to his post: where are -you? Answer. - -The Emperor of Russia, Alexander? - -"Dead." - -The Emperor of Austria, Francis I.[67]? - -"Dead." - -The King of France, Louis XVIII.? - -"Dead." - -The King of France, Charles X.[68]? - -"Dead." - -The King of England, George IV.? - -"Dead." - -The King of Naples, Ferdinand I.? - -"Dead." - -The Duke of Tuscany[69]? - -"Dead." - -Pope Pius VII.? - -"Dead." - -The King of Sardinia, Charles Felix[70]? - -"Dead." - -The Duc de Montmorency, French Foreign Minister? - -"Dead." - -Mr. Canning, English Foreign Minister? - -"Dead." - -M. de Bernstorff, Prussian Foreign Minister? - -"Dead." - -M. de Gentz, of the Austrian Chancery? - -"Dead." - -Cardinal Consalvi, Secretary of State to His Holiness? - -"Dead." - -M. de Serre, my colleague on the Congress[71]? - -"Dead." - -M. d'Aspremont, my secretary of embassy? - -"Dead." - -Count Neipperg, the husband of Napoleon's widow? - -"Dead." - -Countess Tolstoi? - -"Dead." - -Her tall young son? - -"Dead." - -My host in the Lorenzi Palace? - -"Dead." - -If so many men inscribed with me on the roll of the Congress have had -their names inserted in the obituary; if nations and royal dynasties -have perished; if Poland has succumbed; if Spain is again annihilated; -if I have been to Prague to enquire after the flying remnants of the -great House whose representative I was at Verona: what, then, are -earthly things? No one remembers the speeches which we made round the -table of Prince Metternich; but, O power of genius, no traveller will -ever hear the lark sing in the fields of Verona without recalling -Shakespeare! Each of us, by digging to different depths in his memory, -finds another layer of dead, other extinct sentiments, other illusions -which uselessly he suckled, like those of Herculaneum, at the breast of -Hope. - -On leaving Verona, I was obliged to change my measure to compute the -time that was past; I was going back twenty-seven years, for I had -not made the journey from Verona to Venice since 1806. At Brescia, at -Vicenza, at Padua, I passed by the walls of Palladio, Scamozzi[72], -Franceschini, Nicholas of Pisa[73], Friar John. - -The banks of the Brenta disappointed my hopes; they had remained more -smiling in my imagination: the dykes raised along the canal conceal -the marches too much. Several villas have been demolished; but a -few very elegant ones still remain. There, perhaps, lives Signor -Pococurante[74], whom the city ladies with their sonnets disgusted, to -whom the two pretty girls began to grow very indifferent, to whom music -grew tiresome after half an hour, who thought Homer mortally tedious, -who detested the pious. Æneas, the boy Ascanius, the silly King -Latinus, the ill-bred Amata and the insipid Lavinia, who saw nothing -extraordinary in Horace' journey to Brundusium and his account of -his bad dinner, who declared that he never read Tully and still less -Milton, that barbarian who spoiled Tasso's hell and the devil. - - "'Alas!' said Candid softly to Martin, 'I am afraid this man holds - our German poets in great contempt[75].'" - -In spite of my semi-disappointment and many gods in the little gardens, -I was charmed with the mulberry-trees, the orange-trees, the fig-trees -and the softness of the air, I who, such a short time before, was -travelling through the fir-groves of Germany and over the mountains of -the Czechs, where the sun looks ill. - -[Sidenote: I arrive in Venice.] - -I arrived on the 10th of September, at break of day, at Fusina, which -Philippe de Comines[76] and Montaigne call "Chaffousine." At half -past ten, I had landed in Venice. My first care was to send to the -post-office: there was nothing addressed to me direct, nor indirectly -to Paolo; of Madame la Duchesse de Berry, no news at all. I wrote to -Count Griffi, the Neapolitan Minister in Florence, to ask him to let me -know the movements of Her Royal Highness. - -Having everything in order, I resolved patiently to await the Princess: -Satan sent me a temptation. I longed, at his diabolical suggestion, to -stay alone, for a fortnight, at the Hôtel de l'Europe, to the detriment -of the Legitimate Monarchy. I wished the august traveller bad roads, -without reflecting that my restoration of King Henry V. might be -delayed for half a month! Like Danton, I crave pardon for it of God and -men. - - -VENICE, HÔTEL DE L'EUROPE, 10 _September_ 1833. - - Salve, Italuni Regina.... - . . . . . - Nec tu semper eris[77]. - - O d'Italia dolente - Eterno lumine.... - Venezia[78]! - -In Venice, one can imagine one's self on the deck of a superb galley -lying at anchor, on the _Bucentaur_, where a feast is being given in -your honour and from whose side you see wonderful things all around. -My inn, the Hôtel de l'Europe, is situated at the entrance to the -Grand Canal, opposite the Dogana di Mare, the Giudecca and San Giorgio -Maggiore. When one goes up the Grand Canal, between its two rows of -palaces, so marked by their centuries, so varied in architectural -style, when one moves from the Piazza to the Piazzetta, when one -contemplates the basilica and its domes, the Palace of the Doges, the -Procuratie Nuove, the Zucca, the Torre dell' Orologio, the campanile -of St Mark's and the Column of the Lion, all mingled with the sails -and masts of the shipping, the movement of the crowd and the gondolas, -the azure of the sky and sea, the freaks of a dream or the frolics -of an Oriental imagination present nothing more fantastic. Sometimes -Cicéri[79] paints and collects upon a canvas, for the illusions of the -stage, monuments of all shapes, all times, all countries, all climates: -it is still Venice. - -Those double-gilt edifices, so profusely embellished by Giorgione[80], -Titian, Paul Veronese[81], Tintoretto[82], Giovanni Bellini[83], Paris -Bordone[84], the two Palmas[85], are filled with bronzes, marbles, -granites, porphyries, precious antiques, rare manuscripts; their -internal magic is equal to their external magic; and when, in the bland -light that illumines them, one discovers the illustrious names and -noble memories attached to their vaults, one cries with Philippe de -Comines: - -"'Tis the most triumphant city that ever I saw!" - -[Sidenote: The glories of Venice.] - -And yet it is no longer the Venice of the Minister of Louis XI.; the -Venice the Bride of the Adriatic and mistress of the seas; the Venice -that gave emperors to Constantinople, kings to Cyprus, princes to -Dalmatia, the Peloponnesus, Crete; the Venice that humiliated the -German Cæsars and received the Popes as suppliants at her inviolable -hearths; the Venice of whom monarchs esteemed it an honour to be the -citizens, to whom Petrarch[86], Pletho[87], Bessarion[88] bequeathed -the remnants of Greek and Latin literature saved from the shipwreck of -barbarism; the Venice, a republic in the midst of Feudal Europe, that -served as a buckler to Christianity; the Venice, the "setter-up of -lions," that trampled on the ramparts of Ptolemaïs[89], Ascalon[90], -Tyre[91] and overthrew the Crescent at Lepanto[92]; the Venice whose -doges were men of learning and whose merchants knights; the Venice -that laid low the Orient or bought its perfumes, that brought back -from Greece conquered turbans or recovered master-pieces; the Venice -that issued victorious from the ungrateful League of Cambrai; the -Venice that triumphed through her feasts, her courtezans and her arts, -as through her arms and her great men; the Venice that was at once -Corinth, Athens and Carthage, adorning her head with rostral crowns and -floral diadems. - -It is no longer even the city through which I passed when I went to -visit the shores that had witnessed her glory; but, thanks to her -voluptuous breezes and agreeable waters, she retains a charm: it -is especially to declining countries that a beautiful climate is a -necessity. There is civilization enough in Venice to lend a niceness to -existence. The seduction of the sky prevents one from requiring greater -human dignity: an attractive virtue is exhaled from those vestiges of -greatness, those traces of the arts which surround one. The ruins of an -old state of society which produced such things as these, while giving -you a distaste for a new state of society, leave you no desire for a -future. You love to feel yourself die with all that is dying around -you; you have no other care than to adorn what remains of your life -as it is gradually laid aside. Nature, which causes young generations -to reappear amongst ruins as quickly as it covers those ruins with -flowers, keeps for the most enfeebled races the habit of the passions -and the enchantment of pleasure. - -Venice never knew idolatry: she grew up Christian in the island where -she was reared, far from the brutality of Attila. The women descended -from the Scipios, the Pauli and the Eustochie escaped from Alaric's -violence in the Grotto of Bethlehem. Standing apart from all other -cities, the eldest daughter of ancient civilization without ever -having been dishonoured by conquest, Venice contains neither Roman -remains nor monuments of the Barbarians. Nor does one see there what -one sees in the north and west of Europe, in the midst of industrial -progress: I refer to those new structures, those whole streets built -in a hurry, in which the houses remain either unfinished or empty. -What could one build here? Wretched dens which would show the poverty -of conception of the sons after the magnificence of the genius of the -fathers; white-washed hovels which would not reach to the first storey -of the gigantic residences of the Foscaris and the Pesaros. When one -sees the trowel of mortar and the handful of plaster that have had -to be applied, for an urgent repair, against a marble capital, one -is shocked. Better the rotten planks boarding up Grecian or Moorish -windows, the rags hung out to dry on graceful balconies, than the -imprint of the mean hand of our century. - -[Sidenote: The view from my windows.] - -Why cannot I lock myself up in this town which harmonizes so well with -my destiny, in this city of poets, where Dante, Petrarch, Byron passed! -Why cannot I finish writing my Memoirs by the light of the sun that -falls upon these pages! At this moment the luminary is still burning my -Floridan savannahs and is setting here at the end of the Grand Canal. -I can no longer see it; but, through an opening in this wilderness -of palaces, its rays strike the ball of the Dogana, the lateen-sails -of the boats, the yards of the ships and the porch of the convent of -San Giorgio Maggiore. The tower of the monastery, changed into a rosy -column, is reflected in the waves; the white front of the church is -so brightly lighted that I can pick out the smallest details of the -chisel. The outlines of the shops of the Giudecca are painted with a -Titian light; the gondolas on the canal and the harbour are swimming in -the same light. Venice is there, seated on the shore, like a beautiful -woman about to die away with the day-light: the evening breeze lifts -up her balmy tresses; she dies saluted by all the graces and all the -smiles of nature. - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -In Venice, in 1806, there was a young Signor Armani, the Italian -translator or a friend of the translator of the _Génie du -Christianisme._ His sister, as he said, was a nun: _monaca._ There was -also a Jew, on his way to the farce of Napoleon's Grand Sanhedrim[93], -who had his eyes on my purse; then M. Lagarde, the chief of the French -spies, who gave me dinner: my translator, his sister, the Jew of the -Sanhedrim are either dead or no longer live in Venice. At that time, -I was staying at the Hotel of the Golden Lion, near the Rialto; that -hotel has changed its position. Almost opposite my old inn is the -Palazzo Foscari, which is falling. Back, all that old lumber of my -life! I should go mad with ruins: let us speak of the present. - -I have tried to depict the general effect of the architecture of -Venice; in order to receive an impression of the details, I have been -up and down and again up the Grand Canal, I have visited and revisited -the Piazza San Marco. It would need volumes to exhaust that subject. -Count Cicognara's[94] _Fabbriche più conspicue di Venezia_ supply the -features of the monuments; but the exposition is not clear. I will -content myself with noting down two or three of the most frequently -recurring arrangements. - -From the capital of a Corinthian column is described a semicircle, the -point of which descends upon the capital of another Corinthian column: -exactly in the middle of those shafts rises a third, of the same -dimensions and the same order; from the capital of that central column -two epicycles spring to right and left, the ends of which also come -to lie upon the capitals of other columns. The result of this design -is that the arches, in crossing each other, give birth to ogives at -their point of intersection[95], so that a charming admixture is formed -of two architectural styles, the full Roman arch and the ogive of -Arab-Gothic or "Mediæval" origin; but it is certain that the latter -exists in the so-called Cyclopean monuments; I have seen very pure -specimens of it in the tombs of Argos[96]. - -The Ducal Palace presents twines reproduced in some other palaces, -particularly in the Palazzo Foscari: the columns support pointed -arches; those arches leave voids between them: between those voids the -architect has placed two roses. The rose depresses the extremity of the -two ellipses. Those roses, which meet at a point of their circumference -in the fore front of the building, become a kind of row of wheels upon -which the rest of the edifice is carried. - -In every structure, the base is commonly broad; the monument diminishes -in thickness as it encroaches on the sky. The Ducal Palace is the exact -opposite of that natural scheme of architecture: the base, pierced by -light porticoes surmounted by a gallery of arabesques indented with -four-leaved open trefoils, supports an almost bare square mass: one -would say it was a fortress built upon pillars, or rather an inverted -building planted on its light coping with its thick root in the air. - -Remarkable in the Venetian monuments are the architectural masks and -heads. In the Palazzo Pesaro, the entablature of the first storey, -of the Doric order, is decorated with heads of giants; the Ionic -order of the second storey is bound by heads of knights which stretch -horizontally from the wall, with their faces looking towards the -water: some are wrapped in a chin-piece, others have their visors -half-lowered; all wear helmets whose plumes bend round into ornaments -under the cornice. Lastly, on the third storey, of the Corinthian -order, we see heads of female statues with their hair differently -knotted. - -[Sidenote: Venetian architecture.] - -In St. Mark's, embossed with domes, encrusted with mosaics, loaded with -incoherent spoils of the East, I found myself at the same time in San -Vitale at Ravenna, in St. Sophia in Constantinople, in St. Saviour's in -Jerusalem and in those lesser churches of the Morea, Chios and Malta: -St. Mark's, a monument of Byzantine architecture, composite of victory -and conquest raised to the Cross, is a trophy, as is the whole of -Venice. The most remarkable effect of its architecture is its darkness -under a brilliant sky; but to-day, the loth of September, the deadened -light from the outside harmonized with the gloomy basilica. They were -completing the Forty Hours ordered to obtain fine weather. The fervour -of the faithful praying against rain was great: the Venetians look upon -a grey and watery sky as the plague. - -Our prayers were granted: the evening became charming; at night I went -for a walk on the quay. The sea lay smooth; the stars mingled with -the scattered lights of the boats and ships anchored here and there. -The cafés were full, but one saw no _Pulcinelli_, Greeks nor Moors: -everything comes to an end. A Madonna, brightly illuminated at the -crossing of a bridge, attracted the crowd: young girls were devoutly -telling their beads on their knees; they made the Sign of the Cross -with their right hand and stopped the passers-by with their left. -Returning to my inn, I went to bed and to sleep to the singing of the -gondoliers stationed under my windows. - -I have as my guide Antonio, the oldest and best-informed of the -_ciceroni_ of the place; he knows the palaces, statues and pictures by -heart - -On the 11th of September, I paid a visit to the Abbé Betio and M. -Gamba[97], the keepers of the Library: they received me with extreme -politeness, although I had no letter of recommendation. - -As one goes through the rooms of the Ducal Palace, one passes from -wonders to wonders. There the whole history of Venice unrolls itself, -painted by the greatest masters: their pictures have been described a -hundred times. - -Among the antiques, I remarked, like everybody else, the group of -_Leda and the Swan_ and the _Ganymede_ ascribed to Praxiteles. The -Swan is prodigious in its embrace and its voluptuousness; Leda is too -compliant. The eagle of the _Ganymede_ is not a real eagle; it looks -the best-tempered beast in the world. Ganymede, charmed at being -carried off, is enchanting: he talks to the eagle, which talks to him. - -Those antiques are placed at either end of the magnificent rooms of -the Library. I contemplated, with the sacred respect of the poet, a -manuscript of Dante's and gazed, with the greed of the traveller, upon -the map of the world of Fra Mauro[98] (1460). Africa, however, does not -appear to be traced upon it so correctly as they say. They ought, above -all, in Venice, to explore the archives: they would find invaluable -documents there. - -From the painted and gilded halls, I passed to the prisons and the -dungeons; the same palace presents the microcosm of society, joy and -sorrow. The prisons are under the leads, the dungeons on the level of -the water of the canal and on two storeys. A thousand tales are told -of strangulations and secret beheadings[99]; by way of compensation we -hear that a prisoner left those dungeons fat, plump and rosy, after -eighteen years spent in captivity: he had lived like a toad inside a -rock. All honour to the human race! What a fine thing it is! - -Plenty of philanthropic phrases stain the vaults and walls of the -underground cells, since the day when our Revolution, so adverse to -blood, - - . . . . . . . dans cet affreux séjour - D'un coup de _hache_ a fait entrer le jour[100]. - - -[Sidenote: The Venetian prisons.] - -In France, the gaols were crammed with victims who were got rid of by -cutting their throats; but, in the prisons of Venice, they set free the -shades of men who had, perhaps, never been there. The gentle butchers -who sliced the throats of children and old men, the kind spectators who -assisted at the guillotining of women were melted at the progress of -humanity, so well proved by the opening of the Venetian dungeons. As -for me, I have a hard heart; I am not like those heroes of sensibility. -No old headless ghosts appeared before my eyes in the Palace of the -Doges; only it seemed to me that I saw in the cells of the aristocracy -what the Christians saw when they shattered the idols: nests of mice -escaping from the heads of the gods. That is what happens to every -power that is disembowelled and exposed to the light: it lets out the -vermin which we used to adore. - -The Bridge of Sighs connects the Ducal Palace with the prisons of the -town; it is divided into two separate passages: through one of these, -the ordinary prisoners entered; through the other, the State prisoners -went before the tribunal of the Inquisitors or the Ten. This bridge -presents a graceful exterior, and the façade of the prison is admired: -beauty cannot be dispensed with in Venice, even for tyranny and -misfortune! Pigeons make their nests in the windows of the gaol; little -doves, all covered with down, flutter their wings and moan at the bars, -while waiting for their mother. In former days, innocent creatures used -to be cloistered almost on leaving the cradle; their parents never saw -them again except through the gratings of the parlour or the wicket of -the door. - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -You can readily imagine that, in Venice, I necessarily thought of -Silvio Pellico[101]. M. Gamba had told me that the Abbé Betio was the -master of the Palace and that, by applying to him, I should be able to -make my researches. The excellent librarian, to whom I had recourse one -morning, took a big bunch of keys and led me, along several passages -and up various stair-cases, to the garrets of the author of _Le mie -Prigioni._ - -M. Silvio Pellico has made only one mistake; he has spoken of his gaol -as of one of those famous prison-cells high up in the air, marked by -their roofing _sotto i piombi._ Those prisons are, or rather were -five in number, in that portion of the Ducal Palace which adjoins the -Ponte della Paglia and the canal of the Bridge of Sighs. Pellico did -not dwell there; he was incarcerated at the other end of the Palace, -near the Ponte degli Canonici, in a building contiguous to the Palace, -which building had been transformed, in 1820, into a gaol for political -prisoners. However, he was also "under the leads," for a plate of that -metal formed the roofing of his hermitage. - -The description which the prisoner gives of his first and second room -is exact to the last particular. Through the window of the first room, -one looks out on the roof of St. Mark's; one sees the well in the inner -yard of the Palace, a corner of the Piazza, the different steeples of -the town and, beyond the lagoons, on the horizon, mountains in the -direction of Padua. The second room is recognised by its big window and -by another smaller and higher window: it was through the big one that -Pellico used to perceive his companions in misfortune in a detached -building opposite and, on the left, above, the dear children who used -to talk to him from their mother's casement. - -To-day all those chambers are deserted, for men remain nowhere, not -even in the prisons; the bars of the windows have been removed and the -walls and ceilings white-washed. The gentle and learned Abbé Betio, -living in this abandoned part of the Palace, is its peaceful and -solitary guardian. - -[Sidenote: Silvio Pellico.] - -The rooms which immortalize Pellico's captivity are lofty and airy; -they command a splendid view; they are the prison for a poet; there -would not be much to say about them, admitting the tyranny and -absurdity: but the death sentence for a speculative opinion! The -Moravian[102] dungeons! Ten years taken from life, youth and talent! -And the gnats, those nasty animals by which I myself am being eaten up -at the Hôtel de l'Europe, hardened though I be by the weather and the -mosquitoes of Florida! For the rest, I have often been worse lodged -than was Pellico in his belvedere in the Ducal Palace, notably in the -prefecture of the doges of the French Police, where I was obliged to -climb up on a table to enjoy the light. - -The author of _Francesca da Rimini_ thought of Zanze in his gaol; I, in -mine, sang of a young girl whom I had just seen die. I was very anxious -to know what became of Pellico's little guardian. I have set persons to -make researches: if I find out anything, I will tell you. - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -A gondola landed me at the Frari, where we French, accustomed as we -are to the Grecian or Gothic exteriors of our own churches, are not -much struck by those outsides of basilicas in brick, ungrateful and -common to the eye; but, in the inside, the harmony of the lines and -the disposition of the masses produce a simplicity and a calmness of -composition that enchant one. - -The tombs in the Frari, placed in the lateral walls, decorate the -building without obstructing it The magnificence of the marbles blazes -forth on every side, charming foliage bears witness to the finish of -the old Venetian sculpture. On one of the squares of the pavement in -the nave are these words: - - HERE LIES TITIAN, THE RIVAL OF ZEUXIS AND APELLES - -This stone is opposite one of the painter's master-pieces. Canova -has his gorgeous sepulchre not far from Titian's flag-stone; this -sepulchre is the replica of the monument which he had conceived for -Titian himself and which he executed afterwards for the Archduchess -Maria Christina[103]. The remains of the sculptor of the _Hebe_ and the -_Magdalen_ are not all collected in this work: thus Canova inhabits the -representation of a tomb made by himself, not for himself, which tomb -is but his semi-cenotaph. - -From the Frari, I proceeded to the Manfrini Gallery. The portrait -of Ariosto is speaking. Titian painted his mother, an old matron of -the people, squalid and ugly: the artist's pride shows itself in the -exaggeration of this woman's years and poverty. - -At the Academy of Fine Arts, I hurried fast to the picture of the -_Assumption_, discovered by Cicognara[104]: ten large male figures at -the bottom of the picture; observe the man rapt in ecstasy on the left, -watching Mary. The Virgin, above this group, rises in the centre of a -semicircle of cherubs; there is a multitude of admirable faces in that -glory: a woman's head, on the right, at the point of the crescent, of -unspeakable beauty; two or three heavenly spirits flung horizontally -across the sky, in the bold, picturesque manner of Tintoretto. I am not -sure that a standing angel does not experience some feeling of a too -terrestrial love. The Virgin is largely proportioned; she is clad in -a red drapery; her blue scarf floats in the air; her eyes are raised -towards the Eternal Father, who appeared at the zenith. Four positive -colours, brown, green, red and blue, cover the picture: the aspect of -the whole is sombre, the character unideal, but of an incomparable -truth and natural vivacity. Nevertheless, I prefer the _Presentation of -the Virgin in the Temple_, by the same painter, which hangs in the same -room. - -Facing the _Assumption_ and very cleverly lighted is Tintoretto's -_Miracle of St. Mark_, a vigorous scene which seems dug out of the -canvas with the chisel and mallet rather than the brush. - -I went on to the plaster-casts from the metopes of the Parthenon; these -plasters had a three-fold interest for me: in Athens, I had seen the -voids left by the ravages committed by Lord Elgin[105] and, in London, -the kidnapped marbles of which I found the mouldings in Venice. The -roving destiny of those master-pieces was linked with mine, and yet -Phidias did not fashion my clay. - -I was unable to tear myself away from the original drawings by Leonardo -da Vinci, Michael Angelo and Raphael. Nothing is more interesting than -those sketches of genius abandoned alone to its studies and its whims: -it admits you to its intimacy; it initiates you into its secrets; -it informs you by what steps and by what efforts it has attained -perfection: one is enraptured at seeing how it was mistaken, how it -perceived its error and corrected it. Those pencil-strokes drawn on -the corner of a table on a wretched piece of paper retain a marvellous -richness and natural artlessness. When you reflect that Raphael's hand -has passed over those immortal scraps, you are angry with the glass -which prevents you from kissing those holy relics. - -[Sidenote: Santi Giovanni e Paolo.] - -I refreshed myself, after my admiration at the Academy of Fine Arts, -with an admiration of a different kind at Santi Giovanni e Paolo, even -as one rests one's mind by a change of reading. This church, whose -unknown architect followed in the foot-steps of Niccola Pisano, is rich -and spacious. The apse into which the high altar retires represents -a kind of erect shell; two other sanctuaries accompany this shell -laterally: they are tall and narrow, with many-centred vaultings, and -are separated from the apse by rabbeted channels. - -The ashes of the Doges Mocenigo[106], Morosini[107], Vendramin[108] -and several other heads of the Republic[109] rest here. Here also is -the skin of Antonio Bragadino[110], the defender of Famagusta, to -whom Tertulliano expression may be applied: "a living skin." Those -illustrious remains inspire a great and painful sentiment: Venice -herself, the magnificent catafalco of her warlike magistrates, the -two-fold coffin of their ashes, is now no more than a living skin. - -Stained-glass windows and red curtains, while veiling the light in -Santi Giovanni e Paolo, increase the religious effect. The numberless -columns brought from the East and from Greece have been planted in -the basilica, like avenues of exotic trees. A storm rose while I -was roaming in the church: when will the trumpets sound that shall -rouse all these dead? I said as much under Jerusalem, in the Valley -of Jehoshaphat. Returning to my hotel after those visits, I thanked -God for having transported me from the porkers of Waldmünchen to the -pictures of Venice. - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -After my discovery of the prisons in which material Austria tries -to stifle Italian intellects, I went to the Arsenal. No monarchy, -however powerful it be or have been, has presented a similar nautical -compendium. - -An immense space, enclosed by crenellated walls, contains four docks -for large ships, yards for building those ships, establishments for all -that concerns the military and merchant navy, from the rope-yard to the -gun-foundry, from the work-shop where they carve the oar of the gondola -to that where they square the keel of a seventy-four, from the rooms -devoted to the old armour captured in Constantinople, in Cyprus, in the -Morea, at Lepanto to the rooms in which modern armour is exhibited: the -whole mingled with galleries, columns, works of architecture raised and -designed by the chief masters. - -In the naval arsenals of Spain, England, France, Holland, one sees only -that which is connected with the objects of those arsenals; in Venice, -the arts are allied to industry. The monument to Admiral Emo[111], by -Canova, awaits you beside the carcass of a ship; rows of guns meet your -eye through long porticoes: the two colossal lions from the Piræus -keep the gate of the dock from which a frigate is about to issue for a -world which Athens did not know and which was discovered by the genius -of modern Italy. - - -[Sidenote: The Arsenal.] - -In spite of those fine remains of Neptune, the Arsenal no longer -recalls those lines of Dante: - - In the Venetians' arsenal as boils - Through wintry months tenacious pitch, to smear - Their unsound vessels; for the inclement time - Sea-faring men restrains, and in that while - His bark one builds anew, another stops - The ribs of his that hath made many a voyage, - One hammers at the prow, one at the poop, - This shapeth oars, that other cables twirls, - The mizen one repairs, and main-sail rent[112]. - -All this animation is over: the emptiness of seven-eighths of the -arsenal, the extinct furnaces, the boilers gnawed with rust, the -rope-walks without wheels, the dock-yards without shipwrights bear -witness to the same death that has smitten the palaces. Instead of -the throng of carpenters, sail-makers, seamen, caulkers, ship's lads, -one sees a few galley-slaves dragging their fetters: two of them were -eating off the breech of a gun; at that iron table they could at least -dream of liberty. - -When formerly those galley-slaves rowed on board the _Bucentaur_, they -wore a purple tunic thrown over their branded shoulders, to make them -look like kings cleaving the waves with gilded paddles; they gladdened -their toil with the clank of their chains, even as in Bengal, at the -Feast of the Durga, the nautch-girls, dressed in gold gauze, accompany -their dances with the sound of the rings with which their necks, arms -and legs are adorned. The Venetian convicts married the doge to the sea -and themselves renewed their indissoluble union with slavery. - -Of those many fleets which bore the crusaders to the shores of -Palestine and forbade any foreign sail to be displayed to the winds -of the Adriatic, there remain a model of the _Bucentaur_, Napoleon's -cutter, a savages' canoe and some designs of ships drawn in chalk on -the black-board of the school of the Naval Guard. - -A Frenchman coming from Prague to Venice and expecting the mother of -Henry V. must needs be touched at seeing the armour of Henry IV. in -the Venice Arsenal. The sword which the Bearnese wore at the Battle of -Ivry[113] used to be joined to that armour: that sword is no longer -there. - -By a decree of the Grand Council of Venice, dated 3 April 1600: - - "_Enrico di Borbone IV., re di Francia e di Navarra, con li - figluoli e discenditi suoi, sia annumerato tra il nobli di questio - nostro maggior consiglio._" - -Charles X., Louis XIX. and Henry V., descendants of "Enrico di -Borbone," are therefore nobles of the Republic of Venice, which no -longer exists, even as they are Kings of France in Bohemia, even as -they are canons of St. John Lateran in Rome, and always by right of -Henry IV.; I have represented them in this last quality: they have lost -their president's cap and their amice, and I have lost my embassy. And -yet I was so well off in my stall in St. John Lateran! What a beautiful -church! What a beautiful sky! What admirable music! Those songs have -lasted longer than my grandeurs and those of my Canon-King. - -My glory annoyed me greatly at the Arsenal; it shines on my -forehead unknown to myself: Field-marshal Pallucci, Admiral and -Commandant-General of the Navy, recognised me by my horns of fire. He -hastened up to me, himself showed me several curiosities and then, -excusing himself for his inability to accompany me any longer, because -of a council over which he had to preside, he placed me in the hands of -a superior officer. - -We met the captain of the frigate which was on the point of sailing. -He accosted me without ceremony and said to me, with that sailor's -frankness which I like so much: - -"Monsieur le vicomte"--as though he had known me all his life--"have -you any message for America?" - -"No, captain: be sure to give her my compliments; it is long since I -saw her!" - -I cannot see a vessel without dying of longing to go with her: if I -were free, the first ship sailing for the Indies would have a chance of -carrying me away. How I regretted not to have been able to accompany -Captain Parry[114] to the Arctic regions! My life is at its ease only -in the midst of the clouds and the seas: I always cherish the hope that -it will disappear under a sail. The weighty years which we heave into -the waves of time are not anchors: they do not delay our course. - -[Sidenote: The Isola di San Cristoforo.] - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -In the Arsenal, I was not far from the Isola di San Cristoforo, which -serves to-day as a cemetery. This island used to contain a convent of -Capuchins; the convent has been pulled down and its site is nothing -more than a square enclosure. The tombs are not very many in number, or -at least they are not raised above the level and grassy ground. Against -the west wall are fixed five or six stone monuments; little black -wooden crosses, with a white date, are scattered about the enclosure: -that is how they now bury the Venetians whose forefathers rest in the -mausoleums of the Frari and Santi Giovanni e Paolo. Society, as it -grows larger, has humbled itself: democracy has overtaken death. - -On the edge of the cemetery, on the east side, one sees the vaults of -the Schismatic Greeks and those of the Protestants; they are separated -from each other by a wall and again separated from the Catholic burials -by another wall: sad dissents whose memory is perpetuated in the asylum -where all quarrels end! Close by the Greek cemetery is another recess -which protects a hole into which the still-born children are thrown -to Limbo. Happy creatures! You have passed from the darkness of the -maternal womb into everlasting darkness, without going through the -light! - -Near this hole lie bones dug into the ground like roots, as each new -grave is cleared: some, the older ones, are white and dry; others, more -recently disinterred, are yellow and damp. Lizards run about those -remains, glide in between the teeth, through the eyes and nostrils, -come out through the mouth and ears of the skulls, their houses or -nests. Three or four butterflies hovered over the mallow-flowers -entwined with those bones, an image of the soul under that sky which -resembles that under which the story of Psyche was invented. One skull -still had a few hairs of the same shade as my own. Poor old gondolier! -Did you at least steer your bark better than I have steered mine? - -A common grave remains open in the enclosure; they had just lowered -a physician beside his old practice. His black coffin was covered -with earth only at the top and its naked side awaited the side of -another dead man to warm it Antonio had stuffed his wife in there, a -fortnight ago, and it was the defunct doctor who had dispatched her: -Antonio blessed a requiting and avenging God and bore his misfortune -patiently. The coffins of private individuals are taken to that dismal -dwelling-place in private gondolas, followed by a priest in another -gondola. As the gondolas look like hearses, they suit the ceremony. A -larger wherry, an "omnibus" of Cocytus, performs the service of the -hospitals. Thus we find renewed the Egyptian burials and the fables of -Charon and his ferry-boat. - -In the cemetery beside Venice stands an octagonal chapel dedicated to -St. Christopher[115]. This saint, taking a child on his shoulders at -the ford of a river, found it heavy; now the child was the Son of Mary, -who holds the globe in His hand: the altar-picture represents this fair -adventure. - -And I too have tried to carry a child-king, but I did not perceive that -he was sleeping in his cradle with ten centuries: a load too heavy for -my arms. - -I observed in the chapel a wooden candle-stick: the taper was -extinguished; a holy-water font for blessing the burials; and a -little book: _Pars Ritualis Romani pro usu ad exsequianda corpora -defunctorum_; when we are already forgotten, Religion, our immortal and -never wearied kinswoman, mourns us and follows us: _exsequor fugam._ A -tinder-box contained a steel; God alone disposes of the spark of life. -Two quatrains written on common paper were fastened up on the inner -panels of two of the three doors of the building: - - Quivi dell' uom le frali spoglie ascoce - Pallida morte, O passegier, t'addita, etc. - -The only somewhat striking tomb in the cemetery was raised in advance -by a woman who subsequently delayed eighteen years in dying: the -inscription informs us of this circumstance; thus this woman for -eighteen years hoped in vain for her sepulchre. What sorrow nourished -this hope within her? - -On a little black wooden cross appears this other inscription: - - VIRGINIA ACERBI, ANNO 72, 1824. - MORTA NEL BACIO DEL SIGNORE. - -The years are harsh to a fair Venetian woman. - -[Sidenote: San Michele di Murano.] - -Antonio said to me: - -"When this cemetery is full, they will give it a rest and bury the dead -in the Isola di San Michele di Murano[116]." - -The expression was a correct one: when the harvest is gathered, one -lets the soil lie fallow and ploughs other furrows elsewhere. - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -We have been to see that other field awaiting the Great Husbandman. -San Michele di Murano is a smiling monastery with a graceful church, -porticoes and a white cloister. The windows of the convent give a view, -over the porticoes, of Venice and the lagoons; a garden filled with -flowers meets the turf whose compost is still being prepared under the -fresh-coloured skin of some young girl. This charming retreat is given -over to Franciscans; it would better suit nuns singing like the little -pupils of Rousseau's _Scuole_: - - "How happy are they," says Manzoni, "who have taken the holy veil - before fixing their eyes on a man's face." - -Give me, I entreat you, a cell here in which to finish my Memoirs. - -Fra Paolo[117] is buried at the entrance to the church; that seeker -after noise must be very wroth at the silence that surrounds him. - -Pellico, when sentenced to death, was lodged at San Michele before -being transported to the fortress of the Spielberg. The president of -the tribunal before which Pellico appeared takes the poet's place at -San Michele; he is buried in the cloister; he will not leave that -prison. - -Not far from the tomb of the magistrate is that of a foreign woman -married at the age of twenty-two years, in the month of January; she -died in the month of February following. She did not want to go beyond -the honeymoon; her epitaph says: - - CI REVEDREMO. - -If it were true! - -Back, that doubt; back, the thought that no anguish rends annihilation! -Atheist, when death buries its nails into your heart, who knows but -that, in the last moment of consciousness, before the destruction -of the _ego_, you will feel an atrocity of pain capable of filling -eternity, an immensity of suffering of which a human being can have no -idea in the circumscribed limits of time! Ah yes, _ci revedremo!_ - -I was too near the island and town of Murano not to visit the factories -whence came the mirrors in my mother's room at Combourg[118]. I did not -see those factories, which are now closed; but they spun out before my -eyes, like the thread of our frail lives, a slender cord of glass: it -was of that glass that the bead was made that hung from the nose of the -little Iroquois at the Falls of Niagara: the hand of a Venetian girl -had rounded off the ornament of a savage girl[119]. - -I met a finer sight than Mila. A woman was carrying a swaddled child; -the delicate complexion, the captivating glance of that Muranese are -idealized in my memory. She looked sad and preoccupied. Had I been -Lord Byron, this would have been a favourable opportunity for making -an experiment with seduction on poverty; a little money goes a long -way here. Then I should have played the desperate solitary beside -the waves, intoxicated with my success and my genius. Love seems a -different thing to me: I have lost sight of René since many a year; but -I doubt if he sought the secret of his pains in his pleasures. - -Every day, after my excursions, I sent to the post, but there was -nothing there: Count Griffi did not reply from Florence; the public -papers permitted to exist in this land of independence would not -have dared to state that a traveller had alighted at the White Lion. -Venice, where the gazettes[120] were born, is reduced to reading the -placards which advertise on the same bill the opera of the day and the -Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament. The Alduses[121] will not come -forth from their tombs to embrace, in my person, the defender of the -liberty of the press. I had therefore to wait Returning to my inn, I -dined and amused myself with the company of the gondoliers stationed, -as I have said, under my window at the entrance to the Grand Canal. - -[Sidenote: The gondoliers.] - -The gaiety of those sons of Nereus never forsakes them: clothed by -the sun, they are fed by the sea. They do not lie about idly like the -_lazzaroni_ in Naples: ever stirring, they are sailors who lack ships -and work, but who would still carry on the trade of the world and win -the Battle of Lepanto, if the days of Venetian liberty and glory were -not past. - -At six o'clock in the morning, they come to their gondolas, fastened -to posts with their prows aground. Then they begin to scrape and wash -their _barchette_ at the _Traghetti_, just as dragoons curry, brush and -sponge their horses on picket. The ticklish sea-horse is restive and -refuses to stand still under the movements of its horseman, who draws -water in a wooden vessel and pours it over the sides and into the well -of the craft. He several times repeats the aspersion, taking care to -discard the water from the surface of the sea in order to obtain the -cleaner water below. Then he scrubs the oars, polishes the brasses -and the glass of the little black deck-house, dusts the cushions and -carpets and rubs up the iron head of the prow. The whole is not done -without a few words of humour or affection addressed, in the pretty -Venetian dialect, to the skittish or docile gondola. - -When the gondola's toilet is completed, the gondolier proceeds to make -his own. He combs his hair, shakes out his jacket and his blue, red -or grey cap, washes his face, feet and hands. His wife, daughter or -mistress brings him a bowl containing a mess of vegetables, bread and -meat. Breakfast over, each gondolier awaits Fortune, singing: he has -her before his eyes, one foot in the air, holding out her scarf to the -wind and serving as a weather-cock, at the top of the monument of the -Dogana di Mare. Does she give the signal? The favoured gondolier, with -oar upraised, starts out at the back of his craft, even as Achilles -used to fly in former days, or as one of Franconi's[122] circus-riders -gallops to-day on the crupper of a fiery steed. The gondola, shaped -like a skate, glides over the water as over ice: "_Sia, stati! Sta -longo!_" that does for the whole day. Then night comes, and the _calle_ -will see my gondolier singing and drinking with his _zitella_ the -half-sequin which I leave him, as I go off most certainly to replace -Henry V. on the throne. - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -I was trying to find out, when I woke, why I liked Venice so much, -when I suddenly remembered that I was in Brittany: it was the force of -kindred that found utterance within me. Was there not, in Cæsar's -time, in Armorica, a country of the Veneti[123]: _civitas Venetorum, -civitas Venetica?_ Has not Strabo "said that they said" that the -Veneti[124] were the descendants of the Veneti of Gaul? - -It has been contradictorily held that the fishermen of Morbihan were -a colony of the _pescatori_ of Palestrina: Venice, then, would be the -mother and not the daughter of Vannes[125]. One can reconcile this by -supposing, which for that matter is very probable, that Vannes and -Venice were mutually brought to bed of one another. I therefore look -upon the Venetians as Bretons; the gondoliers and I are cousins, sprung -from the horn of Gaul: _cornu Galliæ._[126] - -[Sidenote: On the Riva degli Schiavoni.] - -Delighted with this thought, I went to breakfast in a café on the -Riva degli Schiavoni. The bread was new, the tea scented, the cream -as in Brittany, the butter as in the Prévalais; for butter, thanks to -the progress of enlightenment, has improved everywhere: I have eaten -excellent butter at Granada. The bustle of a harbour always delights -me: barge-masters were picnicking; vendors of fruit and flowers offered -me lemons, grapes and nosegays; fishermen got ready their tartans; -naval cadets, stepping into a long-boat, went off to their lessons in -naval tactics on board the flag-ship; gondolas were taking passengers -to the Trieste steam-boat. Yet it was that same Trieste which was like -to have had me cut down on the steps of the Tuileries by Bonaparte, -as he threatened when, in 1807, I took it upon myself to write in the -_Mercure_: - - "It was reserved for us to find at the back of the Adriatic the - tomb of two king's daughters[127] whose funeral oration we had - heard delivered in an attic in London. Ah, at least the grave - that holds those noble ladies will have once heard its silence - broken; the sound of a Frenchman's foot-steps will have made - two Frenchwomen start in their coffins! The respects of a poor - gentleman, at Versailles, would have been nothing to princesses; - the prayer of a Christian, on foreign soil, will perhaps have been - agreeable to saints." - -Some few years, it seems to me, have passed, since I began to serve the -Bourbons: they have enlightened my fidelity, but they will not tire it -I am breakfasting on the Riva degli Schiavoni, while waiting for the -exile. - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -From the little table at which I sit, my eyes wander over all the -roads: a breeze from the offing cools the air; the tide is rising; a -three-master is coming in. The Lido on one side, the Doge's Palace on -the other, the lagoons in the middle: that is the picture. It is from -this port that so many glorious fleets set sail; old Dandolo sallied -forth in all the pomp of naval chivalry, of which Villehardouin[128], -who began our language and our Memoirs, has left us a description: - -"And when the ships were laden with arms, and meats, and knights, and -sergeants, and the shields were arrayed all round in the form of a -frieze, and the banners waved, of which there were so many fair ones, -never did fairer fleets sail from any port." - -The morning scene in Venice also puts me in mind of the story of -Captain Olivet and Zulietta, which was so well told: - - "The gondola lay to, and I saw a dazzlingly beautiful young woman - step out, coquettishly dressed and very nimble. In three bounds - she was in the cabin and seated at my side, before I perceived - that a place had been laid for her. She was a brunette of twenty - years at the most, as charming as she was lively. She could speak - only Italian; her accent alone would have been enough to turn my - head. While eating and chatting, she fixed her eyes on me and then, - exclaiming, 'Holy Virgin! O my dear Brémond, how long it is since I - saw you!1 she threw herself into my arms, sealed her lips to mine - and pressed me almost to suffocation. Her large, black, Oriental - eyes darted shafts of fire into my heart; and although surprise - at first diverted my senses, my amorous feelings very rapidly - overcame me.... She told us that I was the image of M. de Brémond, - the director of the Tuscan custom-house; that she had been madly - in love with this M. de Brémond; that she was still madly in love - with him; that she had left him because she was a fool; that she - took me in his place; that she wanted to love me, since it suited - her; that, for the same reason, I must love her as long as it - suited her; and that, when she left me in the lurch, I must bear it - patiently as her dear Brémond had done. No sooner said than done.... - - "In the evening, we escorted her back to her apartments. While we - were talking, I noticed two pistols on her dressing-table. - - "'Ah, ah!' said I, taking one up, 'here is a patch-box of a new - construction; may I ask what it is used for?' - - "She said, with an ingenuous pride which made her still more - charming: - - "'When I am complaisant to those whom I do not love, I make them - pay for the weariness they cause me: nothing can be fairer; but, - although I endure their caresses, I will not endure their insults, - and I shall not miss the first man who shall be wanting in respect - to me.' - - 'When I left her, I made an appointment for the next day. I did not - keep her waiting. I found her _in vestito di confidenza_, in a more - than wanton undress, which is known only in southern countries and - which I will not amuse myself with describing, although I remember - it too well.... I had no idea of the delights that awaited me. - I have spoken of Madame de Larnage, in the transports which the - recollection of her still sometimes awakens in me; but how old, - ugly, and cold she was, compared with my Zulietta! Do not attempt - to imagine the charms and graces of this bewitching girl; you would - be too far from the truth. The young virgins of the cloister are - not so fresh, the beauties of the harem are not so lively, the - houris of paradise are not so piquant.[129]" - -This adventure ended with an eccentricity on the part of Rousseau and -Zulietta's phrase: - -"_Lascia le donne e studia la matematica._" - - -[Sidenote: Zulietta, Margherita Cogni.] - -Lord Byron also gave up his life to paid Venuses: he filled the -Mocenigo Palace with those Venetian beauties, who had " taken refuge," -according to him, "under the _fazzioli._" Sometimes, perturbed by a -feeling of shame, he fled, and spent the night on the water in his -gondola. He had, as his favourite sultana, Margherita Cogni, surnamed, -from her husband's condition, the Fornarina[130]: - - "Very dark, tall"--it is Lord Byron who speaks--"the Venetian face, - very fine black eyes. She was two-and-twenty years old.... - - "In the autumn, one day, going to the Lido... we were overtaken - by a heavy squall. . . . . . . ....On our return, after a tight - struggle, I found Margarita on the open steps of the Mocenigo - Palace, on the Grand Canal, with her great black eyes flashing - through her tears, and the long dark hair, which was streaming, - drenched with rain, over her brows and breast. She was perfectly - exposed to the storm; and the wind blowing her hair and dress about - her thin tall figure, and the lightning flashing round her, and - the waves rolling at her feet, made her look like Medea alighted - from her chariot, or the sybil of the tempest that was rolling - around her, the only living thing within hail at that moment except - ourselves. On seeing me safe, she did not wait to greet me.... but - calling out to me, '_Ah! can' della Madonna, ne este il tempo per - andar' al' Lido!_--Ah! dog of the Virgin, is this a time to go to - the Lido?' ran into the house," etc. - -In these two stories of Rousseau and Byron, one feels the difference -in social position, character and education between the two men. -Through the charm of the style of the author of the _Confessions_ peeps -something vulgar, cynical, in bad form, in bad taste; the obscenity of -expression peculiar to that period still further spoils the picture. -Zulietta is superior to her lover in elevation of feeling and in -habitual elegance: it is almost a fine lady smitten with the puny -secretary of a paltry ambassador[131]. The same inferiority appears -again when Rousseau arranges to bring up, with his friend Carrio, at -their common expense, a little girl of eleven years whose favours, or -rather whose tears, they were to share. - -Lord Byron bears himself differently: he shines forth with the manners -and the fatuousness of the aristocracy; a peer of Great Britain, -playing with the woman of the people whom he has seduced, he raises her -to himself by his caresses and the magic of his talent Byron arrived -in Venice rich and famous: Rousseau landed there poor and unknown; -everybody knows the palace that blabbed the errors of the noble heir of -the English commodore[132]: no _cicerone_ could point out to you the -house in which the plebeian son of the humble clock-maker of Geneva hid -his pleasures. Rousseau does not even speak of Venice; he seems to have -lived in it without seeing it: Byron has sung it admirably[133]. - -You have seen in these Memoirs what I have said of the relations -of imagination and destiny that seem to have existed between the -historian of _René_ and the poet of _Childe Harold._ Here I point to -another of those conjunctures so nattering to my pride. Does not the -dark-haired Fornarina of Lord Byron bear a certain family likeness to -the fair-haired Velléda of the _Martyrs_, her elder? - -[Sidenote: Velléda.] - - "'Hidden among the rocks, I waited some time, but nothing appeared. - Suddenly, my ear was struck by sounds which the wind carried to - me from the middle of the lake. I listened and distinguished the - accents of a human voice; at the same time I discovered a skiff - poised on the crest of a wave; it came down again, disappeared - between two billows, and then showed itself once more on the - summit of a heavy swell; it approached the shore. A woman was - steering; she sang as she struggled against the storm and seemed - to sport amidst the winds: one would have thought that they were - in her power, from the manner in which she seemed to defy them. I - saw her throw into the lake by turns, as a sacrifice, pieces of - linen, sheep's fleeces, cakes of wax and little gold and silver - grindstones. - - "Soon she touched land, sprang on shore, fastened her bark to the - trunk of a willow and darted into the wood, leaning on the poplar - oar which she held in her hand. She passed quite close to me - without seeing me. Her figure was tall; a dark, short, sleeveless - tunic scarce served to veil her nudity. She carried a golden sickle - slung from a brass girdle and her head was encircled with an oaken - branch. The whiteness of her arms and complexion, her blue eyes, - her rosy lips, her long fair hair that waved dishevelled in the - air bespoke the daughter of the Gauls and contrasted, by their - gentleness, with her proud and fierce gait She sang words full of - terror in a melodious voice, and her uncovered breast rose and fell - like the foam of the waves[134].'" - -I should blush to show myself between Byron and Jean-Jacques, without -knowing what place posterity will award me, if these Memoirs were to -appear during my life; but, when they see the light, I shall have gone -and for all time, like my illustrious predecessors, to a distant shore; -my shade will be delivered to the breath of opinion, vain and light -like the little that will remain of my ashes. - -Rousseau and Byron had one feature in common in Venice: neither showed -any feeling for the arts. Rousseau, who had wonderful gifts for music, -does not seem to know that, near Zulietta, there existed pictures, -statues, monuments; and yet with what charm do those master-pieces mate -with love, whose object they divine and whose flame they increase! As -to Lord Byron, he "loathes the infernal din" of Rubens' colours, he -"spits upon" all the pictures of saints with which the churches are -glutted; he never met a picture or statue coming within a league of -his thought. He prefers to those deceitful arts the beauty of a few -mountains, a few seas, a few horses, a certain Morean lion and a tiger -which he saw supping in Exeter Change. Is there not a little prejudice -in all this? - - Que d'affectation et de forfanterie[135]! - - -VENICE, _September_ 1833. - -But what, then, is this town in which all the lofty intelligences have -arranged to meet? Some have visited it themselves; others have sent -their Muses there. Something would have been lacking to the immortality -of those talents, if they had not hung pictures on that temple of -voluptuousness and glory. Without again recalling the great poets of -Italy, the geniuses of the whole of Europe placed their creations -there: there breathed Shakespeare's Desdemona, very different from -Rousseau's Zulietta and Byron's Margherita, that chaste Venetian who -declares her love to Othello: - - And bade me, if I had a friend that lov'd her, - I should but teach him how to tell my story, - And that would woo her[136]. - -There appeared Otway's[137] Belvidera, who says to Jaffeir: - - Oh smile, as when our loves were in their spring. - . . . . . . . . . - Oh lead me to some desert wide and wild, - Barren as our misfortunes, where my soul - May have its vent, where I may tell aloud - To the high heavens, and every list'ning planet, - With what a boundless stock my bosom's fraught; - Where I may throw my eager arms about thee, - Give loose to love, with kisses kindling joy, - And let off all the fire that's in my heart[138]. - -Goethe, in our time, has celebrated Venice, and the gentle Marot[139], -who first made his voice heard at the awakening of the French Muses, -took refuge in Titian's native place. Montesquieu wrote: - - "Although one had seen all the cities of the world, there might - still be a surprise in store for him in Venice[140]." - -When, in too undraped a picture, the author of the _Lettres persanes_ -depicts a Mussulman woman surrendered in Paradise to two "heavenly -men," does he not seem to have painted the courtezan of Rousseau's -_Confessions_ and her of Byron's Memoirs? Was not I, between my two -Floridans, like Anaïs between her two angels[141]? But the "painted -girls" and I were not immortal. - -[Sidenote: And Corinne.] - -Madame de Staël gives Venice over to the inspiration of Corinne: the -latter hears the sound of the cannon that announces "the obscure -sacrifice of a young girl[142] ...a solemn counsel, which a woman -resigned to her fate gives to those who still struggle with destiny." -...Corinne climbs to the top of the tower of St. Mark's, contemplates -the city and the waves, turns her eyes towards Greece "enveloped in -clouds;" at night she sees "nothing but the reflection of the lanterns -which light the gondolas:" they give her the idea of "spectres gliding -upon the water, guided by a little star[143]." - -Oswald departs; Corinne darts out of the room to recall him: "The rain -then fell in torrents, a most violent wind arose;" Corinne descends to -the banks of the canal: - - "The night was so dark that not a single bark was to be seen.... - Corinne called to the gondoliers, who took her cries for those - of some wretch drowning in the tempest; nevertheless none dared - approach to offer assistance, so formidable were the waves of the - Grand Canal[144]." - - -There again you have Lord Byron's Margherita. - -I find an unspeakable pleasure in meeting the masterpieces of those -great masters in the very place for which they were made. I breathe -freely in the midst of the immortal band, like a humble traveller -admitted to the hospitable hearth of a rich and beautiful family. - - - -[60] This book was written on the road from Paris to Venice, between -the 7th and 10th of September 1833, and in Venice, from the 10th to the -15th of September 1833.--T. - -[61] Salins suffered from a terrible conflagration in 1825. It was -rebuilt, with regular streets, by public subscription.--T. - -[62] Pierre Joseph Thoulier, Abbé d'Olivet (1682-1768) was born at -Salins, on the Furieuse, a tributary of the Loire. He first joined the -Jesuits, where he was known as the Père Thoulier, but soon left the -Company, in order to follow a literary career. Meantime Voltaire had -been his pupil at the college of Louis-le-Grand. He became a member of -the French Academy in 1723; Voltaire in 1746. D'Olivet is the author -of an _Histoire de l'Académie française_, up to 1700, and of several -important grammatical works and translations, and he worked much on the -Dictionary of the French Academy.--T. - -[63] Mirabeau was imprisoned in the Castle of Joux, at his father's -instance, in 1775; Toussaint-Louverture (_cf._ Vol. III., p. 191, -n. 3) died there on the 27th of April 1803, after a ten months' -confinement--T. - -[64] _Cf._ Vol. II., pp. 246-250.--T. - -[65] "When, on the 7th of August 1814, the Bull of _Sollicitudo -omnium ecclesiarum_, came to sanction the work of restoration of the -Company of Jesus, the primitive cantons of Switzerland did not remain -insensible to the joys of Catholicism. Ignace Brocard, Jacques Roh, -Gaspard Rothenflue and several of their fellow-countrymen enlisted -under the banner of the newly-reinstated Order. The Valais gave back to -the Jesuits their old college of Brigg." (CRÉTINEAU-JOLY, _Histoire du -Sunderbund_, Vol. I., p. 428.)--B. - -[66] _Dies Iræ_, Stanza 5: - - Liber seri plus proferetur, - In quo totum continetur, - Unde mundus judicetur.--T. - - -[67] Francis I. lived till 1835.--T. - -[68] Charles X. lived till 1836.--T. - -[69] Ferdinand III. Grand-duke of Tuscany (1769-1824). _Vide supra_ p. -12, n. 1.--T. - -[70] Charles Felix I. King of Sardinia (1765-1831) succeeded to the -throne on the abdication of his brother, Victor Emanuel I., in 1821, -the year before the Congress of Verona.--T. - -[71] Pierre François Hercule Comte de Serre (1777-1822). He died as -Ambassador to Naples.--T. - -[72] Vincenzo Scamozzi (1552-1616), the architect of many of the finest -buildings in North Italy.--T. - -[73] Niccola Pisano (_circa_ 1206-1278), one of the greatest Italian -architects.--T. - -[74] And not Signor Procurante, as the earlier editions of the Memoirs -have it.--T. - -[75] VOLTAIRE: _Candide, ou l'Optimisme_, Part I., Chap. XXV.: _Candid -and Martin pay a Visit to Seignor Pococurante, a Noble Venetian._--T. - -[76] Philippe de Comines (_circa_ 1445-1511), the statesman and -historian, author of the valuable _Cronique et hystoire faicte et -composée par messire Philippe de Comines._--T. - -[77] JACOPO SANNAZARO.--_Author's Note._ - -[78] GABRIELLO CHIABRERA, _Canzoni eroiche_, III.: _Per Vittorio -Cappello, Generale de' Veneziani nella Morea_, 10-12.--T. - -[79] Pierre Luc Charles Cicéri (1782-1868), a famous French -scene-painter, who executed numbers of stage-scenes for the Royal -Academy of Music, or grand Opera-house, in Paris.--B. - -[80] Giorgio Barbarelli (_circa_ 1477-1511), known as Giorgione, -the great Venetian colourist and pupil of Giovanni Bellini (_vide -infra._)--T. - -[81] Paolo Cagliari (1528-1588), of Verona, known as Paul Veronese, one -of the most celebrated painters of the Venetian School, went to Venice -in 1555 and remained there. He executed the decorations of the Library -of St. Mark in 1563 and the ceiling of the council-chamber in the -Palace of the Doges in 1577.--T. - -[82] Jacopo Robusti (1518-1594), called Tintoretto from the trade of -his father, a dyer, received his first important order in 1546, for the -decoration of Santa Maria dell' Orto. In 1560, he began to paint the -Scuola di San Rocco and the Doges' Palace and, in the same year, seems -to have taken Titian's place as Court painter to the Doges.--T. - -[83] Giovanni Bellini (_post_1427-1516), the founder of the Venetian -School of painting and the greatest of the fifteenth-century artists. -Titian and Giorgione were both his pupils.--T. - -[84] Paride Bordone (_circa_ 1500-1571), one of Titian's greatest -pupils.--T. - -[85] Jacopo Palma the Elder( _circa_ 1480-1528) and Jacopo Palma the -Younger (_circa_ 1544-1628), uncle and nephew.--T. - -[86] Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) settled in Venice and presented the -city with his library (1362).--T. - -[87] George Gemistus Pletho (_b._ 1390), the celebrated Byzantine -Platonic philosopher and scholar.--T. - -[88] Johannes Cardinal Bessarion (1395-1472), Archbishop of Nicæa -(1437), a cardinal (1439), Archbishop of Siponto and Bishop of Sabina -and Tusculum, and Patriarch of Constantinople (1463). Bessarion was a -disciple of Plethon and author of, among many other works of Platonic -philosophy, the famous _Adversus Calumniatorem Platonis_ (1469).--T. - -[89] Or Acre: 1104.--T. - -[90] 1176.--T. - -[91] 1124.--T. - -[92] 10 October 1571.--T. - -[93] The so-called Grand Sanhedrim of 1806 was a council summoned -by Napoleon for the 20th of October of that year, consisting of -representatives of the chief synagogues of France, Italy and Europe. -The object of its deliberations was to point out to the Government -means of enabling the Jews to participate in the civil and political -rights of England, by modifying such of their habits and doctrines as -kept them isolated from their fellow-citizens. The sittings of the -Grand Sanhedrim, which consisted of 71 members, opened on the 9th of -February and ended on the 9th of March 1807. The most notable clause, -from Napoleon's point of view, in the solemn public declaration issued -on the latter date, is that dispensing Jews who are performing military -service from all religious observances that are irreconcilable with -such military service.--T. - -[94] Leopoldo Conte Cicognara (1767-1834), a distinguished diplomatist -and antiquarian. He became President of the Academy of Fine Arts of -Venice in 1812. His principal work, the _Storia della Scultura_, was -published in 1813-1818.--T. - -[95] It is clear to my eyes that the ogive, whose so-called mysterious -origin men go so far to seek, was born casually of the intersection -of two semicircular arches; therefore it is found everywhere. Later -architects have done no more than release it from the designs in which -it originally figured.--_Author's Note._ - -[96] See the previous note.--_Author's Note._ - -[97] Bartolommeo Gamba (1780-1841), a learned Italian bibliographer and -biographer. His chief work is the _Serie dell' Edizioni dei Testi di -Lingua Italiana_ (1812-1828).--T. - -[98] Fra Mauro (_fl._ 15th Century), a monk of the Camaldule Order, who -drew his famous map of the world between 1457 and 1459.--T. - -[99] Here for instance, is Charles Dickens' lurid description of the -_Pozzi_, or Prisons, which he pretends to see in a dream: - - "I descended from the cheerful day into two ranges, one below - another, of dismal, awful, horrible stone cells. They were quite - dark. Each had a loophole in its massive wall, where, in the - old time, every day a torch was placed--I dreamed--to light the - prisoners within, for half an hour. The captives, by the glimmering - of these brief rays, had scratched and cut inscriptions in the - blackened vaults. I saw them. For their labour with the rusty - nail's point had outlived their agony and them, through many - generations. - - "One cell I saw in which no man remained for more than - four-and-twenty hours; being marked for dead before he entered - it. Hard by another, and a dismal one, whereto, at midnight, the - Confessor came--a monk brown-robed and hooded--ghastly in the day - and free bright air, but in the midnight of that murky prison, - Hope's extinguisher and Murder's herald. I had my foot upon the - spot where, at the same dread hour, the shriven prisoner was - strangled; and struck my hand upon the guilty door--low-browed - and stealthy--through which the lumpish sack was carried out into - a boat, and rowed away, and drowned where it was death to cast a - net." (_Pictures from Italy: An Italian Dream._)--T. - - [100] - - . . . . . . "Into that hideous den, - With one blow of the axe, admitted light again."--T. - - - [101] Silvio Pellico (1788-1854) was imprisoned in Milan and Venice - from 1820 to 1822 and at the Spielberg, near Brünn, from 1822 to - 1830. His _Mie Prigioni_ had only lately been published (1833) - and Chateaubriand was much struck with them. During his previous - journey to Italy, in a letter dated Basle, 17 May 1833, he wrote to - Madame Récamier: - - "Here I am at Basle, safe and sound. You have seen that fine river - pass which is going, for a moment, to bring news of me to you in - France. Travelling always gives me back my strength, sentiment and - thought; I am very busy writing _a new prologue to a_ BOOK. I nave - read the whole of Pellico, cursorily. I am delighted with it; I - should like to write an account of that work, the saintliness of - which will prevent its success with our revolutionaries, who are - free after Fouché's fashion. Are you not enchanted with _Zanze - sotto i Piombi?_ And the little deaf-and-dumb person? And Schiller, - the old gaoler, and the religious conversations through the - window, and our poor Maroncelli? And that poor young wife of the - _sopr'intendente_, who dies so sweetly? And the return to beautiful - Italy?"--B. - - -[102] Bruno, near which the Spielberg stands, is the capital of -Moravia.--T. - -[103] Maria Christina Josephs Johanna Antonia of Austria, Duchess of -Saxe-Teschen (1742-1798), married to Albert Duke of Saxe-Teschen in -1766. The Archduchess Maria Christina's monument, by Canova, is in the -church of the Augustines in Vienna.--T. - -[104] Titian's _Assumption_, one of the most renowned of existing -pictures, was discovered by Count Cicognara in the church of the Frari, -for which it had been painted as an altar-piece. It was restored and -removed to the _Accademia di Belle Arti_, where it still hangs.--T. - -[105] Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of Elgin and eleventh Earl of -Kincardine (1766-1841) was British Envoy to Constantinople from 1799 -to 1802. Between 1801 and 1803, he removed to England from Athens the -so-called Elgin marbles, comprising the bulk of the surviving plastic -decoration of the Parthenon, executed under the direction of Phidias -about 440 B.C. These stolen goods were purchased by the nation in 1816 -and are now in the British Museum.--T. - -[106] Tommaso Mocenigo, Doge from 1414 to 1423; Giovanni Mocenigo, Doge -from 1475 to 1485; and Luigi Mocenigo, Doge from 1570 to 1577, are all -buried in Santi Giovanni e Paolo.--T. - -[107] Michele Morosini, Doge of Venice for a few months in 1382.--T. - -[108] Andrea Vendramin, Doge of Venice (_d._ 1478), became Doge in -1476.--T. - -[109] Seventeen doges in all are buried in Santi Giovanni e Paolo or -"Zanipolo," as the Venetians pronounce it.--B.. - -[110] Marco Antonio Bragadino (_d._ 1571), flayed alive by the Turks -after his valiant defense of Famagusta, in Cyprus.--T. - -[111] Angelo Emo (1731-1792), the last of the Venetian admirals. He -bombarded Tunis and forced it to sign a truce with the Republic--T. - -[112] Cary's DANTE: _Hell_, Canto XXI. 7-15.--T. - -[113] Henry IV. defeated the Leaguers at Ivry-la-Bataille on the 14th -of March 1590.--T. - -[114] Sir William Edward Parry (1790-1855) started on his second polar -expedition in 1821 and his third in 1824. These two expeditions, -neither of which was specially successful, are referred to by -Chateaubriand on page 136 of Vol. I. of the Memoirs. A later -expedition, by way of Spitsbergen, was likewise unsuccessful. From 1823 -to 1829, Parry was Acting Hydrographer to the Navy. In 1852, he was -made a rear-admiral and, in 1853, Governor of Greenwich Hospital.--T. - -[115] St. Christopher (_fl._ 3rd Century) is said to have lived in -Syria and to have been of prodigious height and strength. As a penance -for having been a servant of the devil, he devoted himself to the -task of carrying pilgrims across a river where there was no bridge. -Christ came to the river one day in the form of a child and asked to be -carried over, but His weight grew heavier and heavier till His bearer -was nearly broken down in the midst of the stream. When they reached -the shore: - -"Marvel not," said the Child, "for with Me thou hast borne the sins of -the world." - -St. Christopher is usually represented as bearing the Infant Christ and -leaning upon a staff. He was martyred under the Emperor Decius _circa_ -250. The Church celebrates the Feast of St. Christopher on the 25th of -July.--T. - -[116] The Isola di San Michele contains the modern burying-ground of -Venice.--T. - -[117] Pietro Paolo Sarpi (1552-1623), known as Fra Paola and surnamed -Servita, a noted Venetian historian, entered the Order of the Servites -in 1565. In 1570, he was made professor of philosophy in the Servite -Monastery in Venice. He was distinguished, in the controversy with Pope -Paul V. (1606-1607), as the champion of free thought. His chief work is -the _Istoria del Concilio di Trento_, published in London in 1619. Fra -Paolo was a member of the Council of Ten and consulting theologian to -the Venetian Republic.--T. - -[118] _Cf._ VOL I., p. 76.--T. - -[119] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 236.--T. - -[120] The _gazetta_ was a Venetian coin, worth about three farthings, -the sum charged for a reading of the first Venetian newspaper, a -written sheet which appeared about the middle of the sixteenth century -during the war with Soliman II.--T. - -[121] Aldus Manutius (_circa_ 1450-1515), the celebrated printer -and founder of the Aldine Press in Venice; his son, Paulus Manutius -(1511-1574); and the latter's son, Aldus Manutius the Younger -(1547-1597). All three were distinguished Classical scholars as well as -noted printers.--T. - -[122] Antonio Franconi (1738-1836), a native of Venice, began life as a -tumbler and travelling physician. Afterwards he instituted bull-fights -in Lyons and, later, at Bordeaux; and, lastly, went into partnership, -in 1783, with Astley, the English circus-proprietor, who had opened -a theatrical riding-school in Paris, and founded the circus which he -called the Cirque Olympique and which obtained a prodigious success.--T. - -[123] The Veneti were an ancient Celtic people living in Brittany, near -the coast of the Bay of Biscay. They were subdued by Cæsar, after a -severe maritime war, in 56 B.C.--T. - -[124] A people dwelling near the head of the Adriatic, between the Po -and the Adige.--T. - -[125] Vannes, or, in Breton, Gwened is the capital of the Department -of Morbihan and is the ancient Civitas Venetorum, the capital of the -Veneti.--T. - -[126] _Cornu Galliæ_, Cornouailles, Cornwall.--T. - -[127] Madame Adélaïde (1732-1800) and Madame Victoire (1733-1799), -daughters of Louis XV.--T. - -[128] Geoffroi de Villehardouin (_circa_ 1160--_circa_ 1215), -the author of a famous chronicle: _Histoire de la conquête de -Constantinople, ou Chronique des empereurs Baudouin et Henri de -Constantinople._ Villehardouin's Chronicle is not only trustworthy -from an historical point of view, but is even more deserving for -its literary excellence, while being one of the oldest monuments of -original French prose. The Fourth Crusade, in which Villehardouin took -part, left Venice in October 1203.--T. - -[129] ROUSSEAU: _Confessions_, Part I., Book VII.--T. - -[130] The baker's wife.--T. - -[131] M. de Montaigu.--T. - -[132] Hon. John Byron (1723-1786), second son of William fourth Lord -Byron and grand-father of the poet, entered the Navy as a boy. In 1764, -he was promoted to commodore and commanded two vessels in a voyage of -exploration round the world; he returned in 1766, having accomplished -little beyond some curious observations on the Indians of Patagonia -and the discovery of some small islands in the Pacific Ocean. He was -Governor of Newfoundland from 1769 to 1772; became a vice-admiral -in 1778; and on the 6th of July 1779 fought an engagement with the -French fleet off Grenada, in the West Indies, the result of which was -doubtful.--T. - -[133] _Cf._ BYRON, _Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, Canto IV.--T. - -[134] CHATEAUBRIAND, _Les Martyrs_, Book IX.: _The Story of -Eudorus._--T. - -[135] MOLIÈRE, _Tartufe_, Act III. Sc. ii.: - - "What affectation and blind real is this!"--T. - - -[136] SHAKESPEARE: _Othello, the Moor of Venice_, Act I. Sc. iii.--T. - -[137] Thomas Otway (1652-1685), the principal tragic poet of the -English classical school. The most famous of his tragedies, _Venice -Preserved_, from which the following quotation is taken, appeared in -1682.--T. - -[138] OTWAY: _Venice Preserved, or The Plot Discovered_, Act I. Sc. -i.--T. - -[139] Clément Marot (1497-1544), the poet, when compelled to fly from -France on account of his scandalous life, took refuge in Béarn (1535), -then at the Court of Ferrara, where he was secretary to Renée of -France, and, finally, in Venice (1536).--T. - -[140] MONTESQUIEU: _Lettres persanes._ Letter XXXI.: _Rhédi à Usbek, à -Paris._--T. - -[141] The incident of Anals will be found in the _Lettres persanes._ -Letter CXLI.: _Rica à Usbek à <sup>***</sup>_--T. - -[142] The cannon was fired when a nun took the veil.--T. - -[143] _Corinne_: Book XV., Chaps, VII. and IX.--T. - -[144] _Corinne_: Book XVI., Chap. III.--T. - - - - -BOOK VII[145] - - -Arrival of Madame de Bauffremont in Venice--Catajo--The Duke of -Modena--Petrarch's Tomb at Arqua--The land of poets--Tasso--Arrival -of Madame la Duchesse de Berry--Mademoiselle Lebeschu--Count -Lucchesi-Palli--Discussion--Dinner--Bugeaud the gaoler--Madame de -Saint-Priest, M. de Saint-Priest--Madame de Podenas--Our band--I -refuse to go to Prague--I yield at a word--Padua--Tombs--Zanze's -manuscript--Unexpected news--The Governor of the Lombardo-Venetian -Kingdom--Letters from Madame to Charles X. and Henry V.--M. de -Montbel--My note to the Governor--I set out for Prague. - - -_Between_ VENICE and FERRARA, 16 _to_ 17 _September_ 1833. - -There was an immense interval between those dreamings and the truths to -which I returned when calling at the Princesse de Bauffremont's hotel; -I had to jump from 1806, with the memories of which year I had been -occupied, to 1833, the year in which I found myself in reality: Marco -Polo[146] fell from China into Venice, after an absence of exactly -twenty-seven years. - -Madame de Bauffremont displays the name of Montmorency wonderfully in -her face and manner: she might very well, like that Charlotte, the -mother of the Grand Condé and the Duchesse de Longueville, have been -loved by Henry IV. The princess told me that Madame la Duchesse de -Berry had written me a letter from Pisa which I had not received: Her -Royal Highness was arriving at Ferrara, where she hoped to see me. - -It cost me a pang to leave my retreat; I needed another week to -complete my survey: I especially regretted that I was not able to carry -through the adventure of Zanze[147]; but my time belonged to the mother -of Henry V., and, whenever I am following a certain road, there comes a -jolt that flings me into another path. - -I departed, leaving my luggage at the Hôtel de l'Europe, counting on -returning with Madame. I found my calash at Fusina: they took it out of -an old coach-house, like a jewel from the Crown Wardrobe. I left the -bank which perhaps takes its name from the three-pronged fork of the -King of the Sea: _Fuscina._ - -On arriving at Padua, I said to the postillion: - -"The Ferrara Road." - -This road is charming, as far as Monselice: extremely graceful hills, -orchards of fig-trees, mulberry-trees and willows festooned with vines, -gay meadows, ruined castles. I passed the Catajo, all dressed out -with soldiers: the Abbé Lenglet[148], a very learned man otherwise, -mistook that manor-house for China. The Catajo does not belong to -Angelica[149], but to the Duke of Modena[150]. I ran plump up against -His Highness, who was deigning to go on foot along the high-road. This -Duke is the scion of the Princes invented by Machiavelli[151]: he has -the spirit not to recognise Louis-Philippe. - -The village of Arqua shows Petrarch's tomb, sung, together with its -site, by Lord Byron[152]: - - "Che fai, che pensi? che pur dietro guardi - Nel tempo, che tornar non pote omai, - Anima sconsolata?" - -[Sidenote: The poet's country.] - -All this country, within a diameter of forty leagues, is the -native soil of the writers and poets: Livy[153], Virgil[154], -Catullus[155], Ariosto[156], Guarini[157], the Strozzis[158], the -three Bentivoglios[159], Bembo[160], Bartoli[161], Bojardo[162], -Pindemonte[163], Varano[164], Monti[165] and a crowd of other -celebrated men owe their birth to this land of the Muses. Tasso himself -was of Bergamasque origin[166]. Of the later Italian poets, I have seen -only one of the two Pindemontes. I have known neither Cesarotti[167] -nor Monti; I should have been happy to meet Pellico and Manzoni, the -parting rays of Italian glory. - -The Euganean Hills, which I crossed, were gilded by the gold of the -setting sun with an agreeable variety of shapes and a great purity of -outline: one of those hills resembled the chief pyramid of Sakkarah, -when it imprints itself at sunset on the Libyan horizon. - -I continued my journey at night through Rovigo; a sheet of mist covered -the earth. I did not see the Po, except when crossing at Lagoscuro. -The carriage stopped; the postillion summoned the ferry-boat with his -bugle. The silence was complete; only, on the other side of the river, -the baying of a dog and the distant cascades, with their treble echo, -made answer to his horn: the proscenium of Tasso's Elysian empire, -which we were about to enter. - -A ripple on the water, through the mist and the darkness, announced the -coming of the ferry-boat; it glided along the towing-rope fastened to -boats at anchor. I reached Ferrara between four and five o'clock, on -the morning of the 16th; I alighted at the Three Crowns Hotel: Madame -was expected there. - - -_Wednesday_ 17. - -As Her Royal Highness had not arrived, I visited the church of San -Paolo: I saw nothing but tombs there; for the rest, not a soul, except -those of a few dead men and mine, which is hardly living. At the back -of the choir hung a picture by Guercino[168]. - -The cathedral is deceptive: you see a front and sides encrusted with -bas-reliefs representing sacred and profane subjects. Over this -exterior run other ornaments usually placed in the interior of Gothic -edifices, such as rudentures, Arab corbels, nimbused soffits, galleries -with small columns, pointed arches and trefoils, disposed in the -thickness of the walls. You enter, and you stand dumbfounded at the -sight of a new church with spherical vaults, with massive pillars. -Something of that incongruity exists in France, both physically and -morally: in our old castles, they are contriving modern closets, with -plenty of pigeon--holes, alcoves and clothes-presses. Break into the -souls of a good many of those men tabarded with historic names: what do -you find there? Backstair tendencies. - -I was quite abashed at the sight of that cathedral: it seemed to have -been turned, like a gown worn inside out; a burgess' wife of the time -of Louis XV. cloaked as a castellan's lady of the twelfth century[169]. - -[Sidenote: Ferrara.] - -Ferrara, formerly so much fretted by its women, its pleasures and its -poets, is almost uninhabited: in places where the streets are wide, -they are deserted and sheep could browse there. The dilapidated houses -do not gather fresh life, as at Venice, from the architecture, the -ships, the sea and the native gaiety of the place. Standing at the gate -of the so unfortunate Romagna, Ferrara, under the yoke of an Austrian -garrison[170], has something of the face of a persecuted victim: it -seems to wear everlasting mourning for Tasso; ready to fall, it is bent -like an old woman. As the only monument of the day, rises half from -the ground a criminal court, with unfinished prisons. Whom will they -send to those cells of recent construction? Young Italy. Those new -gaols, topped with cranes and bound with scaffoldings, like the palaces -in Dido's city, touch hands with the old cell of the singer of the -_Gerusalemme._ - - -FERRARA, 18 _September_ 1833. - -If there be a life that should make one despair of happiness for men -of talent, it is Tasso's. The beautiful sky upon which his eyes looked -when they opened to the light was a deceptive sky: - - "My adversities," he says, "began with my life. Cruel fortune - snatched me from my mother's arms. I remember her kisses moist with - tears, her prayers which the winds have carried away. I was not - again to press my face to her face. With an uncertain step, like - Ascanius or young Camillus, I followed my wandering and outlawed - father. I grew up in poverty and exile." - -Torquato Tasso lost Bernardo Tasso[171] at Ostiglia. Torquato has -killed Bernardo as a poet; he has made him live as a father. - -Drawn from obscurity by the publication of _Rinaldo_[172], Tasso was -summoned to Ferrara. He made his first appearance there amid the -festivals on the occasion of the marriage of Alphonsus II. with the -Archduchess Barbara. He there met Leonora, Alphonsus' sister: love and -misfortune ended in giving his genius all its beauty. - - "I saw," says the poet, describing, in _Aminta_[173], the first - Court of Ferrara, "I saw charming goddesses and nymphs, without - veils, without clouds: I felt the inspiration of a new virtue, of a - new divinity, and I sang of war and heroes." - -Tasso read the stanzas of the _Gerusalemme_, as he composed them, -to Alphonsus' two sisters, Lucrezia and Leonora. He was sent to the -Cardinal Ippolito of Este[174], who was settled at the Court of France: -he pawned his clothes and furniture to take that journey, while the -cardinal whom he was honouring with his presence made Charles IX. the -gorgeous present of one hundred Barbary horses with their Arab riders -superbly dressed. Left at first in the stables, Tasso was afterwards -presented to the Poet-King, the friend of Ronsard. In a letter which -has been preserved for us, he judges the French harshly. He wrote a few -verses of his _Gerusalemme_ in an abbey of men in France with which -Cardinal Ippolito was endowed; this was Châlis, near Ermenonville, -where Jean-Jacques Rousseau was to dream and die: Dante also had passed -obscurely through Paris. - -Tasso returned to Italy in 1571 and did not witness the Massacre of St. -Bartholomew[175]. He went straight to Rome and from there came back to -Ferrara. _Aminta_ was played with great success. Although he became -the rival of Ariosto, the author of _Rinaldo_ admired the author of -_Orlando_ to such a degree that he refused the homage of that poet's -nephew: - -[Sidenote: Tasso at Ferrara.] - - "This laurel which you offer me," he wrote, "the judgment of wise - men, of men of the world and my own judgment have laid on the head - of the man to whom you are bound by ties of blood. Prostrate before - his image, I give him the most honourable titles that affection and - respect are able to dictate to me. I will loudly proclaim him my - father, my lord and my master." - -This modesty, so little known in our time, did not disarm jealousy. -Torquato beheld the feasts given by Venice to Henry III. returning from -Poland, when a manuscript of the _Gerusalemme_ was printed by stealth: -the minute criticism of the friends whose tastes he consulted alarmed -him. Perhaps he showed himself too sensitive; but perhaps he had built -the success of his love-affairs on his hopes of fame. He imagined -himself set about by pitfalls and treasons; he was obliged to defend -his life. His stay at Belriguardo, where Goethe evokes his shade, -failed to calm him. Says the great German poet, who makes the great -Italian poet speak: - - Thus like the nightingale, conceal'd in shade, - From his love-laden breast he fills the air - And neighbouring thickets with melodious plaint: - His blissful sadness and his tuneful grief - Charm every ear, enrapture every heart[176]. - . . . . . . . . - And what is more deserving to survive, - And silently to work for centuries, - Than the confession of a noble love - Confided modestly to gentle song[177]? - -Says Goethe again, interpreting Leonora's sentiments: - - How charming is it in the mind's clear depths - One's self to mirror . . . . - . . . . . . . . - To feel his presence, and with him to near, - With airy tread, the future's hidden realm! - Thus should old age and time their influence lose. - . . . . . . . . - All that is transient in his song survives; - Still art thou young, still happy, when the round - Of changeful time shall long have borne thee on[178]. - -The singer of Erminia conjures Leonora (still in the lines of the poet -of Germania) to banish him to one of her loneliest villas: - - Oh, send me thither! There let me be yours! - And I will tend thy trees, construct the shed - That shields thy citrons from autumnal blasts, - Fencing them round with interwoven reeds! - Flowers of the fairest hues shall strike their roots, - And ev'ry path be trimm'd with nicest care[179]. - -The story of Tasso's loves was lost: Goethe found it again. - -The sorrows of the Muses and the scruples of religion were beginning to -impair Tasso's reason. He was subjected to a temporary confinement. He -escaped almost naked: wandering in the mountains, he borrowed the rags -of a shepherd and, thus disguised, arrived at his sister Cornelia's. -The caresses of this sister and the charms of his native country -allayed his sufferings for a moment: - - "I wanted," he said, " to retire to Sorrento, as to a peaceful - harbour: _quasi in porto di quiete._" - -But he could not remain where he was born. A spell drew him to Ferrara: -love is the real mother-land! Coldly received by Duke Alphonsus, he -withdrew once more; he wandered through the little Courts of Mantua, -Urbino, Turin, singing to pay for the hospitality shown him. He said to -the Metauro, Raphael's native stream: - - "Weak, but glorious child of the Apennines, I, a vagrant traveller, - come to seek safety and repose upon thy banks." - -Armida had passed to Raphael's cradle; she was to preside over the -enchantments of the Farnesina. - -Surprised by a storm in the neighbourhood of Vercelli, Tasso celebrated -the night which he had passed in a noble-man's house in the beautiful -dialogue known as the _Padre di famiglia._ At Turin, he was refused -admission at the gates, so wretched was his condition. Hearing that -Alphonsus[180] was about to contract a new marriage, he again took the -road for Ferrara. A divine spirit attached itself to the steps of this -god hidden under the garb of the shepherds of Admetus; he thought that -he saw and heard that spirit; one day, seated by the fire and seeing -the sun-light on the window: - -"_Ecco ramico spirito_," he said, "_che cortesemente è venuto a -favellarmi._" - -[Sidenote: Tasso in prison.] - -And Torquato conversed with a sun-beam. He re-entered the fatal city -even as the bird flings itself into the jaws of the serpent that -fascinates it. Disowned and spurned by the courtiers, taunted by the -servants, he launched out into complaints, and Alphonsus ordered him to -be locked up in a mad-house in the Hospital of Sant' Anna. - -Then the poet wrote to one of his friends: - - "Bowed down under the weight of my misfortunes, I have renounced - all thoughts of glory; I should think myself lucky if I could - only quench the thirst with which I am devoured....The idea of - an unlimited captivity and my indignation at the ill-treatment to - which I am subjected increase my despair. The filthiness of my - beard, hair and clothes renders me an object of disgust to myself." - -The prisoner implored the whole earth and even his pitiless persecutor; -he drew from his lyre accents which ought to have made the walls to -fall with which his wretchedness was girt about: - - Piango il morir; non piango il morir solo, - Ma il modo . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . - Mi saria di conforto, aver la tomba, - Ch' altra mole innalzar credea co' carmi. - -Lord Byron wrote a poem called the _Lament of Tasso_; but he cannot get -away from himself and substitutes himself everywhere for the persons -whom he sets before us; even as his genius lacks tenderness, his -"lament" is no more than an imprecation. - -Tasso addressed the following petition to the Council of the Ancients -of Bergamo: - - "Torquato Tasso, a Bergamasque not merely by origin, but by - affection, having first lost his father's inheritance and his - mother's dowry.... and (after the bondage of many years and the - fatigues of a very long period) having not yet lost, in the midst - of so much misery, the faith which he has in this city, ventures - to ask its assistance. Let it conjure the Duke of Ferrara, once - my benefactor and protector, to restore me to my country, my - family and myself. The unfortunate Tasso therefore beseeches Your - Lordships to send Monsignore Licino or some other to treat for my - deliverance. The memory of their kindness will not end until after - my life. - - _"Di VV. SS. affezionatissimo servidore_, - - "TORQUATO TASSO. - - "PRIGIONE E INFERMO NEL OSPEDAL DI SANT' ANNA IN FERRERA." - -Tasso was refused ink, pens, or paper. He had sung the "magnanimous -Alphonsus," and the magnanimous Alphonsus thrust into a madman's -cell him who had shed imperishable lustre on his ungrateful head. -In a most graceful sonnet, the prisoner beseeches a cat to lend him -the brightness of its eyes to replace the light of which he has been -deprived; a harmless raillery which proves the poet's gentleness and -the excess of his distress: - - Fatemi luce a scriver queste carmi. - -At night, Tasso imagined that he heard strange noises, the tolling of -funeral knells. Ghosts tormented him: - -"I am worn out," he cried, "I succumb!" - -Attacked by a serious illness, he thought that he saw the Virgin save -him by a miracle: - - Egrio io languiva, e d'alto, sonno avvinto. - . . . . . . . . - Giacea con guancia di pallor dipinta, - Quando di luce incoronata . . . - Maria, pronta scendesti al mio dolore. - -Montaigne visited Tasso reduced to this excess of adversity and showed -him no compassion. At the same time, Camoens was ending his life in an -alms-house in Lisbon: what consoled him, as he lay dying on a pallet? -The verses of the prisoner of Ferrara. The captive author of the -_Gerusalemme_, admiring the mendicant author of the _Lusiadas_, said to -Vasco de Gama: - - Tant' oltre stende il glorioso volo - Che i tuoi spalmate legni andar men lungo. - -Thus did the voice from the Eridanus resound on the banks of the Tagus; -thus did two illustrious sufferers of a like genius and a like destiny -congratulate each other across the seas, from hospital to hospital, -putting mankind to shame. - -How many kings, great men and fools, drowned to-day in oblivion, but -believing themselves, towards the close of the sixteenth century, -persons worthy of remembrance, were ignorant of the very names of -Tasso and Camoens! In 1754, for the first time, was read "the name -of Washington, in the account of an obscure combat delivered in the -back-woods between a troop of French, English and savages[181]: which -clerk at Versailles, which purveyor to the Parc-aux-Cerfs, which man, -above all, of the Court or the Academy would have cared, at that time, -to change names with that American planter[182]?" - - -FERRARA, 18 _September_ 1833. - -Envy hastened to spread its poison over open wounds. The Accademia -della Crusca declared that "the _Gerusalemme Liberata_ was a cold and -heavy compilation, obscure and unequal in style, full of ridiculous -lines and barbarous words, with no single beauty to redeem its -innumerable defects." - -A fanatical love for Ariosto dictated that verdict. But the shout of -popular admiration drowned the academic blasphemies: it was no longer -possible for Duke Alphonsus to prolong the captivity of a man who -was guilty only of singing that captivity. The Pope[183] claimed the -deliverance from the honour of Italy. - -[Sidenote: Tasso's release.] - -Tasso was released from prison[184], but none the happier for it -Leonora was dead. He dragged himself from town to town with his -sorrows. At Loretto, ready to die with hunger, he was on the point, -says one of his biographers, "of taking up the hand that had built -Armida's palace." - -In Naples, he experienced some of the sweet sentiment of country: - - E donde - Partii fanciullo, or dopo tanti lustri - Torno . . . . . . - Canuto ed egro alle native sponde. - -He preferred to sumptuous abodes a cell at the Convent of Montoliveto. -During a journey which he took to Rome, fever having laid hold of him, -a hospital was once more his refuge. - -Returning from Rome and Florence to Naples, laying the blame of his -ills on his immortal poem, he rewrote it and spoilt it. He commenced -his cantos, _Delle sette Giornato del Monde Creato_, a subject treated -by Du Bartas[185]. Tasso makes Eve issue from Adam's bosom, while God: - -. . . irrigò di placida quiete -Tutte le membra al sonnachioso ... - -The poet weakens the biblical image, and, in the gentle creations of -his lyre, woman becomes no more than man's first dream. The sorrow of -leaving uncompleted a pious work which he regarded as an expiatory hymn -decided Tasso to condemn his profane songs to destruction. - -Less respected by society than by the robbers, the poet received from -Marco Sciarra[186], the famous leader of _condottieri_, the offer of an -escort to take him to Rome[187]. He was presented at the Vatican, and -the Pope addressed him in these words: - -"Torquato, you do honour to the crown that honoured those who wore it -before you." - -Posterity has confirmed this eulogy. Tasso replied to the praises by -quoting this line from Seneca: - - Magnifica verba mors prope admota excutit. - -Attacked by an evil which he foresaw was to cure all the others, he -retired to the Convent of Sant' Onofrio, on the 1st of April 1595. He -climbed up to his last refuge during a tempest of wind and rain. The -monks received him at the gate where Domenichino's frescoes are fading -away to-day. He greeted the fathers: - -"I come to die among you." - -O hospitable cloisters, deserts of religion and poetry, you have lent -your solitude to outlawed Dante and to dying Tasso! - -[Sidenote: Tasso's death.] - -All succour was unavailing. On the seventh morning of the fever, the -Pope's[188] doctor declared to the patient that he had very little -hope. Tasso kissed him and thanked him for announcing such good news to -him. Next he looked up to the sky and, with an abundant outpouring of -the heart, gave thanks to God for His mercies. - -His weakness increased; he wished to receive the Eucharist in the -church of the monastery: he dragged himself there leaning on the monks -and returned carried in their arms. When he was stretched once more -upon his couch, the prior asked him as to his last wishes. - -"I have troubled very little about fortune's gifts during my life; I -care still less for them at my death. I have no will to make." - -"Where will you have your burying-place?" - -"In your church, if you will deign to do my remains so great an honour." - -"Will you dictate your epitaph yourself?" - -Thereupon, turning towards his confessor: - -"Father, write: I return my soul to God, who gave it me, and my body -to the earth, whence it came. I bequeath to this monastery the sacred -image of my Redeemer." - -He took in his hands a crucifix which the Pope had given him, and -pressed it to his lips. - -Seven more days passed by. The tried Christian having solicited the -favour of the Holy Oils, Cardinal Cintio arrived, bringing the blessing -of the Sovereign Pontiff. The dying man displayed great joy at this: - -"Here," said he, "is the crown which I came to Rome to seek; I hope to -triumph to-morrow with its aid." - -Virgil sent to beg Augustus to fling the _Æneid_ into the fire; -Tasso entreated Cintio to burn the _Gerusalemme._ Thereafter, he -desired to be left alone with his crucifix. - -The cardinal had not reached the door when his tears, till then -violently restrained, burst forth: the bell was tolled, and the monks, -chanting the prayers for the dead, wept and lamented in the cloisters. -At this sound, Torquato said to the charitable recluses, whom he seemed -to see wander around him like shadows: - -"Friends, you think you are leaving me; I am only going before you." - -Thenceforth, he held no converse except with his confessors and a few -fathers great in doctrine. When he was on the point of breathing his -last, they gathered this stanza from his lips, the fruit of his life's -experience: - -"If death were not, there would be nothing upon earth more miserable -than man." - -On the 25th of April 1595, about the middle of the day, the poet cried: - -"_In manus tuas, Domine...._[189]" - -The remainder of the verse was scarcely audible, as though it had been -uttered by a departing traveller. - -The author of the _Henriade_ expires at the Hôtel de Villette, on a -quay of the Seine[190], and rejects the aid of the Church; the bard of -the _Gerusalemme_ dies a Christian at Sant' Onofrio: compare and see -what beauty faith lends to death. - -All that is related of Tasso's posthumous triumph appears to me to be -open to suspicion. His ill-fortune was even more persistent than has -been supposed. He did not die at the hour indicated for his triumph: he -survived that projected triumph by twenty-five days. He did not lie to -his destiny: he was never crowned, not even after death; his remains -were not exposed at the Capitol in senator's robes amid the throng -and the tears of the people: he was buried, as he had ordered, in the -Church of Sant' Onofrio. The stone with which they covered him, again -according to his wish, bore neither date nor name; ten years later, -Manso, Marchese Della Villa[191], Tasso's last friend and Milton's host -composed the admirable epitaph: - - HIC JACET TORQUATUS TASSUS - -[Sidenote: Tasso's tomb.] - -Manso succeeded only with difficulty in having it carved; for the -monks, who religiously observed testamentary wishes, objected to any -inscription: and yet, without the _Hic jacet_ or the words, _Torquati -Tassi ossa_, Tasso's ashes would have been lost in the hermitage on the -Janiculum, as Poussin's have been at San Lorenzo in Lucina. - -Cardinal Cintio formed the plan of erecting a mausoleum to the singer -of the Holy Sepulchre; the plan was abortive. Cardinal Bevilacqua drew -up a pompous epitaph destined for the slab of another future mausoleum, -and the thing went no further. Two centuries later, the brother of -Napoleon thought about a monument at Sorrento: Joseph soon bartered -Tasso's cradle for the Cid's tomb. - -Lastly, in our own days, a grand funeral decoration has been begun in -honour of the Italian Homer, once poor and wandering like the Greek -Homer: will the work be completed? As for me, I prefer to any marble -tumulus the little stone in the chapel of which I spoke as follows in -the _Itinéraire_: - -"I looked[192] in a deserted church for the tomb of this last -painter[193], and I had some trouble in finding it: the same thing had -happened to me in Rome[194] with the tomb of Tasso. After all, the -ashes of a religious and unfortunate poet are not too ill-placed in a -hermitage. The singer of the _Gerusalemme_ seems to have taken refuge -in this unknown burying-place, as though to escape men's persecutions; -he fills the world with his fame and himself lies unrecognised under -the orange-tree[195] of Sant' Onofrio." - -The Italian committee entrusted with the necrolithic[196] labours asked -me to collect for them in France and to distribute the indulgences of -the Muses to every faithful donor of a few mites towards the poet's -monument. July 1830 came: my fortune and credit began to look like -the fate of Tasso's ashes. Those ashes seem to possess a virtue that -rejects any display of opulence, repels any lustre, shrinks from any -honours: little men want big tombs, big men little ones. - -The god who laughs at all my dreams, after hurling me from the -Janiculum with the old Conscript Fathers, has brought me back to Tasso -in another way. Here I am able to form a still better opinion of the -poet whose three daughters were born at Ferrara: Armida, Erminia and -Clorinda. - -Where is the House of Este to-day? Who thinks of the Obizzos[197], -the Nicholases[198], the Hercules[199]? Whose name lingers in those -palaces? Leonora's. What do we look for at Ferrara? Alphonsus' -dwelling-house? No; Tasso's prison. Whither do men go in procession -from century to century? To the sepulchre of the persecutor? No; to the -cell of the persecuted. - -Tasso, in these parts, obtains an even more memorable victory: he makes -us forget Ariosto; the stranger leaves the bones of the singer of -Orlando at the Museum and hastens in search of the cell of the singer -of Rinaldo at Sant' Anna. Seriousness befits the tomb: one abandons -the man who laughed for the man who cried. During life, happiness may -have its merit; after death, it loses its value: in the eyes of the -future, only unhappy existences are beautiful. To those martyrs of -intelligence, pitilessly immolated upon earth, their adversities are -reckoned to the increase of their glory; they sleep in the grave with -their immortal sufferings, like kings with their crowns. We vulgar -unfortunates are of too little account that our troubles should, among -posterity, become the ornament of our lives. Stripped though I be of -everything as I complete my course, my tomb will not be a temple, -but a cool place; Tasso's fate will not be mine; I shall deceive the -affectionate and harmonious predictions of friendship: - - Le Tasse, errant de ville en ville, - Un jour, accablé de ses maux, - S'assit près du laurier fertile - Oui, sur la tombe de Virgile, - Étend toujours ses verts rameaux, etc.[200] - -[Sidenote: A visit to Tasso's tomb.] - -I lost no time in carrying my homage to that son of the Muses, so -nobly consoled by his brothers: as a rich ambassador, I had subscribed -towards his mausoleum in Rome; as a poor pilgrim in exile's train, I -went to kneel in his prison at Ferrara. I know that fairly well-founded -doubts are raised as to the identity of the spots; but, like all true -believers, I set history at defiance: that crypt, whatever men may -say, is the very place in which the _pazzo per amore_ lived for seven -whole years; one had necessarily to pass through those cloisters; one -came to that gaol where the daylight stole in through the iron bars of -an air-hole, where the low-hanging vault that freezes your head drips -saltpetrous water on a damp soil that petrifies your feet. - -On the walls, outside the prison and all around the grating, one -reads the names of the worshippers of the god: the statue of Memnon, -quivering with harmony under the touch of dawn, was covered with the -declarations of the several witnesses of the prodigy. I did not daub my -_ex-voto_; I hid myself in the crowd, whose secret prayers must, by -reason of their very humility, be more acceptable to Heaven. - -The buildings in which Tasso's prison is enclosed to-day belong to -a hospital open to every infirmity; they have been placed under the -protection of the Saints: _Sancto Torquato sacrum._ At some distance -from the blest cell is a dilapidated yard; in the middle of that -yard, the porter cultivates a garden-plot surrounded by a hedge of -mallows: the pale-green palissade was loaded with large and beautiful -flowers. I gathered one of those roses, the colour of royal mourning, -that seemed to me to be growing at the foot of a Calvary. Genius is a -Christ: denied, persecuted, scourged, crowned with thorns, crucified by -men and for men, it dies leaving them the light and rises again to be -worshipped. - - -FERRARA, 18 _September_ 1833. - -I went out on the morning of the 18th and, on returning to the Three -Crowns, found the street blocked with people; the neighbours were -gaping at the windows. An escort of one hundred men of the Austrian and -Papal troops occupied the inn. The corps of officers of the garrison, -the magistrates of the town, the generals, the Pro-legate were awaiting -Madame, whose coming had been announced by a courier wearing the French -arms. The stair-case and drawing-rooms were decorated with flowers. -Never was finer reception arranged for an exile. - -When the carriages came in sight, the drums beat a salute, the music -of the regiments burst forth, the soldiers presented arms. Madame, in -the midst of the throng, was put to it to descend from her calash, when -it drew up in front of the hotel; I had hastened up; she recognised me -among the crowd. She held out her hand to me across the established -authorities and the beggars who flung themselves upon her, and said: - -"'My son is your King;' do help me to pass through." - -I did not find her very much changed, though she was thinner; she had -something of a sprightly, little girl. - -I walked in front of her; she gave her arm to M. de Lucchesi; Madame -de Podenas[201] followed her. We climbed the stairs and entered the -apartments between two rows of grenadiers, amid the clatter of arms, -the sound of trumpets, the cheers of the spectators. They took me for -the majordomo, they applied to me to be presented to the mother of -Henry V. My name was linked to those names in the minds of the crowd. - -[Illustration: The Duchesse of Berry.] - -[Sidenote: Arrival of Madame.] - -You must know that Madame was received with the same tokens of respect -from Palermo to Ferrara, notwithstanding the Notes of Louis-Philippe's -envoys. M. de Broglie had had the audacity to ask the Pope to send away -the outlaw; Cardinal Bernetti replied: - - "Rome has always been the asylum of fallen grandeurs. If the family - of Bonaparte, in its later days, found a refuge beside the Father - of the Faithful, with still greater reason must hospitality be - shown to the family of the Most Christian Kings." - -I am no great believer in this dispatch, but I was keenly struck by one -contrast: in France, the Government lavishes insults upon a woman of -whom it is afraid; in Italy, they remember only the name, the courage -and the misfortunes of Madame la Duchesse de Berry. - -I was obliged to accept my improvised role of First Lord of the -Bed-chamber. The Princess was very funny: she wore a gown of greyish -cloth, fitting close to her figure; on her head, a sort of little -widow's cap or the biggin of a child or naughty school-girl. She -ran here, there and everywhere, like a giddy goose; rushed about -heedlessly, in the midst of the curious throng, with an air of -assurance, just as she had sped through the woods of the Vendée. -She looked at no one, recognised no one; I was obliged to catch her -disrespectfully by her dress, or to bar her road, saying: - -"Madame, there is the Austrian Commandant, that officer. in white; -Madame, there is the commandant of the pontifical troops, that officer -in blue; Madame, there is the Pro-legate, that tall young priest in -black." - -She stopped, spoke a few words in Italian or French, not too -appropriate, but roundly, frankly, prettily, so that their very -unpleasantness was not displeasing. It was a sort of manner resembling -nothing that one had ever known before. It made me feel almost ill at -ease, and yet I had no anxiety as to the effect produced by the little -woman who had escaped from the flames and gaol. - -A comical piece of confusion followed. I must say one thing with -all modest reserve: the vain noise of my life grows in volume as -the real silence of that life increases. I am unable nowadays to -alight at an inn, either in France or abroad, without being at once -besieged. For old Italy, I am the defender of religion; for young -Italy, the defender of liberty; for the authorities I have the honour -of being _Sua Eccellenza_ GIA _Ambasciadore di Francia_ at Verona -and in Rome. Ladies, all doubtless of rare beauty, have lent the -language of Angelica and Aquilante il Nero to the Floridan Atala and -the Moor Aben-Hamet. I therefore see scholars arrive, old priests -with wide skull-caps, women, whom I thank for their translations and -their favours; next, _mendicanti_, too well-bred to believe that an -ex-ambassador is as poor a beggar as their lordships. - -Now, my admirers had hurried to the Hôtel des Trois-Couronnes, together -with the crowd attracted by Madame la Duchesse de Berry: they got me -up into a corner of a window and began to address me in an harangue -the end of which they went off to recite to Marie-Caroline. In their -mental confusion, the two troops sometimes mixed up the patron and the -patroness: I was greeted as "Your Royal Highness," and Madame told me -that she had been complimented on the _Génie du Christianisme_; we -exchanged our mutual fames. The Princess was charmed at having written -a work in four volumes, and I was proud to have been taken for the -daughter of kings. - -Suddenly, the Princess disappeared: she went off on foot, with Count -Lucchesi, to see Tasso's cell; she was a judge of prisons. The mother -of the banished orphan, of the child-heir of St. Louis, Marie-Caroline -leaving the Fortress of Blaye and seeking in the town of Renée of -France[202] only a poet's prison-cell is an unique thing in the history -of fortune and human glory. The venerables of Prague would have passed -through Ferrara a hundred times without taking such an idea into their -heads; but Madame de Berry is a Neapolitan and a country-woman of -Tasso, who said: - -"_Ho desiderio di Napoli, come l'anime ben disposte del paradiso._" - - -It was when I was in opposition and disgrace; the Ordinances were -secretly simmering at the Palace and still joyously lying at the bottom -of men's hearts. One day, the Duchesse de Berry saw an engraving -representing the singer of the _Gerusalemme_ at the bars of his cell: - -"I hope," she said, "that we shall soon see Chateaubriand like that." - -Words of prosperity, of which we must take no more notice than of a -rash word spoken in drunkenness. I was to join Madame in Tasso's very -dungeon, after suffering in the prisons of the police on her behalf. -What loftiness of sentiment it showed in the noble Princess, how great -a mark of esteem she gave me, when she applied to me in the hour of her -misfortune, after the desire that she had expressed! If her first wish -appraised my talents too highly, her confidence was less mistaken as to -my character. - - -FERRARA, 18 _September_ 1833. - -M. de Saint-Priest[203], Madame de Saint-Priest and M. A. Sala[204] -arrived. The latter had been an officer in the Royal Guards; he has -been substituted in my publishing arrangements for M. Delloye[205], a -major in the same guards. - -Two hours after Madame's arrival, I saw Mademoiselle Lebeschu[206], -my fellow-Breton; she hastened to tell me of the hopes that they were -good enough to place in me. Mademoiselle Lebeschu figures in the -_Carlo-Alberto_ trial. - -On returning from her poetic visit, the Duchesse de Berry sent for me: -I found her waiting for me with M. le Comte de Lucchesi and Madame de -Podenas. - -Count Lucchesi-Palli is tall and dark: Madame calls him a Tancred on -the distaff side. His manners towards the Princess his wife are a -master-piece of propriety: neither humble nor arrogant; a respectful -mixture of the authority of the husband and the submission of the -subject. - -Madame at once talked business with me; she thanked me for coming in -reply to her invitation; she told me that she was going to Prague, not -only to join her family, but to obtain her son's deed of majority: she -next declared that she was going to take me with her. - -This declaration, for which I was not prepared, struck me with -consternation: to return to Prague! I put forward the objections that -suggested themselves to my mind. - -If I went to Prague with Madame and she obtained her wish, the honours -of the victory would not belong wholly to the mother of Henry V., and -that would be a bad thing; if Charles X. persisted in refusing to grant -the deed of majority, I being present (and I was persuaded that he -would so persist), I should lose my credit. It seemed to me better, -therefore, that I should be kept as a sort of reserve force, in case -Madame should fail in her negociation. - -[Sidenote: Her Liveliness.] - -Her Royal Highness opposed these arguments: she maintained that -she would be able to put forth no strength in Prague, if I did not -accompany her; that I frightened her great relations; that she -consented to leave to me the glory of the victory and the honour of -linking my name with her son's accession. - -M. and Madame de Saint-Priest entered in the middle of this discussion -and laid great stress on the Princess's view of the matter. I persisted -in my refusal. Dinner was announced. - -Madame was very lively. She described to me, in the most amusing -fashion, her contests with General Bugeaud[207] at Blaye. Bugeaud used -to attack her on politics and lose his temper; Madame lost her temper -even more than he did his: they screamed like a pair of eagles and she -ended by turning him out of the room. Her Royal Highness kept back -certain details which she would perhaps have communicated to me if I -had remained with her. She gave Bugeaud no rest; she pulled him to -pieces finely: - -"You know," she said, "that I asked for you four times? Bugeaud passed -on my demands to d'Argout[208]. D'Argout sent back word to Bugeaud that -he was a fool, that he ought to have refused your admission at once -and on the face of it: he has such good taste, that M. d'Argout." - -Madame laid stress on the rhyme of those two words[209], with her -Italian accent. - -Meanwhile the rumour of my refusal had spread among our faithful -friends and was beginning to alarm them. Mademoiselle Lebeschu came, -after dinner, to read me a lecture in my room; M. de Saint-Priest, -an intelligent and sensible man, first sent M. Sala to me, and then -replaced him and urged me in his turn: "they had sent M. de La -Ferronnays on to Hradschin, in order to remove the first difficulties. -M. de Montbel had arrived; he had been told to go to Rome to obtain a -copy of the marriage-contract, which was drawn up in due and proper -form and which was in Cardinal Zurla's keeping[210]. - -"Supposing," continued M. de Saint-Priest, "that Charles X. should -refuse his consent to the deed of majority, would it not be well if -Madame were to obtain a declaration from her son? What should be the -nature of that declaration?" - -"A very short Note," I replied, "in which Henry would protest against -Philip's usurpation." - -M. de Saint-Priest conveyed my words to Madame. My resistance -continued to occupy the minds of the Princess's environment Madame de -Saint-Priest, with her nobility of sentiment, appeared to entertain -the keenest regret. Madame de Podenas had not lost the habit of that -serene smile which shows her beautiful teeth: her calm was the more -perceptible in the midst of our agitation. - -We were not unlike a strolling company of French actors playing at -Ferrara, by permission of the worshipful magistrates of the town, -in the _Fugitive Princess_ or the _Persecuted Mother._ The scene -represented, on the right, Tasso's prison; on the left, Ariosto's -house; at the back, the castle in which the feasts of Leonora and -Alphonsus took place. This royalty without a kingdom; those anxieties -of a Court contained in two wandering carriages and having the Hôtel -des Trois-Couronnes for its palace at night; those State councils held -in a room at an inn: all that completed the variety of the scenes of -my fortune. I put off my knight's helm in the wings and resumed my -straw hat; I travelled with the _de jure_ monarchy rolled up in my -portmanteau, while the _de facto_ monarchy flaunted its baubles at -the Tuileries. Voltaire calls upon all the royalties to spend their -carnival in Venice with Achmet III.[211]: Ivan[212] Emperor of All -the Russias, Charles Edward King of England, the two Kings of the -Polacks[213], Theodore[214] King of Corsica and four Serene Highnesses. - - "'Sire, Your Majesty's post-chaise is at Padua, and the bark is - ready.' - - "'Sire, Your Majesty may set off when you please.' - - "'Troth, Sire, they will trust Your Majesty no longer, nor myself - neither; and we may both of us chance to be sent to gaol this very - night.'" - -For myself, I will say with Candid[215]: - -"Gentlemen, how came you all to be kings? I must confess that neither -my friend Martin here nor myself have any such titles." - -It was eleven o'clock in the evening; I was hoping that I had won my -case and obtained my _exeat_ from Madame. I was very far out in my -reckoning! Madame does not so soon relinquish a wish; she had not -questioned me about France, because, preoccupied as she was with my -resistance to her plan, she was making that her business of the moment. -M. de Saint-Priest entered my room and brought me the rough draft of a -letter which Her Royal Highness proposed to write to Charles X.: - -[Sidenote: Her persistency.] - -"What!" I exclaimed, "Madame persists in her resolve? She wants me to -take that letter? But it would be impossible for me, even materially, -to cross Germany: my passport is only for Switzerland and Italy!" - -"You will accompany us as far as the Austrian frontier," replied M. de -Saint-Priest; "Madame will take you in her carriage; after crossing -the frontier, you will return to your calash and you will arrive -thirty-six hours before us." - -I hastened to the Princess; I renewed my insistence; the mother of -Henry V. said to me: - -"Do not desert me." - -This word put an end to the struggle; I yielded; Madame appeared -over-joyed[216]. Poor woman, she had wept so much! How could I have -held out against courage, adversity, fallen grandeur reduced to hide -themselves beneath my "protection!" Another Princess, Madame la -Dauphine, also had thanked me for my useless services: Carlsbad and -Ferrara were two places of banishment, under different suns, where I -had gathered the noblest honours of my life. - -Madame set out pretty early in the morning, on the 19th, for Padua, -where she arranged to meet me; she was to stop at the Catajo, at the -Duke of Modena's. I had a hundred things to see at Ferrara: palaces, -pictures, manuscripts; I had to be content with Tasso's prison. I -started a few hours after Her Royal Highness. I arrived at Padua at -night. I sent Hyacinthe to Venice to fetch my luggage, as scanty as a -German student's, and I went to bed sadly at the Golden Star, which has -never been mine. - - -PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833. - -On Friday 20 September, I spent a part of the morning in writing to -tell my friends of my change of destination. The persons of Madame's -suite arrived in succession. - -Having nothing left to do, I went out with a _cicerone._ We visited the -two churches of Santa Giustina and San Antonio di Padova. The first, -the work of Jerome of Brescia, is most majestic: from below, in the -nave, you do not see a single one of the windows, which are pierced -very high above, so that the church is lighted without your knowing -whence the light comes. This church contains many good pictures by Paul -Veronese, Liberi[217], Palma[218] and others. - -[Sidenote: Padua.] - -San Antonio di Padova, known as _Il Santo_, presents a Grecianized -Gothic monument, a style peculiar to the old churches of Venetia. The -Cappella del Santo is by Giacomo Sansovino[219] and Francesco[220] his -son: one perceives it at once; the ornaments and the form are in the -same manner as the _loggetta_ in the steeple of St. Mark. - -A _signora_, in a green gown and a straw hat covered with a veil, was -praying before the Cappella del Santo; a servant in livery was also -praying, behind her: I presumed that she was offering up her prayers -for the relief of some moral or physical ailment; I was not mistaken. I -saw her again in the street: she was a woman of about forty, pale and -thin, walking stiffly and with a look of suffering; I had guessed her -love or her paralysis. She had left the church with hope: during the -space of time while she was sending up her fervent orisons to Heaven, -did she not forget her pain, was she not really cured? - -Il Santo abounds in mausoleums, among which Bembo's is famous. In the -cloisters stands the tomb of young d'Orbesan, who died in 1595: - -Gallus eram, putavi, morior, opes una parentum! - -D'Orbesan's French epitaph ends with a line which a great poet would -like to have written: - - Car il n'est si beau jour qui n'amène sa nuit[221]. - -Charles Gui Patin[222] is buried in the cathedral: his wag of a -father[223] was no longer there to save him, he who had "treated a -gentleman of seven years old, who was bled thirteen times and cured in -a fortnight, as though by a miracle." - -The ancients excelled in funeral inscriptions: - - "Here lies Epictetus[224]," said his monumental pillar, "who was a - slave, disfigured, poor as Irus, yet a favourite of the gods." - -Camoens, among the moderns, composed the most magnificent of epitaphs, -that of John III. of Portugal[225]: - - "Who lies in this great sepulchre? What is he whom the illustrious - arms on this massive scutcheon indicate? Nothing! For that is what - all things come to.... May the earth lie as light on him now as he, - formerly, lay heavy on the Moor." - -My Paduan _cicerone_ was a chatterbox, very different from my Antonio -of Venice: he spoke to me at every turn of "that great tyrant -Angelo[226];" in the streets, he told me the name of every shop and -every café; at Il Santo, he would absolutely show me the well-preserved -tongue of the preacher of the Adriatic[227]. Might not the tradition -of those sermons come from the songs which, in the middle-ages, the -fishermen, following the example of the Ancient Greeks, used to sing to -the fishes to charm them? A few of these pelagic ballads still remain -to us, in Anglo-Saxon. - -Of Livy, no news; were he alive, I would gladly, like the inhabitant -of Gades, make the journey to Rome expressly to see him; I would -gladly, like Panormita[228], have sold my field to buy a few fragments -of the History of Rome, or, like Henry IV., promised a province for a -"Decade[229]." A mercer of Saumur did not go so far: having purchased a -manuscript of Livy's, by way of old papers, from the apothecary of the -convent of the Abbey of Fontevrault, he used it quite simply to make -drums for battledores. - -[Sidenote: Pellico's "Zanze."] - -When I returned to the Stella d'Oro, Hyacinthe was back from Venice. -I had charged him to call on Zanze to make my excuses for having gone -away without seeing her. He found the mother and daughter in a great -state of anger; she had just been reading _Mie Prigioni._ The mother -said that Silvio was a "villain:" he had allowed himself to write -that Brollo had pulled him, Pellico, by his leg when he, Pellico, had -climbed up on a table. The daughter exclaimed: - -"Pellico is a slanderer, and an ungrateful one to boot. After the -services which I have done him, he now tries to dishonour me." - -She threatened to have the work seized and to sue the author in the -law-courts; she had begun to write a refutation of the book: Zanze is -not only an artist, but a woman of letters. - -Hyacinthe asked her to give me the unfinished refutation; she hesitated -and then handed him the manuscript: she was pale and tired from her -labours. The old gaoler's wife still claimed to sell her daughter's -embroidery and mosaic work. If ever I go back to Venice, I will -discharge my debt better to Madame Brollo than I did to Abou Gosch, the -chief of the Arabs in the mountains of Jerusalem: I had promised him a -bale of rice from Damietta and I never sent it. - -Here is Zanze's commentary: - - "La Veneziana maravigliandosi che contro di essa vi sieno - persona che abbia avutto ardire di scrivere pezze di un romanzo - formatto ed empitto di impie falsità, si lagna fortemente contro - l'auttore mentre potteva servirsi di altra persona onde dar sfogo - al suo talento, ma non prendersi spasso di una giovine onesta di - educazione e religione, e questa stimatta ed amatta e conosciutta a - fondo da tutti. - - "Comme Silvio può dire che nella età ma di 13 anni (che talli - erano, alorguando lui dice di avermi conosciuta), comme può - dire che io fossi giornarieramente statta a visitarlo nella sua - abitazione? se io giuro di essere statta se non pochissime volte, - e sempre accompagnata o dal padre, o madre, o fratello? Comme può - egli dire che io le abba confidatto un amore, che io era sempre - alle mie scuolle, e che appena cominciavo a conoscere, anzi non - ancor poteva ne conosceva mondo, ma solo dedicatta alli doveri - di religione, a quelli di doverosa figlia, e sempre occupatta a - miei lavori, che questi erano il mio sollo piacere? Io giuro che - non ho mai parlatto con lui, ne di amore, ne di altra qualsiasi - cosa. Sollo se qualche volte io lo vedeva, lo quardava con ochio - di pietà, poichè il mio cuore era per ogni mio simille, pieno di - compazione; anzi io odiava il luogo che per sola combinazione mio - padre si ritrovava: perchè altro impiego lo aveva sempre occupatto; - ma dopo essere stato un bravo soldato, avendo bene servito la - repubblica e poi il suo sovrano, fù statto ammesso contro sua - volontà, non che di quella di sua famiglia, in quell' impiego. - Falsissimo è che io abbia mai preso una mano del sopradetto - Silvio, ne comme padre, ne comme frattello; prima, perchè abenchè - giovinetta e priva di esperienza, avevo abastanza avutta educazione - onde conoscere il mio dovere. Comme può egli dire di esser statto - de me abbraciatto, che io no avrei fatto questo con un fratello - nemeno; talli erano li scrupoli che aveva il mio cuore, stante - l'educazione avutta nelli conventi, ove il mio padre mi aveva - sempre mantenuta. - - "Bensi vero sarà che lui a fondo mi conoscha più di quello che io - possa conoscer lui, mentre mi sentiva giornarieramente in compagnia - di miei fratelli, in una stanza a lui vicina; che questa era il - luogo ove dormiva e studiava li miei sopradetti fratelli, e comme - mi era lecitto di stare con loro? comme può egli dire che io - ciarlassi con lui degli affari di mia famiglia, che sfogava il mio - cuore contro il riguore di mia madre e benevolenza del padre, che - io non aveva motivo alcuno di lagnarmi di essa, ma fù da me sempre - ammatta? - - "E comme può egli dire di avermi sgridatta avendogli portato un - cativo caffè? Che io non so se alcuna persona posia dire di aver - avutto ardire di sgridarmi: anzi di avermi per solla sua bontà - tutti stimata. - - [Sidenote: Zanze's manuscript.] - - "Mi formo mille maraviglie che un uomo di spirito e di tallenti - abbia ardire di vantarsi di simile cose ingiuste contro una giovine - onesta, onde farle perdere quella stima que tutti proffessa per - essa, non che l'amore di un rispetoso consorte, la sua pace e - tranquilità in mezzo il bracio di sua famiglia e figlia. - - "Io mi trovo oltremodo sdegnatta contro questo auttore, per avermi - esposta in questo modo in un publico libro, di più di tanta - prendersi spaso del nominare ogni momento il mio nome. - - "Ha pure avutto riguardo nel mettere il nome di Tremerello in - cambio di quello di Mandricardo; che tale era il nome del servo che - cosi bene le portava ambaciatte. E questo io potrei farle certo, - perchè sapeva quanto infedelle lui era ad interessato: che pur per - mangiare e bevere avrebe sacrificatto qualunque persona; lui era - un perfido contro tutti coloro che per sua disgrazia capitavano - poverie e non poteva mangiarlo quanto voleva; trattava questi - infelici pegio di bestie. Ma quando io vedeva, lo sgridava e lo - diceva a mio padre, non potendo il mio cuore vedere simili tratti - verso il suo simile. Lui ero buono sollamente con chi le donava - una buona mancia a bene le dava a mangiare: il ciclo le perdoni! - Ma avrà da render conto delle suo cattive opere verso suoi simili, - e per l'odio cho a me professava e per le coressioni che io le - faceva. Per tale cativo sogetto Silvio a avutto riguardo, e per - me che non meritava di essere esposta, non ha avutto il minimo - riguarde. - - "Ma io ben saprò ricorere, ove mi verane fatta una vera giustizia, - mentre non intendo ne voglio esser, ne per bene ne malle, nominatta - in publico. - - "Io sono felice in braccio a un marito che tanto mi amo, e eh' - è veramente e virtuosamente coriposto, ben cognoscendo il mio - sentimento, non che vedendo il mio operare: e dovrò a cagione di un - uomo che si è presso un punto sopra di me, onde dar forza alli suoi - mal fondati scritti, essendo questi posti in falso! - - "Silvio perdonerà il mio furore; ma doveva lui bene aspetarselo - quando al chiaro is era dal suo operatto. - - "Questa è la ricompensa di quanto ha fatto la mia famiglia, - avendolo trattato con quella umanità, che merita ogni creatura - cadutta in talli disgrazie, e non trattata come era li ordini! - - "Io intanto faccio qualunque giuramento, che tutto quello che fù - detto a mio riguardo, dà falso. Forse Silvio sarà statto malie - informato di me; ma non può egli dire con verità talli cose non - essendo vere, ma sollo per avere un più forte motivo onde fondare - il suo romanzo. - - "Vorei dire di più; ma le occupazioni di mia famiglia non mi - permette di perdere di più tempo. Sollo ringraziarò intanto il - Signor Silvio col suo operare e di avermi senza colpa veruna posto - in seno una continua inquietudine e forse una perpetua infelicità." - -TRANSLATION - - "The Venetian girl is astonished that some one should have had - the courage to write against her two scenes of a novel built up - and filled with impious falsehoods. She complains bitterly of the - author, who might have made use of another person to give scope - to his talent and not made a plaything of an honest young woman - of education and religion, known to all and universally loved and - esteemed. - - "How can Silvio say that, at my age of 13 years (which was my - age at the time when he says that he knew me), how can he say - that I used to go daily to see him in his abode, when I swear - that I went there only a very few times and always accompanied - by my father, mother, or brother? How can he say that I confided - a love to him, when I was always at my classes, and when I had - hardly begun to know anything, and could know nothing of love or - the world, being devoted only to the duties of religion, to those - of a dutiful daughter, and occupied with my studies, which were - my only pleasures? I swear that I never spoke to him of love, - nor of anything else whatsoever. Only, if sometimes I saw him, I - looked upon him with eyes of pity, because my heart was full of - compassion for my fellow-creatures, and I hated the place in which - my father by ill-chance found himself: he had always occupied - another position; but, after being a brave soldier and well serving - the Republic and, afterwards, his Sovereign, he was given this - employment against his will and that of his family. - - "It is most false (_falsissimo_) to say that I ever took the hand - of the aforesaid Silvio, either as a father's or a brother's; - first, because, although very young and without experience, I - had had enough education to know my duties. How can he say that - I kissed him, I who would not have done that even to a brother: - so great were the scruples imprinted in my heart by the education - which I had received in the convents, where my father had always - kept me? - - [Sidenote: The manuscript translated.] - - "Truly he must have known me more thoroughly than I could know him! - I remained daily in the company of my brothers in a room next to - his own, which was the place where my aforesaid brothers slept and - studied: now, since I was free to remain with them, how can he say - that I talked to him of the affairs of my family, that I relieved - my heart about my mother's severity and my father's kindness, when - I had no motive whatever to complain of the former, but always - loved her? - - "And how can he say that he shouted at me for bringing him bad - coffee? I know of no one who can say that he dared to shout at me, - all having shown their esteem for me by their kindness alone. - - "It is a thousand wonders to me that a man of spirit and talent - should have dared unjustly to boast of such things against an - honest girl, which might make her lose the esteem which all profess - for her, not to say the love of a respectable husband and her peace - and tranquillity in the arms of her family and her daughter. - - "I am immeasurably indignant with this author for exposing me in - this way in a public book and for taking so great a liberty as to - mention my name every moment. - - "And yet he took care to put the name of Tremerello in place of - that of Mandricardo, which is the name of him who so well carried - his messages. And this one I could have made known to him for - certain, because I knew how unfaithful he was to him and how much - interested: for the sake of eating and drinking, he would have - sacrificed any-body; he was perfidious towards all those who, - to their misfortune, came to him poor and were unable to make - him eat as much as he liked: he treated those unfortunates worse - than beasts. But, when I saw him, I reproached him and told my - father, my heart not being able to endure such treatment of my - fellow-creatures. He was good only to those who gave him _una - buona mancia_[230] and gave him plenty to eat: Heaven forgive - him! But he will have to account for his evil actions towards his - fellow-creatures and for the hatred which he bore me because of the - remonstrances which I made him. For so wicked a man Silvio showed - a regard, and for me, who did not deserve to be exposed, he did - not show the slightest regard. - - "But I shall surely know where to go to find real justice, for I - will not, nor do I intend to be mentioned in public. - - "I am happy in the arms of a husband who loves me so well and who - is truly and virtuously repaid, well-knowing not only my conduct - but my sentiments: and then, because of a man who thinks fit to - exploit me in the interest of his ill-founded writings, which are - full of falsehoods...! - - "Silvio will forgive my anger: but he must surely have expected it - when I came clearly to realize his conduct towards me. - - "This is the reward for all that my family has done, having treated - him with the humanity which every creature deserves that has fallen - into such misfortune, and not having treated him according to - orders. - - "I however take oath that all that has been said in respect of me - is false. Perhaps Silvio was misinformed about me; but he cannot - say such things, which are untrue, in order to tell the truth, but - only to have a stronger motive on which to base his novel. - - "I should like to say more; but the occupations of my family do - not permit me to waste more time. Only I thank Signor Silvio for - his work and for having punished me, who am innocent of guilt, by - filling my breast with constant disquiet and perhaps with perpetual - unhappiness." - -This literal translation is far from rendering the feminine animation, -the foreign grace, the spirited simplicity of the text; the dialect -which Zanze employs exhales a raciness of the soil which it is -impossible to transfuse into another language. The _apologia_, with its -incorrect, nebulous, unfinished phrases, like the vague extremities of -a group by Albani[231]; the manuscript, with its defective or Venetian -spelling, is like a Greek woman's monument, but of those women of the -time when the Bishops of Thessaly[232] sang the loves of Theagenes and -Chariclea. I prefer the two pages of the little gaoler's daughter to -all the dialogues of the great Isotta[233], although she pleaded for -Eve against Adam as Zanze pleads for herself against Pellico. My fair -Provençal country-women of other days still more recall the daughter of -Venice by the idiom of those intermediary generations, among which the -language of the vanquished is not yet entirely dead and the language of -the victor not yet entirely formed. - -[Sidenote: Zanze _v._ Pellico.] - -Which is in the right: Pellico or Zanze? What is the matter in dispute? -A simple confidence, a doubtful kiss, which, in effect, was perhaps not -meant for him who received it. The angry bride refuses to recognise -herself in the delicious growing child pictured by the captive; but she -contests the fact with so much charm that she proves it while denying -it. The portrait of Zanze in the plaintiffs memorial is so like that -we find it again in the defendant's rejoinder: the same sentiment of -religion and humanity, the same reserve, the same note of mystery, the -same soft and tender unconstraint. - -Zanze is full of power when she avers, with passionate candour, that -she would not have dared to kiss her own brother, much less M. Pellico. -Zanze's filial piety is extremely touching, when it transforms Brollo -into an old soldier of the Republic, reduced to the gaoler's state _per -sola combinazione._ - -Zanze is quite admirable when she makes this observation: Pellico -concealed the name of an unprincipled man and was not afraid to reveal -that of an innocent creature who showed compassion for the sufferings -of the prisoners. - -Zanze is not enticed by the idea of being immortal in an immortal work; -that idea does not even occur to her mind: she is struck only by a -man's indiscretion; that man, if we are to believe the person offended, -sacrifices a woman's reputation to the sports of his talent without -giving a care to the harm that he may cause, thinking only of writing -a novel to benefit his reputation. A visible dread governs Zanze: will -not a prisoner's revelations rouse a husband's jealousy? - -The outburst that ends the _apologia_ is pathetic and eloquent: - - "I thank Signor Silvio for his work and for having punished me, who - am innocent of guilt, by filling my breast with constant disquiet - and perhaps with perpetual unhappiness: _una continua inquietudine - e forse una perpetua infelicità._" - -On these last lines, written with a tired hand, the trace of a few -tears is visible. I, no party to the trial, wish to lose nothing. I -therefore hold that the Zanze of _Mie Prigioni_ is the Zanze according -to the Muses and that the Zanze of the _apologia_ is the Zanze -according to history. I wipe out the little defect of figure which -I thought that I had seen in the daughter of the old soldier of the -Republic; I was mistaken: the Angelica of Silvio's prison is shaped -like the stem of a rush, like the trunk of a palm-tree. I declare -to her that no person in my Memoirs pleases me so much as she, not -excepting my sylph. Between Pellico and Zanze herself, with the aid of -the manuscript of which I am the depositary, it will be a great wonder -if the _Veneziana_ does not go down to posterity! Yes, Zanze, you will -take your place among the shades of women that spring up around the -poet, when he dreams to the sound of his lyre. Those delicate shades, -orphans of an expired harmony and a vanished dream, remain alive -between earth and Heaven and inhabit at one time their two-fold country: - -"Fair Paradise would not have its complete charms, if thou wert not -there," said a troubadour to his mistress absent through death. - - -PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833. - -History has again come to strangle romance. I had hardly finished -reading Zanze's defense at the Stella d'Oro, when M. de Saint-Priest -entered my room, saying: - -"Here's something new." - -A letter from Her Royal Highness informed us that the Governor of the -Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom had presented himself at the Catajo and -announced to the Princess his inability to allow her to continue her -journey. Madame desired my immediate departure. - -At that moment, an aide-de-camp of the Governor's knocked at my door -and asked me if it was convenient for me to receive his general. I -replied by at once repairing to the apartments of His Excellency, who -had alighted, like myself, at the Stella d'Oro. - -[Sidenote: The Austrian Governor.] - -The Governor was an excellent man: - -"Imagine, monsieur le vicomte," he said, "that my orders against Madame -la Duchesse de Berry were dated 28 August. Her Royal Highness had -sent word to me that she had passports of a later date and a letter -from my Emperor[234]. And see, on the 17th of this month of September, -I receive an express in the middle of the night: a dispatch, dated -the 15th, from Vienna, charges me to carry out my first orders of the -28th of August and not to allow Madame la Duchesse de Berry to advance -beyond Udine or Trieste. See, my dear and illustrious viscount, what -a misfortune for me! To arrest a Princess whom I admire and respect, -if she refuses to comply with my Sovereign's wishes! For the Princess -did not give me a good reception: she told me that she would do what -she pleased. My dear viscount, if you could only prevail on Her Royal -Highness to remain in Venice, or at Trieste, pending new instructions -from my Court! I will endorse your passport for Prague; you can go -there at once, without meeting with the slightest obstacle, and arrange -all this; for certainly my Court has done nothing but yield to demands. -I beg of you to do me this service." - -I was touched by the noble officer's candour. On comparing the date -of the 15th of September with that of my departure from Paris, on the -3rd of the same month, I was struck with an idea: my interview with -Madame and the coincidence of Henry V.'s majority might have alarmed -Philip's Government. A dispatch from M. le Duc de Broglie, handed in a -note from M. le Comte de Sainte-Aulaire[235], had perhaps decided the -Vienna chancery to renew the prohibition of the 28th of August. I may -be making a false conjecture and the fact which I suspect may not have -taken place; but two "men of quality," both peers of France of Louis -XVIII.'s creation, both violators of their oaths, were, after all, -quite worthy of being the instruments of so generous a policy against a -woman, the mother of their lawful King. Need we be astonished if France -to-day is more and more confirmed in the high opinion that she has of -the people of the Court of former times? - -I was careful not to betray the depth of my thoughts. This persecution -had altered my frame of mind on the subject of the journey to Prague; I -was as desirous now of taking it alone in the interests of my Sovereign -as I had been opposed to doing so with her when the roads were open to -her. I dissimulated my real feelings and, wishing to keep the Governor -to his good intentions of giving me a passport, I increased his loyal -anxiety; I replied: - -"Monsieur le gouverneur, you are suggesting a difficult thing to me. -You know Madame la Duchesse de Berry; she is not a woman to be led as -one pleases: if she has made up her mind, nothing will make her change -it. Who knows? Perhaps it suits her to be arrested by the Emperor of -Austria, her uncle[236], even as she was put in gaol by Louis-Philippe, -her uncle! The legitimate kings and the illegitimate kings will be -acting alike; Louis-Philippe will have dethroned the son of Henry IV., -Francis II. will prevent the meeting of mother and son; M. le Prince de -Metternich will relieve M. le Général Bugeaud at his post: that will be -perfect!" - -The Governor was beside himself: - -"Ah, viscount, how right you are! That propaganda, why, it's -everywhere! That youth no longer pays any attention to us! Not even so -much in the Venetian States as in Lombardy and Piedmont!" - -"And the Papal States!" I exclaimed. "And Naples! And Sicily! And the -banks of the Rhine! And the whole world!" - -"Ah, ah, ah!" cried the Governor. "We can't remain like this, always -sword in hand, with an army under arms, without fighting. France -and England an example to our peoples! A Young Italy now, after the -_Carbonari!_ Young Italy! Who ever heard of such a thing?" - -"Monsieur," I said, "I will make every effort to persuade Madame to -give you a few days; you must be so good as to grant me a passport: -that concession alone can prevent Her Royal Highness from following her -first resolve." - -[Sidenote: The Deputy of Padua.] - -"I will take it upon myself," said the reassured Governor, "to allow -Madame to pass through Venice on her way to Trieste; if she loiters a -little along the roads, she will reach the latter town at just the same -time as the orders which you are going to fetch, and we shall be saved. -The Deputy of Padua will give you your _visa_ for Prague, in exchange -for which you will leave a letter declaring Her Royal Highness' resolve -not to go beyond Trieste. What a time! What a time! I congratulate -myself upon being an old man, my dear and illustrious viscount, so -that I cannot see what is going to happen." - -While insisting on the passport, I inwardly reproached myself for -perhaps somewhat abusing the Governor's perfect straightforwardness; -for he might be held more guilty for allowing me to go to Bohemia -than he would have been had he yielded to the Duchesse de Berry. My -sole dread was lest some sly-boots of the Italian Police should put -obstacles in the way of the _visa._ When the Deputy of Padua came -to me, I found that he had a secretarial mien, a clerkly bearing, a -prefect's air, like a man brought up in the French civil service. -This bureaucratic capacity made me tremble. As soon as he had assured -me that he had been a commissary in the Army of the Allies in the -Department of the Bouches-du-Rhône, my hope revived: I attacked my -enemy by taking straight aim at his self-respect I declared that the -discipline of the troops stationed in Provence had been remarked upon. -I knew nothing about it, but the Deputy, replying with an overflow of -admiration, hastened to finish my business: I had no sooner obtained my -_visa_ than I ceased to care. - - -PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833. - -The Duchesse de Berry returned from the Catajo at nine o'clock in the -evening: she appeared very much excited; as for me, the more peaceful I -had been before, the more eager I now was for the fray: we were being -attacked, we must needs defend ourselves. I proposed to H.R.H., half in -jest, to take her in disguise to Prague and, between the "two of us," -carry off Henry V. It was a question only of knowing where we should -deposit our plunder. Italy would not do, because of the weakness of her -Princes; the great absolute monarchies must be discarded for a thousand -reasons. There remained Holland and England: I preferred the former -because she had not only a constitutional government, but a clever King. - -We postponed these extreme measures; we decided on the most reasonable, -which laid the burden of the affair on my shoulders. I was to set out -alone with a letter from Madame: I was to ask for the declaration of -majority; on receiving the reply of the great kinsmen, I was to send -a messenger to H.R.H., who would await my dispatch at Trieste. Madame -added to her letter for the old King a note for Henry: I was to give it -to the young Prince only according to circumstances. The superscription -of the note was by itself a protest against the mental reservations of -Prague. Here are the letter and the note: - - "FERRARA, 19 _September_ 1833. - - "MY DEAR FATHER, - - "At a moment so decisive as the present for Henry's future, allow - me to address you with all confidence. I have not relied upon my - own judgment in so important a matter; I wished, on the contrary, - in this grave circumstance, to consult the men who had shown me the - most attachment and devotion. M. de Chateaubriand was naturally at - the head of these. - - "He has confirmed what I had already heard, namely, that all the - Royalists in France look upon a deed setting forth Henry's rights - and majority as indispensable for the 29th of September. If loyal - M. ---- is with you at present, I draw for his evidence, which I - know to agree with what I am stating. - - "M. de Chateaubriand will lay before the King his ideas on the - subject of this deed. He says rightly, so it seems to me, that - it should simply declare Henry's majority and not put forward a - manifesto: I think that you will approve of this view. In short, - my dear Father, I leave it to him to draw your attention and bring - about a decision on this essential point. I am much more occupied - with it, I assure you, than with what concerns myself, and my - Henry's interest, which is that of France, goes before my own. I - have proved to him, I think, that I was able to expose myself to - dangers for his sake and that I drew back before no sacrifice; he - will find me always the same. - - "M. de Montbel handed me your letter on his arrival; I read it with - lively gratitude: to see you again, to set eyes once more on my - children will always be my fondest prayer. M. de Montbel will have - written to you that I had done all that you asked; I hope that you - have been satisfied with my eagerness to please you and to prove to - you my respect and my love. I now have only one longing, to be in - Prague for the 29th of September, and, although my health is very - much impaired, I hope to arrive. In any case, M. de Chateaubriand - will go before me. I beg the King to receive him with kindness and - to hear all that he will say to him from me. - - "Believe, my dear Father, in all the sentiments, etc. - - "_P.S._ PADUA, 20 _September. _ My letter was written, when I was - shown the order not to continue my journey: my surprise equals - my sorrow. I cannot believe that an order of this kind can have - emanated from the heart of the King; only my enemies can have - dictated it. What will France say? And how Philip will triumph! I - can but hasten the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's departure and charge - him to tell the King that which it would be too painful for me to - write to him at this moment." - - - (_Addressed_) "TO HIS MAJESTY HENRY V., MY DEAREST SON, PRAGUE - - "PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833. - - "I was about to arrive in Prague and embrace you, my dear Henry, - when an unexpected obstacle stopped me on the road. - - "I am sending M. de Chateaubriand in my place to discuss your - business and mine. Have confidence, dear, in what he will tell you - from me and be sure to believe in my fond affection. - - "I embrace you and your sister and I am - - "Your affectionate mother and friend, - - "CAROLINE." - -[Sidenote: The Comte of Montbel.] - -M. de Montbel fell from Rome upon Padua in the midst of our pother. The -little Court of Padua was cool with him; it blamed M. de Blacas for the -orders from Vienna M. de Montbel, a very moderate man, had no other -resource than to seek refuge with me, although he feared me; when I saw -that colleague of M. de Polignac's, I explained to myself how he had -written the History of the Duc de Reichstadt and admired the Archdukes, -all, without his perceiving it, at sixty leagues from Prague, the Duc -de Bordeaux's place of exile; if he, M. de Montbel[237], was suited to -throw the Monarchy of St. Louis and the monarchies of this base world -out of window, it was a little accident of which he had not thought. -I behaved graciously to the Comte de Montbel; I talked to him of the -Coliseum. He was returning to Vienna to place himself at the disposal -of the Prince de Metternich and to serve as an intermediary for the -correspondence of M. de Blacas. - -At eleven o'clock, I wrote the Governor the letter agreed upon; I -respected Madame's dignity, made no engagements on her behalf and -reserved her power of action: - - "PADUA, 20 _September_ 1833. - - "MONSIEUR LE GOUVERNEUR, - - "H.R.H. Madame la Duchesse de Berry is quite _willing, for the - moment_, to comply with the orders that have been sent you. Her - intention is to go to Venice and thence to Trieste; there she will - act on the information which I shall have the honour to address to - her and will take a final resolve. - - "Pray accept my sincerest thanks and the assurance of the high - regard with which I am, - - "Monsieur le gouverneur, - - "Your most humble and most obedient servant, - - "CHATEAUBRIAND." - -The Deputy, when he read this letter, was very much pleased with it. -Once Madame had left Venetian Lombardy, he and the Governor ceased to -be responsible; the Duchesse de Berry's doings at Trieste concerned -only the authorities of Istria or Friuli; each vied with the other to -rid himself of misfortune, as, in a certain game, every player hastens -to pass a little piece of paper on to his neighbour. - -At ten o'clock, I took leave of the Princess. She placed her fate and -that of her son in my hands. She made me King of France after her -fashion. In a Belgian village, I once received four votes to raise me -to the throne occupied by Philip's son-in-law[238]. I said to Madame: - -"I submit to Your Royal Highness' wishes, but I fear that I shall -deceive your hopes. I shall do no good in Prague." - -She pushed me towards the door: - -"Go, go, you can do everything." - -I stepped into my carriage at eleven o'clock: it was a rainy night. It -seemed to me as though I were going back to Venice, for I followed the -Mestre Road: I felt more inclined to see Zanze again than Charles X. - - - -[145] This book was written at Ferrara, between 16 and 18 September -1833, and at Padua, on the 20th of September.--T. - -[146] Marco Polo (1254-1324) joined his father, Niccolo Polo, and his -uncle, Maffeo Polo, at Acre, in 1269. They set out for China in 1271 -and, after a protracted stay, left for home, in 1292, and reached -Venice in 1295.--T. - -[147] _Vide_ Zanze's manuscript, _infra._--T. - -[148] Abbé Nicolas Lenglet-Dufresnoy (1674-1755), a man of very great -learning but no critical taste. He was several times sent to the -Bastille, under Louis XV., for the boldness of his writings, and died, -at last, of an accident, having fallen into the fire before which he -was reading. His chief works are _De l'usage des romans, avec une -bibliothèque des romans_ (1734), his _Histoire justifiée contre les -romans_ (1735), un _Histoire de la philosophie hermétique_ (1742) and a -_Traité sur des apparitions_ (1751). His _Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc_ was -published in 1753, two years before his death.--T. - -[149] A character in Bojardo's _Orlando Innamorato_ and Ariosto's -_Orlando Furioso_, and daughter of Galaphron King of Cathay (Catajo, -not Marco Polo's Cathay, as the Abbé Lenglet seems to have thought).--T. - -[150] Francis IV. Duke of Modena (1799-1847) was the grandson of the -Empress Maria Theresa and nephew of Marie-Antoinette. The Congress of -Vienna, in 1815, reinstated him in his Duchy, of which his grandfather, -Hercules III., had been dispossessed by the French in 1797. He married -Mary Beatrice, daughter of King Victor Emanuel I. of Sardinia and -Heiress in Line of the Stuarts, who is known to Legitimists as Mary -III. Queen of England (_Cf._ Vol. IV., p. 251, n. 1). Francis IV. -was almost the only European potentate who refused to recognise the -sovereignty of Louis-Philippe. On the 14th of November 1846, his -daughter, Maria Theresa, married the Comte de Chambord (King Henry V. -of France).--T. - -[151] Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), author of the _Principe_ and -other works of state-craft.--T. - -[152] _Cf._ BYRON: _Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, Canto IV., Stanzas -XXX-XXXIV.--T. - -[153] Titus Livius (59 B.C.--17 A.C.), the historian, was born at -Padua,--T. - -[154] Publius Virgilius Maro (70 B.C.--19 B.C.) was born at Urbino.--T. - -[155] Caius Valerius Catullus (_circa_ 87 B.C.--_circa_ 54 B.C.) was -born at Verona.--T. - -[156] Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533) was born at Reggio di Modena.--T. - -[157] Giovanni Battista Guarini (1 537-1612), the noted diplomatist and -poet, author of the _Pastor fido_, was born at Ferrara.--T. - -[158] Tito Vespasiano Strozzi (1422-1501) and his son, Ercole Strozzi -(1471-1508), the Latin poets, were both born at Ferrara.--T. - -[159] Ercole Bentivoglio (_circa_ 1512-1573), the poet and diplomatist, -was born at Bologna; Guido Cardinal Bentivoglio (1579-1644), Nuncio -to Flanders (1607) and France (1617) and author of _Della Guerra di -Flandra_ (1633-1639), Letters (1631) and Memoirs (1648), was born at -Ferrara, as was Cornelio Cardinal Bentivoglio, Archbishop of Carthage -(1668-1732), Nuncio to France and the author of some sonnets and a -translation of Statius' _Thebais._--T. - -[160] Pietro Cardinal Bembo (1470-1547), born in Venice, created a -cardinal in 1539 and Keeper of the Library of St. Mark. He was the -author of poems, letters, a History of Venice in Latin, and the -_Asolani_, a series of dialogues on the nature of love.--T. - -[161] Daniello Bartoli (1608-1685), born at Ferrara, Rector of the -College of Jesuits in Rome, and author of an important _Istoria della -Compagnia di Gesù_ (1653-1675) and various physical treatises.--T. - -[162] Matteo Maria Bojardo, Conte di Scandiano (_circa_ 1434-1494), -born at Reggio di Modena, author of _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495), of -which Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ is the continuation.--T. - -[163] Ippolyto Pindemonte (1753-1828), the poet, and Giovanni -Pindemonte (1751-1812), his brother, the dramatist, were both born at -Verona.--T. - -[164] Alfonso Marchese di Varano (1705-1788), the poet, was born at -Ferrara.--T. - -[165] Vincenzo Monti (1754-1828), born at Fusignano, near Ravenna, -author of the _Bassevilliana_(1793), directed against the French -Revolution, and a number of other poems, tragedies and translations. -Monti was Historiographer to the Court of Italy under Napoleon and a -member of the Italian Institute.--T. - -[166] Torquato Tasso (1544-1595) was a native of Sorrento, but his -father, Bernardo Tasso, was a North Italian, having been born in Venice -in 1493.--T. - -[167] Melchiore Cesarotti (1730-1808), born at Padua, a poet and -miscellaneous writer. His translation of Ossian (1763) is his finest -work, but he is also known for his _Saggio sulla Filosofia delle -Lingue_ (1785) and a number of prose and metrical translations besides -that mentioned.--T. - -[168] Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (1591-1666), known as Guercino, or -the Squintling, from an accident which distorted his right eye in -babyhood: a well-known painter of the Eclectic-Bologna School.--T. - -[169] Ferrara Cathedral was consecrated in 1136; the interior was -spoilt in the seventeenth century.--T. - -[170] Ferrara was handed back to the Papal States in 1814, but the -Austrians retained the right to keep a garrison there.--T. - -[171] Bernardo Tasso (1493-1569), Torquato Tasso's father, author of -the _Amadigi di Francia_ (Amadis of Gaul, 1560) and a quantity of other -poems, died at Ostiglia on the 14th of September 1569.--T. - -[172] _Rinaldo_ was published in 1562, while Tasso was a youth of -eighteen studying law at Padua.--T. - -[173] Produced at Ferrara in 1573.--T. - -[174] Ippolito of Este, Cardinal of Ferrara, Archbishop of Milan, Lyons -and Narbonne (1509-1572), uncle of Alphonsus II. and a favourite of the -Court of France of that time.--T. - -[175] 24 August 1572.--T. - -[176] Anna Swanwick's GOETHE: _Torquato Tasso_, Act I. Sc. i.--T. - -[177] _Ibid._, Act II. Sc. i.--T. - -[178] _Ibid._, Act III. Sc. iii.--T. - -[179] Anna Swanwick's GOETHE: _Torquato Tasso_, Act V. Sc. iv.--T. - -[180] Alphonsus II. married three times: first, Lucrezia de' Medici; -secondly, Barbara of Austria, daughter of the Emperor Ferdinand I.; -thirdly, Margherita di Gonzaga, daughter of William Duke of Mantua.--T. - -[181] George Washington, in command of the English and native troops, -defeated the French in the Battle of Great Meadows on the 28th of May -1754. He was subsequently besieged at Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania -and, on the 4th of July 1754, surrendered to the French, who allowed -him and all his troops to march back to Virginia.--T. - -[182] My _Études Historiques.--Author's Note._ - -[183] Sixtus V.--T. - -[184] In July 1586, after a confinement of more than seven years.--T. - -[185] Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas (1544-1590), author of, among -other poems, the _Semaine, ou La Création en sept journées_, which was -published in 1579 and passed through thirty editions in a few years. -Writing of Du Bartas, Professor Saintsbury, in his _Short History of -French Literature and French Lyrics_, says: - - "All that was wanting to make Du Bartas a poet of the first - rank was some faculty of self-criticism; of natural verve and - imagination as well as of erudition he had no lack, but in critical - faculty he seems to have been totally deficient. His beauties, rare - in kind and not small in amount, are alloyed with vast quantities - of dull absurdity." - -Du Bartas' fellow-countrymen entertain a similar view, and Bouillet, -in his _Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie_, expresses -himself in almost the same words when he writes that "_ce poète avait -de la verve et de l'imagination, mais manquait de goût._"--T. - -[186] Marco Sciarra (_fl._ 1592), a celebrated bandit chief, long -devastated the Papal States. Neither Sixtus V. nor Clement VIII. was -able to subdue him and his band; but he was so hotly pursued by the -latter Pope that he left the country and entered the service of the -Venetians, who employed him against the Uskoks, the piratical refugees -from the north-western provinces of Turkey. The Venetian Government -eventually caused Sciarra to be assassinated, upon the repeated demands -of Clement VIII. for his extradition.--T. - -[187] Samuel Rogers introduces this incident into his description of -the "wild life, fearful and full of change," of the "mountain-robber:" - - Time was, the trade was nobler, if not honest; - When they that robb'd were men of better faith - Than kings or pontiffs; where such reverence - The poet drew among the woods and wilds, - A voice was heard, that never bade to spare, - Crying aloud, "Hence to the distant hills! - Tasso approaches; he, whose song beguiles - The day of half its hours; whose sorcery - Dazzles the sense, turning our forest glades - To lists that blaze with gorgeous armoury, - Our mountain-caves to regal palaces: - Hence, nor descend till he and his are gone. - Let him fear nothing!" - -(ROGERS, _Italy: Banditti_, 5-17).--T. - -[188] Ippolito Aldobrandini, Pope Clement VIII. (1536-1605), elected -Pope in 1592.--T. - -[189] LUKE, XXIII., 46.--T. - -[190] Now the Quai Voltaire.--T. - -[191] Giovanni Battista Manso, Marchese Della Villa (1561-1645). Milton -was ambitious of his acquaintance, as the friend of Tasso, and was -introduced to him in Naples in 1638. To him Milton addressed his Latin -epistle, _Ad Mansum_; Tasso had addressed his dialogue on Friendship -to him and complimented him in the twentieth canto of the _Gerusalemme -Conquistata_, as the introduction to _Ad Mansum_ shows: - - "Joannes Baptista Mansus, Marchio Villensi, vir ingenii laude, turn - literarum studio necnon et bellica virtute, apud Italos clarus in - primus est; ad quern Torquati Tassi Dialogus extat di Amicitia - scriptus; erat enim Tassi amicissimus; ab quo etiam inter Campanile - principes celebratur, in ilio poemate cui titulus 'Gerusalemme - Conquistata,' lib. 20. - - Fra cavalier magnanimi, è cortesi - Risplende il Manso. - - "Is auctorem Neapoli commorantem summa benevolentia prosecutus est, - multaque ei detulit humanitalis officia: ad hunc itaque hospes - ille, antequam ab ea urbe discederet, ut ne ingratum se ostenderet - hoc carmen misit."--T. - - [192] In Venice, in 1806.--_Author's Note._ - - [193] Titian.--_Author's Note._ - - [194] In 1803.--_Author's Note._ - - [195] I was right in saying the orange-tree: it is an orange-tree - that stands in the convent-yard of Sant' Onofrio.--_Author's Note_ - (Paris, 1840). - - [196] This is one of several cases in which the author coins a - word: his expression, _nécrolithe_, is not known in the French - dictionaries.--T. - - [197] Obizzo I. first Marquis of Este (_fl._ 1180); Obizzo II. - Marquis of Este and Lord of Ferrara and Verona (_d._ 1293) added - Modena and Reggio to his dominions.--T. - - [198] Nicholas III. Marquis of Este (_d._ 1471) was the father of. - - [199] Hercules I. first Duke of Ferrara (_d._ 1505), the father of - Alphonsus I.--T. - - [200] FONTANES (_Cf._ Vol III., p. 10): - - "Tasso, wandering from town to town, - One day, by his evils overcome, - Sat down by the sumptuous laurel-trees - Which spread out for ever to the breeze - Their green branches over Virgil's tomb," etc.--T. - - - [201] The Marquise de Podenas, _née_ de Nadaillac, was - lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Berry.--T. - - [202] Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara (1510-1575), second - daughter of Louis XII., married, in 1528, Hercules II. Duke of - Ferrara, protected letters, science, art and Lutheranism, sheltered - Calvin, and had Clemont Marot as her secretary. She returned to - France in 1560, after the Duke's death, and settled at Montargis, - ostentatiously proclaiming her Protestantism.--T. - - [203] Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard, Vicomte de Saint-Priest, - Duque de Almazan (1789-1881), was taken to St. Petersburg by his - family during the Emigration and, in 1805, entered the Russian - Army, where he served until the fall of Napoleon. He was made a - colonel in 1814 and was taken prisoner; Napoleon's orders to have - him shot were intercepted by the Cossacks. Saint-Priest escaped, - served the cause of the Kings Government with ardour, endeavoured - to raise the populations of the South during the Hundred Days, - took ship eventually at Marseilles, was captured by a Tunisian - corsair and, after a few weeks' captivity, succeeded in reaching - Spain and returning to France at the Second Restoration. He - was then appointed a brigadier-general, a lord-in-waiting to - the Duc d'Angoulême and an inspector of infantry. In 1823, he - took part in the Spanish Expedition and earned his promotion to - lieutenant-general. He became Ambassador to Berlin in 1825 and to - Madrid in 1827. In August 1830, he sent in his resignation, and - Ferdinand VII. created him a grandee of Spain and Duque de Almazan. - Saint-Priest became one of the Duchesse de Berry's advisers, was - one of the principal organizers of the royalist attempt of 1822 and - sailed with the Princess in the _Carlo-Alberto._ He was arrested at - the moment of landing and indicted at the assizes at Montbrison. - Together with his co-accused, he was acquitted, on the 15th of - March 1833, and at once joined the Duchesse de Berry in Italy. - Under the Second Empire, Saint-Priest was one of the most zealous - and intelligent servants of the Comte de Chambord, who, in 1867, - wrote him a letter on the political situation that made a great - noise at the time.--B. - - [204] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 101, n. 2.--T. - - [205] Major H. D. Delloye had been dismissed the service in 1830 - and had turned publisher. He very rightly published only royalist - works. In 1836, when Chateaubriand was in the greatest difficulties - for money, he was able to arrange a combination of a satisfactory - character for the interests and intentions of the illustrious - writer. The company formed by M. Delloye guaranteed M. and Madame - de Chateaubriand a respectable annuity, supplied them with the sums - required for their immediate necessities, and postponed to a remote - date the publication of the _Mémoires d'Outre-tombe_, the _Congrès - de Vérone_ and other works to which the author might be disposed to - devote his leisure. - - On the 30th of June 1836, Chateaubriand addressed the following - letter to his honourable publisher: - - "To Monsieur H. D. Delloye, retired lieutenant-colonel, Knight of - the Royal Order of St. Louis and of the Legion of Honour. - - "PARIS, 30 _June_ 1836. - - "And so, monsieur, our business is fairly started: so soon as I - had finished the _Milton_, I resumed work on the Memoirs and I - have begun to have that portion copied which I am to deliver to - you in the early months of the coming year. I congratulate myself, - monsieur, on having met a gallant and loyal officer of the Royal - Guard who has brought to a conclusion a piece of business which, - but for him, might never have been finished. It is, therefore, to - you, monsieur, that I shall owe the repose of my life and, what is - more important to me, that of Madame de Chateaubriand. With God's - help, the rest will go of itself and I hope that neither you nor, - when the time comes, the Shareholders, will have reason to regret - becoming the owners of my Memoirs. - - "Believe, monsieur, I beg, in my sincere devotion and accept the - assurance of my most distinguished consideration. - - "CHATEAUBRIAND."--B. - - [206] Mademoiselle Mathilde Lebeschu, a former woman of the - Bed-chamber to Madame la Duchesse de Berry, had accompanied the - Princess into exile and sailed with her, in the _Carlo-Alberto_, on - the 21st of April 1832. She was tried, together with the Vicomte de - Saint-Priest and M. Sala, and, with them, acquitted, at Montbrison, - on the 15th of March 1833.--B. - - [207] Thomas Robert Bugeaud de La Piconnerie, Maréchal Duc d'Isly - (1784-1849) fought throughout the campaigns of the Empire, winning - his promotion from private to colonel on the battle-field. He - retired at the Restoration. He was recalled to active employment - in 1830, suppressed the Paris insurrections in 1832 and 1834 and, - in 1832, as Commandant of Blaye, was charged with the safe keeping - of the Duchesse de Berry. His behaviour on this occasion provoked - a challenge to a duel, in which he killed his adversary, a deputy - named Dulong, on the 27th of January 1834. In 1836, he was sent - to Algeria and defeated Abd-el-Kader, but made terms with him and - was severely criticized in consequence; he became Governor-general - in 1840 and, on the 14th of August 1844, defeated the troops of - Morocco at Isly, by which title he was forthwith created a duke, - having received his marshal's baton in the previous year. In 1847, - he resigned, but was placed in command of the troops in Paris - in 1848 and exerted himself, but without success, to suppress - the Revolution of February. The Prince-President Louis Napoleon - made him Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Alps, but he died - of cholera, on the 10th of June 1849, soon after taking up his - appointment.--T. - - [208] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. III., n. 2.--T. - - [209] "_Il est de bon_ goût, _ce M. d'Argout._"--T. - - [210] _Cf._ Appendix I.: _The Morganatic Marriage of the Duchesse - de Berry._--T. - - [211] Achmet III. Sultan of Turkey (1673-1736) succeeded on the - deposition of his brother Mustapha II. in 1703. He was deposed by - the janissaries in 1730 and assassinated, by poison, in 1736.--T. - - [212] Ivan VI. Emperor of All the Russias(1740-1764) succeeded - his aunt, the Empress Anne, as an infant of three months, but was - deposed in the course of the following year by Elizabeth, the - laughter of Peter the Great and Catherine I. He was murdered in - prison at the age of twenty-three, under the reign of Catherine - II.--T. - - [213] Frederic Augustus I. Elector of Saxony, later Augustus II. - King of Poland (1670-1733), surnamed the Strong, elected King - of Poland in 1697, deposed in 1704, and reinstated in 1709; and - Stanislaus I. Leczinski (1677-1766), elected King of Poland in - 1704, crowned in 1705, obliged to leave Poland in 1709: he was - again a candidate in 1733, on the death of Augustus II., and - formally abdicated in 1735.--T. - - [214] Theodore King of Corsica (_circa_ 1686-1756) was a German - adventurer, Theodor Baron von Neuhof. He aided the Corsicans - against the Republic of Genoa in 1735 to 1736; was proclaimed and - crowned King of Corsica in 1736; and was driven out by the Genoese - in 1738. An attempt made to recapture his power in 1743 failed. - Theodore withdrew to London, where his person was seized by his - creditors, and he was kept in prison for debt for seven years.--T. - - [215] VOLTAIRE: _Candide, ou L'Optimisme_, Part I., Chap. XXVI.: - _Candid and Martin sup with six Strangers; and who they were._--T. - - [216] Chateaubriand wrote the next day to Madame Récamier: - - "_Thursday_ 19 _September_ 1833. - - "All is changed. _They_ absolutely want me to go to the end of the - journey, where _they_ dare not arrive without me. All my resistance - was unavailing; I had to resign myself. So I am leaving. This will - prolong my absence another month. I am going to send Hyacinthe to - Paris; he will bring you a long letter and details. Nothing in my - life ever cost me a greater pang than this last sacrifice, unless - it be that attached to my resignation of Rome.--B. -] - - [217] Pietro Liberi (1605-1687), born and died at Padua, a - religious and historical painter of the Venetian School.--T. - - [218] Jacopo Palma the Younger (_circa_ 1544-1628), a painter - of the Venetian School, distinguished for the freshness of his - colouring.--T. - - [219] Giacomo Tatti (1479-1570), known as Sansovino, a noted - Florentine sculptor and architect, held by some to be second, as - a sculptor, to Michael Angelo alone. Sansovino is the architect - of the Mint, the Library of St. Mark and the Palazzo Cornaro in - Venice.--T. - - [220] Francesco Sansovino (1521-1586), son of the above, is better - known as a man of letters and grammarian than as an artist.--T. - - [221] "For there's no day so fair but its night follows after."--T. - - [222] Charles Patin (1633-1693) was a physician, like his father, - but was distinguished especially for his antiquarian knowledge. - He was sentenced to the galleys for distributing some copies of - a lewd libel which he had been charged to suppress and fled from - France. Eventually he settled in the Venetian States and, in 1677, - was appointed Professor of Medicine at Padua. Charles Patin left - several important numismatical works.--T. - - [223] Gui Patin (1601-1672), the famous doctor and wit, earned - an extraordinary reputation by his caustic sallies and eccentric - habits. He was the author of a treatise on the _Conservation de la - santé_(1632) and of Letters published nearly fifty years after his - death. A collection of his _bons mots_ was published, under the - title of Patiniana, in 1703.--T. - - [224] Epictetus (_fl._ 1st Century), of Hierapolis, the Stoic - philosopher, was born a slave. When his master, Epaphroditus, who - subsequently freed him, broke his leg for him, he was content to - observe: - - "I told you you would break it" - - Epictetus was driven from Rome, with the other philosophers, by - the Emperor Domitian; he returned later and won the esteem of the - Emperors Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius.--T. - - [225] John III. King of Portugal (1502-1557) succeeded his father, - Emanuel I., in 1521. He established the Inquisition in 1526.--T. - - [226] Angelo Malipieri, Podesta of Padua. Two years after the above - was written, Victor Hugo produced his tragedy of _Angelo_, of which - Malipieri is the hero, at the Théâtre-Français (28 April 1835).--B. - - [227] St. Anthony of Padua (1195-1231), monk of the Order of - St. Francis and a native of Lisbon. He was wrecked on the coast - of Italy when on his way to Africa to convert the infidels. St. - Anthony is said one day to have preached to a school of fishes and - to have been heard with attention.--T. - - [228] Antonio Beccadelli Panormita (1394-1471), of Palermo, a - distinguished man of letters of his day.--T. - - [229] Livy, who was born and died at Padua, divided his History of - Rome into 425 books, of which only 35 have been preserved. These - books were contained in "Decades," or groups of ten books each. The - late Benjamin Jowett used to long for the recovery of the missing - books of Livy more than for that of any other lost specimens of - literature.--T. - - [230] Good drink-money or "tips."--T. - - [231] Francesco Albani (1578-1660), surnamed the "Painter of the - Graces" and the "Anacreon of Painting," the great painter of the - Bologna School.--T. - - [232] Heliodonis Bishop of Tricca, in Thessaly (_fl._ 4th Century), - was the author of the earliest Greek romance, the _Æthiopica,_ - which relates the loves and adventures of Theagines and - Chariclea.--T. - - [233] Isotta Nogarola (_d._ 1466), a great and learned lady of - Verona, famous for her beauty, her knowledge and her poetic talent. - She was the author of the _Dialogus quo utrum Adam vel Eva magis - peccaverit, quæstio satis nota, sed non adeo explicata, continetur_ - (Florence: 1563).--T. - - [234] Francis I. Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, the - Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, etc. (1768-1835).--T. - - [235] The Comte de Sainte-Aulaire (_cf._ Vol. V., p. 161, n. 2) - had been appointed Ambassador to Vienna earlier in that same year - 1833.--T. - - [236] The Duchesse de Berry's mother was Clementina Queen of the - Two Sicilies, daughter of Leopold II. Emperor of Germany, and - sister of Francis I. Emperor of Austria.--T. - - [237] _Cf._ Vol., V., p. 81, n. 5. The Comte de Montbel's _Notice - sur le Duc de Reichstadt_ had appeared in that year 1833. The Duke - had died at Schonbrünn, three miles from Vienna, the residence of - the Austrian Archdukes, on the 22nd of July; the distance is about - 180 miles from Vienna to Prague, where Charles X. and his little - Court took up their residence.--T. - - [238] Leopold I. King of the Belgians (1790-1865) was the youngest - son of Francis Duke of Saxe Saalfeld-Coburg when he was elected - to the Belgian Throne in 1831. He was married first, in 1816, - to Charlotte Princess Royal of England, who died in 1817. In - 1832, Leopold married Louise Princesse d'Orléans, daughter of - Louis-Philippe.--T. - - - - -BOOK VIII[239] - - -Journal from Padua to Prague, from the 20th to the 26th of -September 1833--Conegliano--The translator of the _Dernier -Abencerrage_--Udine--Countess Samoyloff--M. de La Ferronays--A -priest--Carinthia--The Drave--A peasant lad--Forges--Breakfast -at the hamlet of St. Michael--The neck of the Tauern--A -cemetery--Atala: how changed--A sunrise--Salzburg--A military -review--Happiness of the peasants--Woknabrück--Reminiscences of -Plancoët--Night--German and Italian towns contrasted--Linx--The -Danube--Waldmünchen--Woods--Recollections of Combourg -and Lucile--Travellers--Prague--Madame de Gontaut--The -young Frenchmen--Madame la Dauphine--An excursion to -Butschirad--Butschirad--Charles X. asleep--Henry V.--Reception -of the young men--The ladder and the peasant-woman--Dinner at -Butschirad--Madame de Narbonne--Henry V.--A rubber--Charles X.--My -incredulity touching the declaration of majority--The newspapers--Scene -of the young men--Prague--I leave for France--I pass by Butschirad -at night--A meeting at Schlau--Carlsbad empty--Hollfeld--Bamberg--My -different St. Francis' Days--Trials of religion--France. - - -I was greatly distressed, when passing by Mestre, towards the end of -the night, not to be able to go down to the shore: perhaps a distant -beacon in the furthermost lagoons would have shown me the fairest -of the islands of the Old World, even as a tiny light revealed to -Christopher Columbus the first island of the New World[240]. It was at -Mestre that I landed from Venice, at the time of my first journey in -1806: _fugit ætas._ - -I breakfasted at Conegliano; I there received the compliments of -the friends of a lady who had translated the _Abencerrage_ and who -doubtless resembled Bianca: - - "He saw a young woman come out, attired much after the fashion - of those Gothic queens sculptured on the monuments of our old - abbeys... a black mantilla was thrown over her head; with her left - hand she held the ends of this mantilla crossed and drawn up close - like a veil over her chin, so that nothing was seen of her whole - face but her large eyes and rosy mouth." - -I pay my debt to the translator of my Spanish reveries by reproducing -her portrait here. - -When I climbed back into my carriage, a priest harangued me on the -_Génie du Christianisme._ I was crossing the scene of the victories -which led Bonaparte to encroach upon our liberties. - -Udine is a beautiful town: I noticed a portico copied from the Palace -of the Doges. I dined at the inn, in the room lately occupied by Madame -la Comtesse de Samoyloff; it was still quite full of her disorder. Is -that niece of the Princesse Bagration, "another injustice of years," -still as pretty as she was in Rome, in 1829, when she used to sing so -wonderfully at my concerts? What breeze had blown that flower once -again under my feet? What wind impelled that cloud? O daughter of the -North, you enjoy life; make haste: harmonies that used to delight you -have already ceased; your days will not have the length of the arctic -day. - -[Sidenote: My second journey to Prague.] - -In the visitors'-book of the hotel I read the name of my noble friend, -the Comte de La Ferronnays, who was returning from Prague to Naples, -in the same way as I was going from Padua to Prague. The Comte de La -Ferronnays, who is my fellow-countryman in more than one respect, since -he is both a Breton and a Malouin, mingled his political destinies -with mine: he was Ambassador in St. Petersburg when I was Minister of -Foreign Affairs in Paris; he occupied this latter office, and I, in my -turn, became an ambassador under his direction. I was sent to Rome, -and resigned on the accession to power of the Polignac Ministry; La -Ferronnays succeeded to my embassy. He is M. de Blacas' brother-in-law, -and is as poor as the latter is rich; he resigned the peerage and the -diplomatic service at the time of the Revolution of July; every one -esteems him and no one hates him, because of the genuineness of his -character and the moderation of his mind. In his last negociation in -Prague, he allowed himself to be overreached by Charles X., who is -approaching the end of his days. Old people take pleasure in secret -practices, having nothing to show that is any good. Excepting my old -King, I would like every one to be drowned who is no longer young, -myself first of all, together with a dozen of my friends. - -At Udine, I took the Villach Road; I was going towards Bohemia by way -of Salzburg and Linz. Before attacking the Alps, I heard bells pealing -and saw an illuminated _campanile_ in the plain. I had the postilion -questioned through the intermediary of a German from Strasburg, my -Italian _cicerone_ in Venice, whom Hyacinthe had brought me to act -as my Slav interpreter in Prague. The rejoicings about which I was -asking were taking place on the occasion of the promotion of a priest -to Holy Orders; he was to say his first Mass on the morrow. How often -will those bells, which to-day are proclaiming the indissoluble union -between a man and his God, summon that man to the sanctuary, and how -soon will those same bells ring out for his funeral? - - -22 _September._ - -I slept almost through the night, to the sound of the torrents, and -awoke at day-break, on the 22nd, among the mountains. The Carinthian -valleys are pleasant, but present no striking characteristics: the -peasants have no distinctive dress; a few women wear furs, like the -Hungarian women; others have white hoods set on the back of their -heads, or blue woollen caps with a padded edging, half way between the -Osmanli's turban and the bonze's skull-cap with the button at the top. - -I changed horses at Villach. On leaving that stage, I followed a wide -valley on the banks of the Drave, a new acquaintance: by dint of -crossing rivers, I shall end by reaching my last shore. Lander[241] -has just discovered the mouth of the Niger; the daring traveller -surrendered his life to Eternity at the very moment when he taught us -that the mysterious African stream discharges its waters into the Ocean. - -At nightfall, we were nearly stopped at the village of St. Paternion: -the carriage wanted greasing; a peasant screwed the nut of one of -the wheels in the wrong direction, with so much force that it was -impossible to remove it. All the clever people in the village, with the -blacksmith at their head, failed in their attempts. A boy of fourteen -or fifteen years of age left the band, returned with a pair of -pincers, thrust aside the workers, wound a brass wire round the bolt, -twisted it with his plyers and, bearing with his hand in the direction -of the screw, removed the nut without the slightest effort, amid -general cheering. Might not that child be a budding Archimedes? The -queen of an Esquimaux tribe, the same woman who drew for Captain Parry -a chart of the polar seas, used attentively to watch sailors welding -pieces of iron at the forge and outstripped all her race through her -genius. - -During the night of the 22nd, I passed through a thick mass of -mountains; their confusion continued before me as far as Salzburg: and -yet those ramparts did not protect the Roman Empire. The author of the -_Essayes_, speaking of the Tyrol, says, with his ordinary vivacity of -imagination: - - "It resembles a gown that we only see plaited up, but that, if it - were spread out, it would form a very large country[242]." - -The mounts among which I wound were like a landslip from the upper -chains, which, covering a vast ground, had formed little Alps -presenting the different accidental features of the great ones. - -Cascades rushed down from every side, leaping over beds of stones, -like the torrents in the Pyrenees. The road passed through gorges -hardly open to the gauge of the calash. In the neighbourhood of Gmünd, -hydraulic forges mixed the echo of their stamps with that of the -sluices; from their chimneys, columns of sparks escaped amid the night -and the dark forests of pine-trees. At each blow of the bellows on the -hearth-stone, the open roofs of the factory lit up suddenly, like the -dome of St. Peter's in Rome on a holiday. - -In the Karch Range, they added three couple of oxen to our horses. Our -long team, on the torrent waters and in the flooded ravines, looked -liked a living bridge. The chain opposite the Tauern was draped in snow. - -[Sidenote: St. Michael.] - -On the 23rd, at nine o'clock in the morning, I stopped at the -pretty hamlet of St. Michael, at the bottom of a valley. Some tall, -good-looking Austrian girls served me with a very clean breakfast -in a little room whose two windows looked out over meadows and -the village-church. The grave-yard, which surrounded the church, -was separated from me only by a rustic yard. Wooden crosses, with -semicircular inscriptions and with holy-water fonts hanging from them, -rose above the grass of the old tombs: five graves as yet unturfed -proclaimed five new resting-places. Some of the graves, like the -borders of kitchen-gardens, were adorned with marigolds in full yellow -flower; wag-tails chased grass-hoppers in this garden of the dead. A -very old lame woman, leaning on a crutch, crossed the cemetery and -brought back a cross that had fallen down: perhaps the law permitted -her to pilfer that cross for her tomb; dead wood, in the forests, -belong to him who picks it up. - - Là dorment dans l'oubli des poètes sans gloire, - Des orateurs sans voix, des héros sans victoire[243]. - -Would not the child of Prague sleep better here, without a crown, than -in the chamber in the Louvre where his father's body was laid in state? - -My solitary breakfast, taken in the company of the satisfied travellers -lying under my window, would have been to my taste if I had not been -afflicted by too recent a death: I had heard the screams of the chicken -served at my banquet. Poor young bird! It had been so happy, five -minutes before my arrival! It was wandering among the grasses, the -vegetables and the flowers; it was running about among the troops of -goats come down from the mountain; to-night it would have gone to roost -with the sun, and it was still small enough to sleep under its mother's -wing. - -When the calash was put to, I climbed in, surrounded by the women, -and the waiters of the inn accompanied me to the carriage-door; they -seemed glad to have seen me, although they did not know me and were -never to see me again: they gave me so many blessings! I do not tire -of this German cordiality. You never meet a peasant but takes off -his hat to you and wishes you a hundred good things: in France we -salute only death; insolence is accounted as liberty and equality; -there is no sympathy between man and man; to envy whoever travels a -little comfortably, to stand with one arm akimbo, ready to draw the -sword on any one who wears a new coat or a white shirt: those are the -characteristic signs of our national independence, always provided that -we spend our days in the antechambers accepting the rebuffs of some -upstart clodhopper. This does not take away from our high intelligence, -nor prevent us from triumphing with arms in hand; but manners cannot -be made _à priori_: for eight centuries we have been a great military -nation; fifty years have not been able to change us: we have not been -able to acquire a genuine love for liberty. So soon as we have a -moment's rest under a transitory government, the Old Monarchy shoots up -again on its stock, the old French spirit reappears: we are courtiers -and soldiers, nothing more. - - -23 _and_24 _September_ 1833. - -The last range of mountains shutting in the Province of Salzburg -commands the arable region. The Tauern has glaciers; its table-land -resembles all the table-lands of the Alps, but more particularly that -of the Saint-Gotthard. On this table-land, crusted over with reddish, -frozen moss, stands a Calvary: an ever-ready consolation, an eternal -refuge for the unfortunate. Around that Calvary are buried the victims -who perish amid the snows. - -What were the hopes of the travellers passing, like myself, through -this spot when the snow-storm surprised them? Who are they? Who has -wept for them? How do they rest there, so far from their kindred, their -country, hearing each winter the roar of the tempests whose breath -carried them off the earth? But they sleep at the foot of the Cross; -Christ, their sole companion, their only friend, nailed to the sacred -wood, leans towards them, is covered with the same hoar-frost that -whitens their graves: in the celestial regions, He will present them to -His Father and warm them in His breast. - -The descent of the Tauern is long, bad and dangerous; I was delighted -with it: it reminds one, at one time by its cascades and its wooden -bridges, at another by the narrowness of its chasm, of the Valley of -the Pont-d'Espagne at Cauterets or the Domo d'Ossola slope of the -Simplon; but it is far from leading to Granada or Naples. We find no -gleaming lakes, no orange-trees at the bottom: it is unprofitable to -give one's self so much trouble to come to some potato-fields. - -At the stage, half-way down the descent, I found myself among my family -in the room of the inn: the walls were hung with the Adventures of -Atala, in six prints. My daughter did not suspect that I should pass -that way, nor had I hoped to meet an object so dear to me on the brink -of a torrent called, I believe, the Dragon. Poor Atala! She had grown -very ugly, very old; she was greatly changed! She wore big feathers -on her head and a short, tight skirt round her hips, like the lady -savages of the Théâtre de la Gaîté. Vanity turns everything into money; -I carried my head high before my works in the depths of Carinthia like -Cardinal Mazarin before the pictures in his gallery. I felt inclined to -say to mine host: - -"I made that!" - -I had to separate from my first-born, although with less difficulty -than on the island in the Ohio. - -As far as Werfen, nothing attracted my attention, unless it were the -manner in which they put the second crop of grass to dry: they drive -stakes of fifteen to twenty feet in height into the ground; they roll -the unbleached grass round those stakes, not too tightly: it dries -there and blackens. At a certain distance, those columns look just like -cypress-trees or like trophies planted in memory of the flowers mown -down in those dales. - -[Sidenote: Salzburg.] - - -24 _September, Tuesday._ - -Germany was determined to revenge herself for my ill-humour against -her. In the Salzburg Plain, on the morning of the 24th, the sun -appeared to the east of the mountains which I had left behind me; some -rocky peaks on the west lit up with its first softest rays. Darkness -still hovered over the plain, half green, half tilled, whence rose a -smoke, like the steam of man's sweat. Salzburg Castle, raising the -summit of the hill that commands the town, encrusted the blue sky with -its white surface. With the ascending sun, there rose, from out of the -bosom of the cool exhalation of the dew, avenues, clusters of wood, -red-brick houses, cottages rough-plastered with gleaming white lime, -mediæval towers slashed and pierced, old champions of time, wounded -in the head and breast, left standing alone on the battle-field of the -centuries. The autumnal light of the scene had the violent tint of the -colchicums which blossom at this season of the year and with which the -meads along the banks of the Salza were strewn. Flights of crows left -the creepers and holes of the ruins and descended upon the fields; -their gleaming wings were glazed with rose in the reflection of the -dawn. - -It was the Feast of St. Rupert[244], the Patron of Salzburg. The -peasant-women were going to market, decked out in the fashion of -their village: their fair hair and snowy foreheads were enclosed in a -sort of helmet of gold, well suited to women of Germania. When I had -passed through the town, which is clean and handsome, I saw two or -three thousand foot-soldiers in a field; they were being reviewed by a -general, accompanied by his staff. Those white lines cutting into the -green grass, the glitter of arms at sunrise formed a stately display -worthy of those peoples depicted or rather sung by Tacitus: Mars the -Teuton was offering a sacrifice to Aurora. What were my gondoliers -doing at that moment in Venice? They were sporting like swallows, after -the night was past, in the returning dawn and preparing to skim over -the surface of the water; next would come the joys of the night, loves -and barcarolles. Every nation has its lot: this one enjoys strength; -that one, pleasures: the Alps make the division. - -From Salzburg to Linz, a fertile country-side; the horizon on the right -denticulated with mountains. Forests of pines and beeches, wild and -similar oases, are surrounded by a skilful and varied cultivation. -Herds of all kinds of cattle, hamlets, churches, oratories, crosses -furnish and enliven the landscape. - -After we had passed the radius of the festival of St. Rupert (festivals -do not last long with men, nor do they go far), we found all the people -in the fields, busy with the autumnal sowing and the potato-harvest. -Those rustic populations were better clad, more polite, and appeared -happier than our own. Do not let us disturb the order, the peace, the -simple virtues which they enjoy, under the pretext of substituting for -them political boons which are neither conceived nor felt in the same -manner by all, whereas the whole of mankind understands the joys of the -home, family affection, the abundance of life, simplicity of heart and -religion. - -The Frenchman, who is so much in love with women, is very well able to -dispense with them in a number of cares and works; the German cannot -live without his mate: he employs her and takes her with him wherever -he goes, to the battle-field as to the plough-field, to feasts and -funerals alike. - -In Germany, the very animals partake of the temperate character of -their sober-minded masters. It is interesting, when travelling, to -observe the physiognomy of the brute beasts. We can judge beforehand -of the manners and passions of the inhabitants of a country by the -gentleness or wickedness, the tameness or wildness, the cheerfulness or -sadness of that living part of creation which God has subjected to our -sway. - -[Sidenote: Woknabrück.] - -An accident to the calash obliged me to stop at Woknabrück. As I roamed -about the inn, I came upon a back-door which let me out on a canal. -Beyond it lay meadows striped with pieces of brown holland. A river, -inflected under wooded hills, served as a belt for those meadows. -Something, I know not what, reminded me of the village of Plancoët, -where happiness had appeared to me in my childhood. O shades of my old -kinsfolk, I did not expect to find you on these shores! You are drawing -nearer to me, because I am drawing nearer to the grave, your shelter; -we are going to meet again there. My kind aunt, do you still sing your -ballad of the Sparrow-hawk and the Warbler[245] on the banks of Lethe? -Have you met the fickle Trémigon[246] among the dead, just as Dido saw -Æneas in the region of the shades? - -The day was drawing to a close when I left Woknabrück; Sol transferred -me to his sister's hands: a double light of undefinable hue and -fluidity. Soon Luna reigned alone: she was inclined to renew our -conversation of the forests of Haselbach[247]; but I was not in the -mood for her. I preferred Venus, who rose at two o'clock on the morning -of the 25th; she was as beautiful as amid those dawns in which I used -to contemplate and invoke her on the seas of Greece. - -Leaving many mysteries of woods, streams and valleys to the right and -left, I passed through Lambach, Wels and Neuban, quite new little -townships, with flat-roofed houses, as in Italy. In one of those -houses, they were making music; there were young women at the windows: -things were different in Maroboduus'[248] time. - -In the towns of Germany, the streets are wide, drawn up in line like -the tents of a camp or the files of a battalion; the market-places -are spacious, the drill-grounds extensive: the people want sun, and -everything happens in public. - -In the towns of Italy, the streets are narrow and winding, the -market-places small, the drill-grounds cramped: the people want shade, -and everything happens in secret. - -At Linz, my passport was endorsed without difficulty. - - -24 _and_25 _September_ 1833. - -I crossed the Danube at three o'clock in the morning: I had said to it -in the summer what I could no longer find to say to it in the autumn; -its waters were no longer the same and I was there at a different hour. -Far on my left, as I passed, lay my good village of Waldmünchen, with -its droves of pigs[249], Eumaus the shepherd[250] and the peasant-girl -who looked at me over her father's shoulder[251]. The dead man's grave -in the cemetery was filled up by now[252]; the deceased had been eaten -by some thousands of worms for having had the honour of being a man. - -M. and Madame de Bauffremont, who had arrived at Linz, were a few hours -ahead of me; they themselves were preceded by some Royalists, bearing a -message of peace, who believed Madame to be travelling quietly behind -them: and I came after them all, like Discord, with news of war. - -The Princesse de Bauffremont, _née_ de Montmorency[253], was going to -Butschirad[254] to congratulate the Kings of France, _née_ Bourbons: -what could be more natural? - -On the 25th, at nightfall, I entered some woods. Carrion-crows flew -screaming through the air; their thick flights whirled above the trees -whose tops they were making ready to crown. Behold me returning to my -early youth: I saw once more the crows in the Mall at Combourg[255]; -I imagined myself renewing my family life in the old castle[256]: O -memories, you pierce the heart like a sword! O Lucile[257], we are -parted by many years: now the crowd of my days has passed and, in -dispersing, allows me to see your image more clearly! - -I reached Thabor at night: its square, surrounded by arcades, struck me -as immense; but the moonlight is deceptive. - -On the morning of the 26th, a mist wrapped us in its boundless -solitude. At about ten o'clock, it seemed to me that I was passing -between two lakes. I was now only a few leagues from Prague. - -[Sidenote: Prague.] - -The fog lifted. The approaches by the Linz Road are livelier than by -the Ratisbon Road; the landscape is less insipid. One sees villages, -country-houses with woods and ponds. I met a woman with a resigned and -pious face, going bent under the weight of an enormous basket; two old -market-women with apples spread out for sale beside a ditch; a young -girl and a young man sitting on the grass, the man smoking, the girl -glad, spending the day beside her friend and the night in his arms; -children at a cottage-door playing with cats or driving geese to the -common; turkeys in coops going to Prague, like myself, for Henry V.'s -coming of age; next, a shepherd blowing his horn, while Hyacinthe, -Baptiste, the Venetian _cicerone_ and My Excellency jolted along in our -patched calash: such are the destinies of life. I would not give a doit -for the best of them. - -Bohemia had nothing new to show me: my ideas were fixed on Prague. - - -PRAGUE, 29 _September_ 1833. - -The second day after my arrival in Prague, I sent Hyacinthe to take a -letter to Madame la Duchesse de Berry, whom, according to my reckoning, -he ought to meet at Trieste. This letter informed the Princess that -"I had found the Royal Family leaving for Leoben; that some young -Frenchmen had arrived for the coming of age of Henry V. and that the -King was avoiding them; that I had seen Madame la Dauphine; that she -had bidden me to go at once to Butschirad, where Charles X. still was; -that I had not seen Mademoiselle, because she was a little unwell; -that I had been admitted to her room, where the shutters were closed, -and that she had held out to me her hot hand in the dark and asked me -to save them all; that I had gone to Butschirad, seen M. de Blacas -and talked with him about the declaration of the majority of Henry -V.; that I had been taken to the King's room and found him asleep -and that, after I had subsequently handed him Madame la Duchesse de -Berry's letter, he had appeared to me to be very much incensed against -my august client; that, otherwise, the short deed drawn up by me on the -subject of the coming of age had seemed to be to his liking." - -My letter concluded with the following paragraph: - - "And now, Madame, I must not conceal the fact from you that there - is a great deal amiss here. Our enemies would laugh if they saw us - contending for a kingship without a kingdom, a sceptre which is - merely the stick with which we assist our steps on the pilgrimage, - perhaps a long one, of our exile. All the drawbacks lie in your - son's education, and I see no prospect of its being changed. I am - returning to the midst of the poor whom Madame de Chateaubriand - provides for; there I shall always be at your orders. If ever you - become Henry's absolute mistress, if you continue to think that - that precious trust might safely be placed in my hands, I shall - be as happy as I shall be honoured to devote the rest of my life - to him; but I could not undertake so terrible a responsibility - except on the condition of remaining entirely free, subject to - your advice, in my selections and ideas and of being placed on an - independent soil, outside the circle of the absolute monarchies." - -The letter enclosed the following copy of my draft for the declaration -of majority: - - "We, Henry V., having attained the age at which the laws of the - Realm settle the majority of the Heir to the Throne, do ordain that - the first act of that majority shall be a solemn protest against - the usurpation of Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans. Wherefore, and by - the advice of Our Council, We have drawn up this present Act to - maintain Our rights and the rights of Frenchmen. - - "Given on the thirtieth day of September in the Year of Our Lord - one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three." - - -PRAGUE, 30 _September_ 1833. - -My letter to Madame la Duchesse de Berry described the general facts, -but did not enter into details. - -When I saw Madame de Gontaut, surrounded by half-packed trunks and -open boxes, she threw herself on my neck and, sobbing: - -"Save us!" she said. "Save us!" - -"And what am I to save you from, madame? I have just arrived, I know -nothing about anything." - -Hradschin was deserted; one would have thought that we were in the -midst of the Days of July and the flight from the Tuileries, as though -revolutions had become attached to the footsteps of the outlawed House. - -[Sidenote: The young men from France.] - -Young men were coming to congratulate Henry on the day of his attaining -his majority[258]; several were under penalty of death: some of them, -who had been wounded in the Vendée[259], almost all of them poor, -had been obliged to club together in order to enable them to go to -Prague and give voice to their loyalty. Forthwith an order closed -the frontiers of Bohemia to them. Those who succeeded in reaching -Butschirad were received only after making great efforts; etiquette -barred their way, even as Messieurs the lords of the Bed-chamber -defended the door of Charles X.'s closet at Saint-Cloud, while the -Revolution entered by the windows. The young men were told that the -King was going away, that he would not be in Prague on the 29th. The -horses were ordered, the Royal Family packed up bag and baggage. -When the travellers at last obtained leave to pronounce some hurried -compliments, they were listened to in fear and trembling. Not so much -as a glass of water was offered to the faithful little band; they -were not bidden to the table of the orphan whom they had come to seek -from so far away; they were driven to drink to the health of Henry V. -in a tap-house. Men fled before a handful of Vendeans, even as they -scattered before five score heroes of July. - -And what was the pretext for this stampede? They were going to meet -the Duchesse de Berry, they were going to make an appointment with the -Princess on the high-road in order stealthily to show her her daughter -and her son. Was she not very guilty? She persisted in claiming an -empty title for Henry. And, in order to extricate themselves from the -simplest position, they displayed before the eyes of Austria and France -(always presuming France to notice such pin-points) a spectacle which -rendered the Legitimacy, already too much disparaged, the despair of -its friends and an object of calumny to its enemies. - -Madame la Dauphine realized the disadvantages of the education of Henry -V., and her virtues ran over in tears, even as at night the skies fall -in dew. The brief audience which she granted me did not give her time -to speak of my letter of the 30th of June from Paris; she wore an air -of concern when she looked at me. - -A means of safety seemed to lie hidden in the very rigours of -Providence: the orphan's expatriation separated him from that which -threatened to ruin him at the Tuileries; in the school of adversity, -he might have been brought up under the guidance of a few men of the -new social order, qualified to instruct him in the new theories of -kingship. Instead of adopting those masters of the moment, so far from -bettering Henry V.'s education, they made it more fatal by the intimacy -produced by the constricted family-life: during the winter evenings, -old men, stirring up the centuries by the fireside, taught the child -about days the light of which nothing will ever bring back; they -transformed the Chronicles of Saint-Denis[260] into nursery-tales for -his benefit: surely the two First Barons of the modern era, Liberty -and Equality, would know how to force Henry "Lackland" to grant a Great -Charter! - -[Illustration: The Duc and the Duchesse d'Angoulême.] - -[Sidenote: I go to Butschirad.] - -The Dauphine had urged me to take the trip of Butschirad. Messieurs -Dufougerais[261] and Nugent[262] escorted me on my embassy to Charles -X. on the evening of my arrival in Prague. They were at the head of the -deputation of the young men and were going to complete the negotiations -which had been entered into on the subject of the presentation. The -former of the two, who had been implicated in my trial before the -Assize-court, had pleaded his case with great intelligence; the -second had just finished a term of imprisonment of eight months for a -royalist newspaper offense. The author of the _Génie du Christianisme_, -therefore, had the honour of going to wait on the Most Christian King -seated in a hired calash between the author of the _Mode_ and the -author of the _Revenant._ - - -PRAGUE, 30 _September_ 1833. - -Butschirad is a villa belonging to the Grand-duke of Tuscany at -about six leagues from Prague, on the road to Carlsbad. The Austrian -Princes have their ancestral possessions in their own country and are -merely owners for life on the other side of the Alps: they hold Italy -on lease. Butschirad is reached by a triple avenue of apple-trees. -The villa makes no show; with its out-houses, it looks like a fine -farm-house: it stands in the middle of a bare plain and the view -commands a hamlet with green trees and a tower. The inside of the house -is an Italian misconception, in the latitude of 50 degrees: large -living-rooms without stoves or chimneys. The apartments are enriched in -a melancholy fashion with the spoils of Holyrood. The palace of James -II., which Charles X. refurnished[263], has supplied Butschirad, by the -removal, with its carpets and chairs. - -[Sidenote: Charles X. asleep.] - -The King had a touch of fever and had gone to bed when I arrived at -Butschirad at eight o'clock in the evening, on the 28th. M. de Blacas -introduced me into Charles X.'s bed-room, as I wrote to the Duchesse de -Berry. A little lamp was burning on the mantel-piece; in the silence -of the darkness, I heard only the loud breathing of the thirty-fifth -successor of Hugh Capet. O my old King, your sleep was painful; time -and adversity, those heavy nightmares, were seated on your breast! A -young man might approach the bed of his young bride with less love than -I felt respect as I stepped with stealthy tread towards your lonely -couch. At least, I was not a bad dream like that which woke you to go -to see your son die! I inwardly addressed you with these words, which I -could not have uttered aloud without bursting into tears: - -"May Heaven protect you against all ills to come! Sleep in peace during -these nights adjoining your last sleep! Long enough have your vigils -been vigils of sorrow. May this bed of exile lose its hardness while -awaiting the visit of God: He alone can make the foreign earth lie -light upon your bones!" - -Yes, I would joyfully have given all my blood to make the Legitimacy -possible for France. I had imagined that it would be with the Old -Royalty as with the dry rod of Aaron: when taken away from the Temple -of Jerusalem, it was budded, and the buds swelling it had bloomed -blossoms, which, swelling the leaves, were formed into almonds, a -token of the renewal of the covenant. I do not study to stifle my -regrets, to keep back the tears with which I would like to wash out the -last trace of the royal sorrows. The impulses which I experience in -different directions with respect to the same persons bear witness to -the sincerity with which these Memoirs are written. In Charles X., the -man moves me to pity, the Sovereign offends me: I give way to these two -impressions as they succeed one another, without seeking to reconcile -them. - -On the 28th of September, after Charles X. had received me in the -morning by his bed-side, Henry V. sent for me: I had not asked to see -him. I spoke a few serious words to him on his coming of age and on the -loyal Frenchmen whose ardour had led them to offer him a pair of golden -spurs. - -For the rest, it was impossible to be better treated than I was. My -arrival had given alarm; they dreaded the report of my journey in -Paris. For me, therefore, every attention; all the rest were neglected. -My companions, scattered, dying of hunger and thirst, wandered about -the passages, the staircases, the court-yards of the _château_, amid -the scare of the occupiers and the preparations for their escape. - -The Austrian guards wondered at these individuals in mustachios and -mufti; they suspected them of being French soldiers in disguise, -thinking of taking Bohemia by surprise. - -During this storm without, Charles X. was saying to me indoors: - -"I am busy correcting the act establishing my 'Government' in Paris. -You will have M. de Villèle as your colleague, as you asked, and the -Marquis de La Tour-Maubourg and the Chancellor[264]." - -I thanked the King for his goodness, while wondering at the illusions -of this world. Society crumbles to pieces, monarchies come to an end, -the face of the earth is renewed, and Charles in Prague establishes a -"government" in France, after "taking the opinion" of his Council! Let -us not jeer overmuch: which of us but has his delusions? Which of us -but feeds his budding hopes? Which of us but has his "government _in -petto_," after "taking the opinion" of his passions? Raillery would ill -beseem me, the man of dreams. These Memoirs, which I scribble as I run, -are not they my "government," after "taking the opinion" of my vanity? -Do not I think that I can speak very seriously to the future, which is -as little at my disposal as France is at the orders of Charles X.? - -Cardinal Latil, wishing to escape the hubbub, had gone to spend a -few days with the Duc de Rohan[265]. M. de Foresta[266] passed by -mysteriously with his portfolio under his his arm; Madame de Bouille -made me deep courtesies, like a party-person, with lowered eyes that -tried to see through their lids; M. La Villate was waiting to receive -his dismissal; there was no longer any question of M. Barrande, who -cherished the hope of being restored to favour and was living in a -corner in Prague. - -[Sidenote: The Dauphin.] - -I went to pay my court to the Dauphin. Our conversation was brief: - -"How does Monseigneur find himself at Butschirad?" - -"Getting oldish." - -"We're all doing that, Monseigneur." - -"How's your wife?" - -"Monseigneur, she has the tooth-ache." - -"Inflammation?" - -"No, Monseigneur: age." - -"You're dining with the King? We shall meet again." - -And we parted. - - -PRAGUE, 28 and 29 _September._ - -I found myself free at three o'clock: they dined at six. Not -knowing what to do with myself, I went for a walk through avenues -of apple-trees worthy of Normandy. The fruit-crop from those mock -orange-trees in good years amounts to the value of eighteen thousand -francs. The calvilles are exported to England. They are not made into -cider, as the Bohemian beer-monopoly is opposed to it. According to -Tacitus, the Germans had words to express spring, summer and winter, -but none for autumn, of which they knew neither the name nor the gifts: -_nomen ac bona ignorantur._ Since Tacitus' time, a Pomona has come to -dwell among them. - -Feeling very tired, I sat down on the steps of a ladder leaning against -the trunk of an apple-tree. I was there in the Œil-de-bœuf of -the _château_ of Butschirad or at the railing of the Council-chamber. -Looking at the roof which covered the three generations of my Kings, I -called to mind the complaint of the Arab Maoual: - - "Here we saw vanish below the horizon the stars which we love to - see rise under the sky of our country." - -Full of these melancholy ideas, I fell asleep. A gentle voice woke me. -A Bohemian peasant-woman came to gather apples; throwing forward her -breast and lifting her head, she made me a Slav bow with a queenly -smile: I thought I should fall from my roosting-place; I said to her in -French: - -"You are very beautiful; I thank you!" - -I saw from her look that she had understood me: apples always play a -part in my encounters with "Bohemians[267]." I climbed down from my -ladder like one of those condemned men of feudal times delivered by the -presence of a young woman. Thinking on Normandy, Dieppe, Fervacques, -the sea, I resumed my way to the Trianon of Charles X.'s old age. - -We sat down to table, namely, the Prince and Princesse de Bauffremont, -the Duc and Duchesse de Narbonne, M. de Blacas, M. de Damas, M. -O'Heguerty, I, M. le Dauphin and Henry V.: I would rather have seen -the young men there than myself. Charles X. did not come in to dinner: -he was nursing himself, in order to be able to start on the morrow. -The banquet was noisy, thanks to the young Prince's prattle: he never -ceased talking of his ride on horseback, his horse, his horse's pranks -on the grass, his horse's snorting in the ploughed fields. This -conversation was most natural, and yet it grieved me; I liked our old -talk on travels and history better. - -The King came and chatted to me. He complimented me again on the note -on the majority: it pleased him because it left the abdications on one -side as an accomplished thing, required no signature except Henry's -and revived no sores. According to Charles X., the declaration would -be sent from Vienna to M. de Pastoret before my return to France; I -bowed with an incredulous smile. His Majesty, after striking me on the -shoulder according to his custom, asked: - -"Chateaubriand, where are you going now?" - -"Quite foolishly to Paris, Sire." - -"No, no, not foolishly," replied the King, seeking, with a sort of -uneasiness, to discover what was at the back of my thought - -The newspapers were brought in; the Dauphin took possession of the -English journals; suddenly, amid profound silence, he translated aloud -the following passage from the _Times_: - - "The Baron de--- is here; he is four feet high, seventy--five years - old and as brisk as though he were fifty." - -And Monseigneur said nothing more. - -The King retired; M. de Blacas said to me: - -"You ought to come to Leoben with us." - -The proposal was not seriously meant. Besides, I was not at all anxious -to be present at a family scene; I wished neither to divide relations -nor to meddle with dangerous reconciliations. When I half saw a chance -of becoming the favourite of one of the two powers, I shuddered; the -post did not seem fast enough to take me away from my possible honours. -I trembled before the shadow of fortune even as the Philistines -trembled before the shadow of Richard's horse. - -On the next day, the 28th, I locked myself up at the Bath Hotel and -wrote my dispatch to Madame. That same evening, Hyacinthe set out with -the dispatch. - -On the 29th, I went to see the Comte and Comtesse de Chotek; I found -them confounded by the uproar at the Court of Charles X. The Grand -Burgrave sent by means of expresses to recall the orders which were -delaying the young men at the frontiers. For the rest, those who were -to be seen in the streets of Prague had lost none of their national -characteristics: a Legitimist and a Republican, politics apart, are -the same man. What a noise they made, what joking, what merriment! -The travellers came to see me to tell me their adventures. M.---- had -visited Frankfort with a German guide, who delighted in the French; -M.---- asked him the reason; the guide answered: - -"De Vrench gome to Frankfort; dey trink de vine und mague loff to de -breddy vifes of de cidicens. Cheneral Aucherau lay a dax of vorty-vun -millions on de Down of Frankfort." - -Those are the reasons why the French were so much loved in Frankfort. - -[Sidenote: Breakfast of the young men.] - -A great breakfast was served at my inn; the rich paid the scot of the -poor. They drank champagne on the banks of the Moldau to the health of -Henry V., who was covering the roads with his grandfather, for fear -of hearing the toasts proposed to his crown. At eight o'clock, having -arranged my business, I drove off, hoping never to return to Bohemia in -my life. - -It has been said that Charles X. had intended to retire to the altar: -he had precedents for such a plan in his family. Richer, monk of -Senones, and Geoffroy de Beaulieu, confessor to St. Louis, narrate that -that great man had thought of shutting himself up in a convent, when -his son should have reached an age to take his place on the throne. -Christine de Pisan[268] says of Charles V.: - - "The wise King[269] had deliberated within himself that, if he - could live so long that his son was of age to wear the crown, he - would relinquish the Kingdom to him... and turn priest." - -Such princes as these, if they had laid down the sceptre, would have -been missed as guardians to their sons; and still, by remaining kings, -did they make their successors worthy of them? What was Philip the -Bold[270] beside St. Louis? All Charles V.'s wisdom turned into madness -in his heir[271]. - -I passed at ten o'clock in the evening in front of Butschirad, in the -silent fields, brightly lit by the moon. I saw the huddled mass of -villa, hamlet and ruin inhabited by the Dauphin: the rest of the Royal -Family were travelling. Such profound isolation came upon me with a -shock; that man, as I have already told you, possessed virtues: he -was moderate in politics, he entertained few prejudices; he had only -a drop of the blood of St. Louis in his veins, but he had that; his -uprightness was unequalled, his word as inviolable as God's. Gifted -by nature with courage, he was undone at Rambouillet by his filial -piety. He showed himself brave and humane in Spain, and had the glory -of restoring a kingdom to his kinsman, but was not able to save his -own. Louis-Antoine, since the Days of July, thought of asking a shelter -in Andalusia: Ferdinand would doubtless have refused it to him. The -husband of Louis XVI.'s daughter was languishing in a village in -Bohemia; a dog whose voice I heard was the Prince's only guard: thus -Cerberus barks at the shades in the regions of death, silence and -darkness. - -I was never able, in the course of my long life, to revisit my paternal -hearth; I was not able to settle down in Rome, where I so greatly -longed to die; the eight hundred leagues which I was now completing, -including my first journey to Bohemia, would have taken me to the most -beautiful sites in Greece, Italy and Spain. I have covered all this -distance and spent my last days to return to this cold, grey land: what -have I done to Heaven to deserve this? - -I entered Prague on the 29th, at four o'clock in the evening. -I alighted at the Bath Hotel. I did not see the young Saxon -servant-girl[272]; she had gone back to Dresden to console the banished -pictures of Raphael with the songs of Italy. - -[Sidenote: I leave Bohemia.] - -29 _September to_ 6 _October_ 1833. - -At Schlau, at midnight, a carriage was changing horses in front of the -post-office. Hearing French spoken, I put my head out of the calash and -said: - -"Gentlemen, are you going to Prague? You will not find Charles X. -there; he has gone away with Henry V." - -I mentioned my name. - -"What, gone?" exclaimed several voices together. "Go ahead, postillion, -go ahead!" - -My eight fellow-countrymen, after being stopped at Eger, had obtained -permission to continue their journey, but under the care of an officer -of police. It was curious, in 1833, to meet a convoy of servants of -the Throne and the Altar, dispatched by the French Legitimacy and -escorted by a policeman! In 1822, at Verona, I had seen cages full -of _Carbonari_ pass, accompanied by gendarmes. What is it that the -sovereigns want? Whom do they recognise as friends? Do they fear the -too-great crowds of their partisans? Instead of being touched by their -fidelity, they treat men devoted to their crowns as propagandists and -revolutionaries[273]. - -The post-master at Schlau had just invented the accordion[274]: he sold -me one; the whole night I played upon its bellows, the sound of which -carried away for me the memories of this world. - -Carlsbad, through which I passed on the 30th of September, was -deserted, like an opera-house after the performance. I met at Eger the -extortioner who had made me tumble from the moon where I was spending -the month of June with a lady from the Roman Campagna[275]. - -At Hollfeld, no swifts[276], no little girl with her basket[277]; -this saddened me. Such is my nature: I idealize real personages and -impersonate dreams, making matter and mind change places. A little girl -and a bird to-day swell the crowd of the beings of my creation with -whom my imagination is peopled, like those day-flies which sport in a -ray of the sun. Forgive me, I am speaking of myself: I notice it when -it is too late. - -Here is Bamberg. Padua reminded me of Livy[278]; at Bamberg, Father -Horrion recovered the first portion of the third and of the thirtieth -books of the Roman historian. While I was supping in the birthplace -of Joachim Camerarius[279] and Clavius[280], the librarian of the -town came to greet me on account of my fame, the greatest in the -world, according to him, which warmed the marrow of my bones. Next, -a Bavarian general came running up. At the door of the inn, the crowd -surrounded me when I made for my carriage. A young woman had climbed -upon a mile-stone, as did the Sainte-Beuve to see the Duc de Guise go -by. She laughed: - -"You are laughing at me?" I asked. - -"No," she replied, in French, with a German accent, "it is because I am -so glad!" - -[Sidenote: And return to France.] - -From the 1st to the 4th of October, I saw again the places which I had -seen three months before. On the 4th, I reached the French frontier. To -me St. Francis' Day is, every year, a day for examining my conscience. -I turn my eyes upon the past; I ask myself where I was, what I was -doing on each previous anniversary. This year 1833 found me wandering, -a slave to my roving destinies. At the end of the road I saw a cross; -it stood in a cluster of trees which silently dropped a few dead leaves -upon the Man-God crucified. Twenty-seven years before, I spent St. -Francis' Day at the foot of the real Golgotha. - -My Patron Saint also visited the Holy Sepulchre. Francis of -Assisi[281], the founder of the Mendicant Orders, by virtue of that -institution caused the Gospel to take a great step forward: a fact that -has not been sufficiently remarked upon. He achieved the introduction -of the people into religion; by clothing the poor in a monk's frock, -he forced the world to charity, raised the beggar in the eyes of the -rich and, in a Christian proletarian army, established the model of -that brotherhood of men which Christ had preached, a brotherhood which -will be the fulfilment of that political side of Christianity as yet -undeveloped, without which there will never be complete liberty and -justice upon earth. - -My Patron extended this brotherly love to the very animals, over whom -he appeared to have reconquered by his innocence the empire which -man exercised over them before his fall; he spoke to them as if they -understood him; he gave them the name of "brothers" and "sisters." Near -Baveno, as he was passing, a multitude of birds gathered around him; he -greeted them and said: - -"My winged brothers, love and praise God, for He hath clothed you with -feathers and given you the power to fly in the sky." - -The birds of the Lake of Rieti followed him. He rejoiced when he met -flocks of sheep; he had a great compassion for them: - -"Brothers," he said to them, "come to me." - -Sometimes he would give his clothes in exchange for a sheep which was -being led to the butcher's; he remembered a very meek Lamb, _illius -mentor agni minissimi_, offered up for the salvation of mankind. A -grass-hopper lived on the bough of a fig-tree near his door at the -Portiuncula; he called it to him; it came to lie upon his hand and he -said to it: - -"Sister grasshopper, sing God thy Creator." - -He did the same by a nightingale and was beaten at the concerts by -a bird which he blessed and which flew away after its victory. He -was obliged to have the little wild animals which ran up to him and -sought shelter in his breast carried far away into the woods. When -he wished to pray in the morning, he ordered silence of the swallows -and they were dumb. A young man was going to Siena to sell some -turtle-doves; the servant of God begged him to give them to him, so -that doves, which, in the Scriptures, are the symbol of innocence and -candour, might not be killed. The saint carried them to his convent -at Ravacciano: he planted his stick at the door of the monastery; the -stick changed into a tall evergreen oak; the saint let the turtle-doves -go to it and commanded them to build their nest in its branches, which -they did for many years. - -Francis dying wished to leave the world naked, as he had entered it; -he asked that his stripped body might be buried in the spot where the -criminals were executed, in imitation of Christ, whom he had taken for -his model. He dictated a will which was wholly spiritual, for he had -nothing to leave to his brethren except poverty and peace: a sainted -woman laid him in his tomb. - -[Sidenote: Back in Paris.] - -I received, from my Patron, poverty, the love of the small and humble, -compassion for animals; but my barren stick will not change into an -evergreen oak to protect them. I ought to think myself lucky to have -trodden French soil on my saint's-day; but have I a country? Have I -ever, in that country, enjoyed a moment of rest? On the 6th of October, -in the morning, I returned to my Infirmary. The gale of St. Francis was -still blowing. My trees, the budding refuges of the miseries collected -by my wife, bent before the anger of my Patron. In the evening, through -the branchy elms of my boulevard, I saw the hanging street-lamps shaken -to and fro, their half-extinguished lights flickering like the little -lamp of my life[282]. - - - - [239] This book was written on the road from Padua to Prague, from - 20 to 26 September 1833, and on the road from Prague to Paris, from - 26 September to 6 October.--T. - - [240] Columbus first touched land in America at Guanahani, one of - the Bahama Islands, on the 12th of October 1492. The island is - called "Watling's Island" on the English maps: it is possible to - vulgarize most things; Christopher was content to christen it San - Salvador.--T. - - [241] Richard Lemon Lander (1804-1834) made several journeys of - discovery in Africa, penetrated to the mouth of the Niger in 1831 - and settled the question of its course and outlet. He returned to - the Nun mouth in 1833, when he was fired upon by the natives and - struck by a musket-ball in the thigh. He was removed to Fernando - Po, where he died in February 1834.--T. - - [242] Hazlitt's MONTAIGNE: _A Journey into Italy._--T. - - [243] Chateaubriand: _Tombeaux champêtres_, 52-53, imitated from - Gray's _Elegy written in a Country Church-yard. Cf._ 57-60: - - "Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breast - The little Tyrant of his fields withstood, - Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest, - Some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood."--T. - - -[244] Saint Rupert Bishop of Worms (_fl. circa_ 700), known as the -Apostle of the Bavarians from his missionary labours at Ratisbon, -Salzburg, etc.--T. - -[245] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 21.--T. - -[246] _Ibid._--T. - -[247] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 354.--T. - -[248] Maroboduus, or Marbod, King of the Marcomanni (_b._ 18 B.C.), -mentioned in Tacitus.--T. - -[249] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 346.--T. - -[250] _Ibid._, p. 347.--T. - -[251] _Ibid._, p. 353.--T. - -[252] _Ibid._, p. 350.--T. - -[253] _Cf._ p. 38, n. 2, _supra._--T. - -[254] During the summer and part of the autumn, the Royal Family used -to live at Butschirad, a lonely and gloomy residence, situated in a -dull and desolate country, about five hours' drive from Prague.--B. - -[255] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 88.--T. - -[256] _Ibid._, pp. 74 _et seq._--T. - -[257] _Ibid._, pp. 81 _et seq._--T. - -[258] By the old laws of the Monarchy, the majority of the Kings of -France was fixed at the commencement of their fourteenth year. The -memory of this law determined several hundreds of Frenchmen to go -together to visit the Elder Branch of the Bourbons, at fifteen hundred -miles from their country. This manifestation carried with it a certain -hostility to the new Dynasty. The Government of July, accordingly, -did not fail, naturally enough, when all is said and done, to put -some petty annoyances in the way of the travellers. It prevailed upon -the Austrian Government to turn a large number of them back at the -frontiers. In Frankfort and Munich, King Louis-Philippe's _chargés -d'affaires_ refused to give the necessary _visas_; several were -detained at Pilsen and Waldmünchen, _as_ also at Mayence and Eger. - -Moreover, this little manifestation was looked upon almost as -unfavourably in Prague as in Paris. King Charles X. and his son, the -Dauphin, had abdicated at Rambouillet, and they had no thought of -withdrawing their respective abdications; only, in order to keep up -the moral absence of responsibility of the Duc de Bordeaux and also -to facilitate the relations between the exiles and the Cabinets, -particularly the Cabinet of Vienna, they wished to retain, while on -foreign soil, a title which seemed to them inseparable from that of -heads of the Bourbon Family. The journey of the young Frenchmen who -were coming to greet Henry of France on the day of his entering upon -his fourteenth year might upset those private arrangements of the -exiled Family. It was therefore not calculated to please the old King -and his son. Hence the little incidents which the author of the Memoirs -will presently describe to us.--B. - -The Duc de Bordeaux was born on the 29th of September 1820, seven and -a half months after his father's assassination, and therefore attained -his majority, according to the laws of the French Monarchy, on the 29th -of September 1833--T. - -[259] "Among the visitors to Prague were Vendeans whose wounds were not -yet closed and as many as eight persons who had been sentenced to death -in their absence and who had saved their heads by flight." (ALFRED -NETTEMENT: _Henri de France_, Vol. I, p. 264).--B. - -[260] The _Chroniques de Saint-Denys_ or _Grandes chroniques de -France_ were chronicles compiled from the earliest times of the French -Monarchy by the Benedictines of Saint-Denis and kept in the treasury -of the abbey. The Abbot of Saint-Denis used to appoint a monk as -historiographer whose duty it was to follow the Court in order to -collect and write down events as they occurred. On the death of the -king, a history of his reign was drawn up from these notes, and this -history, after being submitted to the Chapter, was incorporated in the -_Grandes chroniques._ Suger, who became Abbot of Saint-Denis in 1122, -collected all the chronicles compiled from the commencement of the -Monarchy and himself wrote those of his own time. After the discovery -of printing, an abstract of the _Grandes chroniques_ was prepared and -published by Jean Chartier, the Benedictine, in 1476, under the title, -_Chroniques de France depuis les Troiens jusqu'à la mort de Charles -VII._, in 3 volumes 4to. They constitute the first French book known to -have been printed in Paris. These three volumes, which brought up the -History of France to 1461, were reprinted, with a continuation to 1513, -in 1514. A more recent edition appeared in Paris in 1836 to 1841, in 6 -volumes 8vo.--T. - -[261] Alfred Xavier Baron Dufougerais (1804-1874), a member of a -royalist family, was a barrister in Paris when, in 1828, he became -one of the proprietors and one of the editors of the _Quotidien._ In -April 1831, he bought the _Mode, revue du monde élégant_ from Émile -de Girardin, its founder, and turned it into a political organ. He -kept the fashion article and plates, so as to justify the title and -retain the advantages attaching to the speciality; but at the same -time the paper, in his hands, became a formidable weapon against the -Monarchy of July. Without being exactly a writer, Alfred Dufougerais -possessed the journalistic instinct to a high degree, and, under his -management, the _Mode_ soon took the leading place in the van-guard -of the royalist press. In September 1834, the state of his health -obliged him to transfer the ownership of his paper to other hands. -Alfred Dufougerais, who was gifted with a genuine talent for speaking, -preferred the contests of the bar to those of the press. He appeared in -all the leading newspaper trials and soon became standing counsel to -the royalist journals both in the provinces and in Paris. Among other -feats, he thrice obtained the acquittal of the _Indépendant de l'Ouest_ -at Laval. In 1849, Dufougerais was elected by the Department of the -Vendée to the Chamber of Deputies, where he constantly voted with the -Right until the _coup d'État_ of 2 December 1851, when he retired into -private life.--B. - -[262] Charles Vicomte de Nugent, poet and prose-writer and a member of -the editorial staff of the _Revenant_ and the _Mode._--B. - -[263] The modern apartments at Holyrood Palace were quite bare, when -they were lent to Charles X. in 1830, and almost uninhabitable. The -Wellington Administration, which made great difficulties about lending -the palace to the King and his family at all, did so only on the -express and almost barbarous condition that, "if there was a nail to be -knocked in, they would have to do it at their own expense." In short, -the unfortunate French exiles were allowed to arrive in Edinburgh, -during a Scotch winter, to take possession of a lodging in which the -very essentials of comfort were lacking, in which there was little -but the four walls of each room: and these, the Duchesse de Gontaut, -in 1831, informed M. P. J. Fallon, whose interesting little volume, -_Voyage à Holyrood pendant l'automne de_ 1831, is my authority, were, -in the case of Mademoiselle's apartment, so cold and damp that at first -they gave up the idea of occupying it. The state of the chimneys was -such that it was impossible to warm the rooms without being stifled -with smoke. M. Fallon gives a few details of the furniture supplied by -Charles X. The throne-room or picture-gallery was left empty, but for -a small table supporting an old lamp. The room before it was turned -into a chapel, in which Mass was said daily: Charles X. used to hear -Vespers at three o'clock on Sundays in the Catholic chapel next to the -Adelphi Theatre. The large drawing-room leading out of the throne-room -was fully but very simply furnished and contained a sofa with a back -about four feet high: the little Duc de Bordeaux used to amuse himself -by vaulting over it with one hand resting on the kick of it. The room -leading out of this drawing-room, on the left, was almost empty; it -contained a picture, by M. d'Hardivilliers, representing the landing -of Charles X. at Leith. Next to this was the closet of Charles X., a -large room completely furnished. The Dauphin and Dauphiness at first -occupied a little eight-roomed house at 34 Regent's Terrace, in the New -Town, at a rental of £80 a year, and did not move into Holyrood until -October 1831. M, Fallon adds a further anecdote typical of the timorous -policy of the Duke of Wellington's Ministry. So long as it remained in -power, no guard was placed at the palace gate. Later, when the duke -was succeeded by Earl Grey (November 1830), sentries were posted in -the entrance-hall and at the foot of the two towers. But they were -considered to be a guard of protection or convenience, not of honour, -and they received no orders to present arms when the members of the -Royal Family passed them.--T. - -[264] The Marquis de Pastoret (_Cf._ Vol. V., p. 303, n. 2). He -succeeded Dambray in 1829 as Chancellor of France and, although he -resigned all his functions after the Revolution of July, he always -remained the "Chancellor" to Charles X. In 1834, he became tutor to the -children of the Duchesse de Berry, a charge to which he applied himself -with great devotion, in spite of his advanced years: he was born in -1756.--B. - -[265] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 187, n. 4 and p. 188, n. 1.--T. - -[266] Marie Joseph Marquis de Foresta (_d._ 1858) was prefect of -different departments, under the Restoration, and an honorary lord of -the Bed-chamber to the King. He had a cultured, nice and penetrating -mind and had given proof of his literary talents at an early age, -having dedicated to the Duchesse de Berry two charming and ingenious -volumes entitled, _Lettres sur la Sicile_ and published when he was -only twenty-two. He remained attached to the person of the Comte de -Chambord until his death (11 February 1858). The Marquise de Foresta -was the finished type of a Christian gentleman.--B. - -[267] _Bohémiennes_: gipsy-women. _Cf._ Vol. II., p. 55, where -Chateaubriand, suffering from smallpox and starving, meets a -gipsy-woman who gives him an apple.--T. - -[268] Christine de Pisan (1363-1415), born in Venice, came to the Court -of France with her father, Thomas de Pisan, who had been appointed -astrologer to Charles V. She married a Frenchman of good family, was -left a widow at an early age, and devoted herself to literature for -her consolation. She left ballads, lays, virelays, rondeaus and short -poems, such as the _Débat des deux amants_, the _Chemin de longue -étude_, etc., and a number of prose works, including the _Vision de -Christine de Pisan_ and the work from which the above quotation is -taken, entitled, the _Livre des faiets et bonnes mœurs de Charles V._ -Some of her works were translated from the Romance language into French -and published separately, in Paris, in 1522, 1536, 1549 and later -years.--T. - -[269] King Charles V. of France was surnamed the "Wise."--T. - -[270] Philip III. King of France (1245-1285), surnamed the Bold, -succeeded St. Louis IX., in 1270. He was a gallant King and would have -cut a fine figure beside any other than his glorious father.--T. - -[271] Charles VI. (1368-1422), surnamed the Well-Beloved, succeeded -his father in 1380 and lost his reason in 1392 (_Cf. supra_ p. 10, n. -3).--T. - -[272] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 392.--T. - -[273] I received from Périgueux, on the 14th of November, the following -letter, which, leaving the praises of myself on one side, states facts -as I have told them: - - PÉRIGUEUX, 10 _November_ 1833. - - "MONSIEUR LE VICOMTE, - - "I cannot resist the wish to tell you of my disappointment when - I was told, on Monday the 28th of October, that you were away. I - had called on you to have the honour of paying you my respects and - exchanging a few words with the man to whom I have devoted all my - admiration. Obliged as I was to leave Paris that same night, where - perhaps I shall not return again, it would have been very pleasant - for me to have seen you. When, in spite of my family's moderate - means, I undertook the journey to Prague, I had placed among the - Dumber of my hopes that of introducing myself to you. And yet, - monsieur le vicomte, I cannot say that I have not seen you: I was - one of the eight young men whom you met in the middle of the night - at Schlau, not far from Prague. We arrived after having, for five - mortal days, been the victims of the intrigue that has since been - revealed to us. That meeting, at that place and hour, has something - odd about it and will never be effaced from my memory, any more - than will the image of him to whom royalist France owes the most - useful services. - - "Pray accept, etc. - - "P. G. JULES DETERMES."--(_Author's Note_). - - -[274] The accordion appears to have been invented really by Damian, in -Vienna, in the year 1829.--T. - -[275] _Cf. supra_, p. 4.--T. - -[276] _Cf. supra_, p. 8.--T. - -[277] _Cf. supra_, p. 8.--T. - -[278] _Cf. supra_, p. 105.--T. - -[279] Joachim Liebhard (1500-1574), known as Camerarius, because -several members of his family had been chamberlains, a native of -Bamberg, a learned scholar, a friend of Melanchthon. Camerarius was the -author of valuable Latin translations of many of the Greek classics, -published editions, with commentaries, of many of the Latin classics, -edited Melanchthon's Letters and left a Life of Melanchthon, Letters, -Fables, etc. - -[280] Christopher Clavius (1537-1612), a native of Bamberg and a great -Jesuit mathematician, was sent to Rome, where Gregory XIII. employed -him on the reform of the Calendar.--T. - -[281] Giovanni Francesco Bernardone (1182-1226), canonized by Pope -Gregory IX., in 1228, as St. Francis of Assisi, founded the Order of -the Franciscans, or Mendicant Friars, in 1208: their rule was confirmed -by Pope Honorius III. in 1223. St. Francis visited the Holy Land in -1219. In 1224, two years before his death, he received the Stigmata, on -the heights of Monte La Verna, on the morning of the 14th of September, -the Feast of the Exaltation of Holy Cross.--T. - -[282] The above page was written on the 6th of October 1833. Those -which follow were begun in 1837. In September 1836, Chateaubriand -wrote, at the Château de Maintenon, a chapter which was intended for -his Memoirs, but not included in the earlier editions. This short -chapter has been recovered by M. Biré and it will be found at the end -of this volume as Appendix II.: _Unpublished Fragments of the Mémoires -if Outre-tombe._--T. - - - - -BOOK IX[283] - - -General politics of the moment--Louis-Philippe--M. Thiers--M. de La -Fayette--Armand Carrel--Of some women: the lady from Louisiana--Madame -Tastu--Madame Sand--M. de Talleyrand--Death of Charles X. - - -When, passing from the politics of the Legitimacy to general politics, -I re-read what I wrote on those politics in the years 1831, 1832 and -1833, I find that my previsions were fairly correct - -Louis-Philippe is a man of intelligence whose tongue is set in movement -by a torrent of commonplaces. He pleases Europe, which reproaches us -with not knowing his worth; England is glad to see that, like herself, -we have dethroned a king; the other sovereigns forsake the Legitimacy, -which they did not find obedient. Philip has lorded it over the men -who have come closer to him; he has made game of his ministers; he has -employed them, dismissed them, reemployed them, dismissed them afresh, -after compromising them, if anything can compromise one nowadays. - -Philip's superiority is real, but it is only relative; place him in -a period when society still retains some life, and his mediocrity -shall come to the surface. Two passions spoil his good qualities: -his exclusive love for his children and his insatiable eagerness to -increase his fortune; on those two points his eyes will always be -dazzled. - -Philip has not that feeling for the honour of France which the elder -Bourbons had; he has no occasion for honour: he fears nothing except -popular risings, even as the nearest relations of Louis XVI. feared it. -He is sheltered by his father's crime; the hatred of what is good does -not weigh heavy on him: he is an accomplice, not a victim. - -Having realized the lassitude of the times and the vileness of men's -souls, Philip has made himself at home. Laws of intimidation have -come to suppress our liberties, as I foretold at the time of my -farewell speech in the House of Peers, and not a thing has stirred; the -Government has resorted to arbitrary measures; it has murdered people -in the Rue Transnonain, shot them down in Lyons, instituted numerous -newspaper prosecutions; it has arrested private citizens, has kept them -for months and years in prison without trial, and has been applauded -for doing so. The exhausted country, which no longer understands what -is happening, has suffered all. There is hardly a man whom it is not -possible to face with his own past. From year to year, from month -to month, we have written, said and done the exact opposite of what -we used to write, say and do. By dint of having cause for blushing, -we have ceased to blush; our inconsistencies escape our memory, so -numerous have they become. To have done with it, we adopt the course -of declaring that we have never changed, or that we have changed only -through the progressive transformation of our ideas and our enlightened -apprehension of the times. Events so rapid have aged us so speedily -that, when men remind us of our doings of a past period, it seems to us -that they are talking of some other man than ourselves: and besides, to -have changed is to have done what everybody does. - -[Sidenote: Louis-Philippe.] - -Philip did not think it necessary, as did the Restored Branch, to be -the master in every village in order to reign; he considered that it -was enough to hold sway in Paris: therefore, if ever he could turn the -Capital into a warlike town, with an annual roll of sixty thousand -pretorians, he would think himself safe. Europe would let him alone, -because he would persuade the sovereigns that he was acting with a -view to stifling the revolution in its old cradle, while leaving the -liberties, independence and honour of France as a pledge in the hands -of the foreigners. Philip is a policeman: Europe can spit in his -face; he wipes himself, gives thanks and shows his patent as a king. -Moreover, he is the only Prince whom the French would, at present, be -capable of supporting. The degradation of the elected Head constitutes -his strength; we momentarily find in his person enough to satisfy -our monarchical habits and our democratic leanings; we obey a power -which we believe ourselves to have the right to insult; that is all -the liberty that we require: on our knees as a nation, we slap our -master's face, re-establishing privilege at his feet, equality on his -cheek. Crafty and guileful, a Louis XI. of the age of philosophy, the -monarch of our choice dexterously steers his ship over a liquid mire. -The Elder Branch of the Bourbons is dried up, save one bud alone; the -Younger Branch is rotten. The Head inaugurated at the town-hall has -never thought of any one but himself: he sacrifices Frenchmen to what -he believes to be his security. When men argue about what would be -fitting for the greatness of the country, they forget the nature of the -Sovereign: he is persuaded that he would be undone by methods which -would be the saving of France; according to him, that which would give -life to the Royalty would be the death of the King. For the rest, none -has the right to despise him, for every one is on the same contemptible -level. But, whatever may be the prosperity that forms the object of -his dreams, in the last result, either he or his children will fail to -prosper, because he abandons the people, from whom he holds all. On the -other hand, the legitimate kings, abandoning the legitimate kings, will -fall: principles are not denied with impunity. Though the revolutions -may, for a moment, have been diverted from their course, they will none -the less come to swell the torrent which is under-mining the ancient -edifice: none has played his part, none shall be saved. - -Since no power among us is inviolable, since the hereditary sceptre has -fallen four times within thirty-eight years, since the royal diadem -fastened by victory has twice slipped from the head of Napoleon, since -the Sovereignty of July has been incessantly attacked, we must conclude -from this that it is not the Republic which is impossible, but the -Monarchy. - -France is under the dominion of an idea hostile to the throne: a diadem -of which men at first recognised the authority, which they next trod -under foot, then picked up, only to tread it under foot again, is -merely a useless temptation and a symbol of disorder. A master is set -over men who seem to call for him by their memories and who no longer -support him by their manners; he is set over generations which, having -lost the sense of moderation and social decency, know only how to -insult the royal person or to replace respect by servility. - -Philip has within him the wherewithal to delay the march of destiny, -but not to stop it. The Democratic Party alone is progressing, because -it is advancing towards the world of the future. Those who refuse to -admit the general causes of destruction where monarchical principles -are concerned in vain look to be delivered from the present yoke by -a motion of the Chambers; the latter will never consent to reform, -because reform would be their death. The Opposition, on its side, which -has become an industrial Opposition, will never give the death-thrust -to the King of its own making, as it gave it to Charles X.: it makes -a disturbance in order to obtain places, it complains, it is peevish; -but, when it finds itself face to face with Philip, it draws back; for, -though it wishes to have the handling of affairs, it does not wish to -overthrow that which it has created nor that by which it lives. Two -fears stop it: the fear of the return of the Legitimacy, the fear of -the reign of the people; it clings to Philip, whom it does not love, -but whom it looks upon as a safeguard. Stuffed full of offices and -money, abdicating its own will, the Opposition obeys what it knows to -be fatal and goes to sleep in the mire, which is the down invented by -the industry of the age: it is not so pleasant as the other, but it is -cheaper. - -[Sidenote: Philip's turpitude.] - -All these things notwithstanding, a sovereignty of a few months, of a -few years, even, if you wish, will not change the irrevocable future. -There is hardly any one now but confesses the Legitimacy to have been -preferable to the Usurpation, in so far as security, liberty, property -were concerned, and also our relations with foreign Powers, for the -principle of our present Sovereignty is hostile to that of the European -sovereignties. Since he was pleased to receive the investiture of the -Throne at the good pleasure and with the certain knowledge of the -democracy, Philip missed his opportunity at the start: he ought to -have leapt on horseback and galloped to the Rhine; or rather, he ought -to have resisted a movement which was carrying him without conditions -towards a crown: more durable and more suitable institutions would have -arisen from that resistance. - -It has been said that "M. le Duc d'Orléans could not have refused the -crown without plunging us into dreadful troubles:" this is the argument -of cowards, dupes and cheats. No doubt, conflicts would have ensued; -but they would have been swiftly followed by a return to law and order. -What has Philip done for the country after all? Would there have been -more blood shed by his refusing the sceptre than flowed because of the -acceptance of that same sceptre in Paris, Lyons, Antwerp, the Vendée, -without reckoning those streams of blood spilt, as a consequence of our -Elective Monarchy, in Poland, Italy, Portugal, Spain? Has Philip, in -compensation for these misfortunes, given us liberty? Has he given us -glory? He has spent his time in begging for his legitimation among the -potentates, in degrading France by making her the handmaid of England, -by giving her as a hostage; he has tried to make the age come to him, -to make it old with his House, not wishing to become young himself with -the age. - -Why did he not marry his eldest son[284] to some fair commoner of his -country? That would have meant wedding France: those nuptials of the -people and the Royalty would have made the Kings repent; for those -Kings, who have already taken advantage of Philip's submissiveness, -will not be content with what they have obtained: the might of the -populace which appears through our Municipal Monarchy terrifies them. -The Potentate of the Barricades, to become completely agreeable to the -absolute potentates, ought above all to destroy the liberty of the -press and abolish our constitutional institutions. At the bottom of -his soul, he detests them as much as they, but he has to keep within -bounds. All this remissness offends the other sovereigns; the only way -to make them have patience is to sacrifice everything to them abroad: -in order to accustom us to becoming Philip's liegemen at home, we are -commencing by making ourselves the vassals of Europe. - -I have said a hundred times and I repeat again, the old society is -dying. I am not easy-going enough, nor quack enough, nor sufficiently -deceived by my hopes to take the smallest interest in that which -exists. France, the ripest of the present nations, will probably be -the first to go. It is likely that the Elder Bourbons, to whom I shall -die attached, would not even to-day find a lasting shelter in the Old -Monarchy. Never have the successors of an immolated monarch worn his -torn mantle long after him: there is distrust on both sides; the prince -dares not rely upon the nation, the nation refuses to believe that -the reinstated family is capable of forgiving it. A scaffold raised -between a people and a king prevents them from seeing each other: there -are tombs that never close. Capet's head was so high that the little -executioners were obliged to strike it off to take its crown, even as -the Caribbees used to cut down the palm-tree in order to gather its -fruit. The stem of the Bourbons had propagated itself in the different -trunks which, bending down, took root and rose again as haughty shoots; -that family, after being the pride of the other royal Houses, seems to -have become their fatality. - -[Illustration: Louis Philippe.] - -[Sidenote: Prospects of the Usurpation.] - -But would it be more reasonable to think that the descendants of Philip -would have more chances of reigning than the young heir of Henry IV.? -It is vain to contrive different combinations of political ideas: the -moral verities remain unchangeable. There are inevitable reactions, -instructive, magisterial, avenging. The Monarch who initiated us -into liberty, Louis XVI., was made to expiate in his own person the -despotism of Louis XIV. and the corruption of Louis XV.: and shall it -be said that Louis-Philippe, he or his line, shall not pay the debt of -the depravity, of the Regency? Was that debt not contracted anew by -"Égalité" at the scaffold of Louis XVI., and did Philip his son not -increase the paternal contract when, a faithless guardian, he dethroned -his ward? "Égalité" redeemed nothing by losing his life; the tears -shed with the last breath redeem nobody: they only wet the breast and -do not fall upon the conscience. If the Orleans Branch were able to -reign by the right of the vices and crimes of its ancestors, where, -then, would Providence be? Never would a more terrible temptation have -disquieted the good man. What deludes us is that we measure the designs -of Eternity by the scale of our short life. We pass away so quickly -that God's punishment cannot always fall within the short moment of our -existence: the punishment descends when the time comes; it no longer -finds the original culprit, but it finds his House, which leaves room -for action. - -Rising up in the universal order of things, this reign of -Louis-Philippe's, however long it last, will never be anything but an -anomaly, a momentary breach of the permanent laws of justice: those -laws are violated in a restricted and relative sense; they are followed -in an unlimited and general sense. From an enormity that has received -the apparent consent of Heaven, we must draw a loftier conclusion: we -must deduce from it the Christian proof of the abolition of the Royalty -itself. It is this abolition, and not any individual chastisement, -that will become the expiation of the death of Louis XVI.; none will -be admitted to gird on the diadem, after that just man: as witness -Napoleon the Great and Charles X. the Pious. To render the crown -completely hateful, it will have been permitted to the son of the -regicide to stretch himself for a moment, as a false king, in the -blood-stained bed of the martyr. - -For the rest, all these arguments, just though they be, will never -shake my loyalty to my young King: were none but myself to remain in -France, I shall always be proud to have been the last subject of him -who was to be the last king. - - -The Revolution of July has found its King: has it found its -representative? I have, at different times, described the men who, -from 1789 to this day, have appeared upon the scene. Those men were -more or less connected with the old race of mankind: we had a scale of -proportion to measure them by. We have now come to generations that -no longer belong to the past; studied under the microscope, they do -not seem capable of life, and yet they combine with elements in which -they move; they are able to breathe an air which we cannot breathe. -The future will perhaps discover formulas to calculate the laws of -existence of those beings; but the present has no means of appreciating -them. - -Without, therefore, being able to explain the changed species, we -notice, here and there, a few individuals whom we are able to grasp, -because of their peculiar failings or distinctive qualities which make -them stand out from among the crowd. M. Thiers, for instance, is the -only man that the Revolution of July has produced. He has founded the -school that admires the Terror, a school to which he himself belongs. -If the men of the Terror, those deniers and denied of God, were such -great men, the authority of their judgment ought to carry weight; but -those men, reviling one another, declare that the party whose throats -they are cutting is a party of rascals. See what Madame Roland says -of Condorcet, what Barbaroux[285], the principal actor of the 10th -of August, thinks of Marat, what Camille Desmoulins writes against -Saint-Just[286] Are we to appreciate Danton according to Robespierre's -opinion, or Robespierre according to Danton's? When the Conventionals -have so poor a notion of one another, how can we, without failing in -the respect which we owe them, entertain an opinion different from -theirs? - -With its material mind, Jacobinism does not perceive that the Terror -failed from not being capable of fulfilling the conditions of its -continuance. It was unable to achieve its aim, because it was unable -to cut off enough heads: it would have needed four or five hundred -thousand more; now time was wanting for those long massacres; nothing -remains but unfinished crimes whose fruit cannot be gathered, because -the last sun of the storm did not ripen it sufficiently. - -[Sidenote: The French revolutionaries.] - -The secret of the inconsistencies of the men of the day lies in the -privation of moral sense, the absence of any fixed principle and the -worship of force: whoever goes to the wall is guilty and without merit, -at least without that merit which assimilates with events. Behind -the liberal phrases of the devotees of the Terror, you must see only -what lies hidden there: the deification of success. Do not adore the -Convention except in the manner in which one adores a tyrant. When -the Convention is upset, go over with your baggage of liberties to -the Directory, then to Bonaparte, and that without having a suspicion -of your metamorphosis, without thinking that you have changed. Sworn -dramatist that you are, while looking upon the Girondins as poor -wretches because they have been "beaten," nevertheless draw a fantastic -picture of their death: they are beautiful young men marching, crowned -with flowers, to the sacrifice. The Girondins, a cowardly faction, -who spoke in favour of Louis XVI. and voted for his execution, did -wonderfully, it is true, on the scaffold; but who did not, in those -days, run full butt at death? The women were distinguished for their -heroism: the young girls of Verdun climbed the steps of the altar -like Iphigenia; the artisans, about whom we are prudently silent, -those plebeians of whom the Convention reaped so large a crop, braved -the steel of the executioner as resolutely as our grenadiers braved -the steel of the enemy. For one priest and one noble, the Convention -offered up thousands of workmen taken from the lowest classes of the -population[287]: this is what we always refuse to remember. - -Does M. Thiers set store by his principles? Not in the least: he has -cried up massacre and he would preach humanity in quite as edifying -a manner; he gave himself out as a bigot for liberty, and he has -oppressed Lyons, shot people down in the Rue Transnonain, and upheld -the September Laws against all men: if he ever reads this, he will take -it for a panegyric. - -Since he became President of the Council and Minister for Foreign -Affairs[288], M. Thiers is enraptured with the diplomatic intrigues -of the Talleyrand School; he runs the risk of being taken for a -buffoon-in-waiting, for lack of equilibrium, gravity and silence. One -can turn up one's nose at earnestness and greatness of soul: but it -does not do to say so, before one has brought the subjugated world to -take its seat at the orgies of Grand-Vaux[289]. - -For the rest, M. Thiers combines with inferior manners an instinct for -higher things; while the feudal survivors have become misers and turned -themselves into stewards of their own land, he, M. Thiers, a great lord -by second birth, travels like a new Atticus[290], purchases works of -art on the roads and revives the prodigality of the old aristocracy: -this is a distinction; but, if he sows as easily as he reaps, he ought -to be more cautious of the intimacy of his old habits: consideration is -one of the ingredients that go to make the public man. - -[Sidenote: Adolphe Thiers.] - -Stirred by his mercurial nature, M. Thiers has pretended that he was -going to kill, in Madrid, the anarchy which I had overthrown there in -1823: a project all the bolder inasmuch as M. Thiers was struggling -with the opinions of Louis-Philippe. He may suppose himself to be a -Bonaparte; he may think that his pen-cutter is but an elongation of the -Napoleonic sword; he may be persuaded that he is a great general, he -may dream of the conquest of Europe, by reason that he has constituted -himself its historian[291] and that he is very inconsiderately bringing -back the ashes of Napoleon[292]. I acquiesce in all these pretensions; -I will only say, as for Spain, that, when M. Thiers thought of invading -her, he was deceived in his calculations; he would have ruined his -King in 1836, and I saved mine in 1823. The essential thing, then, -is to do in the nick of time what one wants to do; there are two -forces, the force of men and the force of things: when these two are -in opposition to one another, nothing is accomplished. At the present -moment, Mirabeau would rouse nobody, even though his corruption would -do him no harm; for, just now, none is cried down because of his vices: -one is slandered only for his virtues. M. Thiers must make up his mind -to one of three courses: to declare himself the representative of the -republican future[293], or perch himself upon the counterfeit Monarchy -of July like a monkey on a camel's back, or revive the imperial order -of things. This last would be to M. Thiers's taste; but the Empire -without an emperor: is that possible? It is more natural to believe -that the author of the _Histoire de la Révolution_ will allow himself -to be absorbed by a vulgar ambition: he will want to remain in power -or return to it; in order to keep or recover his place, he will recant -anything that the moment or his own interest will seem to him to -require[294]; to strip one's self before the public, there is audacity: -but is M. Thiers young enough for his beauty to serve him as a veil? - -Putting Deutz[295] and Judas on one side, I recognise in M. Thiers a -supple, prompt, shrewd and malleable mind, perhaps the heir to the -future, capable of comprehending everything, except the greatness that -comes from moral order. Free from jealousy, pettiness and prejudice, he -stands out against the tame and obscure background of the mediocrities -of the time. His excessive pride is not yet odious, because it does not -consist in despising others. M. Thiers possesses resources, variety, -fortunate gifts; he troubles little about differences of opinion, -bears no malice, is not afraid of compromising himself, does justice -to a man, not for his probity or for what he thinks, but for what he -is worth: which would not prevent him from having us all strangled, in -case of need. M. Thiers is not what he is able to be: years will modify -him, unless the elation of self-love should place obstacles in the way. -If his brain stands firm and he is not carried away by some headstrong -act, public life will reveal unheeded superior qualities in him. He -must soon rise or fall; the chances are that M. Thiers will either -become a great minister or remain a marplot. - -[Sidenote: Lost opportunities.] - -M. Thiers has already been wanting in resolution at a time when he -held the fate of the world in his hands: if he had given the order -to attack the English Fleet, with the superior force that we had in -the Mediterranean, our success was assured; the Turkish and Egyptian -Fleets, lying together in the harbour of Alexandria, would have come to -swell our fleet; a success obtained over England would have electrified -France. We should have at once found 150,000 men to enter Bavaria and -fling themselves upon some point in Italy, where nothing was prepared -in prevision of an attack. The whole world might once more have changed -its aspect. Would our aggression have been a just one? That is another -affair; but we could have asked Europe whether it had acted loyally -towards us in the treaties, or whether, abusing their victory, Russia -and Germany had enlarged their territory beyond measure, while France -had been reduced to her old clipped frontiers. Be this as it may, M. -Thiers did not dare play his last card; looking upon his life, he did -not think himself sufficiently supported, and yet it was because he -was staking nothing that he might have played for all. We have fallen -under the feet of Europe; such an opportunity to recover ourselves will -perhaps not occur for long. - -[Illustration: M. Thiers.] - -In the last result, M. Thiers, in order to save his system, has reduced -France to a space of fifteen leagues which he has made to bristle with -fortresses; we shall soon see if Europe is right in laughing at this -piece of child's play on the part of the great thinker. - -And this is how, allowing my pen to run away with me, I have devoted -more pages to a man of uncertain future than I have given to persons -whose memory is assured. It is a misfortune to live too long; I -have come to a period of sterility in which France sees only lean -generations run: _Lupa carca nella sua magrezza._[296] These Memoirs -diminish in interest with the days that have supervened, diminish by -what they were able to borrow from the greatness of events: they will -end, I fear me, like the daughters of Achelous[297]. The Roman Empire, -so magnificently proclaimed by Livy, contracts and goes out dimly in -the accounts of Cassiodorus. You were more fortunate, O Thucydides -and Plutarch, Sallust and Tacitus, when you told of the parties that -divided Athens and Rome! You were certain, at least, of animating them, -not only with your genius, but also with the splendour of the Greek -and the gravity of the Latin language! What could we relate of our -expiring society, we Welshmen, in our jargon confined to narrow and -barbarous limits? If these later pages reproduced our parliamentary -tautology, those eternal definitions of our rights, our ministerial -prize-fights, would they, fifty years hence, be anything more than -the unintelligible columns of an old newspaper? Of a thousand and one -conjectures, would a single one prove to be true? Who would foresee -the strange leaps and bounds of the inconstancy of the French spirit? -Who could understand how its execrations and infatuations, its curses -and blessings become transformed without apparent reason? Who would -be able to guess and explain how, by turns, it adores and detests, -how it springs from a political system, how, with liberty on its lips -and bondage in its heart, it believes in one truth in the morning -and is persuaded of a contrary truth at night? Throw us a few grains -of dust: like Virgil's bees, we shall cease our conflict to fly away -elsewhither[298]. - - -If, by chance, anything great should still be stirring here below, our -country will remain supine. The womb of a society that is becoming -discomposed is barren; the very crimes which it begets are still-born -crimes, smitten as they are with the barrenness of their origin. The -period upon which we are entering is the tow-path along which fatally -condemned generations will draw the old world towards a world unknown. - -In this year 1834, M. de La Fayette has just died[299]. I think I must -have been unjust in speaking of him in former days; I think I must -have represented him as a sort of double-faced, double-famed ninny: -a hero on the other side of the Atlantic, a Giles on this side[300]. -It has needed more than forty years to recognise in M. de La Fayette -qualities that had been persistently denied him. He expressed himself -in the Tribune with ease and in the tone of a well-bred man. His life -was unblemished; he was affable, obliging and generous. Under the -Empire, he behaved nobly and lived a life apart; under the Restoration, -he was less dignified: he stooped so far as to allow himself to be -called the "grand old man" of the auction-rooms of Carbonarism and -the ring-leader of petty conspiracies, glad as he was to escape from -justice at Belfort[301], like a vulgar adventurer. In the early stages -of the Revolution, he did not mix with the cut-throats; he fought them -by force of arms and tried to save Louis XVI.; but, though abhorring -the massacres, obliged though he were to fly from them, he found words -of praise for scenes in which some heads were carried at the ends of -pikes. - -[Sidenote: La Fayette.] - -M. de La Fayette became exalted because he lived: there is a reputation -which bursts forth spontaneously from talent and of which death -increases the splendour by arresting the talent in youth; there is -another sort of reputation which is the offspring of age, the backward -daughter of time: without being great of itself, it is great through -the revolutions in whose midst chance has placed it. The bearer of -that reputation, by the mere fact of his existence, is mixed up with -everything; his name becomes the sign or the banner of everything: M. -de La Fayette[302] will be the "National Guard" to the end of time. -By an extraordinary effect, the result of his actions was often in -contradiction with his thoughts: as a Royalist, he overthrew, in 1789, -a Royalty eight centuries old; as a Republican, he created, in 1830, -the Royalty of the Barricades: he went away giving Philip the crown -which he had taken from Louis XVI. Moulded as he was with events, when -the alluvium of our misfortunes shall have become consolidated, his -image will be found encrusted in the revolutionary dough. - -The ovation which he received in the United States enhanced his fame to -a singular degree: a nation, rising to greet him, covered him with the -effulgence of its gratitude. Everett[303] apostrophized him as follows -in the peroration to the speech which he delivered in 1824: - -"Welcome, friend of our fathers, to our shores!... Enjoy a triumph such -as never conqueror or monarch enjoyed.... The friend of your youth, -the more than friend of his country, rests in the bosom of the soil he -redeemed. On the banks of his Potomac he lies in glory and peace. You -will revisit the hospitable shades of Mount Vernon, but him whom you -venerated as we did, you will not meet at its door.... But the grateful -children of America will bid you welcome, in his name. Welcome, thrice -welcome to our shores; and whithersoever throughout the limits of the -continent your course shall take you, the ear that hears you shall -bless you, the eye that sees you shall bear witness to you, and every -tongue exclaim, with heartfelt joy: - -"'Welcome, welcome, La Fayette[304]!'" - -In the New World, M. de La Fayette contributed to the formation of a -new society; in the Old World, to the destruction of an old society: -liberty invokes him in Washington, anarchy in Paris. - -M. de La Fayette had only one idea, and, unfortunately for him, it was -that of his century; the fixity of that idea constituted his empire: it -served him as a blinker, prevented him from looking to right or left -of him; he walked with a firm step along a single line; he marched on -without falling into precipices, not because he saw them, but because -he did not see them; blindness stood him in the stead of genius: all -that is fixed is fatal, and that which is fatal is powerful. - -[Sidenote: La Fayette's funeral.] - -I still see M. de La Fayette, at the head of the National Guard, -passing along the boulevards, in 1790, on his way to the Faubourg -Saint-Antoine; on the 22nd of May 1834, I saw him lying in his coffin, -following the same boulevards. In the funeral procession one remarked -a troop of Americans, each with a yellow flower in his button-hole. M. -de La Fayette had sent to the United States for a quantity of earth -sufficient to cover him in his grave; but his intentions were not -carried out[305]: when the fatal moment came, forgetting both his -political dreams and the romance of his life, he expressed the wish to -lie at Picpus beside his virtuous wife[306]: death restores order to -all things. - -At Picpus are buried the victims of the Revolution[307] commenced by -M. de La Fayette; there stands a chapel where perpetual prayers are -said in honour of those victims. I accompanied M. le Duc Matthieu de -Montmorency to Picpus[308]; he had been M. de La Fayette's colleague in -the Constituent Assembly: on touching the bottom of the grave, the rope -turned that Christian's coffin on one side, as though he had raised -himself on his hip to say a last prayer. - -I stood in the crowd, at the entrance to the Rue Grange-Batelière, when -M. de La Fayette's funeral passed by: at the top of the ascent to the -boulevard, the hearse stopped; I saw it, all gilded by a fleeting ray -of the sun, gleam above the helmets and arms: then the shadow returned, -and it disappeared from sight. - -The multitude dispersed; sellers of "goodies" cried their -_oublies_[309], vendors of trifles hawked about paper mills, which -twirled round in the same wind whose breath had shaken the plumes of -the funeral car. - -In the sitting of the Chamber of Deputies of the 20th of May 1834, the -President[310] spoke: - -"General La Fayette's name," he said, "will remain famous in our -history.... While expressing to you the sentiments of condolence of -the Chamber, I join to these, sir and dear colleague[311], the private -assurance of my attachment." - -After these words, the reporter of the sitting adds, in brackets, the -word, "(Laughter)." - -That is what one of the most serious lives is reduced to. What remains -of the death of the greatest men? A grey mantle and a straw cross, as -on the corpse of the Duc de Guise, assassinated at Blois. - -Within earshot of the public crier who was selling for a son, at the -gate of the Tuileries Palace, the news of the death of Napoleon, I -heard two quacks shouting the praises of their antidotes; and, in the -_Moniteur_ of the 21st of January 1793, I read the following words -below the account of the execution of Louis XVI.: - - "Two hours after the execution, nothing remained to show that he - who had once been the head of the nation had just undergone the - punishment of criminals." - -Following on those words came this notice: - -"_Ambroise_, comic opera[312]." - -The last actor in the drama played fifty years ago, M. de La Fayette -remained upon the scene; the last chorus of the Greek tragedy delivers -the moral of the play: - -"Learn, O blind mortals, to turn your eyes upon the last day of life." - -And I, a spectator seated in an empty play-house, amid deserted boxes -and extinguished lights, remain alone, of my time, before the lowered -curtain, alone with the silence and the night. - - -[Sidenote: Armand Carrel.] - -Armand Carrel threatened Philip's future even as General La Fayette -beset his past You know how I came to be acquainted with M. -Carrel[313]; since 1832, I did not cease to keep up relations with him -until the day when I followed him to the Cemetery of Saint-Mandé. - -Armand Carrel was melancholy; he began to fear that the French were -incapable of a rational feeling of liberty; he had a vague presentiment -of the shortness of his life: as though it were a thing upon which he -did not rely and to which he attached no value, he was always willing -to risk it on a cast of the die. If he had fallen in his duel with -young Laborie[314], about Henry V., his death would at least have had -a great cause and a great stage; probably his funeral would have been -honoured by a great display of bloodshed: he left us for a miserable -quarrel which was not worth a hair of his head. - -He was suffering from one of his native attacks of gloom, when he -inserted an article on myself, in the _National_, to which I replied by -the following note: - - "PARIS, 5 _May_ 1834. - - "Your article, monsieur, is full of that exquisite feeling for - situations and proprieties which places you above all the political - writers of the day. I say nothing to you of your exceptional - talent; you know that I did it ample justice before I had the - honour of knowing you. I do not thank you for your praises: I like - to owe them to what I look upon now as an old friendship. You are - rising very high, monsieur; you are beginning to stand alone, like - all men made for a great fame: gradually the crowd, unable to - follow them, leaves them, and we see them the better because they - hold themselves aloof. - - "CHATEAUBRIAND." - -I tried to console him by another letter, on the 31st of August, when -he was condemned for a newspaper offense. I received the following -reply from him; it shows forth the opinions of the man, his regrets and -his hopes: - - TO MONSIEUR LE VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND - - "MONSIEUR, - - "Your letter of the 31st of August was handed to me only on my - arrival in Paris. I would come to thank you for it, at once, if - I were not obliged to devote the short time which can still be - left to me by the police, who are informed of my return, to a - few preparations for entering prison. Yes, monsieur, here am I - condemned by the bench to six months' imprisonment for a fanciful - offense and by virtue of an equally fanciful piece of legislation; - for the jury wittingly let me go unpunished upon the best-founded - charge, and that in spite of a defense which, so far from - extenuating my crime of telling the truth to the person of King - Louis-Philippe, had aggravated that crime by setting it up as an - established right for the whole of the opposition press. I am glad - that the difficulties of so bold a thesis, as times go, appeared to - you to be almost surmounted by the defense which you read and in - which it was so great an advantage to me to be able to invoke the - authority of the book in which, eighteen years ago, you instructed - your own party in the principles of constitutional responsibility. - - "I often ask myself with a heavy heart what purpose will have - been served by writings such as yours, monsieur, such as those - of the most eminent men of the opinion to which I myself belong, - if, from this agreement between the highest intellects of the - country for the constant defense of the rights of discussion, there - did not at last result, for the bulk of French minds, a resolve - thenceforth to insist upon, under every form of government, to - exact from all victorious systems, whatever they may be, liberty - of thought, speech and writing, as the first condition of all - lawfully exercised authority. Is it not true, monsieur, that when, - under the last government, you asked for the most complete liberty - of discussion, it was not for the momentary service which your - political friends might derive from it in opposition to adversaries - who had forced their way into power by intrigue? There were some - who made use of the press in this way, as they have since proved; - but you, monsieur, asked for liberty of discussion as essential - to the public welfare, as the weapon and general protection of - all ideas, young or old; that is what earned for you, monsieur, - the gratitude and respect of opinions to which the Revolution of - July has opened the lists again. That is why our work is incident - on yours, and, when we quote your writings, we do so less from - admiration of the incomparable talent which produced them than - as aspiring to continue the same task at a great distance, young - soldiers as we are of a cause of which you are the most glorious - veteran. - - "What you have wished for thirty years, monsieur, what I would - wish, if I be permitted to mention myself after you, is to secure - to the interests that divide our beautiful France a law of combat - that shall be more humane, more civilized, more brotherly, more - conclusive than civil war. When shall we succeed in bringing - ideas face to face, instead of parties, and lawful and avowable - interests, instead of disguises, egoism and cupidity? When shall - we see speech and persuasion cause those inevitable transactions - which the contest of parties and the shedding of blood also bring - to pass by exhaustion, but too late for the dead in both camps - and, too often, without profit for the wounded and survivors? As - you so sorrowfully say, monsieur, it seems that many lessons have - been wasted and that men no longer know in France what it costs to - take refuge in a despotism that promises silence and repose. We - must none the less continue to speak, write and print; resources - most unforeseen sometimes issue from constancy. And so, of all the - splendid examples which you, monsieur, have set, that which I have - most constantly before my eyes is expressed in one word: Persevere. - - "Accept, monsieur, the sentiments of unalterable affection with - which I am glad to call myself - - "Your most devoted servant, - - "A. CARREL. - - "PUTEAUX, near NEUILLY, 4 _October_ 1834." - -[Sidenote: Armand Carrel in prison.] - -M. Carrel was locked up at Sainte-Pélagie; I used to go to see him two -or three times a week: I found him standing behind his window-grating. -He reminded me of his neighbour, a young African lion in the Jardin -des Plantes: motionless at the bars of its cage, the son of the desert -turned its vague and sad look upon the objects outside; one could -see that he would not live. Then M. Carrel and I used to go down the -stairs; the servant of Henry V. walked with the enemy of the Kings in a -damp, dark, narrow yard, surrounded by high walls, like a well. There -were other Republicans also taking exercise in this yard: those young -and ardent Revolutionaries, with their mustachios, beards, long hairs, -Greek or German caps, pale faces, fierce looks, threatening aspect, -were like those pre-existent souls in Tartarus that had not yet reached -the light; they were preparing to break into life. Their dress acted -upon them as the uniform upon the soldier, as Nessus' blood-stained -shirt upon Hercules: they were an avenging world, which lay hidden -behind the society of the present and which made one shudder. - -In the evening, they met in the room of their leader, Armand Carrel; -they spoke of what would have to be accomplished when they came into -power and of the necessity for bloodshed. Discussions arose on the -"great citizens of the Terror:" some, who were partisans of Marat, were -atheists and materialists; others, who admired Robespierre, adored that -new Christ. Had not St. Robespierre said, in his speech on the Supreme -Being, that belief in God "gives strength to defy misfortune" and that -"innocence on the scaffold made the tyrant turn pale in his triumphal -car?" The hocus-pocus of an executioner who talks meltingly of God, -misfortune, tyranny, scaffolds, in order to persuade men that he kills -only the guilty, and even then in consequence of virtue; the foresight -of evil-doers who, feeling the punishment draw nigh, pose in advance as -Socrates before the judge and try to frighten the blade by threatening -it with their innocence! - -The stay at Sainte-Pélagie did M. Carrel harm: shut up with hot-heads, -he fought against their ideas, blamed them, defied them, nobly refusing -to illuminate his room on the 21st of January; but, at the same time, -he chafed at his sufferings, and his reason was disturbed by the -murderous sophistry that resounded in his ears. - -The mothers, sisters and wives of those young men came to look after -them in the mornings and to do their rooms. One day, as I was passing -along the dark corridor which led to M. Carrel's room, I heard a -bewitching voice issue from a neighbouring den: a beautiful woman, -hatless, with her hair hanging loose, was sitting on the edge of a -pallet-bed, mending the tattered clothes of a kneeling prisoner, who -seemed less the captive of Philip than of the woman at whose feet he -was chained. - -M. Carrel, delivered from his captivity, came, in his turn, to see me. -A few days before his fatal hour had struck, he came to bring me the -number of the _National_ in which he had taken the trouble to insert an -article on my _Essais sur la littérature anglaise_, in which article he -had, with too much praise, quoted the concluding pages of those Essays. -After his death, they gave me that article written entirely in his own -hand, and I keep it as a token of his friendship. "After his death:" -what words I have just written without noticing it! - -[Sidenote: Armand Carrel's duel.] - -Though forming a necessary supplement to laws which take no cognizance -of offenses against honour, the duel is a horrible thing, especially -when it destroys a life full of hopes and robs society of one of -those rare men who came only after the labour of a century, in the -concatenation of certain ideas and certain events. Carrel fell in the -wood that saw the Duc d'Enghien fall: the shade of the grandson of the -Great Condé served as a witness to the illustrious plebeian and took -him with it. That fatal wood has twice made me weep: at least I cannot -reproach myself for having, in those two catastrophes, failed in what I -owed to my sympathies and my grief. - -M. Carrel, who, in his other meetings, had never dreamt of death, -thought of it before this one: he employed the night in writing his -last wishes, as though he had been warned of the result of the combat. -At eight o'clock in the morning, on the 22nd of July 1836, he went with -a quick, light step to those shadows where the roebuck gambols at that -hour. - -Placed at the distance measured out, he moved swiftly forwards, -fired without turning sideways, as was his custom: it would seem as -though there were never enough danger for him. Wounded to the death -and supported in the arms of his friends, as he passed before his -adversary[315], who was himself wounded, he said to him: - -"Are you in great pain, sir?" - -Armand Carrel was as gentle as he was fearless. - -On the 22nd, I heard of the accident too late; on the morning of the -23rd, I went to Saint-Mandé: M. Carrel's friends were most exceedingly -anxious. I wanted to go in, but the surgeon observed that my presence -might over-excite the patient and dissipate the faint glimmer of hope -that still remained. I went away in consternation. The next day, the -24th, when I was making ready to return to Saint-Mandé, Hyacinthe, whom -I had sent ahead of me, came to tell me that the unfortunate young man -had expired at half-past five, after suffering atrocious pain: life in -all its force had waged a desperate fight with death. - - -The funeral took place on Tuesday the 26th. M. Carrel's father and -brother had arrived from Rouen. I found them gathered in a little room -with three or four of the most intimate companions of the man whose -loss we were mourning. They embraced me and M. Carrel's father said to -me: - -"Armand would have been a Christian like his father, his mother, his -brothers, his sisters; the hand of the clock had but a few hours to -travel over in order to reach the same point on its face." - -I shall eternally regret that I was not able to see Carrel on his -death-bed: I should not have despaired, at the last moment, of making -the hand "travel over" the space beyond which it would have stopped at -the hour of the Christian. - -Armand Carrel was not so irreligious as has been supposed; he had -doubts: when from fixed incredulity a man passes to indecision, he is -very near to arriving at certainty. A few days before his death, he -said: - -"I would give the whole of this life to believe in the other." - -When reporting the suicide of M. Sautelet[316], he wrote this powerful -passage: - - "I have been able to carry my life, in thought, to that instant, - swift as lightning, in which the sight of objects, the power of - movement, speech and perception will escape me and the last forces - of my mind will gather to form the one idea, 'I am dying;' but of - the minute, the second that will immediately follow I have always - had an undefinable dread; my imagination has always refused to - guess at any part of it. The depths of hell are a thousand times - less terrible to measure than that universal uncertainty: - - . . . . To die; to sleep; - To sleep! Perchance to dream[317]! - - "I have seen in all men, whatever their strength of character - or belief, that same inability to go beyond their last earthly - impression. There we lose our heads, as though, on reaching that - boundary, we found ourselves suspended over a precipice of ten - thousand feet. We drive away that terrifying sight to go to fight - a duel, deliver an assault on a redoubt or face a stormy sea; we - even seem to sneer at life; we display a bold, contented, serene - countenance; but that is because our imagination reveals success - rather than death, because our minds are much less exercised upon - the dangers than upon the means of escaping them[318]." - - -[Sidenote: Armand Carrel's funeral.] - -These words are remarkable in the mouth of a man fated to be killed in -a duel. - -In 1800, when I returned to France, I did not know that a friend was -being born to me on the shore where I was landing[319]. In 1836, I -saw that friend lowered into the grave without those consolations of -religion of which I brought back the memory to my country in the first -year of the century. - -I followed the coffin from the residence of the deceased to the place -of burial; I walked beside M. Carrel's father and gave my arm to M. -Arago: M. Arago has measured the Heaven which I have sung. On reaching -the gate of the little rural cemetery, the procession stopped; speeches -were delivered. The absence of the cross informed me that the emblem of -my affliction was to remain enclosed in the depths of my soul. - -Six years before, during the Days of July, passing in front of the -colonnade of the Louvre, near an open grave, I met young men who -carried me back to the Luxembourg, when I was going to make my protest -in favour of a Royalty which they had just overthrown[320]; after six -years, I was returning, on the anniversaries of the July festivals, -to associate myself with the regrets of those young Republicans, even -as they had associated themselves with my fidelity. How strange is -destiny! Armand Carrel breathed his last in the house of an officer of -the Royal Guard[321] who did not take the oath to Philip; I, a Royalist -and a Christian, have had the honour of bearing a corner of the pall -which covered noble ashes, but which will not hide them. - -Many kings, princes, ministers, men who thought themselves powerful, -have gone off before me: I have not condescended to raise my hat to -their coffin or devote a word to their memory. I have found more to -study and depict in the intermediary ranks of society than in those -which make men wear their livery; a gold-laced cloak is not worth the -morsel of flannel which the bullet drove into Carrel's body. - -Carrel, who remembers you? The mediocrities and poltroons whom your -death delivered from your superiority and their fears and I, who was -not of your views. Who thinks of you? Who remembers you? I congratulate -you on having, at one step, finished a journey whose prolonged passage -becomes so disgusting and so lonely, on having brought the end of your -march within the range of a pistol, a distance which to you appeared -still too great and which you hastened to reduce to a sword's length. - -I envy those who have departed before me: like Cæsar's soldiers at -Brundusium, from the top of the rocks on shore I cast my eyes upon the -main sea and gaze towards Epirus to look if I can see the ships which -have taken over the first legions come back to carry me across in my -turn. - -After reading the above lines again, in 1839, I will add that, having, -in 1837, visited M. Carrel's grave, I found it much neglected, but -I saw a black wooden cross which the dead man's sister Nathalie had -planted near him. I paid Vaudran, the grave-digger, eighteen francs -that remained owing for trellis-work; I instructed him to tend the -grave, to sow grass on it and keep it adorned with flowers. At each -new season, I go to Saint-Mandé to discharge what is due and to make -sure that my intentions have been faithfully fulfilled[322]. - - -As I am preparing to end my recollections and taking a last look round, -I perceive women whom I have involuntarily forgotten; like angels -grouped at the bottom of my picture, they stand leaning against the -frame to watch the end of my life. - -In former days, I met women who were known or celebrated in different -ways. Women have changed their manner of being to-day: are they worth -more, are they worth less? It is only natural that I should incline -towards the past; but the past is surrounded by a mist through which -objects assume an agreeable and often deceptive complexion. My youth, -to which I can never go back again, produces the effect upon me of a -grandmother; I hardly remember it and I should be charmed to see it -once more. - -[Sidenote: A Lady from Louisiana.] - -A Louisianan lady came to see me from the Mississippi: I thought that -I was setting eyes upon the virgin of the last loves. Célestine wrote -me several letters: they might have been dated from the "Moon of the -Flowers;" she showed me fragments of Memoirs which she had composed in -the savannahs of Alabama. Some time after, Célestine wrote to me that -she was busy with a dress for her presentation at the Court of Philip: -I resumed my bear's skin. Célestine has changed into an alligator from -the water of the Floridas: may Heaven grant her peace and love, for as -long as those things last! - - -There are persons who, by thrusting themselves between you and the -past, prevent your memories from coming to your recollection; there -are others who become mingled from the first with what you have been. -Madame Tastu[323] produces this latter effect. She has a natural turn -of expression; she has left the Gallic jargon to those who believe that -they make themselves younger by disguising themselves in the cloaks of -our ancestors. Favorinus[324] said to a Roman who affected to talk the -language of the Twelve Tables[325]: - -"You want to speak with the mother[326] of Evander." - -Since I have touched upon antiquity, I will say a few words on the -women of its peoples and descend the ladder down to our own time. The -Greek women sometimes celebrated philosophy; more often they followed -another divinity: Sappho[327] has remained the immortal sibyl of -Cnidus; we know very little now of what Corinna[328] did after she had -conquered Pindar[329]. Aspasia taught Socrates to know Venus: - -"Socrates, observe my lessons. Fill thyself with poetic enthusiasm: -by its potent charm thou shalt know how to win the object that thou -lovest; thou shalt enchain her to the sound of the lyre, by carrying -the finished image of thy passion through her ear to her heart." - -The breath of the Muses, passing over the women of Rome without -inspiring them, came to quicken the nation of Clovis, still in its -cradle. The _langue d'Oyl_ had Marie de France[330]; the _langue d'Oc_ -the Dame de Die[331], who, in her castle of Vaucluse, complained of a -cruel friend: - -"I would know, my gentle and fair friend, why you treat me so fiercely -and so harshly:" - - Per que vos m'etz tan fers, ni tan salvatges. - -The middle-ages handed those ballads on to the Renascence. Loyse -Labé[332] said: - - Oh! si j'étois en ce beau sein ravie - De celui-là pour lequel vais mourant[333]! - -[Sidenote: Mediæval poetesses.] - -Clémence de Bourges[334], surnamed the Oriental Pearl, who was buried -with her face uncovered and her head crowned with flowers because of -her beauty; the two Margarets[335] and Mary Stuart[336], all three -Queens, expressed ingenuous frailties in ingenuous language. - -I had an aunt at about that period of our Parnassus: Madame Claude de -Chateaubriand; but I am more embarrassed with Madame Claude than with -Mademoiselle de Boistelleul. Madame Claude, disguising herself under -the name of the Lover, addresses her seventy sonnets to her mistress. -Reader, forgive my Aunt Claude's two-and-twenty years: _parcendum -teneris._ If my Aunt de Boistelleul was more discreet, she reckoned -fifteen lustres and a half when she was singing, and the traitor -Trémigon no longer appeared before her old Warbler's thought save as a -Sparrow-hawk[337]. - -When the language was settled, liberty of sentiment and thought -contracted. One remembers hardly any one, under Louis XIV., expect -Madame Deshoulières[338], by turns too much extolled and too much -depreciated. Elegy extended, through woman's sorrow, under the reign -of Louis XV. to the reign of Louis XVI., when the great elegies -of the people commence; the old school came to die with Madame de -Bourdic[339], who is but little known to-day, although she left a -remarkable Ode on Silence. - -The new school has thrown its thoughts into another mould: Madame -Tastu walks in the midst of the modern choir of poetesses in prose -or verse, the Allarts[340], the Waldors[341], the Valmores[342], the -Ségalas[343], the Révoils[344], the Mercœurs[345], and so on, and -so on: _Castalidum turba._ Must we regret that, following the example -of the Aonides, she has not celebrated the passion which, according to -antiquity, smooths the brow of Cocytus and makes it smile at Orpheus' -sighing? At Madame Tastu's concerts, love recites only hymns borrowed -from foreign voices. This reminds me of what is related of Madame -Malibran[346]: when she wanted to tell of a bird whose name she had -forgotten, she used to imitate its song. - -[Sidenote: Gorge Sand.] - -George Sand[347], otherwise Madame Dudevant, having spoken of _René_ -in the _Revue des Deux-Mondes_[348], I thanked her; she did not reply. -Some time after, she sent me _Lélia_: I did not reply. Soon a short -explanation took place between us: - - "I venture to hope that you will forgive me for not having answered - the flattering letter which you were good enough to send me when - I spoke of _René_ in writing on _Obermann._ I did not know how to - thank you for all the kind expressions which you have used towards - my books. - - "I have sent you _Lélia_, and I anxiously desire that it may - obtain the same protection from you. The fairest privilege of - an universally accepted glory like your own is to welcome and - encourage at their start those inexperienced writers for whom there - can be no lasting success without your patronage. - - "Accept the assurance of my high admiration and believe me, - monsieur, - - "One of your most faithful believers, - - "GEORGE SAND." - -At the end of October[349], Madame Sand gave me her new novel, -_Jacques_: I accepted the present. - - "30 _October_ 1834. - - "I hasten, madame, to offer you my sincere thanks. I am going to - read _Jacques_ in Fontainebleau Forest or at the sea-side. Were - I younger, I should be less brave; but my years will defend me - against solitude, without taking anything from the passionate - admiration which I profess for your talent and which I hide from - nobody. You have attached a new enchantment, madame, to that city - of dreams whence I set out, in former days, for Greece with a - whole world of illusions: returning to his starting-point, René - lately aired his memories and his regrets on the Lido, between - Childe-Harold, who had vanished, and Lelia about to appear. - - "CHATEAUBRIAND." - -Madame Sand possesses a talent of the first order; her descriptions -have the truth of those of Rousseau in his _Rêveries_[350] and of -Bernardin de Saint-Pierre in his _Études._[351] Her frank style is -tainted with none of the faults of the day. _Lélia_, though painful -to read and offering none of the delicious scenes of _Indiana_ and -_Valentine_, is nevertheless a master-piece of its kind: of the nature -of an orgy, it is without passion, but perturbing like passion; it -lacks soul, and yet it weighs upon the heart; the depravity of its -maxims, its insults thrown at rectitude of life could go no further -than they do; but over that abyss the author sends down her talent In -the Valley of Gomorrah, the dew falls at night upon the Dead Sea. - -The works of Madame Sand, her novels, the poetry of matter, are born -of the time. In spite of her superiority, it is to be feared that the -author has, by the very nature of her works, narrowed the circle of her -readers. George Sand will never belong to every age. Of two men of -equal genius, of whom one preaches order, the other disorder, the first -will attract the greater number of admirers: the human race refuses -to accord unanimous applause to that which offends, morality, the -pillow on which the weak and the just sleep; we can hardly associate -with all the memories of our life books which caused our first blush, -books whose pages we did not learn by heart on leaving the cradle, -books which we have read only by stealth, which have not been our -acknowledged and cherished companions, which are connected with neither -the purity of our sentiments nor the integrity of our innocence. -Providence has confined successes that do not take their origin in good -within strait limits and has given universal glory as an encouragement -to virtue. - -[Sidenote: Her particular talent.] - -I am arguing here, I know, like a man whose restricted sight does not -embrace the immense "humanitarian" horizon, like a reactionary attached -to a ridiculous moral system, a decrepit moral system of olden time, -good at most for unenlightened minds, in the infancy of society. A -new Gospel is about to take birth forthwith, placed far above the -commonplaces of that conventional wisdom which arrests the progress -of mankind and the rehabilitation of that poor body of ours, so sadly -slandered by the soul. When the women will be running about the -streets, when it will be sufficient, in order to get married, to open a -window and summon God to the wedding as witness, priest and guest: then -all prudery will be destroyed; there will be nuptials everywhere and -we shall rise, like the doves, to nature's level. My criticism of the -taste of Madame Sand's works would, therefore, possess a certain value -only in the vulgar order of past things; wherefore I hope that she will -not be offended by it: the admiration which I profess for her must make -her excuse remarks which owe their origin to the infelicity of my age. -In former days, I should have been more carried away by the Muses; -those daughters of the olden sky were my fair mistresses: they keep me -company in the evening in the chimney-corner, but they soon leave me, -for I go to bed early, and they go to sit up by Madame Sand's fire-side. - -No doubt Madame Sand will in this way prove her intellectual -omnipotence, and yet she will please less, because she will be less -original: she will believe herself to be increasing her power by -sounding the depths of those reveries under which she buries us vulgar -men, and she will be mistaken; for she stands far above that pit, that -watery hollow, that proud balderdash. While we have to put a rare, but -too flexible faculty on its guard against the follies of superiority, -we must also warn it that fantastic writings, intimate descriptions, to -employ the jargon of the day, are limited, that their source lies in -youth, that each moment of time dries up a few drops of it and that, -after a certain number of productions, we end with feeble repetitions. - -Is it quite sure that Madame Sand will always find the same charm in -what she is writing to-day? Will not the merit and allurement of the -passions of twenty years depreciate in her mind, even as the works -of my early days have lost their value in mine? It is only the works -of the Ancient Muse that do not change, supported as they are by the -nobility of manners, the beauty of language and the majesty of those -sentiments bestowed upon the whole human race. The fourth book of the -_Æneid_ remains for ever exposed to the admiration of men, because -it is hung up in the sky. The fleet carrying the founder of the Roman -Empire; Dido, the foundress of Carthage, stabbing herself after -foretelling the coming of Hannibal: - - Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor[352]; - -Love causing the rivalry of Rome and Carthage to blaze forth from its -torch, setting fire to the funeral pile whose flame the flying Æneas -sees on the waves: these are very different from the walk of a dreamer -in a wood or the disappearance of a libertine who drowns himself in a -pond. Madame Sand will, I hope, link her talent with subjects worthy of -her genius. - -Madame Sand can be converted only by the preaching of that missionary -with the bald forehead and the white beard whose name is Time. At -present, a less austere voice enchains the poet's captive ear. Now -I am convinced that Madame Sand's talent is in some way rooted in -corruption; she would become commonplace if she became timorous. The -case would be different if she had always remained within the sanctuary -unfrequented by men; her power of love, restrained and hidden under the -virginal fillet, would have drawn from her bosom those decent melodies -which suggest the woman and the angel. Be this as it may, boldness -of doctrine and voluptuousness of manners are a field which had not -yet been cleared by a daughter of Adam and which, delivered to female -cultivation, has produced a harvest of unknown flowers. Let us leave -Madame Sand to bring forth perilous marvels till the winter; she will -sing no more "when the cold winds blow:" meantime let us permit her, -less improvident than the grasshopper, to make a provision of glory for -the time when there shall be a dearth of pleasure. Musarion's mother -used to say to her: - -"Thou wilt not always be sixteen.... Will Chæreas always remember -his oaths, his tears and his kisses[353]?" - -For the rest, many women have been seduced and as it were carried -off by their young years: when the autumn days come, brought back to -the maternal hearth, they have added to their cithern the grave or -plaintive string on which religion or misfortune is expressed. Old age -is a nocturnal traveller: the earth is hidden to her and she no longer -discerns aught save the sky shining over her head. - -[Sidenote: Her eccentricities.] - -I have not seen Madame Sand dressed as a man or wearing the smock-frock -and the ferruled stick of the mountaineer; I have not seen her drink -of the bacchantes' cup or smoke, seated indolently on a sofa, like a -sultana: these are natural or affected singularities that would add -nothing, in my eyes, to her charm or her genius. - -Is she more inspired when she sends a cloud from her mouth to mount -up around her hair? Did Lélia escape from her mother's brain through -a burning puff of smoke, even as Sin, according to Milton, issued -from the head of the beautiful, guilty archangel amid a whirl of -flame[354]? I do not know what happens in the Heavens; but, here below, -Néméade[355], Phila[356], Lais[357], the witty Gnathæna[358], -Phryne[359], the despair of Apelles'[360] pencil and Praxiteles'[361] -chisel, Lesena[362], who was loved by Harmodius[363], the two sisters -surnamed Aphyes, because they were slender and had large eyes, Dorica, -whose head-band and perfumed robe were dedicated in the temple of -Venus: all these enchantresses, in fine, knew none but the perfumes of -Araby. Madame Sand, it is true, has on her side the authority of the -Odalisks and the young Mexican girls who dance with a cigar between -their lips. - -After a few superior women and so many charming women whom I have met, -after those daughters of the earth who said, like Madame Sand, with -Sappho, "Come, in our delicious banquets, O mother of Eros, to fill -our goblets with the nectar of the roses," what effect did the sight -of Madame Sand have on me? Placing myself alternately in the domain of -fiction and truth, I find the author of _Valentine_ making two very -different impressions upon me. In the domain of fiction: I will not -speak of that, for I must have ceased to understand its language. In -that of reality: as a man of a serious age, entertaining notions of -seemliness, attaching, as a Christian, the highest price to the timid -virtues of woman, I could not say how unhappy I was made at the sight -of so many fine qualities abandoned to those prodigal and fickle hours -which consume and fly. - - -PARIS, 1838. - -In the spring of this year 1838, I busied myself with the _Congrès -de Vérone_[364], which I was obliged to publish by the terms of my -literary engagements: I have told you of it in its proper place in -these Memoirs. - -A man has gone[365]: that guard of the aristocracy escorts to the rear -the mighty plebeians who have already departed. When M. de Talleyrand -first appeared in my political career, I said a few words about -him[366]. Now his whole existence has become known to me through his -last hour, to use the fine expression of one of the ancients. - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand.] - -I have had relations with M. de Talleyrand: as a man of honour, I have -been faithful to him, as the reader will have observed, especially -in the matter of the disagreement at Mons, when I most gratuitously -ruined myself for him[367]. I was too simple; I shared in anything -that happened to him of a disagreeable character; I pitied him when -Maubreuil slapped his face[368]. There was a time when he ran after -me in a coquettish manner; he wrote to me at Ghent, as you have read, -that I was a "strong man[369];" when I was staying in the Rue des -Capucines, he sent me, with perfect gallantry, a seal of the Foreign -Office, a talisman doubtless engraved under his constellation. It is, -perhaps, because I did not abuse his generosity that he became my enemy -without any provocation on my part, if it was not because of a few -successes which I obtained and which were not his handiwork. His tattle -ran through society and did not offend, for M. de Talleyrand could not -offend any one; but his intemperance of language has released me and, -since he permitted himself to judge me, he left me free to make use of -the same right in respect to him. - -M. de Talleyrand's vanity duped him: he mistook the part which he -played for his genius; he thought himself a prophet, while deceiving -himself in all things; his authority had no value in matters concerning -the future; he was quite unable to see ahead: he saw only behind him. -Deprived of the strength of the outlook and light of conscience, he -discovered nothing like superior intelligence, he appreciated nothing -like uprightness. He made much of the accidents of fortune, when those -accidents, which he never foresaw, had taken place, but only for -himself personally. He knew nothing of that large ambition in which the -interests of public glory are wrapped as the most profitable treasure -for private interests. M. de Talleyrand, therefore, does not belong -to the class of beings calculated to become one of those fantastic -creatures to whom men's opinions, whether forced or deceived, are -constantly adding fanciful attributes. Nevertheless it is certain that -several sentiments, agreeing with one another for different reasons, -concur to form an imaginary Talleyrand. - -In the first place, the kings, the Cabinets, the former Foreign -Ministers, the ambassadors who were once that man's dupes and who were -always incapable of fathoming him are anxious to prove that they bowed -only before a real superiority: they would have taken off their hats -to Bonaparte's scullion. Then again, the members of the old French -aristocracy who are connected with M. de Talleyrand are proud to -number in their ranks a man who had the kindness to assure them of his -greatness. Lastly, the Revolutionaries and the immoral generations, -while railing against names, have a sneaking fondness for the -aristocracy: those singular neophytes eagerly aspire to its baptism and -think that they will learn fine manners from it. The prince's double -apostasy at the same time charms another side of the young Democrats' -self-love: for they conclude from it that their cause is the right one -and that a noble and a priest are very contemptible persons. - -Be it as it may with these obstacles to a true insight, M. de -Talleyrand is not of the height to create a lasting illusion; he has -not in him a great enough power of growth to turn lies into an increase -of stature. He has been seen too near; he will not live, because his -life is not connected with a national idea that survives him, nor with -a celebrated action, nor with a peerless talent, nor with a useful -discovery, nor with an epoch-making conception. Existence through -virtue is forbidden him; dangers did not so much as deign to honour his -days: he spent the Reign of Terror away from his country and returned -only when the forum had become transformed into an antechamber. - -Diplomatic monuments go to prove Talleyrand's relative mediocrity: -you cannot quote a fact held in any esteem that belongs to him. Under -Bonaparte, no important negociation was his; when he was free to -act alone, he allowed occasions to escape him and spoilt what he -touched. It is well averred that he was the cause of the death of -the Duc d'Enghien; that stain of blood cannot be wiped out: so far -from over-drawing the minister when telling the story of the Prince's -murder, I spared him a great deal too much. - -In his affirmations contrary to the truth, M. de Talleyrand displayed -terrible effrontery. I have not spoken, in the _Congrès de Vérone_, of -the speech which he read to the Chamber of Peers with reference to the -address on the Spanish War; that speech opened with these solemn words: - - "It is sixteen years to-day since I was called upon by him who - was then governing the world to give him my opinion as to the - struggle to be engaged upon with the Spanish people, when I had - the misfortune to displease him by unveiling the future to him, - by revealing to him all the dangers which were about to arise in - a mass from an act of aggression which was as unjust as it was - reckless. My disgrace was the fruit of my sincerity. How strange - is the destiny that brings me back, after this long space of time, - to repeat with the Legitimate Sovereign the same efforts, the same - advice[370]!" - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand's lies.] - -There are lapses of memory or lies that are terrifying: you open your -ears, you rub your eyes, not knowing whether to believe that you are -waking or sleeping. When the retailer of those imperturbable assertions -descends the tribune and goes impassively to sit down in his seat, -you follow him with your eyes, hung up as you are between a kind of -dismay and a sort of admiration: you are not sure that that man has not -received from nature an authority so great that he has the power of -reconstructing or annihilating truth. - -I did not reply; it seemed to me as though the shade of Bonaparte was -about to ask leave to speak and to repeat the terrible contradiction -which he had once given M. de Talleyrand. Witnesses of that scene were -sitting among the peers, among others M. le Comte de Montesquiou[371]; -the virtuous Duc de Doudeauville[372] has described it to me: he had -it from the lips of the same M. de Montesquiou, his brother-in-law; M. -le Comte de Cessac[373], who was present at that scene, tells it to -whoever cares to listen to him: he thought that the great elector would -be arrested on leaving the Emperor's closet. Napoleon, in his rage, -apostrophizing his pallid minister, shouted: - -"It suits you well to decry the Spanish War, you who advised me to -embark on it, you from whom I have a heap of letters in which you try -to prove to me that that war was as essential as it was politic[374]." - -Those letters disappeared at the time of the abduction of the archives -in the Tuileries, in 1814[375]. - -M. de Talleyrand declared, in his speech, that he had had "the -misfortune to displease "Bonaparte" by unveiling the future to him, -by revealing to him all the dangers which were about to arise from -an act of aggression which was as unjust as it was reckless." Let -M. de Talleyrand console himself in his grave: he did not have that -misfortune; he must not add that calamity to all the afflictions of his -life. - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand's diplomatic errors.] - -M. de Talleyrand's principal mistake as against the Legitimacy was that -he deterred Louis XVIII. from concluding the proposed marriage between -the Duc de Berry and a Russian Princess[376]; M. de Talleyrand's -unpardonable mistake as against France was that he consented to the -revolting Treaties of Vienna. - -The result of M. de Talleyrand's negociations is that we are left -without frontiers: a battle lost at Metz or Coblentz would bring the -enemy's cavalry under the walls of Paris in a week. Under the Old -Monarchy, not only was France enclosed within a circle of fortresses, -but she was defended on the Rhine by the independent States of Germany. -It was necessary to invade the electorates or negociate with them in -order to reach us. On another frontier stood Switzerland, a neutral and -free country; she had no roads; no one would violate her territory. -The Pyrenees were impassable, guarded as they were by the Spanish -Bourbons. That is what M. de Talleyrand failed to understand; those are -the mistakes which will for ever condemn him as a politician: mistakes -which, in one day, deprived us of the work of Louis XIV. and the -victories of Napoleon. - -It has been contended that his policy was superior to Napoleon's: -in the first place, we must well bear in mind that a man is purely -and simply a clerk, when he holds the portfolio of a conqueror who -every morning puts into it the bulletin of a victory that changes the -geography of States. When Napoleon had once become inebriated, he made -mistakes so enormous as to strike every eye: M. de Talleyrand probably -perceived them, like everybody else; but that points to no lynx-like -vision. He compromised himself in a strange fashion in the catastrophe -of the Duc d'Enghien; he was mistaken about the Spanish War of 1808, -although he tried, later, to disown his advice and take back his words. - -However, an actor creates no illusion, if he is utterly unprovided -with means of fascinating the pit: therefore the prince's life was -a perpetual deception. Knowing what he lacked, he avoided, shunned -whosoever was able to know him: his constant study was not to allow -his measure to be taken; he withdrew into silence at seasonable -times; he concealed himself during the three dumb hours which he -devoted to whist. Men wondered that so great a capacity could descend -to the amusements of the vulgar: who knows if that capacity was not -partitioning empires while sorting the four knaves in his hand? -During those moments of juggling, he inwardly worded some effective -phrase, inspired by a pamphlet of the morning or a conversation of -the evening. If he took you on one side to render you illustrious by -his conversation, his chief manner of seduction was to load you with -praises, to call you the hope of the future, to prophesy brilliant -destinies for you, to give you a bill of exchange as a great man, drawn -upon himself and payable at sight; but, if he thought that your faith -in him was a little open to suspicion, if he perceived that you did not -sufficiently admire a few short sentences with pretensions of depth, -but with nothing behind them, he went away, lest he should allow the -end of his wit to come to the surface. He would have told a good story, -were it not that his jests fell upon an underling or a fool, at whose -cost he amused himself without danger, or upon a victim, attached to -his person, who formed a butt for his jokes. He was unable to keep up a -serious conversation: the third time that he opened his lips, his ideas -evaporated. - -Old engravings of the "Abbé de Périgord" represent a very pretty man; -as he grew old, M. de Talleyrand's face had turned into a death's head: -his eyes were dull, so that one had a difficulty in reading them, which -served his purpose. As he had received a great deal of contempt, he had -soaked himself in it and placed it in the two hanging corners of his -mouth. - -A great manner, which came from his birth, a strict observance of the -niceties, a cold and disdainful air contributed to keep up the illusion -that surrounded the Prince de Bénévent. His manners exercised an empire -over second-rate people and the men of the new society, to whom the -society of the old days was unknown. Formerly one met persons at every -turn whose ways resembled M. de Talleyrand's, and one took no notice -of them; but, almost alone in the field in the midst of democratic -customs, he appeared a phenomenon: in order to submit to the yoke of -his forms, it suited self-love to ascribe to the minister's wit the -ascendant exercised by his breeding. - -When, occupying a considerable place, you find yourself mixed up with -prodigious revolutions, these give you a chance importance which the -common herd take for your personal merit: lost in Bonaparte's rays, -M. de Talleyrand shone, under the Restoration, with the brightness -borrowed from a fortune that was not his. The accidental position of -the Prince de Bénévent permitted him to attribute to himself the power -of overthrowing Napoleon and the honour of restoring Louis XVIII.: -have I myself, like all those gapers, not been foolish enough to fall -into that fable? When I was better informed, I came to know that M. de -Talleyrand was not a political Warwick: his arm lacked the strength -that lays low and raises thrones. - -Impartial numskulls say: - -"We agree, he was a very immoral man; but what ability!" - -Alas, no! That hope must be lost too, so consoling for his enthusiasts, -so desirable in the interests of the prince's memory: the hope of -making M. de Talleyrand a demon. Beyond certain ordinary negociations, -at the bottom of which he had the cleverness to place his personal -interest in the first rank, there was nothing to be expected of M. de -Talleyrand. - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand's mediocrity.] - -M. de Talleyrand kept up a few habits and a few maxims for the use of -the sycophants and worthless fellows of his intimate circle. His toilet -in public, copied after that of a minister in Vienna, was a triumph -of diplomacy. He boasted of never being in a hurry; he boasted that -time is our enemy and that we must kill it: by this he reckoned to be -occupied for only a few moments. - -But, as, in the last result, M. de Talleyrand did not succeed in -transforming his idleness into a master-piece, it is probable that he -was mistaken in talking of the necessity of getting rid of time: we -triumph over time only by creating immortal things; with works that -have no future, with frivolous distractions, we do not kill it: we -waste it. - -M. de Talleyrand entered into office[377] on the recommendation of -Madame de Staël, who obtained his appointment from Chénier. He was then -very destitute and he began to make his fortune five or six times over -again: by the million which he received from Portugal in the hope of a -signature of peace with the Directory, a peace which was never signed; -by the purchase of Belgian bonds on the Peace of Amiens, of which -he, M. de Talleyrand, knew before it was known to the public; by the -erection of the short-lived Kingdom of Etruria; by the secularization -of the ecclesiastical properties of Germany; by the jobbing of his -opinions at the Congress of Vienna. The prince went so far as to try -to make over some old papers in our archives to Austria; but this time -he was duped by M. de Metternich, who religiously returned him the -originals, after having copies taken of them. - -Incapable of writing a single sentence unaided, M. de Talleyrand -made men work competently under him: when, by dint of erasions and -alterations, his secretary had succeeded in drafting his dispatches -to his liking, he copied them out with his own hand. I have heard him -read, from the Memoirs which he commenced, a few pleasing details -about his youth. As he varied in his tastes, detesting to-morrow what -he loved yesterday, if those Memoirs exist in their entirety, which I -doubt, and if he has preserved the opposite versions, it is probable -that his judgments on the same fact and especially on the same man -will contradict each other outrageously. I do not believe in the story -that the manuscripts have been deposited in England; the order which, -they pretend, has been given to publish them not before forty years -hence[378] seems to me a piece of posthumous jugglery. - -Slothful and without attainments, with a frivolous nature and a -dissipated heart, the Prince de Bénévent gloried in that which ought -to have humbled his pride, in remaining standing after the fall of -empires. The minds of the first order which produce revolutions -disappear; the minds of the second order which profit by them survive. -Those persons of the morrow and of their wits preside at the march-past -of the generations; it is their business to endorse the passports, to -confirm the sentence: M. de Talleyrand was of that inferior species; he -signed events, he did not make them. - -To survive governments, to remain when a power goes, to declare one's -self permanent, to boast of belonging only to the country, of being the -man of things and not the man of individuals: that is the fatuousness -of an uneasy egoism, which strives to hide its want of elevation under -lofty words. Nowadays we count many of those unruffled characters, -many of those citizens of the soil: still, if there is to be any -greatness in growing old like the hermit in the ruins of the Coliseum, -they must be guarded with a cross; M. de Talleyrand had trodden his -underfoot. - -Our species is divided into two unequal parts: the men of death, loved -by death, a chosen band which is born again; the men of life, forgotten -by life, a multitude condemned to annihilation which is born no more. -The temporary existence of these latter consists of name, credit, -place, fortune; their fame, their authority, their power fade away with -their person: closed are their drawing-room and their coffin, closed -is their destiny. Thus befell M. de Talleyrand; his mummy, before -descending into its crypt, was shown for a moment in London[379], as -the representative of the corpse-like Royalty that reigns over us. - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand's depravity.] - -M. de Talleyrand betrayed all governments and, I repeat, raised or -overthrew none. He had no real superiority, in the sincere acceptance -of those two words. A fry of trite prosperities, so common in -aristocratic life, does not take a man two feet beyond the grave. -The evil which is not worked with a terrible explosion, the evil -parsimoniously exerted by the slave for the master's benefit is no -more than turpitude. Vice, the pander of crime, enters into domestic -service. Suppose M. de Talleyrand a plebeian, poor, obscure, having, -besides his immorality, nothing save his incontestable drawing-room -wit: we should certainly never have heard speak of him. Take away -from M. de Talleyrand the debased great lord, the married priest, the -degraded bishop: what remains to him? His reputation and his successes -have depended on that treble depravity. - -The comedy with which the prelate crowned his eighty-two years is a -pitiful thing: first, to give a proof of strength, he went to pronounce -at the Institute the common eulogy of a poor German dolt[380] whom he -did not care about. In spite of all the sights with which our eyes -have been glutted, people lined up to see the great man go out[381]; -next, he came to die at home, like Diocletian, showing himself to the -universe. The crowd gaped at the last moments[382] of that prince -three parts rotten, with a gangrenous aperture in his side, his head -falling on his breast in spite of the bandage that supported it, he -disputing minute by minute his reconciliation with Heaven, his niece -playing beside him a part long prepared between a priest who was -imposed upon and a little girl who was deceived. Weary of resistance, -when his power of speech was about to leave him, he signed (or perhaps -he did not even sign) the disavowal of his early adhesion to the -Constitutional Church; but without giving any sign of repentance, -without fulfilling the Christian's last duties, without retracting -the immorality and scandal of his life. Never did pride appear so -contemptible, admiration so foolish, piety so greatly duped. Rome, -always prudent, did not make the retractation public, for a very good -reason. - -[Sidenote: Talleyrand's death.] - -M. de Talleyrand failed to put in an appearance in answer to a -long-standing summons issued by the Judgment Seat on High; death sought -him on the part of God and has found him at last. - -To analyze minutely a life as corrupted as that of M. de Lafayette -was healthy, one would have to face a distaste which I am incapable -of overcoming. Men of sores resemble prostitutes' carcasses: they -have been so much eaten away by the ulcers that they are of no use -to the dissecting-room. The French Revolution is one vast political -destruction, set in the midst of the old world; let us fear lest a much -more fatal destruction be established, let us fear a moral destruction -through the evil side of that Revolution. What would become of the -human race if a strenuous attempt were made to rehabilitate manners -justly stigmatized, to offer odious examples to our enthusiasm, to -show us the progress of the age, the establishment of liberty, the -profundity of genius in abject natures and atrocious actions? Not -daring to extol the evil under its own name, they sophisticate it: -beware of taking that brute for a spirit of darkness; it is an angel -of light! All ugliness is beautiful, every shame honourable, every -enormity sublime; every vice has its admiration awaiting it. We have -gone back to that material society of paganism in which every form -of depravity had its altars. Back, those cowardly, lying, criminal -praises, which pervert the public conscience, which debauch youth, -which discourage good people, which are an outrage against virtue and -the spitting of the Roman soldier in the face of Christ! - - -PARIS, 1839. - -When I was in Prague, in 1833, Charles X. said to me: - -"So that old Talleyrand is still alive?" - -And Charles X. left this life two years before M. de Talleyrand; the -Monarch's private and Christian death forms a contrast with the public -death of the apostate bishop, dragged against his will to the feet of -the divine incorruptibility. - -On the 3rd of October 1836, I wrote the following letter to Madame -la Duchesse de Berry, and I added a postscript to it on the 15th of -November of the same year: - - "MADAME, - - "M. Walsh[383] has handed me the letter with which you have been - good enough to honour me. I should be ready to obey Your Royal - Highness' wishes, if writing could do anything at present; but - public opinion has fallen into such a state of apathy that the - greatest events would hardly be able to stir it. You have permitted - me, Madame, to speak with an amount of frankness which only my - devotion could excuse: as Your Royal Highness knows, I have been - opposed to almost all that has been done; I ventured even not to - be in favour of your journey to Prague. Henry V. is now emerging - from childhood; he will soon enter the world with an education - that has taught him nothing of the age in which we live. Who will - be his guide, who will show him Courts and men? Who will make him - known and as it were appear, at a distance, to France? These are - important questions which will, probably and unfortunately, be - resolved in the same sense as all the others. Be this as it may, - the rest of my life belongs to my young King and his august mother. - My previsions of the future will never make me unfaithful to my - duty. - - "Madame de Chateaubriand asks leave to lay her respects at Madame's - feet. I offer to Heaven all my prayers for the glory and prosperity - of the mother of Henry V. and I am, with profound respect, - - "Madame, - - "Your Royal Highness' most humble and most obedient servant, - - "CHATEAUBRIAND. - - _"P.S._ This letter has been waiting for a month for a safe - opportunity of reaching Madame. This very day, I hear of the death - of Henry's august grandfather[384]. Will the sad news cause any - change in Your Royal Highness' destiny? Dare I beg Madame to permit - me to enter into all the sentiments of regret which she must feel, - and to offer the respectful tribute of my grief to Monsieur le - Dauphin and Madame la Dauphine? - - "CHATEAUBRIAND. - - "15 _November._" - -[Sidenote: Death of Charles X.] - -Charles X. is no more: - - Soixante ans de malheurs out paré la victime[385]! - -Thirty years of exile; death at seventy-nine in a foreign land! So that -none might doubt of the errand of misfortune with which Heaven had -entrusted that Prince, it was a plague that came to fetch him. - -Charles X., at his last hour, recovered the calm, the equanimity which -sometimes failed him during his long career. When he learnt the danger -that threatened, he was content to say: - -"I did not think that this illness would turn so short." - -When Louis XVI. set out for the scaffold, the officer on duty refused -to receive the will of the condemned man because there was no time, and -he, the officer, had to take the King to execution; the King replied: - -"That is so." - -If Charles X., in other days of peril, had treated his life with the -same indifference, what wretchedness would he not have spared himself! -One can understand that the Bourbons cling to a religion which makes -them so noble at the moment of death; Louis IX., attached to his -posterity, sends them the saint's courage to await them beside the -coffin. That House knows wonderfully how to die: true, it has been -learning death for more than eight hundred years. - -Charles X. went away persuaded that he had made no mistake: if he hoped -for the divine mercy, it was because of the sacrifice which he believed -that he had made of his crown to what he thought to be the duty of his -conscience and the welfare of his people; conviction is too rare not to -be valued. Charles X. was able to bear himself this witness that the -reign of his two brothers and his own were neither without liberty nor -without glory: under the Martyr King, the enfranchisement of America -and the emancipation of France; under Louis XVIII., representative -government given to our country, the Royalty restored in Spain, the -independence of Greece recovered at Navarino; under Charles X., -Africa left to us in compensation for the territory lost through the -conquests of the Republic and the Empire: those are results which -remain established in our records, in spite of stupid jealousies and -vain enmities; those results will stand out more prominently as we -sink lower into the abasement of the Royalty of July. But it is to be -feared that those costly ornaments will be for the benefit of past days -only, like the garland of flowers on Homer's head discarded with great -respect by the Republic of Plato. The Legitimacy to-day seems to have -no intention of going further; it appears to be adopting its fall. - -The death of Charles X. could be an effective event only by putting an -end to a deplorable contest for a sceptre and giving a new direction -to the education of Henry V.: now it is to be feared that the absent -crown will always be disputed, that the education will be finished -without having been virtually changed. Perhaps, by saving themselves -the trouble of taking sides, they will fall asleep in habits dear to -weakness, sweet to family-life, easy to lassitude, the result of long -sufferings. Misfortune perpetuated produces on the mind the same effect -as old age on the body: one can no longer move, one takes to one's -bed. Misfortune again resembles the executioner of the high decrees -of Heaven: it strips the condemned man, snatches the sceptre from the -king, the sword from the warrior; it takes the noble's dignity, the -soldier's heart, and sends them back degraded into the crowd. - -On the other hand, one derives from extreme youth arguments in favour -of postponement: when one has much time to spend, one persuades one's -self that one can wait, that one has years to play with before events -happen: - -"They will come to us," one cries, "without our going to any trouble; -all will ripen; the throne will come of itself; in twenty years, -prejudice will be wiped out." - -This calculation might have some justness, if generations did not pass -away or did not become indifferent; but a certain thing may appear a -necessity at one time and not be even felt at another. - -[Sidenote: Charles's predecessors.] - -Alas, how swiftly things fade away! Where are the three brothers whom -I have seen reign in succession? Louis XVIII. is at Saint-Denis, with -the mutilated relics of Louis XVI.; Charles X. has just been laid, at -Gorlitz, in a coffin locked with three keys. - -The remains of that King, falling from on high, startled his ancestors; -they turned in their sepulchres; drawing closer together, they said: - -"Let us make room; here is the last of our number." - -Bonaparte did not make so much noise on entering eternal life; the old -dead did not wake for the emperor of the new dead. They did not know -him. - -The French Monarchy connects the Ancient World with the Modern World. -Augustulus[386] laid down the diadem in 476. Five years later, in 481, -the first dynasty of our kings, in the person of Clovis, was reigning -over the Gauls. - -Charlemagne, when associating Louis the Débonnaire with himself on the -throne, said to him: - -"Son dear to God, my years are hastening, even my old age escapes me; -the time of my death is drawing nigh. The land of the Franks beheld -my birth: Christ accorded me that honour. First among the Franks, I -have obtained the name of Cæsar and transferred to the Empire of the -Franks the Empire of the House of Romulus." - -Under Hugh, with the Third Dynasty, the Elective Monarchy became -hereditary. Hereditary right gave birth to legitimacy, or permanence, -or duration. - -The Christian Empire of the French must be placed between the baptismal -fonts of Clovis and the scaffold of Louis XVI. The same religion stood -at either barrier: - -"Gentle Sicamber, bow thy neck, worship what thou hast burnt, burn what -thou hast worshipped," said the priest who administered the baptism of -water to Clovis. - -"Son of St. Louis, rise up to Heaven," said the priest[387] who -assisted Louis XVI. at the baptism of blood. - -If there were nothing in France save that old House of France built up -by time and of astounding majesty, we could make a finer show than all -the other nations in the matter of illustrious things. The Capets were -reigning when the other sovereigns of Europe were still subjects. The -vassals of our kings have become kings. Those sovereigns have handed -down to us, with their names, titles which posterity has accepted as -authentic: some are called Augustus[388], Saint[389], the Pious[390], -the Great[391], the Courteous[392], the Bold[393], the Wise[394], -the Victorious[395], the Well-beloved[396]; others the Father of the -People[397], the Father of Letters[398]: - - "As it is writ in blame," says an old historian, "that all the good - Servian kings could easily go into a ring, the bad kings of France - could do so more easily, so small is their number." - -Under the Royal Family, the darkness of the Barbarians was dispelled, -the language was formed; literature and arts produced their -master-pieces; our towns were beautified, our monuments raised, our -roads opened, our harbours constructed; our armies astonished Europe -and Asia and our fleets covered the two oceans. - -Our pride waxes furious at the mere display of those magnificent -tapestries in the Louvre; shadows, shadowy embroideries shock us. -Unknown this morning, still more unknown this evening, we are none the -less persuaded that we efface all that went before us. And yet each -fleeting moment asks us, "Who art thou?" and we know not what to reply. -Charles X. replied: he went away with a whole era of the world; the -dust of a thousand generations is mingled with his; history salutes -him, the centuries kneel before his tomb; all have known his House; it -has never failed them: it is they who have been wanting towards that -House. - -[Sidenote: The last of the Bourbons.] - -O banished King, men have been able to outlaw you, but you shall not be -driven out by time: you are sleeping your hard sleep in a monastery, -on the last plank but yesterday destined for some Franciscan. No -heralds-at-arms at your obsequies: none save a troop of bleached and -hoary old times; no grandees to fling the emblems of their dignities -into the vault: they have done homage for them elsewhere. Mute ages are -seated beside your bier; a long procession of past days, with closed -eyes, silently mourns around your coffin. - -By your side lie your heart and your intestines, snatched from your -breast and your loins, even as we lay beside a dead mother the abortive -fruit that has cost her her life. At each anniversary, O Most Christian -Monarch, O cenobite after death, some brother will recite to you the -prayers of the memorial service; you will attract to your eternal _Hic -Jacet_ none save your sons banished with you: for even at Trieste the -monument of Mesdames is empty; their sacred relics have returned to -their country and you have paid to exile, by your own exile, the debt -of those noble ladies. - -Ah, why do they not to-day bring together so many dispersed remains, -even as they collect antiques unearthed from different excavations? The -Arc de Triomphe would carry Napoleon's sarcophagus as its crowning, or -the bronze column raise motionless victories over immortal remains. -And yet the stone carved by order of Sesostris hence-forward buries the -scaffold of Louis XVI. under the weight of the ages. The hour will come -when the obelisk of the desert shall find again, on the place of the -murders, the silence and solitude of Luxor. - - - -[283] This book was written in Paris, in 1837 and 1838, and revised in -June 1847--T. - -[284] Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri Duc d'Orléans -(1810-1842) married, on the 30th of May 1837, the Princess Helen of -Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He was killed, on the 13th of July, at Neuilly, -by leaping from his carriage, of which the horses had run away. His -widow, who was and remained a Lutheran, died in 1858.--T. - -[285] Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux (1767-1794), a noted Girondin -orator and politician, belonged, like most of the participants in -the Revolution of 1789, to the middle-classes, and was a lawyer by -profession. He led the Marseillaise section in the attack on the -Tuileries, on the 10th of August 1792. He was sent, as a Girondin -deputy, to the Convention, where he appears to have been noted for the -beauty of his person no less than for his eloquence, and soon went to -loggerheads with Marat and Robespierre. In the trial of Louis XVI., -he voted for the appeal to the nation. He was proscribed, on the 31st -of May 1793, as a Royalist and an enemy of the Republic: he sought -shelter in Calvados and took ship at Quimper for Bordeaux. Hardly had -he arrived there when he was arrested and well and duly guillotined, on -the 25th of July 1794 and in the twenty-eighth year of his age. Carlyle -says, wrongly, I believe, that he shot himself to escape arrest.--T. - -[286] Antoine Saint-Just (1767-1794) has been only once mentioned in -the Memoirs (_Cf._ Vol. III., p. 196). He was born a few months after -Barbaroux, and died three days later. This "black-haired, mild-toned -youth," to quote Carlyle, was one of the most violent organizers of the -Terror. He became President of the Convention in February 1794 and took -charge of the reports against his colleagues Danton, Camille Desmoulins -and others, who were promptly sent to the scaffold. Almost alone he -defended Robespierre, was eventually involved in the same condemnation, -and was guillotined with him on the 28th of July. Saint-Just cultivated -the Muse: at the early age of twenty, he published _Organt_, a -licentious poem in twenty cantos (1789). He also left the _Esprit de la -Révolution_ (1791) and a number of Reports and Opinions delivered in -the Convention.--T. - -[287] _Cf._, in Chateaubriand's preface to his _Études historiques_, -the table of the victims of the Terror, taken from the six volumes of -Prudhomme, the Republican. There were 18,923 men not of noble birth, of -different conditions; 2,231 wives of labourers or artisans; and 2,000 -children guillotined, drowned and shot. In the Vendée, 15,000 women -were killed, and almost all of these were peasant-women. Terrible as -they are, these figures are very far below the reality.--B. - -[288] Thiers was Premier and Foreign Minister from the 22nd of February -to the 25th of August 1836 and, for the second time, from the 1st of -March to the 28th of October 1840.--T. - -[289] This is in allusion to an episode which occurred in 1834, of -which the country-house of a ministerial deputy was the scene and -M. Thiers, then Minister of the Interior, the hero. Dr. Bonnet de -Malherbe, in his _Notes inédites sur M. Thiers_ (1888, p. 73) refers to -it in the following words: - - "One episode especially, the feast of Grand-Vaux, at the _château_ - of the Comte Vigier, which the newspapers called the 'Orgy of - Grand-Vaux,' made a great stir at the time. M. Thiers, if the - chroniclers of the time are to be credited, played a part in it - which went far beyond the 'pranks' of the Marseilles school-boy, - and 'showed himself' in a 'posture' which was not exactly that of - which another minister spoke, with some emphasis, half a century - later. The _Quotidienne_ published a very spicy article in this - connection, nor was the _Charivari_ sparing in caricatures."--B. - - -[290] Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes (_circa_ 104--_circa_ 180), -a Greek rhetorician celebrated for his munificence. He erected many -public works at his own expense and restored several decayed towns in -various parts of Greece.--T. - - -[291] Thiers had published his _Histoire de la Révolution française_ in -1823 to 1827. The _Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire_ did not appear -till many years later (1845 to 1862).--T. - -[292] The remains of Napoleon were brought back to France in 1840.--T. - -[293] M. Thiers had said in the Tribune, under the Monarchy of July, in -the course of the discussion of the law against the associations: - - "France abhors the Republic; speak of it to her, and she recoils in - affright; she knows that that form of government turns to blood or - imbecility." - -In 1872, Henry Reeve met him in Paris and describes the conversation as -follows in his Journal: - - "M. Thiers' conversation on the war, the Commune and the siege was - very interesting. He said to me: - - "'_Certainement je suis pour la République! Sans la République - qu'est-ce que je serais, moi? Un bourgeois, Adolphe Thiers!_' - - "He described the withdrawal of the troops from Paris, which was - his own act. Then the siege, which he claims to have directed, the - battery of _Mouton Tout_, adding: - - "'_Nous avons enterré, en entrant à Paris, vingt mille cadavres!_'" - -(JOHN KNOX LAUGHTON: _Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Henry -Reeve_, Vol. II., p. 202).--B. - -[294] At the same time that Chateaubriand was drawing this portrait of -M. Thiers, another seer, Balzac, wrote in the _Chronique de Paris_, on -the 12th of May 1836: - - "M. Thiers has always wished for the same thing, he has never - had but one thought, one system, one aim; all his efforts have - been constantly directed towards it: he has always thought of M. - Thiers.... M. Thiers is a weather-cock which, in spite of its - incessant mobility, remains on the same building."--B. - -[295] Simon Deutz was the converted Jew who betrayed the Duchesse de -Berry's hiding-place to Thiers in 1832 (_cf._ Vol. III., p. 156).--T. - -[296] DANTE: _Hell_, Canto I., 50.--B. - -[297] The Sirens, daughters of Achelous and Calliope, represented as -having the head, arms and bust of a young woman and the wings and lower -part of the body of a bird.--T. - -[298] _Cf._ VIR., _Geor._, IV., 82-83, 86-87: - - Ipsi per medias acies, insignibus alis, - Ingentes animos angusto in pectore versant. - . . . . . . . . - Hi motus animorum atque hæc certamina tanta - Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt.--B. - - -[299] La Fayette died in Paris on the 19th of May 1834. He was already -suffering from indisposition, when he insisted on following, on foot, -the funeral of Dulong, the deputy killed in a duel by General Bugeaud. -He took to his bed on returning home and did not leave it again.--B. - -[300] Rivarol, in the early days of the Revolution, had nicknamed -General La Payette "César-Gille."--B. - -[301] La Fayette was mixed up in Caron's military conspiracy at Belfort -in 1821 (_Cf._ Vol. IV., p. 211, nn. 4-5).--T. - -[302] Having failed to secure his re-election as a deputy in 1824, La -Fayette took advantage of this enforced rest to revisit America. He was -absent from France for fourteen months.--B. - -[303] Edward Everett (1794-1865), a celebrated American statesman, -orator and author. He was professor of Greek at Harvard College from -1819 to 1825; editor of the _North American Review_ from 1820 to 1824; -Member of Congress from Massachusetts from 1825 to 1835; Governor of -Massachusetts from 1836 to 1840; Minister to England from 1841 to 1845; -President of Harvard College from 1846 to 1849; Secretary of State -from 1852 to 1853; and Senator from Massachusetts from 1853 to 1854. -In 1860, he was the candidate for Vice-president of the Constitutional -Union Party. His _Orations and Speeches on various Occasions_ were -published in Boston, in 4 volumes, in 1850.--T. - -[304] EVERETT: _An Oration pronounced at Cambridge before the Society -of Phi Beta Kappa, August_ 26, 1824 (Boston, Mass.: 1824).--T. - -[305] I omit six lines of verse.--T. - -[306] La Fayette was married to Mademoiselle de Noailles on the 11th of -April 1774; she died in 1807.--T. - -[307] La Fayette's tomb is in one corner of the little Picpus Cemetery, -near the Avenue de Saint-Mandé. At the end of the Picpus Cemetery is -the _Cimetière des guillotinés_, where 1300 victims of the Revolution, -executed at the Barrière du Trône, are interred. These include André -Chénier, Lavoisier, General Beauharnais and many other bearers of noted -names.--T. - -[308] The Duc de Montmorency-Laval died in 1826.--T. - -[309] A sort of cakes.--T. - -[310] M. Dupin the Elder.--B. - -[311] Georges de La Fayette.--_Author's Note._ - -Georges Washington de La Fayette (1779-1849), La Fayette's only son and -a godson of Washington, sat in the Chamber of Deputies, on the Extreme -Left, from 1827 to 1849.--T. - -[312] Chateaubriand is wrong. The notice of _Ambroise_, a comic opera -by Monvel and Nicolas Dalayrac occcurs in the _Gazette nationale, ou Le -Moniteur universel_ of the 22nd of January 1793! but the report of the -execution of Louis XVI. appears in the issue of the next day, Wednesday -23 January, two days after the tragedy took place. Immediately after -the report comes this paragraph: - - "That excellent patriot, Lepelletier Saint-Fargeau, member of the - Convention, was assassinated on Sunday at a tavern-keeper's, in the - Palais _ci-devant_ Royal, by a former body-guard called Paris. The - details of the crime were communicated to the National Convention; - they will be found in the report of Monday's sitting." - -This report of "Monday's sitting" appears in the following Thursday's -_Moniteur._--T. - -[313] _Cf._ Vol. V., pp. 206.207.--T. - -[314] At the time of the failure of the Duchesse de Berry's plans, -followed by her arrest and imprisonment, feelings of irritation and -regret reigned among the Royalists, of which several duels with members -of the opposite party were the direct consequence. At the end of -January 1833, Armand Carrel, after a certain article that appeared in -the _National_, accepted a personal provocation and, from a list of ten -names put before him, selected that of M. Roux-Laborie the Younger, who -was personally quite unknown to him. Swords were the chosen weapons; -the adversaries were both wounded: M. Roux-Laborie by two thrusts in -the arm and hand; Carrel by a thrust in the stomach, which put his life -in danger.--B. - -[315] Émile de Girardin (1806-1881), the journalist and economist -(_Cf._ Vol. IV., p. 21, n. 2). A duel was arranged between Girardin and -Armand Carrel in consequence of articles published in their respective -journals, the _Presse_ and the _National._ It was fought in the Bois de -Vincennes; the weapons chosen were pistols. The two adversaries were -placed at forty paces from one another, with powers each to walk ten -paces and to fire at will, a very much more dangerous method than the -firing at the word of command, at a fixed distance, which is generally -practised to-day. After each taking a few steps, the two adversaries -fired almost at the same time: Émile de Girardin was shot through the -thigh and Carrel was hit in the pit of the stomach. He succumbed to -acute peritonitis from the lesions caused by the bullet, which had torn -the intestines.--B. - -[316] _Cf._ p. 83, _supra._--T. - -[317] SHAKESPEARE: _Hamlet_, Act III., sc. i.--T. - -[318] Carrel's article on Sautelet's suicide (_Cf._ Vol. V., p. -83.--T.) appeared in the _Revue de Paris_ of June 1830, under the title -of _Une Mort volontaire._--B. - -[319] Armand Carrel was born, at Rouen, on the 8th of May 1800, the day -on which Chateaubriand set foot at Calais (_Cf._ Vol. II., p. 148, n. -1).-T. - -[320] _Cf._ Vol. V., pp. 120-122.--T. - -[321] The gravity of Carrel's wound did not allow of his being -conveyed to the house in which he lived, at No. 7, now No. 18, -Rue Grange-Batelière. He was accordingly taken to one of his old -school-fellows of the Military School, M. Adolphe Peyra, who was -spending the summer at his mother's house at Saint-Mandé. M. Peyra was -a retired officer in the Guards, who had himself fought many duels -and had kept up friendly relations with Carrel, although they were in -different camps: Peyra was an ardent Royalist.--B. - -[322] - - THE GRAVE-DIGGER'S RECEIPT. - - "I have received from M. de Chateaubriand the sum of eighteen - francs that remained owing for the trellis-work which surrounds the - grave of M. Armand Carrel. - - "SAINT-MANDÉ, 21 _June_ 1838. - - "Paid: VAUDRAN." - - "Received from M. de Chateaubriand the sum of twenty francs for - keeping up the grave of M. Carrel at Saint-Mandé. - - "PARIS, 28 _September_ 1839. - - "Paid: VAUDRAN."--B. -] - -[323] Sabine Casimir Amable Voïart, Dame Tastu (1798-1885), author -of several volumes of verse: _Poésies_(1826), _Chroniques de -France_(1829), _Poésies nouvelles_ (1834), _Œuvres politiques_(1837). -She also published a large number of educational books. Some of her -poems, notably the _Ange gardien_, the _Dernier jour de l'année_ and -the _Feuilles de saule_ are happily inspired and deserve to live.--B. - -[324] Favorinus (_d. circa_ 135), a skeptical philosopher, a native -of Arles, in Gaul, who taught rhetoric in Athens and in Rome under -Hadrian.--T. - -[325] 451-450 B.C.--T. - -[326] Carmenta, the Arcadian prophetess, mother of Evander by -Mercury.--T. - -[327] Sappho (_b. circa_ 612 B.C.), the most famous of poetesses. She -was surnamed the Tenth Muse.--T. - -[328] Corinna (_fl. circa_ 470 B.C.), the Greek poetess, surnamed the -Lyric Muse. She conquered Pindar in a trial of poetry and carried off -the palm before him no less than five times.--T. - -[329] Pindar (_circa_ 520 B.C.--_circa_ 450 B.C.), the greatest of the -Greek lyric poets.--T. - -[330] Marie de France (_fl._ 13th Century), author of a collection -of fables entitled _Ysopet_, narrative poems entitled _Laïs_ and a -Purgatory of St. Patrick. Her works were collected and published in -Paris in 1832.--T. - -[331] Beatrix Comtesse de Die in her own right (_fl._ 12th Century), -author of a few Provençal poems.--T. - -[332] _Cf._ Vol. II., p. 308, n. 6.--T. - -[333] Loyse Labé, _Sonnets_, XIII., 1-2: - - "Oh, if I were in that fair bosom rapt - Of him for whom I ever dying go!"--T. - - -[334] Clémence de Bourges was a young girl of Lyons, famous for her wit -and her beauty and a friend and admirer of Loyse Labé. She died early, -of a broken heart, and was given a magnificent funeral by the Lyonese. -The poets of the day called her the "Pearl of Damsels, a truly Oriental -pearl."--T. - -[335] Margaret of Valois, Queen of Navarre (1492-1549), sister -of Francis I. and married, in 1526, to Henry II. d'Albret, King -of Navarre, is the author of the _Heptaméron des nouvelles de -très-illustre et très-excellente princesse Marguerite de Valois_ -(1558-1559), the _Miroir de l'âme pêcheresse_ (1533), _Marguerites de -la Marguerite des princesses, très-illustre royne de Navarre_ (1547), -the _Miroir de Jésus-Christ crucifié_ (1556) and Letters, published -in the last century. The other Margaret is Margaret of France, Queen -of Navarre (1552-1615), sister of Henry III. and married, in 1572, -to Henry III. King of Navarre, later Henry IV. King of France, and -left her admirable Memoirs for the enjoyment of posterity, with some -Poems.--T. - -[336] Mary Queen of Scots, France and (_de jure_) England (1542-1587). -The only extant specimens of Mary's poetry, in addition to the reputed -sonnets to Bothwell, are the verses on the death of her husband Francis -II., printed by Brantôme in his Memoirs; a sonnet to Elizabeth in Latin -and French; a _Méditation faite par la Reyne d'Escosse Douarière de -France, recueillie d'un Livre des Consolations Divines_; and a sonnet -written at Fotheringay, in the State Paper Office (_Cf._ the article in -the _Dictionary of National Biography_, Vol. XXXVI., p. 389).--T. - -[337] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 21. I omit Madame Claude de Chateaubriand's -sixty-sixth sonnet, which is quoted by her nephew many times -removed.--T. - -[338] Antoinette du Ligier de La Garde, Dame Deshoulières (1638-1694), -married, in 1651, to Guillaume de Lafon de Boisguérin, Seigneur -Deshoulières, enjoyed a great reputation under Louis XIV., when she was -surnamed the Tenth Muse and the French Calliope. She is now remembered -chiefly by her idyll of the _Moutons_, although her collected idylls, -odes, elegiacs and songs, to say nothing of two highly unsuccessful -tragedies, fill two, volumes 8vo.--T. - -[339] Marie Anne Henriette Payan de L'Étang, Marquise d'Antremont, -later Baronne de Bourdic, later Madame Viot (1746-1802) was three times -married. She was already known for several pieces of verse inserted in -the _Almanach des Muses_ when, for a while, she acquired a real fame -through her _Ode au Silence_, which was long considered one of the -master-pieces of the eighteenth century.--B. - -[340] Hortense Allan de Méritens (1801-1879) published, as her first -work, in 1821, a remarkable novel, the _Conjuration d'Amboise_, -which was succeeded by _Sextus, ou le Romain des Maremmes_, the -_Indienne, Settimia_ and others. In 1873 and 1874, she published, -under the pseudonym of "Madame Prudence de Saman" and the title of -the _Enchantements de Prudence_, a series of erotic confidences, or -romantic autobiography, in which she mixes up Chateaubriand, Lamennais, -Béranger and a score of others with her imaginary adventures.--B. - -[341] Mélanie Villenave, Dame Waldor (1796-1871), author of some -volumes of poems, of which the principal, entitled _Poésies du cœur_, -had appeared in 1835. Her novels include _André le Vendéen_ (1843) and -the _Moulin en deuil_ (1849).--B. - -[342] Marceline Josèphe Félicité Desbordes, Dame Desbordes-Valmore -(1786-1859) had appeared, with some success, at the Opéra-Comique, -when, in 1817, she married François Prosper Lanchantin, known as -Valmore, the actor, and left the stage. Her poetry is distinguished for -sweetness and pathos, without affectation. That published before the -time in which Chateaubriand is writing includes _Élégies et romances_ -(1818), _Élégies et poésies nouvelles_ (1824) and the _Pleurs_ (1833). -_Pauvres fleurs_ appeared in 1839 and _Bouquets et prières_ in 1843.--T. - -[343] Anaïs Ménard, Dame Ségalas (_b._ 1814), published the -_Algériennes_ in 1831, when only seventeen years of age. Next came -the _Oiseaux de passage_ (1836) and, later, _Enfantines: poésies à ma -fille_ (1844), the _Femme_ (1847) and _Nos bons Parisiens_ (1865). -To these must be added a number of novels and plays of various -descriptions. Madame Ségalas will, however, remain known mainly as the -author of the _Enfantines_, a collection of verse that has had no less -than ten editions.--B. - -[344] Louise Révoil, Dame Colet (1815-1876), published her first -volume, _Fleurs du Midi_, accompanied by two kindly letters from -Chateaubriand, in 1836. From that year till the year of her death she -did not cease writing in prose and verse. The list of her works, which -include poems, novels, dramatic essays, travels and works on history -and politics, would exceed the space of these notes. She obtained the -prize for poetry at the French Academy four times between 1839 and -1854. For the rest, Madame Colet mixed romance with her life in such -proportions that it is best to keep silence upon both the lady and her -career.--B. - -[345] Elisa Mercœur (1809-1835), the girl poet, died before the above -lines were written. The first edition of her _Poésies_ appeared in -1827, when Mademoiselle Mercœur was only eighteen years old. Her -Complete Works were published in 1843, in three volumes 8vo.--T. - -[346] Maria Felicita Garcia, Dame Malibran, later Dame de Bériot -(1808-1836), one of the most famous opera-singers of the time, was the -daughter of Manuel del Popolo Vicente Garcia, the Spanish singer and -composer. She made her first appearance in opera in London, on the 7th -of June 1825, when she took the place of Madame Pasta, who was ill. -She made a great sensation and was at once engaged for the rest of the -season. In 1826, she went to New York and there, in the middle of a -successful season, married Malibran, the French banker, who soon became -bankrupt. She left him in 1827, returned to France and appeared for -the first time in Paris, on the 12th of January 1828, in _Sémiramide._ -Her success was prodigious and she continued to rouse unparalleled -enthusiasm in all the great cities of Europe. On the 30th of March -1836, Madame Malibran married Charles Auguste de Bériot, the Belgian -violinist; six months later, on the 23rd of September, she died, in -Manchester, from the effects of a fall from her horse, in London, a few -days earlier.--T. - -[347] At this time (1833), George Sand had published only _Indiana_ -(September 1832) and _Valentine_ (November 1832). _Lélia_ appeared in -September 1833, the _Secrétaire intime_ and _Jacques_ in 1834.--T. - -[348] In an article on Étienne Pivert de Sénancour's _Obermann_, in the -_Revue des Deux-Mondes_ of 15 June 1833.--B. - -[349] October 1834.--B. - -[350] _Rêveries du promeneur solitaire_, published in 1782, four years -after Rousseau's death.--T. - -[351] _Études de la nature_(1784).--T. - -[352] _Æn._, IV. 625.--T. - -[353] LUCIAN: _Dialogues of the Courtezans_, VII.--_Author's Note._ - -[354] _Cf._ MILTON, _Paradise Lost_, II., 752-760. - - "All on a sudden miserable pain - Surprised thee; dim thine eyes, and dizzy swum - In darkness, while thy head flames thick and fast - Threw forth; till on the left side opening wide, - Likest to thee in shape and countenance bright, - Then shining heavenly fair, a goddess arm'd - Out of thy head I sprung: amazement seized - All the host of heaven; back they recoil'd afraid - At first, and cal I'd me Sin."--T. - - -[355] _Sic_, in all the editions.--T. - -[356] Phila (_fl._ 370 B.C.), a celebrated Athenian courtezan and -mistress to Hyperides the Attic orator.--T. - -[357] Lais (_d. circa_ 340 B.C.), a noted Corinthian courtezan, said -to have been advised to adopt her profession by Apelles. Demosthenes -was one of her many lovers; Diogenes another. She was assassinated in -Thessaly by a number of women jealous of their husbands' affections.--T. - -[358] Gnathæna, a Greek poetess and courtezan, of an uncertain period. -Some of her witty sayings are recorded by Athenæus.--T. - -[359] Phryne (_fl. circa_ 328 B.C.), a celebrated Athenian hetaira, -mistress to Praxiteles, one of whose many statues of her is known as -the _Cnidian Aphrodite_, while Apelles took her for his model for the -_Aphrodite Anadyomene._--T. - -[360] Apelles (_fl. circa_ 332 B.C.), the famous Greek painter. His -_Aphrodite Anadyomene_ (_vide supra_) was originally painted for the -Temple of Æsculapius in Cos. It was afterwards bought by Augustus and -placed in the Temple of Cæsar in Rome.--T. - -[361] Praxiteles (_circa_ 360 B.C.--_circa_ 280 B.C.), the greatest -Greek sculptor after Phidias. His _Aphrodite of Cnidus_ ranks as one of -the most admired statues of antiquity. A replica of this statue is now -in the Glyptothek in Munich.--T. - -[362] Leæna (_fl._ 514 B.C.), the mistress of Harmodius and -Aristogiton, the Athenian patriots.--T. - -[363] Harmodius (_d._ 514 B.C.), who, with Aristogiton, delivered -Athens from the tyranny of Hipparchus.--T. - -[364] _Cf._, on the _Congrès de Vérone_, M. Biré's Appendix, Vol. IV., -pp. 215-219.--T. - -[365] Talleyrand died in Paris on the 17th of May 1838.--B. - -[366] _Cf._ Vol. III., pp. 145 _et seq._--T. - -[367] _Ibid._, pp. 171-175.--T. - -[368] The Marquis de Maubreuil (_cf._ Vol. III., p. 86, n. 1), escaping -from police surveillance, went, on the 20th of January, to Saint-Denis, -during the celebration of the anniversary of the death of Louis XVI., -and there, in the midst of the solemnity, he struck Talleyrand in -the face and threw him to the ground. Maubreuil was charged with -the offense and received sentence; but the affair made a terrible -noise, of which Talleyrand's innumerable enemies did not fail to take -advantage.--B. - -[369] _Cf._ Vol. III., p. 147--T. - -[370] Speech of the Prince de Talleyrand against the vote of one -hundred millions proposed for the cost of the Spanish War (March -1823).--B. - -[371] Elisabeth Pierre Comte de Montesquiou-Fézensac (1764-1834) was -President of the Legislative Body in 1810, 1811 and 1813. He was -created a count of the Empire in 1809 and, in the following year, was -appointed Great Chamberlain of France in Talleyrand's stead.--B. - -[372] The Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville (_Cf._ Vol. IV., p. 134, -n. 1) was a member of the Chamber of Peers from 1814 to 1831.--B. - -[373] Jean Girard Lacuée, Comte de Cessac (1752-1841) was an -inspector-general of reviews under Napoleon (1806), a minister of State -(1806) and Minister of the Board of Military Administration. He was a -member of the French Academy.--B. - -[374] The Comte Roederer, in his _Souvenirs_, describes a conversation -which he had with the Emperor, at the Élysée, on the 6th of March -1809. The subject of the conversation was King Joseph, who, in his -letters from Madrid to his wife and Napoleon, complained of his brother -and threatened to leave the Throne of Spain to go and grow his small -potatoes at Mortefontaine. Napoleon, in the course of this interview -with Roederer, walked to and fro, and became more and more excited as -he spoke of the contents of those letters: - - "'He says that he wants to go to Mortefontaine, rather than stay - in a country bought by blood unjustly shed. And what is this - Mortefontaine? It is the price of the blood which I spilled in - Italy. Does he hold it from his father? Does he hold it from his - work? He holds it from me. Yes, I have spilt blood, but it is the - blood of my enemies, of the enemies of France. Does it become - him to use their language? Does he want to act like Talleyrand? - Talleyrand! I have covered him with honours, riches, diamonds. He - has employed all of that against me. He has betrayed me as much - as he could, on the first occasion that he had to do it in.... He - said, during my absence'--during the Spanish War--'that he had gone - on his knees to prevent the Spanish business; and he pestered me - for two years to undertake it! He maintained to me that I should - require only twenty thousand men; he gave me twenty memorandums - to prove it. He behaved in the same way in the affair of the Duc - d'Enghien; I knew nothing about him; it was Talleyrand who told me - about him.' The Emperor always pronounces it Taillerand. 'I did not - know where he was.' The Emperor stopped in front of me. 'It was he - who told me the place where he was and, after advising his death, - he bemoaned it with all his acquaintances.' The Emperor resumed - his walk and, in a calmer tone, after a short pause, continued, 'I - shall do him no harm; I am keeping him in all his offices; I even - have the same feelings for him that I used to have; but I have - taken from him the right to enter my closet at all times. He shall - never have a private conversation with me; he will no longer be - able to say that he has advised me or dissuaded me from one thing - or the other.'" - - -[375] _Cf._ Vol. II., pp. 281-282.--T. - -[376] _Cf._ Vol. III., p. 144.--T. - -[377] Talleyrand was appointed Minister of External Relations, on the -16th of July 1797, in succession to Charles Delacroix, the father of -Eugène Delacroix the painter.--B. - -[378] Yet Talleyrand's Memoirs were not published until 1891-1892. They -were disappointing when published.--T. - -[379] After the Revolution of July, Talleyrand accepted the London -Embassy at the hands of the new Government (September 1830); he asked -to be recalled on the 13th of November 1834.--B. - -[380] Charles Frédéric Comte Reinhard (1761-1838), a retired head -of a department at the Foreign Office and a native of Schöndorf, in -Wurtemberg.--B. - -[381] Talleyrand read his _Éloge de Reinhard_ at the Institute on the -3rd of March 1838. The room was crowded. M. Mignet, the Perpetual -Secretary, went to meet him in the room adjoining the lecture-room. The -prince, who was then in his eighty-fifth year, was not able to climb -the stairs on foot; he was carried up by two men in livery. When he -entered the lecture-room, leaning on M. Mignet's arm and on his crutch, -the whole audience stood up. His speech was delivered in a very strong -voice and was frequently interrupted by applause. The reading took less -than half an hour in all, which constituted the whole performance. When -it was over, the enthusiasm knew no bounds: - -"On his way out," says Sainte-Beuve (_Nouveaux Lundis_, Vol. I., p. -110), "the prince had to pass through a double row of foreheads which -bowed with redoubled reverence."--B. - -[382] The Prince de Talleyrand died on the 17th of May 1838, at -thirty-five minutes past three in the afternoon; he was horn on the 2nd -of February 1754, and was consequently 84 years, 3 months and 15 days -old. He was assisted in his last illness by the Abbé Dupanloup, the -future Bishop of Orleans, who himself wrote the story of the prince's -last moments. On the morning of the 17th of May, M. de Talleyrand had -signed his retractation and a letter to the Pope; some hours later, -the Abbé Dupanloup arrived. Upon a word from the abbé, saying that -Monseigneur de Quélen, the Archbishop of Paris, would be happy to -give his life for him, he raised himself a little and said, in a very -distinct voice: - - "Tell him that he can make a much better use of it." - - "Prince," continued the abbé, "this morning you gave the Church a - great consolation; I now come, in the name of the Church, to offer - you the last consolations of faith, the last succour of religion. - You have been reconciled with the Catholic Church, which you had - offended; the moment is come to be reconciled with God by a new - confession and a sincere repentance for all the faults of your - life." - - "Thereupon," in the words of the Abbé Dupanloup, "he made a - movement as though to come towards me; I went up to him, and, - at once grasping my two hands in his and pressing them with - extraordinary force and emotion, he did not leave go of them during - the whole time that his confession took to make; I had even to make - a great effort to release my hand from his, when the moment had - come to give him absolution. He received it with an humility, an - amount of feeling and faith that made me shed tears." - -He also received Extreme Unction while fully conscious. Then the Abbé -Dupanloup, kneeling beside him, recited the Litany of the Saints. When -he came to the invocation of the martyrs and pronounced the name of St. -Maurice, M. de Talleyrand's patron-saint, the prince was seen to bow -his head and his glance to seek that of the Abbé Dupanloup, to prove to -him that he was joining in those prayers. At three o'clock, seeing the -last hour come, the Abbé Dupanloup began the Prayers for the Dying. The -sick man appeared to join in them so visibly that one of those present -remarked upon it: - -"Monsieur l'abbé, see how he is praying!" - -He was in fact seen, with eyes now open, now lowered, to follow with -evidences of perfect understanding all that was happening around him. -At last his strength suddenly failed him and his lips closed for ever. - -The Abbé Dupanloup ends his narrative with these words: - - "God sees the secrets of men's hearts; but I ask Him to give those - who thought that they might doubt M. de Talleyrand's sincerity, I - ask for them, at the hour of death, the same sentiments which I - beheld in M. de Talleyrand when dying, the memory of which will - never leave me."(_Cf._ LAGRANGE: _Vie de Monseigneur #/ Dupanloup_, - Vol. I., Chaps, XIV. and XV.)--B. - - -[383] Édouard Vicomte Walsh had, since the 25th of September 1835, had -the management of the _Mode_, the liveliest of the royalist papers, -published under the patronage of the Duchesse de Berry.--B. - -[384] Charles X. died at Goritz, on the 6th of November 1836, of an -attack of cholera, of which he had felt the first symptoms two days -before, on St. Charles's Day, the 4th of November. The doctor asked to -have the King's grandchildren taken away, because of the danger of the -illness, but the Duc de Bordeaux declared that no consideration would -prevent his following the impulse of his heart and Mademoiselle made -the same reply as her brother. The King kissed them fondly and laid his -hand upon their heads: - -"May God protect you, my children!" he said. "Walk before Him in the -paths of justice.... Do not forget me.... Pray sometimes for me!" - -The Cardinal de Latil and Doctor Bougon, who had already met by the Duc -de Berry's bed-side on the night of the 13th February 1820, met again, -on the night of the 6th of November 1836, by the bed-side of Charles X. -An altar had hurriedly been erected near the bed for the celebration -of Mass. It was said by the Bishop of Hermopolis, Monseigneur de -Frayssinous. At the end of the Mass, the King meditated an instant; he -prayed for France and blessed her; and, as the bishop exhorted him to -forgive, at that last moment, those who had done him so much harm: - -"I have long forgiven them," he replied. "I forgive them again, at this -moment, with all my heart; may the Lord be merciful to them and me." - -"At one o'clock in the morning, on the 6th of November, M. Bougon -announced that the King had but a few moments to live. All fell on -their knees; M. le Dauphin (the Duc d'Angoulême) had his head bowed -towards his father. Madame la Dauphine alone remained standing at the -King's feet, with her hands joined, and seemed to be presiding over -that scene of sorrow. At half past one, M. Bougon made a sign to the -Duc de Blacas, who leant towards the Dauphin and said a few words to -him in a low voice. Then the Prince respectfully closed his father's -eyes, and Madame la Dauphine's sobs, bursting forth suddenly amid the -silence of death that reigned in the room, announced that all was -over." (NETTEMENT: _Histoire de quinze ans d'exil_, Vol. II., pp. 96 -_et seq._)--B. - -[385] "Sixty years with misfortunes the victim have decked!"--T. - -[386] Romulus Momyllus Augustus, the last Roman Emperor of the West, -nicknamed Augustulus because of his youth, was placed on the throne at -a very early age, in 475, but compelled to abdicate in the following -year by Odoacer King of the Heruli.--T. - -[387] Henry Essex, Abbé Edgeworth de Firmont (1745-1807).--T. - -[388] Philip II. Augustus (1165-1223), son of Louis VII., succeeded in -1180.--T. - -[389] St. Louis IX. (1215-1270), son of Louis VIII., succeeded in -1226.--T. - -[390] Robert II. (_circa_ 970-1031), son of Hugh Capet, succeeded in -996.--T. - -[391] Henry IV. (1553-1610) succeeded Henry III. in 1569; and Louis -XIV. (1638-1715), son of Louis XIII., succeeded in 1643.--T. - -[392] Charles VIII. (1470-1498), surnamed the Affable or the Courteous, -son of Louis XI., succeeded in 1483.--T. - -[393] Philip III. (1245-1285), son of St. Louis IX., succeeded in -1270.--T. - -[394] Charles V. (1337-1380), son of John II., succeeded in 1364.--T. - -[395] Charles VII. (1403-1461), son of Charles VI., succeeded in -1422.--T. - -[396] Charles VI. (1368-1422), son of Charles V., succeeded in 1380.--T. - -[397] Louis XII. (1462-1515) succeeded his cousin Charles VIII. in -1498.--T. - -[398] Francis I. (1494-1547) succeeded his cousin Louis XII. in -1515.--T. - - - - -BOOK X[399] - - -Conclusion--Historical antecedents from the Regency to 1793--The -Past--The old European order expiring--Inequality of fortunes--Danger -of the expansion of intellectual nature and material nature--The -downfall of the monarchies--The decline of society and the progress of -the individual--The future--The difficulty of understanding it--The -Christian idea is the future of the world--Recapitulation of my -life--Summary of the changes that have happened on the globe during my -life--End of the _Mémoires d'Outre-tombe_. - - -25 _September_ 1841. - -I began to write these Memoirs, at the Vallée-aux-Loups, on the 4th -of October 1811; I am about to finish reading and correcting them, -in Paris, on the 20th of September 1841: I have, therefore, for -thirty years, eleven months and twenty-one days[400], been secretly -holding the pen while writing my public books, in the midst of all -the revolutions and all the vicissitudes of my existence. My hand is -tired: may it not have weighed upon my ideas, which have never wavered -and which I feel to be as lively as when I started on my career! I had -the intention of adding a general conclusion to my thirty years' work: -I meant to say, as I have often mentioned, what the world was like -when I entered it, what it is like now that I am leaving it. But the -hour-glass is before me; I observe the hand which the sailors used to -think that they saw come forth from the waves at the hour of shipwreck: -that hand beckons to me to be brief; I will therefore reduce the scale -of the picture, without omitting anything essential. - - -Louis XIV. died[401]. The Duc d'Orléans was Regent during the -minority of Louis XV. A war with Spain broke out as the result -of Cellamare's[402] conspiracy: peace was restored by the fall of -Alberoni[403]. Louis XV. attained his majority on the 15th of February -1723. The Regent succumbed ten months later. He had communicated his -gangrene to France; he had seated Dubois[404] in Fénelon's pulpit and -raised Law[405] to power. The Duc de Bourbon[406] became Prime Minister -to Louis XV., and he had as his successor the Cardinal de Fleury[407], -whose genius lay in his years. In 1734, the war[408] broke out in -which my father was wounded outside Dantzig[409]. In 1745 was fought -the Battle of Fontenoy; one of the least warlike of our kings made us -triumph in the only great pitched battle that we have won over the -English: and the conqueror of the world has, at Waterloo, added one -more disaster to the disasters of Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt. The -church at Waterloo is decorated with the names of the English officers -who fell in 1815; in the church at Fontenoy we find only a stone with -these words: - - NEAR THIS SPOT LIES THE BODY OF MESSIRE PHILIPPE DE VITRY, - WHO, AGED 27 YEARS, WAS KILLED AT THE BATTLE OF - FONTENOY ON THE 11TH OF MAY 1715 - -No mark indicates the place of the action; but skeletons are taken from -the ground with bullets flattened into their skulls. The French carry -their victories written on their foreheads. - -Later, the Comte de Gisors, son of the Maréchal de Belle-Isle[410] fell -at Crefeld[411]. With him died out the name and the direct descent of -Fouquet[412]. Things had passed from Mademoiselle de La Vallière to -Madame de Châteauroux. There is something sad in seeing names come to -their end, from century to century, from beauty to beauty, from glory -to glory. - -[Sidenote: Historical antecedents.] - -In the month of June 1745, the second Stuart Pretender had begun his -adventures: misfortunes on which I was brought up pending the time when -Henry V. should replace the English Pretender in exile. - -The end of those wars was the harbinger of our disasters in our -colonies. La Bourdonnais[413] avenged the French flag in Asia; his -dissensions with Dupleix[414], after the capture of Madras, undid -all. The peace of 1748 suspended those misfortunes; hostilities broke -out again in 1755; they opened with the earthquake of Lisbon[415], in -which Racine's grandson perished. Under the pretext of a few plots of -land at issue on the frontier of Acadia, England, without declaring -war, seized upon three hundred of our merchant-ships; we lost Canada: -facts immense in their consequences, above which floats the death of -Wolfe and Montcalm. We were stripped of our possessions in Africa and -India, and Lord Clive[416] began the conquest of Bengal. Now, during -this time, the Jansenist quarrels were taking place: Damiens[417] had -struck at Louis XV.; Poland had been partitioned, the expulsion of the -Jesuits effected, the Court had descended to the Parc-aux-Cerfs. The -author of the Family Compact[418] retired to Chanteloup, while the -intellectual revolution was being completed under Voltaire. Maupeou's -Plenary Court[419] was installed: Louis XV. left the scaffold to the -favourite[420] who had degraded him, after sending Garat[421] and -Sanson to Louis XVI., one to read, the other to execute the sentence. - -This last monarch had married, on the 16th of May 1770, the daughter of -Maria Theresa of Austria: we know what became of her. Next passed the -ministers: Machault, old Maurepas, Turgot the economist, Malesherbes, -with his ancient virtues and modern opinions, Saint-Germain[422], who -destroyed the King's Household and gave a baleful order; Calonne and -Necker lastly. - -Louis XVI. recalled the parliaments, abolished forced labour, repealed -the power of inflicting torture before the verdict had been given, -restored Protestants to the enjoyment of civil rights and recognised -their marriages as legal. The American War of 1779, although impolitic -for France, the dupe, as always, of her generosity, was useful to the -human race; it restored throughout the world the esteem in which our -arms were held and the honour of our flag. - -The Revolution sprang up, ready to give birth to the warlike generation -which eight centuries of heroism had laid in its womb. The personal -merits of Louis XVI. did not redeem the faults which his ancestors -had left to him to expiate; but the blows of Providence fall on the -evil, never on the man: God shortens virtue's days upon earth only to -lengthen them in Heaven. Under the star of 1793, the sources of the -great abyss were broken; all our glories of former days next united and -made their last explosion under Bonaparte: he sends them back to us in -his coffin. - - -[Sidenote: When I was born.] - -I was born while these facts were being accomplished[423]. Two new -empires, Prussia[424] and Russia[425], preceded me by scarcely -half a century on the earth; Corsica became French at the moment -when I appeared[426]; I arrived in the world twenty days before -Bonaparte[427]. He brought me with him. I was about to enter the navy, -in 1783, when the fleet of Louis XVI. put in to Brest[428]: it carried -the birth certificate of a nation[429] that had been hatched under the -wings of France. My birth is connected with the birth of a man and a -people, pale reflection that I was of an immense light. - -If we fix our eyes on the actual world, we see it, following the -movement communicated by a great revolution, shaken from the East to -China, which seemed closed for ever: so that our past subversions -would be nothing and the noise of Napoleon's fame be hardly audible -in the general topsy-turviness of the nations, even as he, Napoleon, -drowned all the noises of our ancient globe. - -The Emperor left us in a condition of prophetic agitation. We, the -ripest and most advanced State, display numerous symptoms of decadence. -Just as a sick man in danger becomes preoccupied with what awaits him -in his grave, a nation which feels itself decaying grows restless as -to its future fate. Hence the political heresies which succeed one -another. The old European order is expiring; our present contests will -appear puerile struggles in the eyes of posterity. Nothing more exists; -authority of experience and age, birth or genius, talent or virtue: -all are denied; a few individuals clamber to the top of the ruins, -proclaim themselves giants and roll down to the bottom as pygmies. With -the exception of a score of men who will survive and who were destined -to hold the torch across the murky steppes upon which we are entering, -with the exception of those few men, a generation which bore within -it an abundant intelligence, acquired knowledge, germs of success of -all kinds has stifled these in a restlessness as unproductive as its -arrogance is barren. Nameless multitudes are agitated without knowing -why, like the popular associations of the middle-ages: famished flocks -which recognise no shepherd, which rush from the plain to the mountain -and from the mountain to the plain, disdaining the experience of the -herdsmen hardened to the wind and sun. In the life of that city, all -is transitory: religion and morals cease to be admitted, or else each -interprets them after his own fashion. Among things of an inferior -nature, even in power of conviction and existence, a man's renown -throbs for barely an hour, a book grows old in a day, writers kill -themselves to attract attention: one more vanity; no one hears even -their last breath. - -From this predisposition of men's minds it results that we imagine no -other means of touching people than scenes of the scaffold and tainted -manners: we forget that the real tears are those which flow at the -bidding of a beautiful poem and with which as much admiration as sorrow -is blended; but at present, when talents feed upon the Regency and the -Terror, what need was there of subjects for our tongues destined so -soon to die? No more will fall from man's genius some of those thoughts -which become the patrimony of the universe. - -That is what everybody says and what everybody deplores, and yet -illusions superabound, and the nearer a man is to his end the longer -he thinks that he will live. We see monarchs who imagine that they -are monarchs, ministers who believe that they are ministers, deputies -who take their speeches seriously, landlords who, possessing property -to-day, are persuaded that they will possess it to-night. Private -interests, personal ambitions hide the gravity of the moment from the -vulgar: notwithstanding the oscillations of the affairs of the day, -they are but a wrinkle on the surface of the deep; they do not decrease -the depth of the waters. Beside the paltry contingent lotteries, -the human race is playing the great game; the kings still hold the -cards and hold them for the nations: will the latter do better than -the monarchs? A side issue, which does not alter the principal fact. -What importance have children's amusements, shades gliding over the -whiteness of a shroud? The invasion of ideas has succeeded on the -invasion of the Barbarians; our actual decomposing civilization is -becoming lost in itself; the vessel that contains it has not poured -the liquid over into another vessel: it is the vessel that has been -shattered. - - -At what period will society disappear? What accidents will be able to -suspend its movements? In Rome, the reign of man was substituted for -the reign of law: they passed from the Republic to the Empire; our -revolution is being accomplished in a contrary sense; we are inclined -to pass from the Royalty to the Republic, or, not to specify any form, -to Democracy: this will not be effected without difficulty. - -[Sidenote: Property.] - -To touch upon only one point in a thousand: will property, for -instance, remain distributed as it is? The Royalty born at Rheims was -able to keep that property going by tempering its severity by the -diffusion of moral laws, even as it changed humanity into charity. -Given a political state of things in which individuals have so many -millions a year, while other individuals are dying of hunger: can that -state of things subsist, when religion is no longer there with its -hopes beyond this world to explain the sacrifice? There are children to -whom their mothers give suck at their withered breasts for want of a -mouthful of bread to feed their dying babes; there are families whose -members are reduced to huddle together at night, for want of blankets -to warm them. That man sees his many furrows ripen; this one will -possess only the six feet of earth lent to his tomb by his native land. -Now with how many ears of corn can six feet of earth supply a dead man? - -As instruction comes down to those lower classes, the latter discover -the secret sore which gnaws at the irreligious social order. The too -great disproportion of conditions and fortunes was endurable so long as -it remained concealed; but, so soon as this disproportion was generally -perceived, it received its death-blow. Recompose the aristocratic -fictions, if you can; try to persuade the poor man, when he shall have -learnt to read correctly and ceased to believe, when he shall be as -well-informed as yourself, try to persuade him that he must submit to -every sort of privation, while his neighbour possesses superfluity a -thousand times told: as a last resource, you will have to kill him. - -When steam shall be perfected, when, joined to the telegraph and -railways, it shall have caused distances to disappear, we shall see not -only merchandise travel, but also ideas, restored to the use of their -wings. When fiscal and commercial barriers shall have been abolished -between the various States, as they already are between the provinces -of the same State; when different countries entertaining daily -relations shall tend to promote the unity of the peoples: how will you -resuscitate the old manner of separation? - -Society, on the other hand, is no less threatened by the spread of -intellect than it is by the development of brute nature: suppose labour -to be condemned to idleness by reason of the multiplication and variety -of machinery; admit that one only and general mercenary, matter, -replaces the mercenaries of the farm and the household: what will you -do with the unemployed human race? What will you do with passions that -are idle at the same time as, the intellect? The vigour of the body -is maintained by physical occupation; when labour ceases, strength -disappears; we shall become like those nations of Asia which fall a -prey to the first invader and which are unable to defend themselves -against a hand that bears the sword. Thus liberty is preserved only by -work, because work produces strength; withdraw the curse pronounced -against the sons of Adam, "In the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat -bread[430]," and they will die in servitude. The divine curse therefore -enters into the mystery of our lot; man is less the slave of his sweat -than of his thought: that is how, after making the circuit of society, -after passing through the different civilizations, after supposing -unknown perfections, we find ourselves once more at the starting-point, -in the presence of the truths of Scripture. - - -[Sidenote: The Monarchy.] - -At the time of our Monarchy of eight centuries, Europe had in France -the centre of its intelligence, its perpetuity, its repose; when -deprived of that Monarchy, Europe at once inclined towards democracy. -The human race, for good or ill, has become its own master; the -princes have enjoyed its property during its minority; now that the -nations have come of age, they contend that they have no more need of -guardians. From David to our time, the kings have been called: the -vocation of the peoples is commencing. The brief and small exceptions -of the Greek, Carthaginian, Roman Republics, with slaves, do not take -away the fact that, in antiquity, the monarchic state was the normal -state of the globe. The whole of modern society, since the banner of -the French kings has ceased to exist, is laying aside the monarchy. -God, to hasten the degradation of the royal power, has delivered the -sceptres in different countries to infirm kings, to little girls in -long-clothes[431] or in the white veils of their weddings[432]: those -are the toothless lions, the clawless lionesses, the sucking babes, the -marrying babes, whom grown men are to follow in this era of unbelief. - -The boldest opinions are proclaimed in the face of the monarchs, who -pretend to feel safe behind the three-fold hedge of a suspected guard. -The flood of democracy is overtaking them; they climb from storey to -storey, from the ground-floor to the attic roof of their palace, whence -they will leap into the water through the dormer windows. - -In the midst of this, observe a phenomenal contradiction: material -conditions are improving, intellectual progress increases, and the -nations, instead of profiting, are diminishing. Whence comes this -contradiction? - -It is because we have lost in the moral order of things. There have -been crimes at all periods; but they were never committed in cold -blood, as they are nowadays, because of the loss of the religious -sentiment. At this hour, they no longer revolt us, they seem a -consequence of the march of time; if formerly we judged them in a -different manner, it was because we were not yet, as we dare to -assert, sufficiently advanced in the knowledge of man; we analyze -them at the present moment; we test them in the crucible, in order -to see what useful thing we can obtain from them, even as chemistry -finds ingredients in the sewers. The corruption of the mind, which is -very much more destructive than that of the senses, is accepted as a -necessary result; it no longer belongs to a few wayward individuals: it -has become public property. - -Many men would feel humiliated if it were proved to them that they have -a soul, that beyond this life they will find another life; they would -think that they were wanting in firmness and strength and genius, if -they did not rise superior to the pusillanimity of our fathers; they -admit annihilation, or, if you like, doubt, as a disagreeable fact -perhaps, but as a truth which it is impossible to deny. Admire the -stultification of our pride! - -That is how the decline of society and the increase of the individual -are explained. If the moral sense were developed in proportion to -the development of the intellect, there would be a counterpoise, -and humanity would grow up without danger; but the exact opposite -is happening: our perception of good and evil becomes dimmer as our -intellect becomes more enlightened; our conscience shrinks as our -ideas expand. Yes, society will perish: liberty, which could save the -world, will not make progress, for want of leaning on religion; order, -which could maintain the observance of rules, will not be solidly -established, because it is combated by the anarchy of men's ideas. The -purple, which used formerly to confer power, will henceforth serve as -a bed only for misfortune: none will be saved unless he be born on the -straw, like Christ. When the monarchs were disinterred at Saint-Denis, -at the moment when the trumpet sounded for the popular resurrection; -when, taken from their crumbling tombs, they lay awaiting plebeian -burial, the ragmen came to this Last Judgment of the centuries: they -looked with their lanterns into the eternal night; they rummaged among -the remains that had escaped the first pillage. Already the Kings were -there no more, but the Royalty was there still: they snatched it from -the womb of time and flung it into the rubbish-basket. - - -[Sidenote: Old and young Europe.] - -So much for old Europe: it will never revive. Does young Europe offer -better prospects? The present world, the world without consecrated -authority, seems placed between two impossibilities, the impossibility -of the past and the impossibility of the future. And do not go to -think, as some imagine, that, if we are badly off at present, good will -come out of evil: human nature, when disordered at its source, does not -proceed with such correctness. For instance, the excesses of liberty -lead to despotism; but the excesses of tyranny lead only to tyranny; -the latter, in degrading us, makes us incapable of independence: -Tiberius did not cause Rome to go back to the Republic; he left only -Caligula to follow him. - -To avoid explanations, we are satisfied to declare that the times may -have hidden in their womb a political constitution which we do not -perceive. Did the whole of antiquity, did the finest geniuses of that -antiquity conceive a society without slaves? Yet we see it existing. -We assert that, in this civilization as yet unborn, the human race -will grow greater; I have advanced this theory myself: is it not to -be feared, however, that the individual will grow less? We may become -industrious bees occupied in common with the manufacture of our honey. -In the _material_ world, men unite for purposes of labour; a multitude -attains sooner and by different roads the thing after which it strives; -masses of individuals will raise pyramids; by dint of study, each on -his own side, those individuals will light upon scientific discoveries -and explore every corner of physical creation. But are things the same -in the _moral_ world? It will be vain for a thousand brains to combine: -never will they compose the master-piece that issues from the head of a -Homer. - -It has been said that a city whose members enjoy an equal division -of goods and education will present to the gaze of the Divinity a -spectacle surpassing the spectacle of the city of our fathers. The -madness of the moment tends to achieve the unity of peoples and to make -but one man of the whole race: well and good; but, in acquiring general -faculties, will not a whole series of private sentiments perish? -Good-bye to the delights of the home; good-bye to the charms of the -family: among all those beings, white, yellow and black, reputed as -your fellow-countrymen, you would not be able to throw yourself on a -brother's neck! Was there nothing in the life of old, nothing in that -limited space upon which you looked out from your ivy-framed casement? -Beyond your horizon, you suspected the existence of unknown lands of -which the bird of passage, the only traveller that you had seen in -autumn, scarce spoke to you. It was happiness to think that the hills -which surrounded you would not disappear from before your eyes; that -they contained your friendships and your loves; that the moaning of the -night around your dwelling would be the only sound to which you would -fall asleep; that never would your soul's solitude be disturbed; that -you would always meet there the thoughts that await you to resume their -familiar intercourse with you. You knew where you were born, you knew -where your tomb lay; as you entered the forest, you were able to say: - - Beaux arbres qui m'avez vu naître, - Bientôt vous me verrez mourir[433]! - -Man does not need to travel in order to grow greater: he carries -immensity with him. The accents that escape from your bosom are not -measured, they find an echo in thousands of souls: he who has not that -melody within himself will ask it in vain of the universe. Sit down -on the trunk of the tree felled in the depths of the wood: if in your -profound forgetfulness of self, in your immobility, in your silence you -do not find the infinite, it is useless for you to wander on the banks -of the Ganges. - -What would an universal society be that should have no particular -country, that should not be French, nor English, nor German, nor -Spanish, nor Portuguese, nor Italian, nor Russian, nor Tartar, nor -Turkish, nor Persian, nor Indian, nor Chinese, nor American, or rather -that should be all these societies at once? What would be the outcome -for its manners, its science, its arts, its poetry? How would passions -be expressed felt at the same time in the manner of different peoples -in different climates? How would the language entertain that confusion -of needs and images produced by the various suns that should have cast -their light upon a common youth, manhood and old age? And what would -that language be? Would an universal idiom result from this fusion of -societies, or would there be a dialect of compromise, employed for -daily use, while each nation would talk its own language, or else would -the different languages be understood by all? Under what like rule, -under what one law would this society have its being? How would one -find one's place on an earth enlarged by the power of ubiquitousness -and narrowed by the petty proportions of a globe tainted on every hand? -There would be nothing for it but to apply to science for means to -change one's planet. - - -Are you weary of private ownership and do you wish to turn the -government into a sole proprietor, distributing to what will have -become a mendicant community a share commensurate with the merit of -each individual? Who shall judge of the merits? Who will have the -strength and the authority to compel the execution of your decrees? Who -will keep and make the most of that bank of living real estate? - -[Sidenote: Socialism.] - -Will you seek to bring about the association of labour? What will the -weak, the sick, the unintelligent bring to the community left burdened -with their unfitness? - -Here is another contrivance: one might form, in place of wages, a -sort of limited company or partnership between manufacturers and -workmen, between mind and matter, to which the one would bring his -capital and his idea, the others their industry and their labour; the -eventual profits to be shared in common. That would be very good, -admitting complete perfection among men; very good, if you meet with -no quarrelling, avarice, nor envy: but, if a single partner protests, -the whole crumbles to the ground; divisions and law-suits begin. This -method, which seems a little more possible in theory, is quite as -impossible in practice. - -Would you, having modified your opinion, seek to build a city in which -every man shall possess a roof, a fire, clothes and sufficient to eat? -When you have succeeded in endowing every citizen, the good and bad -qualities of each will disturb your division and make it an unjust one: -this one requires more to eat than that; that one is unable to work as -much as this: the economical and industrious will become rich men, the -spendthrifts, the idlers, the cripples will relapse into poverty; for -you cannot give all men the same temperament: natural inequalities will -reappear in spite of your efforts. - -And do not think that we should allow ourselves to be tied by the -complicated legal precautions demanded by the organization of the -family, patrimonial rights, wardships, recaptions by heirs and -assigns, and so on, and so on. Marriage is notoriously an absurd -oppression: we abolish all that. If the son kills the father, it is not -the son, as is easily proved, who commits parricide but the father who, -by living, sacrifices the son. Do not therefore let us go confusing our -brains with the labyrinth of an edifice which we put down level with -the ground; it is unnecessary to linger over those crazy trifles of our -grandfathers. - -This notwithstanding, there are some among the modern sectarians who, -half seeing the impossibility of their doctrines, mix with them, to -obtain sufferance for them, words of morality and religion; they think -that, pending better things, we might first be brought up to the ideal -mediocrity of the Americans; they close their eyes and are good enough -to forget that the Americans are landlords and ardent landlords, which -alters the question somewhat. - -Others, still more obliging, who admit a sort of elegance of -civilization, would be content to transform us into "Constitutional" -Chinese, all but atheists, free and enlightened old men, sitting in -yellow robes for centuries in our flowery seed-plots, spending our -days in a state of comfort acquired to the multitude, having invented -everything, discovered everything, vegetating peacefully in the midst -of our accomplished progress and only going on board a railway-train, -like a bale of merchandise, in order to travel from Canton to the Great -Wall to chat about a marsh that wants draining or a canal that wants -cutting with some other manufacturer of the Celestial Empire. In either -supposition, American or Chinese, I shall be glad to have departed -before so great a felicity happened to me. - -Lastly, one solution remains: it might be that, in consequence of the -complete degradation of the human character, the peoples would put up -with what they have; they would lose the love of independence, replaced -by the love of money, at the same time that the kings lost the love of -power, bartered for the love of the Civil List. Hence would result a -compromise between monarchs and subjects charmed to crawl promiscuously -in a bastard political order of things; they would display their -infirmities to one another at their ease, as in the old leper-hospitals -or in those mud-baths in which sick people soak nowadays to obtain -relief: one would dabble in a common mire like a peaceful reptile. - -We misconstrue our times, however, when we desire, in the present -condition of society, to replace the pleasures of our intellectual -nature by the joys of our physical nature. The latter, we can -understand, were able to occupy the life of the old aristocratic -nations: masters of the world, they owned palaces, troops of slaves; -they absorbed whole regions of Africa in their private possessions. But -under what portico would you now air your paltry leisure? In what vast -and decorated baths would you shut up the perfumes, the flowers, the -flute-players, the courtezans of Ionia? One is not Heliogabalus[434] -for the asking. Where will you find the wealth indispensable to those -material delights? The soul is thrifty; but the body is extravagant. - -[Sidenote: Communism.] - -And now, a few words of a more serious character touching absolute -equality. That equality would bring back not only the servitude of -bodies, but the slavery of souls; it would be a question of nothing -less than destroying the moral and physical inequality of the -individual. Our will, administered under the general eye, would see -our faculties falling into disuse. The infinite, for instance, is part -of our nature: forbid our intellect, or even our passions to think -of endless blessings, and you reduce man to the life of the snail, -you transform him into a machine. For make no mistake: without the -possibility of attaining all, without the idea of living eternally, -you have nothingness everywhere; without individual property, none is -free; whosoever has no property cannot be independent; he becomes a -proletarian or a salaried servant, whether he live under the present -condition of separate ownerships or in the midst of a common ownership. -Common ownership would make society resemble one of those monasteries -at whose door stewards used to stand distributing bread. Hereditary and -inviolable property is our personal defense; property is nothing else -than liberty. Absolute equality, which presupposes complete submission -to that equality, would reproduce the harshest form of servitude; it -would turn the human individual into a beast of burden subjected to -the action which would constrain him and obliged to walk endlessly in -the same path. - -While I was arguing thus, M. de Lamennais[435], behind the bolts of -his gaol, was attacking the same systems with his logical power, which -is enlightened by the brilliancy of the poet. A passage borrowed from -his pamphlet entitled, _Du Passé et de l'avenir du peuple_[436] will -complete my arguments; listen to him, it is he now who speaks: - - "Of those who put before them this object of strict, absolute - equality, the most consistent, in order to establish it and - maintain it, agree upon the use of force, despotism, dictatorship, - under one form or another. - - "The partisans of absolute equality are, at the out-set, compelled - to attack the natural inequalities, in order to extenuate and, if - possible, destroy them. Unable to affect the primary conditions of - organization and development, their work begins at the moment when - man is born or when the child leaves its mother's womb. The State - then seizes upon it: behold it the absolute master of the spiritual - as of the organic being. Mind and conscience, all depends upon - the State, all is subject to the State. No more family, no more - paternity, no more marriage henceforth; a male, a female, children - whom the State handles, with which it does as it pleases, morally, - physically: an universal servitude and so profound that nothing - escapes it, that it penetrates to the very soul. - - "Where material things are concerned, equality can never be - established in ever so little a lasting manner by a simple - partition. If it be a question of land only, one can understand - that it can be divided into as many portions as there are - individuals; but, as the number of individuals varies perpetually, - it would also be necessary perpetually to vary that primitive - division. All individual property being abolished, there is no - lawful owner except the State. This mode of ownership, if it be - voluntary, is that of the monk bound down by his vows to poverty - as to obedience; if it be not voluntary, it is that of the slave, - where nothing modifies the harshness of his condition. All human - ties, sympathetic relations, mutual devotion, exchange of services, - free gift of self, all that constitutes the charm of life and its - greatness, all, all has disappeared, disappeared for ever. - - "The methods hitherto proposed to solve the problem of the future - of the people end in the negation of all the indispensable - conditions of existence, destroy, either directly or by - implication, duty, right, the family and would produce, if they - could be applied to society, instead of the liberty in which all - real progress is summarized, only a servitude with which history, - however far we go back into the past, can offer nothing to compare." - - -There is nothing to be added to this logic. - -[Sidenote: The Abbé de Lamennais.] - -I do not go to see prisoners, like Tartuffe, to distribute alms to -them, but to enrich my intelligence by contact with men who are worth -more than I. If their opinions differ from mine, I am not afraid: -stubborn Christian that I am, all the fine geniuses in the world would -not shake my faith; I am sorry for them, and my charity protects -me against seduction. If I sin through excess, they sin through -deficiency; I understand what they understand, they do not understand -what I understand. In the same prison where I used to visit the noble -and unfortunate Carrel, I now visit the Abbé de Lamennais[437]. -The Revolution of July has relegated to the darkness of a gaol the -remnant of the superior men of whom it can neither appraise the merit -nor endure the effulgency. In the last room as one goes up, under -a slooping roof which we can touch with our heads[438], we silly -believers in liberty, François[439] de Lamennais and François de -Chateaubriand, talk of serious things. Struggle as he please, his -ideas have remained in the religious mould; their form has remained -Christian, even when their substance is furthest removed from dogma: -his speech has retained the sound of Heaven. - -A true believer professing heresy, the author of the _Essai sur -l'indifférence_[440] talks my language with ideas that are not my -ideas. If, after having embraced the popular evangelical teaching, -he had remained attached to the priesthood, he would have preserved -the authority which variations have destroyed. The parish priests, -the new members of the clergy (and the most distinguished among those -ecclesiastics) were going towards him; the bishops would have found -themselves involved in his cause if he had clung to the Gallican -liberties, while continuing to venerate the successor of St. Peter and -defending unity. - -In France, the youth of the country would have gathered round the -missionary, in whom it found the ideas which it loves and the progress -to which it aspires; in Europe, the attentive dissenters would have -raised no obstacle; great Catholic nations, the Poles, the Irish, -the Spaniards, would have blessed the preacher who had risen up. -Rome herself would have ended by seeing that the new evangelist was -causing the dominion of the Church to take new birth and supplying -the oppressed Pontiff with the means of resisting the influence of -the absolute kings. What power of life! Intellect, religion, liberty -represented in a priest! - -God did not wish it: the light suddenly failed him who was the -light; the guide, stealing away, left his flock in darkness. But my -fellow-countryman, though his public career has been interrupted, -will always have his private superiority left and his pre-eminence in -natural gifts. In the order of time, he ought to survive me; I summon -him to my death-bed to agitate our great conquests at those gates -through which there is no returning. I should like to see his genius -shed upon me the absolution which once his hand had the right to call -down upon my head. We were lulled at our birth by the same waves[441]; -may my ardent faith and my sincere admiration be permitted to hope -that I shall meet my reconciled friend once more on the same shore of -eternal things[442]. - -On the upshot, my investigations lead me to conclude that the old -society is giving way beneath itself, that it is impossible for -whosoever is not a Christian to understand the future society pursuing -its career and satisfying at one time either the purely republican or -the moderate monarchical idea. In any hypothesis, you can derive the -improvements which you desire only from the Gospel. - -At the bottom of the actual sectarians, what we find is always the -plagiarism, the parody of the Gospel, always the apostolic principle: -that principle has entered into us so deeply that we use it as though -it belongs to us; we presume it to be natural, even though it be not so -to us; it has come to us from our old faith, to take the latter two or -three steps in the ascending line above us. Many a man of independent -mind occupied with the perfecting of his fellows would never have -thought of it if the right of the peoples had not been laid down by the -Son of Man. Every act of philanthropy in which we indulge, every system -of which we dream in the interests of humanity, is but the Christian -idea turned over, changed in name and too often disfigured: it is -always the Word made Flesh[443]! - -[Sidenote: The Christian idea.] - -Do you say that the Christian idea is only the human idea in -progression? I agree; but open the different cosmogonies, and you -shall learn that a traditional Christianity preceded revealed -Christianity upon earth. If the Messiah "had not come" and if He "had -not spoken[444]," as He says of Himself, the idea would not have -been disengaged, the truths would have remained confused, such as -we see them in the writings of the ancients. However you interpret -it, therefore, it is from the Revealer, or from Christ that you hold -everything; it is from the Saviour, _Salvator_, from the Comforter, -_Paracletus_, that you must always start; it is from Him that you have -received the germs of civilization and philosophy. - -You see, therefore, that I find no solution for the future except in -Christianity and in Catholic Christianity; the religion of the Word is -the manifestation of truth, even as the Creation is God made visible. -I do not pretend that a general renovation will absolutely take place, -for I admit that whole nations are vowed to destruction; I admit also -that the faith is drying up in certain countries: but, if a single -grain of it remain, if it fall upon a little earth, were it but in the -remnants of a vase, that grain will spring up and a second incarnation -of the Catholic spirit will revive society. - -Christianity is the most philosophical and rational appreciation of God -and the Creation; it contains the three great laws of the universe, -divine law, moral law, political law: divine law, the unity of God in -three Persons; moral law, charity; political law, that is, liberty, -equality, fraternity. - -The two first principles are fully developed; the third, political law, -has not received its complements, because it could not flourish so long -as the intelligent belief in the infinite being and universal morality -were not firmly established. Now Christianity had first to clear away -the absurdities and abominations with which idolatry and slavery had -encumbered the human race. - -Enlightened persons cannot understand how a Catholic like myself can -persist in sitting in the shadow of what they call ruins; according to -those persons, it is a wager on my part, an obstinate determination. -But tell me, for pity's sake, where shall I find a family and a God in -the individual and philosophical society which you offer me? Tell me -that, and I follow you; if not, do not find it amiss that I lie down in -the tomb of Christ, the only shelter which you have left to me while -abandoning me. - -No, I have made no wager with myself: I am sincere; see here what has -happened to me: of my plans, my studies, my experiments, all that has -remained to me is a complete disillusionment touching all the things -which this world pursues. My religious conviction, as it grew greater, -has swallowed up all my other convictions; there is no more believing -Christian and no more incredulous man here below than I. Far from -drawing near its end, the religion of the Deliverer has hardly entered -upon its political period: liberty, equality, fraternity. The Gospel, -the sentence of acquittal, has not yet been read to all; we have not -gone beyond the curses pronounced by Christ: - - "Wo to you ... because you load men with burdens which they cannot - bear, and you yourselves touch not the packs with one of your - fingers[445]." - -Christianity is stable in its dogma and mobile in its enlightenment; -its transformation involves the universal transformation. When it -has reached its highest point, the darkness will become completely -lightened; liberty, crucified on Calvary with the Messiah, will -descend from it with Him; it will hand to the nations that new -Testament written in its favour and hitherto trammelled in its clauses. -Governments will pass away, moral evil will disappear, rehabilitation -will proclaim the consummation of the centuries of death and oppression -born of the Fall. - -When will that longed-for day arrive? When will society reconstruct -itself after the secret methods of the generating principle? None can -say; it is impossible to calculate the resistance of the passions. - -[Sidenote: Christian liberty.] - -More than once will death enervate races of men and shed silence upon -events even as snow falling during the night deadens the noise of the -traffic. Nations do not grow up so rapidly as the individuals of whom -they are composed, nor do they disappear so quickly. How long does it -not take to attain a single thing sought after! The death-agony of the -Lower Empire threatened to be endless; the Christian Era, already so -extensive, has not sufficed to abolish servitude. These calculations, I -know, do not suit the French temper; in our revolutions, we have never -admitted the element of time: that is why we are always wonder-struck -at results contrary to our impatience. Full of generous courage, young -men rush onwards; they make straight for a lofty region which they -see dimly and which they strive to reach: nothing could be worthier -of admiration; but they will wear out their lives in those efforts -and, coming to the end, after disappointment upon disappointment, they -will consign the weight of the years of deception to other deluded -generations, which will carry it on to the next tombs; and so on. The -time of the desert has returned; Christianity is beginning over again, -in the barrenness of the Thebaid, amid a formidable idolatry, the -idolatry of man for himself. - -There are two kinds of consequences in history: one is immediate and -instantly known; the other distant and not seen at once. Those two -consequences are often contradictory: the first come from our short -wisdom, the others from long-continued wisdom. The providential event -appears after the human event. God rises behind men. Deny the Supreme -Counsel as much as you please; do not consent to its action; dispute -about words; call what the vulgar call Providence the force of things -or reason; but look at the end of an accomplished fact, and you shall -see that it has always produced the contrary of what was expected of -it, when it was not first established on morals and justice. - -If Heaven has not pronounced Its last decree; if there is to be a -future, a free and mighty future, that future is still far away, far -beyond the visible horizon: we can reach it only with the aid of that -Christian hope whose wings grow in proportion as all things seem to -betray it, that hope which is longer than time and more powerful than -misfortune. - - -Will the work inspired by my ashes and destined for my ashes be extant -after me? It is possible that my work may be bad; it is possible that -these Memoirs may fade into nothing on seeing the light: at least the -things which I have told myself will have served to beguile the tedium -of those last hours which no one wishes and which we know not how to -employ. At the end of life is a bitter age: nothing pleases, because -one is worthy of nothing; useful to none, a burden on all, near to our -last resting-place, we have but a step to take to reach it: what would -be the good of musing on a deserted shore? What pleasing shadows would -one see in the future? Fie upon the clouds that now hover over my head! - -One idea comes back to me and troubles me: my conscience is not -reassured as to the innocence of my vigils; I dread my blindness and -man's complacency towards his faults. Is what I am writing really in -keeping with justice? Are morality and charity rigorously observed? -Have I had the right to speak of others? What would it avail me to -repent, if these Memoirs did any harm? O you unknown and hidden of the -earth, you whose life, pleasing to the altars, works miracles, all hail -to your secret virtues! - -This or that poor man, destitute of knowledge, about whom none will -ever trouble, has, by the mere doctrine of his manners, exercised upon -his companions in suffering the divine influence which emanated from -the virtues of Christ. The greatest book on earth is not worth so much -as an unknown act of those nameless martyrs "whose blood Herod had -mingled with their sacrifices[446]." - -You have seen me born; you have seen my childhood, my idolatry of my -singular creation in Combourg Castle, my presentation at Versailles, -my attendance, in Paris, at the first spectacle of the Revolution. -In the New World, I met Washington; I penetrated into the backwoods; -shipwreck brought me back to the coast of my Brittany. Came my -sufferings as a soldier, my wretchedness as an Emigrant. Returning -to France, I became the author of the _Génie du Christianisme._ In a -changed society, I counted and lost friends. Bonaparte stopped me and -flung himself, with the blood-stained body of the Duc d'Enghien, across -my path; I stopped myself in my turn and brought the great man from -his cradle, in Corsica, to his tomb, in St. Helena. I shared in the -Restoration and saw its end. - -Thus I have known public and private life. I have four times crossed -the sea; I have followed the sun in the East, touched upon the ruins -of Memphis, Carthage, Sparta and Athens; I have prayed at the tomb of -St. Peter and worshipped on Golgotha. Poor and rich, powerful and weak, -happy and miserable, a man of action, a man of thought, I have placed -my hand in the century, my mind in the desert; effective existence has -shown itself to me in the midst of illusions, even as the land appears -to sailors in the midst of mists. If those facts spread over my dreams, -like the varnish that preserves fragile paintings, do not disappear, -they will mark the place through which my life passed. - -[Sidenote: My several careers.] - -In each of my three careers, I placed an important object before -myself: as a traveller, I aimed at discovering the polar world; as a -man of letters, I have striven to reconstruct religion from its ruins; -as a statesman, I have endeavoured to give the nations the system of -balanced monarchy, to restore France to her rank in Europe, to give -back to her the strength which the Treaties of Vienna had taken from -her; I have at least assisted in winning that one of our liberties -which is worth all the others: the liberty of the press. In the divine -order of things, religion and liberty; in the human order, honour and -glory (which are the human generation of religion and liberty): that is -what I have desired for my country. - -Of the French authors of my own period, I may be said to be the only -one who resembles his works: a traveller, soldier, publicist, minister, -it is amid forests that I have sung the forests, aboard ship that I -have depicted the Ocean, in camp that I have spoken of arms, in exile -that I have learnt to know exile, in Courts, in affairs of State, in -Parliament that I have studied princes, politics and laws. - -The orators of Greece and Rome played their part in the republic and -shared its fate; in Italy and Spain, at the end of the Middle Ages -and under the Renascence, the leading intellects in letters and the -arts took part in the social movement. How stormy and how fine were -the lives of Dante, of Tasso, of Camoens, of Ercilla, of Cervantes! In -France, of old, our songs and stories came to us from our pilgrimages -and battles; but, commencing from the reign of Louis XIV., our writers -have too often been men leading detached lives, and their talents have -perchance expressed the spirit, but not the deeds of their age. - -I, as luck would have it, after camping in Iroquois shelters and -Arab tents, after wearing the cloak of the savage and the caftan of -the mameluke, have sat at the tables of kings only to relapse into -indigence. I have meddled with peace and war; I have signed treaties -and protocols; I have taken part in sieges, congresses and conclaves, -in the restoration and overturning of thrones; I have made history and -I could write it: and my solitary and silent life went on through the -tumult and uproar in the company of the daughters of my imagination, -Atala, Amélie, Bianca, Velléda, without speaking of what I might call -the realities of my days, if they had not themselves been the seduction -of chimeras. I am afraid lest I should have a soul of the nature of -that which an ancient philosopher called a sacred sickness[447]. - -I have found myself caught between two ages, as in the conflux of two -rivers, and I have plunged into their waters, turning regretfully from -the old bank upon which I was born, yet swimming hopefully towards an -unknown shore[448]. - -The whole of geography has changed since, according to the expression -of our old customs, I was able to look at the sky from my bed. If -I compare the two terrestrial globes, the one at the commencement, -the other at the end of my life, I no longer recognise them. A fifth -part of the world, Australia, has been discovered and populated[449]; -French sails have recently caught sight of a sixth continent amid the -ice-fields of the Antarctic Pole[450], and the Parrys, Rosses and -Franklins have turned the coasts, on our own pole, that mark the -limits of North America; Africa has opened its mysterious solitudes; in -short, there is not a corner of our abode that is at present unknown. -We are attacking all the necks of land that separate the world; soon, -no doubt, we shall see ships pass through the Isthmus of Panama and, -perhaps, the Isthmus of Suez[451]. - -[Sidenote: The world of the future.] - -History has made parallel discoveries in the depths of time; the -sacred languages have allowed us to read their lost vocabulary; on -the very granite-blocks of Mezraim, Champollion[452] has deciphered -those hieroglyphics which seemed to be a seal set upon the lips of -the desert that answered for their eternal discretion[453]. If new -revolutions have struck off the map Poland, Holland[454], Genoa and -Venice, other republics occupy a part of the shores of the Pacific and -Atlantic. In those countries, a perfected civilization would be able to -lend assistance to a vigorous nature: steam-boats would ascend those -rivers destined to become easy means of communication after having been -invincible obstacles; the banks of those rivers would become covered -with towns and villages, even as we have seen new American States -spring from the deserts of Kentucky. Through those forests once reputed -impenetrable would fly horseless chariots, transporting enormous -weights and thousands of travellers. Along those rivers, along those -roads, would descend, together with the trees for the construction of -the ships, the wealth of the mines which would serve to pay for them; -and the Isthmus of Panama would burst its barrier to give passage to -those ships from one sea to the other. - -The shipping which borrows movement from fire is not restricted to the -navigation of rivers: it crosses the Ocean; distances are shortening: -no more currents, monsoons, contrary winds, blockades, close-ports. -It is a far cry from this romance of industry to the hamlet of -Plancoët[455]: in those days, the ladies used to play at old-time games -by their fireside; the peasant-women spun the hemp for their clothes; -the meagre resin-torch lit up the village evenings; chemistry had not -worked its wonders; machinery had not set all the waters and all the -irons in motion to weave the wools or embroider the silks; gas, left to -the fire-balls, did not yet supply the lighting for our theatres and -streets. - -Those transformations are not confined to our abodes: obeying the -instinct of his immortality, man has sent his intellect on high; -at each step that he has taken in the firmament, he has recognised -miracles of the Unspeakable Power. That star, which seemed single to -our fathers, is double and treble to our eyes; suns interposed before -suns eclipse one another and lack space for their multitude. In the -centre of the Infinite, God sees passing around Him those magnificent -theories, proofs added to the proofs of the Supreme Being. - -Let us picture, according to our enlarged knowledge, our paltry planet -swimming in an ocean whose waves are suns, in that milky way, the raw -matter of light, the molten metal of worlds which the hand of the -Creator will shape. The distance of certain stars is so prodigious that -their brightness will not be able to reach the eye that watches them -until those stars are extinct: the focus before the ray. How small is -man on the atom where he moves! But how great he is as an intellect! -He knows when the face of luminaries is to be overcast with shadow, at -what hour comets will return after thousands of years: he who lives but -an instant! Microscopic insect though he be, lying unperceived in a -fold of the robe of the sky, the globes cannot hide from him a single -one of their movements in the depth of space. What destinies will those -stars, new to us, shine upon? Is the revelation of those stars linked -with some new phase of humanity? You will know, O races yet to be born; -I do not know, and I am going. - -Thanks to the exorbitancy of my years, my monument is finished. It is a -great relief to me; I felt some one urging me: the skipper of the bark -in which my seat is taken was warning me that I had but a moment left -to go on board. If I had been the master of Rome, I should say, like -Sulla, that I am ending my Memoirs on the very eve of my death; but I -should not conclude my story with those words with which he concludes -his: - - "I have seen, in a dream, one of my children who showed me Metella, - his mother, and exhorted me to come to enjoy repose in the breast - of eternal happiness." - -If I had been Sulla, glory could never have given me repose and -happiness. - -[Sidenote: End of my Memoirs.] - -New storms will arise; men seem to have a presentiment of calamities -that will surpass the afflictions with which we have been overwhelmed; -already they are thinking of binding up their old wounds again in order -to return to the field of battle. Still, I do not believe in the early -outbreak of misfortunes; peoples and kings alike are tired out; no -unforeseen catastrophe will fall upon France: what comes after me will -be only the effect of the general transformation. No doubt, there will -be painful stations; the world cannot change its aspect without causing -suffering. But, once more, there will be no separate revolutions; -it will be the great revolution approaching its end. The scenes of -to-morrow do not concern me; they call for other painters: it is your -turn, gentlemen! - -As I write these last words, on the 16th of November 1841, my window, -which looks west over the gardens of the Foreign Missions, is open: it -is six o'clock in the morning; I see the pale and spreading moon; it is -sinking over the spire of the Invalides scarce revealed by the first -gold ray from the East: one would say that the old world was ending -and the new commencing. I behold the reflections of a dawn of which I -shall not see the sun rise. It but remains for me to sit down by the -edge of my grave; and then I shall descend boldly, crucifix in hand, to -Eternity. - -[399] This book was written partly in 1834 and partly in 1841, from the -25th of September to the 16th of November.--T. - -[400] Chateaubriand is a year out in his calculation; but, as has -been said before and as he himself has stated, he was an indifferent -arithmetician.--T. - -[401] 1 September 1715.--T. - -[402] Antonio Giudice, Duca di Giovenazza, Principe di Cellamare -(1657-1733), of Neapolitan birth, was Spanish Ambassador to the Court -of France in 1715. He became the soul of a conspiracy directed against -the Duc D'Orléans and having for its object the transfer of the Regency -to Philip V. King of Spain. But the plot was discovered and Cellamare -made to leave the Kingdom in 1718.--T. - -[403] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 15, n. 5. Alberoni's fall occurred in 1719.--T. - -[404] Guillaume Cardinal Dubois, Archbishop of Cambrai (1656-1723), -became Foreign Minister in 1717, was useful to the Regent in -discovering Cellamare's conspiracy and received the See of Cambrai, as -his reward, in 1718. He became Prime Minister in 1722. Dubois added to -the Court of the Regency such depravity as there was room for.--T. - -[405] John Law (1671-1729), the Scotch financier, became French -Controller-general of Finance in May 1720. He was the inventor of a -marvellous "System," which collapsed in May of the same year, and Law -with it. He was driven from France and his estates confiscated.--T. - -[406] Louis Henri Duc de Bourbon (1692-1740), known as M. le Duc, was -Prime Minister from 1723 to 1726, when Fleury obtained his banishment -to Chantilly. - -[407] André Hercule Cardinal de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus (1653-1743), -was seventy-three years old, when he became Prime Minister, and -remained in power till his death, at the age of ninety.--T. - -[408] The War of the Polish Succession.--B. - -[409] 29 May 1734 (_Cf._ Vol. I., p. 13).--T. - -[410] Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Maréchal Duc de Belle-Isle -(1684-1761), father of the Comte de Gisors and grandson of Fouquet -(_vide infra_), created a marshal of France, after meritorious -services, in 1700. His finest feat of arms was his masterly retreat -from Prague in 1742. He was Minister for War from 1757 till his -death.--T. - -[411] The French were defeated by the Brunswickers, at Crefeld, on the -23rd of June 1758.--T. - -[412] Nicolas Fouquet, Marquis de Belle-Isle (1615-1680), -Superintendent of Finance from 1652 to 1661, is more celebrated -for the disgrace that followed on his administration than for that -administration itself. He was arrested and condemned for peculation in -1661 and imprisoned at Pignerol, in Piedmont, where he died in 1680, -after nineteen years' captivity. He retained many good friends during -his reverses of fortune, notably La Fontaine, who sang his sufferings, -and Madame de Sévigné.--T. - -[413] La Bourdonnais (_Cf._ Vol. I., p. 26, n. 6) was Governor-General -of the Isles of France and Bourbon when, in 1743, he went to the -assistance of Dupleix, Governor of French India, who was threatened -by the English. La Bourdonnais laid siege to Madras and compelled it -to capitulate (1746). By the terms of the capitulation, Madras was to -be restored to the English on payment of a ransom. Dupleix quashed -this capitulation and a collision arose between him and La Bourdonnais -which was fatal to the latter. Furious at Dupleix's want of faith, La -Bourdonnais evacuated Madras and went back as a private individual to -the Isle of France, where he had been replaced in the command by the -instructions of the masterful Dupleix. He returned to France, in 1748, -to reply to the accusations levelled against him at the instance of -his persecutor, was imprisoned in the Bastille and remained there for -several years without receiving an opportunity of justifying himself. -At last, in 1752, his innocence was established and he released; but he -was a ruined man and he died in 1753 of a long and painful illness.--T. - -[414] Joseph François Marquis Dupleix (1697-1764) was Governor of the -French East Indies from 1742 to 1754. In the war which ensued on his -breach of faith (_vide supra_), he displayed a courage and capacity -that went far to atone for the wrong he had undoubtedly committed. For -forty-two days, he defended Pondicherry against a formidable English -fleet and an army on land, and he added a great tract of country to the -French dominions. Puffed out by his successes, he ended by struggling -against the French East India Company itself, whose agent he was, when -it tried to oppose his enterprises. Ruined at last by all these wars, -he strove for a time to conceal the real state of things: the truth -became known, and he was recalled (1754). He spent the rest of his life -in bringing actions against the Company for sundry millions of francs -advanced to them and died in poverty and humiliation, in Paris, in -1764.--T. - -[415] 1 November 1755.--T. - -[416] Robert first Lord Clive of Plassey (1725-1774) started on his -first expedition against Bengal in 1756. He won the Battle of Plassey -on the 23rd of June 1757 and was Governor of Bengal from 1758 to 1760 -and from 1765 to 1767. Clive committed suicide in London on the 22nd of -November 1774.--T. - -[417] Robert François Damiens (1715-1757) made an unsuccessful attempt -on the life of King Louis XV. on the 5th of January 1757. He succeeded -in stabbing him. The punishment inflicted on Damiens was one of the -most serious known in history: his right hand was burnt in a slow fire; -his flesh was torn with pincers and burnt with melted lead; resin, wax -and oil were poured upon the wounds; and he was torn to pieces by four -horses.--T. - -[418] The Family Compact was a treaty signed on the 15th of August 1761 -between the Kings of France, Spain and the Two Sicilies and the Duke -of Parma, and so-called because all the contracting parties belonged -to the Bourbon Family. The object of this treaty, of which the Duc de -Choiseul was the chief author, was to counteract the superiority of the -British Navy by the union of the French, Spanish and Italian forces.--T. - -[419] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 139, n. 1.--T. - -[420] Madame Du Barry was guillotined on the 6th of December 1793--T. - -[421] Dominique Joseph Garat (_Cf._ Vol. II., p. 106, n. 6) was sent, -as Minister of Justice under the Convention, on the 20th of January -1793, to notify Louis XVI.'s condemnation to him.--T. - -[422] Claude Louis Comte de Saint-Germain (1707-1778) became Minister -for War to Louis XVI., in 1775, on the advice of Turgot. He effected -many useful reforms, especially in the King's Military Household, but -displeased the army by attempting to introduce the Austrian discipline -and corporal punishment. He resigned office in 1777 and died in the -course of the following year.--T. - -[423] Chateaubriand was born on the 4th of September 1768.--T. - -[424] Prussia declared herself a kingdom in 1701.--T. - -[425] Russia underwent her greatest development under Peter the Great, -whose reign lasted from 1682 to 1725.--T. - -[426] Corsica was annexed to France on the 15th of August 1768.--T. - -[427] Napoleon I. was born on the 15th of August 1768.--T. - -[428] _Cf._ Vol. I., pp. 68-69.--T. - -[429] American Independence was recognised by Great Britain in 1783.--T. - -[430] _Gen._, IV., 19.--T. - -[431] Isabella II. Queen of Spain (_b._ 1830 and still living) was made -to usurp the throne, in 1833, on the death of Ferdinand VII., when a -child of three, by the machinations of her mother, Maria Christina -(_cf._ Vol. III., p. 221, n. 2 and Vol. V., p. 74, n. 4). Queen -Isabella was deposed and driven from Spain in 1868, since which time -she has resided in Paris.--T. - -[432] Victoria Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (_cf._ Vol. IV., p. -47, n. 2) married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha on the 10th of -February 1840, when in her twenty-first year.--T. - -[433] GUILLAUME ANFRIE, ABBÉ DE CHAULIEU, _Les Louanges de la vie -champêtre, à Fontenay, en_ 1707, 71-72: - - "O beautiful trees that presided - O'er my birth, you shall soon see me die!"--T. - - -[434] Varius Avitus Bassianus, known as Heliogabalus, Roman Emperor -(205-222) was proclaimed Emperor in 218 and gave himself up to the -most extravagant licentiousness. He was killed, in the eighteenth year -of his age, by his soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries had -irritated.--T. - -[435] Lamennais (_cf._ Vol. I., p. 27, n. 1) had been prosecuted for -one of his political writings, the _Pays et le Gouvernement_, and -sentenced, on the 26th of December 1840, to twelve months' imprisonment -and a tine of 2,000 francs.--B. - -[436] Lamennais' pamphlet had just been published when Chateaubriand -was writing these last pages of the Memoirs in the autumn of 1841.--B. - -[437] Lamennais was locked up at Sainte-Pélagie from January to -December 1841. He here composed his _Voix de prison_, an admirable -little volume containing, beside the furious rage of the pamphleteer, -pages of exquisite poetic feeling.--B. - -[438] It is interesting in this connection to note that Lamennais was a -dwarf in stature and Chateaubriand himself only five feet four inches -high.--T. - -[439] Lamennais' name was not François, but Félicité Robert.--T. - -[440] 1817-1823.--T. - -[441] Lamennais was born at Saint-Malo on the 19th of June 1782, -fourteen years after Chateaubriand.--T. - -[442] Lamennais died in Paris on the 27th of February 1854, six years -after Chateaubriand. His funeral was held almost by stealth, on the 1st -of March. The hour of the funeral was accelerated by the authorities, -who were afraid of disturbances; six or eight persons followed the -hearse, from which the crowd was kept off by an armed force. - -"The coffin," says M. Blaize, in his _Essai biographique sur M. F. de -La Mennais_, "was lowered into one of those long and hideous trenches -in which the common people are buried. When it was covered with earth, -the grave-digger asked: - -"'Is there to be a cross?'" - -M. Barbet answered: - -"'No. M. de La Mennais said, "They must put nothing on my grave.'" - -"Not a word was spoken over the tomb."--B. - -[443] JOHN, I., 14.--T. - -[444] JOHN, XV., 22.--T. - -[445] LUKE, XI., 46.--T. - -[446] _Cf._ LUKE, XIII., 1: "And there were present at that very time -some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood _Pilate_ had mingled -with their sacrifices." An earlier edition gives _Herodotus!_ I have -little doubt that the misquotation was a slip on the part of the -author's pen.--T. - -[447] Epilepsy.--T. - -[448] _Cf._ Vol. I., pp. XXI.-XXIV.: _The Author's Preface._--T. - -[449] Australia was explored by Cook in 1770-1777. The first settlement -was at Port Jackson in 1788.--T. - -[450] Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville (1790-1842) visited the -Antarctic Ocean in the _Coquille_, in 1839. He was killed in the -burning of a railway train between Paris and Versailles on the 8th of -May 1842.--T. - -[451] Ferdinand Vicomte de Lesseps (1805-1894) made his first -investigation of the Isthmus of Suez in 1849. The Canal was thrown open -for navigation in 1869. Work on the Panama Canal began in 1881.--T. - -[452] Jean François Champollion (1791-1831) discovered the key to the -Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions in 1822, with the aid of the famous -Rosetta Stone.--T. - -[453] M. Charles Lenormant, Champollion's learned travelling-companion, -has preserved the grammar of the obelisks which M. Ampère has gone to -study to-day on the ruins of Thebes and Memphis.--_Author's Note._ - -[454] _Sic_, in all the editions!--T. - -[455] _Cf._ Vol. I., pp. 21-22.--T. - -THE END. - - - - -APPENDICES - - -I. THE MORGANATIC MARRIAGE OF THE DUCHESSE DE BERRY - -II. UNPUBLISHED FRAGMENTS OF THE _MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE_ - -III. THE LAST YEARS OF CHATEAUBRIAND - -IV. THE TRANSLATOR'S SECOND NOTE - - - - -APPENDIX I - -(BY M. EDMOND BIRÉ) - -THE MORGANATIC MARRIAGE OF THE DUCHESSE DE BERRY - -The Comte de La Ferronnays, in the course of his interviews with King -Charles X. at Hradschin Castle[456], brought himself to say: - -"If Madame has not yet complied with Your Majesty's wish, if she has -hitherto refused to furnish the proof which is asked of her, it is -because her advisers in Paris, M. Hennequin[457] among others, have -frightened her as to the consequences that might ensue to her from the -publicity which it may perhaps be intended to give to her marriage. -She has been told that Your Majesty would not be satisfied until you -had the original instrument in your hands. Now Madame, I fear, will -never part with that document. But, if there were any other means of -obtaining the certainty which Your Majesty desires to have, if a man -honoured with all the King's confidence, such as M. de Montbel, for -instance, could, on his word of honour, vouch for the existence and the -perfect regularity of the marriage-deed, would the King then declare -himself satisfied?" - -Since the Emigration, Charles X. had the habit of addressing M. de La -Ferronnays in the second person singular. He replied eagerly: - -"Yes, certainly, I only ask to be convinced." - -It was then arranged that M. de La Ferronnays and M. de Montbel should -go to Florence to the Duchesse de Berry. The Comte de La Ferronnays -continues his narrative in the following words: - - "On returning to Prague, I found M. de Montbel's carriage standing - ready harnessed before my door. He was waiting for my return to set - out for Florence, where we were to join the Duchess. He purposed to - pass through Vienna, where he had to supply himself with certain - papers which he thought useful. I intended to go straight to - Tuscany. Nevertheless, in spite of all the haste that I made, I did - not arrive until twenty-four hours after him. - - "I immediately called at his hotel; it was six o'clock in the - morning. Soon, Montbel joined me in a little sitting-room next to - his bed-room: - - "'We have made an useless journey,' he said to me at once; 'I much - regret having undertaken it. I saw the Duchesse de Berry yesterday, - one hour after my arrival. I found her more excited, more irritated - against the King than ever. She is firmly decided to yield on no - point and to risk all the consequences of a rupture by arriving in - Prague, in spite of the measures taken to close the road to her. - All my arguments, all my entreaties were useless. She ended by - flying out against what she calls the partiality of my conduct. I - can do no more. As for you, she expects you with impatience. She - is persuaded that the letter which you are bringing her from the - Emperor will give her the liberty to continue her journey. That - letter, so different from what she expects, will increase her - irritation two-fold. You will have a painful scene and it appears - to me impossible that you should succeed in making her listen to - reason.'" - -As the Duchesse de Berry was not to receive M. de La Ferronnays until -eleven o'clock, the latter, on leaving M. de Montbel, went to the Comte -de Saint-Priest. M. de Saint-Priest was the Princess's most authorized -adviser. The reception was perfect, but nevertheless wrapped up in -every imaginable kind of reserve. - -"At bottom, the question remains the same," said M. de Saint-Priest. -"However affectionate the letter which M. de Montbel brought from -the King may be, it makes no alteration in the first demands, nor, -consequently, in the reasons which the Duchess has for rejecting them. -The mere fact," concluded M. de Saint-Priest, "of handing over the -marriage-deed, as Madame is asked to do, would be enough to deprive -her of her rights as a mother, a princess of the Blood and Regent She -refuses and will always refuse to hand it over." - -This was brusquely broaching a question which M. de La Ferronnays -meant to discuss only with the Duchess herself. He therefore left M. -de Saint-Priest, not, however, without obtaining from him a promise of -complete neutrality. - - "At the appointed hour," he continues, in his narrative, "I called - at the Poggio Imperiale, where Madame was staying. When I was - announced, she was alone, in a small drawing-room, with Count - Lucchesi, who at once withdrew. - - "Her Royal Highness' first sentence was one of thanks. The - second was to ask me for the Emperor's letter. She read it with - ever-increasing excitement: - - "'I see,' she at last said, angrily, 'that the party against me is - firmly united. This letter of the Emperor's is evidently dictated - by the King. They want to drive me to extremities. They want to be - able to say to France and to my children that there is no Duchesse - de Berry now, that there is only a foreigner entitled to neither - protection nor pity! They are erecting a pillory and they want me - to fasten myself to it.... They know me very little, if they think - me capable of so mean-spirited an act. They who employ such lofty - language to me have a false appreciation of their position and - mine. They do not know the strength which public opinion can give - me against them. They shall learn to know, for, as they want war, I - accept it. I shall have everything printed, everything published. I - shall prove that it is for me to impose conditions and not for me - to accept any. I shall force the King to respect my rights and at - last to give me back my children.' - - "Madame la Duchesse de Berry's utterance was loud and short, her - gestures abrupt; and, but for her extreme agitation, I might have - thought that she was repeating a part which she had studied. I - expected this outburst; I was also prepared with the language which - I should have to hold; but I did not hurry to reply. - - "Astonished at my silence: - - "'But, after all,' she asked, 'don't you think that I am right?' - - "'I shall dare to tell you everything, Madame, because my reasons - for being absolutely sincere will justify the harshness of my - words. All that Your Highness has just told me makes me fear that - you are ill-informed, ill-advised or ill-inspired. I have listened - to Madame with great attention and I am obliged to tell her that - she is mistaken as to the King's intentions, but that she is also - unfortunately mistaken as to her own position. The King, Madame, - does not believe in Your Highness' marriage. He does not believe - in it, because you refuse to give him the proof of it and because - your friends continue to protest against the reality of this - marriage. And yet it is important that the truth about this should - be known. Too much has been said about it, or not enough. M. le - Comte Lucchesi's presence about Your Highness is no longer to be - explained. As long as this remains so, I am not afraid to say that - the King, having his grand-children with him, cannot admit you into - the interior of his family. Right, justice and reason are on His - Majesty's side.' - - "Here the Duchesse de Berry, whose agitation was extreme, was - unable to contain herself any longer and cried: - - "'But, monsieur, I give you my word of honour that I am married. - The marriage-deed, which is perfectly regular, exists. It is - deposited in safe hands, and I shall certainly not take it from - them to place it in those of Charles X. and M. de Metternich.' - - "'I beg Your Highness to observe that this is the first time - that you have deigned to speak to me with such confidence. One - declaration of this kind made to me in Naples with that accent - of truth would, I dare to think, have been enough to enable me - to fulfil in an entirely satisfactory manner the mission with - which Your Royal Highness was pleased to entrust me. But what - had I to oppose to the King's doubts? What could I tell him to - reassure his conscience? Nothing, Madame, for you had told me - nothing. My personal conviction could carry no weight Your friends, - moreover, reproached me with it. To admit that one believed in - Your Highness' marriage seemed to them almost an act of treachery. - I could therefore say nothing and I was obliged to leave the King - in the fulness of his doubts. Do not believe, Madame, that it is - to Charles X.'s interest to stigmatize the widow of his son and - the mother of his grandson. No, he shows himself only jealous of - your honour as a widow and a mother, believe me. The King may have - disapproved of a marriage contracted without his knowledge, he - may even have become irritated at it; but to-day he asks only to - set his conscience at rest and to shelter your honour. Your Royal - Highness speaks of the strength which public opinion will give you. - You seem to threaten the King and the Powers with your anger. - Alas, all those outbursts would only be new and great misfortunes. - It is very painful for me to be reduced to give utterance only to - cruel words. But it is necessary that Madame should at last know - the truth, so that she may resolve upon a necessary sacrifice. - No, Madame is no longer in a situation to dictate terms or impose - conditions: she still judges her position from the height of the - pedestal upon which public opinion for some time placed her. No - doubt, if Your Royal Highness had remained there; if, after the - admiration inspired by her sublime courage, constancy, devotion, - we had had to bemoan only her reverses and her captivity, not only - would Madame have lost none of her spell, but she would have left - Blaye even greater than when she entered it. She would not have had - to dictate conditions, for she would have found none but submissive - wills before her. But, unhappily for Madame and for France, the - declaration made in the month of February has completely and - cruelly changed all that. Believe, Madame, the voice of a friend - who will never be able to give you a greater proof of his devotion - than he is doing at this moment; or rather, listen only to your - reason. It will make you understand why and to what extent your - position is changed. You will admit how guilty is the want of - reflection of those who advise you to resort to resistance and even - threats. Everyone pities you, Madame, but no one is any longer - afraid of you. The struggle which you are being urged to maintain - is henceforth too unequal. Its prolongation can henceforth have - fatal consequences for you alone.' - - "While speaking, I saw the unhappy Princess turn red, then pale; - tears poured down her cheeks, but she did not try to interrupt me. - I was able to fulfil my sad duty to the end. She then looked at me - with an indefinable expression of face: - - "'If all that you have just told me is true, they are deceiving - me and I am very unhappy. What do you want me to do? Can I send - that original document which, before the courts, would be my - condemnation?' - - "'No, Madame, I am the first to tell Your Highness that you must - in no case part with it. Only, the King's conscience desires to - be reassured; there is no other motive in his demand. If the King - could obtain the certainty of Your Highness' marriage, without - your parting with the original, without your even giving a copy of - it, should you see any danger, for yourself or your interests, in - satisfying Charles X.?' - - "The Princess tried to guess my thought. - - "'But what means can you contrive that would satisfy the King, - since he refuses to believe my word?' - - "'The King does not believe it, because you have not given it him.' - - "'But I tell you again that I am married. The deed is in Rome, in - the Pope's hands.' - - "'Well then, Madame, if a man honoured by your confidence and the - King's, if M. de Montbel were to go to Rome, would you refuse to - allow the holder of your marriage-deed to give him cognizance of - it, or at least to certify its existence to him? I am certain - that M. de Montbel's declaration would be immediately followed by - the dispatch of the passports which Your Highness so impatiently - desires.' - - "Madame la Duchesse de Berry, at last conquered, came up to me and - said, with a sad smile: - - "'I see no harm in trying the method which you propose, but you - understand that I cannot decide alone. Count Lucchesi's consent is - as necessary as my own.' - - "M. le Comte Lucchesi was in a neighbouring room, with Messieurs - de Montbel and de Saint-Priest; I called him in. Madame herself - repeated to him the proposal which I had just made. He did not - hesitate to accept. - - "I then asked that the two other gentlemen might be brought in. We - all sat round a little table before which Madame la Duchesse de - Berry was herself seated and, at her bidding, I gave an account of - the explanation which I had just had with her. As I was finishing, - I addressed the Comte de Montbel: - - "'And now, monsieur, it is for you alone, who know the King's mind - and who, so to speak, represent him here, to judge and declare if - the method which I propose will be able to satisfy His Majesty and - put an end to his opposition to Madame's journey to Prague.' - - "'I give a formal undertaking to that effect,' cried M. de Montbel, - with deep emotion. I Madame, how great is the gratitude that we owe - you and how happy I shall be, if I can have contributed a little - towards a reconciliation for which I long with all my soul!' - - "I proposed to M. de Montbel himself to draw up, then and there, - the rough draft of a letter to the Cardinal Vicar, which would then - be copied out and signed by Madame and by Count Lucchesi. A few - moments were enough to prepare this draft, which was approved of. - - "It was arranged that the letter should be written during the day, - and Madame invited us to meet again there at noon the next day; she - added that M. de Montbel could then, set out for Rome and that she - herself would leave Florence two days later to go to Bologna, where - M. de Montbel would join her again. - - "The next day, as arranged, we met, at the appointed time, at - the Poggio Imperiale. Her Highness received us with an air of - contentment which I, for my part, had not yet seen her display. - - "'I have,' she said, 'done all that you asked. I hope that they - will be pleased at last.' - - "At the same time, she showed us her letter to the Cardinal Vicar; - this letter agreed exactly with the copy as given by M. de Montbel. - Madame's signature and Count Lucchesi's were at foot, and the - signatures had been witnessed by the Grand-duke of Tuscany and his - minister, Fossombroni[458]. M. de Montbel set out the same evening - for Rome, and I left Florence two days later. - - "At a stage at Viterbo, I met M. de Montbel, who had already - fulfilled his mission; he had stayed only half a day in Rome. - He had seen no one but the Cardinal Vicar, who, after taking - the Pope's instructions, had hastened not only to give him a - declaration in writing of Madame la Duchesse de Berry's marriage - to Count Lucchesi, but had shown him the deed itself, which was - perfectly regular. M. de Montbel had decided to travel without - stopping and was convinced of the definite success of his mission." - - - - -APPENDIX II - - -UNPUBLISHED FRAGMENTS OF THE _MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE_[459] - - -MAINTENON, _September_ 1836. - -I resume my pen at the Château de Maintenon, through whose gardens I -stroll by the autumnal light: _peregrinæ gentis amænum hospitium._ - -When passing in front of the coasts of Greece, I used to ask myself -what had become of the four acres of the garden of Alcinous, shaded -with pomegranate-trees, apple-trees, fig-trees and adorned with two -fountains? Goodman Laertes' vegetable-garden in Ithaca no longer had -its two and twenty pear-trees when I was sailing before that island, -and they were not able to tell me if Zante was still the home of the -hyacinth. The pleasure-ground of Academus, in Athens, offered a few -stumps of olive-trees to my view, as did the Garden of Gethsemane at -Jerusalem. I have not wandered in the gardens of Babylon, but Plutarch -teaches us that they still existed in the time of Alexander. Carthage -presented to me the aspect of a park strewn with the vestiges of Dido's -palaces. At Granada, looking through the doorways of the Alhambra, I -could not take my eyes from the groves in which the romance of Spain -had placed the loves of the Zegris. From the top of David's house at -Jerusalem, the King-Prophet saw Bethsabee bathing in Urias' gardens; I -saw none pass there save a daughter of Eve, a poor Abigail, who will -never inspire me with the magnificent Penitential Psalms. - -During the Conclave of 1828, I strolled in the Gardens of the Vatican. -An eagle, plucked of its feathers and imprisoned in a den, presented -the emblem of Pagan Rome overthrown; an emaciated rabbit was delivered -as a prey to the bird of the Capitol, which had devoured the world. -Monks have shown me, at Tusculum and Tibur, the waste fruit-groves of -Cicero and Horace. I have shot wild-duck in Pliny's Laurentinum; the -waves came to die at the foot of the wall of the dining-room, where, -through three windows, one descried as it were three seas: _quasi tria -maria._ - -In Rome herself, as I lay among the wild anemones of Bel Respiro, -between the pine-trees that formed a vault above my head, the Sabine -Range opened to the view in the distance; Albano enchanted my eyes -with its azure mountain, whose lofty denticulations were fringed with -gold by the last rays of the sun: a sight that became more admirable -still when I came to think that Virgil had contemplated it, as I was -doing, and that I was seeing it again, from the midst of the ruins of -the city of the Cæsars, across the vine-branch of the Tomb of the -Scipios[460]. - - -If, from these Gardens of the Hesperides of poetry and history, I -descend to the gardens of our days, how many have I seen born and die? -Without speaking of the woods of Sceaux, Marly, Choisy, now razed to -the level of the corn-fields, without speaking of the thickets of -Versailles, which they purpose to restore to their festal condition! -I too have planted gardens; my little water-furrow, which served as a -passage for the winter rains, was in my eyes equal to the ponds of the -_Prædium rusticum._ - -Seen from the side of the park, the Château de Maintenon, surrounded by -moats filled from the waters of the Eure, presents on the left a square -tower of bluish stone, on the right a round tower of red brick. The -square tower is connected, by a block of buildings, with the surbased -archway which opens from the outer yard to the inner yard of the -castle. Above this, archway rises a mass of turrets from which starts -a building which is attached transversely to another block coming from -the round tower. These three lines of buildings contain a space closed -on three sides and open only on the park. - -The seven or eight towers of different thickness, height and shape are -capped with priests' bonnets, which mix with a church-window, placed -outside, towards the village. - -The façade of the castle on the village side is of the Renascence -period. The fancifulness of this style of architecture gives the -Château de Maintenon a special character, as who should say of a town -of olden time or a fortified abbey, with its spires and steeples, -grouped at hap-hazard. - -To complete the medley of periods, there is a great aqueduct, the work -of Louis XIV.; one would think it a labour of the Cæsars. One goes -down from the drawing-room of the castle into the garden by a bridge, -lately put up, which partakes of the architecture of the Rialto. Thus -are Ancient Rome and the Italian Cinquecento associated with the French -sixteenth century. Memories of Bianca Capello[461] and de' Medici, of -the Duchesse d'Étampes[462] and Francis I. rise up through memories -of Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon, while all this is swayed and -completed by the recent catastrophe of Charles X. - -The castle was rebuilt by Jean Cottereau[463] Treasurer to Louis XII. -Marot, in his _Cimetière_, maintains that Cottereau was too honest a -man for a financier. One of Cottereau's daughters brought the Maintenon -domain into the d'Angennes family. In 1675, this domain was bought by -Françoise d'Aubigné, who became Madame de Maintenon. Maintenon reverted -to the Noailles family, in 1698, through the marriage of a niece[464] -of the wife of Louis XIV. with Adrien Maurice Duc de Noailles[465]. - -The park has something of the calm and gravity of the Great King. Near -the middle, the first tier of arcades of the aqueduct crosses the bed -of the Eure and connects the two hills on opposite sides of the valley, -so that at Maintenon a branch of the Eure would have flowed in the -air above the Eure. "In the air" is the word: for the first arcades, -as they exist, are eighty-four feet high and they were to have been -surmounted by two other tiers of arcades. - -The Roman aqueducts are nothing beside the aqueducts of Maintenon; -they would all go under one of those arches. I know only the Aqueduct -of Segovia, in Spain, which recalls the massiveness and solidity of -this one; but it is shorter and lower[466]. If you picture to yourself -some thirty triumphal arches linked laterally one with the other and -more or less resembling the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in height and -width of opening, you will have an idea of the Maintenon Aqueduct; but -even then you must remember that what you see is only a third of the -perpendicular and of the perforation which would have been formed by -the treble gallery destined for the passage of the waters. - -The fallen fragments of this aqueduct are compact blocks of rocks; they -are covered with trees around which hover crows fat as doves: they flit -to and fro under the curves of the aqueduct like little black fairies -performing fatidical dances under garlands. - -At the sight of this monument, one is struck with the imposing -character with which Louis XIV. imprinted all his works. It is for ever -to be regretted that this gigantic conduit was not finished: the water -carried to Versailles would have fed the fountains there and created a -new marvel by making their waters play perpetually; from there it might -have been brought to the suburbs. It is a pity, no doubt, that the camp -formed for the works at Maintenon in 1686 caused the death of a large -number of soldiers[467]; it is a pity that many millions should have -been spent on an uncompleted undertaking. But, certainly, it is a still -greater pity that Louis XIV., driven by necessity, astounded at the -cries of economy which frustrate the loftiest schemes, should have lost -patience: otherwise, the greatest monument on earth would to-day have -belonged to France. - -Say what we may, a nation's fame increases that nation's power, and -that is no vain thing. As for the millions, their value would have -been represented at high interest by an edifice as useful as it -was wonderful; as for the soldiers, they would have fallen as the -Roman legions fell in building their famous "roads," another kind of -battle-field, no less glorious for the country. - -It was in this alley of old willow-trees, where I was strolling a -moment ago, that Racine, after the triumph of Pradon's[468] _Phèdre_, -sighed his last songs[469]. - -Madame de Maintenon, having attained the summit of greatness, wrote to -her brother[470]: - - "I am done up, I would that I were dead." - -She wrote to Madame de La Maisonfort: - - "Do you not see that I am dying of melancholy.... I have been young - and pretty; I have tasted pleasure... and I protest to you that - every condition leaves a horrid void." - -Madame de Maintenon exclaimed: - -"What a torment to have to amuse a man who is no longer capable of -amusement!" - -It has been reckoned as a crime against the daughter of a simple -nobleman[471], against the widow of Scarron[472], that she should speak -in this way of Louis XIV., who had raised her to his bed; but I see -in this the accent of a superior nature, which was above the exalted -fortune to which she had attained. Only I would have preferred that -Madame de Maintenon had not left the dying Louis XIV., especially after -hearing these grave and tender words: - -"I regret only you; I have not made you happy, but I have always had -for you all the sentiments of esteem and friendship which you deserve: -the only thing that vexes me is to leave you[473]." - -The last years of that Monarch were an expiation offered to the first. -Stripped of his prosperity and his family[474], he allowed his eyes -to roam from this window over that garden. He no doubt fixed them on -that water-conduit already abandoned since twenty years: great ruins -that they were, an image of the ruins of the Great King, they seemed to -foretell the exhaustion of his House and to await his great-grandson. -The time in which Le Nôtre[475] designed the gardens of Versailles for -Mademoiselle de La Vallière was past; the time was also past, more than -a century earlier, of Olivier de Serres[476], who said to Henry IV., -when planning gardens for Gabrielle: - -"We can cultivate sugar-canes, so that, coupled with the orange-tree -and its companions, the garden shall be perfectly ennobled and rendered -most magnificent." - -In the absorption of those dreams which sometimes confer second sight, -Louis XIV. might have discerned his immediate successor hastening the -fall of the arches in the Eure Valley to take from them the materials -for the mean pavilions of his ignoble mistresses[477]. After Louis XV, -he might have seen yet another shadow kneel down, bow its head and lay -it silently on the pediment of the aqueduct, as though on a scaffold -raised in the sky. Lastly, who knows if, in one of those presentiments -attached to royal Houses, Louis XIV. might not, one night, in that -Château de Maintenon, have heard a knock at his door: - -"Who goes there?" - -"Charles X., your descendant." - -Louis XIV. did not wake up to see Madame de Maintenon's corpse dragged -with a rope round its neck around Saint-Cyr. - - -MAINTENON, _September_ 1836. - -My host[478] has described to me the half-a-night which Charles X., -banished, spent at the Château de Maintenon. The Monarchy of the Capets -ended in a castle-scene of the middle-ages; the Kings of the past had -gone back into their centuries to die. As in the time of Cæsar, -"the gods announce a great change and revolution in affairs[479]." - -The manuscript of one of M. le Duc de Noailles's nieces[480], which he -was good enough to show me, relates the incidents which that young lady -witnessed. He has permitted me to make the following extracts: - - "My uncle, anticipating that the King was going to come to ask him - for shelter, gave orders to have the castle made ready.... We got - up to receive the King and, while awaiting his arrival, I went to - a window in the turret which comes before the billiard-room, to - watch what was happening in the court-yard. The night was calm and - clear, the half-veiled moon made every object visible in a pale, - sad light, and the silence, as yet, was disturbed only by the hoofs - of the horses of two regiments of cavalry defiling across the - bridge; after them, over the same bridge, defiled the artillery of - the Guard, with matches lighted. The dull sound of the guns, the - appearance of the black ammunition-wagons, the sight of the torches - amid the shadows of the night oppressed my heart terribly and - presented the image--alas, too true!--of the funeral procession of - the Monarchy. - - "Soon, the horses and the first carriages arrived; next, M. le - Dauphin and Madame la Dauphine, Madame la Duchesse de Berry, M. - le Duc de Bordeaux and Mademoiselle; lastly, the King and all his - suite. As the King alighted from his carriage, he seemed extremely - dejected: his head had fallen on his chest; his features were - drawn and his face distorted with sorrow. This almost sepulchral - march of four hours, at a foot's pace[481] and in the midst of the - darkness, had also helped to depress his spirits; and, besides, - did not the crown weigh heavily enough, at that moment, on his - brow? He had some difficulty in ascending the stair-case. My uncle - showed him to his apartment, which had been that of Madame de - Maintenon; he remained there a few moments alone with his family, - after which each of the Princes withdrew to his own room. My uncle - and aunt[482] then went in to the King. He spoke to them with his - ordinary kindness, told them how wretched he was at not having - succeeded in rendering France happy, that that had always been his - dearest wish: - - "'My one despair is,' he added, 'to see the state in which I am - leaving her; what is going to happen? The Duc d'Orléans himself - is not sure that his head will be on his shoulders a fortnight - hence. All Paris is there, on the road, marching against me; the - commissaries have assured me so. I did not trust their report - entirely; I called Maison, when they had gone out, and said to him, - "I ask you on your honour to tell me, on your word as a soldier, is - what they have told me true?" He answered, "They have told you only - half the truth[483].'" - - "After the King had retired, we all returned to our rooms in - succession. I would not go to bed, and I went back to the window to - watch the sight that lay before my eyes. A foot-guard was standing - sentry at the little door of the grand stair-case, a body-guard - was posted on the outer balcony which leads from the square tower - to the part where the King was sleeping. In the first rays of the - dawn, that warlike figure was outlined in a picturesque manner - on the walls darkened by time and his steps resounded on those - time-worn stones, as did, perhaps, in former days, those of the - steel-clad gallants who had trodden them.... - - "At half past seven, I went to dress in my aunt's room and, at - nine o'clock, I went down, with Madame de Rivera, to M. le Duc - de Bordeaux's, where Mademoiselle came soon after. M. le Duc de - Bordeaux was amusing himself, with my aunt's children, in throwing - bread to the fish and tumbling with the others on mattresses spread - out in the room. Nothing was so heart-rending as the sight of those - children thus laughing at the misfortunes that struck them. At ten - o'clock, the King went to Mass in the castle chapel. It was in - that little chapel that the unfortunate Monarch made his sacrifice - to God and laid at His feet that brilliant crown which had been - so grievously snatched from him, with that admirable, but useless - virtue of resignation which is an hereditary heroism in his unhappy - family. - - "It was, in fact, at Maintenon that Charles X. really ceased to - reign; it was there that he disbanded the Royal Guard and the - Swiss, keeping only the body-guards for his escort. From that - moment, he gave no more orders and in some measure constituted - himself a prisoner: the commissaries settled his road to Cherbourg. - - "After Mass, the King went back for a moment to his room, and then - the sinister procession started off again, at half-past ten. The - departure was heart-breaking: every misfortune and the noblest - resignation were depicted on the face of Madame la Dauphine, so - long accustomed to sorrow. She spoke a few words to me; then, - stepping towards the guards who were drawn up in the court-yard, - she held out her hand to them; they flung themselves upon it, - shedding tears; her own eyes were full, and she uttered these - words, in a firm voice: - - "'It is not my fault, my friends, it is not my fault.' - - "M. le Dauphin embraced M. de Diesbach, who commanded the guards, - and mounted his horse. M. le Duc de Bordeaux and Mademoiselle each - climbed into a separate carriage. The King went last; he spoke for - some time to my uncle, in a manner full of kindness, and thanked - him for the hospitality which he had shown him; then he went up to - the troops and took leave of them with that accent of the heart - which belongs to him: - - "'I hope,' he said, 'that we shall soon meet again.' - - "A rural gendarme threw himself at his feet and kissed his - hand sobbing; he gave it to several others and, turning to the - foot-guard who was on sentry and who presented arms to him: - - "'Come,' he said, 'I thank you, you have done your duty well. I am - pleased with you; but you must be very tired.' - - "'Ah, Sire,' answered the old soldier, while great tears trickled - down upon his white mustachios, 'it's nothing to be tired: if only - we had been able to save Your Majesty!' - - "A grenadier, at that moment, made his way through the crowd and - came up and stood in front of the King: - - "'What do you want?' asked His Majesty. - - "'Sire,' answered the soldier, raising his hand to his bear-skin, - 'I wanted to look at you once more.' - - "The King, deeply moved, threw himself into his carriage, and the - whole scene disappeared." - - -MAINTENON, _September_ 1836. - -Calamities extend their effect by the fate of him who describes them: -this narrative is the work of Madame de Chalais-Périgord, _née_ -Beauvilliers-Saint-Aignan. The Duc de Beauvilliers[484] was, under -Louis XIV., the governor of the Prince who was the stock of the -family outlawed to-day. The last daughter of Fénelon's friend came -unexpectedly upon the Duc de Bordeaux on his road and hastened to go to -tell her father that she had seen the last heir of the Duc de Bourgogne -pass. In the young princess, beauty, rank and fortune were combined; -she had first turned her thoughts to the world, in search of pleasure; -her hope, like the dove after the Deluge, finding the earth soiled, -flew back to the Ark of God. - -When, in 1816, I passed this spot, on my way to write the eleventh book -of the first part of these Memoirs at Montboissier[485], Maintenon -Castle stood empty; Madame de Chalais was not yet born: since, she has -spread out and reckoned her whole life over twenty-six years of mine. -Thus have the shreds of my existence composed the spring-time of a -number of women who have fallen after their month of May. Montboissier -is now deserted and Maintenon inhabited: its new occupiers are my hosts. - -M. le Duc de Noailles, who, if nothing stops him, will achieve a -brilliant career, was not of an age to vote when I was in the House -of Peers: I did not hear him deliver those speeches in which he has -pleaded, with the authority of arguments and the power of words, the -cause of France and of the royal misfortunes. His part in life began -when mine had finished: he took the oath to misfortune in a more useful -way than I. - -Madame la Duchesse de Noailles is a niece of M. le Marquis de -Mortemart, my old colonel in the Navarre Regiment; she bears a sad and -gentle likeness to my sister Julie[486]. - -The rivalries of Madame de Maintenon and Madame de Montespan have been -resolved by the marriage of M. le Duc de Noailles and Mademoiselle de -Mortemart[487]. At this present time, who troubles his brain about -a sovereign's heart? That heart has been chilled these hundred and -twenty years; and, in the decrial and vilification of monarchies, are -the attachments of a king, even though it were Louis XIV., events? What -can one measure by the huge scale of our modern revolutions that does -not contract to an imperceptible point? Do the new generations care -about the intrigues of Versailles, which is no longer anything but a -crypt? What matters to our transformed society the end of the enmities -of blood of some women once destined, in bowers or palaces, to lie on -beds of flowers or down? - -And yet, around the general interests of history, would there not be -historical curiosities? If some Aulus Gellius, some Macrobius, some -Strabo, some Suidas, some Athenasus of the fifth or sixth century, -after describing to me the sack of Rome by Alaric, were, by chance, to -tell me what became of Berenice after Titus had repudiated her; if he -were to show me Antiochus returning to that Cæsarea, the "charming -spot where his heart" ...had adored her who loved another; if he were -to take me to a castle in the Lebanon inhabited by a descendant of the -Queen of Palestine, in spite of the destruction of the Eternal City and -the invasion of the Barbarians, it would still please me to come across -the memory of Berenice in the "desert East." - - - - -APPENDIX III - - -(BY M. EDMOND BIRÉ) - - -THE LAST YEARS OF CHATEAUBRIAND - - -On the 16th of November, at daybreak, Chateaubriand wrote the last -lines of the _Mémoires d'Outre-tombe_: - - "It but remains for me," he said, "to sit down by the edge of - my grave; and then I shall descend boldly, crucifix in hand, to - Eternity." - -He had lately entered on his seventy-fourth year, and he had still -seven years to live. Shortly after the Revolution in July, in April -1831, he had said, in the Preface to his _Études historiques_: - - "I began my literary career with a work in which I contemplate - Christianity under its poetic and moral aspects; I end it with a - work in which I consider the same religion under its philosophical - and historical aspects. I began my political career with the - Restoration; I end it with the Restoration. It is not without a - secret satisfaction that I behold this consistency with myself. The - main lines of my existence have never wavered: if, like all men, - I have not always been alike in the details, let human frailty be - forgiven for it." - -His last years will show him to us consistent with himself to the end. - -In the first days of October 1843, he received a letter from the Comte -de Chambord, dated Magdeburg, 30 September, and concluding with these -words: - - "I shall be in London in the first fortnight of November and I hope - most eagerly that it will be possible for you to join me there; - your presence with me will be of great use to me and will explain - better than anything could the object of my journey. I shall be - happy and proud to show by my side a man whose name is one of the - glories of France and who has represented her so nobly in the - country which I am about to visit. - - "Come, then, monsieur le vicomte, and be sure to believe in all my - gratitude and in the pleasure which it will give me to express to - you, by word of mouth, the feelings of high esteem and attachment - of which I love to send you with this the renewed and most sincere - assurance." - -Ill as he was and almost paralyzed with gout, the old man was moved to -tears by the young Prince's invitation: - -"To such a letter as that," he said, "one answers by going in one's -coffin, if necessary." - -He set out for England on the 22nd of November. The Prince was not to -arrive in London until a week later, the 29th. On the 30th, a large -number of French Royalists, with the Duc Jacques de Fitz-James[488] at -their head, came to Chateaubriand to pay him their respects and thank -him for coming. Suddenly the door opened and the Comte de Chambord -appeared, accompanied by Berryer and the Duc de Valmy[489]: - -"Gentlemen," he said to the assembled company, "I heard that you were -all at M. de Chateaubriand's and I decided to come here to pay you a -visit... I am so happy to find myself surrounded by Frenchmen! I love -France, because France is the land of my birth, and, if I have ever -turned my thoughts towards the throne of my ancestors, it has been only -in the hope that it might be possible for me to serve my country in the -principles and sentiments which have been so gloriously proclaimed by -M. de Chateaubriand and which are honoured, in addition, by so many and -such noble defenders in your native land." - -This scene moved Chateaubriand deeply. On the same day, he wrote to -Madame Récamier: - - "I have just received the reward of my whole life: the Prince has - deigned to speak of me, in the midst of a crowd of Frenchmen, - with an effusiveness worthy of his youth. If I were able to tell - anything, I would tell you about this; but here I am crying like a - fool. - - "Protect me with all your prayers." - -The Comte de Chambord had had an apartment reserved for him in his own -house in Belgrave Square. Every morning, Chateaubriand would see the -descendant of Louis XIV. come into his room, sit down familiarly on his -bed and talk with him at length of the interest, liberties and future -of France. During the day, the Prince came to take him for a drive in -his carriage, so as to lose hardly an hour of his stay. - -When Chateaubriand was on the eve of departure, Henry of France wrote -him the following letter: - - "LONDON, 4 _December_ 1843. - - "MONSIEUR LE VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND, - - "At the moment when I am about to have the grief of parting from - you, I wish once more to express to you all my gratitude for the - visit which you have come to pay me on foreign soil and to tell you - all the pleasure which I have felt at seeing you again and talking - with you of the great interests of the future. Finding myself as - I do in perfect community of opinion and feeling with yourself, - I am happy to see that the line of conduct which I have adopted - in exile and the position which I have taken up are, in every - respect, consonant with the advice which I wished to ask of your - long experience and of your judgment. I shall, therefore, walk with - still more confidence and firmness in the path which I have marked - out for myself. - - "More fortunate than I, you are going to see our dear country - again; tell France of all the love that my heart contains for - her. I am glad to take as my interpreter that voice so dear to - France which has, at all times, so gloriously defended monarchical - principles and the national liberties. - - "I renew, monsieur le vicomte, the assurance of my sincere - friendship. - - "HENRY." - -Chateaubriand replied to the Comte de Chambord: - - "LONDON, 5 _December_ 1843. - - "MONSEIGNEUR, - - "The marks of your esteem would console me for every disgrace; but, - expressed as they are, I see in them more than kindness towards - myself: they discover another world; another universe opens up - before France. - - "I greet with tears of joy the future which you proclaim. Shall - you, innocent of all, to whom there is nothing to object save that - you are descended from the House of St. Louis, be the only unhappy - one among the youth that turns its eyes towards you? - - "You tell me that, more fortunate than you, I am going to see - France again: 'more fortunate than you!' That is the only reproach - which you found to address to your country. No, Prince, I can never - be happy so long as you lack happiness. I have not long to live, - and that is my consolation. I dare to ask you, after I am gone, to - keep the memory of your old servant. - "I am, with the most profound respect, - "Monseigneur, - "Your Royal Highness' most humble and most obedient servant, - - "CHATEAUBRIAND." - -On his return to Paris, Chateaubriand put the finishing touches to the -work which was to close his literary career, the _Vie de Rancé._ He -added to his manuscript some pages on his pilgrimage to Belgrave Square -which were worthy of his talent and almost equal to the finest pages -of the Memoirs. After a description of the Château de Chambord, in -the neighbourhood of which the Abbé de Rancé[490] possessed a priory, -the great writer's thought harks back to the Prince whom he has been -visiting in London, and he continues in these words: - - "That orphan has lately sent for me to London; I obeyed the close - writ of misfortune. Henry has given me hospitality in a land that - flies from under his feet. I have again seen that town which - witnessed my fleeting greatness and my interminable wretchedness, - those squares filled with fogs and silence, whence issued the - phantoms of my youth. How long a time already has passed between - the days when I dreamt of René at Kensington[491] and these last - hours! The old exile found himself called upon to show to the - orphan a town which my eyes can scarcely recognise. - - "A refugee in England for eight years; next, Ambassador to London - and intimately acquainted with Lord Liverpool, Mr. Canning and Mr. - Croker: what changes have I not seen in those spots, from George - IV.[492], who honoured me with his intercourse to Charlotte[493], - whom you will find in my Memoirs! What has become of my brothers - in banishment? ...On that soil, where we were not noticed, we - nevertheless had our merry-makings and, above all, our youth. - Growing girls commencing life in adversity brought the weekly fruit - of their toil, to revel in some dance or other of the country; - attachments were formed; we prayed in chapels which I have just - revisited and found unchanged. We wept aloud on the 21st of - January, and were much moved by a funeral oration pronounced by the - Emigrant curate of our village. We also strolled beside the Thames, - to see vessels laden with the world's riches enter the port, to - admire the country-houses at Richmond, we so poor, we who had lost - the shelter of the paternal roof-tree! All those things constituted - true happiness[494]. Will you ever return, O happiness of my - misery? Ah, come back to life, companions of my exile, comrades - of my bed of straw: behold me returned! Let us go once more into - the little gardens of some despised tavern and drink a cup of bad - tea while we talk of our country[495]: but I see no one; I have - remained behind alone.... - - . . . . . . . . . . . - - "I was not received, on my last visit to London, in a garret in - Holborn by one of my Emigrant cousins[496], but by the 'Heir of the - Ages.' That heir took a pleasure in showing me hospitality in the - places where I had so long awaited him. He hid himself behind me - like the sun behind ruins. The torn screen that sheltered me seemed - to me more magnificent than the wainscotings of Versailles. Henry - was my last sick-nurse: those are the perquisites of misfortune. - When the orphan entered, I tried to stand up; I had no other way of - showing my gratitude. At my age, we have only the impotence of life - left Henry has consecrated his wretchedness; stripped though he be, - he is not without authority: every morning, I saw an Englishwoman - pass before my window; she would stand still and burst into tears - so soon as she saw the young Bourbon: what king on his throne would - have had the power to make such tears as those flow! Those are the - unknown subjects conferred by misfortune." - -The _Vie de Rancé_ appeared in the month of May 1844. Chateaubriand had -dedicated his work to the memory of the Abbé Sequin, an old priest, -his spiritual director, who had died the year before at the age of -ninety-five: - - "I have written the story of the Abbé de Rancé in obedience to the - orders of the director of my life." - -The work had only just appeared, when the Duc d'Angoulême died at -Goritz, on the 3rd of June 1844. The author of the _Congrès de Vérone_, -on this occasion, wrote the following letter, addressed to M. le -Vicomte de Baulny: - - "MONSIEUR LE VICOMTE, - - "I have just read in the _France_ the letter which you were good - enough to communicate to me and which anticipated the sentiments so - nobly expressed in the _Gazette de France_ and the _Quotidienne._ - I congratulate myself that my family has contracted with yours an - alliance which does me honour and which is dear to me. I would - myself have tried to raise my voice once more, if it deserved to be - heard; I would have said once again what I think of the liberator - of Spain, of the man who recalled to existence the last soldiers - of Napoleon. M. le Duc d'Angoulême loved and protected my nephew, - whose daughter has married your brother[497]. Christian, my second - nephew, also much loved by the august Prince, has gone to God. And - so all disappears for me! When I cast back my eyes, I see only - a woman who weeps; and what a woman! Marie-Thérèse over-towers - all ruins. And yet, this family which, for nine centuries, has - commanded the world would to-day scarce find an old servant to - raise to it, on the sea-shore, a funeral pile built out of the - remnants of a shipwreck! Marie-Thérèse buries her grief in the - bosom of God, in order that that sorrow may be everlasting. I have - said that that sorrow was one of the greatnesses of France; was I - wrong? In the wastes of Bohemia, I used to see, at night, at the - window of a tower, a solitary light which proclaimed the new exile - of the Duc d'Angoulême. Alas, that light has disappeared! The - virtuous Prince has gone to seek his true country in Heaven. There - revolutions will no longer strike him. He will stretch out his hand - to us to climb to him, and, under the protection of his stainless - life, we shall find grace with the Father of Mercies." - -In the spring of 1845, Chateaubriand wanted to see "his young King" -again for the last time. He accordingly went to Venice, at the end of -May, and spent a few days with the Comte de Chambord. Seeing him set -out in the state of weakness to which his ailments reduced him, his -friends in Paris were very anxious about the journey. He bore it better -than had been expected. The Prince persuaded him to prolong his stay a -little: - - "I was about to depart," he wrote, from Venice, in June 1845; "the - young Prince's embraces and prayers retain me. My days are his; - and, when he asks me only for a sacrifice of twenty-four hours, - what right have I to refuse him?" - -If rejoicings in exile are rare, the Royal Family nevertheless knew -a few. On the 11th of November 1845 was celebrated, at Frohsdorf, -the marriage of H.R.H. Mademoiselle with the Hereditary Prince of -Lucca[498], like herself of a royal race, like herself sprung from the -House of Bourbon. This was that Princesse Louise, the sister of the Duc -de Bordeaux, whom Chateaubriand had seen in Prague in the month of May -1833 and of whom he had at that time drawn the following portrait: - - "Mademoiselle somewhat recalls her father: she is fair-haired; - her blue eyes have a shrewd expression.... Her whole person is a - mixture of the child, the young girl and the young princess: she - looks up, lowers her eyes, smiles with an artless coquetry mingled - with art; one does not know if one ought to tell her fairy stories, - make her a declaration, or talk to her with respect as to a queen. - The Princesse Louise adds to the agreeable accomplishments a good - deal of information....[499]" - -So soon as the marriage was announced, the Breton Royalists decided to -offer the Princess a gift, a product of local manufacture. They asked -Chateaubriand to take it to Frohsdorf and present it in their name. - -"I owe," he said to their delegate, M. Thibault de La Guichardière, "I -owe Louise of France a wedding-visit; I shall be delighted to offer her -a fine specimen of the work of our Breton looms." - -He wrote on this subject, on the 9th of September 1845, to his sister, -the Comtesse de Marigny[500], who was living at Dinan: - - "I have received your letter, dear sister; it goes without saying - that I add my name to those of all the Bretons who wish to make - the Princess a present. You can therefore look upon me as a - subscriber for the sum which you think right to fix.... But be sure - to remember that I want to be mixed with the crowd and that I am - ambitious for no distinction but that of my eagerness and my zeal." - -On the 15th of the same month, he wrote again to his sister: - - "If I am specially charged, by a certain number of Bretons, to be - the bearer of their respects, that is all that I want I shall go - at my own expense. I know the young Princess; she will receive me - well, wherever she may be. I would rather that she were already - in Italy. If we are to believe the newspapers, she is already in - Venice; but the place does not matter.... You can put me down for - 100 francs; once more, the amount makes no difference: it is enough - to know that I am commissioned to take a Breton subscription to - the daughter of the Duc de Berry; the choice is everything.... - Your canton is more than I need to authorize me to go to Madame la - Princesse de Lucques, whose brother, moreover, has invited me to - go to present my compliments to him next spring." - -Shortly before his death, Chateaubriand was anxious to give Henry of -France a last proof of his fidelity. By a disposition "outside his -will," a disposition specially recommended to his family, of which a -duplicate was forwarded to the Comte de Chambord, he gave the latter -his little collection of choice books, some of them "annotated," those -which he was "re-reading," he said, in order to serve for the Prince's -"leisure" and instruction. - -Until the end, therefore, to use the very true expression of M. Charles -de Lacombe, "his royalist flame, kept alive by honour, did not cease to -burn, under an appearance of scepticism, in that disabused heart[501]." - -And, in the same way, the Christian remained faithful. A whole -volume has been written recently on the _Sincérité religieuse de -Chateaubriand._[502] This was, perhaps, a good subject for a thesis; -it seems to me, however, that the demonstration did not require to be -made: one does not demonstrate evidence. For the rest, I have nothing -to speak of here except the last years of the author of the _Génie du -Christianisme_, those which go from 1841 to 1848. - -In a letter to his friend Hyde de Neuville, on the 14th of June 1841, -Chateaubriand wrote: - - "I admire you from the bottom of my heart; you interest yourself in - everything; I no longer interest myself in anything; my courage is - not used up; but it is overcome by disgust. I no longer think of - anything but of dying a Christian, and I hope that the good Père - Sequin, old though he be, will have strength enough to raise his - hand to cleanse me and send me to God[503]." - -In the month of March 1842, speaking of the recent death of Théodore -Jouffroy[504], one of the professors of the Royal College of -Marseilles, M. Lafaye[505], said to his pupils: - -"Jouffroy, the sceptic, sent for a confessor, and no one can give the -name of the confessor of the author of the _Génie du Christianisme._" - -These words created some stir, and M. Lafaye, fearing lest he should be -dismissed, begged the Baron de Flotte[506], a friend and co-religionist -of Chateaubriand, to write to the latter asking him to intercede on -his behalf with M. Villemain, the Minister of Public Instruction. -Chateaubriand replied: - - "Thank God, monsieur, I neither have nor can have any credit with - the present Government. At the time when I possessed some political - power, I do not remember ever employing it except for the benefit - of persons who might be oppressed. M. Lafaye has not offended me - in the least; but, if he were molested on my account, I would ask - them to leave him in peace. I no longer occupy myself with what - goes on in society. My part is played, monsieur. I live far from - the world, and I shall be forgiven, I hope, because of my great - age, for having a confessor. It is M. l'Abbé Sequin, a priest at - Saint-Sulpice. When one has lived many days, one must needs accuse - one's self of many faults." - -He rigorously observed the rules of the Church on fasting and -abstinence, often even, in his practice, going beyond the limits -prescribed by health. I make the following ex-tract from a letter which -Victor de Laprade[507] wrote me, on the 12th of August 1870: - - "To those who are inclined to doubt the firmness of his Christian - faith, you can tell this detail, which was given me by a Protestant - lady who was for a long time his neighbour and who still lives - in the house in which he died at No. 120, Rue du Bac. Madame - Mohl[508] was very intimate with Madame de Chateaubriand, who did - not go out and saw hardly any one. The wife of that truly great - man used often to lament to her neighbour about the difficulty - which she had to prevent her husband from following with the most - scrupulous strictness the rules for Lent and the other seasons of - fasting and abstinence. Chateaubriand had at that time reached - the age at which the Church dispenses us from fasting, and his - health suffered greatly from these austerities. He practised them, - nevertheless, with his Breton stubbornness, and it needed all his - wife's entreaties to make him give way sometimes. This was not - done for the world nor for the sake of 'posing,' as one would say - nowadays. Madame de Chateaubriand and her confidant were the only - witnesses, and I am perhaps the only one to know of it to-day. Do - you, who are young, keep and hand down this recollection of the - author of the _Génie du Christianisme._ - - "I like indulging in this old man's gossip; but it is only thus - that traditions are preserved. I have known a whole vanished world. - There are hardly any people left who have seen Chateaubriand - close. There are only two of us now at the French Academy who have - seen Madame Récamier's _salon_: M. le Duc de Noailles and myself. - Outside the Academy, I know only Madame Lenormant and Madame Mohl - who have lived in that illustrious intimacy." - - In his conversations, as in his letters, Victor de Laprade loved - to call up before my eyes those vanished days, those figures - now extinguished. He used frequently to describe to me M. de - Chateaubriand's punctual regularity. The great writer used to - arrive at Madame Récamier's every day at half-past two; they took - tea together and spent an hour in private chat. Then the door would - open for visitors; the worthy Ballanche came first; after him, a - wave of more or less numerous, more or less varied, more or less - animated comers and goers, amid whom was the group of persons - accustomed to see one another daily and, as Ballanche said, to - "gravitate towards the centre" of the Abbaye-aux-Bois[509]. - - While the author of _Antigone_ and _Orphèe_, lively, smiling, - often flung some light-hearted jest into the midst of the most - serious conversations and sometimes even tried to point a pun, the - author of _René_ usually stayed till six o'clock, but in an almost - absolute silence. Seated in one of the corners of the chimney, - opposite Madame Récamier, he leant upon his cane, listened to - everything with interest and sometimes replied by means of an - ironical and disheartened question. - - Because he has, in many places in his Memoirs, spoken of the - strength of the democratic current, some have thought themselves - authorized to turn him into a deserter from Royalism, hailing in - the triumph of Democracy the realization of his supreme hopes. - This is just contrary to the truth. That France was going towards - Democracy he saw and proclaimed aloud; but, far from rejoicing in - this new revolution, or looking upon it in the light of a progress - for humanity or a happiness for France, he saw in Democracy the - worst of governments, _omnium deterrimum_, to use Bellarmine's - strong expression. One day, at the Abbaye-aux-Bois, Laprade, - who, at that time, was an ingenuous person, thought he might - confess before the great poet his juvenile faith in the future of - Democracy, of a Christian Democracy which would fulfil all the - promises of the Divine Law-giver. Chateaubriand received these - enthusiastic confidences with his melancholy smile; and then, - after saying that he believed the fall of the Throne of July to - be near at hand and the advent of Democracy to be inevitable, he - began to sketch in broad lines that future society which would be - the offspring of a democracy without religion or ideals. The more - he spoke, the more did the singer of _Psyché_ see his beautiful - illusions fade away. The New Jerusalem of which he had dreamt so - long crumbled to the noise of that great word, as the walls of - Jericho fell to the sound of the trumpet. Instead of the promised - land, a riotous arena, stained with blood by the struggle of - appetites and covetousness; and, at the furthermost point of the - horizon, at the end of the journey, rest in the stupidity of a - semi-Barbarism, of vast pastures in which human herds browzed - on thick grass, with lowered heads, without ever looking at the - sky[510]. - - On the subject of the dangers and disgraces which the democratic - system was preparing for France, he spoke the strongest and most - contemptuous words at every juncture. M. de Marcellus tells us how, - in 1844, on a day when they were taking a little stroll together in - his garden in the Rue du Bac, Chateaubriand said: - - "The stream of the Monarchy disappeared in blood at the end of - the last century. We have been carried away by the currents of - Democracy, and have only a few times halted on the mud of the foul - places. But the torrent will submerge us and it is all up, in - France, with true political liberty and the dignity of man[511]." - -On the 16th of August 1846, driving in the Champ de Mars, he was -trying to alight from his carriage, when his foot slipped and he -broke his collar-bone. This accident marked a new stage in his -physical decay; from that time, he no longer walked. When he came to -the Abbaye-aux-Bois, his footman and Madame Récamier's carried him -from his carriage to the door of the drawing-room; he was then put -into an arm-chair and rolled to the chimney-corner. This happened -in the presence of Madame Récamier only, and the visitors who were -admitted after tea found M. de Chateaubriand settled in his place; -but, when leaving, he had to be moved before the strangers present. -They pretended in vain to notice nothing; it was nevertheless a cruel -torture to the old man that his infirmities should be seen[512]. - -The hour was now near at which death was to close that _salon_ in the -Abbaye-aux-Bois on which the shades of night were already falling: - - Majoresque cadunt celsis de montibus umbræ. - - Madame de Chateaubriand was the first one struck. She softly fell - asleep in the Lord on the 9th of February 1847; Ballanche followed: - on the 12th of June 1847, he expired with the calmness of a sage - and the resignation of a saint, gentle towards death as he had - been towards life. Madame Récamier, who had not left her post by - his death-bed, thanks to the tears which she there shed ended by - compromising [Illustration: The Vicomtesse de Chateaubriand.] - - her sight, which had been growing more and more weak. She was - threatened with complete blindness; it was then that Chateaubriand - offered to consummate his friendship by asking her to share his - name. She refused that honour and, in doing so, was prompted by the - noblest and nicest scruples. - - He was to precede her to the grave[513]. In the month of June 1848, - at the very moment when the cannon of civil war was thundering in - the streets of the capital[514], he took to his bed never to rise - again. He was given the Last Sacraments on the 2nd of July. He - received the Viaticum "not only in full and perfect consciousness, - but also with a profound sense of faith and humility[515]." - - The next day, he dictated the following lines to his nephew: - - "I declare before God that I retract all that my writings may - contain that is contrary to faith, morals and, generally, to the - principles preservative of goodness. - - "PARIS, 3 _July_1848. - - "Signed for my uncle François de Chateaubriand, whose hand was - unable to sign, and in conformity with the wish which he expressed - to me. - - "Geoffroy-Louis de CHATEAUBRIAND." - -When this declaration was written, the dying man made them read it -out to him; next, he insisted on reading it with his own eyes and -then, calmly and with a peaceful mind, the author of the _Génie du -Christianisme_ awaited the hour at which he was to appear before -God. He drew his last breath on Tuesday the 4th of July. Only four -persons were present: his spiritual director, the Abbé Deguerry[516], -Rector of Saint-Eustache; his nephew; a sister of Charity; and Madame -Récamier[517]. - -In a letter to the _Journal des Débats_, the Abbé Deguerry, the future -martyr of the Commune, describes the great writer's last moments in -these words: - - "PARIS, 4 _July_ 1848. - - "SIR, - - "France has lost one of her noblest children. - - "M. de Chateaubriand died this morning at a quarter past eight. We - have gathered his last breath. He drew it in full consciousness. - So beautiful an intellect was bound to prevail over death and to - preserve a visible freedom in its embrace. - - "The death of Madame de Chateaubriand, which happened last year, - struck M. de Chateaubriand so hard that he said to us at the time, - laying his hand upon his breast: - - "'I have this moment felt life struck and withered at its source; - it is now but a question of a few months.' - - "The death of M. Ballanche, which followed only too soon after, was - the last blow for his old and illustrious friend. Since then, M. de - Chateaubriand seemed no longer to be sinking, but rather rushing to - the grave. - - "A few moments before his death, M. de Chateaubriand, who had - received the Last Sacraments on Sunday last, once more pressed his - lips to the cross with the emotion of a lively faith and a firm - confidence. One of the sayings that he repeated most frequently - during his last years was that the social problems that are - harassing the nations to-day can never be resolved without the - Gospel, without the spirit of Christ, whose doctrines and examples - have called down a curse upon selfishness, that canker of all - concord. Wherefore M. de Chateaubriand hailed Christ as the Saviour - of the World from the social point of view and he loved to call Him - his King as well as his God. - - "A priest, a sister of Charity knelt at the foot of M. de - Chateaubriand's bed at the moment of his death. It was amid - prayers and tears of that nature that the author of the _Génie du - Christianisme_ was to deliver his soul into the hands of God. - - "I have the honour to be, etc. - - "DEGUERRY, - - "Rector of Saint-Eustache[518]." - -The Comte de Chambord, on the occasion of this death, wrote the -following letter: - - "Your letter, monsieur, was the first to bring me the news of the - death of M. de Chateaubriand. I had in him a sincere friend, a - faithful counsellor, whose opinions I was happy to receive, whose - generous thoughts I was glad to search, in my exile. For several - months I had grieved at seeing that fine genius approach the end - of his career; this great loss is even more painful to me at the - present moment, when my heart has so much to weep for in the - sorrows of my country. - - "How many misfortunes have I not to deplore! Those terrible - battles which have stained the capital with blood; the death of - so many honourable and distinguished men in the National Guard - and the Army; the martyrdom of the Archbishop of Paris[519]; the - wretchedness of the poor people; the ruin of our manufactures; the - alarms of all France! I pray to God to stay their course. - - "May the spectacle of these calamities and the dread of the evils - that threaten the future not carry away men's minds from the great - principles of justice and public liberty which in these days, more - than ever, the friends of nations and kings ought to defend and - maintain. - - "I renew, monsieur, the assurance of my very sincere and constant - affection. - - "HENRY. - - "15 _July_ 1848." - -On Saturday, the 8th of July, a funeral service was celebrated in the -church of the Foreign Missions, in the Rue du Bac, quite close to the -house of the deceased; the body was next taken down into the vaults -of the chapel, to be removed, from there, to Saint-Malo. The solemn -obsequies took place in that town on the 18th of July. The Mass was -celebrated by the Rector of Combourg. At the Elevation, by a touching -inspiration, the musicians played the melody to which Chateaubriand -wrote his well-known lines: - - Combien j'ai douce souvenance - Du joli lieu de ma naissance[520]! - -After the Mass, the funeral procession took its way between the -ramparts and the sea towards the isle of the Grand-Bé. Two long rows -of surpliced priests wound along the beach. The flags of the national -guards who had come from the different towns of Brittany waved in -the wind; the helmets gleamed in the sun. The cannon thundered at -intervals. An innumerable crowd covered the ramparts of Saint-Malo, -which rise so formidably above the perpendicular rocks and the sea. -All the reefs, all the rocks bore human figures; boats dressed with -mourning flags were laden with spectators. At the foot of the Grand-Bé, -the coffin was shouldered by sailors and carried to the top, in the -midst of a squall that resembled a storm: a last caress which the Ocean -gave him who so much loved the noise of the waves and the winds. Then, -suddenly, there was a great calm, and the coffin was solemnly laid on -the rock which is to guard it for ever. The last prayers of the Church -were recited by the Rector of Saint-Malo and holy water sprinkled on -the bier. - -Brittany and Religion gave the author of the _Génie du Christianisme_ -a magnificent funeral. For half a century, he has slept, beside the -waves, in his granite sepulchre, under a stone surrounded by a little -Gothic iron railing and surmounted by a cross. For the rest, no -inscription, no name, no date. He had asked that this might be so, in -his letter of 1831 to the Mayor of Saint-Malo: - - "The cross," he wrote, "will tell that the man resting at its feet - was a Christian; that will be enough for my memory." - - - - -APPENDIX IV - - -THE TRANSLATOR'S SECOND NOTE - - -When, eighteen months ago, I wrote my Note to the first volume of this -version of the _Mémoires d'Outre-tombe_, I neglected to add to my list -of omissions from the original work three several items which I have -since felt justified in disregarding. My neglect must be ascribed to -the fact that, at that time, the last volume of M. Biré's edition was -not yet in my hands; and that these three items form the _Supplément à -mes Mémoires_ which occurs at the end of the work and which had escaped -my notice. The reader should, therefore, understand that, to the list -of omissions on pages XV and XVI of Vol. I., must be added: - -6. Chateaubriand's Life of his sister Julie de Chateaubriand, Comtesse -de Farcy. This is extracted, for the most part, from the Abbé Carron's -_Vie des justes dans les plus hauts rangs de la Société_ and in no way -affects the interest of the Memoirs. - -7. A very long letter addressed by the Comte de La Ferronnays, French -Minister to Russia, to the Vicomte de Chateaubriand, Foreign Secretary, -on the 14th of May 1824 and treating of contemporary politics. - -8. The Genealogy of the Family of Chateaubriand, which fills 122 pages -of the first edition and is not of sufficient general interest to be -included in this translation. I can, however, refer the curious to the -very full account of the Chateaubriand Family in M. René Kerviler's -_Essai d'une bio-bibliographie de Chateaubriand et de sa famille_ -(Vannes: 1895). - - -M. Louis Cahen, of Paris, who read and collated the greater part of -the proofs of the first two volumes, died before those volumes were -published and before he could read the tribute which I paid to his -kindness. He was a man of leisure and of great intelligence, and he -made it a labour of love to compare the two versions sentence for -sentence and line for line. I wish also gratefully to acknowledge the -assistance which I have received in the translation of many technical -expressions from Mr. Oswald Barron, of the Society of Antiquaries; -from Mr. W. B. Campbell and Mr. C. H. Swanton of the English Bar; from -Mr. Edgar Jepson, the author of many delightful novels; from Mr. F. -Norreys Connell, who is as able a military expert as he is a diverting -story-writer; from "Snaffle," most accurate of sporting writers; and -from more than one of the Jesuit Fathers at Farm street. But I have not -consulted these gentlemen invariables; and, if any mistakes are found -to occur, those mistakes are mine, not theirs. - -No book of reference that I have consulted has been of such constant -daily use to me as the _Century Cyclopædia of Names_, published in -this country by Mr. Unwin; this and my old Bouillet have reduced my -necessary visits to the British Museum to not more than two a month -during the two years and a half for which I have been engaged on -the translation. At the Museum, over and above the splendid French -biographical dictionaries and the ever-ready Larousse, I have found -the _Dictionary of National Biography_ of some service; but it did not -tell me who "Master Bernard" was, the "blind poet," to whom Henry VII. -gave "100 shillings" (_cf._ Vol. V, p. 351). This disappointed me; but -the dictionary sets no great store by the national poets: it has no -biography of Ernest Dowson. In the matter of the European journeys I -have found no gazetteer published so useful as Baedeker's admirable -Guides, which are always accurate and have not that bad modern fault of -too great conciseness which distinguishes so many of their rivals. - -* - -The reviewers of the first four volumes have done more than write -universally favourable notices: not only have they appraised at its -true worth what is, perhaps, the greatest prose work of, certainly, -the greatest prose writer of nineteenth-century France; but they have -spoken of the translation in generous terms of praise which I cannot -feel that I have deserved. But I thank them for their kindness and I -only wish that I could have earned it by devoting as long a time to the -translating of these Memoirs as Chateaubriand did to the writing of -them. That would have been thirty years: but I should have known scarce -a dull moment. - -A. T. DE M. - -CHELSEA, _June_ 1902. - - -[456] September 1833.--T. - -[457] Antoine Louis Marie Hennequin (1786-1840) was a distinguished -member of the Paris Bar, who had made a great name for himself in -political cases and invariably placed his talent at the disposal of -the distressed Royalists. In 1830, he defended Peyronnet in his trial -before the Chamber of Peers and, in 1832, assisted the Duchesse de -Berry after her arrest.--T. - -[458] Vittorio Fossombroni (1754-1844), Foreign Minister and Premier to -the Grand-duke Ferdinand. He continued in office until his death at the -advanced age of ninety years.--T. - -[459] In the spring of 1832, when the cholera was raging most fiercely, -the Duc de Noailles was introduced to Madame Récamier. He was at -once adopted by her and M. de Chateaubriand. The latter prized very -highly the judgment and political feeling, the reason and the upright -character of the young peer of France, who had just made a brilliant -first speech in the tribune of the Upper House, and who, seventeen -years later, was to become his successor in the French Academy. In the -month of September 1836, Chateaubriand went to spend a few days with -M. de Noailles at the Château de Maintenon, and he wrote a chapter -which he intended to form part of his Memoirs. This chapter, however, -was not inserted there; the manuscript was given by the author to -Madame Récamier. Madame Lenormant has published it in Vol. II. of her -_Souvenirs et correspondence tirés des papiers de Madame Récamier_, -pp. 453 _et seq._, and it is reprinted here as forming a natural and -essential complement of the Memoirs.--B. - -[460] I omit four lines of verse.--T. - -[461] Bianca Capello, Grand-duchess of Tuscany (_circa_ 1548-1587), was -originally an Italian adventuress, the mistress of Francis de' Medici, -Grand-duke of Tuscany, whom she married, in 1578, when he became a -widower. She was recognised as Grand-duchess in 1579. - -[462] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 120, n. 2.--T. - -[463] _Cf._ Marot: _La Cimetière_; VIII.: _De Messire Jean Cotereau, -chevalier, seigneur de Maintenon_; IX.: _De luy mesmes_; and X.: _De -luy encores._--T. - -[464] Mademoiselle d'Aubigné, Madame de Maintenon's niece and adopted -daughter, married the Duc de Noailles in 1698.--T. - -[465] Adrien Maurice Maréchal Duc de Noailles (1678-1766), after -distinguishing himself in the Spanish War of Succession, was created -a grandee of Spain by Philip V. (1712) and a duke and peer of France -by Louis XIV, became President of the Board of Finance under the -Regency (1715) and did much to avert the disasters consequent upon -John Law's "System." He returned to military service in 1733, won -his marshal s baton at the Siege of Philippsburg and forced the the -Germans to evacuate Worms in 1734. In 1743 he was defeated by George -II. at Dettingen. In 1745, he was sent to Spain as Ambassador and, -later, became a member of the Home Administration. The Maréchal Duc de -Noailles is the ancestor of the two present branches of the Noailles -family, the Ducs de Noailles and the Ducs de Mouchy, Princes de -Poix.--T. - -[466] The Aqueduct of Segovia, presumed to be of the time of Trajan, -forms a great bridge, 937 feet long, and consisting of 320 arches in -two tiers. The tallest arches, in the middle of the lower tier, are 102 -feet high. It is built of large blocks of arches, somewhat rounded at -the edges and assembled without cement.--T. - -[467] _Cf._ COMTESSE DE LA FAYETTE: _Mémoires de la cour de France pour -les années 1688 et 1689_; the opening pages: - - "France was in a condition of perfect tranquillity; no arms were - known other than the implements necessary for removing the earth - and building. The troops were employed for these purposes, not - only with the intention of the Ancient Romans, which was only to - take them out of a state of idleness as injurious to themselves as - excessive work would be. But the object was also to make the River - Eure flow against its will, to make the fountains of Versailles - play continuously. They employed the troops on this prodigious - plan, so as to advance the King's pleasures by a few years, and - they did so at less expense and in less time than they had dared - hope. - - "The quantity of sickness always caused by earth-work rendered the - troops in camp at Maintenon, where the chief part of the work lay, - incapable of performing any service. But this drawback did not seem - worthy of any attention in the midst of the tranquillity which we - were enjoying."--T. - - -[468] Nicolas Pradon (1632-1698), a tragic poet who has left a -reputation as a ridiculous, vain and jealous author. Nevertheless, -he achieved some success in his day and, when Racine produced his -_Phèdre_, his envious rivals brought out Pradon's tragedy of the same -name in opposition to the great poet's masterpiece (1677). A few days -sufficed to restore the two plays to their relative places in the -judgment of the public. Besides several other tragedies, Pradon wrote -a comedy directed against Racine and entitled the _Jugement d'Apollon -sur Phèdre_ and a pamphlet against Boileau entitled the _Triomphe de -Pradon_ (1684).--T. - -[469] I omit ten lines quoted from Racine.--T. - -[470] Charles d'Aubigné (1634-1703) answered his sister with a -blasphemous phrase. He married, in 1678, Mademoiselle Geneviève Piètre -and was the father of the Mademoiselle d'Aubigné who married the -Duc de Noailles in 1698, receiving the estates of Maintenon as her -marriage-portion.--T. - -[471] Constant d'Aubigné (_d. circa_ 1645), second son of Théodore -Agrippa d'Aubigné, the Calvinist favourite of Henry IV.--T. - -[472] Paul Scarron (1610-1660), the burlesque author, married -Mademoiselle d'Aubigné in 1652, when she was only seventeen years of -age. Louis XIV. gave her the domain of Maintenon in 1674 and erected it -into a marquisate for her.--T. - -[473] The reproach which M. de Chateaubriand, following the example of -so many others, here levels against Madame de Maintenon has ceased to -bear upon the memory of that illustrious woman since the publication -of the Marquis de Dangeau's _Relation de la dernière maladie de Louis -XIV.--Note by Madame Lenormant._ - -[474] Louis Dauphin of France (1661-1711), known as the Great -Dauphin, and Louis Duc de Bourgogne (1682-1712), his son, who became -Dauphin, for one year, on his father's death, predeceased Louis XIV., -their father and grandfather, who was succeeded, in 1715, by his -great-grandson, Louis XV.--T. - -[475] André Le Nôtre (1613-1700), the great French architect and -landscape-gardener, designed not only the gardens at Versailles and -most of the other French royal palaces, but laid out Kensington -Gardens, St. James's Park and Greenwich Park in England and a number of -the most celebrated gardens in Rome. Louis XIV. granted him letters of -nobility in 1675.--T. - -[476] Olivier de Serres (1539-1619), known in France as the "Father -of Agriculture," was summoned to Paris by Henry IV. and introduced -various improvements into the royal domains. _Inter alia_, he imported -the silk-industry into France and planted fifteen thousand white -mulberry-trees in the Tuileries Gardens.--T. - -[477] Louis XV. used part of the materials of the Maintenon Aqueduct -to construct a _château_ for Madame de Pompadour, which has since been -demolished.--T. - -[478] Paul Duc de Noailles (1802-1885) took his scat in the Upper House -in 1827. In 1830, he took the oath to Louis-Philippe, but employed all -his oratorical power in favour of the alleviation of the laws against -the exiled Bourbons of the Elder Branch and kindred subjects. He -retired into private life after the Revolution of 1848. In 1849, he was -elected to the French Academy on the strength of some historical works -of no particular merit and of not the slightest originality. The Duc de -Noailles was Ambassador to St. Petersburg for two or three months from -May to July 1871.--T. - -[479] Langhome's PLUTARCH: _Julius Cæsar._--T. - -[480] Mademoiselle de Beauvilliers Saint-Aignan, later Princesse de -Chalais-Périgord (_vide infra_, p. 245).--T. - -[481] The distance from Rambouillet to Maintenon is about 13 miles.--T. - -[482] Alice de Rochechouart-Mortemart, Duchesse de Noailles -(1800-1887), married to the Duc de Noailles in 1823.--T. - -[483] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 153.--T. - -[484] Paul Duc de Beauvilliers (1648-1714), a soldier and statesman -of austere virtue, was, in 1685, appointed President of the Board of -Finance and governor to the Duc de Bourgogne, Louis XIV.'s grandson, -and his brothers, the Duc d'Anjou, afterwards Philip V. King of Spain, -and Charles Duc de Berry. Beauvilliers took Fénelon to assist him and -the two became very firm friends. He survived the death of the Duc de -Bourgogne by only two years.--T. - -[485] _Cf._ Vol. II., pp. 71-72. The "books" are numbered differently -in the original edition of the Memoirs.--T. - -[486] I omit five lines of verse from La Fontaine on Madame de -Montespan.--T. - -[487] Madame de Montespan was a Mademoiselle de Rochechouart de -Mortemart (_Cf._ Vol. I., p. 103, n. 1).-T. - -[488] Jacques Duc de FitzJames (1799-1846).--T. - -[489] François Christophe Edmond Kellermann, Duc de Valmy (1802-1868), -grandson of Marshal Kellermann, first Duc de Valmy, shortly after the -Revolution of July became a fervent Legitimist. He resigned his seat -in the Chamber of Deputies, after his visit to Belgrave Square, and -was re-elected; but he retired from political life entirely in 1846. -Like the Duc de Noailles and the other Legitimists, Valmy was opposed -to Louis-Philippe's English Alliance and would have preferred an -alliance with Russia. Those who have read the Memoirs carefully will -entertain little doubt that these were also the views of Chateaubriand -himself.--T. - -[490] Armand Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé (1626-1700), the great -reformer of the Trappist Order. Chateaubriand's Life of Rancé appeared -in 1844.--T. - -[491] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 189 and Vol. II., p. 72.--T. - -[492] _Cf._ Vol. IV., Book IX.-T. - -[493] _Cf._ Vol. II., pp. 86 _et seq._--T. - -[494] _Cf._ Vol. I., p. 187.--T. - -[495] _Ibid._ pp. 188-189.--T. - -[496] _Cf._ Vol. II., p. 69.--T. - -[497] I find that Anne Louise de Chateaubriand, eldest daughter of -Geoffroy Louis Comte de Chateaubriand, became Baronne de Baudry (not -Baulny).--T. - -[498] Later Charles III. Duke of Parma (1823-1854), assassinated on the -27th of March 1854, father to the present Duke. (_Cf._ Vol. IV., p. -224, n. 2.)--T. - -[499] _Cf._ Vol. V., p. 364.--T. - -[500] Marie Anne Françoise de Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Marigny -(1760-1860), who lived to the age of over a hundred years (_Cf._ Vol. -I., _passim_).--T. - -[501] LACOMBE: _Vie de Berryer_, VOL. II., P. 401.--B. - -[502] By the Abbé Georges Bertram, professor of the Catholic Institute -of Paris (Paris: 1899; one vol. 8vo).--B. - -[503] _Mémoires et souvenirs du baron Hyde de Neuville_, VOL. III., P. -579.--B. - -[504] Théodore Simon Jouffroy (1796-1842), a noted philosophical -writer, a professor at several institutions and librarian of the -University of Paris from 1838. He translated Dugal Stewart's _Outlines -of Moral Philosophy_ (1826) and the Complete Works of Thomas Reid -(1824-1836) and wrote a _Cours de droit naturel_ (1834-1842), a _Cours -d'esthétique_ (posthumous: 1843), _Mélanges philosophiques_ (1833) and -_Nouveaux mélanges_ (published after his death).-T. - -[505] Pierre Benjamin Lafaye (1808-1867), a distinguished philologist, -was appointed professor of philosophy at the Royal College of -Marseilles in 1837 and, in 1849, was transferred to Aix. In 1858, he -published his _Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue française_, the -finest work of this class that exists in any language.--T. - -[506] Étienne Gaston Baron de Flotte (1805-1882), a poet and man of -letters of some merit and an ardent Catholic and Legitimist.--T. - -[507] Pierre Marin Victor Richard de Laprade (1812-1885) had published -_Parfums de Madeleine_ (1839), the _Colère de Jésus_ (1840), _Psyché_, -(1841) and _Odes et poèmes_ (1844) before the date of Chateaubriand's -death. None of his poems were of great value; but he was elected to the -French Academy in 1858. He sat as a silent member (of the Right) of the -National Assembly from 1871 to 1873.--T. - -[508] Madame Mohl was the wife of Julius von Mohl (1800-1876), the -German-French Orientalist, who had been appointed Professor of Persian -to the Collège de France in 1845.--T. - -We read in Vol. II., p. 564, of the _Souvenirs et correspondance de -Madame Récamier_: - - "An amiable, witty and kind-hearted Englishwoman, Madame Mohl, - lived on the floor above, in the same house and on the same - stair-case as M. de Chateaubriand."--B. - - -[509] MADAME LENORMANT: _Souvenirs et correspondance tirés des papiers -de Madame Récamier_, Vol. II., p. 543.--B. - -[510] _Cf._ Victor de Laprade's article, _Académie de Lyon. Concours -pour l'éloge de Madame Récamier_, in the _Revue de Lyon_ for 1849, Vol. -I., p. 65.--B. - -[511] _Chataubriand et son temps_, p. 290.--B. - -[512] _Souvenirs et correspondance de Madame Récamier_, Vol. II., p. -554.--B. - -[513] Madame Récamier died on the 11th of May 1849, in the -seventy-third year of her age.--T. - -[514] "It was in the midst of the Days of June that the death occurred -of a man who, perhaps, of all men of our day best preserved the spirit -of the old races: M. de Chateaubriand, with whom I was connected by so -many family ties and childish recollections. He had long since fallen -into a sort of speechless stupor, which made one sometimes believe -that his intelligence was extinguished. Nevertheless, while in this -condition, he heard a rumour of the Revolution of February and desired -to be told what was happening. They informed him that Louis-Philippe's -Government had been overthrown. He said, 'Well done!' and nothing more. -Four months later, the din of the Days of June reached his ears, and -again he asked what that noise was. They answered that people were -fighting in Paris, and that it was the sound of cannon. Thereupon he -made vain efforts to rise, saying, 'I want to go to it,' and was then -silent, this time for ever; for he died the next day." (_Recollections -of Alexis de Tocqueville_, p. 230).--T. - -[515] _Souvenirs et correspondance de Madame Récamier_, Vol. II., p. -563.--B. - -[516] Abbé Gaspard Deguerry (1797-1871), Rector of Saint-Eustache from -1845 to 1849 and of the Madeleine to his death, in 1871, when he was -shot as a hostage under the Commune. A monument has since been erected -to the Abbé Deguerry in the crypt of the Madeleine.--T. - -[517] It has often been said that Béranger was present at the death; -but this is not so.--B. - -[518] _Journal des Débats_, 5 July 1848.--B. - -[519] Denis Auguste Affre (1793-1848), Archbishop of Paris, was -appointed Co-adjutor of Strasburg, in 1839, and Archbishop of Paris, in -succession to Monseigneur de Quélen, in 1840. He was mortally wounded -during the Insurrection of 1848, while admonishing the insurgents, at -the barricades in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, on the 25th of June. -Monseigneur Affre died two days later, repeating Christ's words: - - "The good shepherd giveth his life for his sheep.--T." - - -[520] - -"I know no sweeter place on earth -Than the fair spot that gave me birth!"--T. - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicom -e de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassad, by François René Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - -***** This file should be named 55124-0.txt or 55124-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/2/55124/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez and Marc D'Hooghe at -Free Literature (online soon in an extended version, also -linking to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/55124-0.zip b/old/55124-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 693ee69..0000000 --- a/old/55124-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h.zip b/old/55124-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2cdbbcd..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h/55124-h.htm b/old/55124-h/55124-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index c669349..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/55124-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21872 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Memoirs of François René de Vicomte de Chateaubriand volume 6 (of 6), by François René de Chateaubriand. - </title> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%} -hr.full {width: 95%;} - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} -hr.r65 {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em;} - - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - - .tdl {text-align: left;} - .tdr {text-align: right;} - .tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - -.linenum { - position: absolute; - left: 80%; - text-align: right; -} /* content number */ - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -a:link {color: #000099; text-decoration: underline; } - -v:link {color: #000099; text-decoration: underline; } - -.sidenote { - width: 12%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; - padding-right: .5em; - margin-right: 1em; - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-top: 1em; - font-size: smaller; - color: black; - background: #eeeeee; - border: dashed 1px; -} - -.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} - -.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} - -.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} - -.br {border-right: solid 2px;} - -.bbox {border: solid 2px;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - -.caption {font-family: arial; - font-size: 0.8em; - text-align: center; -} - -/* Images */ -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: - 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de -Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to Engl, by François René Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassador to England. Volume 6 (of 6) - Mémoires d'outre-tombe - -Author: François René Chateaubriand - Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -Release Date: July 16, 2017 [EBook #55124] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - - - - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez and Marc D'Hooghe at -Free Literature (online soon in an extended version, also -linking to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -</div> -<h1>THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ</h1> - -<h1>VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND</h1> - -<h3>SOMETIME AMBASSADOR TO ENGLAND</h3> - -<h4>BEING A TRANSLATION BY ALEXANDER TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS<br /> -OF THE MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS<br /> -FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. In 6 Volumes. Vol. V</h4> - -<h4> -"NOTRE SANG A TEINT<br /> -LA BANNIÈRE DE FRANCE"<br /> -</h4> - -<h5>LONDON: PUBLISHED BY FREEMANTLE -AND CO. AT 217 PICCADILLY MDCCCCII</h5> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<a id="chat06001"></a> -<img src="images/chat06_001.jpg" width="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Chateaubriand's tomb.</p> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h5>CONTENTS</h5> - - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">VOLUME VI</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">BOOK V <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_3">3</a>-<a href="#Page_40">40</a></span></p> - -<p>Journal from Carlsbad to Paris—Cynthia—Eger—Wallenstein—Weissenstadt -—Berneck—Memories—Bayreuth—Voltaire—Hollfeld—The -church—The little girl with the basket—The inn-keeper and his -maid-servant—Bamberg—The female hunchback—Würzburg: its canons—A -drunkard—The swallow—The inn at Wiesenbach—A German and his wife—My -age and appearance—Heidelberg—Pilgrims—Ruins—Mannheim—The -Rhine—-The Palatinate—Aristocratic and plebeian armies—Convent -and castle—A lonely inn—Kaiserslautern—Saarbrück—Metz—Charles -X.'s Council in France—Ideas on Henry V.—My letter to Madame la -Dauphine—Letters from Madame la Duchesse de Berry</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">BOOK VI <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_41">41</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a></span></p> - -<p>Journal from Paris to Venice—The Jura—The Alps—Milan—Verona—The -roll-call of the dead—The Brenta—Incidental remarks—Venice—Venetian -architecture—Antonio—The Abbé Betio and M. Gamba—The rooms in the -Palace of the Doges—Prisons—Silvio Pellico's prison—The Frari—The -Academy of Fine Arts—Titian's <i>Assumption</i>—The metopes of the -Parthenon—Original drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo and -Raphael—The Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo—The Arsenal—Henry -IV.—A frigate leaving for America—The Cemetery of San Cristoforo—San -Michele di Murano—Murano—The woman and the child—Gondoliers—Bretons -and Venetians—Breakfast on the Riva degli Schiavoni—The tomb of -Mesdames at Trieste—Rousseau and Byron—Great geniuses inspired by -Venice—Old and new courtezans—Rousseau and Byron compared</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">BOOK VII <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_118">118</a></span></p> - -<p>Arrival of Madame de Bauffremont in Venice—Catajo—The Duke of -Modena—Petrarch's Tomb at Arqua—The land of poets—Tasso—Arrival -of Madame la Duchesse de Berry—Mademoiselle Lebeschu—Count -Lucchesi-Palli—Discussion—Dinner—Bugeaud the gaoler—Madame de -Saint-Priest, M. de Saint-Priest—Madame de Podenas—Our band—I -refuse to go to Prague—I yield at a word—Padua—Tombs—Zanze's -manuscript—Unexpected news—The Governor of the Lombardo-Venetian -Kingdom—Letters from Madame to Charles X. and Henry V.—M. de -Montbel—My note to the Governor—I set out for Prague</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">BOOK VIII <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a></span></p> - -<p>Journal from Padua to Prague, from the 20th to the 26th of -September 1833—Conegliano—The translator of the <i>Dernier -Abencerrage</i>—Udine—Countess Samoyloff—M. de La Ferronays—A -priest—Carinthia—The Drave—A peasant lad—Forges—Breakfast -at the hamlet of St. Michael—The neck of the Tauern—A -cemetery—Atala: how changed—A sunrise—Salzburg—A military -review—Happiness of the peasants—Woknabrück—Reminiscences of -Plancoët—Night—German and Italian towns contrasted—Linx—The -Danube—Waldmünchen—Woods—Recollections of Combourg -and Lucile—Travellers—Prague—Madame de Gontaut—The -young Frenchmen—Madame la Dauphine—An excursion to -Butschirad—Butschirad—Charles X. asleep—Henry V.—Reception -of the young men—The ladder and the peasant-woman—Dinner at -Butschirad—Madame de Narbonne—Henry V.—A rubber—Charles X.—My -incredulity touching the declaration of majority—The newspapers—Scene -of the young men—Prague—I leave for France—I pass by Butschirad -at night—A meeting at Schlau—Carlsbad empty—Hollfeld—Bamberg—My -different St. Francis' Days—Trials of religion—France</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">BOOK IX <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_198">198</a></span></p> - -<p>General politics of the moment—Louis-Philippe—M. Thiers—M. de La -Fayette—Armand Carrel—Of some women: the lady from Louisiana—Madame -Tastu—Madame Sand—M. de Talleyrand—Death of Charles X.</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">BOOK X <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_199">199</a>-<a href="#Page_225">225</a></span></p> - -<p>Conclusion—Historical antecedents from the Regency to 1793—The -Past—The old European order expiring—Inequality of fortunes—Danger -of the expansion of intellectual nature and material nature—The -downfall of the monarchies—The decline of society and the progress of -the individual—The future—The difficulty of understanding it—The -Christian idea is the future of the world—Recapitulation of my -life—Summary of the changes that have happened on the globe during my -life—End of the <i>Mémoires d'Outre-tombe</i></p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;">APPENDICES</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"> -I. THE MORGANATIC MARRIAGE OF THE DUCHESSE DE BERRY <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> -II. UNPUBLISHED FRAGMENTS OF THE <i>MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE</i> <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> -III. THE LAST YEARS OF CHATEAUBRIAND <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></span><br /> -IV. THE TRANSLATOR'S SECOND NOTE <span class="linenum"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></span><br /> -</p> - -<p class="center" style="font-size: 0.8em;"><a href="#INDEX_OF_PERSONS_MENTIONED_IN_THE_SIX_VOLUMES">INDEX</a></p> - -<hr /> - -<h5>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h5> - -<h5>VOL. VI</h5> - -<p style="margin-left: 30%;"> -<a href="#chat06001">Chateaubriand's Tomb</a><br /> -<a href="#chat06002">The Duchesse de Berry</a><br /> -<a href="#chat06003">The Duc and Duchesse d'angoulême</a><br /> -<a href="#chat06004">Louis Philippe</a><br /> -<a href="#chat06005">Adolphe Thiers</a><br /> -<a href="#chat06006">The Vicomtesse de Chateaubriand</a><br /> -</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h3>THE MEMOIRS OF CHATEAUBRIAND</h3> - -<h5>VOLUME VI<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h5> - - -<hr /> - -<h4><a name="BOOK_V" id="BOOK_V">BOOK V</a></h4> - - -<p>Journal from Carlsbad to -Paris—Cynthia—Eger—Wallenstein—Weisaenstadt—Berneck—Memories -—Bayreuth—Voltaire—Hollfeld—The church—The little girl with -the basket—The inn-keeper and his maid-servant—Bamberg—The -female hunchback—Würzburg: its canons—A drunkard—The -swallow—The inn at Wiesenbach—A German and his wife—My age and -appearance—Heidelberg—Pilgrims—Ruins—Mannheim—The Rhine—The -Palatinate—Aristocratic and plebeian armies—Convent and castle—A -lonely inn—Kaiserslautern—Saarbrück—Metz—Charles X.'s Council in -France—Ideas on Henry V.—My letter to Madame la Dauphine—Letters -from Madame la Duchesse de Berry.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">1 <i>June</i> 1833, <i>evening.</i></p> - -<p>The journey from Carlsbad to Elbogen, along the Eger, is pleasant. The -castle of this little town is of the twelfth century and keeps sentry -on a rock, at the entrance to the gorge of a valley. The foot of the -rock, covered with trees, is contained within a bend of the Eger: hence -the name of the town and the castle, Elbogen, the Elbow.</p> - -<p>The donjon was red with the last rays of the sun when I saw it from the -high-road. Above the mountains and woods hung the twisted column of -smoke of a foundry.</p> - -<p>I started at half-past nine from the Zwoda stage. I followed the road -along which Vauvenargues passed in the retreat from Prague, the young -man to whom Voltaire, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> the <i>Éloge funèbre des officiers morts en -1741</i>, addresses these words:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -"Thou art no more, O sweet hope of my remaining days;<br /> -I have always beheld in thee the most unfortunate of men<br /> -and the most tranquil."<br /> -</p> - -<p>From inside my calash, I watched the stars rise.</p> - -<p>Be not afraid, Cynthia,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> it is but the whispering of the reeds bent -by our passage through their mobile forest. I have a dagger for jealous -men and blood for thee. Let not this tomb cause thee any alarm; it is -that of a woman once loved like thyself: Cecilia Metella lay here.</p> - -<p>How wonderful is this night in the Roman Campagna! The moon rises -behind the Sabine Hill to contemplate the sea; she causes to stand -forth from the diaphanous darkness the ashen-blue summits of Albano, -the more distant, less deeply-graven lines of Soracte. The long canal -of the old aqueducts lets fall a few globules of its waters through the -mosses, columbines, gilliflowers, and joins the mountains to the city -walls. Planted one above the other, the aerial porticoes, cutting into -the sky, turn in mid-air the torrent of the ages and the course of the -brooks. The legislatrix of the world, Rome, seated on the stone of her -sepulchre, with her robe of centuries, projects the irregular outline -of her tall figure into the milky solitude.</p> - -<p>Let us sit down: this pine-tree, like the goat-herd of the Abruzzi, -unfolds its parasol among ruins. The moon showers her snowy light upon -the Gothic crown of the tower of Metella's tomb and on the festoons of -marble that link the horns of the bucrania: a graceful pomp inviting us -to enjoy life, which speeds so soon.</p> - -<p>Hark! The nymph Egeria is singing beside her fountain; the nightingale -warbles in the vine of the Hypogeum of the Scipios; the languid Syrian -breeze indolently wafts to us the fragrance of the wild tuberoses. The -palm-tree of the abandoned villa waves half-drowned in the amethyst and -azure of the Phosbean light. But thou, made pale by the reflections of -Diana's purity, thou, O Cynthia, art a thousand times more graceful -than that palm-tree. The shades of Delia, Lalage, Lydia, Lesbia, -resting on broken cornices, stammer mysterious words around thee.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> Thy -glances cross those of the stars and mingle with their rays.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">To Cynthia.</div> - -<p>But, Cynthia, nothing is real except the happiness which thou canst -enjoy. Those constellations which shine so brightly on thy head -harmonize with thy bliss only through the illusions of a beguiling -perspective. O young and fair Italian, time is ending! On those flowery -carpets thy companions have already passed.</p> - -<p>A mist unfolds itself, rises and veils the eye of the night with a -silvery retina; the pelican cries and returns to the strand; the -woodcock alights in the horse-tails of the diamond-studded springs; -the bell resounds under the dome of St. Peter's; the nocturnal -plain-chant, the voice of the middle-ages, saddens the lonely monastery -of Santa-Croce; the monk chants Lauds upon his knees, on the calcined -columns of San Paolo; vestals prostrate themselves on the icy slab that -closes their crypts; the <i>pifferaro</i> pipes his midnight lament before -the solitary Madonna, at the condemned gate of a catacomb. 'Tis the -hour of melancholy; religion awakens and love falls asleep!</p> - -<p>Cynthia, thy voice is weakening: the refrain which the Neapolitan -fisherman taught thee in his swift-sailing bark, or the Venetian -oarsman in his gondola, dies away on thy lips. Yield to the exhaustion -of thy sleep; I will watch over thy repose. The darkness with which thy -lids cover thy eyes vies in suavity with that which drowsy, perfumed -Italy pours over thy brow. When the neighing of our horses is heard in -the Campagna, when the morning-star proclaims the dawn, the herd of -Frascati will come down with his goats and I shall not cease to soothe -thee with my whispered lullaby:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"A bundle of jasmin and narcissus, an alabaster Hebe but lately -emerging from the hollow way of an excavation, or fallen from the -frontal of a temple, lies on this bed of anemones: no, Muse, you -err. The jasmin, the alabaster Hebe is a Roman sorceress, born -sixteen months ago of May and the half of a spring, to the sound of -the lyre, at the rise of dawn, in a field of roses of Pæstum.</p> - -<p>"Winds from the orange-trees of Palermo that blow over Circe's -isle; breezes that pass to Tasso's tomb, that caress the nymphs -and Cupids of the Farnese; you that play in the Vatican among -Raphael's Virgins, among the statues of the Muses; you that dip -your wings in the cascades of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> Tivoli; genii of the arts that live -on master-pieces and flutter with the memories, come: you alone do -I permit to inspire Cynthia's sleep.</p> - -<p>"And you, majestic daughters of Pythagoras, Fates in your robes -of flax, inevitable sisters seated at the axle of the spheres, -turn the thread of Cynthia's destiny over golden spindles; make it -fall from your fingers and rise again to your hands with ineffable -harmony; immortal spinsters, open the gate of ivory to those dreams -which lie on a woman's breast without oppressing it! I will sing -thee, O canephor of the Roman solemnities, young Charite fed on -ambrosia in Venus' lap, smile sent from the East to glide over my -life, violet forgotten in Horace' garden...."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>"Mein Herr, ten kreutzers vor de durnbike!"</p> - -<p>A plague upon you with your "crutches!" I had changed my sky! I was -just in the right mood! The Muse will not return! That accursed Eger, -to which we are coming, is the cause of my unhappiness.</p> - -<p>The nights are fatal at Eger. Schiller shows us Wallenstein, betrayed -by his accomplices, going to the window of a room in the fortress of -Eger:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Am Himmel ist geschäftige Bewegung,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Des Thurmes Fahne jagt der Wind, schnell geht</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Der Wolken Zug, die Mondeszichel wankt,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Und durch die Nacht zucht ungewisse Helle<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Wallenstein, on the point of being assassinated, expresses himself in -touching terms on the death of Max Piccolomini<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, beloved by Thekla<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Die Blume ist hinweg aus meinem Leben</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Denn er stand neben mir, wie meine Jugend,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Er machte mir das Wirkliche zum Traum<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Wallenstein retires to his place of rest:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Sieh, es ist Nacht geworden; auf dem Schloss</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ist's auch schon stille. Leucine, Kämmerling!</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ich denke einen langen Schlaf zu thun;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Denn dieser letzten Tage Qual war gross.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Sorgt, dass sie nicht zu zeitig mir erwecken<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The dagger of the murderers snatches Wallenstein from his dreams of -ambition, even as the voice of the turnpike-man put an end to my -dream of love. Both Schiller and Benjamin Constant, who gave proof of -a new talent by imitating the German tragic poet, have gone to join -Wallenstein, while I, at the gates of Eger, recall their treble fame.</p> - -<div class="sidenote" style="margin-top: 3em;">Bavaria.</div> - -<p style="text-align: right;">2 <i>June</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>I passed through Eger and, on Saturday the 1st of June, at day-break, -entered Bavaria: a tall red-haired girl, bare-foot and bare-headed, -came to open the turnpike to me, like Austria in person. The cold -lasted: the grass in the moats was covered with a white hoar-frost; wet -foxes came out of the oat-fields; grey, zig-zag, wide-spreading clouds -hung across in the sky like eagles' wings.</p> - -<p>I arrived at Weissenstadt at nine o'clock in the morning; at the same -moment, a sort of gig was carrying away a young woman driving without a -hat; she looked very much like what she probably was: joy, love's short -fortune, then the hospital and the common grave. Strolling pleasure, -may Heaven not be too severe on your boards! There are so many actors -worse than yourself in this world!</p> - -<p>Before entering the village, I passed through "<i>wastes</i>:" this word -was at the point of my pencil; it belonged to our old Frankish tongue: -it describes the aspect of a desolate country better than the word -"<i>lande</i>," which means earth. I still know the song which they used to -sing in the evening when crossing the waste-lands:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">C'est le chevalier des Landes:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Malheureux chevalier!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Quand il fut dans la lande,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">A ouï les sings sonner<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>After Weissenstadt comes Berneck. On leaving Berneck, the road is lined -with poplar-trees, whose winding avenue filled me with an indescribable -sentiment of mingled pleasure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> and sadness. On ransacking my memory, -I found that they resembled the poplars with which the high-road was -formerly laid out at the entrance to Villeneuve-sur-Yonne on the Paris -side. Madame de Beaumont is no more; M. Joubert is no more; the poplars -are felled and, after the fourth fall of the Monarchy, I am passing at -the feet of the poplars at Berneck:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Give me," says St. Augustine, "a man who loves, and he will -understand what I say."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Youth laughs at those disappointments; it is charming, happy: in vain -do you tell it that the time will come when it too will know a similar -bitterness; it thrusts you aside with its light wing and flies away in -search of pleasures: it is right, if it dies with them.</p> - -<p>Here is Bayreuth, a reminiscence of another sort. This town stands in -the middle of a hollow plain of crops mixed with meadow-land: it has -wide streets, low houses, a weak population. In the time of Voltaire -and Frederic II., the Margravine of Bayreuth was famous; her death -inspired the bard of Ferney with the only ode in which he displayed any -lyrical talent:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tu ne chanteras plus, solitaire Sylvandre,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Dans ce palais des arts, où les sons de ta voix</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Contre les préjugés osaient se faire entendre,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Et de l'humanité faisaient parler les droits<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The poet here praises himself justly, were it not that there was no -one less solitary in the world than Voltaire-Sylvander. The poet adds, -addressing the Margravine:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Des tranquilles hauteurs de la philosophie,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ta pitié contemplait, avec des yeux sereins,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Les fantômes changeants du songes de la vie,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tant de rêves détruits, tant de projets si vains<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Bayreuth.</div> - -<p>From the height of a palace, it is easy to look down with calm eyes -upon the poor devils who pass along the street; but those lines are -none the less mightily true.... Who could feel them better than myself? -I have seen so many phantoms defile through the dream of life! At -this very moment, have I not been looking on the three royal larvæ -in the Castle in Prague and on the daughter of Marie-Antoinette at -Carlsbad? In 1733, just a century ago, what was it occupied men's -minds? Had they the least idea of what is now? When Frederic was -married, in 1733, under the rough tutelage of his father, had he, in -<i>Mathew Laensberg</i><a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>, seen M. de Tournon<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Intendant of Bayreuth -and leaving his intendance for the "Prefectship" of Rome? In 1933, the -traveller passing through Franconia will ask of my shade if I could -have guessed the facts of which he will be a witness.</p> - -<p>While I was breakfasting, I read some lessons which a German lady, -young and pretty, of course, was writing to a master's dictation:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<i>Celui</i> qu'il <i>est content, est riche. Vous et</i> je <i>nous avons peu -d'argent; mais nous sommes</i> content. <i>Nous sommes</i> ainci <i>à mon -avis plus riches que tel qui a</i> un <i>tonne d'or, et il est....</i>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>That is true, mademoiselle, you and <i>je</i> have little money; you are -satisfied, as it seems, and you laugh at a ton of gold; but, if, by -chance, I were not satisfied, you must agree that, for me, a ton of -gold might be rather pleasant.</p> - -<p>On leaving Bayreuth, one goes up. Slender pruned firs represented to -me the pillars of the mosque at Cairo or the Cathedral of Cordova, -but shrunk and blackened, like a landscape reproduced in the <i>camera -obscura.</i> The road runs on from hill to hill and valley to valley: the -hills wide, with a tuft of wood on their brows; the valleys narrow and -green, but badly watered. At the lowest point of these valleys, one -sees a hamlet marked by the <i>campanile</i> of a little church. The whole -of Christian civilization was formed in this way: the missionary, -become a parish-priest,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> stopped; the Barbarians cantoned themselves -around him, like flocks gathering round the shepherd. In former days, -those remote habitations would have made me dream more than one kind of -dream; to-day, I dream not at all and am nowhere at ease.</p> - -<p>Baptiste, suffering from over-fatigue, compelled me to stop at -Hollfeld. While supper was being made ready, I climbed the rock which -overlooks a part of the village. Upon that rock rises a square belfry; -swifts screamed as they swept round the roof and fronts of the turret. -That scene consisting of a few birds and an old tower had not repeated -itself since the days of my childhood at Combourg; my heart was quite -oppressed by it. I went down to the church on a hanging ground towards -the west; it was surrounded by its grave-yard abandoned by the new -deceased. The old dead only marked out their furrows there: a proof -that they had tilled their field. The setting sun, pale and drowned, -on the horizon, in a fir-plantation, lit up the lonely refuge where no -other man than I stood erect. When shall I be recumbent in my turn? We -are beings of nothingness and darkness; our impotency and our potency -are strongly characterized: we cannot, at will, procure for ourselves -either light or life; but nature, by giving us eye-lids and a hand, has -put night and death at our disposal.</p> - -<p>Entering the church, whose door was half-open, I knelt down with the -intention of saying an <i>Our Father</i> and <i>Hail Mary</i> for the repose of -my mother's soul: a servitude of immortality laid upon Christian souls -in their mutual affection. Suddenly I thought I heard the shutter of a -confessional open; I fancied that Death, instead of a priest, was about -to appear at the penance grating. At that very moment, the bell-ringer -came to lock the door of the church: I had only time to leave.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The little basket-carrier.</div> - -<p>Returning to the inn, I met a little basket-carrier: she had bare legs -and feet; her skirt was short, her bodice torn; she walked stooping and -with her arms crossed. Together we climbed a steep road; she turned her -sun-burnt face a little to my side; her pretty and dishevelled head -was glued against her basket. Her eyes were black; her mouth was half -open to facilitate her breathing; one saw that, under her burdened -shoulders, her young breast had as yet felt no other weight than the -spoils of the orchards. She tempted one to talk to her of roses:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Ρόδα μ'εἴ ρηχας<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>."</p> - -<p>I applied myself to casting the adolescent vintager's horoscope: will -she grow old at the wine-press, unknown and happy as the mother of a -family? Will she be carried off to the camps by a corporal? Will she -fall a prey to some Don Juan? The abducted village-girl loves her -ravisher as much with astonishment as with passion: he transports -her to a marble palace on the Straits of Messina, under a palm-tree -beside a spring, opposite the sea displaying its azure billows and Etna -belching flames.</p> - -<p>I had reached this point in my story, when my companion, turning to -the left in a wide open space, went towards some lonely dwellings. -As she was about to disappear, she stopped, cast a last look at the -stranger, and then, bowing her head to pass, with her basket, under a -low door-way, entered a cottage, like a little shy cat gliding into a -barn among the sheaves. Let us go on to find in her prison Her Royal -Highness Madame la Duchesse de Berry:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Je la suivis, mais je pleurai</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">De ne pouvoir plus suivre qu'elle<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>My host at Hollfeld is a curious man: he and his maid-servant are -inn-keepers with extreme reluctance; they abhor travellers. When they -espy a carriage from afar, they go to hide themselves, cursing those -vagabonds who have nothing to do but scour the high-roads, those idle -persons who disturb an honest publican and prevent him from drinking -the wine which he is obliged to sell to them. The old servant sees -that her master is being ruined, but she is waiting for a stroke of -Providence in his favour; like Sancho, she will say:</p> - -<p>"Sir, accept this fine Kingdom of Micomicon which falls from heaven -into your hand."</p> - -<p>Once the first movement of ill-humour is past, the couple, in the -interval between two bouts, put a good face on the matter. The -chamber-maid murders a trifle of French, squints for two and has an air -of saying to you:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I have seen finer sparks than you in Napoleon's armies!"</p> - -<p>She smelt of tobacco and brandy, like glory by the camp-fire; she ogled -me with a provoking and wicked glance: how sweet it is to be loved at -the very moment when one had given up all hopes of it! But, Javotte, -you come too late for my "broken and mortified temptations," as a -Frenchman of old said; my sentence is passed:</p> - -<p>"Harmonious veteran, take thy rest," M. Lerminier<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> has said to me.</p> - -<p>You see, fair and friendly stranger, I am forbidden to listen to your -song:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Vivandière du regiment,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;"><i>Javotte</i> l'on me nomme,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Je vends, je donne, et bois gaîment</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Mon vin et mon rogomme.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">J'ai le pied leste et l'œil mutin,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tin tin, tin tin, tin tin, tin tin,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">R'lin lin tin<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>There you have another reason why I withstand your seductions; you are -frivolous; you would betray me. Fly away then, Dame Javotte of Bavaria, -like your predecessor, Madame Isabeau<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">2 <i>June</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>I have left Hollfeld, I am passing through Bamberg at night. All is -sleeping: I see only a tiny light whose feeble glimmer comes from the -back of a room to grow wan at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> a window. What is waking here: pleasure -or sorrow, love or death?</p> - -<p>At Bamberg, in 1815, Berthier, Prince of Neufchâtel, fell from a -balcony into the street<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>: his master was about to fall from a -greater height.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;"><i>Sunday</i> 2 <i>June.</i></p> - -<p>At Dettelbach, reappearance of the vines. Four growths mark the limit -of four natures and four climates: the birch, the vine, the olive and -the palm, always going towards the sun.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Hunchback.</div> - -<p>After Dettelbach, two stages to Würzburg, and a female hunchback seated -behind my carriage; it was Terence's Andria: <i>Inopia.... egregia -forma.... ætate integra.</i><a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> The postillion wanted to make her get -down; I objected, for two reasons: first, because I should have been -afraid lest that fairy should have thrown a spell over me; secondly, -because, having read in a biography of myself that I am a hunchback, -all female hunchbacks are my sisters. Who can satisfy himself that -he is not hunchbacked? Who will ever tell you that you are? If you -look at yourself in the glass, you cannot say at all; do we ever see -ourselves as we are? You will find a turn in your figure that suits you -to perfection. All hunchbacks are proud and happy; the advantages of -the hump are hallowed in song. At the entrance to a lane, my hunchback, -in her ragged finery, stepped majestically to the ground: carrying her -burden, like all mortals, Serpentina plunged into a corn-field and -disappeared among spikes taller than herself.</p> - -<p>At mid-day, on the 2nd of June, I had reached the top of a hill from -which one descried Würzburg: the citadel on a height, the town below, -with its palace, its steeples and its turrets. The palace, although -thick-set, would be handsome even in Florence; in case of rain, the -Prince could give shelter to all his subjects in his mansion without -giving up his own apartments.</p> - -<p>The Bishop of Würzburg was formerly the Sovereign Bishop: the -nomination was in the gift of the canons of the Chapter. After his -election, he passed, stripped to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> waist, between his colleagues -drawn up in two rows, who scourged him. It was hoped that the princes, -offended at this manner of consecrating a royal back, would refrain -from presenting themselves as candidates. To-day this would be of no -avail: there is not a descendant of Charlemagne but would consent to be -whipped for three days on end to obtain the crown of Yvetot.</p> - -<p>I have seen the Emperor of Austria's brother Duke of Würzburg<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>; he -used to sing very prettily at Fontainebleau, in the Galerie de François -I<sup>er</sup>, at the concerts of the Empress Joséphine.</p> - -<p>They kept Schwartz two hours at the passport-office. Left with my -unharnessed carriage in front of a church, I went in: I prayed with -the Christian crowd which represents the old society in the midst of -the new. A procession went out and marched round the church: why am I -not a monk on the walls of Rome? The times to which I belong would be -realized in me.</p> - -<p>When the first seeds of religion budded in my soul, I opened out like -a virgin soil which, cleared of its brambles, bears its first harvest. -Came a dry and icy wind, and the soil was parched. The sky took pity -on it; it gave it its tepid dews; then the wind blew again. This -alternation of faith and doubt long made my life a mixture of despair -and unspeakable delights. O my good, sainted mother, pray Jesus Christ -for me: your son needs redeeming more than other men!</p> - -<p>I left Würzburg at four o'clock and took the Mannheim Road. I entered -the Grand-duchy of Baden; I found a village in a merry mood; a drunkard -gave me his hand, shouting:</p> - -<p>"Long live the Emperor!"</p> - -<p>Everything that has happened since the fall of Napoleon is null and -void in Germany. The men who rose to snatch their national independence -from Bonaparte's ambition dream only of him, so greatly did he stir the -imagination of the nations, from the Bedouins in their tents to the -Teutons in their huts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> - -<p>As I went towards France, the children became noisier in the hamlets, -the postillions drove faster, life sprang up once more.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Swallow.</div> - -<p>At Bischoffsheim, where I dined, a fair onlooker appeared at my state -banquet: a swallow, a real Procne, with a reddish breast, came to perch -at my open window, on the iron bar from which swung the sign of the -Golden Sun; then it warbled most sweetly, looking at me as though it -knew me and without showing the least alarm. I have never complained of -being awakened by the daughter of Pandion; I have never, like Anacreon, -called her a "chatterer;" I have always, on the contrary, hailed her -return with the song of the children of the isle of Rhodes:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"She comes, the swallow comes, bringing good seasons and a joyful -time! Open the window, do not despise the swallow<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>!"</p></blockquote> - -<p>"François," said my fellow-guest at Bischoffsheim, "my -great-great-grandmother used to live at Combourg, under the rafters -of the roof of your turret; you used to keep her company every year, -in autumn, in the reeds in the pond, when you went dreaming, of an -evening, with your sylph. She landed on your native rock, on the very -day when you embarked for America, and she followed your sail for some -time. My grandmother built her nest in Charlotte's window; eight years -after, she arrived at Jaffa with you: you have mentioned this in your -<i>Itinéraire?</i><a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> My mother, while twittering to the dawn, fell one day -into your room at the Foreign Office<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>; you opened the window for her. -My mother has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> had many children: I who am speaking to you am of her -last nest; I have met you before on the old Tivoli Road in the Roman -Campagna: do you remember? My feathers were so black and so glossy! You -looked at me sadly. Would you like us to fly away together?"</p> - -<p>"Alas, my dear swallow, who know my story so well, you are extremely -kind; but I am a poor moulting bird, and my feathers will never come -back; I cannot, therefore, fly away with you. And you could not carry -me: I am too heavy with sorrows and years. And then, where should we -go? Spring and beautiful climates are no longer of my season. For you, -the air and love; for me, the ground and loneliness. You are going -away: may the dew cool your wings! May a hospitable yard offer to your -tired flight, when you are crossing the Ionian Sea! May a peaceful -October save you from shipwreck! Greet the olive-trees of Athens and -the palm-trees of Rosetta for me. If I am no more when the flowers -bring you back, I invite you to my funeral banquet: come at sunset to -snap up the gnats on the grass of my grave; like you, I love liberty -and I have lived on little<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>."</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;">3 <i>and</i> 4 <i>June</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>I set out myself by land, a few moments after the swallow had set sail. -The night was overcast; the moon hovered, weakened and wasted, among -the clouds; my eyes, half-asleep,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> closed as they looked at it; I felt -as though I were expiring in the mysterious light which illumines the -shadows: "I felt," says Manzoni, "I know not what peaceful depression, -the fore-runner of the last rest."</p> - -<p>I stopped at Wiesenbach: a solitary inn, a narrow, cultivated valley -between two wooded hills. A German from Brunswick, a traveller like -myself, hearing my name pronounced, came running up to me. He pressed -my hand, spoke to me of my works; his wife, he told me, was learning -to read French in the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> He did not cease to -express surprise at my "youth:"</p> - -<p>"But," he added, "that is the fault of my judgment; I ought to think -you, from your last works, as young as you look."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My age and appearance.</div> - -<p>My life has been mixed up with so many events that, in my readers' -heads, I have the ancientness of those events themselves. I often speak -of my grey head; this is calculated vanity on my part, so that people -may exclaim, when they see me:</p> - -<p>"Ah, he is not so old!"</p> - -<p>A man is at ease with white hair: he can boast of it; to glory in -having black hair would be in bad taste: a fine matter for triumph, to -be as your mother made you! But to be as time, misfortune and wisdom -have dressed you, that is fine! My little artifice has succeeded -sometimes. Quite recently a priest asked to see me; he stood dumb at -the sight of me; at last recovering his speech, he cried:</p> - -<p>"Ah, monsieur, so you will be able to fight a long time yet for the -faith!"</p> - -<p>One day, as I was passing through Lyons, a lady wrote to me; she begged -me to give her daughter a seat in my carriage and take her to Paris. -The proposal struck me as singular; but, after all, having verified the -signature, I found my unknown correspondent to be a highly respectable -lady and I replied politely. The mother introduced her daughter to me, -a divinity of sixteen. No sooner had the mother set eyes upon me than -she blushed scarlet; her confidence forsook her:</p> - -<p>"Forgive me," she stammered; "I am none the less filled with esteem.... -But you understand the proprieties.... I made a mistake.... I am so -greatly surprised."</p> - -<p>I insisted, looking at my promised companion, who seemed amused at the -discussion; I was lavish with protestations that I would take every -imaginable care of that beautiful young<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> person; the mother humbled -herself with excuses and courtesies. The two ladies departed. I was -proud of having frightened them so much. For some hours I thought -myself made young again by the Dawn. The lady had fancied that the -author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> was a venerable Abbé de -Chateaubriand, a tall, dry, simple old man, constantly taking snuff -out of a huge tin snuff-box, who might very well be trusted to take an -innocent school-girl to the Sacred Heart.</p> - -<p>They used to tell in Vienna, two or three lustres ago, that I lived -all alone in a certain valley called the Vallée-aux-Loups. My house -was built on an island; when people wanted to see me, they had to blow -a horn on the opposite bank of the river: a river at Châtenay! I then -looked out through a hole: if the company pleased me, a thing that -hardly ever happened, I came myself to fetch them in a little boat; -if not, not. In the evening, I pulled my boat on shore and nobody -was allowed to land on my island. In point of fact, I ought to have -lived in this way; this Viennese story has always charmed me: M. de -Metternich surely did not invent it; he is not sufficiently my friend -for that.</p> - -<p>I do not know what the German traveller will have told his wife -about me, nor if he went out of his way to undeceive her as to my -decrepitude. I fear that I possess the drawbacks of black hair and -white hair both and that I am neither young enough nor staid enough. -For the rest, I was hardly in the mood for coquetry at Wiesenbach; a -melancholy wind blew under the doors and through the passages of the -inn: when the breeze blows, I am in love with nothing else.</p> - -<p>From Wiesenbach to Heidelberg, one follows the course of the Necker, -cased by hills which carry forests on a bank of sand and red sulphate. -How many rivers I have seen flow! I met pilgrims from Walthüren: -they formed two parallel lines on either side of the high-road; the -carriages passed in the middle. The women walked bare-foot, beads in -hand, with a parcel of linen on their heads; the men bare-headed, also -carrying their beads in their hands. It was raining; in some places the -watery clouds crept along the sides of the hills. Boats loaded with -timber went down the river, others went up, under sail, or in tow. In -the broken places in the hills were hamlets standing among the fields, -in the midst of rich vegetable-gardens adorned with Bengal roses and -different flowering shrubs. Pilgrims, pray for my poor little King: he -is exiled, he is innocent; he is commencing his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> pilgrimage while you -are performing yours and I ending mine. If he is not to reign, it will -always be a certain glory to me to have fastened the wreck of so great -a fortune to my life-boat God alone sends the fair wind and opens the -harbour.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Heidelberg.</div> - -<p>As one approaches Heidelberg, the bed of the Necker, strewn with rocks, -widens. One sees the wharf of the town and the town itself, which wears -a pleasant mien. The back-ground of the whole picture ends in a tall -earthly horizon: it seems to bar the stream.</p> - -<p>A red-brick triumphal arch marks the entrance to Heidelberg. To the -left, on a hill, stand the ruins of a medieval castle. Apart from -their picturesque effect and some popular traditions, the remains of -the Gothic period interest only the nations whose work they are. Does -a Frenchman trouble his head about the lords Palatine, the princesses -Palatine, plump, white and blue-eyed though they may have been? One -forgets them for St. Geneviève of Brabant<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>. Those modern ruins have -nothing in common with modern nations, excepting their outward aspect -of Christianity and their feudal character.</p> - -<p>It is different, leaving out the sun, with the monuments of Greece and -Italy; these belong to all nations: they commence their history; their -inscriptions are written in languages known to all civilized men. The -ruins even of renovated Italy possess a general interest, because they -are stamped with the seal of the arts and the arts come within the -public domain of society. A fresco by Domenichino<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> or Titian that -becomes obliterated, a palace by Michael Angelo or Palladio<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> that -crumbles throw the genius of all the centuries into mourning.</p> - -<p>At Heidelberg, they show a tun of inordinate proportions, a drunkards' -Coliseum in ruins: at least no Christian has lost his life in that -amphitheatre of the Vespasians of the Rhine; his reason, yes: that is -no great loss.</p> - -<p>At the outlet of Heidelberg, the hills to the right and left of the -Necker fall away, and one enters upon a plain. A winding embankment, -raised a few feet above the level of the corn-fields, is delineated -between two rows of cherry-trees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> harshly treated by the wind and of -walnut-trees "often by the wayfarers attacked<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>."</p> - -<p>At the entrance to Mannheim, one drives through hop-vines, whose long, -dry props were as yet decorated to only one third of their height -by the climbing creeper. Julian the Apostate wrote a pretty epigram -against beer; the Abbé de La Bletterie<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> imitated it with some -elegance:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tu n'es qu'un faux Bacchus ...</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">J'en atteste le véritable.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Que le Gaulois, pressé d'une soif éternelle</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Au défaut de la grappe ait recours aux épis,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">De Cérès qu'il vante le fils:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Vive le fils de Semèle<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>A few orchards, some walks shaded by willow-trees of all sizes form a -verdant suburb to Mannheim. The houses in the town have often only one -storey above the ground-floor. The main street is wide and planted with -trees in the middle: one more down-fallen city. I do not like false -gold, and so I did not want any Mannheim gold; but I certainly have -"Toulouse gold<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>," to judge by the disasters of my life: yet who has -more than I respected the Temple of Apollo?</p> - - -<p style="font-size: 0.8em;">3 <i>and</i> 4 <i>June</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>I crossed the Rhine at two o'clock in the afternoon. At the moment of -passing, a steam-boat came up stream. What would Cæsar have said if he -had met such a machine while he was building his bridge?</p> - -<p>On the other side of the Rhine, opposite Mannheim, one finds Bavaria -again, as a result of the odious slashings and jobbings of the Treaties -of Paris, Vienna and Aix-la-Chapelle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> Every one cut out his share with -scissors, without any regard for reason, humanity or justice, without -troubling about the slice of population that fell into a pair of royal -chops.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Palatinate.</div> - -<p>Driving through the Cisrhenan Palatinate, I reflected how this country -had once formed a department of France, how white Gaul was girt about -by the Rhine, the "blue sash" of Germany. Napoleon and the Republic -before him had realized the dream of several of our kings, above all -of Louis XIV. So long as we do not occupy our natural frontiers, there -will be war in Europe, because the interest of self-preservation drives -France to seize the boundaries necessary to her national independence. -Here we have planted trophies to claim back in due season.</p> - -<p>The plain between the Rhine and the Monts Tonnerre looks sad; earth and -men seem to say that their fate is not settled, that they belong to -no people; they appear to be expecting new invasions, as it were new -river-floods. The Germans of Tacitus devastated great spaces on their -frontiers and left them empty between these and their enemies. Woe to -the border populations that till the battlefields on which the nations -are to meet!</p> - -<p>As I approached ——, I saw a sad sight: a wood of young fir-trees, -five or six feet high, felled and bound into faggots, a forest mown -like grass. I have spoken of the cemetery of Lucerne, where the -children's burials throng on one side. I never felt more keenly the -need to end my wanderings, to die under the protection of a friendly -hand laid upon my heart to interrogate it, when they shall say:</p> - -<p>"It has stopped beating."</p> - -<p>From the edge of my tomb I would like to be able to cast back a glance -of satisfaction over my many years, just as a pontiff, on reaching the -sanctuary, blesses the long line of the priests who have served as his -retinue.</p> - -<p>Louvois<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> burnt down the Palatinate; unfortunately it was Turenne's -hand that held the torch. The Revolution laid waste the same country, -the witness and victim by turns of our aristocratic and plebeian -struggles. It is enough to name the warriors to judge of the difference -of the times: on the one side, Condé, Turenne, Créqui<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>, Luxembourg,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> -La Force<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>, Villars<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>; on the other, Kellermann, Hoche, Pichegru, -Moreau. Let us deny none of our victories; military glories especially -have known only enemies of France and held only one opinion: on the -battle-field, honour and danger level all ranks. Our fathers called -the blood that flowed from a non-mortal wound "volatile blood:" a -phrase typical of the contempt for death natural to Frenchmen in every -century. Institutions can alter nothing in this national genius. The -soldiers who, after the death of Turenne<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>, said, "Let the <i>Pie</i> -loose, we shall encamp where she stops," would have been quite as good -as Napoleon's grenadiers.</p> - -<p>On the heights of Dunkheim, the first rampart of the Gauls on that -side, one discovers the seats of camps and military positions to-day -empty of soldiers: Burgundians, Franks, Goths, Huns, Suevi, so many -waves of the Barbarian deluge, have by turns assailed those heights.</p> - -<p>Not far from Dunkheim, one sees the remains of a monastery. The monks -enclosed within that retreat had seen many armies passing round at -their feet; they had shown hospitality to many warriors; there some -crusader had ended his life, changed his helm for the frock; there were -passions which called for silence and rest before the last rest and the -last silence. Did they find what they sought? Those ruins will not tell.</p> - -<p>After the remnants of the sanctuary of peace come the fragments of the -lair of war: the demolished bastions, mantlets, curtains, trunnions of -a fortress. Ramparts crumble even as cloisters. The castle was ambushed -in a rugged path to close it to the enemy: it did not keep time and -death from passing.</p> - -<p>From Dunkheim to Frankenstein, the road pushes through a valley so -narrow that it will scarcely hold a carriage way; the trees descending -from two opposite slopes join and embrace in the ravine. I have -followed similar dales between Messenia and Arcadia, but for the good -road: Pan knew nothing about civil engineering. Flowering broom and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> -jay carried me back to the recollection of Brittany; I remember the -pleasure which the cry of that bird gave me in the mountains of Judea. -My memory is a panorama; there the most varied sites and skies, with -their scorching sun or their foggy horizon, come to paint themselves on -the same canvas.</p> - -<p>The inn at Frankenstein is placed in a meadow in the mountains, watered -by a stream. The postmaster speaks French; his young sister, or his -wife, or his daughter is charming. He complains of being a Bavarian; he -busies himself with the cultivation of forests; to me he represented an -American planter.</p> - -<p>At Kaiserslautern, where I arrived at night as at Bamberg, I passed -through the region of dreams: what did all those sleeping inhabitants -see in their slumbers? If I had time, I would tell the story of their -visions. Nothing would have reminded me of earth, if two quails had -not called to one another from cage to cage. In the fields in Germany, -from Prague to Mannheim, one meets only carrion crows, sparrows and -larks; but the towns are full of nightingales, warblers, thrushes, -quails: plaintive prisoners, male and female, who greet you at the -bars of their gaol when you pass. The windows are decked with pinks, -mignonette, roses, jasmine. The northern nations have the tastes of -another clime; they love the arts and music: the Germans came to fetch -the vine in Italy; their sons would gladly repeat the invasion to -conquer birds and flowers in the same spots.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Prussia.</div> - -<p>The change in the post-boy's jacket told me, on Tuesday the 4th of -June, at Saarbrück, that I was entering Prussia. I saw a squadron -of hussars ride past under the window of my inn; they looked very -spirited: I was as spirited as they; I would cheerfully have helped -to give those gentry a drubbing, even though a lively feeling of -respect makes me attached to the Prussian Royal Family, even though the -outbursts of the Prussians in Paris were but reprisals for Napoleon's -brutality in Berlin; but, if history has the time to enter into the -cold justice which connects consequences with their origins, the man -who witnesses living facts is carried away by those facts, without -going back to the past to seek the causes from which they sprang and -which excuse them. My country has done me great harm; but how gladly I -would offer up my blood for her! Oh, what strong heads, what consummate -politicians, above all, what good Frenchmen were those negociators of -the Treaties of 1815!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> - -<p>A few hours yet, and my native soil will once more quiver beneath my -steps. What shall I hear? Since three weeks I have known nothing of -what my friends have been saying and doing. Three weeks! A long space -of time for man whom one moment carries away, for empires which three -days suffice to overthrow! And my prisoner of Blaye: what has become -of her? Shall I be able to convey to her the answer which she is -awaiting? If ever the person of an ambassador should be sacred, it is -mine; my diplomatic career was consecrated near the Head of the Church; -it has been completely sanctified near an unfortunate monarch: I have -negociated a new family compact among the children of the Bearnese; I -have carried and brought back its deeds from prison to exile and from -exile to prison.</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;">4 <i>and</i> 5 <i>June.</i></p> - -<p>As I passed the border which separates the territory of Saarbrück from -that of Forbach, France did not show herself to me in a brilliant -manner: first, a cripple seated in a wooden bowl; then, another man -who crawled on his hands and knees, dragging his legs after him like -two crooked tails or two dead snakes; next, appeared, in a cart, two -swarthy, wrinkled old women, the van-guard of the women of France. It -was enough to make one go back again to the Prussian Army.</p> - -<p>But presently I found a handsome young soldier walking with a young -girl; the soldier was pushing the young girl's wheel-barrow before him -and she was carrying the trooper's pipe and sword. Further on, another -young girl holding the tail of a plough and an aged ploughman goading -the oxen; further on, an old man begging for a blind child; further on, -a cross. In a hamlet, a dozen children's heads, at the window of an -unfinished house, looked like a group of angels in a glory. Here is a -tiny girl of five or six, sitting on the threshold of a cottage-door, -with bare head, fair hair, a dirty face, pulling a little grimace -because of a cold wind blowing; with her two white shoulders peeping -from a torn frock, her arms crossed over her knees drawn up close to -her chest, looking at what was going on around her with the curiosity -of a bird, Raphael would have sketched her; as for me, I felt inclined -to steal her from her mother.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">France.</div> - -<p>At the entrance to Forbach, a troop of learned dogs appeared: the two -biggest harnessed to the costume-wagon; five or six others of different -tails, noses, sizes and colours<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> followed the baggage, each with its -piece of bread in its mouth. Two grave instructors, one carrying a -big drum, the other carrying nothing, led the band. Go, my friends, -go round the world as I have done, in order to learn to know the -nations. You have your place in the world just as much as I; you are -quite as good as the dogs of my kind. Give a paw to Diane, to Mirza, -to Pax, with your hat on your ear, your sword by your side, your tail -sticking out like a trumpet between the skirts of your coat: dance for -a bone, or for a kick, as we men do; but do not go making the mistake -of jumping for the King!</p> - -<p>Reader, bear with these arabesques; the hand that traced them will -never do you any other harm: it is withered. Remember, when you see -them, that they are only the freakish scrolls drawn by a painter on the -vault of his tomb.</p> - -<p>At the custom-house, an elderly junior clerk made a pretense at -examining my calash. I had got a five-franc piece ready; he saw it in -my hand, but dared not take it, because of his superiors, who were -watching him. He took off his cap, on the pretext of searching me -better, laid it on the seat in front of me and said, in an under-tone:</p> - -<p>"In my cap, please."</p> - -<p>Oh, what a great phrase! It comprises the history of the human race; -how often have liberty, loyalty, friendship, devotion, love said:</p> - -<p>"In my cap, please!"</p> - -<p>I shall give that phrase to Béranger for the chorus of a song.</p> - -<p>I was struck, on entering Metz, by something which I had not noticed -in 1821; the modern fortifications surround the Gothic fortifications: -Guise and Vauban<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> are two names that go well together.</p> - -<p>Our years and our memories lie in regular and parallel strata at -different depths of our life, deposited by the waves of time that pass -over us in succession. It was from Metz, in 1792, that the column -issued which was engaged under the walls of Thionville with our little -corps of Emigrants. I am returning from my pilgrimage to the retreat of -the banished Prince whom I served in his first exile. I then gave him -a little of my blood; I have just been weeping with him: at my age, we -have little left but tears.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1821, M. de Tocqueville<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>, my brother's brother-in-law, was -Prefect of the Moselle. The trees, no thicker than laths, which M. de -Tocqueville planted, in 1820, at the gates of Metz now give shade. -There is a scale to measure our days by; but man is not like wine, -he does not improve when reckoned by vintages. The ancients used to -steep roses in their Falernian; when an amphora of a hundred-year-old -consulate was uncorked, it perfumed the banquet. The clearest -intelligence might be mingled with old years, and no one would be -tempted to get tipsy with it.</p> - -<p>I had not been a quarter of an hour in the inn at Metz, when behold -Baptiste coming in a great state of excitement: mysteriously he drew -from his pocket a white paper parcel, containing a seal; M. le Duc de -Bordeaux and Mademoiselle had charged him with that seal, telling him -to give it me "only on French soil." They had been very anxious the -whole night before my departure, fearing lest the jeweller would not -have time to finish the work.</p> - -<p>The seal has three faces: on one is engraved an anchor; on the second, -the two words which Henry said to me at our first interview: "Yes, -always!" on the third, the date of my arrival in Prague. The brother -and sister begged me to wear the seal "for love of them." The mystery -of this present, the order given by the two exiled children to hand me -the token of their memory "only on French soil" filled my eyes with -tears. The seal shall never leave me; I shall wear it "for love of -Louise and Henry."</p> - -<p>I would have liked to see, at Metz, the house of Fabert<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>, the common -soldier who became a marshal of France and who received the collar of -the Orders, his nobility tracing its origin only to his sword.</p> - -<p>The Barbarians our fathers, at Metz, butchered the Romans<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> surprised -in the midst of the debauchery of a feast; our soldiers have waltzed, -in the monastery of Alcobaça, with the skeleton of Iñez de Castro<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>: -sorrows and pleasures, crimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> and follies, fourteen centuries separate -you and you are all alike completely past. The eternity commenced just -now is as old as the eternity dating from the first death, the murder -of Abel. Nevertheless, men, during their ephemeral appearance on this -globe, persuade themselves that they are leaving some trace behind -them: why, good Heaven, yes, every fly has its shadow!</p> - -<p>I left Metz and passed through Verdun, where I was so unhappy and where -Carrel's lonely friend lives to-day<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>. I skirted the heights of -Valmy; I do not care to speak of it any more than of Jemmapes: I should -be afraid lest I should find a crown there.</p> - -<p>Châlons reminded me of a great weakness of Bonaparte, who banished -beauty there<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>. Peace be with Châlons, which tells me that I still -have friends!</p> - -<p>At Château-Thierry, I found my idol, La Fontaine. It was the hour of -the Angelus: Jean's wife was no longer there, and Jean had returned to -Madame de La Sablière<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>.</p> - -<p>As I grazed the wall of Meaux Cathedral, I repeated Bossuet's<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> own -words to him:</p> - -<p>"Man reaches his tomb dragging behind him the long chain of his hopes -deceived."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Back in Paris.</div> - -<p>In Paris, I passed the quarters in which I had lived with my sisters in -my youth; next, the Palace of Justice, commemorative of my trial; next, -the Prefecture of Police, which served me as a prison. I have returned -at last to my hospice, thus winding off the skein of my days. The frail -insect of the sheep-folds drops at the end of a silken thread to the -ground, where the foot of some ewe will soon crush it.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Paris, Rue d'Enfer</span>, 6 <i>June</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>On alighting from my carriage and before going to bed, I wrote a letter -to Madame la Duchesse de Berry to give her an account of my mission. -My return had put the police into a flutter; the telegraph announced -it to the Prefect of Bordeaux and the commandant of the fortress of -Blaye:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> orders were given to redouble the measures of supervision; it -appears even that Madame was put on board before the day fixed for her -departure<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>. My letter missed Her Royal Highness by a few hours and -was taken to her in Italy.</p> - -<p>If Madame had made no declaration; if even, after that declaration, she -had denied the consequences of it; much more if, on arriving in Sicily, -she had protested against the part which she had been compelled to -play in order to escape from her gaolers, France and Europe would have -believed her word, so greatly was Philip's Government under suspicion. -All the Judases would have suffered punishment for the spectacle which -they gave to the world in the smoking-room at Blaye. But Madame would -not consent to retain a political character by denying her marriage; -what one gains, by a lie, in reputation for cleverness one loses in -consideration: any former sincerity which you may have professed hardly -avails to defend you. When a man who enjoys public esteem demeans -himself, he is no longer sheltered within his name, but behind his -name. Madame, by her admission, escaped from the gloom of her prison: -the female eagle, like the male eagle, has need of liberty and sunlight.</p> - -<p>M. le Duc de Blacas, in Prague, had announced to me the formation of a -council of which I was to be the head, with M. the Chancellor<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> and -M. le Marquis de Latour-Maubourg: I was going to become alone (still -according to M. le Duc) the Council of Charles X., absent on some -business. I was shown a plan: the machinery was very complicated; M. -de Blacas' work retained a few arrangements made by the Duchesse de -Berry, when she, on her side, had laid claim to organizing the State by -coming madly, but bravely, to place herself at the head of her Kingdom -<i>in partibus.</i> The ideas of that adventurous woman were not at all -lacking in good sense: she had divided France into four great military -governments, chosen the commanders, appointed the officers, embodied -the soldiers and, without troubling whether all her people had joined -the flag, she would herself have hastened to carry it; she did not -doubt but that she would find in the fields St. Martin's<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> cope or -the Oriflamme, Galaor<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> or Bayard. Blows of battle-axes and bullets -from fire-locks, retreats into the forests, perils in the homes of a -few faithful friends, caves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> castles, cottages, escalades: all this -suited and delighted Madame. There is something eccentric, original and -captivating in her character that will make her live. The future will -take her as it pleases, in spite of correct persons and sober-minded -cowards.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My plans for Henry V.</div> - -<p>I should have brought to the Bourbons, if they had sent for me, the -popularity which I enjoyed by my two-fold claim as a writer and a -statesman. I could have no doubt of that popularity, for I had received -the confidences of every shade of opinion. People had not confined -themselves to generalities; each had pointed out to me what he desired -in case of eventualities; many had confessed their genius to me and -rendered obvious to me the place for which they were eminently fitted. -Everybody, friends and enemies alike, sent me to be about the person of -the Duc de Bordeaux. By the different combinations of my opinions and -my fortunes, by the ravages of death, which had successively carried -away the men of my generation, I seemed to be the only one left for the -choice of the Royal Family.</p> - -<p>I might feel tempted by the part awarded to me: there was something -calculated to flatter my vanity, as an unknown servant and rejected -by the Bourbons, in the idea of being the support of their House; -of holding out my hand to Philip Augustus, St. Louis, Charles V., -Louis XII., Francis I., Henry IV. and Louis XIV. in their tombs; of -protecting with my feeble renown the blood, the crown and the shades -of so many great men: I alone against faithless France and dishonoured -Europe.</p> - -<p>But to arrive at that what should I have had to do? What the commonest -mind would have done: fawn upon the Court of Prague, overcome its -antipathies, conceal my ideas from it until I was in a position to -develop them.</p> - -<p>And, certainly, those ideas went far: if I had been the young Prince's -governor, I should have striven to gain his confidence. If he had -recovered his crown, I should have advised him to wear it only to lay -it aside at the proper time. I would have liked to see the Capets -disappear in a manner worthy of their greatness. What a fine, what an -illustrious day that would have been when, after setting up religion, -perfecting the Constitution of the State, enlarging the rights of -citizens, breaking the last fetters of the press, emancipating the -commons, destroying monopoly, striking the balance between wages and -labour, consolidating property and restricting its abuses, reviving -industry, reducing taxation,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> re-establishing our honour among the -nations, extending our frontiers and thus securing our independence -against the foreigner; when, after accomplishing all these things, my -pupil would have said to the nation solemnly called together:</p> - -<p>"Frenchmen, your education is finished with mine. My first ancestor, -Robert the Strong<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>, died for you, and my father asked for mercy for -the man who took his life. My sires raised and formed France through -barbarism; now the march of events, the progress of civilization compel -you to dispense with a protector. I am descending the throne; I confirm -all the benefits of my fathers, while releasing you from your oaths to -the Monarchy."</p> - -<p>Say if that end would not have surpassed all that is most wonderful in -that dynasty! Say if ever a magnificent enough temple could have been -raised to its memory! Compare that end with that which the decrepit -sons of Henry IV. would make, stubbornly pinning themselves to a throne -swamped by democracy, trying to preserve their power with the aid of -measures of police, measures of violence, methods of corruption, and -dragging on for a few short moments a degraded existence!</p> - -<p>"Let them make my brother King," said the child Louis XIII., after the -death of Henry IV., "I do not want to be King."</p> - -<p>Henry V. has no other brother than his people: let him make it King.</p> - -<p>To arrive at this resolution, chimerical though it may seem, one would -have to feel the greatness of one's race, not because one was descended -from an old stock, but because one was the heir of men through whom -France became powerful, enlightened and civilized.</p> - -<p>Now, as I have just said, the way to be called upon to set to work -on that plan would have been to wheedle the weaknesses of Prague, to -raise magpies with the child of the throne like Luynes<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>, to flatter -Concini<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> like Richelieu. I had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> begun well at Carlsbad; a little -note of submission and gossip would have forwarded my business. To -bury myself alive in Prague was no easy matter, it is true; for not -only should I have had to overcome the repugnance of the Royal Family, -but the hatred of the foreigners as well. My ideas are odious to the -Cabinets; they know that I detest the Treaties of Vienna, that I would -make war at any price to give France the necessary frontiers and to -restore the balance of power in Europe.</p> - -<p>However, by giving signs of repentance, by weeping, by expiating my -sins of national honour, by beating my breast, by admiring for my -penance the genius of the blockheads who govern the world, I might -perhaps have been able to crawl into the Baron de Damas' place; then, -suddenly standing erect, I should have flung away my crutches.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Wherein I fail.</div> - -<p>But, alas, where is my ambition? Where is my faculty of dissimulation? -Where is my art of enduring constraint and boredom? Where is my -capacity for attaching importance to anything whatsoever? I took up -my pen two or three times, I began to draft two or three letters in -obedience to Madame la Dauphine, who had ordered me to write to her. -Soon, revolting against myself, I wrote at one dash and after my own -manner the letter which was to break my neck. I knew it quite well; I -weighed the results quite well: it matters little. And to-day, now that -the thing is done, I am delighted at having sent the whole business to -the devil and flung my "governorship " out of so wide a window. I shall -be told:</p> - -<p>"Could you not have expressed the same truths by stating them less -crudely?"</p> - -<p>Yes, yes, by diluting, beating about the bush, employing honeyed words, -bleating, quavering:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Son œil tout pénitent ne pleure qu'eau béniste<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>I cannot do that.</p> - -<p>Here is the letter, abridged, however, by almost half its length, which -will make the hair of our drawing-room diplomatists rise up in dismay: -the Duc de Choiseul was somewhat of my humour; therefore he spent the -end of his end at Chanteloup:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, <i>Rue d'Enfer</i>, 30 <i>June</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,</p> - -<p>"The most precious moments of my long career are those which Madame -la Dauphine permitted me to spend with her. It was in a humble -house at Carlsbad that a Princess who is the object of universal -veneration deigned to speak to me with confidence. Heaven has laid -at the bottom of her soul a treasure of magnanimity and religion -which the prodigality of misfortune has not been able to dry up. I -had before me the daughter of Louis XVI. exiled anew; that orphan -of the Temple whom the Martyr-King pressed to his heart before -going to gather the palm! God's name is the only name that one can -pronounce when one comes to plunge one's self in contemplation of -the impenetrable counsels of His Providence.</p> - -<p>"Praise is suspicious, when it is addressed to prosperity: with -the Dauphiness, admiration knows no embarrassment. I have said it, -Madame: your sorrows have attained so great a height, that they have -become one of the glories of the Revolution. I shall therefore, -once in my life, have met destinies so superior, so much apart, -that I can tell them, without fear of offending them or of being -misunderstood, what I think of the future state of society. One can -discuss the fate of empires with you, who would, without regretting -them, see pass at the feet of your virtue all those earthly -kingdoms, many of which have already flowed away at the feet of -your House.</p> - -<p>"The catastrophes of which you have been the most illustrious -witness and the sublimest victim, great though they appeared to -be, are, nevertheless, but the particular accidents of the general -transformation which is being operated in the human race; the -reign of Napoleon, which shook the world, is but a link in the -revolutionary chain. We must start from this truth to understand -the possibilities of a third Restoration and what means that -Restoration possesses of being included in the plan of social -changes. If it did not enter into it as an homogeneous element, it -would inevitably be rejected by an order of things contrary to its -nature.</p> - -<p>"Therefore, Madame, if I told you that the Legitimacy had a chance -of returning through the aristocracy of the nobles and clergy, with -their privileges; through the Court, with its distinctions; through -the Royalty, with its attractions, I should be deceiving you. The -Legitimacy, in France, is no longer a sentiment; it is a principle -in so far as it guarantees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> property and interests, rights and -liberties; but if it remained proved that the Legitimacy would -not defend or was powerless to protect that property and those -interests, those rights and those liberties, it would cease to be -even a principle. When any one puts forward that the Legitimacy -will necessarily come about, that it cannot be dispensed with, that -it is enough to wait, for France to come crying mercy to it on her -knees, he is putting forward an illusion. The Restoration may never -return, or may last for but a moment, if the Legitimacy seeks its -strength where it does not exist.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My letter to the Dauphiness.</div> - -<p>"Yes, Madame, I say it sorrowfully, Henry V. might remain a foreign -and banished Prince: a young and new ruin of an edifice already -fallen, but, in short, a ruin. We old servants of the Legitimacy -will soon have spent the small stock of years that is left to us; -we shall shortly be resting in our graves, asleep with our old -ideas, like the ancient knights with their ancient suits of armour -into which rust and time have eaten, suits of armour which no -longer shape themselves to the figure nor adapt themselves to the -usages of the living.</p> - -<p>"All that was militating, in 1789, for the preservation of the -old order of things, religion, laws, manners, customs, property, -classes, privileges, corporations, no longer exists. A general -ferment has become manifest; Europe is hardly safer than -ourselves; no form of society is entirely destroyed, none entirely -established; all is worn or new, or decrepit or not yet rooted; all -has the weakness of old age or childhood. The kingdoms that have -sprung from the territorial limitations drawn by the last treaties -are of yesterday; love of country has lost its force, because the -country is an uncertain and fleeting thing to populations sold -by auction, dealt in like second-hand furniture, now allotted to -hostile populations, now handed over to unknown masters. Thus -dug up, furrowed, tilled, the soil is prepared to receive the -democratic seed which the Days of July have ripened.</p> - -<p>"The kings think that, by keeping sentry around their thrones, -they will stop the movements of intelligence; they imagine that, -by giving a description of the principles, they will have them -seized at the frontiers; they are persuaded that, by multiplying -customs-officers, gendarmes, police-spies, military commissions, -they will prevent them from circulating. But those ideas do not -travel on foot: they are in the air, they fly, we breathe them. The -absolute governments, which are establishing telegraphs, railways, -steam-boats and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> trying, at the same time, to keep men's minds on -the level of the political dogmas of the fourteenth century, are -inconsistent; at once progressive and reactionary, they are lost -in the confusion resulting from a contradiction of theory and -practice. It is impossible to separate the industrial principle -from the principle of liberty; one must needs stifle both or admit -both. Wherever the French language is understood, ideas come with -the passports of the age.</p> - -<p>"You see, Madame, how essential it is that the starting-point -should be carefully chosen. The child of hope under your guard, -innocence taking refuge under your virtues and misfortunes as under -a royal canopy: I know no more imposing spectacle; if there be a -chance of success for the Legitimacy, it is there in its entirety. -The France of the future will be able to bow, without descending, -before the glory of the past, to stand in emotion before that -great apparition in her history represented by the daughter of -Louis XVI. leading the last of the Henrys by the hand. As the -Queen-protectress of the young Prince, you will exercise over the -nation the influence of the immense memories mingled in your august -person. Who will not feel an unaccustomed confidence revive within -him when the orphan of the Temple watches over the education of the -orphan of St. Louis?</p> - -<p>"It is to be desired, Madame, that this education, directed by men -whose names are popular in France, should in a certain measure -become public. Louis XIV., who otherwise justifies the pride of his -motto<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>, did a great injury to his House by isolating the Sons of -France behind the barriers of an Oriental education.</p> - -<p>"The young Prince appeared to me to be gifted with a quick -intelligence. He will have to complete his studies by travels -among the nations of the Old and even of the New Continent, so as -to become acquainted with politics and to be alarmed at neither -institutions nor doctrines. If he could serve as a soldier in some -far-off foreign war, one ought not to dread to expose him. He has a -resolute air; he seems to have in his heart the blood of his father -and of his mother; but, if he could ever experience anything but -the sense of glory in danger, let him abdicate: without courage, in -France, there is no crown.</p> - -<p>"Madame, on seeing me extend into a long future the thought of the -education of Henry V., you will naturally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> suppose that I do not -think him destined to ascend the throne so soon. I will endeavour -impartially to deduct the opposite reasons for hopes and fears.</p> - -<p>"The Restoration may take place to-day, to-morrow. There is -something so sudden, so inconstant observable in the French -character, that a change is always probable; it is always safe -to wager a hundred to one, in France, that any particular thing -will not last: it is at the moment when the Government appears -most firmly seated that it falls. We have seen the nation worship -Bonaparte and detest him, abandon him, take him back, abandon him -again, forget him in his exile, raise altars to him after his -death, and then relapse from its enthusiasm. That fickle nation, -which never loved liberty save by fits and starts, but which ever -dotes on equality; that multiform nation was fanatical under -Henry IV., factious under Louis XIII., grave under Louis XIV., -revolutionary under Louis XVI., gloomy under the Republic, warlike -under Bonaparte, constitutional under the Restoration: to-day it is -prostituting its liberties to the so-called Republican Monarchy, -perpetually varying its nature in the spirit of its leaders. Its -changefulness has increased since it has thrown off the habits of -the home and the yoke of religion.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">On the prospects.</div> - -<p>"Therefore, a chance may bring about the fall of the Government of -the 9th of August; but a chance may be delayed: an abortive child -has been born to us, but France is a sturdy mother; she may, with -the milk of her breast, be able to correct the vices of a depraved -paternity.</p> - -<p>"Although the present royalty does not seem as though it were -likely to live, I continue to fear that it may live beyond the -limit which one might assign to it. Since forty years, all -governments have perished in France by their own fault alone. Louis -XVI. could have saved his crown and his life twenty times over; -the Republic died only of the excesses of its furies; Bonaparte -was able to establish his dynasty, yet flung himself down from the -height of his glory; but for the Ordinances of July, the Legitimist -Throne would still be standing. The head of the present Government -will make none of those mistakes that kill; his power will never -commit suicide; all his cleverness is employed exclusively for his -preservation: he is too intelligent to die by an act of folly nor -has he enough in him to be guilty of the mistakes of genius or -the weaknesses of honour or virtue. He has felt that he might be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -destroyed by war: he will not make war; it matters little to him, -whether France be degraded in the eyes of foreigners: publicists -will prove to him that disgrace is industry and ignominy credit.</p> - -<p>"The sham Legitimacy wants all that the Legitimacy wants, with -the exception of the Royal Person: it wants order; it can obtain -that through 'arbitrariness' more easily than the Legitimacy. To -perpetrate acts of despotism with words of liberty and pretended -royalist institutions, that is all that it wants; each accomplished -fact brings forth a recent right which combats an ancient right, -each hour commences a legality. Time has two powers: with one hand -it overthrows, with the other it builds up. Lastly, time acts -upon men's minds by the mere fact that it progresses; they sever -violently from those in power, attack them, sulk with them; then -lassitude supervenes; success reconciles people to its cause: soon -none remains outside, save a few lofty souls, whose perseverance -confounds those who have failed.</p> - -<p>"Madame, this long statement obliges me to make a few explanations -to Your Royal Highness.</p> - -<p>"If I had not raised a free voice in the day of fortune, I should -not have felt the courage to speak the truth in the time of -misfortune. I did not go to Prague of my own accord; I would not -have ventured to trouble you with my presence; the dangers of -devotion do not lie about your august person, they lie in France: -that is where I have sought them. Since the Days of July, I have -never ceased to fight for the legitimist cause. I was the first -to proclaim the kingship of Henry V. A jury of Frenchmen, which -acquitted me, left my proclamation in force. I long for nothing but -rest, the need of my years; yet I did not hesitate to sacrifice -it when the decrees extended and renewed the proscription of the -Royal Family. Offers were made to me to attach me to the Government -of Louis-Philippe: I had not earned that proof of good-will; I -showed how incompatible it was with my nature by claiming my share -in my old King's adversity. Alas, I had not brought about that -adversity and I had tried to prevent it! I am not recalling these -circumstances to give myself an importance or create for myself a -merit which I do not possess; I have done no more than my duty; I -am only explaining my position, in order to excuse the independence -of my language. Madame will pardon the frankness of a man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> who -would joyfully accept a scaffold to restore to her a throne.</p> - -<p>"When I appeared before Your Majesty at Carlsbad, I may say that I -had not the happiness to be known to you. You had scarcely done me -the honour to address a few words to me in my life. You were able -to see, in our solitary conversations, that I was not the man that -had perhaps been described to you, that the independence of my mind -did not take away from the moderation of my character and, above -all, did not break the chains of my admiration and respect for the -illustrious daughter of my Kings.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of the Legitimate Monarchy.</div> - -<p>"I again beseech Your Majesty to consider that the order of the -truths developed in this letter, or rather in this memorandum, -is what constitutes my strength, if I have any; it is that which -enables me to reach men of different parties and bring them back to -the royalist cause. If I had rejected the opinions of the age, I -should have had no hold upon my time. I am seeking to rally round -the ancient throne those modern ideas which, from being hostile, -become friendly in passing through my loyalty. If the liberal -opinions which abound ceased to be diverted to the profit of the -reconstructed Legitimate Monarchy, Monarchical Europe would perish. -It is a fight to the death between the two principles, monarchical -and republican, if they remain distinct and separate: the -consecration of a single edifice built up again out of the various -materials of two edifices would belong to you, Madame, to you who -have been admitted into the highest as into the most mysterious of -initiations, undeserved misfortune, to you who are marked at the -altar with the blood of the spotless victim, to you who, in the -contemplation attendant upon a saintly austerity, would open with a -pure and blessed hand the portals of the new temple.</p> - -<p>"Your sagacity, Madame, and your superior reason will throw light -upon and correct all that may be doubtful or erroneous in my -opinions touching the present state of France.</p> - -<p>"My emotion, as I end this letter, passes all that I can say.</p> - -<p>"And so the palace of the sovereigns of Bohemia is the Louvre of -Charles X. and of his pious and royal son! And so Hradschin is -young Henry's Pau Castle! And you, Madame: in what Versailles -do you live? With what can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> your piety, your greatnesses, your -sufferings be compared, if not with those of the women of the -House of David who wept at the foot of the Cross? May Your Majesty -see the Royalty of St Louis rise radiant from the tomb! May I -exclaim, recalling the century which bears the name of your -glorious ancestor; for, Madame, nothing becomes you, nothing is -contemporaneous with you but what is great and sacred:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 8em;">O jour heureux pour moi!</span><br /> -De quelle ardeur j'irais reconnaître mon roi<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p>"I am, Madame, with the most profound respect,</p> - -<p>"Your Majesty's most humble and most obedient servant,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>After writing this letter, I resumed the habits of my life: I found -my old priests again, the lonely corner in my garden, which seemed to -me much finer than Count Chotek's garden, my Boulevard d'Enfer, my -Cimetière de l'Ouest, my Memoirs reminding me of my past days and, -above all, the select little society of the Abbaye-aux-Bois. The -kindness of a serious friendship makes the thoughts abound; a few -moments of the commerce of the soul suffice for the needs of my nature; -I afterwards make up for this expenditure of intelligence by twenty-two -hours of inaction and sleep.</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Paris, Rue d'Enfer</span>, 25 <i>August</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>While I was beginning to breathe, I saw one morning the traveller enter -my house who had handed a packet from me to Madame la Duchesse de Berry -at Palermo; he brought me this reply from the Princess:</p> - -<div class="sidenote" style="margin-top: 3em;">Letter from Madame de Berry.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Naples</span>, 10 <i>August</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>"I have written you a line, monsieur le vicomte, to acknowledge -the receipt of your letter, wishing to have a safe opportunity of -speaking to you of my gratitude for what you have seen and done -in Prague. It seems to me that they <i>let you see very little</i>, -but enough, however, to enable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> you to judge that, despite the -<i>methods</i> employed, the result, in so far as our dear child is -concerned, is not what one might fear. I am very glad to receive -this assurance from you; but I hear from Paris that M. Barrande has -been sent away. What is to be done in this? How I long to be at my -post!</p> - -<p>"As to the requests which I asked you to make (and which were not -quite welcomed), they have proved by their action that they were no -better informed than I: for I was not in any need of what I asked, -having in no way lost my rights.</p> - -<p>"I am going to ask your advice to reply to the solicitations which -I receive from all sides. You will make such use of what follows -as, in your wisdom, you think proper. Royalist France, the people -devoted to Henry V. look to his mother, now at last free, to issue -a proclamation.</p> - -<p>"I left at Blaye a few lines which must be known to-day; they -expect more from me; they want to know the sad story of my -detention during seven months in that impenetrable fortress. It -ought to be made known in its fullest details; let the cause be -seen, in this story, of all the tears and griefs that have broken -my heart. Men will learn from it the moral tortures which I have -been made to suffer. Justice must be done in it to them to whom -it belongs; but also it must reveal the atrocious measures taken -against a defenseless woman, defenseless because she was always -refused a council, by a Government having her kinsman at its head, -in order to tear from me a secret which, in any case, could not -concern politics and the discovery of which ought not to change my -situation if I was an object of dread to the French Government, -which had the power of guarding me, but not the right, without a -trial which I claimed more than once.</p> - -<p>"But my kinsman, the husband of my aunt, the head of a family -which, in spite of the general and so justly wide-spread opinion -against it, I had allowed to hope for the hand of my daughter, -Louis-Philippe in short, thinking me to be with child and unmarried -(which would have decided any other family to open the doors of -my prison), had every form of moral torture inflicted on me to -force me to take steps by means of which he expected to be able to -establish his niece's dishonour. For the rest, if I am bound to -explain myself positively as to my declarations and their motives, -without entering into any details as to my private life, for which -I am<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> accountable to no one, I will say in all truth that they were -torn from me by my vexations, my moral tortures and the hope of -recovering my liberty.</p> - -<p>"The bearer will give you details and tell you of the forced -uncertainty as to the moment of my journey and its destination, -which interfered with my wish to avail myself of your obliging -offer by inviting you to join me before I went to Prague, as I -have great need of your advice. To-day it would be too late, as I -wish to be with my children as soon as possible. But, as nothing -is certain in this world and as I am used to disappointments, if -my arrival in Prague should, <i>against my wish</i>, be delayed, I rely -surely upon seeing you at the place where I shall be obliged to -stop and will write to you from there; if, on the contrary, I reach -my son as soon as I hope, you know better than I if you ought to -come there. I can only assure you of the pleasure it would give me -to see you at all times and places.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Marie Caroline</span>."</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Naples</span>, 18 <i>August</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>"Our friend has not been able to start yet and I have received news -of what is happening in Prague which is not of a nature calculated -to diminish my longing to go there, but which also makes the need -of your advice more urgent. If, therefore, you are able to proceed -to Venice without delay, you will find me there, or else letters -left at the post-office telling you where you can join me. I shall -travel part of the journey with some people for whom I entertain -feelings of great friendship and gratitude: M.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> and Madame -de Bauffremont<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>. We often speak of you; their devotion to -myself and to our Henry makes them long to see you arrive. M. de -Mesnard<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> shares that longing."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> - -<p>Madame de Berry refers in her letter to a little manifesto<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> which -was issued after she left Blaye and which was of no great value, -because it said neither yes nor no. The letter, on the other hand, is -curious as an historical document, since it reveals the feelings of -the Princess towards her kinsmen-gaolers and points to the sufferings -endured by her. Marie-Caroline's reflections are just; she expresses -them with spirit and pride. Again, one likes to see that courageous -and devoted mother, whether fettered or free, constantly occupied with -the interests of her son. There, at least in that heart, are youth -and life to be found. It cost me an effort once more to undertake a -long journey; but I was too much touched by the confidence of that -poor Princess to refuse to obey her wishes and to abandon her on the -high-road. M. Jauge came to the assistance of my poverty, as he had -done the first time.</p> - -<p>I took the field again with a dozen volumes scattered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> around me. -Now, while I was peregrinating <i>da capo</i> in the Prince de Bénévent's -calash, he was eating in London in the manger of his fifth master, in -expectation of the accident which will send him, perhaps, to sleep at -Westminster, among saints, kings and wise men: a burial to which his -religion, fidelity and virtues have justly entitled him.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This book was written on the road from Carlsbad to Paris, -from the 1st to the 5th of June 1833, and in Paris, in the Rue d'Enfer, -from the 6th of June to the 25th of August 1833.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The author addresses an imaginary Cynthia. Cynthia was one -of the surnames of Diana, from Mount Cynthus, where she was born.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Schiller</span>: <i>Wallenstein's Tod</i>, Act V. Sc. iii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Max Piccolomini, son to Octavio Piccolomini, the famous -Austrian general.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Thekla, Wallenstein's daughter.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Wallenstein: Tod</i>, Act V. Sc. iii.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Wallenstein's Tod</i>. Act V. Sc. v.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"It is the knight of the Landes:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">O unhappy knight!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Heard bells ring on every hand,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">When crossing the waste at night."—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Voltaire</span>: <i>Ode sur la mort de S. A. S. Mme. la princesse -de Bareith</i>, 141-144: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Lonely Sylvander, thou shalt sing no more</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">In this Art's palace, where thy voice did ban,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Loudly, the firm-set prejudice of yore</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">And made the world talk of the rights of man."—T.</span> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>Ode sur la mort de S. A. S. Mme. la princesse de Bareith</i>, 91-94: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"From philosophie heights, free from all strife,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Thy pity contemplated, with calm eyes,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The changing phantoms of the dreams of life:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">So many a dream or plan in ruin lies."—T.</span> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Mathew Laensberg (<i>fl.</i> 17th Century) was supposed to be -the author of the famous <i>Almanack de Liège</i>, called by his name and -first published in 1636, containing prognostications in the manner of -the modern <i>Zadkiel</i> or <i>Old Moore.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> The Comte de Toumon (<i>cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 258, n. 1) was -appointed Intendant of Bayreuth by Napoleon before being moved to Rome, -as Prefect, in 1809.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Aristophanes</span>.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Voltaire</span>: <i>Stances à madame la marquise Du Châtelet</i>, -29-36: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"I followed her, but wept that now</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">I could not follow others as well."</span><br /> -</p> -<p> -The poet is able to continue the pursuit of friendship, but must -abandon that of love.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Jean Louis Eugène Lerminier (1803-1857), a liberal -professor and journalist. He had published, on the 15th of October -1832, an article in the <i>Revue des Deux-Mondes</i>, entitled, <i>De -l'Opinion légitimiste: M. de Chateaubriand</i>, to which the author of the -Memoirs alludes above.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Béranger</span>: <i>La Vivandière</i>, 1-7, not quite correctly -quoted. In the original, the <i>vivandière</i> is called "Catin:" -Chateaubriand substitutes "Javotte," a favourite name for an -inn-servant in France, and alters the last lines so as to avoid the -rhyme to "Catin" at the end. To attempt a rough translation: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"I'm the vivandière so gay,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Javotte I'm called: that's handy;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">I sell, I drink, I give away</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">My wine, my rum, my brandy.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">I'm light of foot and I give a wink,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Chink chink, chink chink, chink chink, chink chink,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Clink, clink, chink."—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Isabel, or Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (<i>d.</i> 1435), married in 1385 to Charles VI. She obtained the Regency when the King became demented -in 1392, favoured the enemies of France and, in 1420, concluded the Treaty -of Troyes, which placed the crown on the head of Henry V. of England.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. III., p. 91, n. 3. Berthier was watching a Russian regiment pass under his windows, on its way to the French frontier, when he was seized with -a sudden fit of madness and jumped from the balcony to the pavement below -(1 June 1815).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>Andria</i>, Act. I. Sc. i. 44.45.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Ferdinand III. Archduke of Austria, Grand-duke of Tuscany, later Grand-duke -of Würzburg (1769-1824), brother of the Emperor Francis I. He was -Grand-duke of Tuscany from 1790, but lost his States in 1796. In 1805, the -Bishopric of Würzburg was secularized and turned into a grand-duchy, and -the Archduke Ferdinand became its titulary. On the fall of the Empire, -Tuscany was restored to Austria and Ferdinand reinstated. At the same -time (1814), Würzburg was restored to Bavaria.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> These lines are a translation from the χελιδονίζειν, recorded by Athenæus.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Chateaubriand writes, when describing his arrival at Jaffa, in the <i>Itinéraire de Paris à Jerusalem</i>: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"The wind fell, at mid-day. The calm continued for the rest of that day -and was prolonged till the 29th [of September 1806]. We were boarded by -three new passengers: two wagtails and a swallow."</p></blockquote> -<p> -And then he refers again to the swallows at Combourg in his childhood and -to the swallows in America which, in their turn, reminded him of the Combourg -swallows.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> In the <i>Congrès de Vérone</i> (Vol. II., p. 389), Chateaubriand, writing of his dismissal from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (6 June 1824), begins with -these charming lines: -</p> -<blockquote> - -<p>"On the 6th, in the morning, we were not sleeping; the dawn murmured in -the little garden; the birds twittered: we heard the day break; a swallow -fell down our chimney into our room; we opened the window for it: if we -could only have flown away with it!"—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> This reply to the swallow was written long before 1833. The Comte de -Marcellus relates, in <i>Chateaubriand et son temps</i>, how, in the summer of 1822, he -was walking with the Ambassador in Kensington Gardens. Chateaubriand told -him how, early that same morning, he had imagined that he heard a swallow twittering -outside his window. He looked and saw a smoke and soot-blackened sparrow -which might almost be mistaken for a swallow; and he set himself to hold an -imaginary conversation with the swallow disguised as a sparrow. He handed -Marcellus a paper covered with the words which he had addressed to it and which -he had written down so soon as the light permitted. They correspond literally -with the above speech. -</p> -<p> -Marcellus goes on to say that he clapped his hands with delight at reading this -inspiration in the manner of the ancients, until, at the end of the paper and as -though at the end of his enthusiasm, he began to smile: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p> -"'What is it?' asked the poet, alarmed. 'Some slip?' -</p> -<p> -'Oh no,' I replied; 'only that "I live on little" troubles me, although it -suits the passage so admirably.' -</p> -<p> -"'Well?' asked M. de Chateaubriand, with a certain animation. -</p> -<p> -"'Why, have you so soon forgotten that the Duke of York is dining with you -to-night and that yesterday we drew up together, under the dictation of our famous -Montmirel, the fabric of the most splendid banquet that ever perfumed the kitchens -and honoured the annals of diplomacy?' -</p> -<p> -"M. de Chateaubriand replied: -</p> -<p> -"'Ah, you are right; I did not think of that this morning.'"—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> St. Geneviève of Brabant (<i>fl.</i> 8th Century), the subject of a number of romantic legends and adventures.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Domenico Zampieri (1581-1641), known as Domenichino, a noted Italian -painter of the Eclectic-Bologna School.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Andrea Palladio (1518-1580), the celebrated Italian architect.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Boileau</span>: <i>Épitres</i>, vi.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Jean Philippe René de La Bletterie (1696-1772), a priest of the Oratory, a -native of Brittany like Chateaubriand and author of an <i>Histoire de l'empereur -Julien l'Apostat</i> (1735).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The following is John Duncombe's translation of Julian's Greek Epigram on -Barley-wine: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Who, what art thou? Thy name, thy birth declare:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Thou art no Bacchus, I by Bacchus swear.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Jove's son alone I know, I know not thee;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Thou smell'st like goats, but sweet as nectar he.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In Gallia, thirsty Gallia, thou wert born,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Scanty of grapes, but prodigal of corn.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Bromus, not Bromius, styl'd, thy brows with corn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">As sprung from Ceres, not from Jove, adorn."</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> The common phrase is, "That's Toulouse gold, which -will cost him dear:" a reference to the gold stolen by the Romans at -Toulouse, which brought ill-luck, according to the legend, to all who -possessed it.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> François Michel Letellier, Marquis de Louvois -(1641-1691), the organizer of the French standing army. Louvois was -Minister of War from 1666 to 1691; the Palatinate was burnt down in -1674 and again in 1689.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> François de Bonne de Créqui, Maréchal Duc de Lesdiguières -(<i>circa</i> 1687), one of the greatest French captains of the seventeenth -century, served gloriously under Louis XIV. in the campaigns of -Flanders, Alsace and Lorraine, from 1667 to 1678. He took Luxemburg in -1684.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Armand Maréchal de La Force (<i>circa</i> 1586-1675) served -with distinction in the Italian and German Wars.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Louis Hector Maréchal Duc de Villars (1653-1734), -Marlborough's famous adversary.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Turenne was killed by a cannon-ball while reconnoitering -at Sasbach (27 July 1675). The <i>Pic</i> was his favourite piebald -charger.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> François de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, successfully defended -Metz against Charles V. from October 1552 to January 1553; Vauban laid -the new fortifications, outside the old, in the reign of Louis XIV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> The father of Alexis de Tocqueville.—<i>Author's Note. -Cf.</i> Vol. II., p. 295, n. 1.—T. -</p> -<p> -The Comte de Tocqueville administered the Department of the Moselle -from February 1817 to June 1823.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Abraham Maréchal Fabert (1599-1662), Governor of Sedan, -son of Abraham Fabert, the director of the ducal printing-works at -Metz, was the first commoner who became a marshal of France (1658).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Metz was plundered by the Vandals in 406.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Iñez de Castro (<i>d.</i> 1355), favourite and, later, wife of -Peter of Portugal, son of Alphonsus IV. The King had her murdered to -prevent the consequences of an unequal union. When Peter ascended the -throne, as Peter I., afterwards surnamed the Justiciary and the Cruel, -he avenged her death on her murderers by having their hearts torn out -in his presence at Santarem, in 1360. He caused Iñez to be exhumed and -crowned and showed her royal honours.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 207, n. 1.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Madame Récamier was banished to Chalons in September -1811.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Madame de La Sablière (<i>fl.</i> 17th Century), wife of -Antoine Rambouillet de La Sablière, one of the ornaments of the -seventeenth century and immortalized by the hospitality which she -accorded to La Fontaine.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Bossuet was Bishop of Meaux.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> The Duchesse de Berry embarked on the 9th of June -1833.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The Marquis de Pastoret.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> St. Martin (<i>circa</i> 316—<i>circa</i> 397) Bishop of Tours -(371). He is honoured on the 11th of November.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The brother of Amadis of Gaul.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Robert Count of Paris (<i>d.</i> 866), surnamed the Strong, -father of Robert I. King of France and stock of the Capets, was killed -at Brissarthe, in Anjou, while giving battle to the Normans.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Charles d'Albert, Connétable Duc de Luynes (1578-1621), -was a page of Henry IV. He curried favour with the Dauphin by his -skill in raising speckled magpies. When the latter succeeded as Louis -XIII., he loaded Luynes with favours and dignities, gave him his duchy -and created him Constable of France. Luynes was on the verge of being -disgraced, when he died, of purples, on the 15th of December 1621.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Concino Concini, later Maréchal Marquis d'Ancre, Baron -de Lussigny (<i>d.</i> 1617), was a member of the Household of Marie de' -Medici, wife of Henry IV. After the King's death, he bought the -Marquisate of Ancre and was appointed Governor of Normandy and a -marshal of France without ever having drawn the sword. He was, at the -same time, Prime Minister of Louis XIII.; and he had Richelieu for his -private secretary. The Duc de Luynes contributed towards hastening -his downfall and, at last, the young King ordered his assassination, -which took place in the court-yard of the Louvre on the 14th of April -1617.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Mathurin Régnier</span>: <i>Sat.</i> XIII.; <i>Macette</i>, 30: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"Her penitent eye sheds holy water and none other."—T.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> "<i>L'État c'est moi!</i> The State is I!"—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Racine</span>: <i>Athalie</i>, Act I. Sc. i.: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 13.5em;">"O happy day for me!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">How gladly would I go my King again to see!"—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Théodore Demetrius Prince de Bauffremont-Courtenay -(1793-1853).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Anne Laurence de Montmorency, Princesse de -Bauffremont-Courtenay (1802-1860), married to Théodore Prince de -Bauffremont on the 6th of September 1819.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Louis Charles Bonaventura Pierre Comte de Mesnard -(1769-1842) emigrated in 1791 and became attached to the person of -the Duc de Berry. The Duke, on his return to France, appointed him -his aide-de-camp and, in 1816, he was appointed First Equerry to the -Duchess, whom he had gone to Marseilles to meet. The Comte de Mesnard -was with the Duc de Berry at the moment of his assassination. He was -created a peer of France in 1823. In 1830, he accompanied the Duchesse -de Berry to England, returned with her to France in 1832, took part -in the attempted rising in the Vendée and was arrested with his royal -mistress at Nantes. He was tried and acquitted on the 15th of March -1833 and at once joined the Duchesse de Berry in Italy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> The following is the text of this little manifesto, -which the newspapers of the day did not dare to publish and which has -remained comparatively unknown: -</p> -<blockquote> - -<p>"The mother of Henry V., I returned without other support than his -misfortunes and his good right to put an end to the calamities -which France is undergoing, by restoring lawful authority, order -and stability, pledges essential to the rest and peace of nations. -Treachery handed me over to our enemies. Kept a prisoner and long -oppressed by persons to whom I had shown nothing but kindness, I -have bewailed their ingratitude and suffered with resignation the -wrongs with which they have overwhelmed me; but I shall never cease -to protest against the usurpation of the rights of a child whom -justice, ties of blood, honour and faith obliged them to protect -and defend. -</p> -<p> -"I thank the people of France for the man? marks of attachment -which they have given me; my heart will never lose the remembrance -of it. -</p> -<p> -"I beg all those who have been persecuted for the sake of my -son and myself, those who have offered me advice of which I was -deprived, in spite of the sad situation to which I was reduced -and those who have protested, in France's name and mine, against -the sequestration and the moral sufferings which stifled my very -complaints, to receive the assurance that I shall never forget -their affection nor the pains which they have endured. -</p> -<p> -"The reproaches which some have dared to attribute to me as having -been uttered against friends of whose devotion I was too sure to -accuse their conduct have offended me to the quick: I indignantly -deny those insulting suppositions. -</p> -<p> -"Whatever may be the future which Providence has in store for my -son, to love France, to devote his cares and his life to repairing -her misfortunes, to hope that she may be happy, even if he were not -himself charged to make her happy: those will at all tunes be his -sentiments and his wishes, those will also always be mine. -</p> -<p> -"The French have never enjoyed real liberty except under the -protection of their lawful Sovereign: it will behove the heir of -the name and, I hope, the virtues of Henry the Great to continue -his reign and to realize all that he promised to France. -</p> -<p class="smcap" style="text-align: right;"> -"Marie-Caroline." -</p> -<p> -"Blaye Citadel, 7 June 1833."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_VI" id="BOOK_VI"></a>BOOK VI<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></h4> - - -<p>Journal from Paris to Venice—The Jura—The Alps—Milan—Verona—The -roll-call of the dead—The Brenta—Incidental remarks—Venice—Venetian -architecture—Antonio—The Abbé Betio and M. Gamba—The rooms in the -Palace of the Doges—Prisons—Silvio Pellico's prison—The Frari—The -Academy of Fine Arts—Titian's <i>Assumption</i>—The metopes of the -Parthenon—Original drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo and -Raphael—The Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo—The Arsenal—Henry -IV.—A frigate leaving for America—The Cemetery of San Cristoforo—San -Michele di Murano—Murano—The woman and the child—Gondoliers—Bretons -and Venetians—Breakfast on the Riva degli Schiavoni—The tomb of -Mesdames at Trieste—Rousseau and Byron—Great geniuses inspired by -Venice—Old and new courtezans—Rousseau and Byron compared.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">7 <i>to</i> 10 <i>September, on the road.</i></p> - -<p>I left Paris on the 3rd of September 1833, taking the Simplon Road -through Pontarlier.</p> - -<p>Salins, lately burnt to the ground, had been built up again; I -preferred it with its Spanish tumble-down ugliness<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>. The Abbé -d'Olivet<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> was born on the banks of the Furieuse; Voltaire's first -master, who received his pupil at the Academy, had nothing in common -with the paternal stream.</p> - -<p>The great storm which caused so many shipwrecks in the Channel assailed -me on the Jura. I arrived at night on the "wastes" of the Lévier stage. -The caravanserai built of wooden planks, brilliantly lighted and filled -with travellers taking shelter suggested not a little the keeping of a -witches'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> sabbath. I refused to stop; they brought the horses. When it -came to closing the lanterns of the calash, a great difficulty arose; -the hostess, an extremely pretty young witch, lent a hand, laughing. -She took care to hold her candle-end, protected by a glass tube, close -up to her face, so as to be seen.</p> - -<p>At Pontarlier, my old host, a great Legitimist during his life-time, -was dead. I supped at the inn called the National: a good omen for the -newspaper of that name. Armand Carrel is the chief of those men who did -not lie during the Days of July.</p> - -<p>The Castle of Joux defends the approaches to Pontarlier; it has seen -two men succeed one another in its donjons, both of whom the Revolution -will bear in memory: Mirabeau and Toussaint-Louverture<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>, the black -Napoleon, imitated and killed by the white Napoleon.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Toussaint," says Madame de Staël, "was brought to a French prison, -where he died in the most wretched manner. Perhaps Bonaparte does -not so much as remember this crime, because he has been less often -reproached with it than with the others."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The hurricane increased: I encountered its greatest violence between -Pontarlier and Orbe. It increased the size of the mountains, rang the -bells in the hamlets, drowned the roar of the torrents in that of the -thunder, and swept down howling upon my calash, like a heavy squall on -the sail of a ship. When low-lying lightning-flashes cracked across the -heaths, one saw flocks of sheep stand motionless, their heads hidden -between their fore-feet, presenting their tails tucked in and their -shaggy quarters to the showers of rain and hail beaten up by the wind. -The voice of the man calling the time from the summit of a mountain -belfry sounded like the cry of the last hour.</p> - -<p>At Lausanne, all was smiling-again: I had often visited that town -before; I no longer know a soul there.</p> - -<p>At Bex, while they were harnessing to my carriage the horses which had -perhaps drawn the bier of Madame de Custine, I stood leaning against -the door of the house where my hostess of Fervacques died. She had been -celebrated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> before the revolutionary tribunal for her long hair. In -Rome, I have seen beautiful fair hair taken from a tomb.</p> - -<p>In the Rhone Valley, I met an almost naked little girl, dancing with -her goat; she asked for alms of a rich young man, well-dressed, who -was posting past with a laced courier in front and two footmen sitting -behind the glittering chariot. And you imagine that such a distribution -of property can exist? You think that it does not justify popular -risings?</p> - -<p>Sion brings back to me an epoch in my life: after being secretary of -embassy in Rome, I was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Valais -by the First Consul<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>.</p> - -<p>At Brigg, I left the Jesuits struggling to raise up again what cannot -be raised up<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>: uselessly established at the foot of time, they are -crushed beneath its mass, like their monastery beneath the weight of -the mountains.</p> - -<p>This was the tenth time of my crossing the Alps: I had told them -all that I had to tell them in the different years and different -circumstances of my life. Ever regretting what he has lost, ever rapt -in memories, ever marching towards the grave in tears and isolation: -that is man.</p> - -<p>The images borrowed from mountain scenery have particularly sensible -relations with our fortunes: this one passes in silence, like the -outpouring of a spring; that one attaches a noise to his course, like -a torrent; that other flings away his existence, like a cataract that -appeals and disappears.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Simplon.</div> - -<p>The Simplon already wears an abandoned air, even as the life of -Napoleon; even as that life, it has nothing left but its glory: it -is too great a work to belong to the little States upon which it has -devolved. Genius has no family; its inheritance falls by right of -escheat to the common crowd, which nibbles at it and plants a cabbage -where a cedar grew.</p> - -<p>The last time that I crossed the Simplon, I was going as Ambassador -to Rome; I fell; the herds whom I had left on the top of the mountain -are there yet: snows, clouds, tumble-down rocks, pine-forests and the -turmoil of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> waters incessantly encompass the hut threatened by the -avalanche. The most living person in those chalets is the goat. Why -die? I know. Why be born? I cannot tell. Still, admit that the foremost -sufferings, moral sufferings, the torments of the mind are wanting -among the dwellers in the region of the chamois and the eagles. When I -went to the Congress of Verona, in 1822, the station on the peak of the -Simplon was kept by a Frenchwoman: in the middle of a cold night and of -a squall of wind which prevented me from seeing her, she talked to me -of the Scala in Milan; she was expecting ribbons from Paris: her voice, -the only thing about that woman that I know, was very sweet through the -darkness and the gale.</p> - -<p>The descent to Domo d'Ossola appeared to me more and more wonderful; -a certain play of light and shadow increased its magic. One was -caressed by a little breath which our old tongue called the <i>aure</i>: a -sort of early morning-breeze, bathed and scented with the dew. I once -more beheld the Lago Maggiore, on which I was so melancholy in 1828 -and of which I caught sight from the Valley of Bellinzona in 1832. -At Sesto-Calende, Italy presented herself: a blind Paganini sang and -played the fiddle at the edge of the lake as I crossed the Ticino.</p> - -<p>On entering Milan, I again saw the magnificent avenue of tulip-trees -of which no one speaks; the travellers apparently take them for -plane-trees. I protest against this silence, in memory of my savages: -it is surely the least that America can do, to give shade to Italy. -One might also plant magnolias at Genoa, mixed with palm-trees and -orange-trees. But who dreams of such a thing? Who thinks of beautifying -the earth? That care is left to God. The governments are occupied -with their fall, and men prefer a card-board tree on the stage of a -<i>fantoccini</i> theatre to the magnolia-tree whose roses would scent the -cradle of Christopher Columbus.</p> - -<p>In Milan, the annoyance about the passports is as stupid as it is -brutal. I did not pass through Verona without emotion; it was there -that my active political career had its real beginning. My mind thought -on what the world might have become if that career had not been -interrupted by a contemptible jealousy.</p> - -<p>Verona, so lively in 1822, thanks to the presence of the sovereigns of -Europe, had, in 1833, returned to silence; the Congress had passed as -completely in its lonely streets as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> Court of the Scaligers and the -Senate-house of the Romans. The arenas whose benches I had seen filled -with a hundred thousand spectators yawned deserted; the buildings which -I had admired under the illuminations embroidered on their architecture -wrapped themselves, grey and bare as they were, in an atmosphere of -rain.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The roll-call of the dead.</div> - -<p>How many ambitions were stirring among the actors at Verona! How many -destinies of nations were examined, discussed and weighed! Let us call -the roll of those wooers of dreams; let us open the book of the Day of -Wrath: <i>Liber scriptus proferetur</i><a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>; monarchs, princes, ministers, -here is your ambassador, your colleague returned to his post: where are -you? Answer.</p> - -<p>The Emperor of Russia, Alexander?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The Emperor of Austria, Francis I.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The King of France, Louis XVIII.?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The King of France, Charles X.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The King of England, George IV.?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The King of Naples, Ferdinand I.?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The Duke of Tuscany<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>Pope Pius VII.?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The King of Sardinia, Charles Felix<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>The Duc de Montmorency, French Foreign Minister?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>Mr. Canning, English Foreign Minister?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> - -<p>M. de Bernstorff, Prussian Foreign Minister?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>M. de Gentz, of the Austrian Chancery?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>Cardinal Consalvi, Secretary of State to His Holiness?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>M. de Serre, my colleague on the Congress<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>M. d'Aspremont, my secretary of embassy?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>Count Neipperg, the husband of Napoleon's widow?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>Countess Tolstoi?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>Her tall young son?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>My host in the Lorenzi Palace?</p> - -<p>"Dead."</p> - -<p>If so many men inscribed with me on the roll of the Congress have had -their names inserted in the obituary; if nations and royal dynasties -have perished; if Poland has succumbed; if Spain is again annihilated; -if I have been to Prague to enquire after the flying remnants of the -great House whose representative I was at Verona: what, then, are -earthly things? No one remembers the speeches which we made round the -table of Prince Metternich; but, O power of genius, no traveller will -ever hear the lark sing in the fields of Verona without recalling -Shakespeare! Each of us, by digging to different depths in his memory, -finds another layer of dead, other extinct sentiments, other illusions -which uselessly he suckled, like those of Herculaneum, at the breast of -Hope.</p> - -<p>On leaving Verona, I was obliged to change my measure to compute the -time that was past; I was going back twenty-seven years, for I had -not made the journey from Verona to Venice since 1806. At Brescia, at -Vicenza, at Padua, I passed by the walls of Palladio, Scamozzi<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>, -Franceschini, Nicholas of Pisa<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>, Friar John.</p> - -<p>The banks of the Brenta disappointed my hopes; they had remained more -smiling in my imagination: the dykes raised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> along the canal conceal -the marches too much. Several villas have been demolished; but a -few very elegant ones still remain. There, perhaps, lives Signor -Pococurante<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>, whom the city ladies with their sonnets disgusted, to -whom the two pretty girls began to grow very indifferent, to whom music -grew tiresome after half an hour, who thought Homer mortally tedious, -who detested the pious. Æneas, the boy Ascanius, the silly King -Latinus, the ill-bred Amata and the insipid Lavinia, who saw nothing -extraordinary in Horace' journey to Brundusium and his account of -his bad dinner, who declared that he never read Tully and still less -Milton, that barbarian who spoiled Tasso's hell and the devil.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"'Alas!' said Candid softly to Martin, 'I am afraid this man holds -our German poets in great contempt<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>In spite of my semi-disappointment and many gods in the little gardens, -I was charmed with the mulberry-trees, the orange-trees, the fig-trees -and the softness of the air, I who, such a short time before, was -travelling through the fir-groves of Germany and over the mountains of -the Czechs, where the sun looks ill.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I arrive in Venice.</div> - -<p>I arrived on the 10th of September, at break of day, at Fusina, which -Philippe de Comines<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> and Montaigne call "Chaffousine." At half -past ten, I had landed in Venice. My first care was to send to the -post-office: there was nothing addressed to me direct, nor indirectly -to Paolo; of Madame la Duchesse de Berry, no news at all. I wrote to -Count Griffi, the Neapolitan Minister in Florence, to ask him to let me -know the movements of Her Royal Highness.</p> - -<p>Having everything in order, I resolved patiently to await the Princess: -Satan sent me a temptation. I longed, at his diabolical suggestion, to -stay alone, for a fortnight, at the Hôtel de l'Europe, to the detriment -of the Legitimate Monarchy. I wished the august traveller bad roads, -without reflecting that my restoration of King Henry V. might be -delayed for half a month! Like Danton, I crave pardon for it of God and -men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice, Hôtel de l'Europe</span>, 10 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p style="margin-left:60%;"> -Salve, Italuni Regina....<br /> -. . . . .<br /> -Nec tu semper eris<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>.<br /> -<br /> -O d'Italia dolente<br /> -Eterno lumine....<br /> -Venezia<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p>In Venice, one can imagine one's self on the deck of a superb galley -lying at anchor, on the <i>Bucentaur</i>, where a feast is being given in -your honour and from whose side you see wonderful things all around. -My inn, the Hôtel de l'Europe, is situated at the entrance to the -Grand Canal, opposite the Dogana di Mare, the Giudecca and San Giorgio -Maggiore. When one goes up the Grand Canal, between its two rows of -palaces, so marked by their centuries, so varied in architectural -style, when one moves from the Piazza to the Piazzetta, when one -contemplates the basilica and its domes, the Palace of the Doges, the -Procuratie Nuove, the Zucca, the Torre dell' Orologio, the campanile -of St Mark's and the Column of the Lion, all mingled with the sails -and masts of the shipping, the movement of the crowd and the gondolas, -the azure of the sky and sea, the freaks of a dream or the frolics -of an Oriental imagination present nothing more fantastic. Sometimes -Cicéri<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> paints and collects upon a canvas, for the illusions of the -stage, monuments of all shapes, all times, all countries, all climates: -it is still Venice.</p> - -<p>Those double-gilt edifices, so profusely embellished by Giorgione<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>, -Titian, Paul Veronese<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>, Tintoretto<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>, Giovanni<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> Bellini<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>, Paris -Bordone<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>, the two Palmas<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>, are filled with bronzes, marbles, -granites, porphyries, precious antiques, rare manuscripts; their -internal magic is equal to their external magic; and when, in the bland -light that illumines them, one discovers the illustrious names and -noble memories attached to their vaults, one cries with Philippe de -Comines:</p> - -<p>"'Tis the most triumphant city that ever I saw!"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The glories of Venice.</div> - -<p>And yet it is no longer the Venice of the Minister of Louis XI.; the -Venice the Bride of the Adriatic and mistress of the seas; the Venice -that gave emperors to Constantinople, kings to Cyprus, princes to -Dalmatia, the Peloponnesus, Crete; the Venice that humiliated the -German Cæsars and received the Popes as suppliants at her inviolable -hearths; the Venice of whom monarchs esteemed it an honour to be the -citizens, to whom Petrarch<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a>, Pletho<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>, Bessarion<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> bequeathed -the remnants of Greek and Latin literature saved from the shipwreck of -barbarism; the Venice, a republic in the midst of Feudal Europe, that -served as a buckler to Christianity; the Venice, the "setter-up of -lions," that trampled on the ramparts of Ptolemaïs<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>, Ascalon<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>, -Tyre<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> and overthrew the Crescent at Lepanto<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>; the Venice whose -doges were men of learning and whose merchants knights; the Venice -that laid low the Orient or bought its perfumes, that brought back -from Greece conquered turbans or recovered master-pieces; the Venice -that issued victorious from the ungrateful League of Cambrai; the -Venice that triumphed through her feasts, her courtezans and her arts, -as through her arms and her great men; the Venice that was at once -Corinth, Athens and Carthage, adorning her head with rostral crowns and -floral diadems.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is no longer even the city through which I passed when I went to -visit the shores that had witnessed her glory; but, thanks to her -voluptuous breezes and agreeable waters, she retains a charm: it -is especially to declining countries that a beautiful climate is a -necessity. There is civilization enough in Venice to lend a niceness to -existence. The seduction of the sky prevents one from requiring greater -human dignity: an attractive virtue is exhaled from those vestiges of -greatness, those traces of the arts which surround one. The ruins of an -old state of society which produced such things as these, while giving -you a distaste for a new state of society, leave you no desire for a -future. You love to feel yourself die with all that is dying around -you; you have no other care than to adorn what remains of your life -as it is gradually laid aside. Nature, which causes young generations -to reappear amongst ruins as quickly as it covers those ruins with -flowers, keeps for the most enfeebled races the habit of the passions -and the enchantment of pleasure.</p> - -<p>Venice never knew idolatry: she grew up Christian in the island where -she was reared, far from the brutality of Attila. The women descended -from the Scipios, the Pauli and the Eustochie escaped from Alaric's -violence in the Grotto of Bethlehem. Standing apart from all other -cities, the eldest daughter of ancient civilization without ever -having been dishonoured by conquest, Venice contains neither Roman -remains nor monuments of the Barbarians. Nor does one see there what -one sees in the north and west of Europe, in the midst of industrial -progress: I refer to those new structures, those whole streets built -in a hurry, in which the houses remain either unfinished or empty. -What could one build here? Wretched dens which would show the poverty -of conception of the sons after the magnificence of the genius of the -fathers; white-washed hovels which would not reach to the first storey -of the gigantic residences of the Foscaris and the Pesaros. When one -sees the trowel of mortar and the handful of plaster that have had -to be applied, for an urgent repair, against a marble capital, one -is shocked. Better the rotten planks boarding up Grecian or Moorish -windows, the rags hung out to dry on graceful balconies, than the -imprint of the mean hand of our century.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The view from my windows.</div> - -<p>Why cannot I lock myself up in this town which harmonizes so well with -my destiny, in this city of poets, where Dante, Petrarch, Byron passed! -Why cannot I finish writing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> my Memoirs by the light of the sun that -falls upon these pages! At this moment the luminary is still burning my -Floridan savannahs and is setting here at the end of the Grand Canal. -I can no longer see it; but, through an opening in this wilderness -of palaces, its rays strike the ball of the Dogana, the lateen-sails -of the boats, the yards of the ships and the porch of the convent of -San Giorgio Maggiore. The tower of the monastery, changed into a rosy -column, is reflected in the waves; the white front of the church is -so brightly lighted that I can pick out the smallest details of the -chisel. The outlines of the shops of the Giudecca are painted with a -Titian light; the gondolas on the canal and the harbour are swimming in -the same light. Venice is there, seated on the shore, like a beautiful -woman about to die away with the day-light: the evening breeze lifts -up her balmy tresses; she dies saluted by all the graces and all the -smiles of nature.</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>In Venice, in 1806, there was a young Signor Armani, the Italian -translator or a friend of the translator of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme.</i> His sister, as he said, was a nun: <i>monaca.</i> There was -also a Jew, on his way to the farce of Napoleon's Grand Sanhedrim<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>, -who had his eyes on my purse; then M. Lagarde, the chief of the French -spies, who gave me dinner: my translator, his sister, the Jew of the -Sanhedrim are either dead or no longer live in Venice. At that time, -I was staying at the Hotel of the Golden Lion, near the Rialto; that -hotel has changed its position. Almost opposite my old inn is the -Palazzo Foscari, which is falling. Back, all that old lumber of my -life! I should go mad with ruins: let us speak of the present.</p> - -<p>I have tried to depict the general effect of the architecture of -Venice; in order to receive an impression of the details, I have been -up and down and again up the Grand Canal, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> have visited and revisited -the Piazza San Marco. It would need volumes to exhaust that subject. -Count Cicognara's<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> <i>Fabbriche più conspicue di Venezia</i> supply the -features of the monuments; but the exposition is not clear. I will -content myself with noting down two or three of the most frequently -recurring arrangements.</p> - -<p>From the capital of a Corinthian column is described a semicircle, the -point of which descends upon the capital of another Corinthian column: -exactly in the middle of those shafts rises a third, of the same -dimensions and the same order; from the capital of that central column -two epicycles spring to right and left, the ends of which also come -to lie upon the capitals of other columns. The result of this design -is that the arches, in crossing each other, give birth to ogives at -their point of intersection<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>, so that a charming admixture is formed -of two architectural styles, the full Roman arch and the ogive of -Arab-Gothic or "Mediæval" origin; but it is certain that the latter -exists in the so-called Cyclopean monuments; I have seen very pure -specimens of it in the tombs of Argos<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>.</p> - -<p>The Ducal Palace presents twines reproduced in some other palaces, -particularly in the Palazzo Foscari: the columns support pointed -arches; those arches leave voids between them: between those voids the -architect has placed two roses. The rose depresses the extremity of the -two ellipses. Those roses, which meet at a point of their circumference -in the fore front of the building, become a kind of row of wheels upon -which the rest of the edifice is carried.</p> - -<p>In every structure, the base is commonly broad; the monument diminishes -in thickness as it encroaches on the sky. The Ducal Palace is the exact -opposite of that natural scheme of architecture: the base, pierced by -light porticoes surmounted by a gallery of arabesques indented with -four-leaved open trefoils, supports an almost bare square mass: one -would say it was a fortress built upon pillars, or rather an inverted -building planted on its light coping with its thick root in the air.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> - -<p>Remarkable in the Venetian monuments are the architectural masks and -heads. In the Palazzo Pesaro, the entablature of the first storey, -of the Doric order, is decorated with heads of giants; the Ionic -order of the second storey is bound by heads of knights which stretch -horizontally from the wall, with their faces looking towards the -water: some are wrapped in a chin-piece, others have their visors -half-lowered; all wear helmets whose plumes bend round into ornaments -under the cornice. Lastly, on the third storey, of the Corinthian -order, we see heads of female statues with their hair differently -knotted.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Venetian architecture.</div> - -<p>In St. Mark's, embossed with domes, encrusted with mosaics, loaded with -incoherent spoils of the East, I found myself at the same time in San -Vitale at Ravenna, in St. Sophia in Constantinople, in St. Saviour's in -Jerusalem and in those lesser churches of the Morea, Chios and Malta: -St. Mark's, a monument of Byzantine architecture, composite of victory -and conquest raised to the Cross, is a trophy, as is the whole of -Venice. The most remarkable effect of its architecture is its darkness -under a brilliant sky; but to-day, the loth of September, the deadened -light from the outside harmonized with the gloomy basilica. They were -completing the Forty Hours ordered to obtain fine weather. The fervour -of the faithful praying against rain was great: the Venetians look upon -a grey and watery sky as the plague.</p> - -<p>Our prayers were granted: the evening became charming; at night I went -for a walk on the quay. The sea lay smooth; the stars mingled with -the scattered lights of the boats and ships anchored here and there. -The cafés were full, but one saw no <i>Pulcinelli</i>, Greeks nor Moors: -everything comes to an end. A Madonna, brightly illuminated at the -crossing of a bridge, attracted the crowd: young girls were devoutly -telling their beads on their knees; they made the Sign of the Cross -with their right hand and stopped the passers-by with their left. -Returning to my inn, I went to bed and to sleep to the singing of the -gondoliers stationed under my windows.</p> - -<p>I have as my guide Antonio, the oldest and best-informed of the -<i>ciceroni</i> of the place; he knows the palaces, statues and pictures by -heart</p> - -<p>On the 11th of September, I paid a visit to the Abbé Betio and M. -Gamba<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>, the keepers of the Library: they received<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> me with extreme -politeness, although I had no letter of recommendation.</p> - -<p>As one goes through the rooms of the Ducal Palace, one passes from -wonders to wonders. There the whole history of Venice unrolls itself, -painted by the greatest masters: their pictures have been described a -hundred times.</p> - -<p>Among the antiques, I remarked, like everybody else, the group of -<i>Leda and the Swan</i> and the <i>Ganymede</i> ascribed to Praxiteles. The -Swan is prodigious in its embrace and its voluptuousness; Leda is too -compliant. The eagle of the <i>Ganymede</i> is not a real eagle; it looks -the best-tempered beast in the world. Ganymede, charmed at being -carried off, is enchanting: he talks to the eagle, which talks to him.</p> - -<p>Those antiques are placed at either end of the magnificent rooms of -the Library. I contemplated, with the sacred respect of the poet, a -manuscript of Dante's and gazed, with the greed of the traveller, upon -the map of the world of Fra Mauro<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> (1460). Africa, however, does not -appear to be traced upon it so correctly as they say. They ought, above -all, in Venice, to explore the archives: they would find invaluable -documents there.</p> - -<p>From the painted and gilded halls, I passed to the prisons and the -dungeons; the same palace presents the microcosm of society, joy and -sorrow. The prisons are under the leads, the dungeons on the level of -the water of the canal and on two storeys. A thousand tales are told -of strangulations and secret beheadings<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>; by way of compensation we -hear that a prisoner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> left those dungeons fat, plump and rosy, after -eighteen years spent in captivity: he had lived like a toad inside a -rock. All honour to the human race! What a fine thing it is!</p> - -<p>Plenty of philanthropic phrases stain the vaults and walls of the -underground cells, since the day when our Revolution, so adverse to -blood,</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . dans cet affreux séjour</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">D'un coup de <i>hache</i> a fait entrer le jour<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - - -<div class="sidenote">The Venetian prisons.</div> - -<p>In France, the gaols were crammed with victims who were got rid of by -cutting their throats; but, in the prisons of Venice, they set free the -shades of men who had, perhaps, never been there. The gentle butchers -who sliced the throats of children and old men, the kind spectators who -assisted at the guillotining of women were melted at the progress of -humanity, so well proved by the opening of the Venetian dungeons. As -for me, I have a hard heart; I am not like those heroes of sensibility. -No old headless ghosts appeared before my eyes in the Palace of the -Doges; only it seemed to me that I saw in the cells of the aristocracy -what the Christians saw when they shattered the idols: nests of mice -escaping from the heads of the gods. That is what happens to every -power that is disembowelled and exposed to the light: it lets out the -vermin which we used to adore.</p> - -<p>The Bridge of Sighs connects the Ducal Palace with the prisons of the -town; it is divided into two separate passages: through one of these, -the ordinary prisoners entered; through the other, the State prisoners -went before the tribunal of the Inquisitors or the Ten. This bridge -presents a graceful exterior, and the façade of the prison is admired: -beauty cannot be dispensed with in Venice, even for tyranny and -misfortune! Pigeons make their nests in the windows of the gaol; little -doves, all covered with down, flutter their wings and moan at the bars, -while waiting for their mother. In former days, innocent creatures used -to be cloistered almost on leaving the cradle; their parents never saw -them again except through the gratings of the parlour or the wicket of -the door.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>You can readily imagine that, in Venice, I necessarily thought of -Silvio Pellico<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>. M. Gamba had told me that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> Abbé Betio was the -master of the Palace and that, by applying to him, I should be able to -make my researches. The excellent librarian, to whom I had recourse one -morning, took a big bunch of keys and led me, along several passages -and up various stair-cases, to the garrets of the author of <i>Le mie -Prigioni.</i></p> - -<p>M. Silvio Pellico has made only one mistake; he has spoken of his gaol -as of one of those famous prison-cells high up in the air, marked by -their roofing <i>sotto i piombi.</i> Those prisons are, or rather were -five in number, in that portion of the Ducal Palace which adjoins the -Ponte della Paglia and the canal of the Bridge of Sighs. Pellico did -not dwell there; he was incarcerated at the other end of the Palace, -near the Ponte degli Canonici, in a building contiguous to the Palace, -which building had been transformed, in 1820, into a gaol for political -prisoners. However, he was also "under the leads," for a plate of that -metal formed the roofing of his hermitage.</p> - -<p>The description which the prisoner gives of his first and second room -is exact to the last particular. Through the window of the first room, -one looks out on the roof of St. Mark's; one sees the well in the inner -yard of the Palace, a corner of the Piazza, the different steeples of -the town and, beyond the lagoons, on the horizon, mountains in the -direction of Padua. The second room is recognised by its big window and -by another smaller and higher window: it was through the big one that -Pellico used to perceive his companions in misfortune in a detached -building opposite and, on the left, above, the dear children who used -to talk to him from their mother's casement.</p> - -<p>To-day all those chambers are deserted, for men remain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> nowhere, not -even in the prisons; the bars of the windows have been removed and the -walls and ceilings white-washed. The gentle and learned Abbé Betio, -living in this abandoned part of the Palace, is its peaceful and -solitary guardian.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Silvio Pellico.</div> - -<p>The rooms which immortalize Pellico's captivity are lofty and airy; -they command a splendid view; they are the prison for a poet; there -would not be much to say about them, admitting the tyranny and -absurdity: but the death sentence for a speculative opinion! The -Moravian<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> dungeons! Ten years taken from life, youth and talent! -And the gnats, those nasty animals by which I myself am being eaten up -at the Hôtel de l'Europe, hardened though I be by the weather and the -mosquitoes of Florida! For the rest, I have often been worse lodged -than was Pellico in his belvedere in the Ducal Palace, notably in the -prefecture of the doges of the French Police, where I was obliged to -climb up on a table to enjoy the light.</p> - -<p>The author of <i>Francesca da Rimini</i> thought of Zanze in his gaol; I, in -mine, sang of a young girl whom I had just seen die. I was very anxious -to know what became of Pellico's little guardian. I have set persons to -make researches: if I find out anything, I will tell you.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>A gondola landed me at the Frari, where we French, accustomed as we -are to the Grecian or Gothic exteriors of our own churches, are not -much struck by those outsides of basilicas in brick, ungrateful and -common to the eye; but, in the inside, the harmony of the lines and -the disposition of the masses produce a simplicity and a calmness of -composition that enchant one.</p> - -<p>The tombs in the Frari, placed in the lateral walls, decorate the -building without obstructing it The magnificence of the marbles blazes -forth on every side, charming foliage bears witness to the finish of -the old Venetian sculpture. On one of the squares of the pavement in -the nave are these words:</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Here Lies Titian, the Rival of Zeuxis and Apelles</span></p> - -<p>This stone is opposite one of the painter's master-pieces. Canova -has his gorgeous sepulchre not far from Titian's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> flag-stone; this -sepulchre is the replica of the monument which he had conceived for -Titian himself and which he executed afterwards for the Archduchess -Maria Christina<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>. The remains of the sculptor of the <i>Hebe</i> and the -<i>Magdalen</i> are not all collected in this work: thus Canova inhabits the -representation of a tomb made by himself, not for himself, which tomb -is but his semi-cenotaph.</p> - -<p>From the Frari, I proceeded to the Manfrini Gallery. The portrait -of Ariosto is speaking. Titian painted his mother, an old matron of -the people, squalid and ugly: the artist's pride shows itself in the -exaggeration of this woman's years and poverty.</p> - -<p>At the Academy of Fine Arts, I hurried fast to the picture of the -<i>Assumption</i>, discovered by Cicognara<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>: ten large male figures at -the bottom of the picture; observe the man rapt in ecstasy on the left, -watching Mary. The Virgin, above this group, rises in the centre of a -semicircle of cherubs; there is a multitude of admirable faces in that -glory: a woman's head, on the right, at the point of the crescent, of -unspeakable beauty; two or three heavenly spirits flung horizontally -across the sky, in the bold, picturesque manner of Tintoretto. I am not -sure that a standing angel does not experience some feeling of a too -terrestrial love. The Virgin is largely proportioned; she is clad in -a red drapery; her blue scarf floats in the air; her eyes are raised -towards the Eternal Father, who appeared at the zenith. Four positive -colours, brown, green, red and blue, cover the picture: the aspect of -the whole is sombre, the character unideal, but of an incomparable -truth and natural vivacity. Nevertheless, I prefer the <i>Presentation of -the Virgin in the Temple</i>, by the same painter, which hangs in the same -room.</p> - -<p>Facing the <i>Assumption</i> and very cleverly lighted is Tintoretto's -<i>Miracle of St. Mark</i>, a vigorous scene which seems dug out of the -canvas with the chisel and mallet rather than the brush.</p> - -<p>I went on to the plaster-casts from the metopes of the Parthenon; these -plasters had a three-fold interest for me:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> in Athens, I had seen the -voids left by the ravages committed by Lord Elgin<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and, in London, -the kidnapped marbles of which I found the mouldings in Venice. The -roving destiny of those master-pieces was linked with mine, and yet -Phidias did not fashion my clay.</p> - -<p>I was unable to tear myself away from the original drawings by Leonardo -da Vinci, Michael Angelo and Raphael. Nothing is more interesting than -those sketches of genius abandoned alone to its studies and its whims: -it admits you to its intimacy; it initiates you into its secrets; -it informs you by what steps and by what efforts it has attained -perfection: one is enraptured at seeing how it was mistaken, how it -perceived its error and corrected it. Those pencil-strokes drawn on -the corner of a table on a wretched piece of paper retain a marvellous -richness and natural artlessness. When you reflect that Raphael's hand -has passed over those immortal scraps, you are angry with the glass -which prevents you from kissing those holy relics.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Santi Giovanni e Paolo.</div> - -<p>I refreshed myself, after my admiration at the Academy of Fine Arts, -with an admiration of a different kind at Santi Giovanni e Paolo, even -as one rests one's mind by a change of reading. This church, whose -unknown architect followed in the foot-steps of Niccola Pisano, is rich -and spacious. The apse into which the high altar retires represents -a kind of erect shell; two other sanctuaries accompany this shell -laterally: they are tall and narrow, with many-centred vaultings, and -are separated from the apse by rabbeted channels.</p> - -<p>The ashes of the Doges Mocenigo<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>, Morosini<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>, Vendramin<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> -and several other heads of the Republic<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> rest here. Here also is -the skin of Antonio Bragadino<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>, the defender of Famagusta, to -whom Tertulliano expression may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> applied: "a living skin." Those -illustrious remains inspire a great and painful sentiment: Venice -herself, the magnificent catafalco of her warlike magistrates, the -two-fold coffin of their ashes, is now no more than a living skin.</p> - -<p>Stained-glass windows and red curtains, while veiling the light in -Santi Giovanni e Paolo, increase the religious effect. The numberless -columns brought from the East and from Greece have been planted in -the basilica, like avenues of exotic trees. A storm rose while I -was roaming in the church: when will the trumpets sound that shall -rouse all these dead? I said as much under Jerusalem, in the Valley -of Jehoshaphat. Returning to my hotel after those visits, I thanked -God for having transported me from the porkers of Waldmünchen to the -pictures of Venice.</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>After my discovery of the prisons in which material Austria tries -to stifle Italian intellects, I went to the Arsenal. No monarchy, -however powerful it be or have been, has presented a similar nautical -compendium.</p> - -<p>An immense space, enclosed by crenellated walls, contains four docks -for large ships, yards for building those ships, establishments for all -that concerns the military and merchant navy, from the rope-yard to the -gun-foundry, from the work-shop where they carve the oar of the gondola -to that where they square the keel of a seventy-four, from the rooms -devoted to the old armour captured in Constantinople, in Cyprus, in the -Morea, at Lepanto to the rooms in which modern armour is exhibited: the -whole mingled with galleries, columns, works of architecture raised and -designed by the chief masters.</p> - -<p>In the naval arsenals of Spain, England, France, Holland, one sees only -that which is connected with the objects of those arsenals; in Venice, -the arts are allied to industry. The monument to Admiral Emo<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>, by -Canova, awaits you beside the carcass of a ship; rows of guns meet your -eye through long porticoes: the two colossal lions from the Piræus -keep the gate of the dock from which a frigate is about to issue for a -world which Athens did not know and which was discovered by the genius -of modern Italy.</p> - - -<div class="sidenote">The Arsenal.</div> - -<p>In spite of those fine remains of Neptune, the Arsenal no longer -recalls those lines of Dante:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> - -<p style="margin-left: 15%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">In the Venetians' arsenal as boils</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Through wintry months tenacious pitch, to smear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Their unsound vessels; for the inclement time</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Sea-faring men restrains, and in that while</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">His bark one builds anew, another stops</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The ribs of his that hath made many a voyage,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">One hammers at the prow, one at the poop,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">This shapeth oars, that other cables twirls,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The mizen one repairs, and main-sail rent<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>All this animation is over: the emptiness of seven-eighths of the -arsenal, the extinct furnaces, the boilers gnawed with rust, the -rope-walks without wheels, the dock-yards without shipwrights bear -witness to the same death that has smitten the palaces. Instead of -the throng of carpenters, sail-makers, seamen, caulkers, ship's lads, -one sees a few galley-slaves dragging their fetters: two of them were -eating off the breech of a gun; at that iron table they could at least -dream of liberty.</p> - -<p>When formerly those galley-slaves rowed on board the <i>Bucentaur</i>, they -wore a purple tunic thrown over their branded shoulders, to make them -look like kings cleaving the waves with gilded paddles; they gladdened -their toil with the clank of their chains, even as in Bengal, at the -Feast of the Durga, the nautch-girls, dressed in gold gauze, accompany -their dances with the sound of the rings with which their necks, arms -and legs are adorned. The Venetian convicts married the doge to the sea -and themselves renewed their indissoluble union with slavery.</p> - -<p>Of those many fleets which bore the crusaders to the shores of -Palestine and forbade any foreign sail to be displayed to the winds -of the Adriatic, there remain a model of the <i>Bucentaur</i>, Napoleon's -cutter, a savages' canoe and some designs of ships drawn in chalk on -the black-board of the school of the Naval Guard.</p> - -<p>A Frenchman coming from Prague to Venice and expecting the mother of -Henry V. must needs be touched at seeing the armour of Henry IV. in -the Venice Arsenal. The sword which the Bearnese wore at the Battle of -Ivry<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> used to be joined to that armour: that sword is no longer -there.</p> - -<p>By a decree of the Grand Council of Venice, dated 3 April 1600:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<i>Enrico di Borbone IV., re di Francia e di Navarra, con li -figluoli e discenditi suoi, sia annumerato tra il nobli di questio -nostro maggior consiglio.</i>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Charles X., Louis XIX. and Henry V., descendants of "Enrico di -Borbone," are therefore nobles of the Republic of Venice, which no -longer exists, even as they are Kings of France in Bohemia, even as -they are canons of St. John Lateran in Rome, and always by right of -Henry IV.; I have represented them in this last quality: they have lost -their president's cap and their amice, and I have lost my embassy. And -yet I was so well off in my stall in St. John Lateran! What a beautiful -church! What a beautiful sky! What admirable music! Those songs have -lasted longer than my grandeurs and those of my Canon-King.</p> - -<p>My glory annoyed me greatly at the Arsenal; it shines on my -forehead unknown to myself: Field-marshal Pallucci, Admiral and -Commandant-General of the Navy, recognised me by my horns of fire. He -hastened up to me, himself showed me several curiosities and then, -excusing himself for his inability to accompany me any longer, because -of a council over which he had to preside, he placed me in the hands of -a superior officer.</p> - -<p>We met the captain of the frigate which was on the point of sailing. -He accosted me without ceremony and said to me, with that sailor's -frankness which I like so much:</p> - -<p>"Monsieur le vicomte"—as though he had known me all his life—"have -you any message for America?"</p> - -<p>"No, captain: be sure to give her my compliments; it is long since I -saw her!"</p> - -<p>I cannot see a vessel without dying of longing to go with her: if I -were free, the first ship sailing for the Indies would have a chance of -carrying me away. How I regretted not to have been able to accompany -Captain Parry<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> to the Arctic regions! My life is at its ease only -in the midst of the clouds and the seas: I always cherish the hope that -it will disappear under a sail. The weighty years which we heave into -the waves of time are not anchors: they do not delay our course.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote" style="margin-top: 3em;">The Isola di San Cristoforo.</div> - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>In the Arsenal, I was not far from the Isola di San Cristoforo, which -serves to-day as a cemetery. This island used to contain a convent of -Capuchins; the convent has been pulled down and its site is nothing -more than a square enclosure. The tombs are not very many in number, or -at least they are not raised above the level and grassy ground. Against -the west wall are fixed five or six stone monuments; little black -wooden crosses, with a white date, are scattered about the enclosure: -that is how they now bury the Venetians whose forefathers rest in the -mausoleums of the Frari and Santi Giovanni e Paolo. Society, as it -grows larger, has humbled itself: democracy has overtaken death.</p> - -<p>On the edge of the cemetery, on the east side, one sees the vaults of -the Schismatic Greeks and those of the Protestants; they are separated -from each other by a wall and again separated from the Catholic burials -by another wall: sad dissents whose memory is perpetuated in the asylum -where all quarrels end! Close by the Greek cemetery is another recess -which protects a hole into which the still-born children are thrown -to Limbo. Happy creatures! You have passed from the darkness of the -maternal womb into everlasting darkness, without going through the -light!</p> - -<p>Near this hole lie bones dug into the ground like roots, as each new -grave is cleared: some, the older ones, are white and dry; others, more -recently disinterred, are yellow and damp. Lizards run about those -remains, glide in between the teeth, through the eyes and nostrils, -come out through the mouth and ears of the skulls, their houses or -nests. Three or four butterflies hovered over the mallow-flowers -entwined with those bones, an image of the soul under that sky which -resembles that under which the story of Psyche was invented. One skull -still had a few hairs of the same shade as my own. Poor old gondolier! -Did you at least steer your bark better than I have steered mine?</p> - -<p>A common grave remains open in the enclosure; they had just lowered -a physician beside his old practice. His black coffin was covered -with earth only at the top and its naked side awaited the side of -another dead man to warm it Antonio had stuffed his wife in there, a -fortnight ago, and it was the defunct doctor who had dispatched her: -Antonio blessed a requiting and avenging God and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> bore his misfortune -patiently. The coffins of private individuals are taken to that dismal -dwelling-place in private gondolas, followed by a priest in another -gondola. As the gondolas look like hearses, they suit the ceremony. A -larger wherry, an "omnibus" of Cocytus, performs the service of the -hospitals. Thus we find renewed the Egyptian burials and the fables of -Charon and his ferry-boat.</p> - -<p>In the cemetery beside Venice stands an octagonal chapel dedicated to -St. Christopher<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>. This saint, taking a child on his shoulders at -the ford of a river, found it heavy; now the child was the Son of Mary, -who holds the globe in His hand: the altar-picture represents this fair -adventure.</p> - -<p>And I too have tried to carry a child-king, but I did not perceive that -he was sleeping in his cradle with ten centuries: a load too heavy for -my arms.</p> - -<p>I observed in the chapel a wooden candle-stick: the taper was -extinguished; a holy-water font for blessing the burials; and a -little book: <i>Pars Ritualis Romani pro usu ad exsequianda corpora -defunctorum</i>; when we are already forgotten, Religion, our immortal and -never wearied kinswoman, mourns us and follows us: <i>exsequor fugam.</i> A -tinder-box contained a steel; God alone disposes of the spark of life. -Two quatrains written on common paper were fastened up on the inner -panels of two of the three doors of the building:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Quivi dell' uom le frali spoglie ascoce</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Pallida morte, O passegier, t'addita, etc.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The only somewhat striking tomb in the cemetery was raised in advance -by a woman who subsequently delayed eighteen years in dying: the -inscription informs us of this circumstance; thus this woman for -eighteen years hoped in vain for her sepulchre. What sorrow nourished -this hope within her?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - -<p>On a little black wooden cross appears this other inscription:</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Virginia Acerbi, Anno 72, 1824.</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Morta nel bacio del Signore</span>.</p> - -<p>The years are harsh to a fair Venetian woman.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">San Michele di Murano.</div> - -<p>Antonio said to me:</p> - -<p>"When this cemetery is full, they will give it a rest and bury the dead -in the Isola di San Michele di Murano<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>."</p> - -<p>The expression was a correct one: when the harvest is gathered, one -lets the soil lie fallow and ploughs other furrows elsewhere.</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>We have been to see that other field awaiting the Great Husbandman. -San Michele di Murano is a smiling monastery with a graceful church, -porticoes and a white cloister. The windows of the convent give a view, -over the porticoes, of Venice and the lagoons; a garden filled with -flowers meets the turf whose compost is still being prepared under the -fresh-coloured skin of some young girl. This charming retreat is given -over to Franciscans; it would better suit nuns singing like the little -pupils of Rousseau's <i>Scuole</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"How happy are they," says Manzoni, "who have taken the holy veil -before fixing their eyes on a man's face."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Give me, I entreat you, a cell here in which to finish my Memoirs.</p> - -<p>Fra Paolo<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> is buried at the entrance to the church; that seeker -after noise must be very wroth at the silence that surrounds him.</p> - -<p>Pellico, when sentenced to death, was lodged at San Michele before -being transported to the fortress of the Spielberg. The president of -the tribunal before which Pellico appeared takes the poet's place at -San Michele; he is buried in the cloister; he will not leave that -prison.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> - -<p>Not far from the tomb of the magistrate is that of a foreign woman -married at the age of twenty-two years, in the month of January; she -died in the month of February following. She did not want to go beyond -the honeymoon; her epitaph says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Ci revedremo</span>.</p></blockquote> - -<p>If it were true!</p> - -<p>Back, that doubt; back, the thought that no anguish rends annihilation! -Atheist, when death buries its nails into your heart, who knows but -that, in the last moment of consciousness, before the destruction -of the <i>ego</i>, you will feel an atrocity of pain capable of filling -eternity, an immensity of suffering of which a human being can have no -idea in the circumscribed limits of time! Ah yes, <i>ci revedremo!</i></p> - -<p>I was too near the island and town of Murano not to visit the factories -whence came the mirrors in my mother's room at Combourg<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>. I did not -see those factories, which are now closed; but they spun out before my -eyes, like the thread of our frail lives, a slender cord of glass: it -was of that glass that the bead was made that hung from the nose of the -little Iroquois at the Falls of Niagara: the hand of a Venetian girl -had rounded off the ornament of a savage girl<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>.</p> - -<p>I met a finer sight than Mila. A woman was carrying a swaddled child; -the delicate complexion, the captivating glance of that Muranese are -idealized in my memory. She looked sad and preoccupied. Had I been -Lord Byron, this would have been a favourable opportunity for making -an experiment with seduction on poverty; a little money goes a long -way here. Then I should have played the desperate solitary beside -the waves, intoxicated with my success and my genius. Love seems a -different thing to me: I have lost sight of René since many a year; but -I doubt if he sought the secret of his pains in his pleasures.</p> - -<p>Every day, after my excursions, I sent to the post, but there was -nothing there: Count Griffi did not reply from Florence; the public -papers permitted to exist in this land of independence would not -have dared to state that a traveller had alighted at the White Lion. -Venice, where the gazettes<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> were born, is reduced to reading the -placards which advertise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> on the same bill the opera of the day and the -Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament. The Alduses<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> will not come -forth from their tombs to embrace, in my person, the defender of the -liberty of the press. I had therefore to wait Returning to my inn, I -dined and amused myself with the company of the gondoliers stationed, -as I have said, under my window at the entrance to the Grand Canal.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The gondoliers.</div> - -<p>The gaiety of those sons of Nereus never forsakes them: clothed by -the sun, they are fed by the sea. They do not lie about idly like the -<i>lazzaroni</i> in Naples: ever stirring, they are sailors who lack ships -and work, but who would still carry on the trade of the world and win -the Battle of Lepanto, if the days of Venetian liberty and glory were -not past.</p> - -<p>At six o'clock in the morning, they come to their gondolas, fastened -to posts with their prows aground. Then they begin to scrape and wash -their <i>barchette</i> at the <i>Traghetti</i>, just as dragoons curry, brush and -sponge their horses on picket. The ticklish sea-horse is restive and -refuses to stand still under the movements of its horseman, who draws -water in a wooden vessel and pours it over the sides and into the well -of the craft. He several times repeats the aspersion, taking care to -discard the water from the surface of the sea in order to obtain the -cleaner water below. Then he scrubs the oars, polishes the brasses -and the glass of the little black deck-house, dusts the cushions and -carpets and rubs up the iron head of the prow. The whole is not done -without a few words of humour or affection addressed, in the pretty -Venetian dialect, to the skittish or docile gondola.</p> - -<p>When the gondola's toilet is completed, the gondolier proceeds to make -his own. He combs his hair, shakes out his jacket and his blue, red -or grey cap, washes his face, feet and hands. His wife, daughter or -mistress brings him a bowl containing a mess of vegetables, bread and -meat. Breakfast over, each gondolier awaits Fortune, singing: he has -her before his eyes, one foot in the air, holding out her scarf to the -wind and serving as a weather-cock, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> the top of the monument of the -Dogana di Mare. Does she give the signal? The favoured gondolier, with -oar upraised, starts out at the back of his craft, even as Achilles -used to fly in former days, or as one of Franconi's<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> circus-riders -gallops to-day on the crupper of a fiery steed. The gondola, shaped -like a skate, glides over the water as over ice: "<i>Sia, stati! Sta -longo!</i>" that does for the whole day. Then night comes, and the <i>calle</i> -will see my gondolier singing and drinking with his <i>zitella</i> the -half-sequin which I leave him, as I go off most certainly to replace -Henry V. on the throne.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>I was trying to find out, when I woke, why I liked Venice so much, -when I suddenly remembered that I was in Brittany: it was the force of -kindred that found utterance within me. Was there not, in Cæsar's -time, in Armorica, a country of the Veneti<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>: <i>civitas Venetorum, -civitas Venetica?</i> Has not Strabo "said that they said" that the -Veneti<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> were the descendants of the Veneti of Gaul?</p> - -<p>It has been contradictorily held that the fishermen of Morbihan were -a colony of the <i>pescatori</i> of Palestrina: Venice, then, would be the -mother and not the daughter of Vannes<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>. One can reconcile this by -supposing, which for that matter is very probable, that Vannes and -Venice were mutually brought to bed of one another. I therefore look -upon the Venetians as Bretons; the gondoliers and I are cousins, sprung -from the horn of Gaul: <i>cornu Galliæ.</i><a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> - -<div class="sidenote">On the Riva degli Schiavoni.</div> - -<p>Delighted with this thought, I went to breakfast in a café on the -Riva degli Schiavoni. The bread was new, the tea scented, the cream -as in Brittany, the butter as in the Prévalais; for butter, thanks to -the progress of enlightenment, has improved everywhere: I have eaten -excellent butter at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> Granada. The bustle of a harbour always delights -me: barge-masters were picnicking; vendors of fruit and flowers offered -me lemons, grapes and nosegays; fishermen got ready their tartans; -naval cadets, stepping into a long-boat, went off to their lessons in -naval tactics on board the flag-ship; gondolas were taking passengers -to the Trieste steam-boat. Yet it was that same Trieste which was like -to have had me cut down on the steps of the Tuileries by Bonaparte, -as he threatened when, in 1807, I took it upon myself to write in the -<i>Mercure</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It was reserved for us to find at the back of the Adriatic the -tomb of two king's daughters<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> whose funeral oration we had -heard delivered in an attic in London. Ah, at least the grave -that holds those noble ladies will have once heard its silence -broken; the sound of a Frenchman's foot-steps will have made -two Frenchwomen start in their coffins! The respects of a poor -gentleman, at Versailles, would have been nothing to princesses; -the prayer of a Christian, on foreign soil, will perhaps have been -agreeable to saints."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Some few years, it seems to me, have passed, since I began to serve the -Bourbons: they have enlightened my fidelity, but they will not tire it -I am breakfasting on the Riva degli Schiavoni, while waiting for the -exile.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>From the little table at which I sit, my eyes wander over all the -roads: a breeze from the offing cools the air; the tide is rising; a -three-master is coming in. The Lido on one side, the Doge's Palace on -the other, the lagoons in the middle: that is the picture. It is from -this port that so many glorious fleets set sail; old Dandolo sallied -forth in all the pomp of naval chivalry, of which Villehardouin<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>, -who began our language and our Memoirs, has left us a description:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> - -<p>"And when the ships were laden with arms, and meats, and knights, and -sergeants, and the shields were arrayed all round in the form of a -frieze, and the banners waved, of which there were so many fair ones, -never did fairer fleets sail from any port."</p> - -<p>The morning scene in Venice also puts me in mind of the story of -Captain Olivet and Zulietta, which was so well told:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The gondola lay to, and I saw a dazzlingly beautiful young woman -step out, coquettishly dressed and very nimble. In three bounds -she was in the cabin and seated at my side, before I perceived -that a place had been laid for her. She was a brunette of twenty -years at the most, as charming as she was lively. She could speak -only Italian; her accent alone would have been enough to turn my -head. While eating and chatting, she fixed her eyes on me and then, -exclaiming, 'Holy Virgin! O my dear Brémond, how long it is since I -saw you!1 she threw herself into my arms, sealed her lips to mine -and pressed me almost to suffocation. Her large, black, Oriental -eyes darted shafts of fire into my heart; and although surprise -at first diverted my senses, my amorous feelings very rapidly -overcame me.... She told us that I was the image of M. de Brémond, -the director of the Tuscan custom-house; that she had been madly -in love with this M. de Brémond; that she was still madly in love -with him; that she had left him because she was a fool; that she -took me in his place; that she wanted to love me, since it suited -her; that, for the same reason, I must love her as long as it -suited her; and that, when she left me in the lurch, I must bear it -patiently as her dear Brémond had done. No sooner said than done....</p> - -<p>"In the evening, we escorted her back to her apartments. While we -were talking, I noticed two pistols on her dressing-table.</p> - -<p>"'Ah, ah!' said I, taking one up, 'here is a patch-box of a new -construction; may I ask what it is used for?'</p> - -<p>"She said, with an ingenuous pride which made her still more -charming:</p> - -<p>"'When I am complaisant to those whom I do not love, I make them -pay for the weariness they cause me: nothing can be fairer; but, -although I endure their caresses, I will not endure their insults, -and I shall not miss the first man who shall be wanting in respect -to me.'</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> - -<p>'When I left her, I made an appointment for the next day. I did not -keep her waiting. I found her <i>in vestito di confidenza</i>, in a more -than wanton undress, which is known only in southern countries and -which I will not amuse myself with describing, although I remember -it too well.... I had no idea of the delights that awaited me. -I have spoken of Madame de Larnage, in the transports which the -recollection of her still sometimes awakens in me; but how old, -ugly, and cold she was, compared with my Zulietta! Do not attempt -to imagine the charms and graces of this bewitching girl; you would -be too far from the truth. The young virgins of the cloister are -not so fresh, the beauties of the harem are not so lively, the -houris of paradise are not so piquant.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>This adventure ended with an eccentricity on the part of Rousseau and -Zulietta's phrase:</p> - -<p>"<i>Lascia le donne e studia la matematica.</i>"</p> - - -<div class="sidenote">Zulietta, Margherita Cogni.</div> - -<p>Lord Byron also gave up his life to paid Venuses: he filled the -Mocenigo Palace with those Venetian beauties, who had " taken refuge," -according to him, "under the <i>fazzioli.</i>" Sometimes, perturbed by a -feeling of shame, he fled, and spent the night on the water in his -gondola. He had, as his favourite sultana, Margherita Cogni, surnamed, -from her husband's condition, the Fornarina<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Very dark, tall"—it is Lord Byron who speaks—"the Venetian face, -very fine black eyes. She was two-and-twenty years old....</p> - -<p>"In the autumn, one day, going to the Lido... we were overtaken -by a heavy squall. . . . . . . ....On our return, after a tight -struggle, I found Margarita on the open steps of the Mocenigo -Palace, on the Grand Canal, with her great black eyes flashing -through her tears, and the long dark hair, which was streaming, -drenched with rain, over her brows and breast. She was perfectly -exposed to the storm; and the wind blowing her hair and dress about -her thin tall figure, and the lightning flashing round her, and -the waves rolling at her feet, made her look like Medea alighted -from her chariot, or the sybil of the tempest that was rolling -around her, the only living thing within hail at that moment except -ourselves. On seeing me safe, she did not wait to greet me.... but -calling out to me, '<i>Ah!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> can' della Madonna, ne este il tempo per -andar' al' Lido!</i>—Ah! dog of the Virgin, is this a time to go to -the Lido?' ran into the house," etc.</p></blockquote> - -<p>In these two stories of Rousseau and Byron, one feels the difference -in social position, character and education between the two men. -Through the charm of the style of the author of the <i>Confessions</i> peeps -something vulgar, cynical, in bad form, in bad taste; the obscenity of -expression peculiar to that period still further spoils the picture. -Zulietta is superior to her lover in elevation of feeling and in -habitual elegance: it is almost a fine lady smitten with the puny -secretary of a paltry ambassador<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>. The same inferiority appears -again when Rousseau arranges to bring up, with his friend Carrio, at -their common expense, a little girl of eleven years whose favours, or -rather whose tears, they were to share.</p> - -<p>Lord Byron bears himself differently: he shines forth with the manners -and the fatuousness of the aristocracy; a peer of Great Britain, -playing with the woman of the people whom he has seduced, he raises her -to himself by his caresses and the magic of his talent Byron arrived -in Venice rich and famous: Rousseau landed there poor and unknown; -everybody knows the palace that blabbed the errors of the noble heir of -the English commodore<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>: no <i>cicerone</i> could point out to you the -house in which the plebeian son of the humble clock-maker of Geneva hid -his pleasures. Rousseau does not even speak of Venice; he seems to have -lived in it without seeing it: Byron has sung it admirably<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>.</p> - -<p>You have seen in these Memoirs what I have said of the relations -of imagination and destiny that seem to have existed between the -historian of <i>René</i> and the poet of <i>Childe Harold.</i> Here I point to -another of those conjunctures so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> nattering to my pride. Does not the -dark-haired Fornarina of Lord Byron bear a certain family likeness to -the fair-haired Velléda of the <i>Martyrs</i>, her elder?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Velléda.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"'Hidden among the rocks, I waited some time, but nothing appeared. -Suddenly, my ear was struck by sounds which the wind carried to -me from the middle of the lake. I listened and distinguished the -accents of a human voice; at the same time I discovered a skiff -poised on the crest of a wave; it came down again, disappeared -between two billows, and then showed itself once more on the -summit of a heavy swell; it approached the shore. A woman was -steering; she sang as she struggled against the storm and seemed -to sport amidst the winds: one would have thought that they were -in her power, from the manner in which she seemed to defy them. I -saw her throw into the lake by turns, as a sacrifice, pieces of -linen, sheep's fleeces, cakes of wax and little gold and silver -grindstones.</p> - -<p>"Soon she touched land, sprang on shore, fastened her bark to the -trunk of a willow and darted into the wood, leaning on the poplar -oar which she held in her hand. She passed quite close to me -without seeing me. Her figure was tall; a dark, short, sleeveless -tunic scarce served to veil her nudity. She carried a golden sickle -slung from a brass girdle and her head was encircled with an oaken -branch. The whiteness of her arms and complexion, her blue eyes, -her rosy lips, her long fair hair that waved dishevelled in the -air bespoke the daughter of the Gauls and contrasted, by their -gentleness, with her proud and fierce gait She sang words full of -terror in a melodious voice, and her uncovered breast rose and fell -like the foam of the waves<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>I should blush to show myself between Byron and Jean-Jacques, without -knowing what place posterity will award me, if these Memoirs were to -appear during my life; but, when they see the light, I shall have gone -and for all time, like my illustrious predecessors, to a distant shore; -my shade will be delivered to the breath of opinion, vain and light -like the little that will remain of my ashes.</p> - -<p>Rousseau and Byron had one feature in common in Venice: neither showed -any feeling for the arts. Rousseau, who had wonderful gifts for music, -does not seem to know that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> near Zulietta, there existed pictures, -statues, monuments; and yet with what charm do those master-pieces mate -with love, whose object they divine and whose flame they increase! As -to Lord Byron, he "loathes the infernal din" of Rubens' colours, he -"spits upon" all the pictures of saints with which the churches are -glutted; he never met a picture or statue coming within a league of -his thought. He prefers to those deceitful arts the beauty of a few -mountains, a few seas, a few horses, a certain Morean lion and a tiger -which he saw supping in Exeter Change. Is there not a little prejudice -in all this?</p> - -<p class="center">Que d'affectation et de forfanterie<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>!</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>But what, then, is this town in which all the lofty intelligences have -arranged to meet? Some have visited it themselves; others have sent -their Muses there. Something would have been lacking to the immortality -of those talents, if they had not hung pictures on that temple of -voluptuousness and glory. Without again recalling the great poets of -Italy, the geniuses of the whole of Europe placed their creations -there: there breathed Shakespeare's Desdemona, very different from -Rousseau's Zulietta and Byron's Margherita, that chaste Venetian who -declares her love to Othello:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And bade me, if I had a friend that lov'd her,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">I should but teach him how to tell my story,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And that would woo her<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>There appeared Otway's<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> Belvidera, who says to Jaffeir:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Oh smile, as when our loves were in their spring.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Oh lead me to some desert wide and wild,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Barren as our misfortunes, where my soul</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">May have its vent, where I may tell aloud</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To the high heavens, and every list'ning planet,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">With what a boundless stock my bosom's fraught;</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Where I may throw my eager arms about thee,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Give loose to love, with kisses kindling joy,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And let off all the fire that's in my heart<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Goethe, in our time, has celebrated Venice, and the gentle Marot<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>, -who first made his voice heard at the awakening of the French Muses, -took refuge in Titian's native place. Montesquieu wrote:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Although one had seen all the cities of the world, there might -still be a surprise in store for him in Venice<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>When, in too undraped a picture, the author of the <i>Lettres persanes</i> -depicts a Mussulman woman surrendered in Paradise to two "heavenly -men," does he not seem to have painted the courtezan of Rousseau's -<i>Confessions</i> and her of Byron's Memoirs? Was not I, between my two -Floridans, like Anaïs between her two angels<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>? But the "painted -girls" and I were not immortal.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And Corinne.</div> - -<p>Madame de Staël gives Venice over to the inspiration of Corinne: the -latter hears the sound of the cannon that announces "the obscure -sacrifice of a young girl<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> ...a solemn counsel, which a woman -resigned to her fate gives to those who still struggle with destiny." -...Corinne climbs to the top of the tower of St. Mark's, contemplates -the city and the waves, turns her eyes towards Greece "enveloped in -clouds;" at night she sees "nothing but the reflection of the lanterns -which light the gondolas:" they give her the idea of "spectres gliding -upon the water, guided by a little star<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>."</p> - -<p>Oswald departs; Corinne darts out of the room to recall him: "The rain -then fell in torrents, a most violent wind arose;" Corinne descends to -the banks of the canal:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The night was so dark that not a single bark was to be seen.... -Corinne called to the gondoliers, who took her cries for those -of some wretch drowning in the tempest;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> nevertheless none dared -approach to offer assistance, so formidable were the waves of the -Grand Canal<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>."</p></blockquote> - - -<p>There again you have Lord Byron's Margherita.</p> - -<p>I find an unspeakable pleasure in meeting the masterpieces of those -great masters in the very place for which they were made. I breathe -freely in the midst of the immortal band, like a humble traveller -admitted to the hospitable hearth of a rich and beautiful family.</p> - - -<hr /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> This book was written on the road from Paris to Venice, -between the 7th and 10th of September 1833, and in Venice, from the -10th to the 15th of September 1833.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Salins suffered from a terrible conflagration in 1825. It -was rebuilt, with regular streets, by public subscription.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Pierre Joseph Thoulier, Abbé d'Olivet (1682-1768) was -born at Salins, on the Furieuse, a tributary of the Loire. He first -joined the Jesuits, where he was known as the Père Thoulier, but soon -left the Company, in order to follow a literary career. Meantime -Voltaire had been his pupil at the college of Louis-le-Grand. He became -a member of the French Academy in 1723; Voltaire in 1746. D'Olivet is -the author of an <i>Histoire de l'Académie française</i>, up to 1700, and -of several important grammatical works and translations, and he worked -much on the Dictionary of the French Academy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Mirabeau was imprisoned in the Castle of Joux, at his -father's instance, in 1775; Toussaint-Louverture (<i>cf.</i> Vol. III., p. -191, n. 3) died there on the 27th of April 1803, after a ten months' -confinement—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., pp. 246-250.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> "When, on the 7th of August 1814, the Bull of -<i>Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum</i>, came to sanction the work of -restoration of the Company of Jesus, the primitive cantons of -Switzerland did not remain insensible to the joys of Catholicism. -Ignace Brocard, Jacques Roh, Gaspard Rothenflue and several of their -fellow-countrymen enlisted under the banner of the newly-reinstated -Order. The Valais gave back to the Jesuits their old college of Brigg." -(<span class="smcap">Crétineau-Joly</span>, <i>Histoire du Sunderbund</i>, Vol. I., p. 428.)—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Dies Iræ</i>, Stanza 5: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Liber seri plus proferetur,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In quo totum continetur,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Unde mundus judicetur.—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Francis I. lived till 1835.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Charles X. lived till 1836.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Ferdinand III. Grand-duke of Tuscany (1769-1824). <i>Vide -supra</i> p. 12, n. 1.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Charles Felix I. King of Sardinia (1765-1831) succeeded -to the throne on the abdication of his brother, Victor Emanuel I., in -1821, the year before the Congress of Verona.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Pierre François Hercule Comte de Serre (1777-1822). He -died as Ambassador to Naples.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Vincenzo Scamozzi (1552-1616), the architect of many of -the finest buildings in North Italy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Niccola Pisano (<i>circa</i> 1206-1278), one of the greatest -Italian architects.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> And not Signor Procurante, as the earlier editions of the -Memoirs have it.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Voltaire</span>: <i>Candide, ou l'Optimisme</i>, Part I., Chap. -XXV.: <i>Candid and Martin pay a Visit to Seignor Pococurante, a Noble -Venetian.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Philippe de Comines (<i>circa</i> 1445-1511), the statesman -and historian, author of the valuable <i>Cronique et hystoire faicte et -composée par messire Philippe de Comines.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Jacopo Sannazaro</span>.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gabriello Chiabrera</span>, <i>Canzoni eroiche</i>, III.: <i>Per -Vittorio Cappello, Generale de' Veneziani nella Morea</i>, 10-12.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Pierre Luc Charles Cicéri (1782-1868), a famous French -scene-painter, who executed numbers of stage-scenes for the Royal -Academy of Music, or grand Opera-house, in Paris.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Giorgio Barbarelli (<i>circa</i> 1477-1511), known as -Giorgione, the great Venetian colourist and pupil of Giovanni Bellini -(<i>vide infra.</i>)—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Paolo Cagliari (1528-1588), of Verona, known as Paul -Veronese, one of the most celebrated painters of the Venetian -School, went to Venice in 1555 and remained there. He executed the -decorations of the Library of St. Mark in 1563 and the ceiling of the -council-chamber in the Palace of the Doges in 1577.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Jacopo Robusti (1518-1594), called Tintoretto from the -trade of his father, a dyer, received his first important order in -1546, for the decoration of Santa Maria dell' Orto. In 1560, he began -to paint the Scuola di San Rocco and the Doges' Palace and, in the -same year, seems to have taken Titian's place as Court painter to the -Doges.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Giovanni Bellini (<i>post</i>1427-1516), the founder of the -Venetian School of painting and the greatest of the fifteenth-century -artists. Titian and Giorgione were both his pupils.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Paride Bordone (<i>circa</i> 1500-1571), one of Titian's -greatest pupils.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Jacopo Palma the Elder( <i>circa</i> 1480-1528) and Jacopo -Palma the Younger (<i>circa</i> 1544-1628), uncle and nephew.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) settled in Venice and -presented the city with his library (1362).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> George Gemistus Pletho (<i>b.</i> 1390), the celebrated -Byzantine Platonic philosopher and scholar.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Johannes Cardinal Bessarion (1395-1472), Archbishop of -Nicæa (1437), a cardinal (1439), Archbishop of Siponto and Bishop of -Sabina and Tusculum, and Patriarch of Constantinople (1463). Bessarion -was a disciple of Plethon and author of, among many other works of -Platonic philosophy, the famous <i>Adversus Calumniatorem Platonis</i> -(1469).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Or Acre: 1104.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> 1176.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> 1124.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> 10 October 1571.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The so-called Grand Sanhedrim of 1806 was a council -summoned by Napoleon for the 20th of October of that year, consisting -of representatives of the chief synagogues of France, Italy and Europe. -The object of its deliberations was to point out to the Government -means of enabling the Jews to participate in the civil and political -rights of England, by modifying such of their habits and doctrines as -kept them isolated from their fellow-citizens. The sittings of the -Grand Sanhedrim, which consisted of 71 members, opened on the 9th of -February and ended on the 9th of March 1807. The most notable clause, -from Napoleon's point of view, in the solemn public declaration issued -on the latter date, is that dispensing Jews who are performing military -service from all religious observances that are irreconcilable with -such military service.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Leopoldo Conte Cicognara (1767-1834), a distinguished -diplomatist and antiquarian. He became President of the Academy of -Fine Arts of Venice in 1812. His principal work, the <i>Storia della -Scultura</i>, was published in 1813-1818.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> It is clear to my eyes that the ogive, whose so-called -mysterious origin men go so far to seek, was born casually of the -intersection of two semicircular arches; therefore it is found -everywhere. Later architects have done no more than release it from the -designs in which it originally figured.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> See the previous note.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Bartolommeo Gamba (1780-1841), a learned Italian -bibliographer and biographer. His chief work is the <i>Serie dell' -Edizioni dei Testi di Lingua Italiana</i> (1812-1828).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Fra Mauro (<i>fl.</i> 15th Century), a monk of the Camaldule -Order, who drew his famous map of the world between 1457 and 1459.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Here for instance, is Charles Dickens' lurid description -of the <i>Pozzi</i>, or Prisons, which he pretends to see in a dream: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"I descended from the cheerful day into two ranges, one below -another, of dismal, awful, horrible stone cells. They were quite -dark. Each had a loophole in its massive wall, where, in the -old time, every day a torch was placed—I dreamed—to light the -prisoners within, for half an hour. The captives, by the glimmering -of these brief rays, had scratched and cut inscriptions in the -blackened vaults. I saw them. For their labour with the rusty -nail's point had outlived their agony and them, through many -generations. -</p> -<p> -"One cell I saw in which no man remained for more than -four-and-twenty hours; being marked for dead before he entered -it. Hard by another, and a dismal one, whereto, at midnight, the -Confessor came—a monk brown-robed and hooded—ghastly in the day -and free bright air, but in the midnight of that murky prison, -Hope's extinguisher and Murder's herald. I had my foot upon the -spot where, at the same dread hour, the shriven prisoner was -strangled; and struck my hand upon the guilty door—low-browed -and stealthy—through which the lumpish sack was carried out into -a boat, and rowed away, and drowned where it was death to cast a -net." (<i>Pictures from Italy: An Italian Dream.</i>)—T.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . "Into that hideous den,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">With one blow of the axe, admitted light again."—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Silvio Pellico (1788-1854) was imprisoned in Milan and -Venice from 1820 to 1822 and at the Spielberg, near Brünn, from 1822 -to 1830. His <i>Mie Prigioni</i> had only lately been published (1833) and -Chateaubriand was much struck with them. During his previous journey -to Italy, in a letter dated Basle, 17 May 1833, he wrote to Madame -Récamier: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"Here I am at Basle, safe and sound. You have seen that fine river -pass which is going, for a moment, to bring news of me to you in -France. Travelling always gives me back my strength, sentiment and -thought; I am very busy writing <i>a new prologue to a</i> <span class="smcap">Book</span>. I nave -read the whole of Pellico, cursorily. I am delighted with it; I -should like to write an account of that work, the saintliness of -which will prevent its success with our revolutionaries, who are -free after Fouché's fashion. Are you not enchanted with <i>Zanze -sotto i Piombi?</i> And the little deaf-and-dumb person? And Schiller, -the old gaoler, and the religious conversations through the -window, and our poor Maroncelli? And that poor young wife of the -<i>sopr'intendente</i>, who dies so sweetly? And the return to beautiful -Italy?"—B.</p></blockquote></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Bruno, near which the Spielberg stands, is the capital -of Moravia.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Maria Christina Josephs Johanna Antonia of Austria, -Duchess of Saxe-Teschen (1742-1798), married to Albert Duke of -Saxe-Teschen in 1766. The Archduchess Maria Christina's monument, by -Canova, is in the church of the Augustines in Vienna.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Titian's <i>Assumption</i>, one of the most renowned of -existing pictures, was discovered by Count Cicognara in the church of -the Frari, for which it had been painted as an altar-piece. It was -restored and removed to the <i>Accademia di Belle Arti</i>, where it still -hangs.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of Elgin and eleventh Earl of -Kincardine (1766-1841) was British Envoy to Constantinople from 1799 -to 1802. Between 1801 and 1803, he removed to England from Athens the -so-called Elgin marbles, comprising the bulk of the surviving plastic -decoration of the Parthenon, executed under the direction of Phidias -about 440 B.C. These stolen goods were purchased by the nation in 1816 -and are now in the British Museum.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Tommaso Mocenigo, Doge from 1414 to 1423; Giovanni -Mocenigo, Doge from 1475 to 1485; and Luigi Mocenigo, Doge from 1570 to -1577, are all buried in Santi Giovanni e Paolo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Michele Morosini, Doge of Venice for a few months in -1382.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Andrea Vendramin, Doge of Venice (<i>d.</i> 1478), became -Doge in 1476.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Seventeen doges in all are buried in Santi Giovanni e -Paolo or "Zanipolo," as the Venetians pronounce it.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Marco Antonio Bragadino (<i>d.</i> 1571), flayed alive by the -Turks after his valiant defense of Famagusta, in Cyprus.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Angelo Emo (1731-1792), the last of the Venetian -admirals. He bombarded Tunis and forced it to sign a truce with the -Republic—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Cary's <span class="smcap">Dante</span>: <i>Hell</i>, Canto XXI. 7-15.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Henry IV. defeated the Leaguers at Ivry-la-Bataille on -the 14th of March 1590.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Sir William Edward Parry (1790-1855) started on his -second polar expedition in 1821 and his third in 1824. These two -expeditions, neither of which was specially successful, are referred -to by Chateaubriand on page 136 of Vol. I. of the Memoirs. A later -expedition, by way of Spitsbergen, was likewise unsuccessful. From 1823 -to 1829, Parry was Acting Hydrographer to the Navy. In 1852, he was -made a rear-admiral and, in 1853, Governor of Greenwich Hospital.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> St. Christopher (<i>fl.</i> 3rd Century) is said to have -lived in Syria and to have been of prodigious height and strength. As a -penance for having been a servant of the devil, he devoted himself to -the task of carrying pilgrims across a river where there was no bridge. -Christ came to the river one day in the form of a child and asked to be -carried over, but His weight grew heavier and heavier till His bearer -was nearly broken down in the midst of the stream. When they reached -the shore: -</p> -<p> -"Marvel not," said the Child, "for with Me thou hast borne the sins of -the world." -</p> -<p> -St. Christopher is usually represented as bearing the Infant Christ and -leaning upon a staff. He was martyred under the Emperor Decius <i>circa</i> -250. The Church celebrates the Feast of St. Christopher on the 25th of -July.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> The Isola di San Michele contains the modern -burying-ground of Venice.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Pietro Paolo Sarpi (1552-1623), known as Fra Paola and -surnamed Servita, a noted Venetian historian, entered the Order of the -Servites in 1565. In 1570, he was made professor of philosophy in the -Servite Monastery in Venice. He was distinguished, in the controversy -with Pope Paul V. (1606-1607), as the champion of free thought. His -chief work is the <i>Istoria del Concilio di Trento</i>, published in London -in 1619. Fra Paolo was a member of the Council of Ten and consulting -theologian to the Venetian Republic.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol I., p. 76.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 236.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> The <i>gazetta</i> was a Venetian coin, worth about three -farthings, the sum charged for a reading of the first Venetian -newspaper, a written sheet which appeared about the middle of the -sixteenth century during the war with Soliman II.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Aldus Manutius (<i>circa</i> 1450-1515), the celebrated -printer and founder of the Aldine Press in Venice; his son, Paulus -Manutius (1511-1574); and the latter's son, Aldus Manutius the Younger -(1547-1597). All three were distinguished Classical scholars as well as -noted printers.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Antonio Franconi (1738-1836), a native of Venice, began -life as a tumbler and travelling physician. Afterwards he instituted -bull-fights in Lyons and, later, at Bordeaux; and, lastly, went into -partnership, in 1783, with Astley, the English circus-proprietor, who -had opened a theatrical riding-school in Paris, and founded the circus -which he called the Cirque Olympique and which obtained a prodigious -success.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> The Veneti were an ancient Celtic people living in -Brittany, near the coast of the Bay of Biscay. They were subdued by -Cæsar, after a severe maritime war, in 56 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> A people dwelling near the head of the Adriatic, between -the Po and the Adige.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Vannes, or, in Breton, Gwened is the capital of the -Department of Morbihan and is the ancient Civitas Venetorum, the -capital of the Veneti.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <i>Cornu Galliæ</i>, Cornouailles, Cornwall.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Madame Adélaïde (1732-1800) and Madame Victoire -(1733-1799), daughters of Louis XV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Geoffroi de Villehardouin (<i>circa</i> 1160—<i>circa</i> -1215), the author of a famous chronicle: <i>Histoire de la conquête -de Constantinople, ou Chronique des empereurs Baudouin et Henri de -Constantinople.</i> Villehardouin's Chronicle is not only trustworthy -from an historical point of view, but is even more deserving for -its literary excellence, while being one of the oldest monuments of -original French prose. The Fourth Crusade, in which Villehardouin took -part, left Venice in October 1203.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rousseau</span>: <i>Confessions</i>, Part I., Book VII.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> The baker's wife.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> M. de Montaigu.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Hon. John Byron (1723-1786), second son of William -fourth Lord Byron and grand-father of the poet, entered the Navy as a -boy. In 1764, he was promoted to commodore and commanded two vessels in -a voyage of exploration round the world; he returned in 1766, having -accomplished little beyond some curious observations on the Indians -of Patagonia and the discovery of some small islands in the Pacific -Ocean. He was Governor of Newfoundland from 1769 to 1772; became a -vice-admiral in 1778; and on the 6th of July 1779 fought an engagement -with the French fleet off Grenada, in the West Indies, the result of -which was doubtful.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Byron</span>, <i>Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</i>, Canto IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>, <i>Les Martyrs</i>, Book IX.: <i>The Story of -Eudorus.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Molière</span>, <i>Tartufe</i>, Act III. Sc. ii.: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 3em;">"What affectation and blind real is this!"—T.</span> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Shakespeare</span>: <i>Othello, the Moor of Venice</i>, Act I. Sc. -iii.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Thomas Otway (1652-1685), the principal tragic poet of -the English classical school. The most famous of his tragedies, <i>Venice -Preserved</i>, from which the following quotation is taken, appeared in -1682.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Otway</span>: <i>Venice Preserved, or The Plot Discovered</i>, Act -I. Sc. i.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Clément Marot (1497-1544), the poet, when compelled to -fly from France on account of his scandalous life, took refuge in Béarn -(1535), then at the Court of Ferrara, where he was secretary to Renée -of France, and, finally, in Venice (1536).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Montesquieu</span>: <i>Lettres persanes.</i> Letter XXXI.: <i>Rhédi à -Usbek, à Paris.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> The incident of Anals will be found in the <i>Lettres -persanes.</i> Letter CXLI.: <i>Rica à Usbek à <sup>***</sup></i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> The cannon was fired when a nun took the veil.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> <i>Corinne</i>: Book XV., Chaps, VII. and IX.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> <i>Corinne</i>: Book XVI., Chap. III.—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_VII" id="BOOK_VII"></a>BOOK VII<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></h4> - - -<p>Arrival of Madame de Bauffremont in Venice—Catajo—The Duke of -Modena—Petrarch's Tomb at Arqua—The land of poets—Tasso—Arrival -of Madame la Duchesse de Berry—Mademoiselle Lebeschu—Count -Lucchesi-Palli—Discussion—Dinner—Bugeaud the gaoler—Madame de -Saint-Priest, M. de Saint-Priest—Madame de Podenas—Our band—I -refuse to go to Prague—I yield at a word—Padua—Tombs—Zanze's -manuscript—Unexpected news—The Governor of the Lombardo-Venetian -Kingdom—Letters from Madame to Charles X. and Henry V.—M. de -Montbel—My note to the Governor—I set out for Prague.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><i>Between</i> <span class="smcap">Venice</span> and <span class="smcap">Ferrara</span>, 16 <i>to</i> 17 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>There was an immense interval between those dreamings and the truths to -which I returned when calling at the Princesse de Bauffremont's hotel; -I had to jump from 1806, with the memories of which year I had been -occupied, to 1833, the year in which I found myself in reality: Marco -Polo<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> fell from China into Venice, after an absence of exactly -twenty-seven years.</p> - -<p>Madame de Bauffremont displays the name of Montmorency wonderfully in -her face and manner: she might very well, like that Charlotte, the -mother of the Grand Condé and the Duchesse de Longueville, have been -loved by Henry IV. The princess told me that Madame la Duchesse de -Berry had written me a letter from Pisa which I had not received: Her -Royal Highness was arriving at Ferrara, where she hoped to see me.</p> - -<p>It cost me a pang to leave my retreat; I needed another week to -complete my survey: I especially regretted that I was not able to carry -through the adventure of Zanze<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>; but my time belonged to the mother -of Henry V., and, whenever I am following a certain road, there comes a -jolt that flings me into another path.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> - -<p>I departed, leaving my luggage at the Hôtel de l'Europe, counting on -returning with Madame. I found my calash at Fusina: they took it out of -an old coach-house, like a jewel from the Crown Wardrobe. I left the -bank which perhaps takes its name from the three-pronged fork of the -King of the Sea: <i>Fuscina.</i></p> - -<p>On arriving at Padua, I said to the postillion:</p> - -<p>"The Ferrara Road."</p> - -<p>This road is charming, as far as Monselice: extremely graceful hills, -orchards of fig-trees, mulberry-trees and willows festooned with vines, -gay meadows, ruined castles. I passed the Catajo, all dressed out -with soldiers: the Abbé Lenglet<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>, a very learned man otherwise, -mistook that manor-house for China. The Catajo does not belong to -Angelica<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a>, but to the Duke of Modena<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>. I ran plump up against -His Highness, who was deigning to go on foot along the high-road. This -Duke is the scion of the Princes invented by Machiavelli<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>: he has -the spirit not to recognise Louis-Philippe.</p> - -<p>The village of Arqua shows Petrarch's tomb, sung, together with its -site, by Lord Byron<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Che fai, che pensi? che pur dietro guardi</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Nel tempo, che tornar non pote omai,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Anima sconsolata?"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The poet's country.</div> - -<p>All this country, within a diameter of forty leagues, is the -native soil of the writers and poets: Livy<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a>, Virgil<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>, -Catullus<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>, Ariosto<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, Guarini<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>, the Strozzis<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>, the -three Bentivoglios<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>, Bembo<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>, Bartoli<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>, Bojardo<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>, -Pindemonte<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>, Varano<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>, Monti<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> and a crowd of other -celebrated men owe their birth to this land of the Muses. Tasso himself -was of Bergamasque origin<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>. Of the later Italian poets, I have seen -only one of the two Pindemontes. I have known neither Cesarotti<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> -nor Monti; I should have been happy to meet Pellico and Manzoni, the -parting rays of Italian glory.</p> - -<p>The Euganean Hills, which I crossed, were gilded by the gold of the -setting sun with an agreeable variety of shapes and a great purity of -outline: one of those hills resembled the chief pyramid of Sakkarah, -when it imprints itself at sunset on the Libyan horizon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> - -<p>I continued my journey at night through Rovigo; a sheet of mist covered -the earth. I did not see the Po, except when crossing at Lagoscuro. -The carriage stopped; the postillion summoned the ferry-boat with his -bugle. The silence was complete; only, on the other side of the river, -the baying of a dog and the distant cascades, with their treble echo, -made answer to his horn: the proscenium of Tasso's Elysian empire, -which we were about to enter.</p> - -<p>A ripple on the water, through the mist and the darkness, announced the -coming of the ferry-boat; it glided along the towing-rope fastened to -boats at anchor. I reached Ferrara between four and five o'clock, on -the morning of the 16th; I alighted at the Three Crowns Hotel: Madame -was expected there.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><i>Wednesday</i> 17.</p> - -<p>As Her Royal Highness had not arrived, I visited the church of San -Paolo: I saw nothing but tombs there; for the rest, not a soul, except -those of a few dead men and mine, which is hardly living. At the back -of the choir hung a picture by Guercino<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>.</p> - -<p>The cathedral is deceptive: you see a front and sides encrusted with -bas-reliefs representing sacred and profane subjects. Over this -exterior run other ornaments usually placed in the interior of Gothic -edifices, such as rudentures, Arab corbels, nimbused soffits, galleries -with small columns, pointed arches and trefoils, disposed in the -thickness of the walls. You enter, and you stand dumbfounded at the -sight of a new church with spherical vaults, with massive pillars. -Something of that incongruity exists in France, both physically and -morally: in our old castles, they are contriving modern closets, with -plenty of pigeon—holes, alcoves and clothes-presses. Break into the -souls of a good many of those men tabarded with historic names: what do -you find there? Backstair tendencies.</p> - -<p>I was quite abashed at the sight of that cathedral: it seemed to have -been turned, like a gown worn inside out; a burgess' wife of the time -of Louis XV. cloaked as a castellan's lady of the twelfth century<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Ferrara.</div> - -<p>Ferrara, formerly so much fretted by its women, its pleasures and its -poets, is almost uninhabited: in places where the streets are wide, -they are deserted and sheep could browse there. The dilapidated houses -do not gather fresh life, as at Venice, from the architecture, the -ships, the sea and the native gaiety of the place. Standing at the gate -of the so unfortunate Romagna, Ferrara, under the yoke of an Austrian -garrison<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>, has something of the face of a persecuted victim: it -seems to wear everlasting mourning for Tasso; ready to fall, it is bent -like an old woman. As the only monument of the day, rises half from -the ground a criminal court, with unfinished prisons. Whom will they -send to those cells of recent construction? Young Italy. Those new -gaols, topped with cranes and bound with scaffoldings, like the palaces -in Dido's city, touch hands with the old cell of the singer of the -<i>Gerusalemme.</i></p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Ferrara</span>, 18 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>If there be a life that should make one despair of happiness for men -of talent, it is Tasso's. The beautiful sky upon which his eyes looked -when they opened to the light was a deceptive sky:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"My adversities," he says, "began with my life. Cruel fortune -snatched me from my mother's arms. I remember her kisses moist with -tears, her prayers which the winds have carried away. I was not -again to press my face to her face. With an uncertain step, like -Ascanius or young Camillus, I followed my wandering and outlawed -father. I grew up in poverty and exile."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Torquato Tasso lost Bernardo Tasso<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> at Ostiglia. Torquato has -killed Bernardo as a poet; he has made him live as a father.</p> - -<p>Drawn from obscurity by the publication of <i>Rinaldo</i><a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a>, Tasso was -summoned to Ferrara. He made his first appearance there amid the -festivals on the occasion of the marriage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> of Alphonsus II. with the -Archduchess Barbara. He there met Leonora, Alphonsus' sister: love and -misfortune ended in giving his genius all its beauty.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I saw," says the poet, describing, in <i>Aminta</i><a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a>, the first -Court of Ferrara, "I saw charming goddesses and nymphs, without -veils, without clouds: I felt the inspiration of a new virtue, of a -new divinity, and I sang of war and heroes."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Tasso read the stanzas of the <i>Gerusalemme</i>, as he composed them, -to Alphonsus' two sisters, Lucrezia and Leonora. He was sent to the -Cardinal Ippolito of Este<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a>, who was settled at the Court of France: -he pawned his clothes and furniture to take that journey, while the -cardinal whom he was honouring with his presence made Charles IX. the -gorgeous present of one hundred Barbary horses with their Arab riders -superbly dressed. Left at first in the stables, Tasso was afterwards -presented to the Poet-King, the friend of Ronsard. In a letter which -has been preserved for us, he judges the French harshly. He wrote a few -verses of his <i>Gerusalemme</i> in an abbey of men in France with which -Cardinal Ippolito was endowed; this was Châlis, near Ermenonville, -where Jean-Jacques Rousseau was to dream and die: Dante also had passed -obscurely through Paris.</p> - -<p>Tasso returned to Italy in 1571 and did not witness the Massacre of St. -Bartholomew<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a>. He went straight to Rome and from there came back to -Ferrara. <i>Aminta</i> was played with great success. Although he became -the rival of Ariosto, the author of <i>Rinaldo</i> admired the author of -<i>Orlando</i> to such a degree that he refused the homage of that poet's -nephew:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Tasso at Ferrara.</div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"This laurel which you offer me," he wrote, "the judgment of wise -men, of men of the world and my own judgment have laid on the head -of the man to whom you are bound by ties of blood. Prostrate before -his image, I give him the most honourable titles that affection and -respect are able to dictate to me. I will loudly proclaim him my -father, my lord and my master."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p> - -<p>This modesty, so little known in our time, did not disarm jealousy. -Torquato beheld the feasts given by Venice to Henry III. returning from -Poland, when a manuscript of the <i>Gerusalemme</i> was printed by stealth: -the minute criticism of the friends whose tastes he consulted alarmed -him. Perhaps he showed himself too sensitive; but perhaps he had built -the success of his love-affairs on his hopes of fame. He imagined -himself set about by pitfalls and treasons; he was obliged to defend -his life. His stay at Belriguardo, where Goethe evokes his shade, -failed to calm him. Says the great German poet, who makes the great -Italian poet speak:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Thus like the nightingale, conceal'd in shade,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">From his love-laden breast he fills the air</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And neighbouring thickets with melodious plaint:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">His blissful sadness and his tuneful grief</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Charm every ear, enrapture every heart<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And what is more deserving to survive,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And silently to work for centuries,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Than the confession of a noble love</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Confided modestly to gentle song<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>?</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Says Goethe again, interpreting Leonora's sentiments:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">How charming is it in the mind's clear depths</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">One's self to mirror . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To feel his presence, and with him to near,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">With airy tread, the future's hidden realm!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Thus should old age and time their influence lose.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">All that is transient in his song survives;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Still art thou young, still happy, when the round</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Of changeful time shall long have borne thee on<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The singer of Erminia conjures Leonora (still in the lines of the poet -of Germania) to banish him to one of her loneliest villas:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Oh, send me thither! There let me be yours!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And I will tend thy trees, construct the shed</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">That shields thy citrons from autumnal blasts,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Fencing them round with interwoven reeds!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Flowers of the fairest hues shall strike their roots,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">And ev'ry path be trimm'd with nicest care<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The story of Tasso's loves was lost: Goethe found it again.</p> - -<p>The sorrows of the Muses and the scruples of religion were beginning to -impair Tasso's reason. He was subjected to a temporary confinement. He -escaped almost naked: wandering in the mountains, he borrowed the rags -of a shepherd and, thus disguised, arrived at his sister Cornelia's. -The caresses of this sister and the charms of his native country -allayed his sufferings for a moment:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I wanted," he said, " to retire to Sorrento, as to a peaceful -harbour: <i>quasi in porto di quiete.</i>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>But he could not remain where he was born. A spell drew him to Ferrara: -love is the real mother-land! Coldly received by Duke Alphonsus, he -withdrew once more; he wandered through the little Courts of Mantua, -Urbino, Turin, singing to pay for the hospitality shown him. He said to -the Metauro, Raphael's native stream:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Weak, but glorious child of the Apennines, I, a vagrant traveller, -come to seek safety and repose upon thy banks."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Armida had passed to Raphael's cradle; she was to preside over the -enchantments of the Farnesina.</p> - -<p>Surprised by a storm in the neighbourhood of Vercelli, Tasso celebrated -the night which he had passed in a noble-man's house in the beautiful -dialogue known as the <i>Padre di famiglia.</i> At Turin, he was refused -admission at the gates, so wretched was his condition. Hearing that -Alphonsus<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> was about to contract a new marriage, he again took the -road for Ferrara. A divine spirit attached itself to the steps of this -god hidden under the garb of the shepherds of Admetus; he thought that -he saw and heard that spirit; one day, seated by the fire and seeing -the sun-light on the window:</p> - -<p>"<i>Ecco ramico spirito</i>," he said, "<i>che cortesemente è venuto a -favellarmi.</i>"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Tasso in prison.</div> - -<p>And Torquato conversed with a sun-beam. He re-entered the fatal city -even as the bird flings itself into the jaws of the serpent that -fascinates it. Disowned and spurned by the courtiers, taunted by the -servants, he launched out into complaints, and Alphonsus ordered him to -be locked up in a mad-house in the Hospital of Sant' Anna.</p> - -<p>Then the poet wrote to one of his friends:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Bowed down under the weight of my misfortunes, I have renounced -all thoughts of glory; I should think myself lucky if I could -only quench the thirst with which I am devoured....The idea of -an unlimited captivity and my indignation at the ill-treatment to -which I am subjected increase my despair. The filthiness of my -beard, hair and clothes renders me an object of disgust to myself."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The prisoner implored the whole earth and even his pitiless persecutor; -he drew from his lyre accents which ought to have made the walls to -fall with which his wretchedness was girt about:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Piango il morir; non piango il morir solo,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ma il modo . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Mi saria di conforto, aver la tomba,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ch' altra mole innalzar credea co' carmi.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Lord Byron wrote a poem called the <i>Lament of Tasso</i>; but he cannot get -away from himself and substitutes himself everywhere for the persons -whom he sets before us; even as his genius lacks tenderness, his -"lament" is no more than an imprecation.</p> - -<p>Tasso addressed the following petition to the Council of the Ancients -of Bergamo:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Torquato Tasso, a Bergamasque not merely by origin, but by -affection, having first lost his father's inheritance and his -mother's dowry.... and (after the bondage of many years and the -fatigues of a very long period) having not yet lost, in the midst -of so much misery, the faith which he has in this city, ventures -to ask its assistance. Let it conjure the Duke of Ferrara, once -my benefactor and protector, to restore me to my country, my -family and myself. The unfortunate Tasso therefore beseeches Your -Lordships to send Monsignore Licino or some other to treat for my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> -deliverance. The memory of their kindness will not end until after -my life.</p> - -<p><i>"Di VV. SS. affezionatissimo servidore</i>,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Torquato Tasso</span>.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">"Prigione e infermo nel ospedal di Sant' Anna in Ferrera."</span></p></blockquote> - -<p>Tasso was refused ink, pens, or paper. He had sung the "magnanimous -Alphonsus," and the magnanimous Alphonsus thrust into a madman's -cell him who had shed imperishable lustre on his ungrateful head. -In a most graceful sonnet, the prisoner beseeches a cat to lend him -the brightness of its eyes to replace the light of which he has been -deprived; a harmless raillery which proves the poet's gentleness and -the excess of his distress:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Fatemi luce a scriver queste carmi.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>At night, Tasso imagined that he heard strange noises, the tolling of -funeral knells. Ghosts tormented him:</p> - -<p>"I am worn out," he cried, "I succumb!"</p> - -<p>Attacked by a serious illness, he thought that he saw the Virgin save -him by a miracle:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Egrio io languiva, e d'alto, sonno avvinto.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Giacea con guancia di pallor dipinta,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Quando di luce incoronata . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Maria, pronta scendesti al mio dolore.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Montaigne visited Tasso reduced to this excess of adversity and showed -him no compassion. At the same time, Camoens was ending his life in an -alms-house in Lisbon: what consoled him, as he lay dying on a pallet? -The verses of the prisoner of Ferrara. The captive author of the -<i>Gerusalemme</i>, admiring the mendicant author of the <i>Lusiadas</i>, said to -Vasco de Gama:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tant' oltre stende il glorioso volo</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Che i tuoi spalmate legni andar men lungo.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Thus did the voice from the Eridanus resound on the banks of the Tagus; -thus did two illustrious sufferers of a like genius and a like destiny -congratulate each other across the seas, from hospital to hospital, -putting mankind to shame.</p> - -<p>How many kings, great men and fools, drowned to-day in oblivion, but -believing themselves, towards the close of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> sixteenth century, -persons worthy of remembrance, were ignorant of the very names of -Tasso and Camoens! In 1754, for the first time, was read "the name -of Washington, in the account of an obscure combat delivered in the -back-woods between a troop of French, English and savages<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>: which -clerk at Versailles, which purveyor to the Parc-aux-Cerfs, which man, -above all, of the Court or the Academy would have cared, at that time, -to change names with that American planter<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>?"</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Ferrara</span>, 18 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>Envy hastened to spread its poison over open wounds. The Accademia -della Crusca declared that "the <i>Gerusalemme Liberata</i> was a cold and -heavy compilation, obscure and unequal in style, full of ridiculous -lines and barbarous words, with no single beauty to redeem its -innumerable defects."</p> - -<p>A fanatical love for Ariosto dictated that verdict. But the shout of -popular admiration drowned the academic blasphemies: it was no longer -possible for Duke Alphonsus to prolong the captivity of a man who -was guilty only of singing that captivity. The Pope<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> claimed the -deliverance from the honour of Italy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Tasso's release.</div> - -<p>Tasso was released from prison<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a>, but none the happier for it -Leonora was dead. He dragged himself from town to town with his -sorrows. At Loretto, ready to die with hunger, he was on the point, -says one of his biographers, "of taking up the hand that had built -Armida's palace."</p> - -<p>In Naples, he experienced some of the sweet sentiment of country:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 13em;">E donde</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Partii fanciullo, or dopo tanti lustri</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Torno . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Canuto ed egro alle native sponde.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>He preferred to sumptuous abodes a cell at the Convent of Montoliveto. -During a journey which he took to Rome,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> fever having laid hold of him, -a hospital was once more his refuge.</p> - -<p>Returning from Rome and Florence to Naples, laying the blame of his -ills on his immortal poem, he rewrote it and spoilt it. He commenced -his cantos, <i>Delle sette Giornato del Monde Creato</i>, a subject treated -by Du Bartas<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a>. Tasso makes Eve issue from Adam's bosom, while God:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -. . . . irrigò di placida quiete<br /> -Tutte le membra al sonnachioso ...<br /> -</p> - -<p>The poet weakens the biblical image, and, in the gentle creations of -his lyre, woman becomes no more than man's first dream. The sorrow of -leaving uncompleted a pious work which he regarded as an expiatory hymn -decided Tasso to condemn his profane songs to destruction.</p> - -<p>Less respected by society than by the robbers, the poet received from -Marco Sciarra<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>, the famous leader of <i>condottieri</i>, the offer of an -escort to take him to Rome<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>. He was presented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> at the Vatican, and -the Pope addressed him in these words:</p> - -<p>"Torquato, you do honour to the crown that honoured those who wore it -before you."</p> - -<p>Posterity has confirmed this eulogy. Tasso replied to the praises by -quoting this line from Seneca:</p> - -<p class="center"> -Magnifica verba mors prope admota excutit.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Attacked by an evil which he foresaw was to cure all the others, he -retired to the Convent of Sant' Onofrio, on the 1st of April 1595. He -climbed up to his last refuge during a tempest of wind and rain. The -monks received him at the gate where Domenichino's frescoes are fading -away to-day. He greeted the fathers:</p> - -<p>"I come to die among you."</p> - -<p>O hospitable cloisters, deserts of religion and poetry, you have lent -your solitude to outlawed Dante and to dying Tasso!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Tasso's death.</div> - -<p>All succour was unavailing. On the seventh morning of the fever, the -Pope's<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> doctor declared to the patient that he had very little -hope. Tasso kissed him and thanked him for announcing such good news to -him. Next he looked up to the sky and, with an abundant outpouring of -the heart, gave thanks to God for His mercies.</p> - -<p>His weakness increased; he wished to receive the Eucharist in the -church of the monastery: he dragged himself there leaning on the monks -and returned carried in their arms. When he was stretched once more -upon his couch, the prior asked him as to his last wishes.</p> - -<p>"I have troubled very little about fortune's gifts during my life; I -care still less for them at my death. I have no will to make."</p> - -<p>"Where will you have your burying-place?"</p> - -<p>"In your church, if you will deign to do my remains so great an honour."</p> - -<p>"Will you dictate your epitaph yourself?"</p> - -<p>Thereupon, turning towards his confessor:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Father, write: I return my soul to God, who gave it me, and my body -to the earth, whence it came. I bequeath to this monastery the sacred -image of my Redeemer."</p> - -<p>He took in his hands a crucifix which the Pope had given him, and -pressed it to his lips.</p> - -<p>Seven more days passed by. The tried Christian having solicited the -favour of the Holy Oils, Cardinal Cintio arrived, bringing the blessing -of the Sovereign Pontiff. The dying man displayed great joy at this:</p> - -<p>"Here," said he, "is the crown which I came to Rome to seek; I hope to -triumph to-morrow with its aid."</p> - -<p>Virgil sent to beg Augustus to fling the <i>Æneid</i> into the fire; -Tasso entreated Cintio to burn the <i>Gerusalemme.</i> Thereafter, he -desired to be left alone with his crucifix.</p> - -<p>The cardinal had not reached the door when his tears, till then -violently restrained, burst forth: the bell was tolled, and the monks, -chanting the prayers for the dead, wept and lamented in the cloisters. -At this sound, Torquato said to the charitable recluses, whom he seemed -to see wander around him like shadows:</p> - -<p>"Friends, you think you are leaving me; I am only going before you."</p> - -<p>Thenceforth, he held no converse except with his confessors and a few -fathers great in doctrine. When he was on the point of breathing his -last, they gathered this stanza from his lips, the fruit of his life's -experience:</p> - -<p>"If death were not, there would be nothing upon earth more miserable -than man."</p> - -<p>On the 25th of April 1595, about the middle of the day, the poet cried:</p> - -<p>"<i>In manus tuas, Domine....</i><a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>"</p> - -<p>The remainder of the verse was scarcely audible, as though it had been -uttered by a departing traveller.</p> - -<p>The author of the <i>Henriade</i> expires at the Hôtel de Villette, on a -quay of the Seine<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>, and rejects the aid of the Church; the bard of -the <i>Gerusalemme</i> dies a Christian at Sant' Onofrio: compare and see -what beauty faith lends to death.</p> - -<p>All that is related of Tasso's posthumous triumph appears to me to be -open to suspicion. His ill-fortune was even more persistent than has -been supposed. He did not die at the hour indicated for his triumph: he -survived that projected triumph by twenty-five days. He did not lie to -his destiny:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> he was never crowned, not even after death; his remains -were not exposed at the Capitol in senator's robes amid the throng -and the tears of the people: he was buried, as he had ordered, in the -Church of Sant' Onofrio. The stone with which they covered him, again -according to his wish, bore neither date nor name; ten years later, -Manso, Marchese Della Villa<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a>, Tasso's last friend and Milton's host -composed the admirable epitaph:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Hic jacet Torquatus Tassus</span></p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Tasso's tomb.</div> - -<p>Manso succeeded only with difficulty in having it carved; for the -monks, who religiously observed testamentary wishes, objected to any -inscription: and yet, without the <i>Hic jacet</i> or the words, <i>Torquati -Tassi ossa</i>, Tasso's ashes would have been lost in the hermitage on the -Janiculum, as Poussin's have been at San Lorenzo in Lucina.</p> - -<p>Cardinal Cintio formed the plan of erecting a mausoleum to the singer -of the Holy Sepulchre; the plan was abortive. Cardinal Bevilacqua drew -up a pompous epitaph destined for the slab of another future mausoleum, -and the thing went no further. Two centuries later, the brother of -Napoleon thought about a monument at Sorrento: Joseph soon bartered -Tasso's cradle for the Cid's tomb.</p> - -<p>Lastly, in our own days, a grand funeral decoration has been begun in -honour of the Italian Homer, once poor and wandering like the Greek -Homer: will the work be completed? As for me, I prefer to any marble -tumulus the little stone in the chapel of which I spoke as follows in -the <i>Itinéraire</i>:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I looked<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> in a deserted church for the tomb of this last -painter<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a>, and I had some trouble in finding it: the same thing had -happened to me in Rome<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> with the tomb of Tasso. After all, the -ashes of a religious and unfortunate poet are not too ill-placed in a -hermitage. The singer of the <i>Gerusalemme</i> seems to have taken refuge -in this unknown burying-place, as though to escape men's persecutions; -he fills the world with his fame and himself lies unrecognised under -the orange-tree<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> of Sant' Onofrio."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Italian committee entrusted with the necrolithic<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> labours asked -me to collect for them in France and to distribute the indulgences of -the Muses to every faithful donor of a few mites towards the poet's -monument. July 1830 came: my fortune and credit began to look like -the fate of Tasso's ashes. Those ashes seem to possess a virtue that -rejects any display of opulence, repels any lustre, shrinks from any -honours: little men want big tombs, big men little ones.</p> - -<p>The god who laughs at all my dreams, after hurling me from the -Janiculum with the old Conscript Fathers, has brought me back to Tasso -in another way. Here I am able to form a still better opinion of the -poet whose three daughters were born at Ferrara: Armida, Erminia and -Clorinda.</p> - -<p>Where is the House of Este to-day? Who thinks of the Obizzos<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>, -the Nicholases<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, the Hercules<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>? Whose name lingers in those -palaces? Leonora's. What do we look for at Ferrara? Alphonsus' -dwelling-house? No; Tasso's prison. Whither do men go in procession -from century to century? To the sepulchre of the persecutor? No; to the -cell of the persecuted.</p> - -<p>Tasso, in these parts, obtains an even more memorable victory: he makes -us forget Ariosto; the stranger leaves the bones of the singer of -Orlando at the Museum and hastens in search of the cell of the singer -of Rinaldo at Sant' Anna. Seriousness befits the tomb: one abandons -the man who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> laughed for the man who cried. During life, happiness may -have its merit; after death, it loses its value: in the eyes of the -future, only unhappy existences are beautiful. To those martyrs of -intelligence, pitilessly immolated upon earth, their adversities are -reckoned to the increase of their glory; they sleep in the grave with -their immortal sufferings, like kings with their crowns. We vulgar -unfortunates are of too little account that our troubles should, among -posterity, become the ornament of our lives. Stripped though I be of -everything as I complete my course, my tomb will not be a temple, -but a cool place; Tasso's fate will not be mine; I shall deceive the -affectionate and harmonious predictions of friendship:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Le Tasse, errant de ville en ville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Un jour, accablé de ses maux,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">S'assit près du laurier fertile</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Oui, sur la tombe de Virgile,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Étend toujours ses verts rameaux, etc.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a></span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A visit to Tasso's tomb.</div> - -<p>I lost no time in carrying my homage to that son of the Muses, so -nobly consoled by his brothers: as a rich ambassador, I had subscribed -towards his mausoleum in Rome; as a poor pilgrim in exile's train, I -went to kneel in his prison at Ferrara. I know that fairly well-founded -doubts are raised as to the identity of the spots; but, like all true -believers, I set history at defiance: that crypt, whatever men may -say, is the very place in which the <i>pazzo per amore</i> lived for seven -whole years; one had necessarily to pass through those cloisters; one -came to that gaol where the daylight stole in through the iron bars of -an air-hole, where the low-hanging vault that freezes your head drips -saltpetrous water on a damp soil that petrifies your feet.</p> - -<p>On the walls, outside the prison and all around the grating, one -reads the names of the worshippers of the god: the statue of Memnon, -quivering with harmony under the touch of dawn, was covered with the -declarations of the several witnesses of the prodigy. I did not daub my -<i>ex-voto</i>; I hid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> myself in the crowd, whose secret prayers must, by -reason of their very humility, be more acceptable to Heaven.</p> - -<p>The buildings in which Tasso's prison is enclosed to-day belong to -a hospital open to every infirmity; they have been placed under the -protection of the Saints: <i>Sancto Torquato sacrum.</i> At some distance -from the blest cell is a dilapidated yard; in the middle of that -yard, the porter cultivates a garden-plot surrounded by a hedge of -mallows: the pale-green palissade was loaded with large and beautiful -flowers. I gathered one of those roses, the colour of royal mourning, -that seemed to me to be growing at the foot of a Calvary. Genius is a -Christ: denied, persecuted, scourged, crowned with thorns, crucified by -men and for men, it dies leaving them the light and rises again to be -worshipped.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Ferrara</span>, 18 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>I went out on the morning of the 18th and, on returning to the Three -Crowns, found the street blocked with people; the neighbours were -gaping at the windows. An escort of one hundred men of the Austrian and -Papal troops occupied the inn. The corps of officers of the garrison, -the magistrates of the town, the generals, the Pro-legate were awaiting -Madame, whose coming had been announced by a courier wearing the French -arms. The stair-case and drawing-rooms were decorated with flowers. -Never was finer reception arranged for an exile.</p> - -<p>When the carriages came in sight, the drums beat a salute, the music -of the regiments burst forth, the soldiers presented arms. Madame, in -the midst of the throng, was put to it to descend from her calash, when -it drew up in front of the hotel; I had hastened up; she recognised me -among the crowd. She held out her hand to me across the established -authorities and the beggars who flung themselves upon her, and said:</p> - -<p>"'My son is your King;' do help me to pass through."</p> - -<p>I did not find her very much changed, though she was thinner; she had -something of a sprightly, little girl.</p> - -<p>I walked in front of her; she gave her arm to M. de Lucchesi; Madame -de Podenas<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> followed her. We climbed the stairs and entered the -apartments between two rows of grenadiers, amid the clatter of arms, -the sound of trumpets, the cheers of the spectators. They took me for -the majordomo,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> they applied to me to be presented to the mother of -Henry V. My name was linked to those names in the minds of the crowd.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat06002"></a> -<img src="images/chat06_002.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The Duchesse of Berry.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="sidenote">Arrival of Madame.</div> - -<p>You must know that Madame was received with the same tokens of respect -from Palermo to Ferrara, notwithstanding the Notes of Louis-Philippe's -envoys. M. de Broglie had had the audacity to ask the Pope to send away -the outlaw; Cardinal Bernetti replied:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Rome has always been the asylum of fallen grandeurs. If the family -of Bonaparte, in its later days, found a refuge beside the Father -of the Faithful, with still greater reason must hospitality be -shown to the family of the Most Christian Kings."</p></blockquote> - -<p>I am no great believer in this dispatch, but I was keenly struck by one -contrast: in France, the Government lavishes insults upon a woman of -whom it is afraid; in Italy, they remember only the name, the courage -and the misfortunes of Madame la Duchesse de Berry.</p> - -<p>I was obliged to accept my improvised role of First Lord of the -Bed-chamber. The Princess was very funny: she wore a gown of greyish -cloth, fitting close to her figure; on her head, a sort of little -widow's cap or the biggin of a child or naughty school-girl. She -ran here, there and everywhere, like a giddy goose; rushed about -heedlessly, in the midst of the curious throng, with an air of -assurance, just as she had sped through the woods of the Vendée. -She looked at no one, recognised no one; I was obliged to catch her -disrespectfully by her dress, or to bar her road, saying:</p> - -<p>"Madame, there is the Austrian Commandant, that officer. in white; -Madame, there is the commandant of the pontifical troops, that officer -in blue; Madame, there is the Pro-legate, that tall young priest in -black."</p> - -<p>She stopped, spoke a few words in Italian or French, not too -appropriate, but roundly, frankly, prettily, so that their very -unpleasantness was not displeasing. It was a sort of manner resembling -nothing that one had ever known before. It made me feel almost ill at -ease, and yet I had no anxiety as to the effect produced by the little -woman who had escaped from the flames and gaol.</p> - -<p>A comical piece of confusion followed. I must say one thing with -all modest reserve: the vain noise of my life grows in volume as -the real silence of that life increases. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> am unable nowadays to -alight at an inn, either in France or abroad, without being at once -besieged. For old Italy, I am the defender of religion; for young -Italy, the defender of liberty; for the authorities I have the honour -of being <i>Sua Eccellenza</i> GIA <i>Ambasciadore di Francia</i> at Verona -and in Rome. Ladies, all doubtless of rare beauty, have lent the -language of Angelica and Aquilante il Nero to the Floridan Atala and -the Moor Aben-Hamet. I therefore see scholars arrive, old priests -with wide skull-caps, women, whom I thank for their translations and -their favours; next, <i>mendicanti</i>, too well-bred to believe that an -ex-ambassador is as poor a beggar as their lordships.</p> - -<p>Now, my admirers had hurried to the Hôtel des Trois-Couronnes, together -with the crowd attracted by Madame la Duchesse de Berry: they got me -up into a corner of a window and began to address me in an harangue -the end of which they went off to recite to Marie-Caroline. In their -mental confusion, the two troops sometimes mixed up the patron and the -patroness: I was greeted as "Your Royal Highness," and Madame told me -that she had been complimented on the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>; we -exchanged our mutual fames. The Princess was charmed at having written -a work in four volumes, and I was proud to have been taken for the -daughter of kings.</p> - -<p>Suddenly, the Princess disappeared: she went off on foot, with Count -Lucchesi, to see Tasso's cell; she was a judge of prisons. The mother -of the banished orphan, of the child-heir of St. Louis, Marie-Caroline -leaving the Fortress of Blaye and seeking in the town of Renée of -France<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> only a poet's prison-cell is an unique thing in the history -of fortune and human glory. The venerables of Prague would have passed -through Ferrara a hundred times without taking such an idea into their -heads; but Madame de Berry is a Neapolitan and a country-woman of -Tasso, who said:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;">"<i>Ho desiderio di Napoli, come l'anime ben disposte del paradiso.</i>"</p> - -<p>It was when I was in opposition and disgrace; the Ordinances were -secretly simmering at the Palace and still joyously lying at the bottom -of men's hearts. One day, the Duchesse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> de Berry saw an engraving -representing the singer of the <i>Gerusalemme</i> at the bars of his cell:</p> - -<p>"I hope," she said, "that we shall soon see Chateaubriand like that."</p> - -<p>Words of prosperity, of which we must take no more notice than of a -rash word spoken in drunkenness. I was to join Madame in Tasso's very -dungeon, after suffering in the prisons of the police on her behalf. -What loftiness of sentiment it showed in the noble Princess, how great -a mark of esteem she gave me, when she applied to me in the hour of her -misfortune, after the desire that she had expressed! If her first wish -appraised my talents too highly, her confidence was less mistaken as to -my character.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Ferrara</span>, 18 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>M. de Saint-Priest<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>, Madame de Saint-Priest and M. A. Sala<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> -arrived. The latter had been an officer in the Royal Guards; he has -been substituted in my publishing arrangements for M. Delloye<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a>, a -major in the same guards.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> - -<p>Two hours after Madame's arrival, I saw Mademoiselle Lebeschu<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>, -my fellow-Breton; she hastened to tell me of the hopes that they were -good enough to place in me. Mademoiselle Lebeschu figures in the -<i>Carlo-Alberto</i> trial.</p> - -<p>On returning from her poetic visit, the Duchesse de Berry sent for me: -I found her waiting for me with M. le Comte de Lucchesi and Madame de -Podenas.</p> - -<p>Count Lucchesi-Palli is tall and dark: Madame calls him a Tancred on -the distaff side. His manners towards the Princess his wife are a -master-piece of propriety: neither humble nor arrogant; a respectful -mixture of the authority of the husband and the submission of the -subject.</p> - -<p>Madame at once talked business with me; she thanked me for coming in -reply to her invitation; she told me that she was going to Prague, not -only to join her family, but to obtain her son's deed of majority: she -next declared that she was going to take me with her.</p> - -<p>This declaration, for which I was not prepared, struck me with -consternation: to return to Prague! I put forward the objections that -suggested themselves to my mind.</p> - -<p>If I went to Prague with Madame and she obtained her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> wish, the honours -of the victory would not belong wholly to the mother of Henry V., and -that would be a bad thing; if Charles X. persisted in refusing to grant -the deed of majority, I being present (and I was persuaded that he -would so persist), I should lose my credit. It seemed to me better, -therefore, that I should be kept as a sort of reserve force, in case -Madame should fail in her negociation.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Her Liveliness.</div> - -<p>Her Royal Highness opposed these arguments: she maintained that -she would be able to put forth no strength in Prague, if I did not -accompany her; that I frightened her great relations; that she -consented to leave to me the glory of the victory and the honour of -linking my name with her son's accession.</p> - -<p>M. and Madame de Saint-Priest entered in the middle of this discussion -and laid great stress on the Princess's view of the matter. I persisted -in my refusal. Dinner was announced.</p> - -<p>Madame was very lively. She described to me, in the most amusing -fashion, her contests with General Bugeaud<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> at Blaye. Bugeaud used -to attack her on politics and lose his temper; Madame lost her temper -even more than he did his: they screamed like a pair of eagles and she -ended by turning him out of the room. Her Royal Highness kept back -certain details which she would perhaps have communicated to me if I -had remained with her. She gave Bugeaud no rest; she pulled him to -pieces finely:</p> - -<p>"You know," she said, "that I asked for you four times? Bugeaud passed -on my demands to d'Argout<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a>. D'Argout sent back word to Bugeaud that -he was a fool, that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> ought to have refused your admission at once -and on the face of it: he has such good taste, that M. d'Argout."</p> - -<p>Madame laid stress on the rhyme of those two words<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a>, with her -Italian accent.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the rumour of my refusal had spread among our faithful -friends and was beginning to alarm them. Mademoiselle Lebeschu came, -after dinner, to read me a lecture in my room; M. de Saint-Priest, -an intelligent and sensible man, first sent M. Sala to me, and then -replaced him and urged me in his turn: "they had sent M. de La -Ferronnays on to Hradschin, in order to remove the first difficulties. -M. de Montbel had arrived; he had been told to go to Rome to obtain a -copy of the marriage-contract, which was drawn up in due and proper -form and which was in Cardinal Zurla's keeping<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>.</p> - -<p>"Supposing," continued M. de Saint-Priest, "that Charles X. should -refuse his consent to the deed of majority, would it not be well if -Madame were to obtain a declaration from her son? What should be the -nature of that declaration?"</p> - -<p>"A very short Note," I replied, "in which Henry would protest against -Philip's usurpation."</p> - -<p>M. de Saint-Priest conveyed my words to Madame. My resistance -continued to occupy the minds of the Princess's environment Madame de -Saint-Priest, with her nobility of sentiment, appeared to entertain -the keenest regret. Madame de Podenas had not lost the habit of that -serene smile which shows her beautiful teeth: her calm was the more -perceptible in the midst of our agitation.</p> - -<p>We were not unlike a strolling company of French actors playing at -Ferrara, by permission of the worshipful magistrates of the town, -in the <i>Fugitive Princess</i> or the <i>Persecuted Mother.</i> The scene -represented, on the right, Tasso's prison; on the left, Ariosto's -house; at the back, the castle in which the feasts of Leonora and -Alphonsus took place. This royalty without a kingdom; those anxieties -of a Court contained in two wandering carriages and having the Hôtel -des Trois-Couronnes for its palace at night; those State councils held -in a room at an inn: all that completed the variety of the scenes of -my fortune. I put off my knight's helm in the wings and resumed my -straw hat; I travelled with the <i>de jure</i> monarchy rolled up in my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> -portmanteau, while the <i>de facto</i> monarchy flaunted its baubles at -the Tuileries. Voltaire calls upon all the royalties to spend their -carnival in Venice with Achmet III.<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>: Ivan<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> Emperor of All -the Russias, Charles Edward King of England, the two Kings of the -Polacks<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a>, Theodore<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> King of Corsica and four Serene Highnesses.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"'Sire, Your Majesty's post-chaise is at Padua, and the bark is -ready.'</p> - -<p>"'Sire, Your Majesty may set off when you please.'</p> - -<p>"'Troth, Sire, they will trust Your Majesty no longer, nor myself -neither; and we may both of us chance to be sent to gaol this very -night.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>For myself, I will say with Candid<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>:</p> - -<p>"Gentlemen, how came you all to be kings? I must confess that neither -my friend Martin here nor myself have any such titles."</p> - -<p>It was eleven o'clock in the evening; I was hoping that I had won my -case and obtained my <i>exeat</i> from Madame. I was very far out in my -reckoning! Madame does not so soon relinquish a wish; she had not -questioned me about France, because, preoccupied as she was with my -resistance to her plan, she was making that her business of the moment. -M. de Saint-Priest entered my room and brought me the rough draft of a -letter which Her Royal Highness proposed to write to Charles X.:</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Her persistency.</div> - -<p>"What!" I exclaimed, "Madame persists in her resolve?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> She wants me to -take that letter? But it would be impossible for me, even materially, -to cross Germany: my passport is only for Switzerland and Italy!"</p> - -<p>"You will accompany us as far as the Austrian frontier," replied M. de -Saint-Priest; "Madame will take you in her carriage; after crossing -the frontier, you will return to your calash and you will arrive -thirty-six hours before us."</p> - -<p>I hastened to the Princess; I renewed my insistence; the mother of -Henry V. said to me:</p> - -<p>"Do not desert me."</p> - -<p>This word put an end to the struggle; I yielded; Madame appeared -over-joyed<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>. Poor woman, she had wept so much! How could I have -held out against courage, adversity, fallen grandeur reduced to hide -themselves beneath my "protection!" Another Princess, Madame la -Dauphine, also had thanked me for my useless services: Carlsbad and -Ferrara were two places of banishment, under different suns, where I -had gathered the noblest honours of my life.</p> - -<p>Madame set out pretty early in the morning, on the 19th, for Padua, -where she arranged to meet me; she was to stop at the Catajo, at the -Duke of Modena's. I had a hundred things to see at Ferrara: palaces, -pictures, manuscripts; I had to be content with Tasso's prison. I -started a few hours after Her Royal Highness. I arrived at Padua at -night. I sent Hyacinthe to Venice to fetch my luggage, as scanty as a -German student's, and I went to bed sadly at the Golden Star, which has -never been mine.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Padua</span>, 20 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>On Friday 20 September, I spent a part of the morning in writing to -tell my friends of my change of destination. The persons of Madame's -suite arrived in succession.</p> - -<p>Having nothing left to do, I went out with a <i>cicerone.</i> We visited the -two churches of Santa Giustina and San Antonio di Padova. The first, -the work of Jerome of Brescia, is most majestic: from below, in the -nave, you do not see a single one of the windows, which are pierced -very high above,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> so that the church is lighted without your knowing -whence the light comes. This church contains many good pictures by Paul -Veronese, Liberi<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>, Palma<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> and others.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Padua.</div> - -<p>San Antonio di Padova, known as <i>Il Santo</i>, presents a Grecianized -Gothic monument, a style peculiar to the old churches of Venetia. The -Cappella del Santo is by Giacomo Sansovino<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> and Francesco<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> his -son: one perceives it at once; the ornaments and the form are in the -same manner as the <i>loggetta</i> in the steeple of St. Mark.</p> - -<p>A <i>signora</i>, in a green gown and a straw hat covered with a veil, was -praying before the Cappella del Santo; a servant in livery was also -praying, behind her: I presumed that she was offering up her prayers -for the relief of some moral or physical ailment; I was not mistaken. I -saw her again in the street: she was a woman of about forty, pale and -thin, walking stiffly and with a look of suffering; I had guessed her -love or her paralysis. She had left the church with hope: during the -space of time while she was sending up her fervent orisons to Heaven, -did she not forget her pain, was she not really cured?</p> - -<p>Il Santo abounds in mausoleums, among which Bembo's is famous. In the -cloisters stands the tomb of young d'Orbesan, who died in 1595:</p> - -<p class="center"> -Gallus eram, putavi, morior, opes una parentum!<br /> -</p> - -<p>D'Orbesan's French epitaph ends with a line which a great poet would -like to have written:</p> - -<p class="center"> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Car il n'est si beau jour qui n'amène sa nuit<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Charles Gui Patin<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> is buried in the cathedral: his wag of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> a -father<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> was no longer there to save him, he who had "treated a -gentleman of seven years old, who was bled thirteen times and cured in -a fortnight, as though by a miracle."</p> - -<p>The ancients excelled in funeral inscriptions:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Here lies Epictetus<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a>," said his monumental pillar, "who was a -slave, disfigured, poor as Irus, yet a favourite of the gods."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Camoens, among the moderns, composed the most magnificent of epitaphs, -that of John III. of Portugal<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Who lies in this great sepulchre? What is he whom the illustrious -arms on this massive scutcheon indicate? Nothing! For that is what -all things come to.... May the earth lie as light on him now as he, -formerly, lay heavy on the Moor."</p></blockquote> - -<p>My Paduan <i>cicerone</i> was a chatterbox, very different from my Antonio -of Venice: he spoke to me at every turn of "that great tyrant -Angelo<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>;" in the streets, he told me the name of every shop and -every café; at Il Santo, he would absolutely show me the well-preserved -tongue of the preacher of the Adriatic<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a>. Might not the tradition -of those sermons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> come from the songs which, in the middle-ages, the -fishermen, following the example of the Ancient Greeks, used to sing to -the fishes to charm them? A few of these pelagic ballads still remain -to us, in Anglo-Saxon.</p> - -<p>Of Livy, no news; were he alive, I would gladly, like the inhabitant -of Gades, make the journey to Rome expressly to see him; I would -gladly, like Panormita<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>, have sold my field to buy a few fragments -of the History of Rome, or, like Henry IV., promised a province for a -"Decade<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a>." A mercer of Saumur did not go so far: having purchased a -manuscript of Livy's, by way of old papers, from the apothecary of the -convent of the Abbey of Fontevrault, he used it quite simply to make -drums for battledores.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Pellico's "Zanze."</div> - -<p>When I returned to the Stella d'Oro, Hyacinthe was back from Venice. -I had charged him to call on Zanze to make my excuses for having gone -away without seeing her. He found the mother and daughter in a great -state of anger; she had just been reading <i>Mie Prigioni.</i> The mother -said that Silvio was a "villain:" he had allowed himself to write -that Brollo had pulled him, Pellico, by his leg when he, Pellico, had -climbed up on a table. The daughter exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"Pellico is a slanderer, and an ungrateful one to boot. After the -services which I have done him, he now tries to dishonour me."</p> - -<p>She threatened to have the work seized and to sue the author in the -law-courts; she had begun to write a refutation of the book: Zanze is -not only an artist, but a woman of letters.</p> - -<p>Hyacinthe asked her to give me the unfinished refutation; she hesitated -and then handed him the manuscript: she was pale and tired from her -labours. The old gaoler's wife still claimed to sell her daughter's -embroidery and mosaic work. If ever I go back to Venice, I will -discharge my debt better to Madame Brollo than I did to Abou Gosch, the -chief of the Arabs in the mountains of Jerusalem: I had promised him a -bale of rice from Damietta and I never sent it.</p> - -<p>Here is Zanze's commentary:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p><blockquote> - -<p>"La Veneziana maravigliandosi che contro di essa vi sieno -persona che abbia avutto ardire di scrivere pezze di un romanzo -formatto ed empitto di impie falsità, si lagna fortemente contro -l'auttore mentre potteva servirsi di altra persona onde dar sfogo -al suo talento, ma non prendersi spasso di una giovine onesta di -educazione e religione, e questa stimatta ed amatta e conosciutta a -fondo da tutti.</p> - -<p>"Comme Silvio può dire che nella età ma di 13 anni (che talli -erano, alorguando lui dice di avermi conosciuta), comme può -dire che io fossi giornarieramente statta a visitarlo nella sua -abitazione? se io giuro di essere statta se non pochissime volte, -e sempre accompagnata o dal padre, o madre, o fratello? Comme può -egli dire che io le abba confidatto un amore, che io era sempre -alle mie scuolle, e che appena cominciavo a conoscere, anzi non -ancor poteva ne conosceva mondo, ma solo dedicatta alli doveri -di religione, a quelli di doverosa figlia, e sempre occupatta a -miei lavori, che questi erano il mio sollo piacere? Io giuro che -non ho mai parlatto con lui, ne di amore, ne di altra qualsiasi -cosa. Sollo se qualche volte io lo vedeva, lo quardava con ochio -di pietà, poichè il mio cuore era per ogni mio simille, pieno di -compazione; anzi io odiava il luogo che per sola combinazione mio -padre si ritrovava: perchè altro impiego lo aveva sempre occupatto; -ma dopo essere stato un bravo soldato, avendo bene servito la -repubblica e poi il suo sovrano, fù statto ammesso contro sua -volontà, non che di quella di sua famiglia, in quell' impiego. -Falsissimo è che io abbia mai preso una mano del sopradetto -Silvio, ne comme padre, ne comme frattello; prima, perchè abenchè -giovinetta e priva di esperienza, avevo abastanza avutta educazione -onde conoscere il mio dovere. Comme può egli dire di esser statto -de me abbraciatto, che io no avrei fatto questo con un fratello -nemeno; talli erano li scrupoli che aveva il mio cuore, stante -l'educazione avutta nelli conventi, ove il mio padre mi aveva -sempre mantenuta.</p> - -<p>"Bensi vero sarà che lui a fondo mi conoscha più di quello che io -possa conoscer lui, mentre mi sentiva giornarieramente in compagnia -di miei fratelli, in una stanza a lui vicina; che questa era il -luogo ove dormiva e studiava li miei sopradetti fratelli, e comme -mi era lecitto di stare con loro? comme può egli dire che io -ciarlassi con lui degli affari di mia famiglia, che sfogava il mio -cuore contro il riguore di mia madre e benevolenza del padre, che -io non aveva motivo alcuno di lagnarmi di essa, ma fù da me sempre -ammatta?</p> - -<p>"E comme può egli dire di avermi sgridatta avendogli portato un -cativo caffè? Che io non so se alcuna persona<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> posia dire di aver -avutto ardire di sgridarmi: anzi di avermi per solla sua bontà -tutti stimata.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Zanze's manuscript.</div> - -<p>"Mi formo mille maraviglie che un uomo di spirito e di tallenti -abbia ardire di vantarsi di simile cose ingiuste contro una giovine -onesta, onde farle perdere quella stima que tutti proffessa per -essa, non che l'amore di un rispetoso consorte, la sua pace e -tranquilità in mezzo il bracio di sua famiglia e figlia.</p> - -<p>"Io mi trovo oltremodo sdegnatta contro questo auttore, per avermi -esposta in questo modo in un publico libro, di più di tanta -prendersi spaso del nominare ogni momento il mio nome.</p> - -<p>"Ha pure avutto riguardo nel mettere il nome di Tremerello in -cambio di quello di Mandricardo; che tale era il nome del servo che -cosi bene le portava ambaciatte. E questo io potrei farle certo, -perchè sapeva quanto infedelle lui era ad interessato: che pur per -mangiare e bevere avrebe sacrificatto qualunque persona; lui era -un perfido contro tutti coloro che per sua disgrazia capitavano -poverie e non poteva mangiarlo quanto voleva; trattava questi -infelici pegio di bestie. Ma quando io vedeva, lo sgridava e lo -diceva a mio padre, non potendo il mio cuore vedere simili tratti -verso il suo simile. Lui ero buono sollamente con chi le donava -una buona mancia a bene le dava a mangiare: il ciclo le perdoni! -Ma avrà da render conto delle suo cattive opere verso suoi simili, -e per l'odio cho a me professava e per le coressioni che io le -faceva. Per tale cativo sogetto Silvio a avutto riguardo, e per -me che non meritava di essere esposta, non ha avutto il minimo -riguarde.</p> - -<p>"Ma io ben saprò ricorere, ove mi verane fatta una vera giustizia, -mentre non intendo ne voglio esser, ne per bene ne malle, nominatta -in publico.</p> - -<p>"Io sono felice in braccio a un marito che tanto mi amo, e eh' -è veramente e virtuosamente coriposto, ben cognoscendo il mio -sentimento, non che vedendo il mio operare: e dovrò a cagione di un -uomo che si è presso un punto sopra di me, onde dar forza alli suoi -mal fondati scritti, essendo questi posti in falso!</p> - -<p>"Silvio perdonerà il mio furore; ma doveva lui bene aspetarselo -quando al chiaro is era dal suo operatto.</p> - -<p>"Questa è la ricompensa di quanto ha fatto la mia famiglia, -avendolo trattato con quella umanità, che merita ogni creatura -cadutta in talli disgrazie, e non trattata come era li ordini!</p> - -<p>"Io intanto faccio qualunque giuramento, che tutto quello<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> che fù -detto a mio riguardo, dà falso. Forse Silvio sarà statto malie -informato di me; ma non può egli dire con verità talli cose non -essendo vere, ma sollo per avere un più forte motivo onde fondare -il suo romanzo.</p> - -<p>"Vorei dire di più; ma le occupazioni di mia famiglia non mi -permette di perdere di più tempo. Sollo ringraziarò intanto il -Signor Silvio col suo operare e di avermi senza colpa veruna posto -in seno una continua inquietudine e forse una perpetua infelicità."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Translation</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The Venetian girl is astonished that some one should have had -the courage to write against her two scenes of a novel built up -and filled with impious falsehoods. She complains bitterly of the -author, who might have made use of another person to give scope -to his talent and not made a plaything of an honest young woman -of education and religion, known to all and universally loved and -esteemed.</p> - -<p>"How can Silvio say that, at my age of 13 years (which was my -age at the time when he says that he knew me), how can he say -that I used to go daily to see him in his abode, when I swear -that I went there only a very few times and always accompanied -by my father, mother, or brother? How can he say that I confided -a love to him, when I was always at my classes, and when I had -hardly begun to know anything, and could know nothing of love or -the world, being devoted only to the duties of religion, to those -of a dutiful daughter, and occupied with my studies, which were -my only pleasures? I swear that I never spoke to him of love, -nor of anything else whatsoever. Only, if sometimes I saw him, I -looked upon him with eyes of pity, because my heart was full of -compassion for my fellow-creatures, and I hated the place in which -my father by ill-chance found himself: he had always occupied -another position; but, after being a brave soldier and well serving -the Republic and, afterwards, his Sovereign, he was given this -employment against his will and that of his family.</p> - -<p>"It is most false (<i>falsissimo</i>) to say that I ever took the hand -of the aforesaid Silvio, either as a father's or a brother's; -first, because, although very young and without experience, I -had had enough education to know my duties. How can he say that -I kissed him, I who would not have done that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> even to a brother: -so great were the scruples imprinted in my heart by the education -which I had received in the convents, where my father had always -kept me?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The manuscript translated.</div> - -<p>"Truly he must have known me more thoroughly than I could know him! -I remained daily in the company of my brothers in a room next to -his own, which was the place where my aforesaid brothers slept and -studied: now, since I was free to remain with them, how can he say -that I talked to him of the affairs of my family, that I relieved -my heart about my mother's severity and my father's kindness, when -I had no motive whatever to complain of the former, but always -loved her?</p> - -<p>"And how can he say that he shouted at me for bringing him bad -coffee? I know of no one who can say that he dared to shout at me, -all having shown their esteem for me by their kindness alone.</p> - -<p>"It is a thousand wonders to me that a man of spirit and talent -should have dared unjustly to boast of such things against an -honest girl, which might make her lose the esteem which all profess -for her, not to say the love of a respectable husband and her peace -and tranquillity in the arms of her family and her daughter.</p> - -<p>"I am immeasurably indignant with this author for exposing me in -this way in a public book and for taking so great a liberty as to -mention my name every moment.</p> - -<p>"And yet he took care to put the name of Tremerello in place of -that of Mandricardo, which is the name of him who so well carried -his messages. And this one I could have made known to him for -certain, because I knew how unfaithful he was to him and how much -interested: for the sake of eating and drinking, he would have -sacrificed any-body; he was perfidious towards all those who, -to their misfortune, came to him poor and were unable to make -him eat as much as he liked: he treated those unfortunates worse -than beasts. But, when I saw him, I reproached him and told my -father, my heart not being able to endure such treatment of my -fellow-creatures. He was good only to those who gave him <i>una -buona mancia</i><a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> and gave him plenty to eat: Heaven forgive -him! But he will have to account for his evil actions towards his -fellow-creatures and for the hatred which he bore me because of the -remonstrances which I made him. For so wicked a man Silvio showed -a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> regard, and for me, who did not deserve to be exposed, he did -not show the slightest regard.</p> - -<p>"But I shall surely know where to go to find real justice, for I -will not, nor do I intend to be mentioned in public.</p> - -<p>"I am happy in the arms of a husband who loves me so well and who -is truly and virtuously repaid, well-knowing not only my conduct -but my sentiments: and then, because of a man who thinks fit to -exploit me in the interest of his ill-founded writings, which are -full of falsehoods...!</p> - -<p>"Silvio will forgive my anger: but he must surely have expected it -when I came clearly to realize his conduct towards me.</p> - -<p>"This is the reward for all that my family has done, having treated -him with the humanity which every creature deserves that has fallen -into such misfortune, and not having treated him according to -orders.</p> - -<p>"I however take oath that all that has been said in respect of me -is false. Perhaps Silvio was misinformed about me; but he cannot -say such things, which are untrue, in order to tell the truth, but -only to have a stronger motive on which to base his novel.</p> - -<p>"I should like to say more; but the occupations of my family do -not permit me to waste more time. Only I thank Signor Silvio for -his work and for having punished me, who am innocent of guilt, by -filling my breast with constant disquiet and perhaps with perpetual -unhappiness."</p></blockquote> - -<p>This literal translation is far from rendering the feminine animation, -the foreign grace, the spirited simplicity of the text; the dialect -which Zanze employs exhales a raciness of the soil which it is -impossible to transfuse into another language. The <i>apologia</i>, with its -incorrect, nebulous, unfinished phrases, like the vague extremities of -a group by Albani<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a>; the manuscript, with its defective or Venetian -spelling, is like a Greek woman's monument, but of those women of the -time when the Bishops of Thessaly<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> sang the loves of Theagenes and -Chariclea. I prefer the two pages of the little gaoler's daughter to -all the dialogues of the great Isotta<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a>, although she pleaded for -Eve against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> Adam as Zanze pleads for herself against Pellico. My fair -Provençal country-women of other days still more recall the daughter of -Venice by the idiom of those intermediary generations, among which the -language of the vanquished is not yet entirely dead and the language of -the victor not yet entirely formed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Zanze <i>v.</i> Pellico.</div> - -<p>Which is in the right: Pellico or Zanze? What is the matter in dispute? -A simple confidence, a doubtful kiss, which, in effect, was perhaps not -meant for him who received it. The angry bride refuses to recognise -herself in the delicious growing child pictured by the captive; but she -contests the fact with so much charm that she proves it while denying -it. The portrait of Zanze in the plaintiffs memorial is so like that -we find it again in the defendant's rejoinder: the same sentiment of -religion and humanity, the same reserve, the same note of mystery, the -same soft and tender unconstraint.</p> - -<p>Zanze is full of power when she avers, with passionate candour, that -she would not have dared to kiss her own brother, much less M. Pellico. -Zanze's filial piety is extremely touching, when it transforms Brollo -into an old soldier of the Republic, reduced to the gaoler's state <i>per -sola combinazione.</i></p> - -<p>Zanze is quite admirable when she makes this observation: Pellico -concealed the name of an unprincipled man and was not afraid to reveal -that of an innocent creature who showed compassion for the sufferings -of the prisoners.</p> - -<p>Zanze is not enticed by the idea of being immortal in an immortal work; -that idea does not even occur to her mind: she is struck only by a -man's indiscretion; that man, if we are to believe the person offended, -sacrifices a woman's reputation to the sports of his talent without -giving a care to the harm that he may cause, thinking only of writing -a novel to benefit his reputation. A visible dread governs Zanze: will -not a prisoner's revelations rouse a husband's jealousy?</p> - -<p>The outburst that ends the <i>apologia</i> is pathetic and eloquent:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I thank Signor Silvio for his work and for having punished me, who -am innocent of guilt, by filling my breast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> with constant disquiet -and perhaps with perpetual unhappiness: <i>una continua inquietudine -e forse una perpetua infelicità.</i>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>On these last lines, written with a tired hand, the trace of a few -tears is visible. I, no party to the trial, wish to lose nothing. I -therefore hold that the Zanze of <i>Mie Prigioni</i> is the Zanze according -to the Muses and that the Zanze of the <i>apologia</i> is the Zanze -according to history. I wipe out the little defect of figure which -I thought that I had seen in the daughter of the old soldier of the -Republic; I was mistaken: the Angelica of Silvio's prison is shaped -like the stem of a rush, like the trunk of a palm-tree. I declare -to her that no person in my Memoirs pleases me so much as she, not -excepting my sylph. Between Pellico and Zanze herself, with the aid of -the manuscript of which I am the depositary, it will be a great wonder -if the <i>Veneziana</i> does not go down to posterity! Yes, Zanze, you will -take your place among the shades of women that spring up around the -poet, when he dreams to the sound of his lyre. Those delicate shades, -orphans of an expired harmony and a vanished dream, remain alive -between earth and Heaven and inhabit at one time their two-fold country:</p> - -<p>"Fair Paradise would not have its complete charms, if thou wert not -there," said a troubadour to his mistress absent through death.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Padua</span>, 20 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>History has again come to strangle romance. I had hardly finished -reading Zanze's defense at the Stella d'Oro, when M. de Saint-Priest -entered my room, saying:</p> - -<p>"Here's something new."</p> - -<p>A letter from Her Royal Highness informed us that the Governor of the -Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom had presented himself at the Catajo and -announced to the Princess his inability to allow her to continue her -journey. Madame desired my immediate departure.</p> - -<p>At that moment, an aide-de-camp of the Governor's knocked at my door -and asked me if it was convenient for me to receive his general. I -replied by at once repairing to the apartments of His Excellency, who -had alighted, like myself, at the Stella d'Oro.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Austrian Governor.</div> - -<p>The Governor was an excellent man:</p> - -<p>"Imagine, monsieur le vicomte," he said, "that my orders against Madame -la Duchesse de Berry were dated 28 August.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Her Royal Highness had -sent word to me that she had passports of a later date and a letter -from my Emperor<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a>. And see, on the 17th of this month of September, -I receive an express in the middle of the night: a dispatch, dated -the 15th, from Vienna, charges me to carry out my first orders of the -28th of August and not to allow Madame la Duchesse de Berry to advance -beyond Udine or Trieste. See, my dear and illustrious viscount, what -a misfortune for me! To arrest a Princess whom I admire and respect, -if she refuses to comply with my Sovereign's wishes! For the Princess -did not give me a good reception: she told me that she would do what -she pleased. My dear viscount, if you could only prevail on Her Royal -Highness to remain in Venice, or at Trieste, pending new instructions -from my Court! I will endorse your passport for Prague; you can go -there at once, without meeting with the slightest obstacle, and arrange -all this; for certainly my Court has done nothing but yield to demands. -I beg of you to do me this service."</p> - -<p>I was touched by the noble officer's candour. On comparing the date -of the 15th of September with that of my departure from Paris, on the -3rd of the same month, I was struck with an idea: my interview with -Madame and the coincidence of Henry V.'s majority might have alarmed -Philip's Government. A dispatch from M. le Duc de Broglie, handed in a -note from M. le Comte de Sainte-Aulaire<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a>, had perhaps decided the -Vienna chancery to renew the prohibition of the 28th of August. I may -be making a false conjecture and the fact which I suspect may not have -taken place; but two "men of quality," both peers of France of Louis -XVIII.'s creation, both violators of their oaths, were, after all, -quite worthy of being the instruments of so generous a policy against a -woman, the mother of their lawful King. Need we be astonished if France -to-day is more and more confirmed in the high opinion that she has of -the people of the Court of former times?</p> - -<p>I was careful not to betray the depth of my thoughts. This persecution -had altered my frame of mind on the subject of the journey to Prague; I -was as desirous now of taking it alone in the interests of my Sovereign -as I had been opposed to doing so with her when the roads were open to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> -her. I dissimulated my real feelings and, wishing to keep the Governor -to his good intentions of giving me a passport, I increased his loyal -anxiety; I replied:</p> - -<p>"Monsieur le gouverneur, you are suggesting a difficult thing to me. -You know Madame la Duchesse de Berry; she is not a woman to be led as -one pleases: if she has made up her mind, nothing will make her change -it. Who knows? Perhaps it suits her to be arrested by the Emperor of -Austria, her uncle<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a>, even as she was put in gaol by Louis-Philippe, -her uncle! The legitimate kings and the illegitimate kings will be -acting alike; Louis-Philippe will have dethroned the son of Henry IV., -Francis II. will prevent the meeting of mother and son; M. le Prince de -Metternich will relieve M. le Général Bugeaud at his post: that will be -perfect!"</p> - -<p>The Governor was beside himself:</p> - -<p>"Ah, viscount, how right you are! That propaganda, why, it's -everywhere! That youth no longer pays any attention to us! Not even so -much in the Venetian States as in Lombardy and Piedmont!"</p> - -<p>"And the Papal States!" I exclaimed. "And Naples! And Sicily! And the -banks of the Rhine! And the whole world!"</p> - -<p>"Ah, ah, ah!" cried the Governor. "We can't remain like this, always -sword in hand, with an army under arms, without fighting. France -and England an example to our peoples! A Young Italy now, after the -<i>Carbonari!</i> Young Italy! Who ever heard of such a thing?"</p> - -<p>"Monsieur," I said, "I will make every effort to persuade Madame to -give you a few days; you must be so good as to grant me a passport: -that concession alone can prevent Her Royal Highness from following her -first resolve."</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Deputy of Padua.</div> - -<p>"I will take it upon myself," said the reassured Governor, "to allow -Madame to pass through Venice on her way to Trieste; if she loiters a -little along the roads, she will reach the latter town at just the same -time as the orders which you are going to fetch, and we shall be saved. -The Deputy of Padua will give you your <i>visa</i> for Prague, in exchange -for which you will leave a letter declaring Her Royal Highness' resolve -not to go beyond Trieste. What a time! What a time! I congratulate -myself upon being an old man, my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> dear and illustrious viscount, so -that I cannot see what is going to happen."</p> - -<p>While insisting on the passport, I inwardly reproached myself for -perhaps somewhat abusing the Governor's perfect straightforwardness; -for he might be held more guilty for allowing me to go to Bohemia -than he would have been had he yielded to the Duchesse de Berry. My -sole dread was lest some sly-boots of the Italian Police should put -obstacles in the way of the <i>visa.</i> When the Deputy of Padua came -to me, I found that he had a secretarial mien, a clerkly bearing, a -prefect's air, like a man brought up in the French civil service. -This bureaucratic capacity made me tremble. As soon as he had assured -me that he had been a commissary in the Army of the Allies in the -Department of the Bouches-du-Rhône, my hope revived: I attacked my -enemy by taking straight aim at his self-respect I declared that the -discipline of the troops stationed in Provence had been remarked upon. -I knew nothing about it, but the Deputy, replying with an overflow of -admiration, hastened to finish my business: I had no sooner obtained my -<i>visa</i> than I ceased to care.</p> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Padua</span>, 20 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>The Duchesse de Berry returned from the Catajo at nine o'clock in the -evening: she appeared very much excited; as for me, the more peaceful I -had been before, the more eager I now was for the fray: we were being -attacked, we must needs defend ourselves. I proposed to H.R.H., half in -jest, to take her in disguise to Prague and, between the "two of us," -carry off Henry V. It was a question only of knowing where we should -deposit our plunder. Italy would not do, because of the weakness of her -Princes; the great absolute monarchies must be discarded for a thousand -reasons. There remained Holland and England: I preferred the former -because she had not only a constitutional government, but a clever King.</p> - -<p>We postponed these extreme measures; we decided on the most reasonable, -which laid the burden of the affair on my shoulders. I was to set out -alone with a letter from Madame: I was to ask for the declaration of -majority; on receiving the reply of the great kinsmen, I was to send -a messenger to H.R.H., who would await my dispatch at Trieste. Madame -added to her letter for the old King a note for Henry: I was to give it -to the young Prince only according to circumstances. The superscription -of the note<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> was by itself a protest against the mental reservations of -Prague. Here are the letter and the note:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Ferrara</span>, 19 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">My dear Father</span>,</p> - -<p>"At a moment so decisive as the present for Henry's future, allow -me to address you with all confidence. I have not relied upon my -own judgment in so important a matter; I wished, on the contrary, -in this grave circumstance, to consult the men who had shown me the -most attachment and devotion. M. de Chateaubriand was naturally at -the head of these.</p> - -<p>"He has confirmed what I had already heard, namely, that all the -Royalists in France look upon a deed setting forth Henry's rights -and majority as indispensable for the 29th of September. If loyal -M. —— is with you at present, I draw for his evidence, which I -know to agree with what I am stating.</p> - -<p>"M. de Chateaubriand will lay before the King his ideas on the -subject of this deed. He says rightly, so it seems to me, that -it should simply declare Henry's majority and not put forward a -manifesto: I think that you will approve of this view. In short, -my dear Father, I leave it to him to draw your attention and bring -about a decision on this essential point. I am much more occupied -with it, I assure you, than with what concerns myself, and my -Henry's interest, which is that of France, goes before my own. I -have proved to him, I think, that I was able to expose myself to -dangers for his sake and that I drew back before no sacrifice; he -will find me always the same.</p> - -<p>"M. de Montbel handed me your letter on his arrival; I read it with -lively gratitude: to see you again, to set eyes once more on my -children will always be my fondest prayer. M. de Montbel will have -written to you that I had done all that you asked; I hope that you -have been satisfied with my eagerness to please you and to prove to -you my respect and my love. I now have only one longing, to be in -Prague for the 29th of September, and, although my health is very -much impaired, I hope to arrive. In any case, M. de Chateaubriand -will go before me. I beg the King to receive him with kindness and -to hear all that he will say to him from me.</p> - -<p>"Believe, my dear Father, in all the sentiments, etc.</p> - -<p>"<i>P.S.</i> <span class="smcap">Padua</span>, 20 <i>September. </i> My letter was written, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> I was -shown the order not to continue my journey: my surprise equals -my sorrow. I cannot believe that an order of this kind can have -emanated from the heart of the King; only my enemies can have -dictated it. What will France say? And how Philip will triumph! I -can but hasten the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's departure and charge -him to tell the King that which it would be too painful for me to -write to him at this moment."</p> - - -<p class="center">(<i>Addressed</i>) "<span class="smcap">To His Majesty Henry V., my dearest son, Prague</span></p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Padua</span>, 20 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>"I was about to arrive in Prague and embrace you, my dear Henry, -when an unexpected obstacle stopped me on the road.</p> - -<p>"I am sending M. de Chateaubriand in my place to discuss your -business and mine. Have confidence, dear, in what he will tell you -from me and be sure to believe in my fond affection.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 5%;">"I embrace you and your sister and I am</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;">"Your affectionate mother and friend,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Caroline</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">The Comte of Montbel.</div> - -<p>M. de Montbel fell from Rome upon Padua in the midst of our pother. The -little Court of Padua was cool with him; it blamed M. de Blacas for the -orders from Vienna M. de Montbel, a very moderate man, had no other -resource than to seek refuge with me, although he feared me; when I saw -that colleague of M. de Polignac's, I explained to myself how he had -written the History of the Duc de Reichstadt and admired the Archdukes, -all, without his perceiving it, at sixty leagues from Prague, the Duc -de Bordeaux's place of exile; if he, M. de Montbel<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>, was suited to -throw the Monarchy of St. Louis and the monarchies of this base world -out of window, it was a little accident of which he had not thought. -I behaved graciously to the Comte de Montbel; I talked to him of the -Coliseum. He was returning to Vienna to place himself at the disposal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> -of the Prince de Metternich and to serve as an intermediary for the -correspondence of M. de Blacas.</p> - -<p>At eleven o'clock, I wrote the Governor the letter agreed upon; I -respected Madame's dignity, made no engagements on her behalf and -reserved her power of action:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Padua</span>, 20 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Monsieur le gouverneur</span>,</p> - -<p>"H.R.H. Madame la Duchesse de Berry is quite <i>willing, for the -moment</i>, to comply with the orders that have been sent you. Her -intention is to go to Venice and thence to Trieste; there she will -act on the information which I shall have the honour to address to -her and will take a final resolve.</p> - -<p>"Pray accept my sincerest thanks and the assurance of the high -regard with which I am,</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 5%;">"Monsieur le gouverneur,</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;">"Your most humble and most obedient servant,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Deputy, when he read this letter, was very much pleased with it. -Once Madame had left Venetian Lombardy, he and the Governor ceased to -be responsible; the Duchesse de Berry's doings at Trieste concerned -only the authorities of Istria or Friuli; each vied with the other to -rid himself of misfortune, as, in a certain game, every player hastens -to pass a little piece of paper on to his neighbour.</p> - -<p>At ten o'clock, I took leave of the Princess. She placed her fate and -that of her son in my hands. She made me King of France after her -fashion. In a Belgian village, I once received four votes to raise me -to the throne occupied by Philip's son-in-law<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>. I said to Madame:</p> - -<p>"I submit to Your Royal Highness' wishes, but I fear that I shall -deceive your hopes. I shall do no good in Prague."</p> - -<p>She pushed me towards the door:</p> - -<p>"Go, go, you can do everything."</p> - -<p>I stepped into my carriage at eleven o'clock: it was a rainy night. It -seemed to me as though I were going back to Venice, for I followed the -Mestre Road: I felt more inclined to see Zanze again than Charles X.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> This book was written at Ferrara, between 16 and 18 -September 1833, and at Padua, on the 20th of September.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Marco Polo (1254-1324) joined his father, Niccolo Polo, -and his uncle, Maffeo Polo, at Acre, in 1269. They set out for China in -1271 and, after a protracted stay, left for home, in 1292, and reached -Venice in 1295.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> <i>Vide</i> Zanze's manuscript, <i>infra.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Abbé Nicolas Lenglet-Dufresnoy (1674-1755), a man of -very great learning but no critical taste. He was several times sent -to the Bastille, under Louis XV., for the boldness of his writings, -and died, at last, of an accident, having fallen into the fire before -which he was reading. His chief works are <i>De l'usage des romans, avec -une bibliothèque des romans</i> (1734), his <i>Histoire justifiée contre les -romans</i> (1735), un <i>Histoire de la philosophie hermétique</i> (1742) and a -<i>Traité sur des apparitions</i> (1751). His <i>Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc</i> was -published in 1753, two years before his death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> A character in Bojardo's <i>Orlando Innamorato</i> and -Ariosto's <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, and daughter of Galaphron King of Cathay -(Catajo, not Marco Polo's Cathay, as the Abbé Lenglet seems to have -thought).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Francis IV. Duke of Modena (1799-1847) was the grandson -of the Empress Maria Theresa and nephew of Marie-Antoinette. The -Congress of Vienna, in 1815, reinstated him in his Duchy, of which -his grandfather, Hercules III., had been dispossessed by the French -in 1797. He married Mary Beatrice, daughter of King Victor Emanuel -I. of Sardinia and Heiress in Line of the Stuarts, who is known to -Legitimists as Mary III. Queen of England (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. IV., p. 251, n. -1). Francis IV. was almost the only European potentate who refused to -recognise the sovereignty of Louis-Philippe. On the 14th of November -1846, his daughter, Maria Theresa, married the Comte de Chambord (King -Henry V. of France).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), author of the -<i>Principe</i> and other works of state-craft.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Byron</span>: <i>Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</i>, Canto IV., -Stanzas XXX-XXXIV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Titus Livius (59 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—17 <span class="smcap">a.c.</span>), the historian, was born -at Padua,—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Publius Virgilius Maro (70 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—19 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) was born at -Urbino.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Caius Valerius Catullus (<i>circa</i> 87 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—<i>circa</i> 54 -<span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) was born at Verona.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533) was born at Reggio di -Modena.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Giovanni Battista Guarini (1537-1612), the noted -diplomatist and poet, author of the <i>Pastor fido</i>, was born at -Ferrara.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Tito Vespasiano Strozzi (1422-1501) and his son, Ercole -Strozzi (1471-1508), the Latin poets, were both born at Ferrara.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Ercole Bentivoglio (<i>circa</i> 1512-1573), the poet -and diplomatist, was born at Bologna; Guido Cardinal Bentivoglio -(1579-1644), Nuncio to Flanders (1607) and France (1617) and author -of <i>Della Guerra di Flandra</i> (1633-1639), Letters (1631) and Memoirs -(1648), was born at Ferrara, as was Cornelio Cardinal Bentivoglio, -Archbishop of Carthage (1668-1732), Nuncio to France and the author of -some sonnets and a translation of Statius' <i>Thebais.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Pietro Cardinal Bembo (1470-1547), born in Venice, -created a cardinal in 1539 and Keeper of the Library of St. Mark. He -was the author of poems, letters, a History of Venice in Latin, and the -<i>Asolani</i>, a series of dialogues on the nature of love.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Daniello Bartoli (1608-1685), born at Ferrara, Rector -of the College of Jesuits in Rome, and author of an important -<i>Istoria della Compagnia di Gesù</i> (1653-1675) and various physical -treatises.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Matteo Maria Bojardo, Conte di Scandiano (<i>circa</i> -1434-1494), born at Reggio di Modena, author of <i>Orlando Innamorato</i> -(1495), of which Ariosto's <i>Orlando Furioso</i> is the continuation.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Ippolyto Pindemonte (1753-1828), the poet, and Giovanni -Pindemonte (1751-1812), his brother, the dramatist, were both born at -Verona.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Alfonso Marchese di Varano (1705-1788), the poet, was -born at Ferrara.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Vincenzo Monti (1754-1828), born at Fusignano, near -Ravenna, author of the <i>Bassevilliana</i>(1793), directed against -the French Revolution, and a number of other poems, tragedies and -translations. Monti was Historiographer to the Court of Italy under -Napoleon and a member of the Italian Institute.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Torquato Tasso (1544-1595) was a native of Sorrento, but -his father, Bernardo Tasso, was a North Italian, having been born in -Venice in 1493.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Melchiore Cesarotti (1730-1808), born at Padua, a poet -and miscellaneous writer. His translation of Ossian (1763) is his -finest work, but he is also known for his <i>Saggio sulla Filosofia delle -Lingue</i> (1785) and a number of prose and metrical translations besides -that mentioned.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Giovanni Francesco Barbieri (1591-1666), known as -Guercino, or the Squintling, from an accident which distorted his -right eye in babyhood: a well-known painter of the Eclectic-Bologna -School.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Ferrara Cathedral was consecrated in 1136; the interior -was spoilt in the seventeenth century.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Ferrara was handed back to the Papal States in 1814, but -the Austrians retained the right to keep a garrison there.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Bernardo Tasso (1493-1569), Torquato Tasso's father, -author of the <i>Amadigi di Francia</i> (Amadis of Gaul, 1560) and a -quantity of other poems, died at Ostiglia on the 14th of September -1569.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> <i>Rinaldo</i> was published in 1562, while Tasso was a youth -of eighteen studying law at Padua.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Produced at Ferrara in 1573.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Ippolito of Este, Cardinal of Ferrara, Archbishop of -Milan, Lyons and Narbonne (1509-1572), uncle of Alphonsus II. and a -favourite of the Court of France of that time.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> 24 August 1572.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Anna Swanwick's <span class="smcap">Goethe</span>: <i>Torquato Tasso</i>, Act I. Sc. -i.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Act II. Sc. i.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Act III. Sc. iii.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Anna Swanwick's <span class="smcap">Goethe</span>: <i>Torquato Tasso</i>, Act V. Sc. -iv.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Alphonsus II. married three times: first, Lucrezia de' -Medici; secondly, Barbara of Austria, daughter of the Emperor Ferdinand -I.; thirdly, Margherita di Gonzaga, daughter of William Duke of -Mantua.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> George Washington, in command of the English and native -troops, defeated the French in the Battle of Great Meadows on the -28th of May 1754. He was subsequently besieged at Fort Necessity in -Pennsylvania and, on the 4th of July 1754, surrendered to the French, -who allowed him and all his troops to march back to Virginia.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> My <i>Études Historiques.—Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Sixtus V.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> In July 1586, after a confinement of more than seven -years.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas (1544-1590), author of, -among other poems, the <i>Semaine, ou La Création en sept journées</i>, -which was published in 1579 and passed through thirty editions in a -few years. Writing of Du Bartas, Professor Saintsbury, in his <i>Short -History of French Literature and French Lyrics</i>, says: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"All that was wanting to make Du Bartas a poet of the first -rank was some faculty of self-criticism; of natural verve and -imagination as well as of erudition he had no lack, but in critical -faculty he seems to have been totally deficient. His beauties, rare -in kind and not small in amount, are alloyed with vast quantities -of dull absurdity."</p></blockquote> -<p> -Du Bartas' fellow-countrymen entertain a similar view, and Bouillet, -in his <i>Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie</i>, expresses -himself in almost the same words when he writes that "<i>ce poète avait -de la verve et de l'imagination, mais manquait de goût.</i>"—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Marco Sciarra (<i>fl.</i> 1592), a celebrated bandit chief, -long devastated the Papal States. Neither Sixtus V. nor Clement VIII. -was able to subdue him and his band; but he was so hotly pursued by the -latter Pope that he left the country and entered the service of the -Venetians, who employed him against the Uskoks, the piratical refugees -from the north-western provinces of Turkey. The Venetian Government -eventually caused Sciarra to be assassinated, upon the repeated demands -of Clement VIII. for his extradition.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Samuel Rogers introduces this incident into his -description of the "wild life, fearful and full of change," of the -"mountain-robber:" -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Time was, the trade was nobler, if not honest;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">When they that robb'd were men of better faith</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Than kings or pontiffs; where such reverence</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The poet drew among the woods and wilds,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">A voice was heard, that never bade to spare,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Crying aloud, "Hence to the distant hills!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Tasso approaches; he, whose song beguiles</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">The day of half its hours; whose sorcery</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Dazzles the sense, turning our forest glades</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">To lists that blaze with gorgeous armoury,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Our mountain-caves to regal palaces:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Hence, nor descend till he and his are gone.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Let him fear nothing!"</span><br /> -</p> -<p> -(<span class="smcap">Rogers</span>, <i>Italy: Banditti</i>, 5-17).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Ippolito Aldobrandini, Pope Clement VIII. (1536-1605), -elected Pope in 1592.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> LUKE, XXIII., 46.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Now the Quai Voltaire.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Giovanni Battista Manso, Marchese Della Villa -(1561-1645). Milton was ambitious of his acquaintance, as the friend -of Tasso, and was introduced to him in Naples in 1638. To him Milton -addressed his Latin epistle, <i>Ad Mansum</i>; Tasso had addressed his -dialogue on Friendship to him and complimented him in the twentieth -canto of the <i>Gerusalemme Conquistata</i>, as the introduction to <i>Ad -Mansum</i> shows: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"Joannes Baptista Mansus, Marchio Villensi, vir ingenii laude, turn -literarum studio necnon et bellica virtute, apud Italos clarus in -primus est; ad quern Torquati Tassi Dialogus extat di Amicitia -scriptus; erat enim Tassi amicissimus; ab quo etiam inter Campanile -principes celebratur, in ilio poemate cui titulus 'Gerusalemme -Conquistata,' lib. 20. -</p> -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -Fra cavalier magnanimi, è cortesi<br /> -Risplende il Manso.<br /> -</p> -<p> -"Is auctorem Neapoli commorantem summa benevolentia prosecutus est, -multaque ei detulit humanitalis officia: ad hunc itaque hospes -ille, antequam ab ea urbe discederet, ut ne ingratum se ostenderet -hoc carmen misit."—T.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> In Venice, in 1806.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Titian.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> In 1803.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> I was right in saying the orange-tree: it -is an orange-tree that stands in the convent-yard of Sant' -Onofrio.—<i>Author's Note</i> (Paris, 1840).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> This is one of several cases in which the author coins -a word: his expression, <i>nécrolithe</i>, is not known in the French -dictionaries.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Obizzo I. first Marquis of Este (<i>fl.</i> 1180); Obizzo II. -Marquis of Este and Lord of Ferrara and Verona (<i>d.</i> 1293) added Modena -and Reggio to his dominions.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Nicholas III. Marquis of Este (<i>d.</i> 1471) was the father -of</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Hercules I. first Duke of Ferrara (<i>d.</i> 1505), the -father of Alphonsus I.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Fontanes</span> (<i>Cf.</i> Vol III., p. 10): -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Tasso, wandering from town to town,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">One day, by his evils overcome,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Sat down by the sumptuous laurel-trees</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Which spread out for ever to the breeze</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Their green branches over Virgil's tomb," etc.—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> The Marquise de Podenas, <i>née</i> de Nadaillac, was -lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Berry.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara (1510-1575), second -daughter of Louis XII., married, in 1528, Hercules II. Duke of Ferrara, -protected letters, science, art and Lutheranism, sheltered Calvin, -and had Clemont Marot as her secretary. She returned to France in -1560, after the Duke's death, and settled at Montargis, ostentatiously -proclaiming her Protestantism.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard, Vicomte de Saint-Priest, -Duque de Almazan (1789-1881), was taken to St. Petersburg by his -family during the Emigration and, in 1805, entered the Russian Army, -where he served until the fall of Napoleon. He was made a colonel -in 1814 and was taken prisoner; Napoleon's orders to have him shot -were intercepted by the Cossacks. Saint-Priest escaped, served the -cause of the Kings Government with ardour, endeavoured to raise the -populations of the South during the Hundred Days, took ship eventually -at Marseilles, was captured by a Tunisian corsair and, after a few -weeks' captivity, succeeded in reaching Spain and returning to France -at the Second Restoration. He was then appointed a brigadier-general, a -lord-in-waiting to the Duc d'Angoulême and an inspector of infantry. In -1823, he took part in the Spanish Expedition and earned his promotion -to lieutenant-general. He became Ambassador to Berlin in 1825 and -to Madrid in 1827. In August 1830, he sent in his resignation, and -Ferdinand VII. created him a grandee of Spain and Duque de Almazan. -Saint-Priest became one of the Duchesse de Berry's advisers, was one -of the principal organizers of the royalist attempt of 1822 and sailed -with the Princess in the <i>Carlo-Alberto.</i> He was arrested at the moment -of landing and indicted at the assizes at Montbrison. Together with -his co-accused, he was acquitted, on the 15th of March 1833, and at -once joined the Duchesse de Berry in Italy. Under the Second Empire, -Saint-Priest was one of the most zealous and intelligent servants -of the Comte de Chambord, who, in 1867, wrote him a letter on the -political situation that made a great noise at the time.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 101, n. 2.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Major H. D. Delloye had been dismissed the service in -1830 and had turned publisher. He very rightly published only royalist -works. In 1836, when Chateaubriand was in the greatest difficulties for -money, he was able to arrange a combination of a satisfactory character -for the interests and intentions of the illustrious writer. The company -formed by M. Delloye guaranteed M. and Madame de Chateaubriand a -respectable annuity, supplied them with the sums required for their -immediate necessities, and postponed to a remote date the publication -of the <i>Mémoires d'Outre-tombe</i>, the <i>Congrès de Vérone</i> and other -works to which the author might be disposed to devote his leisure. -</p> -<p> -On the 30th of June 1836, Chateaubriand addressed the following letter -to his honourable publisher: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"To Monsieur H. D. Delloye, retired lieutenant-colonel, Knight of -the Royal Order of St. Louis and of the Legion of Honour. -</p> -<p> -"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 30 <i>June</i> 1836. -</p> -<p> -"And so, monsieur, our business is fairly started: so soon as I -had finished the <i>Milton</i>, I resumed work on the Memoirs and I -have begun to have that portion copied which I am to deliver to -you in the early months of the coming year. I congratulate myself, -monsieur, on having met a gallant and loyal officer of the Royal -Guard who has brought to a conclusion a piece of business which, -but for him, might never have been finished. It is, therefore, to -you, monsieur, that I shall owe the repose of my life and, what is -more important to me, that of Madame de Chateaubriand. With God's -help, the rest will go of itself and I hope that neither you nor, -when the time comes, the Shareholders, will have reason to regret -becoming the owners of my Memoirs. -</p> -<p> -"Believe, monsieur, I beg, in my sincere devotion and accept the -assurance of my most distinguished consideration. -</p> -<p> -"<span class="smcap" style="text-align: right;">Chateaubriand</span>."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Mademoiselle Mathilde Lebeschu, a former woman of -the Bed-chamber to Madame la Duchesse de Berry, had accompanied the -Princess into exile and sailed with her, in the <i>Carlo-Alberto</i>, on -the 21st of April 1832. She was tried, together with the Vicomte de -Saint-Priest and M. Sala, and, with them, acquitted, at Montbrison, on -the 15th of March 1833.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Thomas Robert Bugeaud de La Piconnerie, Maréchal Duc -d'Isly (1784-1849) fought throughout the campaigns of the Empire, -winning his promotion from private to colonel on the battle-field. -He retired at the Restoration. He was recalled to active employment -in 1830, suppressed the Paris insurrections in 1832 and 1834 and, in -1832, as Commandant of Blaye, was charged with the safe keeping of the -Duchesse de Berry. His behaviour on this occasion provoked a challenge -to a duel, in which he killed his adversary, a deputy named Dulong, on -the 27th of January 1834. In 1836, he was sent to Algeria and defeated -Abd-el-Kader, but made terms with him and was severely criticized in -consequence; he became Governor-general in 1840 and, on the 14th of -August 1844, defeated the troops of Morocco at Isly, by which title he -was forthwith created a duke, having received his marshal's baton in -the previous year. In 1847, he resigned, but was placed in command of -the troops in Paris in 1848 and exerted himself, but without success, -to suppress the Revolution of February. The Prince-President Louis -Napoleon made him Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Alps, but he -died of cholera, on the 10th of June 1849, soon after taking up his -appointment.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. III., n. 2.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> "<i>Il est de bon</i> goût, <i>ce M. d'Argout.</i>"—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Appendix I.: <i>The Morganatic Marriage of the -Duchesse de Berry.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Achmet III. Sultan of Turkey (1673-1736) succeeded on -the deposition of his brother Mustapha II. in 1703. He was deposed by -the janissaries in 1730 and assassinated, by poison, in 1736.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Ivan VI. Emperor of All the Russias(1740-1764) succeeded -his aunt, the Empress Anne, as an infant of three months, but was -deposed in the course of the following year by Elizabeth, the laughter -of Peter the Great and Catherine I. He was murdered in prison at the -age of twenty-three, under the reign of Catherine II.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Frederic Augustus I. Elector of Saxony, later Augustus -II. King of Poland (1670-1733), surnamed the Strong, elected King of -Poland in 1697, deposed in 1704, and reinstated in 1709; and Stanislaus -I. Leczinski (1677-1766), elected King of Poland in 1704, crowned in -1705, obliged to leave Poland in 1709: he was again a candidate in -1733, on the death of Augustus II., and formally abdicated in 1735.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Theodore King of Corsica (<i>circa</i> 1686-1756) was a -German adventurer, Theodor Baron von Neuhof. He aided the Corsicans -against the Republic of Genoa in 1735 to 1736; was proclaimed and -crowned King of Corsica in 1736; and was driven out by the Genoese in -1738. An attempt made to recapture his power in 1743 failed. Theodore -withdrew to London, where his person was seized by his creditors, and -he was kept in prison for debt for seven years.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Voltaire</span>: <i>Candide, ou L'Optimisme</i>, Part I., Chap. -XXVI.: <i>Candid and Martin sup with six Strangers; and who they -were.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Chateaubriand wrote the next day to Madame Récamier: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p style="text-align: right;">"<i>Thursday</i> 19 <i>September</i> 1833. -</p> -<p> -"All is changed. <i>They</i> absolutely want me to go to the end of the -journey, where <i>they</i> dare not arrive without me. All my resistance -was unavailing; I had to resign myself. So I am leaving. This will -prolong my absence another month. I am going to send Hyacinthe to -Paris; he will bring you a long letter and details. Nothing in my -life ever cost me a greater pang than this last sacrifice, unless -it be that attached to my resignation of Rome.—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Pietro Liberi (1605-1687), born and died at Padua, a -religious and historical painter of the Venetian School.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Jacopo Palma the Younger (<i>circa</i> 1544-1628), a painter -of the Venetian School, distinguished for the freshness of his -colouring.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Giacomo Tatti (1479-1570), known as Sansovino, a noted -Florentine sculptor and architect, held by some to be second, as a -sculptor, to Michael Angelo alone. Sansovino is the architect of the -Mint, the Library of St. Mark and the Palazzo Cornaro in Venice.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Francesco Sansovino (1521-1586), son of the above, is -better known as a man of letters and grammarian than as an artist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> "For there's no day so fair but its night follows -after."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Charles Patin (1633-1693) was a physician, like his -father, but was distinguished especially for his antiquarian knowledge. -He was sentenced to the galleys for distributing some copies of -a lewd libel which he had been charged to suppress and fled from -France. Eventually he settled in the Venetian States and, in 1677, was -appointed Professor of Medicine at Padua. Charles Patin left several -important numismatical works.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Gui Patin (1601-1672), the famous doctor and wit, earned -an extraordinary reputation by his caustic sallies and eccentric -habits. He was the author of a treatise on the <i>Conservation de la -santé</i>(1632) and of Letters published nearly fifty years after his -death. A collection of his <i>bons mots</i> was published, under the title -of Patiniana, in 1703.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Epictetus (<i>fl.</i> 1st Century), of Hierapolis, the -Stoic philosopher, was born a slave. When his master, Epaphroditus, -who subsequently freed him, broke his leg for him, he was content to -observe: -</p> -<p> -"I told you you would break it" -</p> -<p> -Epictetus was driven from Rome, with the other philosophers, by the -Emperor Domitian; he returned later and won the esteem of the Emperors -Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> John III. King of Portugal (1502-1557) succeeded -his father, Emanuel I., in 1521. He established the Inquisition in -1526.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Angelo Malipieri, Podesta of Padua. Two years after -the above was written, Victor Hugo produced his tragedy of <i>Angelo</i>, -of which Malipieri is the hero, at the Théâtre-Français (28 April -1835).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> St. Anthony of Padua (1195-1231), monk of the Order of -St. Francis and a native of Lisbon. He was wrecked on the coast of -Italy when on his way to Africa to convert the infidels. St. Anthony is -said one day to have preached to a school of fishes and to have been -heard with attention.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Antonio Beccadelli Panormita (1394-1471), of Palermo, a -distinguished man of letters of his day.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Livy, who was born and died at Padua, divided his -History of Rome into 425 books, of which only 35 have been preserved. -These books were contained in "Decades," or groups of ten books each. -The late Benjamin Jowett used to long for the recovery of the missing -books of Livy more than for that of any other lost specimens of -literature.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Good drink-money or "tips."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Francesco Albani (1578-1660), surnamed the "Painter of -the Graces" and the "Anacreon of Painting," the great painter of the -Bologna School.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Heliodonis Bishop of Tricca, in Thessaly (<i>fl.</i> -4th Century), was the author of the earliest Greek romance, the -<i>Æthiopica,</i> which relates the loves and adventures of Theagines and -Chariclea.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Isotta Nogarola (<i>d.</i> 1466), a great and learned lady -of Verona, famous for her beauty, her knowledge and her poetic talent. -She was the author of the <i>Dialogus quo utrum Adam vel Eva magis -peccaverit, quæstio satis nota, sed non adeo explicata, continetur</i> -(Florence: 1563).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Francis I. Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, -the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, etc. (1768-1835).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> The Comte de Sainte-Aulaire (<i>cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 161, n. -2) had been appointed Ambassador to Vienna earlier in that same year -1833.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> The Duchesse de Berry's mother was Clementina Queen -of the Two Sicilies, daughter of Leopold II. Emperor of Germany, and -sister of Francis I. Emperor of Austria.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol., V., p. 81, n. 5. The Comte de Montbel's -<i>Notice sur le Duc de Reichstadt</i> had appeared in that year 1833. The -Duke had died at Schonbrünn, three miles from Vienna, the residence of -the Austrian Archdukes, on the 22nd of July; the distance is about 180 -miles from Vienna to Prague, where Charles X. and his little Court took -up their residence.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Leopold I. King of the Belgians (1790-1865) was the -youngest son of Francis Duke of Saxe Saalfeld-Coburg when he was -elected to the Belgian Throne in 1831. He was married first, in -1816, to Charlotte Princess Royal of England, who died in 1817. -In 1832, Leopold married Louise Princesse d'Orléans, daughter of -Louis-Philippe.—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_VIII" id="BOOK_VIII"></a>BOOK VIII<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></h4> - - -<p>Journal from Padua to Prague, from the 20th to the 26th of -September 1833—Conegliano—The translator of the <i>Dernier -Abencerrage</i>—Udine—Countess Samoyloff—M. de La Ferronays—A -priest—Carinthia—The Drave—A peasant lad—Forges—Breakfast -at the hamlet of St. Michael—The neck of the Tauern—A -cemetery—Atala: how changed—A sunrise—Salzburg—A military -review—Happiness of the peasants—Woknabrück—Reminiscences of -Plancoët—Night—German and Italian towns contrasted—Linx—The -Danube—Waldmünchen—Woods—Recollections of Combourg -and Lucile—Travellers—Prague—Madame de Gontaut—The -young Frenchmen—Madame la Dauphine—An excursion to -Butschirad—Butschirad—Charles X. asleep—Henry V.—Reception -of the young men—The ladder and the peasant-woman—Dinner at -Butschirad—Madame de Narbonne—Henry V.—A rubber—Charles X.—My -incredulity touching the declaration of majority—The newspapers—Scene -of the young men—Prague—I leave for France—I pass by Butschirad -at night—A meeting at Schlau—Carlsbad empty—Hollfeld—Bamberg—My -different St. Francis' Days—Trials of religion—France.</p> - - -<p class="p2">I was greatly distressed, when passing by Mestre, towards the end of -the night, not to be able to go down to the shore: perhaps a distant -beacon in the furthermost lagoons would have shown me the fairest -of the islands of the Old World, even as a tiny light revealed to -Christopher Columbus the first island of the New World<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a>. It was at -Mestre that I landed from Venice, at the time of my first journey in -1806: <i>fugit ætas.</i></p> - -<p>I breakfasted at Conegliano; I there received the compliments of -the friends of a lady who had translated the <i>Abencerrage</i> and who -doubtless resembled Bianca:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"He saw a young woman come out, attired much after the fashion -of those Gothic queens sculptured on the monuments of our old -abbeys... a black mantilla was thrown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> over her head; with her left -hand she held the ends of this mantilla crossed and drawn up close -like a veil over her chin, so that nothing was seen of her whole -face but her large eyes and rosy mouth."</p></blockquote> - -<p>I pay my debt to the translator of my Spanish reveries by reproducing -her portrait here.</p> - -<p>When I climbed back into my carriage, a priest harangued me on the -<i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> I was crossing the scene of the victories -which led Bonaparte to encroach upon our liberties.</p> - -<p>Udine is a beautiful town: I noticed a portico copied from the Palace -of the Doges. I dined at the inn, in the room lately occupied by Madame -la Comtesse de Samoyloff; it was still quite full of her disorder. Is -that niece of the Princesse Bagration, "another injustice of years," -still as pretty as she was in Rome, in 1829, when she used to sing so -wonderfully at my concerts? What breeze had blown that flower once -again under my feet? What wind impelled that cloud? O daughter of the -North, you enjoy life; make haste: harmonies that used to delight you -have already ceased; your days will not have the length of the arctic -day.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My second journey to Prague.</div> - -<p>In the visitors'-book of the hotel I read the name of my noble friend, -the Comte de La Ferronnays, who was returning from Prague to Naples, -in the same way as I was going from Padua to Prague. The Comte de La -Ferronnays, who is my fellow-countryman in more than one respect, since -he is both a Breton and a Malouin, mingled his political destinies -with mine: he was Ambassador in St. Petersburg when I was Minister of -Foreign Affairs in Paris; he occupied this latter office, and I, in my -turn, became an ambassador under his direction. I was sent to Rome, -and resigned on the accession to power of the Polignac Ministry; La -Ferronnays succeeded to my embassy. He is M. de Blacas' brother-in-law, -and is as poor as the latter is rich; he resigned the peerage and the -diplomatic service at the time of the Revolution of July; every one -esteems him and no one hates him, because of the genuineness of his -character and the moderation of his mind. In his last negociation in -Prague, he allowed himself to be overreached by Charles X., who is -approaching the end of his days. Old people take pleasure in secret -practices, having nothing to show that is any good. Excepting my old -King, I would like every one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> to be drowned who is no longer young, -myself first of all, together with a dozen of my friends.</p> - -<p>At Udine, I took the Villach Road; I was going towards Bohemia by way -of Salzburg and Linz. Before attacking the Alps, I heard bells pealing -and saw an illuminated <i>campanile</i> in the plain. I had the postilion -questioned through the intermediary of a German from Strasburg, my -Italian <i>cicerone</i> in Venice, whom Hyacinthe had brought me to act -as my Slav interpreter in Prague. The rejoicings about which I was -asking were taking place on the occasion of the promotion of a priest -to Holy Orders; he was to say his first Mass on the morrow. How often -will those bells, which to-day are proclaiming the indissoluble union -between a man and his God, summon that man to the sanctuary, and how -soon will those same bells ring out for his funeral?</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">22 <i>September.</i></p> - -<p>I slept almost through the night, to the sound of the torrents, and -awoke at day-break, on the 22nd, among the mountains. The Carinthian -valleys are pleasant, but present no striking characteristics: the -peasants have no distinctive dress; a few women wear furs, like the -Hungarian women; others have white hoods set on the back of their -heads, or blue woollen caps with a padded edging, half way between the -Osmanli's turban and the bonze's skull-cap with the button at the top.</p> - -<p>I changed horses at Villach. On leaving that stage, I followed a wide -valley on the banks of the Drave, a new acquaintance: by dint of -crossing rivers, I shall end by reaching my last shore. Lander<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> -has just discovered the mouth of the Niger; the daring traveller -surrendered his life to Eternity at the very moment when he taught us -that the mysterious African stream discharges its waters into the Ocean.</p> - -<p>At nightfall, we were nearly stopped at the village of St. Paternion: -the carriage wanted greasing; a peasant screwed the nut of one of -the wheels in the wrong direction, with so much force that it was -impossible to remove it. All the clever people in the village, with the -blacksmith at their head, failed in their attempts. A boy of fourteen -or fifteen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> years of age left the band, returned with a pair of -pincers, thrust aside the workers, wound a brass wire round the bolt, -twisted it with his plyers and, bearing with his hand in the direction -of the screw, removed the nut without the slightest effort, amid -general cheering. Might not that child be a budding Archimedes? The -queen of an Esquimaux tribe, the same woman who drew for Captain Parry -a chart of the polar seas, used attentively to watch sailors welding -pieces of iron at the forge and outstripped all her race through her -genius.</p> - -<p>During the night of the 22nd, I passed through a thick mass of -mountains; their confusion continued before me as far as Salzburg: and -yet those ramparts did not protect the Roman Empire. The author of the -<i>Essayes</i>, speaking of the Tyrol, says, with his ordinary vivacity of -imagination:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It resembles a gown that we only see plaited up, but that, if it -were spread out, it would form a very large country<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The mounts among which I wound were like a landslip from the upper -chains, which, covering a vast ground, had formed little Alps -presenting the different accidental features of the great ones.</p> - -<p>Cascades rushed down from every side, leaping over beds of stones, -like the torrents in the Pyrenees. The road passed through gorges -hardly open to the gauge of the calash. In the neighbourhood of Gmünd, -hydraulic forges mixed the echo of their stamps with that of the -sluices; from their chimneys, columns of sparks escaped amid the night -and the dark forests of pine-trees. At each blow of the bellows on the -hearth-stone, the open roofs of the factory lit up suddenly, like the -dome of St. Peter's in Rome on a holiday.</p> - -<p>In the Karch Range, they added three couple of oxen to our horses. Our -long team, on the torrent waters and in the flooded ravines, looked -liked a living bridge. The chain opposite the Tauern was draped in snow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">St. Michael.</div> - -<p>On the 23rd, at nine o'clock in the morning, I stopped at the -pretty hamlet of St. Michael, at the bottom of a valley. Some tall, -good-looking Austrian girls served me with a very clean breakfast -in a little room whose two windows looked out over meadows and -the village-church. The grave-yard, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> surrounded the church, -was separated from me only by a rustic yard. Wooden crosses, with -semicircular inscriptions and with holy-water fonts hanging from them, -rose above the grass of the old tombs: five graves as yet unturfed -proclaimed five new resting-places. Some of the graves, like the -borders of kitchen-gardens, were adorned with marigolds in full yellow -flower; wag-tails chased grass-hoppers in this garden of the dead. A -very old lame woman, leaning on a crutch, crossed the cemetery and -brought back a cross that had fallen down: perhaps the law permitted -her to pilfer that cross for her tomb; dead wood, in the forests, -belong to him who picks it up.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Là dorment dans l'oubli des poètes sans gloire,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Des orateurs sans voix, des héros sans victoire<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Would not the child of Prague sleep better here, without a crown, than -in the chamber in the Louvre where his father's body was laid in state?</p> - -<p>My solitary breakfast, taken in the company of the satisfied travellers -lying under my window, would have been to my taste if I had not been -afflicted by too recent a death: I had heard the screams of the chicken -served at my banquet. Poor young bird! It had been so happy, five -minutes before my arrival! It was wandering among the grasses, the -vegetables and the flowers; it was running about among the troops of -goats come down from the mountain; to-night it would have gone to roost -with the sun, and it was still small enough to sleep under its mother's -wing.</p> - -<p>When the calash was put to, I climbed in, surrounded by the women, -and the waiters of the inn accompanied me to the carriage-door; they -seemed glad to have seen me, although they did not know me and were -never to see me again: they gave me so many blessings! I do not tire -of this German cordiality. You never meet a peasant but takes off -his hat to you and wishes you a hundred good things: in France we -salute only death; insolence is accounted as liberty and equality; -there is no sympathy between man and man; to envy whoever travels a -little comfortably,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> to stand with one arm akimbo, ready to draw the -sword on any one who wears a new coat or a white shirt: those are the -characteristic signs of our national independence, always provided that -we spend our days in the antechambers accepting the rebuffs of some -upstart clodhopper. This does not take away from our high intelligence, -nor prevent us from triumphing with arms in hand; but manners cannot -be made <i>à priori</i>: for eight centuries we have been a great military -nation; fifty years have not been able to change us: we have not been -able to acquire a genuine love for liberty. So soon as we have a -moment's rest under a transitory government, the Old Monarchy shoots up -again on its stock, the old French spirit reappears: we are courtiers -and soldiers, nothing more.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">23 <i>and</i> 24 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>The last range of mountains shutting in the Province of Salzburg -commands the arable region. The Tauern has glaciers; its table-land -resembles all the table-lands of the Alps, but more particularly that -of the Saint-Gotthard. On this table-land, crusted over with reddish, -frozen moss, stands a Calvary: an ever-ready consolation, an eternal -refuge for the unfortunate. Around that Calvary are buried the victims -who perish amid the snows.</p> - -<p>What were the hopes of the travellers passing, like myself, through -this spot when the snow-storm surprised them? Who are they? Who has -wept for them? How do they rest there, so far from their kindred, their -country, hearing each winter the roar of the tempests whose breath -carried them off the earth? But they sleep at the foot of the Cross; -Christ, their sole companion, their only friend, nailed to the sacred -wood, leans towards them, is covered with the same hoar-frost that -whitens their graves: in the celestial regions, He will present them to -His Father and warm them in His breast.</p> - -<p>The descent of the Tauern is long, bad and dangerous; I was delighted -with it: it reminds one, at one time by its cascades and its wooden -bridges, at another by the narrowness of its chasm, of the Valley of -the Pont-d'Espagne at Cauterets or the Domo d'Ossola slope of the -Simplon; but it is far from leading to Granada or Naples. We find no -gleaming lakes, no orange-trees at the bottom: it is unprofitable to -give one's self so much trouble to come to some potato-fields.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> - -<p>At the stage, half-way down the descent, I found myself among my family -in the room of the inn: the walls were hung with the Adventures of -Atala, in six prints. My daughter did not suspect that I should pass -that way, nor had I hoped to meet an object so dear to me on the brink -of a torrent called, I believe, the Dragon. Poor Atala! She had grown -very ugly, very old; she was greatly changed! She wore big feathers -on her head and a short, tight skirt round her hips, like the lady -savages of the Théâtre de la Gaîté. Vanity turns everything into money; -I carried my head high before my works in the depths of Carinthia like -Cardinal Mazarin before the pictures in his gallery. I felt inclined to -say to mine host:</p> - -<p>"I made that!"</p> - -<p>I had to separate from my first-born, although with less difficulty -than on the island in the Ohio.</p> - -<p>As far as Werfen, nothing attracted my attention, unless it were the -manner in which they put the second crop of grass to dry: they drive -stakes of fifteen to twenty feet in height into the ground; they roll -the unbleached grass round those stakes, not too tightly: it dries -there and blackens. At a certain distance, those columns look just like -cypress-trees or like trophies planted in memory of the flowers mown -down in those dales.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Salzburg.</div> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">24 <i>September, Tuesday.</i></p> - -<p>Germany was determined to revenge herself for my ill-humour against -her. In the Salzburg Plain, on the morning of the 24th, the sun -appeared to the east of the mountains which I had left behind me; some -rocky peaks on the west lit up with its first softest rays. Darkness -still hovered over the plain, half green, half tilled, whence rose a -smoke, like the steam of man's sweat. Salzburg Castle, raising the -summit of the hill that commands the town, encrusted the blue sky with -its white surface. With the ascending sun, there rose, from out of the -bosom of the cool exhalation of the dew, avenues, clusters of wood, -red-brick houses, cottages rough-plastered with gleaming white lime, -mediæval towers slashed and pierced, old champions of time, wounded -in the head and breast, left standing alone on the battle-field of the -centuries. The autumnal light of the scene had the violent tint of the -colchicums which blossom at this season of the year and with which the -meads along the banks of the Salza were strewn. Flights of crows left -the creepers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> and holes of the ruins and descended upon the fields; -their gleaming wings were glazed with rose in the reflection of the -dawn.</p> - -<p>It was the Feast of St. Rupert<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a>, the Patron of Salzburg. The -peasant-women were going to market, decked out in the fashion of -their village: their fair hair and snowy foreheads were enclosed in a -sort of helmet of gold, well suited to women of Germania. When I had -passed through the town, which is clean and handsome, I saw two or -three thousand foot-soldiers in a field; they were being reviewed by a -general, accompanied by his staff. Those white lines cutting into the -green grass, the glitter of arms at sunrise formed a stately display -worthy of those peoples depicted or rather sung by Tacitus: Mars the -Teuton was offering a sacrifice to Aurora. What were my gondoliers -doing at that moment in Venice? They were sporting like swallows, after -the night was past, in the returning dawn and preparing to skim over -the surface of the water; next would come the joys of the night, loves -and barcarolles. Every nation has its lot: this one enjoys strength; -that one, pleasures: the Alps make the division.</p> - -<p>From Salzburg to Linz, a fertile country-side; the horizon on the right -denticulated with mountains. Forests of pines and beeches, wild and -similar oases, are surrounded by a skilful and varied cultivation. -Herds of all kinds of cattle, hamlets, churches, oratories, crosses -furnish and enliven the landscape.</p> - -<p>After we had passed the radius of the festival of St. Rupert (festivals -do not last long with men, nor do they go far), we found all the people -in the fields, busy with the autumnal sowing and the potato-harvest. -Those rustic populations were better clad, more polite, and appeared -happier than our own. Do not let us disturb the order, the peace, the -simple virtues which they enjoy, under the pretext of substituting for -them political boons which are neither conceived nor felt in the same -manner by all, whereas the whole of mankind understands the joys of the -home, family affection, the abundance of life, simplicity of heart and -religion.</p> - -<p>The Frenchman, who is so much in love with women, is very well able to -dispense with them in a number of cares and works; the German cannot -live without his mate:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> he employs her and takes her with him wherever -he goes, to the battle-field as to the plough-field, to feasts and -funerals alike.</p> - -<p>In Germany, the very animals partake of the temperate character of -their sober-minded masters. It is interesting, when travelling, to -observe the physiognomy of the brute beasts. We can judge beforehand -of the manners and passions of the inhabitants of a country by the -gentleness or wickedness, the tameness or wildness, the cheerfulness or -sadness of that living part of creation which God has subjected to our -sway.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Woknabrück.</div> - -<p>An accident to the calash obliged me to stop at Woknabrück. As I roamed -about the inn, I came upon a back-door which let me out on a canal. -Beyond it lay meadows striped with pieces of brown holland. A river, -inflected under wooded hills, served as a belt for those meadows. -Something, I know not what, reminded me of the village of Plancoët, -where happiness had appeared to me in my childhood. O shades of my old -kinsfolk, I did not expect to find you on these shores! You are drawing -nearer to me, because I am drawing nearer to the grave, your shelter; -we are going to meet again there. My kind aunt, do you still sing your -ballad of the Sparrow-hawk and the Warbler<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> on the banks of Lethe? -Have you met the fickle Trémigon<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> among the dead, just as Dido saw -Æneas in the region of the shades?</p> - -<p>The day was drawing to a close when I left Woknabrück; Sol transferred -me to his sister's hands: a double light of undefinable hue and -fluidity. Soon Luna reigned alone: she was inclined to renew our -conversation of the forests of Haselbach<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a>; but I was not in the -mood for her. I preferred Venus, who rose at two o'clock on the morning -of the 25th; she was as beautiful as amid those dawns in which I used -to contemplate and invoke her on the seas of Greece.</p> - -<p>Leaving many mysteries of woods, streams and valleys to the right and -left, I passed through Lambach, Wels and Neuban, quite new little -townships, with flat-roofed houses, as in Italy. In one of those -houses, they were making music; there were young women at the windows: -things were different in Maroboduus'<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> time.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the towns of Germany, the streets are wide, drawn up in line like -the tents of a camp or the files of a battalion; the market-places -are spacious, the drill-grounds extensive: the people want sun, and -everything happens in public.</p> - -<p>In the towns of Italy, the streets are narrow and winding, the -market-places small, the drill-grounds cramped: the people want shade, -and everything happens in secret.</p> - -<p>At Linz, my passport was endorsed without difficulty.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">24 <i>and</i> 25 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>I crossed the Danube at three o'clock in the morning: I had said to it -in the summer what I could no longer find to say to it in the autumn; -its waters were no longer the same and I was there at a different hour. -Far on my left, as I passed, lay my good village of Waldmünchen, with -its droves of pigs<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a>, Eumaus the shepherd<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> and the peasant-girl -who looked at me over her father's shoulder<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a>. The dead man's grave -in the cemetery was filled up by now<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>; the deceased had been eaten -by some thousands of worms for having had the honour of being a man.</p> - -<p>M. and Madame de Bauffremont, who had arrived at Linz, were a few hours -ahead of me; they themselves were preceded by some Royalists, bearing a -message of peace, who believed Madame to be travelling quietly behind -them: and I came after them all, like Discord, with news of war.</p> - -<p>The Princesse de Bauffremont, <i>née</i> de Montmorency<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a>, was going to -Butschirad<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> to congratulate the Kings of France, <i>née</i> Bourbons: -what could be more natural?</p> - -<p>On the 25th, at nightfall, I entered some woods. Carrion-crows flew -screaming through the air; their thick flights whirled above the trees -whose tops they were making ready to crown. Behold me returning to my -early youth: I saw once more the crows in the Mall at Combourg<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a>; -I imagined myself renewing my family life in the old castle<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a>: O -memories, you pierce the heart like a sword! O Lucile<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a>, we are -parted by many years: now the crowd of my days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> has passed and, in -dispersing, allows me to see your image more clearly!</p> - -<p>I reached Thabor at night: its square, surrounded by arcades, struck me -as immense; but the moonlight is deceptive.</p> - -<p>On the morning of the 26th, a mist wrapped us in its boundless -solitude. At about ten o'clock, it seemed to me that I was passing -between two lakes. I was now only a few leagues from Prague.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Prague.</div> - -<p>The fog lifted. The approaches by the Linz Road are livelier than by -the Ratisbon Road; the landscape is less insipid. One sees villages, -country-houses with woods and ponds. I met a woman with a resigned and -pious face, going bent under the weight of an enormous basket; two old -market-women with apples spread out for sale beside a ditch; a young -girl and a young man sitting on the grass, the man smoking, the girl -glad, spending the day beside her friend and the night in his arms; -children at a cottage-door playing with cats or driving geese to the -common; turkeys in coops going to Prague, like myself, for Henry V.'s -coming of age; next, a shepherd blowing his horn, while Hyacinthe, -Baptiste, the Venetian <i>cicerone</i> and My Excellency jolted along in our -patched calash: such are the destinies of life. I would not give a doit -for the best of them.</p> - -<p>Bohemia had nothing new to show me: my ideas were fixed on Prague.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Prague</span>, 29 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>The second day after my arrival in Prague, I sent Hyacinthe to take a -letter to Madame la Duchesse de Berry, whom, according to my reckoning, -he ought to meet at Trieste. This letter informed the Princess that -"I had found the Royal Family leaving for Leoben; that some young -Frenchmen had arrived for the coming of age of Henry V. and that the -King was avoiding them; that I had seen Madame la Dauphine; that she -had bidden me to go at once to Butschirad, where Charles X. still was; -that I had not seen Mademoiselle, because she was a little unwell; -that I had been admitted to her room, where the shutters were closed, -and that she had held out to me her hot hand in the dark and asked me -to save them all; that I had gone to Butschirad, seen M. de Blacas -and talked with him about the declaration of the majority of Henry -V.; that I had been taken to the King's room and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> found him asleep -and that, after I had subsequently handed him Madame la Duchesse de -Berry's letter, he had appeared to me to be very much incensed against -my august client; that, otherwise, the short deed drawn up by me on the -subject of the coming of age had seemed to be to his liking."</p> - -<p>My letter concluded with the following paragraph:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"And now, Madame, I must not conceal the fact from you that there -is a great deal amiss here. Our enemies would laugh if they saw us -contending for a kingship without a kingdom, a sceptre which is -merely the stick with which we assist our steps on the pilgrimage, -perhaps a long one, of our exile. All the drawbacks lie in your -son's education, and I see no prospect of its being changed. I am -returning to the midst of the poor whom Madame de Chateaubriand -provides for; there I shall always be at your orders. If ever you -become Henry's absolute mistress, if you continue to think that -that precious trust might safely be placed in my hands, I shall -be as happy as I shall be honoured to devote the rest of my life -to him; but I could not undertake so terrible a responsibility -except on the condition of remaining entirely free, subject to -your advice, in my selections and ideas and of being placed on an -independent soil, outside the circle of the absolute monarchies."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The letter enclosed the following copy of my draft for the declaration -of majority:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"We, Henry V., having attained the age at which the laws of the -Realm settle the majority of the Heir to the Throne, do ordain that -the first act of that majority shall be a solemn protest against -the usurpation of Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans. Wherefore, and by -the advice of Our Council, We have drawn up this present Act to -maintain Our rights and the rights of Frenchmen.</p> - -<p>"Given on the thirtieth day of September in the Year of Our Lord -one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three."</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Prague</span>, 30 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>My letter to Madame la Duchesse de Berry described the general facts, -but did not enter into details.</p> - -<p>When I saw Madame de Gontaut, surrounded by half-packed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> trunks and -open boxes, she threw herself on my neck and, sobbing:</p> - -<p>"Save us!" she said. "Save us!"</p> - -<p>"And what am I to save you from, madame? I have just arrived, I know -nothing about anything."</p> - -<p>Hradschin was deserted; one would have thought that we were in the -midst of the Days of July and the flight from the Tuileries, as though -revolutions had become attached to the footsteps of the outlawed House.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The young men from France.</div> - -<p>Young men were coming to congratulate Henry on the day of his attaining -his majority<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>; several were under penalty of death: some of them, -who had been wounded in the Vendée<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a>, almost all of them poor, -had been obliged to club together in order to enable them to go to -Prague and give voice to their loyalty. Forthwith an order closed -the frontiers of Bohemia to them. Those who succeeded in reaching -Butschirad were received only after making great efforts; etiquette -barred their way, even as Messieurs the lords of the Bed-chamber -defended the door of Charles X.'s closet at Saint-Cloud, while the -Revolution entered by the windows.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> The young men were told that the -King was going away, that he would not be in Prague on the 29th. The -horses were ordered, the Royal Family packed up bag and baggage. -When the travellers at last obtained leave to pronounce some hurried -compliments, they were listened to in fear and trembling. Not so much -as a glass of water was offered to the faithful little band; they -were not bidden to the table of the orphan whom they had come to seek -from so far away; they were driven to drink to the health of Henry V. -in a tap-house. Men fled before a handful of Vendeans, even as they -scattered before five score heroes of July.</p> - -<p>And what was the pretext for this stampede? They were going to meet -the Duchesse de Berry, they were going to make an appointment with the -Princess on the high-road in order stealthily to show her her daughter -and her son. Was she not very guilty? She persisted in claiming an -empty title for Henry. And, in order to extricate themselves from the -simplest position, they displayed before the eyes of Austria and France -(always presuming France to notice such pin-points) a spectacle which -rendered the Legitimacy, already too much disparaged, the despair of -its friends and an object of calumny to its enemies.</p> - -<p>Madame la Dauphine realized the disadvantages of the education of Henry -V., and her virtues ran over in tears, even as at night the skies fall -in dew. The brief audience which she granted me did not give her time -to speak of my letter of the 30th of June from Paris; she wore an air -of concern when she looked at me.</p> - -<p>A means of safety seemed to lie hidden in the very rigours of -Providence: the orphan's expatriation separated him from that which -threatened to ruin him at the Tuileries; in the school of adversity, -he might have been brought up under the guidance of a few men of the -new social order, qualified to instruct him in the new theories of -kingship. Instead of adopting those masters of the moment, so far from -bettering Henry V.'s education, they made it more fatal by the intimacy -produced by the constricted family-life: during the winter evenings, -old men, stirring up the centuries by the fireside, taught the child -about days the light of which nothing will ever bring back; they -transformed the Chronicles of Saint-Denis<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> into nursery-tales for -his benefit: surely the two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> First Barons of the modern era, Liberty -and Equality, would know how to force Henry "Lackland" to grant a Great -Charter!</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> -<a id="chat06003"></a> -<img src="images/chat06_003.jpg" width="650" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The Duc and the Duchesse d'Angoulême.</p></div> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="sidenote">I go to Butschirad.</div> - -<p>The Dauphine had urged me to take the trip of Butschirad. Messieurs -Dufougerais<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> and Nugent<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> escorted me on my embassy to Charles -X. on the evening of my arrival in Prague. They were at the head of the -deputation of the young men and were going to complete the negotiations -which had been entered into on the subject of the presentation. The -former of the two, who had been implicated in my trial before the -Assize-court, had pleaded his case with great intelligence; the -second had just finished a term of imprisonment of eight months for a -royalist newspaper offense. The author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i>, -therefore, had the honour of going to wait on the Most Christian King -seated in a hired calash between the author of the <i>Mode</i> and the -author of the <i>Revenant.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Prague</span>, 30 <i>September</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>Butschirad is a villa belonging to the Grand-duke of Tuscany at -about six leagues from Prague, on the road to Carlsbad. The Austrian -Princes have their ancestral possessions in their own country and are -merely owners for life on the other side of the Alps: they hold Italy -on lease. Butschirad is reached by a triple avenue of apple-trees. -The villa makes no show; with its out-houses, it looks like a fine -farm-house: it stands in the middle of a bare plain and the view -commands a hamlet with green trees and a tower. The inside of the house -is an Italian misconception, in the latitude of 50 degrees: large -living-rooms without stoves or chimneys. The apartments are enriched in -a melancholy fashion with the spoils of Holyrood. The palace of James -II., which Charles X. refurnished<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a>, has supplied Butschirad, by the -removal, with its carpets and chairs.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Charles X. asleep.</div> - -<p>The King had a touch of fever and had gone to bed when I arrived at -Butschirad at eight o'clock in the evening, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> 28th. M. de Blacas -introduced me into Charles X.'s bed-room, as I wrote to the Duchesse de -Berry. A little lamp was burning on the mantel-piece; in the silence -of the darkness, I heard only the loud breathing of the thirty-fifth -successor of Hugh Capet. O my old King, your sleep was painful; time -and adversity, those heavy nightmares, were seated on your breast! A -young man might approach the bed of his young bride with less love than -I felt respect as I stepped with stealthy tread towards your lonely -couch. At least, I was not a bad dream like that which woke you to go -to see your son die! I inwardly addressed you with these words, which I -could not have uttered aloud without bursting into tears:</p> - -<p>"May Heaven protect you against all ills to come! Sleep in peace during -these nights adjoining your last sleep! Long enough have your vigils -been vigils of sorrow. May this bed of exile lose its hardness while -awaiting the visit of God: He alone can make the foreign earth lie -light upon your bones!"</p> - -<p>Yes, I would joyfully have given all my blood to make the Legitimacy -possible for France. I had imagined that it would be with the Old -Royalty as with the dry rod of Aaron: when taken away from the Temple -of Jerusalem, it was budded, and the buds swelling it had bloomed -blossoms, which, swelling the leaves, were formed into almonds, a -token of the renewal of the covenant. I do not study to stifle my -regrets, to keep back the tears with which I would like to wash out the -last trace of the royal sorrows. The impulses which I experience in -different directions with respect to the same persons bear witness to -the sincerity with which these Memoirs are written. In Charles X., the -man moves me to pity, the Sovereign offends me: I give way to these two -impressions as they succeed one another, without seeking to reconcile -them.</p> - -<p>On the 28th of September, after Charles X. had received me in the -morning by his bed-side, Henry V. sent for me: I had not asked to see -him. I spoke a few serious words to him on his coming of age and on the -loyal Frenchmen whose ardour had led them to offer him a pair of golden -spurs.</p> - -<p>For the rest, it was impossible to be better treated than I was. My -arrival had given alarm; they dreaded the report of my journey in -Paris. For me, therefore, every attention; all the rest were neglected. -My companions, scattered, dying of hunger and thirst, wandered about -the passages, the staircases,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> the court-yards of the <i>château</i>, amid -the scare of the occupiers and the preparations for their escape.</p> - -<p>The Austrian guards wondered at these individuals in mustachios and -mufti; they suspected them of being French soldiers in disguise, -thinking of taking Bohemia by surprise.</p> - -<p>During this storm without, Charles X. was saying to me indoors:</p> - -<p>"I am busy correcting the act establishing my 'Government' in Paris. -You will have M. de Villèle as your colleague, as you asked, and the -Marquis de La Tour-Maubourg and the Chancellor<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a>."</p> - -<p>I thanked the King for his goodness, while wondering at the illusions -of this world. Society crumbles to pieces, monarchies come to an end, -the face of the earth is renewed, and Charles in Prague establishes a -"government" in France, after "taking the opinion" of his Council! Let -us not jeer overmuch: which of us but has his delusions? Which of us -but feeds his budding hopes? Which of us but has his "government <i>in -petto</i>," after "taking the opinion" of his passions? Raillery would ill -beseem me, the man of dreams. These Memoirs, which I scribble as I run, -are not they my "government," after "taking the opinion" of my vanity? -Do not I think that I can speak very seriously to the future, which is -as little at my disposal as France is at the orders of Charles X.?</p> - -<p>Cardinal Latil, wishing to escape the hubbub, had gone to spend a -few days with the Duc de Rohan<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a>. M. de Foresta<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> passed by -mysteriously with his portfolio under his his arm; Madame de Bouille -made me deep courtesies, like a party-person, with lowered eyes that -tried to see through their lids; M. La Villate was waiting to receive -his dismissal; there was no longer any question of M. Barrande,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> who -cherished the hope of being restored to favour and was living in a -corner in Prague.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Dauphin.</div> - -<p>I went to pay my court to the Dauphin. Our conversation was brief:</p> - -<p>"How does Monseigneur find himself at Butschirad?"</p> - -<p>"Getting oldish."</p> - -<p>"We're all doing that, Monseigneur."</p> - -<p>"How's your wife?"</p> - -<p>"Monseigneur, she has the tooth-ache."</p> - -<p>"Inflammation?"</p> - -<p>"No, Monseigneur: age."</p> - -<p>"You're dining with the King? We shall meet again."</p> - -<p>And we parted.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Prague</span>, 28 and 29 <i>September.</i></p> - -<p>I found myself free at three o'clock: they dined at six. Not -knowing what to do with myself, I went for a walk through avenues -of apple-trees worthy of Normandy. The fruit-crop from those mock -orange-trees in good years amounts to the value of eighteen thousand -francs. The calvilles are exported to England. They are not made into -cider, as the Bohemian beer-monopoly is opposed to it. According to -Tacitus, the Germans had words to express spring, summer and winter, -but none for autumn, of which they knew neither the name nor the gifts: -<i>nomen ac bona ignorantur.</i> Since Tacitus' time, a Pomona has come to -dwell among them.</p> - -<p>Feeling very tired, I sat down on the steps of a ladder leaning against -the trunk of an apple-tree. I was there in the Œil-de-bœuf of -the <i>château</i> of Butschirad or at the railing of the Council-chamber. -Looking at the roof which covered the three generations of my Kings, I -called to mind the complaint of the Arab Maoual:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Here we saw vanish below the horizon the stars which we love to -see rise under the sky of our country."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Full of these melancholy ideas, I fell asleep. A gentle voice woke me. -A Bohemian peasant-woman came to gather apples; throwing forward her -breast and lifting her head, she made me a Slav bow with a queenly -smile: I thought I should fall from my roosting-place; I said to her in -French:</p> - -<p>"You are very beautiful; I thank you!"</p> - -<p>I saw from her look that she had understood me: apples<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> always play a -part in my encounters with "Bohemians<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>." I climbed down from my -ladder like one of those condemned men of feudal times delivered by the -presence of a young woman. Thinking on Normandy, Dieppe, Fervacques, -the sea, I resumed my way to the Trianon of Charles X.'s old age.</p> - -<p>We sat down to table, namely, the Prince and Princesse de Bauffremont, -the Duc and Duchesse de Narbonne, M. de Blacas, M. de Damas, M. -O'Heguerty, I, M. le Dauphin and Henry V.: I would rather have seen -the young men there than myself. Charles X. did not come in to dinner: -he was nursing himself, in order to be able to start on the morrow. -The banquet was noisy, thanks to the young Prince's prattle: he never -ceased talking of his ride on horseback, his horse, his horse's pranks -on the grass, his horse's snorting in the ploughed fields. This -conversation was most natural, and yet it grieved me; I liked our old -talk on travels and history better.</p> - -<p>The King came and chatted to me. He complimented me again on the note -on the majority: it pleased him because it left the abdications on one -side as an accomplished thing, required no signature except Henry's -and revived no sores. According to Charles X., the declaration would -be sent from Vienna to M. de Pastoret before my return to France; I -bowed with an incredulous smile. His Majesty, after striking me on the -shoulder according to his custom, asked:</p> - -<p>"Chateaubriand, where are you going now?"</p> - -<p>"Quite foolishly to Paris, Sire."</p> - -<p>"No, no, not foolishly," replied the King, seeking, with a sort of -uneasiness, to discover what was at the back of my thought</p> - -<p>The newspapers were brought in; the Dauphin took possession of the -English journals; suddenly, amid profound silence, he translated aloud -the following passage from the <i>Times</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The Baron de—- is here; he is four feet high, seventy—five years -old and as brisk as though he were fifty."</p></blockquote> - -<p>And Monseigneur said nothing more.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> - -<p>The King retired; M. de Blacas said to me:</p> - -<p>"You ought to come to Leoben with us."</p> - -<p>The proposal was not seriously meant. Besides, I was not at all anxious -to be present at a family scene; I wished neither to divide relations -nor to meddle with dangerous reconciliations. When I half saw a chance -of becoming the favourite of one of the two powers, I shuddered; the -post did not seem fast enough to take me away from my possible honours. -I trembled before the shadow of fortune even as the Philistines -trembled before the shadow of Richard's horse.</p> - -<p>On the next day, the 28th, I locked myself up at the Bath Hotel and -wrote my dispatch to Madame. That same evening, Hyacinthe set out with -the dispatch.</p> - -<p>On the 29th, I went to see the Comte and Comtesse de Chotek; I found -them confounded by the uproar at the Court of Charles X. The Grand -Burgrave sent by means of expresses to recall the orders which were -delaying the young men at the frontiers. For the rest, those who were -to be seen in the streets of Prague had lost none of their national -characteristics: a Legitimist and a Republican, politics apart, are -the same man. What a noise they made, what joking, what merriment! -The travellers came to see me to tell me their adventures. M.—— had -visited Frankfort with a German guide, who delighted in the French; -M.—— asked him the reason; the guide answered:</p> - -<p>"De Vrench gome to Frankfort; dey trink de vine und mague loff to de -breddy vifes of de cidicens. Cheneral Aucherau lay a dax of vorty-vun -millions on de Down of Frankfort."</p> - -<p>Those are the reasons why the French were so much loved in Frankfort.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Breakfast of the young men.</div> - -<p>A great breakfast was served at my inn; the rich paid the scot of the -poor. They drank champagne on the banks of the Moldau to the health of -Henry V., who was covering the roads with his grandfather, for fear -of hearing the toasts proposed to his crown. At eight o'clock, having -arranged my business, I drove off, hoping never to return to Bohemia in -my life.</p> - -<p>It has been said that Charles X. had intended to retire to the altar: -he had precedents for such a plan in his family. Richer, monk of -Senones, and Geoffroy de Beaulieu, confessor to St. Louis, narrate that -that great man had thought of shutting himself up in a convent, when -his son should have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> reached an age to take his place on the throne. -Christine de Pisan<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> says of Charles V.:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The wise King<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> had deliberated within himself that, if he -could live so long that his son was of age to wear the crown, he -would relinquish the Kingdom to him... and turn priest."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Such princes as these, if they had laid down the sceptre, would have -been missed as guardians to their sons; and still, by remaining kings, -did they make their successors worthy of them? What was Philip the -Bold<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> beside St. Louis? All Charles V.'s wisdom turned into madness -in his heir<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a>.</p> - -<p>I passed at ten o'clock in the evening in front of Butschirad, in the -silent fields, brightly lit by the moon. I saw the huddled mass of -villa, hamlet and ruin inhabited by the Dauphin: the rest of the Royal -Family were travelling. Such profound isolation came upon me with a -shock; that man, as I have already told you, possessed virtues: he -was moderate in politics, he entertained few prejudices; he had only -a drop of the blood of St. Louis in his veins, but he had that; his -uprightness was unequalled, his word as inviolable as God's. Gifted -by nature with courage, he was undone at Rambouillet by his filial -piety. He showed himself brave and humane in Spain, and had the glory -of restoring a kingdom to his kinsman, but was not able to save his -own. Louis-Antoine, since the Days of July, thought of asking a shelter -in Andalusia: Ferdinand would doubtless have refused it to him. The -husband of Louis XVI.'s daughter was languishing in a village in -Bohemia; a dog whose voice I heard was the Prince's only guard: thus -Cerberus barks at the shades in the regions of death, silence and -darkness.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> - -<p>I was never able, in the course of my long life, to revisit my paternal -hearth; I was not able to settle down in Rome, where I so greatly -longed to die; the eight hundred leagues which I was now completing, -including my first journey to Bohemia, would have taken me to the most -beautiful sites in Greece, Italy and Spain. I have covered all this -distance and spent my last days to return to this cold, grey land: what -have I done to Heaven to deserve this?</p> - -<p>I entered Prague on the 29th, at four o'clock in the evening. -I alighted at the Bath Hotel. I did not see the young Saxon -servant-girl<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a>; she had gone back to Dresden to console the banished -pictures of Raphael with the songs of Italy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">I leave Bohemia.</div> - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">29 <i>September to</i> 6 <i>October</i> 1833.</p> - -<p>At Schlau, at midnight, a carriage was changing horses in front of the -post-office. Hearing French spoken, I put my head out of the calash and -said:</p> - -<p>"Gentlemen, are you going to Prague? You will not find Charles X. -there; he has gone away with Henry V."</p> - -<p>I mentioned my name.</p> - -<p>"What, gone?" exclaimed several voices together. "Go ahead, postillion, -go ahead!"</p> - -<p>My eight fellow-countrymen, after being stopped at Eger, had obtained -permission to continue their journey, but under the care of an officer -of police. It was curious, in 1833, to meet a convoy of servants of -the Throne and the Altar, dispatched by the French Legitimacy and -escorted by a policeman! In 1822, at Verona, I had seen cages full -of <i>Carbonari</i> pass, accompanied by gendarmes. What is it that the -sovereigns want? Whom do they recognise as friends? Do they fear the -too-great crowds of their partisans? Instead of being touched by their -fidelity, they treat men devoted to their crowns as propagandists and -revolutionaries<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> - -<p>The post-master at Schlau had just invented the accordion<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a>: he sold -me one; the whole night I played upon its bellows, the sound of which -carried away for me the memories of this world.</p> - -<p>Carlsbad, through which I passed on the 30th of September, was -deserted, like an opera-house after the performance. I met at Eger the -extortioner who had made me tumble from the moon where I was spending -the month of June with a lady from the Roman Campagna<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a>.</p> - -<p>At Hollfeld, no swifts<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a>, no little girl with her basket<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a>; -this saddened me. Such is my nature: I idealize real personages and -impersonate dreams, making matter and mind change places. A little girl -and a bird to-day swell the crowd of the beings of my creation with -whom my imagination is peopled, like those day-flies which sport in a -ray of the sun. Forgive me, I am speaking of myself: I notice it when -it is too late.</p> - -<p>Here is Bamberg. Padua reminded me of Livy<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a>; at Bamberg, Father -Horrion recovered the first portion of the third and of the thirtieth -books of the Roman historian. While I was supping in the birthplace -of Joachim Camerarius<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> and Clavius<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a>, the librarian of the -town came to greet me on account of my fame, the greatest in the -world, according to him, which warmed the marrow of my bones.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> Next, -a Bavarian general came running up. At the door of the inn, the crowd -surrounded me when I made for my carriage. A young woman had climbed -upon a mile-stone, as did the Sainte-Beuve to see the Duc de Guise go -by. She laughed:</p> - -<p>"You are laughing at me?" I asked.</p> - -<p>"No," she replied, in French, with a German accent, "it is because I am -so glad!"</p> - -<div class="sidenote">And return to France.</div> - -<p>From the 1st to the 4th of October, I saw again the places which I had -seen three months before. On the 4th, I reached the French frontier. To -me St. Francis' Day is, every year, a day for examining my conscience. -I turn my eyes upon the past; I ask myself where I was, what I was -doing on each previous anniversary. This year 1833 found me wandering, -a slave to my roving destinies. At the end of the road I saw a cross; -it stood in a cluster of trees which silently dropped a few dead leaves -upon the Man-God crucified. Twenty-seven years before, I spent St. -Francis' Day at the foot of the real Golgotha.</p> - -<p>My Patron Saint also visited the Holy Sepulchre. Francis of -Assisi<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a>, the founder of the Mendicant Orders, by virtue of that -institution caused the Gospel to take a great step forward: a fact that -has not been sufficiently remarked upon. He achieved the introduction -of the people into religion; by clothing the poor in a monk's frock, -he forced the world to charity, raised the beggar in the eyes of the -rich and, in a Christian proletarian army, established the model of -that brotherhood of men which Christ had preached, a brotherhood which -will be the fulfilment of that political side of Christianity as yet -undeveloped, without which there will never be complete liberty and -justice upon earth.</p> - -<p>My Patron extended this brotherly love to the very animals, over whom -he appeared to have reconquered by his innocence the empire which -man exercised over them before his fall; he spoke to them as if they -understood him; he gave them the name of "brothers" and "sisters." Near -Baveno, as he was passing, a multitude of birds gathered around him; he -greeted them and said:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></p> - -<p>"My winged brothers, love and praise God, for He hath clothed you with -feathers and given you the power to fly in the sky."</p> - -<p>The birds of the Lake of Rieti followed him. He rejoiced when he met -flocks of sheep; he had a great compassion for them:</p> - -<p>"Brothers," he said to them, "come to me."</p> - -<p>Sometimes he would give his clothes in exchange for a sheep which was -being led to the butcher's; he remembered a very meek Lamb, <i>illius -mentor agni minissimi</i>, offered up for the salvation of mankind. A -grass-hopper lived on the bough of a fig-tree near his door at the -Portiuncula; he called it to him; it came to lie upon his hand and he -said to it:</p> - -<p>"Sister grasshopper, sing God thy Creator."</p> - -<p>He did the same by a nightingale and was beaten at the concerts by -a bird which he blessed and which flew away after its victory. He -was obliged to have the little wild animals which ran up to him and -sought shelter in his breast carried far away into the woods. When -he wished to pray in the morning, he ordered silence of the swallows -and they were dumb. A young man was going to Siena to sell some -turtle-doves; the servant of God begged him to give them to him, so -that doves, which, in the Scriptures, are the symbol of innocence and -candour, might not be killed. The saint carried them to his convent -at Ravacciano: he planted his stick at the door of the monastery; the -stick changed into a tall evergreen oak; the saint let the turtle-doves -go to it and commanded them to build their nest in its branches, which -they did for many years.</p> - -<p>Francis dying wished to leave the world naked, as he had entered it; -he asked that his stripped body might be buried in the spot where the -criminals were executed, in imitation of Christ, whom he had taken for -his model. He dictated a will which was wholly spiritual, for he had -nothing to leave to his brethren except poverty and peace: a sainted -woman laid him in his tomb.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Back in Paris.</div> - -<p>I received, from my Patron, poverty, the love of the small and humble, -compassion for animals; but my barren stick will not change into an -evergreen oak to protect them. I ought to think myself lucky to have -trodden French soil on my saint's-day; but have I a country? Have I -ever, in that country, enjoyed a moment of rest? On the 6th of October, -in the morning, I returned to my Infirmary. The gale of St. Francis was -still blowing. My trees, the budding refuges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> of the miseries collected -by my wife, bent before the anger of my Patron. In the evening, through -the branchy elms of my boulevard, I saw the hanging street-lamps shaken -to and fro, their half-extinguished lights flickering like the little -lamp of my life<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> This book was written on the road from Padua to Prague, -from 20 to 26 September 1833, and on the road from Prague to Paris, -from 26 September to 6 October.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Columbus first touched land in America at Guanahani, -one of the Bahama Islands, on the 12th of October 1492. The island -is called "Watling's Island" on the English maps: it is possible to -vulgarize most things; Christopher was content to christen it San -Salvador.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Richard Lemon Lander (1804-1834) made several journeys -of discovery in Africa, penetrated to the mouth of the Niger in 1831 -and settled the question of its course and outlet. He returned to the -Nun mouth in 1833, when he was fired upon by the natives and struck by -a musket-ball in the thigh. He was removed to Fernando Po, where he -died in February 1834.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Hazlitt's <span class="smcap">Montaigne</span>: <i>A Journey into Italy.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> Chateaubriand: <i>Tombeaux champêtres</i>, 52-53, imitated -from Gray's <i>Elegy written in a Country Church-yard. Cf.</i> 57-60: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breast</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">The little Tyrant of his fields withstood,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood."—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Saint Rupert Bishop of Worms (<i>fl. circa</i> 700), known as -the Apostle of the Bavarians from his missionary labours at Ratisbon, -Salzburg, etc.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 21.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 354.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Maroboduus, or Marbod, King of the Marcomanni (<i>b.</i> 18 -B.C.), mentioned in Tacitus.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 346.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 347.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 353.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 350.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> p. 38, n. 2, <i>supra.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> During the summer and part of the autumn, the Royal -Family used to live at Butschirad, a lonely and gloomy residence, -situated in a dull and desolate country, about five hours' drive from -Prague.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 88.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 74 <i>et seq.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 81 <i>et seq.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> By the old laws of the Monarchy, the majority of the -Kings of France was fixed at the commencement of their fourteenth year. -The memory of this law determined several hundreds of Frenchmen to go -together to visit the Elder Branch of the Bourbons, at fifteen hundred -miles from their country. This manifestation carried with it a certain -hostility to the new Dynasty. The Government of July, accordingly, -did not fail, naturally enough, when all is said and done, to put -some petty annoyances in the way of the travellers. It prevailed upon -the Austrian Government to turn a large number of them back at the -frontiers. In Frankfort and Munich, King Louis-Philippe's <i>chargés -d'affaires</i> refused to give the necessary <i>visas</i>; several were -detained at Pilsen and Waldmünchen, <i>as</i> also at Mayence and Eger. -</p> -<p> -Moreover, this little manifestation was looked upon almost as -unfavourably in Prague as in Paris. King Charles X. and his son, the -Dauphin, had abdicated at Rambouillet, and they had no thought of -withdrawing their respective abdications; only, in order to keep up -the moral absence of responsibility of the Duc de Bordeaux and also -to facilitate the relations between the exiles and the Cabinets, -particularly the Cabinet of Vienna, they wished to retain, while on -foreign soil, a title which seemed to them inseparable from that of -heads of the Bourbon Family. The journey of the young Frenchmen who -were coming to greet Henry of France on the day of his entering upon -his fourteenth year might upset those private arrangements of the -exiled Family. It was therefore not calculated to please the old King -and his son. Hence the little incidents which the author of the Memoirs -will presently describe to us.—B. -</p> -<p> -The Duc de Bordeaux was born on the 29th of September 1820, seven and -a half months after his father's assassination, and therefore attained -his majority, according to the laws of the French Monarchy, on the 29th -of September 1833—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> "Among the visitors to Prague were Vendeans whose wounds -were not yet closed and as many as eight persons who had been sentenced -to death in their absence and who had saved their heads by flight." -(<span class="smcap">Alfred Nettement</span>: <i>Henri de France</i>, Vol. I, p. 264).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> The <i>Chroniques de Saint-Denys</i> or <i>Grandes chroniques -de France</i> were chronicles compiled from the earliest times of the -French Monarchy by the Benedictines of Saint-Denis and kept in the -treasury of the abbey. The Abbot of Saint-Denis used to appoint a monk -as historiographer whose duty it was to follow the Court in order to -collect and write down events as they occurred. On the death of the -king, a history of his reign was drawn up from these notes, and this -history, after being submitted to the Chapter, was incorporated in the -<i>Grandes chroniques.</i> Suger, who became Abbot of Saint-Denis in 1122, -collected all the chronicles compiled from the commencement of the -Monarchy and himself wrote those of his own time. After the discovery -of printing, an abstract of the <i>Grandes chroniques</i> was prepared and -published by Jean Chartier, the Benedictine, in 1476, under the title, -<i>Chroniques de France depuis les Troiens jusqu'à la mort de Charles -VII.</i>, in 3 volumes 4to. They constitute the first French book known to -have been printed in Paris. These three volumes, which brought up the -History of France to 1461, were reprinted, with a continuation to 1513, -in 1514. A more recent edition appeared in Paris in 1836 to 1841, in 6 -volumes 8vo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Alfred Xavier Baron Dufougerais (1804-1874), a member of -a royalist family, was a barrister in Paris when, in 1828, he became -one of the proprietors and one of the editors of the <i>Quotidien.</i> In -April 1831, he bought the <i>Mode, revue du monde élégant</i> from Émile -de Girardin, its founder, and turned it into a political organ. He -kept the fashion article and plates, so as to justify the title and -retain the advantages attaching to the speciality; but at the same -time the paper, in his hands, became a formidable weapon against the -Monarchy of July. Without being exactly a writer, Alfred Dufougerais -possessed the journalistic instinct to a high degree, and, under his -management, the <i>Mode</i> soon took the leading place in the van-guard -of the royalist press. In September 1834, the state of his health -obliged him to transfer the ownership of his paper to other hands. -Alfred Dufougerais, who was gifted with a genuine talent for speaking, -preferred the contests of the bar to those of the press. He appeared in -all the leading newspaper trials and soon became standing counsel to -the royalist journals both in the provinces and in Paris. Among other -feats, he thrice obtained the acquittal of the <i>Indépendant de l'Ouest</i> -at Laval. In 1849, Dufougerais was elected by the Department of the -Vendée to the Chamber of Deputies, where he constantly voted with the -Right until the <i>coup d'État</i> of 2 December 1851, when he retired into -private life.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Charles Vicomte de Nugent, poet and prose-writer and a -member of the editorial staff of the <i>Revenant</i> and the <i>Mode.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> The modern apartments at Holyrood Palace were -quite bare, when they were lent to Charles X. in 1830, and almost -uninhabitable. The Wellington Administration, which made great -difficulties about lending the palace to the King and his family -at all, did so only on the express and almost barbarous condition -that, "if there was a nail to be knocked in, they would have to do -it at their own expense." In short, the unfortunate French exiles -were allowed to arrive in Edinburgh, during a Scotch winter, to take -possession of a lodging in which the very essentials of comfort were -lacking, in which there was little but the four walls of each room: -and these, the Duchesse de Gontaut, in 1831, informed M. P. J. Fallon, -whose interesting little volume, <i>Voyage à Holyrood pendant l'automne -de</i> 1831, is my authority, were, in the case of Mademoiselle's -apartment, so cold and damp that at first they gave up the idea of -occupying it. The state of the chimneys was such that it was impossible -to warm the rooms without being stifled with smoke. M. Fallon gives a -few details of the furniture supplied by Charles X. The throne-room -or picture-gallery was left empty, but for a small table supporting -an old lamp. The room before it was turned into a chapel, in which -Mass was said daily: Charles X. used to hear Vespers at three o'clock -on Sundays in the Catholic chapel next to the Adelphi Theatre. The -large drawing-room leading out of the throne-room was fully but very -simply furnished and contained a sofa with a back about four feet high: -the little Duc de Bordeaux used to amuse himself by vaulting over it -with one hand resting on the kick of it. The room leading out of this -drawing-room, on the left, was almost empty; it contained a picture, by -M. d'Hardivilliers, representing the landing of Charles X. at Leith. -Next to this was the closet of Charles X., a large room completely -furnished. The Dauphin and Dauphiness at first occupied a little -eight-roomed house at 34 Regent's Terrace, in the New Town, at a rental -of £80 a year, and did not move into Holyrood until October 1831. M, -Fallon adds a further anecdote typical of the timorous policy of the -Duke of Wellington's Ministry. So long as it remained in power, no -guard was placed at the palace gate. Later, when the duke was succeeded -by Earl Grey (November 1830), sentries were posted in the entrance-hall -and at the foot of the two towers. But they were considered to be a -guard of protection or convenience, not of honour, and they received -no orders to present arms when the members of the Royal Family passed -them.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> The Marquis de Pastoret (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 303, n. 2). -He succeeded Dambray in 1829 as Chancellor of France and, although he -resigned all his functions after the Revolution of July, he always -remained the "Chancellor" to Charles X. In 1834, he became tutor to the -children of the Duchesse de Berry, a charge to which he applied himself -with great devotion, in spite of his advanced years: he was born in -1756.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 187, n. 4 and p. 188, n. 1.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Marie Joseph Marquis de Foresta (<i>d.</i> 1858) was prefect -of different departments, under the Restoration, and an honorary lord -of the Bed-chamber to the King. He had a cultured, nice and penetrating -mind and had given proof of his literary talents at an early age, -having dedicated to the Duchesse de Berry two charming and ingenious -volumes entitled, <i>Lettres sur la Sicile</i> and published when he was -only twenty-two. He remained attached to the person of the Comte de -Chambord until his death (11 February 1858). The Marquise de Foresta -was the finished type of a Christian gentleman.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> <i>Bohémiennes</i>: gipsy-women. <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., p. 55, -where Chateaubriand, suffering from smallpox and starving, meets a -gipsy-woman who gives him an apple.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Christine de Pisan (1363-1415), born in Venice, came -to the Court of France with her father, Thomas de Pisan, who had -been appointed astrologer to Charles V. She married a Frenchman of -good family, was left a widow at an early age, and devoted herself -to literature for her consolation. She left ballads, lays, virelays, -rondeaus and short poems, such as the <i>Débat des deux amants</i>, the -<i>Chemin de longue étude</i>, etc., and a number of prose works, including -the <i>Vision de Christine de Pisan</i> and the work from which the above -quotation is taken, entitled, the <i>Livre des faiets et bonnes mœurs -de Charles V.</i> Some of her works were translated from the Romance -language into French and published separately, in Paris, in 1522, 1536, -1549 and later years.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> King Charles V. of France was surnamed the "Wise."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Philip III. King of France (1245-1285), surnamed the -Bold, succeeded St. Louis IX., in 1270. He was a gallant King and would -have cut a fine figure beside any other than his glorious father.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Charles VI. (1368-1422), surnamed the Well-Beloved, -succeeded his father in 1380 and lost his reason in 1392 (<i>Cf. supra</i> -p. 10, n. 3).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 392.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> I received from Périgueux, on the 14th of November, the -following letter, which, leaving the praises of myself on one side, -states facts as I have told them: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Périgueux</span>, 10 <i>November</i> 1833. -</p> -<p> -"<span class="smcap">Monsieur le vicomte</span>, -</p> -<p> -"I cannot resist the wish to tell you of my disappointment when -I was told, on Monday the 28th of October, that you were away. I -had called on you to have the honour of paying you my respects and -exchanging a few words with the man to whom I have devoted all my -admiration. Obliged as I was to leave Paris that same night, where -perhaps I shall not return again, it would have been very pleasant -for me to have seen you. When, in spite of my family's moderate -means, I undertook the journey to Prague, I had placed among the -Dumber of my hopes that of introducing myself to you. And yet, -monsieur le vicomte, I cannot say that I have not seen you: I was -one of the eight young men whom you met in the middle of the night -at Schlau, not far from Prague. We arrived after having, for five -mortal days, been the victims of the intrigue that has since been -revealed to us. That meeting, at that place and hour, has something -odd about it and will never be effaced from my memory, any more -than will the image of him to whom royalist France owes the most -useful services. -</p> -<p> -"Pray accept, etc. -</p> -<p style="text-align: right;"> -"<span class="smcap">P. G. Jules Determes</span>."—(<i>Author's Note</i>).</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> The accordion appears to have been invented really by -Damian, in Vienna, in the year 1829.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> <i>Cf. supra</i>, p. 4.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> <i>Cf. supra</i>, p. 8.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> <i>Cf. supra</i>, p. 8.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> <i>Cf. supra</i>, p. 105.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> Joachim Liebhard (1500-1574), known as Camerarius, -because several members of his family had been chamberlains, a native -of Bamberg, a learned scholar, a friend of Melanchthon. Camerarius -was the author of valuable Latin translations of many of the Greek -classics, published editions, with commentaries, of many of the Latin -classics, edited Melanchthon's Letters and left a Life of Melanchthon, -Letters, Fables, etc.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Christopher Clavius (1537-1612), a native of Bamberg and -a great Jesuit mathematician, was sent to Rome, where Gregory XIII. -employed him on the reform of the Calendar.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Giovanni Francesco Bernardone (1182-1226), canonized -by Pope Gregory IX., in 1228, as St. Francis of Assisi, founded the -Order of the Franciscans, or Mendicant Friars, in 1208: their rule was -confirmed by Pope Honorius III. in 1223. St. Francis visited the Holy -Land in 1219. In 1224, two years before his death, he received the -Stigmata, on the heights of Monte La Verna, on the morning of the 14th -of September, the Feast of the Exaltation of Holy Cross.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> The above page was written on the 6th of October 1833. -Those which follow were begun in 1837. In September 1836, Chateaubriand -wrote, at the Château de Maintenon, a chapter which was intended for -his Memoirs, but not included in the earlier editions. This short -chapter has been recovered by M. Biré and it will be found at the end -of this volume as Appendix II.: <i>Unpublished Fragments of the Mémoires -if Outre-tombe.</i>—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_IX" id="BOOK_IX"></a>BOOK IX<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a></h4> - - -<p>General politics of the moment—Louis-Philippe—M. Thiers—M. de La -Fayette—Armand Carrel—Of some women: the lady from Louisiana—Madame -Tastu—Madame Sand—M. de Talleyrand—Death of Charles X.</p> - - -<p class="p2">When, passing from the politics of the Legitimacy to general politics, -I re-read what I wrote on those politics in the years 1831, 1832 and -1833, I find that my previsions were fairly correct</p> - -<p>Louis-Philippe is a man of intelligence whose tongue is set in movement -by a torrent of commonplaces. He pleases Europe, which reproaches us -with not knowing his worth; England is glad to see that, like herself, -we have dethroned a king; the other sovereigns forsake the Legitimacy, -which they did not find obedient. Philip has lorded it over the men -who have come closer to him; he has made game of his ministers; he has -employed them, dismissed them, reemployed them, dismissed them afresh, -after compromising them, if anything can compromise one nowadays.</p> - -<p>Philip's superiority is real, but it is only relative; place him in -a period when society still retains some life, and his mediocrity -shall come to the surface. Two passions spoil his good qualities: -his exclusive love for his children and his insatiable eagerness to -increase his fortune; on those two points his eyes will always be -dazzled.</p> - -<p>Philip has not that feeling for the honour of France which the elder -Bourbons had; he has no occasion for honour: he fears nothing except -popular risings, even as the nearest relations of Louis XVI. feared it. -He is sheltered by his father's crime; the hatred of what is good does -not weigh heavy on him: he is an accomplice, not a victim.</p> - -<p>Having realized the lassitude of the times and the vileness of men's -souls, Philip has made himself at home. Laws of intimidation have -come to suppress our liberties, as I foretold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> at the time of my -farewell speech in the House of Peers, and not a thing has stirred; the -Government has resorted to arbitrary measures; it has murdered people -in the Rue Transnonain, shot them down in Lyons, instituted numerous -newspaper prosecutions; it has arrested private citizens, has kept them -for months and years in prison without trial, and has been applauded -for doing so. The exhausted country, which no longer understands what -is happening, has suffered all. There is hardly a man whom it is not -possible to face with his own past. From year to year, from month -to month, we have written, said and done the exact opposite of what -we used to write, say and do. By dint of having cause for blushing, -we have ceased to blush; our inconsistencies escape our memory, so -numerous have they become. To have done with it, we adopt the course -of declaring that we have never changed, or that we have changed only -through the progressive transformation of our ideas and our enlightened -apprehension of the times. Events so rapid have aged us so speedily -that, when men remind us of our doings of a past period, it seems to us -that they are talking of some other man than ourselves: and besides, to -have changed is to have done what everybody does.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Louis-Philippe.</div> - -<p>Philip did not think it necessary, as did the Restored Branch, to be -the master in every village in order to reign; he considered that it -was enough to hold sway in Paris: therefore, if ever he could turn the -Capital into a warlike town, with an annual roll of sixty thousand -pretorians, he would think himself safe. Europe would let him alone, -because he would persuade the sovereigns that he was acting with a -view to stifling the revolution in its old cradle, while leaving the -liberties, independence and honour of France as a pledge in the hands -of the foreigners. Philip is a policeman: Europe can spit in his -face; he wipes himself, gives thanks and shows his patent as a king. -Moreover, he is the only Prince whom the French would, at present, be -capable of supporting. The degradation of the elected Head constitutes -his strength; we momentarily find in his person enough to satisfy -our monarchical habits and our democratic leanings; we obey a power -which we believe ourselves to have the right to insult; that is all -the liberty that we require: on our knees as a nation, we slap our -master's face, re-establishing privilege at his feet, equality on his -cheek. Crafty and guileful, a Louis XI. of the age of philosophy, the -monarch of our choice dexterously steers his ship over a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> liquid mire. -The Elder Branch of the Bourbons is dried up, save one bud alone; the -Younger Branch is rotten. The Head inaugurated at the town-hall has -never thought of any one but himself: he sacrifices Frenchmen to what -he believes to be his security. When men argue about what would be -fitting for the greatness of the country, they forget the nature of the -Sovereign: he is persuaded that he would be undone by methods which -would be the saving of France; according to him, that which would give -life to the Royalty would be the death of the King. For the rest, none -has the right to despise him, for every one is on the same contemptible -level. But, whatever may be the prosperity that forms the object of -his dreams, in the last result, either he or his children will fail to -prosper, because he abandons the people, from whom he holds all. On the -other hand, the legitimate kings, abandoning the legitimate kings, will -fall: principles are not denied with impunity. Though the revolutions -may, for a moment, have been diverted from their course, they will none -the less come to swell the torrent which is under-mining the ancient -edifice: none has played his part, none shall be saved.</p> - -<p>Since no power among us is inviolable, since the hereditary sceptre has -fallen four times within thirty-eight years, since the royal diadem -fastened by victory has twice slipped from the head of Napoleon, since -the Sovereignty of July has been incessantly attacked, we must conclude -from this that it is not the Republic which is impossible, but the -Monarchy.</p> - -<p>France is under the dominion of an idea hostile to the throne: a diadem -of which men at first recognised the authority, which they next trod -under foot, then picked up, only to tread it under foot again, is -merely a useless temptation and a symbol of disorder. A master is set -over men who seem to call for him by their memories and who no longer -support him by their manners; he is set over generations which, having -lost the sense of moderation and social decency, know only how to -insult the royal person or to replace respect by servility.</p> - -<p>Philip has within him the wherewithal to delay the march of destiny, -but not to stop it. The Democratic Party alone is progressing, because -it is advancing towards the world of the future. Those who refuse to -admit the general causes of destruction where monarchical principles -are concerned in vain look to be delivered from the present yoke by -a motion of the Chambers; the latter will never consent to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> reform, -because reform would be their death. The Opposition, on its side, which -has become an industrial Opposition, will never give the death-thrust -to the King of its own making, as it gave it to Charles X.: it makes -a disturbance in order to obtain places, it complains, it is peevish; -but, when it finds itself face to face with Philip, it draws back; for, -though it wishes to have the handling of affairs, it does not wish to -overthrow that which it has created nor that by which it lives. Two -fears stop it: the fear of the return of the Legitimacy, the fear of -the reign of the people; it clings to Philip, whom it does not love, -but whom it looks upon as a safeguard. Stuffed full of offices and -money, abdicating its own will, the Opposition obeys what it knows to -be fatal and goes to sleep in the mire, which is the down invented by -the industry of the age: it is not so pleasant as the other, but it is -cheaper.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Philip's turpitude.</div> - -<p>All these things notwithstanding, a sovereignty of a few months, of a -few years, even, if you wish, will not change the irrevocable future. -There is hardly any one now but confesses the Legitimacy to have been -preferable to the Usurpation, in so far as security, liberty, property -were concerned, and also our relations with foreign Powers, for the -principle of our present Sovereignty is hostile to that of the European -sovereignties. Since he was pleased to receive the investiture of the -Throne at the good pleasure and with the certain knowledge of the -democracy, Philip missed his opportunity at the start: he ought to -have leapt on horseback and galloped to the Rhine; or rather, he ought -to have resisted a movement which was carrying him without conditions -towards a crown: more durable and more suitable institutions would have -arisen from that resistance.</p> - -<p>It has been said that "M. le Duc d'Orléans could not have refused the -crown without plunging us into dreadful troubles:" this is the argument -of cowards, dupes and cheats. No doubt, conflicts would have ensued; -but they would have been swiftly followed by a return to law and order. -What has Philip done for the country after all? Would there have been -more blood shed by his refusing the sceptre than flowed because of the -acceptance of that same sceptre in Paris, Lyons, Antwerp, the Vendée, -without reckoning those streams of blood spilt, as a consequence of our -Elective Monarchy, in Poland, Italy, Portugal, Spain? Has Philip, in -compensation for these misfortunes, given us liberty? Has he given us -glory? He has spent his time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> in begging for his legitimation among the -potentates, in degrading France by making her the handmaid of England, -by giving her as a hostage; he has tried to make the age come to him, -to make it old with his House, not wishing to become young himself with -the age.</p> - -<p>Why did he not marry his eldest son<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> to some fair commoner of his -country? That would have meant wedding France: those nuptials of the -people and the Royalty would have made the Kings repent; for those -Kings, who have already taken advantage of Philip's submissiveness, -will not be content with what they have obtained: the might of the -populace which appears through our Municipal Monarchy terrifies them. -The Potentate of the Barricades, to become completely agreeable to the -absolute potentates, ought above all to destroy the liberty of the -press and abolish our constitutional institutions. At the bottom of -his soul, he detests them as much as they, but he has to keep within -bounds. All this remissness offends the other sovereigns; the only way -to make them have patience is to sacrifice everything to them abroad: -in order to accustom us to becoming Philip's liegemen at home, we are -commencing by making ourselves the vassals of Europe.</p> - -<p>I have said a hundred times and I repeat again, the old society is -dying. I am not easy-going enough, nor quack enough, nor sufficiently -deceived by my hopes to take the smallest interest in that which -exists. France, the ripest of the present nations, will probably be -the first to go. It is likely that the Elder Bourbons, to whom I shall -die attached, would not even to-day find a lasting shelter in the Old -Monarchy. Never have the successors of an immolated monarch worn his -torn mantle long after him: there is distrust on both sides; the prince -dares not rely upon the nation, the nation refuses to believe that -the reinstated family is capable of forgiving it. A scaffold raised -between a people and a king prevents them from seeing each other: there -are tombs that never close. Capet's head was so high that the little -executioners were obliged to strike it off to take its crown, even as -the Caribbees used to cut down the palm-tree in order to gather its -fruit. The stem of the Bourbons had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> propagated itself in the different -trunks which, bending down, took root and rose again as haughty shoots; -that family, after being the pride of the other royal Houses, seems to -have become their fatality.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat06004"></a> -<img src="images/chat06_004.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Louis Philippe.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="sidenote">Prospects of the Usurpation.</div> - -<p>But would it be more reasonable to think that the descendants of Philip -would have more chances of reigning than the young heir of Henry IV.? -It is vain to contrive different combinations of political ideas: the -moral verities remain unchangeable. There are inevitable reactions, -instructive, magisterial, avenging. The Monarch who initiated us -into liberty, Louis XVI., was made to expiate in his own person the -despotism of Louis XIV. and the corruption of Louis XV.: and shall it -be said that Louis-Philippe, he or his line, shall not pay the debt of -the depravity, of the Regency? Was that debt not contracted anew by -"Égalité" at the scaffold of Louis XVI., and did Philip his son not -increase the paternal contract when, a faithless guardian, he dethroned -his ward? "Égalité" redeemed nothing by losing his life; the tears -shed with the last breath redeem nobody: they only wet the breast and -do not fall upon the conscience. If the Orleans Branch were able to -reign by the right of the vices and crimes of its ancestors, where, -then, would Providence be? Never would a more terrible temptation have -disquieted the good man. What deludes us is that we measure the designs -of Eternity by the scale of our short life. We pass away so quickly -that God's punishment cannot always fall within the short moment of our -existence: the punishment descends when the time comes; it no longer -finds the original culprit, but it finds his House, which leaves room -for action.</p> - -<p>Rising up in the universal order of things, this reign of -Louis-Philippe's, however long it last, will never be anything but an -anomaly, a momentary breach of the permanent laws of justice: those -laws are violated in a restricted and relative sense; they are followed -in an unlimited and general sense. From an enormity that has received -the apparent consent of Heaven, we must draw a loftier conclusion: we -must deduce from it the Christian proof of the abolition of the Royalty -itself. It is this abolition, and not any individual chastisement, -that will become the expiation of the death of Louis XVI.; none will -be admitted to gird on the diadem, after that just man: as witness -Napoleon the Great and Charles X. the Pious. To render the crown -completely hateful, it will have been permitted to the son of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> -regicide to stretch himself for a moment, as a false king, in the -blood-stained bed of the martyr.</p> - -<p>For the rest, all these arguments, just though they be, will never -shake my loyalty to my young King: were none but myself to remain in -France, I shall always be proud to have been the last subject of him -who was to be the last king.</p> - - -<p class="p2">The Revolution of July has found its King: has it found its -representative? I have, at different times, described the men who, -from 1789 to this day, have appeared upon the scene. Those men were -more or less connected with the old race of mankind: we had a scale of -proportion to measure them by. We have now come to generations that -no longer belong to the past; studied under the microscope, they do -not seem capable of life, and yet they combine with elements in which -they move; they are able to breathe an air which we cannot breathe. -The future will perhaps discover formulas to calculate the laws of -existence of those beings; but the present has no means of appreciating -them.</p> - -<p>Without, therefore, being able to explain the changed species, we -notice, here and there, a few individuals whom we are able to grasp, -because of their peculiar failings or distinctive qualities which make -them stand out from among the crowd. M. Thiers, for instance, is the -only man that the Revolution of July has produced. He has founded the -school that admires the Terror, a school to which he himself belongs. -If the men of the Terror, those deniers and denied of God, were such -great men, the authority of their judgment ought to carry weight; but -those men, reviling one another, declare that the party whose throats -they are cutting is a party of rascals. See what Madame Roland says -of Condorcet, what Barbaroux<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a>, the principal actor of the 10th -of August, thinks of Marat, what Camille Desmoulins writes against -Saint-Just<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> Are we to appreciate Danton according<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> to Robespierre's -opinion, or Robespierre according to Danton's? When the Conventionals -have so poor a notion of one another, how can we, without failing in -the respect which we owe them, entertain an opinion different from -theirs?</p> - -<p>With its material mind, Jacobinism does not perceive that the Terror -failed from not being capable of fulfilling the conditions of its -continuance. It was unable to achieve its aim, because it was unable -to cut off enough heads: it would have needed four or five hundred -thousand more; now time was wanting for those long massacres; nothing -remains but unfinished crimes whose fruit cannot be gathered, because -the last sun of the storm did not ripen it sufficiently.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The French revolutionaries.</div> - -<p>The secret of the inconsistencies of the men of the day lies in the -privation of moral sense, the absence of any fixed principle and the -worship of force: whoever goes to the wall is guilty and without merit, -at least without that merit which assimilates with events. Behind -the liberal phrases of the devotees of the Terror, you must see only -what lies hidden there: the deification of success. Do not adore the -Convention except in the manner in which one adores a tyrant. When -the Convention is upset, go over with your baggage of liberties to -the Directory, then to Bonaparte, and that without having a suspicion -of your metamorphosis, without thinking that you have changed. Sworn -dramatist that you are, while looking upon the Girondins as poor -wretches because they have been "beaten," nevertheless draw a fantastic -picture of their death: they are beautiful young men marching, crowned -with flowers, to the sacrifice. The Girondins, a cowardly faction, -who spoke in favour of Louis XVI. and voted for his execution, did -wonderfully, it is true, on the scaffold; but who did not, in those -days, run full butt at death? The women were distinguished for their -heroism: the young girls of Verdun climbed the steps of the altar -like Iphigenia; the artisans, about whom we are prudently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> silent, -those plebeians of whom the Convention reaped so large a crop, braved -the steel of the executioner as resolutely as our grenadiers braved -the steel of the enemy. For one priest and one noble, the Convention -offered up thousands of workmen taken from the lowest classes of the -population<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a>: this is what we always refuse to remember.</p> - -<p>Does M. Thiers set store by his principles? Not in the least: he has -cried up massacre and he would preach humanity in quite as edifying -a manner; he gave himself out as a bigot for liberty, and he has -oppressed Lyons, shot people down in the Rue Transnonain, and upheld -the September Laws against all men: if he ever reads this, he will take -it for a panegyric.</p> - -<p>Since he became President of the Council and Minister for Foreign -Affairs<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a>, M. Thiers is enraptured with the diplomatic intrigues -of the Talleyrand School; he runs the risk of being taken for a -buffoon-in-waiting, for lack of equilibrium, gravity and silence. One -can turn up one's nose at earnestness and greatness of soul: but it -does not do to say so, before one has brought the subjugated world to -take its seat at the orgies of Grand-Vaux<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a>.</p> - -<p>For the rest, M. Thiers combines with inferior manners an instinct for -higher things; while the feudal survivors have become misers and turned -themselves into stewards of their own land, he, M. Thiers, a great lord -by second birth, travels like a new Atticus<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a>, purchases works of -art on the roads and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> revives the prodigality of the old aristocracy: -this is a distinction; but, if he sows as easily as he reaps, he ought -to be more cautious of the intimacy of his old habits: consideration is -one of the ingredients that go to make the public man.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Adolphe Thiers.</div> - -<p>Stirred by his mercurial nature, M. Thiers has pretended that he was -going to kill, in Madrid, the anarchy which I had overthrown there in -1823: a project all the bolder inasmuch as M. Thiers was struggling -with the opinions of Louis-Philippe. He may suppose himself to be a -Bonaparte; he may think that his pen-cutter is but an elongation of the -Napoleonic sword; he may be persuaded that he is a great general, he -may dream of the conquest of Europe, by reason that he has constituted -himself its historian<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> and that he is very inconsiderately bringing -back the ashes of Napoleon<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a>. I acquiesce in all these pretensions; -I will only say, as for Spain, that, when M. Thiers thought of invading -her, he was deceived in his calculations; he would have ruined his -King in 1836, and I saved mine in 1823. The essential thing, then, -is to do in the nick of time what one wants to do; there are two -forces, the force of men and the force of things: when these two are -in opposition to one another, nothing is accomplished. At the present -moment, Mirabeau would rouse nobody, even though his corruption would -do him no harm; for, just now, none is cried down because of his vices: -one is slandered only for his virtues. M. Thiers must make up his mind -to one of three courses: to declare himself the representative of the -republican future<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a>, or perch himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> upon the counterfeit Monarchy -of July like a monkey on a camel's back, or revive the imperial order -of things. This last would be to M. Thiers's taste; but the Empire -without an emperor: is that possible? It is more natural to believe -that the author of the <i>Histoire de la Révolution</i> will allow himself -to be absorbed by a vulgar ambition: he will want to remain in power -or return to it; in order to keep or recover his place, he will recant -anything that the moment or his own interest will seem to him to -require<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a>; to strip one's self before the public, there is audacity: -but is M. Thiers young enough for his beauty to serve him as a veil?</p> - -<p>Putting Deutz<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> and Judas on one side, I recognise in M. Thiers a -supple, prompt, shrewd and malleable mind, perhaps the heir to the -future, capable of comprehending everything, except the greatness that -comes from moral order. Free from jealousy, pettiness and prejudice, he -stands out against the tame and obscure background of the mediocrities -of the time. His excessive pride is not yet odious, because it does not -consist in despising others. M. Thiers possesses resources, variety, -fortunate gifts; he troubles little about differences of opinion, -bears no malice, is not afraid of compromising himself, does justice -to a man, not for his probity or for what he thinks, but for what he -is worth: which would not prevent him from having us all strangled, in -case of need. M. Thiers is not what he is able to be: years will modify -him, unless the elation of self-love should place obstacles in the way. -If his brain stands firm and he is not carried away by some headstrong -act, public life will reveal unheeded superior qualities in him. He -must soon rise or fall; the chances are that M. Thiers will either -become a great minister or remain a marplot.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lost opportunities.</div> - -<p>M. Thiers has already been wanting in resolution at a time when he -held the fate of the world in his hands: if he had given the order -to attack the English Fleet, with the superior<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> force that we had in -the Mediterranean, our success was assured; the Turkish and Egyptian -Fleets, lying together in the harbour of Alexandria, would have come to -swell our fleet; a success obtained over England would have electrified -France. We should have at once found 150,000 men to enter Bavaria and -fling themselves upon some point in Italy, where nothing was prepared -in prevision of an attack. The whole world might once more have changed -its aspect. Would our aggression have been a just one? That is another -affair; but we could have asked Europe whether it had acted loyally -towards us in the treaties, or whether, abusing their victory, Russia -and Germany had enlarged their territory beyond measure, while France -had been reduced to her old clipped frontiers. Be this as it may, M. -Thiers did not dare play his last card; looking upon his life, he did -not think himself sufficiently supported, and yet it was because he -was staking nothing that he might have played for all. We have fallen -under the feet of Europe; such an opportunity to recover ourselves will -perhaps not occur for long.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat06005"></a> -<img src="images/chat06_005.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">M. Thiers.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p>In the last result, M. Thiers, in order to save his system, has reduced -France to a space of fifteen leagues which he has made to bristle with -fortresses; we shall soon see if Europe is right in laughing at this -piece of child's play on the part of the great thinker.</p> - -<p>And this is how, allowing my pen to run away with me, I have devoted -more pages to a man of uncertain future than I have given to persons -whose memory is assured. It is a misfortune to live too long; I -have come to a period of sterility in which France sees only lean -generations run: <i>Lupa carca nella sua magrezza.</i><a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> These Memoirs -diminish in interest with the days that have supervened, diminish by -what they were able to borrow from the greatness of events: they will -end, I fear me, like the daughters of Achelous<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a>. The Roman Empire, -so magnificently proclaimed by Livy, contracts and goes out dimly in -the accounts of Cassiodorus. You were more fortunate, O Thucydides -and Plutarch, Sallust and Tacitus, when you told of the parties that -divided Athens and Rome! You were certain, at least, of animating them, -not only with your genius, but also with the splendour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> of the Greek -and the gravity of the Latin language! What could we relate of our -expiring society, we Welshmen, in our jargon confined to narrow and -barbarous limits? If these later pages reproduced our parliamentary -tautology, those eternal definitions of our rights, our ministerial -prize-fights, would they, fifty years hence, be anything more than -the unintelligible columns of an old newspaper? Of a thousand and one -conjectures, would a single one prove to be true? Who would foresee -the strange leaps and bounds of the inconstancy of the French spirit? -Who could understand how its execrations and infatuations, its curses -and blessings become transformed without apparent reason? Who would -be able to guess and explain how, by turns, it adores and detests, -how it springs from a political system, how, with liberty on its lips -and bondage in its heart, it believes in one truth in the morning -and is persuaded of a contrary truth at night? Throw us a few grains -of dust: like Virgil's bees, we shall cease our conflict to fly away -elsewhither<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a>.</p> - - -<p class="p2">If, by chance, anything great should still be stirring here below, our -country will remain supine. The womb of a society that is becoming -discomposed is barren; the very crimes which it begets are still-born -crimes, smitten as they are with the barrenness of their origin. The -period upon which we are entering is the tow-path along which fatally -condemned generations will draw the old world towards a world unknown.</p> - -<p>In this year 1834, M. de La Fayette has just died<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a>. I think I must -have been unjust in speaking of him in former days; I think I must -have represented him as a sort of double-faced, double-famed ninny: -a hero on the other side of the Atlantic, a Giles on this side<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a>. -It has needed more than forty years to recognise in M. de La Fayette -qualities<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> that had been persistently denied him. He expressed himself -in the Tribune with ease and in the tone of a well-bred man. His life -was unblemished; he was affable, obliging and generous. Under the -Empire, he behaved nobly and lived a life apart; under the Restoration, -he was less dignified: he stooped so far as to allow himself to be -called the "grand old man" of the auction-rooms of Carbonarism and -the ring-leader of petty conspiracies, glad as he was to escape from -justice at Belfort<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>, like a vulgar adventurer. In the early stages -of the Revolution, he did not mix with the cut-throats; he fought them -by force of arms and tried to save Louis XVI.; but, though abhorring -the massacres, obliged though he were to fly from them, he found words -of praise for scenes in which some heads were carried at the ends of -pikes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">La Fayette.</div> - -<p>M. de La Fayette became exalted because he lived: there is a reputation -which bursts forth spontaneously from talent and of which death -increases the splendour by arresting the talent in youth; there is -another sort of reputation which is the offspring of age, the backward -daughter of time: without being great of itself, it is great through -the revolutions in whose midst chance has placed it. The bearer of -that reputation, by the mere fact of his existence, is mixed up with -everything; his name becomes the sign or the banner of everything: M. -de La Fayette<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> will be the "National Guard" to the end of time. -By an extraordinary effect, the result of his actions was often in -contradiction with his thoughts: as a Royalist, he overthrew, in 1789, -a Royalty eight centuries old; as a Republican, he created, in 1830, -the Royalty of the Barricades: he went away giving Philip the crown -which he had taken from Louis XVI. Moulded as he was with events, when -the alluvium of our misfortunes shall have become consolidated, his -image will be found encrusted in the revolutionary dough.</p> - -<p>The ovation which he received in the United States enhanced his fame to -a singular degree: a nation, rising to greet him, covered him with the -effulgence of its gratitude. Everett<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a> apostrophized him as follows -in the peroration to the speech which he delivered in 1824:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Welcome, friend of our fathers, to our shores!... Enjoy a triumph such -as never conqueror or monarch enjoyed.... The friend of your youth, -the more than friend of his country, rests in the bosom of the soil he -redeemed. On the banks of his Potomac he lies in glory and peace. You -will revisit the hospitable shades of Mount Vernon, but him whom you -venerated as we did, you will not meet at its door.... But the grateful -children of America will bid you welcome, in his name. Welcome, thrice -welcome to our shores; and whithersoever throughout the limits of the -continent your course shall take you, the ear that hears you shall -bless you, the eye that sees you shall bear witness to you, and every -tongue exclaim, with heartfelt joy:</p> - -<p>"'Welcome, welcome, La Fayette<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a>!'"</p> - -<p>In the New World, M. de La Fayette contributed to the formation of a -new society; in the Old World, to the destruction of an old society: -liberty invokes him in Washington, anarchy in Paris.</p> - -<p>M. de La Fayette had only one idea, and, unfortunately for him, it was -that of his century; the fixity of that idea constituted his empire: it -served him as a blinker, prevented him from looking to right or left -of him; he walked with a firm step along a single line; he marched on -without falling into precipices, not because he saw them, but because -he did not see them; blindness stood him in the stead of genius: all -that is fixed is fatal, and that which is fatal is powerful.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">La Fayette's funeral.</div> - -<p>I still see M. de La Fayette, at the head of the National Guard, -passing along the boulevards, in 1790, on his way to the Faubourg -Saint-Antoine; on the 22nd of May 1834, I saw him lying in his coffin, -following the same boulevards. In the funeral procession one remarked -a troop of Americans, each with a yellow flower in his button-hole. M. -de La Fayette had sent to the United States for a quantity of earth -sufficient to cover him in his grave; but his intentions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> were not -carried out<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a>: when the fatal moment came, forgetting both his -political dreams and the romance of his life, he expressed the wish to -lie at Picpus beside his virtuous wife<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a>: death restores order to -all things.</p> - -<p>At Picpus are buried the victims of the Revolution<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> commenced by -M. de La Fayette; there stands a chapel where perpetual prayers are -said in honour of those victims. I accompanied M. le Duc Matthieu de -Montmorency to Picpus<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a>; he had been M. de La Fayette's colleague in -the Constituent Assembly: on touching the bottom of the grave, the rope -turned that Christian's coffin on one side, as though he had raised -himself on his hip to say a last prayer.</p> - -<p>I stood in the crowd, at the entrance to the Rue Grange-Batelière, when -M. de La Fayette's funeral passed by: at the top of the ascent to the -boulevard, the hearse stopped; I saw it, all gilded by a fleeting ray -of the sun, gleam above the helmets and arms: then the shadow returned, -and it disappeared from sight.</p> - -<p>The multitude dispersed; sellers of "goodies" cried their -<i>oublies</i><a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a>, vendors of trifles hawked about paper mills, which -twirled round in the same wind whose breath had shaken the plumes of -the funeral car.</p> - -<p>In the sitting of the Chamber of Deputies of the 20th of May 1834, the -President<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a> spoke:</p> - -<p>"General La Fayette's name," he said, "will remain famous in our -history.... While expressing to you the sentiments of condolence of -the Chamber, I join to these, sir and dear colleague<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a>, the private -assurance of my attachment."</p> - -<p>After these words, the reporter of the sitting adds, in brackets, the -word, "(Laughter)."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> - -<p>That is what one of the most serious lives is reduced to. What remains -of the death of the greatest men? A grey mantle and a straw cross, as -on the corpse of the Duc de Guise, assassinated at Blois.</p> - -<p>Within earshot of the public crier who was selling for a son, at the -gate of the Tuileries Palace, the news of the death of Napoleon, I -heard two quacks shouting the praises of their antidotes; and, in the -<i>Moniteur</i> of the 21st of January 1793, I read the following words -below the account of the execution of Louis XVI.:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Two hours after the execution, nothing remained to show that he -who had once been the head of the nation had just undergone the -punishment of criminals."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Following on those words came this notice:</p> - -<p>"<i>Ambroise</i>, comic opera<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a>."</p> - -<p>The last actor in the drama played fifty years ago, M. de La Fayette -remained upon the scene; the last chorus of the Greek tragedy delivers -the moral of the play:</p> - -<p>"Learn, O blind mortals, to turn your eyes upon the last day of life."</p> - -<p>And I, a spectator seated in an empty play-house, amid deserted boxes -and extinguished lights, remain alone, of my time, before the lowered -curtain, alone with the silence and the night.</p> - - -<div class="sidenote">Armand Carrel.</div> - -<p>Armand Carrel threatened Philip's future even as General La Fayette -beset his past You know how I came to be acquainted with M. -Carrel<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a>; since 1832, I did not cease to keep up relations with him -until the day when I followed him to the Cemetery of Saint-Mandé.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> - -<p>Armand Carrel was melancholy; he began to fear that the French were -incapable of a rational feeling of liberty; he had a vague presentiment -of the shortness of his life: as though it were a thing upon which he -did not rely and to which he attached no value, he was always willing -to risk it on a cast of the die. If he had fallen in his duel with -young Laborie<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a>, about Henry V., his death would at least have had -a great cause and a great stage; probably his funeral would have been -honoured by a great display of bloodshed: he left us for a miserable -quarrel which was not worth a hair of his head.</p> - -<p>He was suffering from one of his native attacks of gloom, when he -inserted an article on myself, in the <i>National</i>, to which I replied by -the following note:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 5 <i>May</i> 1834.</p> - -<p>"Your article, monsieur, is full of that exquisite feeling for -situations and proprieties which places you above all the political -writers of the day. I say nothing to you of your exceptional -talent; you know that I did it ample justice before I had the -honour of knowing you. I do not thank you for your praises: I like -to owe them to what I look upon now as an old friendship. You are -rising very high, monsieur; you are beginning to stand alone, like -all men made for a great fame: gradually the crowd, unable to -follow them, leaves them, and we see them the better because they -hold themselves aloof.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>I tried to console him by another letter, on the 31st of August, when -he was condemned for a newspaper offense. I received the following -reply from him; it shows forth the opinions of the man, his regrets and -his hopes:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">To Monsieur le Vicomte le Chateaubriand</span></p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Monsieur</span>,</p> - -<p>"Your letter of the 31st of August was handed to me only on my -arrival in Paris. I would come to thank you for it, at once, if -I were not obliged to devote the short time which can still be -left to me by the police, who are informed of my return, to a -few preparations for entering prison. Yes, monsieur, here am I -condemned by the bench to six months' imprisonment for a fanciful -offense and by virtue of an equally fanciful piece of legislation; -for the jury wittingly let me go unpunished upon the best-founded -charge, and that in spite of a defense which, so far from -extenuating my crime of telling the truth to the person of King -Louis-Philippe, had aggravated that crime by setting it up as an -established right for the whole of the opposition press. I am glad -that the difficulties of so bold a thesis, as times go, appeared to -you to be almost surmounted by the defense which you read and in -which it was so great an advantage to me to be able to invoke the -authority of the book in which, eighteen years ago, you instructed -your own party in the principles of constitutional responsibility.</p> - -<p>"I often ask myself with a heavy heart what purpose will have -been served by writings such as yours, monsieur, such as those -of the most eminent men of the opinion to which I myself belong, -if, from this agreement between the highest intellects of the -country for the constant defense of the rights of discussion, there -did not at last result, for the bulk of French minds, a resolve -thenceforth to insist upon, under every form of government, to -exact from all victorious systems, whatever they may be, liberty -of thought, speech and writing, as the first condition of all -lawfully exercised authority. Is it not true, monsieur, that when, -under the last government, you asked for the most complete liberty -of discussion, it was not for the momentary service which your -political friends might derive from it in opposition to adversaries -who had forced their way into power by intrigue? There were some -who made use of the press in this way, as they have since proved; -but you, monsieur, asked for liberty of discussion as essential -to the public welfare, as the weapon and general protection of -all ideas, young or old; that is what earned for you, monsieur, -the gratitude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> and respect of opinions to which the Revolution of -July has opened the lists again. That is why our work is incident -on yours, and, when we quote your writings, we do so less from -admiration of the incomparable talent which produced them than -as aspiring to continue the same task at a great distance, young -soldiers as we are of a cause of which you are the most glorious -veteran.</p> - -<p>"What you have wished for thirty years, monsieur, what I would -wish, if I be permitted to mention myself after you, is to secure -to the interests that divide our beautiful France a law of combat -that shall be more humane, more civilized, more brotherly, more -conclusive than civil war. When shall we succeed in bringing -ideas face to face, instead of parties, and lawful and avowable -interests, instead of disguises, egoism and cupidity? When shall -we see speech and persuasion cause those inevitable transactions -which the contest of parties and the shedding of blood also bring -to pass by exhaustion, but too late for the dead in both camps -and, too often, without profit for the wounded and survivors? As -you so sorrowfully say, monsieur, it seems that many lessons have -been wasted and that men no longer know in France what it costs to -take refuge in a despotism that promises silence and repose. We -must none the less continue to speak, write and print; resources -most unforeseen sometimes issue from constancy. And so, of all the -splendid examples which you, monsieur, have set, that which I have -most constantly before my eyes is expressed in one word: Persevere.</p> - -<p>"Accept, monsieur, the sentiments of unalterable affection with -which I am glad to call myself</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 40%;">"Your most devoted servant,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">A. Carrel</span>.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Puteaux</span>, near <span class="smcap">Neuilly</span>, 4 <i>October</i> 1834."</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Armand Carrel in prison.</div> - -<p>M. Carrel was locked up at Sainte-Pélagie; I used to go to see him two -or three times a week: I found him standing behind his window-grating. -He reminded me of his neighbour, a young African lion in the Jardin -des Plantes: motionless at the bars of its cage, the son of the desert -turned its vague and sad look upon the objects outside; one could -see that he would not live. Then M. Carrel and I used to go down the -stairs; the servant of Henry V. walked with the enemy of the Kings in a -damp, dark, narrow yard, surrounded by high walls, like a well. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> -were other Republicans also taking exercise in this yard: those young -and ardent Revolutionaries, with their mustachios, beards, long hairs, -Greek or German caps, pale faces, fierce looks, threatening aspect, -were like those pre-existent souls in Tartarus that had not yet reached -the light; they were preparing to break into life. Their dress acted -upon them as the uniform upon the soldier, as Nessus' blood-stained -shirt upon Hercules: they were an avenging world, which lay hidden -behind the society of the present and which made one shudder.</p> - -<p>In the evening, they met in the room of their leader, Armand Carrel; -they spoke of what would have to be accomplished when they came into -power and of the necessity for bloodshed. Discussions arose on the -"great citizens of the Terror:" some, who were partisans of Marat, were -atheists and materialists; others, who admired Robespierre, adored that -new Christ. Had not St. Robespierre said, in his speech on the Supreme -Being, that belief in God "gives strength to defy misfortune" and that -"innocence on the scaffold made the tyrant turn pale in his triumphal -car?" The hocus-pocus of an executioner who talks meltingly of God, -misfortune, tyranny, scaffolds, in order to persuade men that he kills -only the guilty, and even then in consequence of virtue; the foresight -of evil-doers who, feeling the punishment draw nigh, pose in advance as -Socrates before the judge and try to frighten the blade by threatening -it with their innocence!</p> - -<p>The stay at Sainte-Pélagie did M. Carrel harm: shut up with hot-heads, -he fought against their ideas, blamed them, defied them, nobly refusing -to illuminate his room on the 21st of January; but, at the same time, -he chafed at his sufferings, and his reason was disturbed by the -murderous sophistry that resounded in his ears.</p> - -<p>The mothers, sisters and wives of those young men came to look after -them in the mornings and to do their rooms. One day, as I was passing -along the dark corridor which led to M. Carrel's room, I heard a -bewitching voice issue from a neighbouring den: a beautiful woman, -hatless, with her hair hanging loose, was sitting on the edge of a -pallet-bed, mending the tattered clothes of a kneeling prisoner, who -seemed less the captive of Philip than of the woman at whose feet he -was chained.</p> - -<p>M. Carrel, delivered from his captivity, came, in his turn, to see me. -A few days before his fatal hour had struck,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> he came to bring me the -number of the <i>National</i> in which he had taken the trouble to insert an -article on my <i>Essais sur la littérature anglaise</i>, in which article he -had, with too much praise, quoted the concluding pages of those Essays. -After his death, they gave me that article written entirely in his own -hand, and I keep it as a token of his friendship. "After his death:" -what words I have just written without noticing it!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Armand Carrel's duel.</div> - -<p>Though forming a necessary supplement to laws which take no cognizance -of offenses against honour, the duel is a horrible thing, especially -when it destroys a life full of hopes and robs society of one of -those rare men who came only after the labour of a century, in the -concatenation of certain ideas and certain events. Carrel fell in the -wood that saw the Duc d'Enghien fall: the shade of the grandson of the -Great Condé served as a witness to the illustrious plebeian and took -him with it. That fatal wood has twice made me weep: at least I cannot -reproach myself for having, in those two catastrophes, failed in what I -owed to my sympathies and my grief.</p> - -<p>M. Carrel, who, in his other meetings, had never dreamt of death, -thought of it before this one: he employed the night in writing his -last wishes, as though he had been warned of the result of the combat. -At eight o'clock in the morning, on the 22nd of July 1836, he went with -a quick, light step to those shadows where the roebuck gambols at that -hour.</p> - -<p>Placed at the distance measured out, he moved swiftly forwards, -fired without turning sideways, as was his custom: it would seem as -though there were never enough danger for him. Wounded to the death -and supported in the arms of his friends, as he passed before his -adversary<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a>, who was himself wounded, he said to him:</p> - -<p>"Are you in great pain, sir?"</p> - -<p>Armand Carrel was as gentle as he was fearless.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the 22nd, I heard of the accident too late; on the morning of the -23rd, I went to Saint-Mandé: M. Carrel's friends were most exceedingly -anxious. I wanted to go in, but the surgeon observed that my presence -might over-excite the patient and dissipate the faint glimmer of hope -that still remained. I went away in consternation. The next day, the -24th, when I was making ready to return to Saint-Mandé, Hyacinthe, whom -I had sent ahead of me, came to tell me that the unfortunate young man -had expired at half-past five, after suffering atrocious pain: life in -all its force had waged a desperate fight with death.</p> - - -<p class="p2">The funeral took place on Tuesday the 26th. M. Carrel's father and -brother had arrived from Rouen. I found them gathered in a little room -with three or four of the most intimate companions of the man whose -loss we were mourning. They embraced me and M. Carrel's father said to -me:</p> - -<p>"Armand would have been a Christian like his father, his mother, his -brothers, his sisters; the hand of the clock had but a few hours to -travel over in order to reach the same point on its face."</p> - -<p>I shall eternally regret that I was not able to see Carrel on his -death-bed: I should not have despaired, at the last moment, of making -the hand "travel over" the space beyond which it would have stopped at -the hour of the Christian.</p> - -<p>Armand Carrel was not so irreligious as has been supposed; he had -doubts: when from fixed incredulity a man passes to indecision, he is -very near to arriving at certainty. A few days before his death, he -said:</p> - -<p>"I would give the whole of this life to believe in the other."</p> - -<p>When reporting the suicide of M. Sautelet<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a>, he wrote this powerful -passage:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I have been able to carry my life, in thought, to that instant, -swift as lightning, in which the sight of objects, the power of -movement, speech and perception will escape me and the last forces -of my mind will gather to form the one idea, 'I am dying;' but of -the minute, the second that will immediately follow I have always -had an undefinable dread; my imagination has always refused to -guess at any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> part of it. The depths of hell are a thousand times -less terrible to measure than that universal uncertainty:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -. . . . . . . To die; to sleep;<br /> -To sleep! Perchance to dream<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a>!<br /> -</p> - -<p>"I have seen in all men, whatever their strength of character -or belief, that same inability to go beyond their last earthly -impression. There we lose our heads, as though, on reaching that -boundary, we found ourselves suspended over a precipice of ten -thousand feet. We drive away that terrifying sight to go to fight -a duel, deliver an assault on a redoubt or face a stormy sea; we -even seem to sneer at life; we display a bold, contented, serene -countenance; but that is because our imagination reveals success -rather than death, because our minds are much less exercised upon -the dangers than upon the means of escaping them<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a>."</p></blockquote> - - -<div class="sidenote">Armand Carrel's funeral.</div> - -<p>These words are remarkable in the mouth of a man fated to be killed in -a duel.</p> - -<p>In 1800, when I returned to France, I did not know that a friend was -being born to me on the shore where I was landing<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a>. In 1836, I -saw that friend lowered into the grave without those consolations of -religion of which I brought back the memory to my country in the first -year of the century.</p> - -<p>I followed the coffin from the residence of the deceased to the place -of burial; I walked beside M. Carrel's father and gave my arm to M. -Arago: M. Arago has measured the Heaven which I have sung. On reaching -the gate of the little rural cemetery, the procession stopped; speeches -were delivered. The absence of the cross informed me that the emblem of -my affliction was to remain enclosed in the depths of my soul.</p> - -<p>Six years before, during the Days of July, passing in front of the -colonnade of the Louvre, near an open grave, I met young men who -carried me back to the Luxembourg, when I was going to make my protest -in favour of a Royalty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> which they had just overthrown<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a>; after six -years, I was returning, on the anniversaries of the July festivals, -to associate myself with the regrets of those young Republicans, even -as they had associated themselves with my fidelity. How strange is -destiny! Armand Carrel breathed his last in the house of an officer of -the Royal Guard<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> who did not take the oath to Philip; I, a Royalist -and a Christian, have had the honour of bearing a corner of the pall -which covered noble ashes, but which will not hide them.</p> - -<p>Many kings, princes, ministers, men who thought themselves powerful, -have gone off before me: I have not condescended to raise my hat to -their coffin or devote a word to their memory. I have found more to -study and depict in the intermediary ranks of society than in those -which make men wear their livery; a gold-laced cloak is not worth the -morsel of flannel which the bullet drove into Carrel's body.</p> - -<p>Carrel, who remembers you? The mediocrities and poltroons whom your -death delivered from your superiority and their fears and I, who was -not of your views. Who thinks of you? Who remembers you? I congratulate -you on having, at one step, finished a journey whose prolonged passage -becomes so disgusting and so lonely, on having brought the end of your -march within the range of a pistol, a distance which to you appeared -still too great and which you hastened to reduce to a sword's length.</p> - -<p>I envy those who have departed before me: like Cæsar's soldiers at -Brundusium, from the top of the rocks on shore I cast my eyes upon the -main sea and gaze towards Epirus to look if I can see the ships which -have taken over the first legions come back to carry me across in my -turn.</p> - -<p>After reading the above lines again, in 1839, I will add that, having, -in 1837, visited M. Carrel's grave, I found it much neglected, but -I saw a black wooden cross which the dead man's sister Nathalie had -planted near him. I paid Vaudran, the grave-digger, eighteen francs -that remained owing for trellis-work; I instructed him to tend the -grave, to sow grass on it and keep it adorned with flowers. At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> each -new season, I go to Saint-Mandé to discharge what is due and to make -sure that my intentions have been faithfully fulfilled<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a>.</p> - - -<p>As I am preparing to end my recollections and taking a last look round, -I perceive women whom I have involuntarily forgotten; like angels -grouped at the bottom of my picture, they stand leaning against the -frame to watch the end of my life.</p> - -<p>In former days, I met women who were known or celebrated in different -ways. Women have changed their manner of being to-day: are they worth -more, are they worth less? It is only natural that I should incline -towards the past; but the past is surrounded by a mist through which -objects assume an agreeable and often deceptive complexion. My youth, -to which I can never go back again, produces the effect upon me of a -grandmother; I hardly remember it and I should be charmed to see it -once more.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A Lady from Louisiana.</div> - -<p>A Louisianan lady came to see me from the Mississippi: I thought that -I was setting eyes upon the virgin of the last loves. Célestine wrote -me several letters: they might have been dated from the "Moon of the -Flowers;" she showed me fragments of Memoirs which she had composed in -the savannahs of Alabama. Some time after, Célestine wrote to me that -she was busy with a dress for her presentation at the Court of Philip: -I resumed my bear's skin. Célestine has changed into an alligator from -the water of the Floridas: may Heaven grant her peace and love, for as -long as those things last!</p> - - -<p class="p2">There are persons who, by thrusting themselves between you and the -past, prevent your memories from coming to your recollection; there -are others who become mingled from the first with what you have been. -Madame Tastu<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> produces this latter effect. She has a natural turn -of expression; she has left the Gallic jargon to those who believe that -they make themselves younger by disguising themselves in the cloaks of -our ancestors. Favorinus<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> said to a Roman who affected to talk the -language of the Twelve Tables<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a>:</p> - -<p>"You want to speak with the mother<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> of Evander."</p> - -<p>Since I have touched upon antiquity, I will say a few words on the -women of its peoples and descend the ladder down to our own time. The -Greek women sometimes celebrated philosophy; more often they followed -another divinity: Sappho<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> has remained the immortal sibyl of -Cnidus; we know very little now of what Corinna<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> did after she had -conquered Pindar<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a>. Aspasia taught Socrates to know Venus:</p> - -<p>"Socrates, observe my lessons. Fill thyself with poetic enthusiasm: -by its potent charm thou shalt know how to win the object that thou -lovest; thou shalt enchain her to the sound of the lyre, by carrying -the finished image of thy passion through her ear to her heart."</p> - -<p>The breath of the Muses, passing over the women of Rome without -inspiring them, came to quicken the nation of Clovis, still in its -cradle. The <i>langue d'Oyl</i> had Marie de France<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a>; the <i>langue d'Oc</i> -the Dame de Die<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a>, who, in her castle of Vaucluse, complained of a -cruel friend:</p> - -<p>"I would know, my gentle and fair friend, why you treat me so fiercely -and so harshly:"</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Per que vos m'etz tan fers, ni tan salvatges.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> - -<p>The middle-ages handed those ballads on to the Renascence. Loyse -Labé<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> said:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Oh! si j'étois en ce beau sein ravie</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">De celui-là pour lequel vais mourant<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a>!</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Mediæval poetesses.</div> - -<p>Clémence de Bourges<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a>, surnamed the Oriental Pearl, who was buried -with her face uncovered and her head crowned with flowers because of -her beauty; the two Margarets<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> and Mary Stuart<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a>, all three -Queens, expressed ingenuous frailties in ingenuous language.</p> - -<p>I had an aunt at about that period of our Parnassus: Madame Claude de -Chateaubriand; but I am more embarrassed with Madame Claude than with -Mademoiselle de Boistelleul. Madame Claude, disguising herself under -the name of the Lover, addresses her seventy sonnets to her mistress. -Reader, forgive my Aunt Claude's two-and-twenty years: <i>parcendum -teneris.</i> If my Aunt de Boistelleul was more discreet, she reckoned -fifteen lustres and a half when she was singing, and the traitor -Trémigon no longer appeared before her old Warbler's thought save as a -Sparrow-hawk<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a>.</p> - -<p>When the language was settled, liberty of sentiment and thought -contracted. One remembers hardly any one, under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> Louis XIV., expect -Madame Deshoulières<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a>, by turns too much extolled and too much -depreciated. Elegy extended, through woman's sorrow, under the reign -of Louis XV. to the reign of Louis XVI., when the great elegies -of the people commence; the old school came to die with Madame de -Bourdic<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a>, who is but little known to-day, although she left a -remarkable Ode on Silence.</p> - -<p>The new school has thrown its thoughts into another mould: Madame -Tastu walks in the midst of the modern choir of poetesses in prose -or verse, the Allarts<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a>, the Waldors<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a>, the Valmores<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a>, the -Ségalas<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a>, the Révoils<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a>, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> Mercœurs<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a>, and so on, and -so on: <i>Castalidum turba.</i> Must we regret that, following the example -of the Aonides, she has not celebrated the passion which, according to -antiquity, smooths the brow of Cocytus and makes it smile at Orpheus' -sighing? At Madame Tastu's concerts, love recites only hymns borrowed -from foreign voices. This reminds me of what is related of Madame -Malibran<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a>: when she wanted to tell of a bird whose name she had -forgotten, she used to imitate its song.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Gorge Sand.</div> - -<p>George Sand<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a>, otherwise Madame Dudevant, having spoken of <i>René</i> -in the <i>Revue des Deux-Mondes</i><a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a>, I thanked her; she did not reply. -Some time after, she sent me <i>Lélia</i>: I did not reply. Soon a short -explanation took place between us:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I venture to hope that you will forgive me for not having answered -the flattering letter which you were good enough to send me when -I spoke of <i>René</i> in writing on <i>Obermann.</i> I did not know how to -thank you for all the kind expressions which you have used towards -my books.</p> - -<p>"I have sent you <i>Lélia</i>, and I anxiously desire that it may -obtain the same protection from you. The fairest privilege of -an universally accepted glory like your own is to welcome and -encourage at their start those inexperienced writers for whom there -can be no lasting success without your patronage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> - -<p>"Accept the assurance of my high admiration and believe me, -monsieur,</p> - -<p>"One of your most faithful believers,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">George Sand</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>At the end of October<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a>, Madame Sand gave me her new novel, -<i>Jacques</i>: I accepted the present.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"30 <i>October</i> 1834.</p> - -<p>"I hasten, madame, to offer you my sincere thanks. I am going to -read <i>Jacques</i> in Fontainebleau Forest or at the sea-side. Were -I younger, I should be less brave; but my years will defend me -against solitude, without taking anything from the passionate -admiration which I profess for your talent and which I hide from -nobody. You have attached a new enchantment, madame, to that city -of dreams whence I set out, in former days, for Greece with a -whole world of illusions: returning to his starting-point, René -lately aired his memories and his regrets on the Lido, between -Childe-Harold, who had vanished, and Lelia about to appear.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Madame Sand possesses a talent of the first order; her descriptions -have the truth of those of Rousseau in his <i>Rêveries</i><a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> and of -Bernardin de Saint-Pierre in his <i>Études.</i><a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> Her frank style is -tainted with none of the faults of the day. <i>Lélia</i>, though painful -to read and offering none of the delicious scenes of <i>Indiana</i> and -<i>Valentine</i>, is nevertheless a master-piece of its kind: of the nature -of an orgy, it is without passion, but perturbing like passion; it -lacks soul, and yet it weighs upon the heart; the depravity of its -maxims, its insults thrown at rectitude of life could go no further -than they do; but over that abyss the author sends down her talent In -the Valley of Gomorrah, the dew falls at night upon the Dead Sea.</p> - -<p>The works of Madame Sand, her novels, the poetry of matter, are born -of the time. In spite of her superiority, it is to be feared that the -author has, by the very nature of her works, narrowed the circle of her -readers. George<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> Sand will never belong to every age. Of two men of -equal genius, of whom one preaches order, the other disorder, the first -will attract the greater number of admirers: the human race refuses -to accord unanimous applause to that which offends, morality, the -pillow on which the weak and the just sleep; we can hardly associate -with all the memories of our life books which caused our first blush, -books whose pages we did not learn by heart on leaving the cradle, -books which we have read only by stealth, which have not been our -acknowledged and cherished companions, which are connected with neither -the purity of our sentiments nor the integrity of our innocence. -Providence has confined successes that do not take their origin in good -within strait limits and has given universal glory as an encouragement -to virtue.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Her particular talent.</div> - -<p>I am arguing here, I know, like a man whose restricted sight does not -embrace the immense "humanitarian" horizon, like a reactionary attached -to a ridiculous moral system, a decrepit moral system of olden time, -good at most for unenlightened minds, in the infancy of society. A -new Gospel is about to take birth forthwith, placed far above the -commonplaces of that conventional wisdom which arrests the progress -of mankind and the rehabilitation of that poor body of ours, so sadly -slandered by the soul. When the women will be running about the -streets, when it will be sufficient, in order to get married, to open a -window and summon God to the wedding as witness, priest and guest: then -all prudery will be destroyed; there will be nuptials everywhere and -we shall rise, like the doves, to nature's level. My criticism of the -taste of Madame Sand's works would, therefore, possess a certain value -only in the vulgar order of past things; wherefore I hope that she will -not be offended by it: the admiration which I profess for her must make -her excuse remarks which owe their origin to the infelicity of my age. -In former days, I should have been more carried away by the Muses; -those daughters of the olden sky were my fair mistresses: they keep me -company in the evening in the chimney-corner, but they soon leave me, -for I go to bed early, and they go to sit up by Madame Sand's fire-side.</p> - -<p>No doubt Madame Sand will in this way prove her intellectual -omnipotence, and yet she will please less, because she will be less -original: she will believe herself to be increasing her power by -sounding the depths of those reveries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> under which she buries us vulgar -men, and she will be mistaken; for she stands far above that pit, that -watery hollow, that proud balderdash. While we have to put a rare, but -too flexible faculty on its guard against the follies of superiority, -we must also warn it that fantastic writings, intimate descriptions, to -employ the jargon of the day, are limited, that their source lies in -youth, that each moment of time dries up a few drops of it and that, -after a certain number of productions, we end with feeble repetitions.</p> - -<p>Is it quite sure that Madame Sand will always find the same charm in -what she is writing to-day? Will not the merit and allurement of the -passions of twenty years depreciate in her mind, even as the works -of my early days have lost their value in mine? It is only the works -of the Ancient Muse that do not change, supported as they are by the -nobility of manners, the beauty of language and the majesty of those -sentiments bestowed upon the whole human race. The fourth book of the -<i>Æneid</i> remains for ever exposed to the admiration of men, because -it is hung up in the sky. The fleet carrying the founder of the Roman -Empire; Dido, the foundress of Carthage, stabbing herself after -foretelling the coming of Hannibal:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a>;</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Love causing the rivalry of Rome and Carthage to blaze forth from its -torch, setting fire to the funeral pile whose flame the flying Æneas -sees on the waves: these are very different from the walk of a dreamer -in a wood or the disappearance of a libertine who drowns himself in a -pond. Madame Sand will, I hope, link her talent with subjects worthy of -her genius.</p> - -<p>Madame Sand can be converted only by the preaching of that missionary -with the bald forehead and the white beard whose name is Time. At -present, a less austere voice enchains the poet's captive ear. Now -I am convinced that Madame Sand's talent is in some way rooted in -corruption; she would become commonplace if she became timorous. The -case would be different if she had always remained within the sanctuary -unfrequented by men; her power of love, restrained and hidden under the -virginal fillet, would have drawn from her bosom those decent melodies -which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> suggest the woman and the angel. Be this as it may, boldness -of doctrine and voluptuousness of manners are a field which had not -yet been cleared by a daughter of Adam and which, delivered to female -cultivation, has produced a harvest of unknown flowers. Let us leave -Madame Sand to bring forth perilous marvels till the winter; she will -sing no more "when the cold winds blow:" meantime let us permit her, -less improvident than the grasshopper, to make a provision of glory for -the time when there shall be a dearth of pleasure. Musarion's mother -used to say to her:</p> - -<p>"Thou wilt not always be sixteen.... Will Ch‚‚‚æreas always remember -his oaths, his tears and his kisses<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a>?"</p> - -<p>For the rest, many women have been seduced and as it were carried -off by their young years: when the autumn days come, brought back to -the maternal hearth, they have added to their cithern the grave or -plaintive string on which religion or misfortune is expressed. Old age -is a nocturnal traveller: the earth is hidden to her and she no longer -discerns aught save the sky shining over her head.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Her eccentricities.</div> - -<p>I have not seen Madame Sand dressed as a man or wearing the smock-frock -and the ferruled stick of the mountaineer; I have not seen her drink -of the bacchantes' cup or smoke, seated indolently on a sofa, like a -sultana: these are natural or affected singularities that would add -nothing, in my eyes, to her charm or her genius.</p> - -<p>Is she more inspired when she sends a cloud from her mouth to mount -up around her hair? Did Lélia escape from her mother's brain through -a burning puff of smoke, even as Sin, according to Milton, issued -from the head of the beautiful, guilty archangel amid a whirl of -flame<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a>? I do not know what happens in the Heavens; but, here below, -Néméade<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a>, Phila<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> Lais<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a>, the witty Gnathæna<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a>, -Phryne<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a>, the despair of Apelles'<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> pencil and Praxiteles'<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> -chisel, Lesena<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a>, who was loved by Harmodius<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>, the two sisters -surnamed Aphyes, because they were slender and had large eyes, Dorica, -whose head-band and perfumed robe were dedicated in the temple of -Venus: all these enchantresses, in fine, knew none but the perfumes of -Araby. Madame Sand, it is true, has on her side the authority of the -Odalisks and the young Mexican girls who dance with a cigar between -their lips.</p> - -<p>After a few superior women and so many charming women whom I have met, -after those daughters of the earth who said, like Madame Sand, with -Sappho, "Come, in our delicious banquets, O mother of Eros, to fill -our goblets with the nectar of the roses," what effect did the sight -of Madame Sand have on me? Placing myself alternately in the domain of -fiction and truth, I find the author of <i>Valentine</i> making two very -different impressions upon me. In the domain of fiction: I will not -speak of that, for I must have ceased to understand its language. In -that of reality: as a man of a serious age, entertaining notions of -seemliness, attaching, as a Christian, the highest price to the timid -virtues of woman, I could not say how unhappy I was made at the sight -of so many fine qualities abandoned to those prodigal and fickle hours -which consume and fly.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 1838.</p> - -<p>In the spring of this year 1838, I busied myself with the <i>Congrès -de Vérone</i><a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a>, which I was obliged to publish by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> terms of my -literary engagements: I have told you of it in its proper place in -these Memoirs.</p> - -<p>A man has gone<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a>: that guard of the aristocracy escorts to the rear -the mighty plebeians who have already departed. When M. de Talleyrand -first appeared in my political career, I said a few words about -him<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a>. Now his whole existence has become known to me through his -last hour, to use the fine expression of one of the ancients.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand.</div> - -<p>I have had relations with M. de Talleyrand: as a man of honour, I have -been faithful to him, as the reader will have observed, especially -in the matter of the disagreement at Mons, when I most gratuitously -ruined myself for him<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a>. I was too simple; I shared in anything -that happened to him of a disagreeable character; I pitied him when -Maubreuil slapped his face<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a>. There was a time when he ran after -me in a coquettish manner; he wrote to me at Ghent, as you have read, -that I was a "strong man<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a>;" when I was staying in the Rue des -Capucines, he sent me, with perfect gallantry, a seal of the Foreign -Office, a talisman doubtless engraved under his constellation. It is, -perhaps, because I did not abuse his generosity that he became my enemy -without any provocation on my part, if it was not because of a few -successes which I obtained and which were not his handiwork. His tattle -ran through society and did not offend, for M. de Talleyrand could not -offend any one; but his intemperance of language has released me and, -since he permitted himself to judge me, he left me free to make use of -the same right in respect to him.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand's vanity duped him: he mistook the part which he -played for his genius; he thought himself a prophet, while deceiving -himself in all things; his authority had no value in matters concerning -the future; he was quite unable to see ahead: he saw only behind him. -Deprived of the strength of the outlook and light of conscience, he -discovered nothing like superior intelligence, he appreciated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> nothing -like uprightness. He made much of the accidents of fortune, when those -accidents, which he never foresaw, had taken place, but only for -himself personally. He knew nothing of that large ambition in which the -interests of public glory are wrapped as the most profitable treasure -for private interests. M. de Talleyrand, therefore, does not belong -to the class of beings calculated to become one of those fantastic -creatures to whom men's opinions, whether forced or deceived, are -constantly adding fanciful attributes. Nevertheless it is certain that -several sentiments, agreeing with one another for different reasons, -concur to form an imaginary Talleyrand.</p> - -<p>In the first place, the kings, the Cabinets, the former Foreign -Ministers, the ambassadors who were once that man's dupes and who were -always incapable of fathoming him are anxious to prove that they bowed -only before a real superiority: they would have taken off their hats -to Bonaparte's scullion. Then again, the members of the old French -aristocracy who are connected with M. de Talleyrand are proud to -number in their ranks a man who had the kindness to assure them of his -greatness. Lastly, the Revolutionaries and the immoral generations, -while railing against names, have a sneaking fondness for the -aristocracy: those singular neophytes eagerly aspire to its baptism and -think that they will learn fine manners from it. The prince's double -apostasy at the same time charms another side of the young Democrats' -self-love: for they conclude from it that their cause is the right one -and that a noble and a priest are very contemptible persons.</p> - -<p>Be it as it may with these obstacles to a true insight, M. de -Talleyrand is not of the height to create a lasting illusion; he has -not in him a great enough power of growth to turn lies into an increase -of stature. He has been seen too near; he will not live, because his -life is not connected with a national idea that survives him, nor with -a celebrated action, nor with a peerless talent, nor with a useful -discovery, nor with an epoch-making conception. Existence through -virtue is forbidden him; dangers did not so much as deign to honour his -days: he spent the Reign of Terror away from his country and returned -only when the forum had become transformed into an antechamber.</p> - -<p>Diplomatic monuments go to prove Talleyrand's relative mediocrity: -you cannot quote a fact held in any esteem that belongs to him. Under -Bonaparte, no important negociation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> was his; when he was free to -act alone, he allowed occasions to escape him and spoilt what he -touched. It is well averred that he was the cause of the death of -the Duc d'Enghien; that stain of blood cannot be wiped out: so far -from over-drawing the minister when telling the story of the Prince's -murder, I spared him a great deal too much.</p> - -<p>In his affirmations contrary to the truth, M. de Talleyrand displayed -terrible effrontery. I have not spoken, in the <i>Congrès de Vérone</i>, of -the speech which he read to the Chamber of Peers with reference to the -address on the Spanish War; that speech opened with these solemn words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It is sixteen years to-day since I was called upon by him who -was then governing the world to give him my opinion as to the -struggle to be engaged upon with the Spanish people, when I had -the misfortune to displease him by unveiling the future to him, -by revealing to him all the dangers which were about to arise in -a mass from an act of aggression which was as unjust as it was -reckless. My disgrace was the fruit of my sincerity. How strange -is the destiny that brings me back, after this long space of time, -to repeat with the Legitimate Sovereign the same efforts, the same -advice<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a>!"</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand's lies.</div> - -<p>There are lapses of memory or lies that are terrifying: you open your -ears, you rub your eyes, not knowing whether to believe that you are -waking or sleeping. When the retailer of those imperturbable assertions -descends the tribune and goes impassively to sit down in his seat, -you follow him with your eyes, hung up as you are between a kind of -dismay and a sort of admiration: you are not sure that that man has not -received from nature an authority so great that he has the power of -reconstructing or annihilating truth.</p> - -<p>I did not reply; it seemed to me as though the shade of Bonaparte was -about to ask leave to speak and to repeat the terrible contradiction -which he had once given M. de Talleyrand. Witnesses of that scene were -sitting among the peers, among others M. le Comte de Montesquiou<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a>; -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> virtuous Duc de Doudeauville<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> has described it to me: he had -it from the lips of the same M. de Montesquiou, his brother-in-law; M. -le Comte de Cessac<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a>, who was present at that scene, tells it to -whoever cares to listen to him: he thought that the great elector would -be arrested on leaving the Emperor's closet. Napoleon, in his rage, -apostrophizing his pallid minister, shouted:</p> - -<p>"It suits you well to decry the Spanish War, you who advised me to -embark on it, you from whom I have a heap of letters in which you try -to prove to me that that war was as essential as it was politic<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>."</p> - -<p>Those letters disappeared at the time of the abduction of the archives -in the Tuileries, in 1814<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a>.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand declared, in his speech, that he had had "the -misfortune to displease "Bonaparte" by unveiling the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> future to him, -by revealing to him all the dangers which were about to arise from -an act of aggression which was as unjust as it was reckless." Let -M. de Talleyrand console himself in his grave: he did not have that -misfortune; he must not add that calamity to all the afflictions of his -life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand's diplomatic errors.</div> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand's principal mistake as against the Legitimacy was that -he deterred Louis XVIII. from concluding the proposed marriage between -the Duc de Berry and a Russian Princess<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a>; M. de Talleyrand's -unpardonable mistake as against France was that he consented to the -revolting Treaties of Vienna.</p> - -<p>The result of M. de Talleyrand's negociations is that we are left -without frontiers: a battle lost at Metz or Coblentz would bring the -enemy's cavalry under the walls of Paris in a week. Under the Old -Monarchy, not only was France enclosed within a circle of fortresses, -but she was defended on the Rhine by the independent States of Germany. -It was necessary to invade the electorates or negociate with them in -order to reach us. On another frontier stood Switzerland, a neutral and -free country; she had no roads; no one would violate her territory. -The Pyrenees were impassable, guarded as they were by the Spanish -Bourbons. That is what M. de Talleyrand failed to understand; those are -the mistakes which will for ever condemn him as a politician: mistakes -which, in one day, deprived us of the work of Louis XIV. and the -victories of Napoleon.</p> - -<p>It has been contended that his policy was superior to Napoleon's: -in the first place, we must well bear in mind that a man is purely -and simply a clerk, when he holds the portfolio of a conqueror who -every morning puts into it the bulletin of a victory that changes the -geography of States. When Napoleon had once become inebriated, he made -mistakes so enormous as to strike every eye: M. de Talleyrand probably -perceived them, like everybody else; but that points to no lynx-like -vision. He compromised himself in a strange fashion in the catastrophe -of the Duc d'Enghien; he was mistaken about the Spanish War of 1808, -although he tried, later, to disown his advice and take back his words.</p> - -<p>However, an actor creates no illusion, if he is utterly unprovided -with means of fascinating the pit: therefore the prince's life was -a perpetual deception. Knowing what he lacked, he avoided, shunned -whosoever was able to know<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> him: his constant study was not to allow -his measure to be taken; he withdrew into silence at seasonable -times; he concealed himself during the three dumb hours which he -devoted to whist. Men wondered that so great a capacity could descend -to the amusements of the vulgar: who knows if that capacity was not -partitioning empires while sorting the four knaves in his hand? -During those moments of juggling, he inwardly worded some effective -phrase, inspired by a pamphlet of the morning or a conversation of -the evening. If he took you on one side to render you illustrious by -his conversation, his chief manner of seduction was to load you with -praises, to call you the hope of the future, to prophesy brilliant -destinies for you, to give you a bill of exchange as a great man, drawn -upon himself and payable at sight; but, if he thought that your faith -in him was a little open to suspicion, if he perceived that you did not -sufficiently admire a few short sentences with pretensions of depth, -but with nothing behind them, he went away, lest he should allow the -end of his wit to come to the surface. He would have told a good story, -were it not that his jests fell upon an underling or a fool, at whose -cost he amused himself without danger, or upon a victim, attached to -his person, who formed a butt for his jokes. He was unable to keep up a -serious conversation: the third time that he opened his lips, his ideas -evaporated.</p> - -<p>Old engravings of the "Abbé de Périgord" represent a very pretty man; -as he grew old, M. de Talleyrand's face had turned into a death's head: -his eyes were dull, so that one had a difficulty in reading them, which -served his purpose. As he had received a great deal of contempt, he had -soaked himself in it and placed it in the two hanging corners of his -mouth.</p> - -<p>A great manner, which came from his birth, a strict observance of the -niceties, a cold and disdainful air contributed to keep up the illusion -that surrounded the Prince de Bénévent. His manners exercised an empire -over second-rate people and the men of the new society, to whom the -society of the old days was unknown. Formerly one met persons at every -turn whose ways resembled M. de Talleyrand's, and one took no notice -of them; but, almost alone in the field in the midst of democratic -customs, he appeared a phenomenon: in order to submit to the yoke of -his forms, it suited self-love to ascribe to the minister's wit the -ascendant exercised by his breeding.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> - -<p>When, occupying a considerable place, you find yourself mixed up with -prodigious revolutions, these give you a chance importance which the -common herd take for your personal merit: lost in Bonaparte's rays, -M. de Talleyrand shone, under the Restoration, with the brightness -borrowed from a fortune that was not his. The accidental position of -the Prince de Bénévent permitted him to attribute to himself the power -of overthrowing Napoleon and the honour of restoring Louis XVIII.: -have I myself, like all those gapers, not been foolish enough to fall -into that fable? When I was better informed, I came to know that M. de -Talleyrand was not a political Warwick: his arm lacked the strength -that lays low and raises thrones.</p> - -<p>Impartial numskulls say:</p> - -<p>"We agree, he was a very immoral man; but what ability!"</p> - -<p>Alas, no! That hope must be lost too, so consoling for his enthusiasts, -so desirable in the interests of the prince's memory: the hope of -making M. de Talleyrand a demon. Beyond certain ordinary negociations, -at the bottom of which he had the cleverness to place his personal -interest in the first rank, there was nothing to be expected of M. de -Talleyrand.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand's mediocrity.</div> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand kept up a few habits and a few maxims for the use of -the sycophants and worthless fellows of his intimate circle. His toilet -in public, copied after that of a minister in Vienna, was a triumph -of diplomacy. He boasted of never being in a hurry; he boasted that -time is our enemy and that we must kill it: by this he reckoned to be -occupied for only a few moments.</p> - -<p>But, as, in the last result, M. de Talleyrand did not succeed in -transforming his idleness into a master-piece, it is probable that he -was mistaken in talking of the necessity of getting rid of time: we -triumph over time only by creating immortal things; with works that -have no future, with frivolous distractions, we do not kill it: we -waste it.</p> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand entered into office<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> on the recommendation of -Madame de Staël, who obtained his appointment from Chénier. He was then -very destitute and he began to make his fortune five or six times over -again: by the million which he received from Portugal in the hope of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> -signature of peace with the Directory, a peace which was never signed; -by the purchase of Belgian bonds on the Peace of Amiens, of which -he, M. de Talleyrand, knew before it was known to the public; by the -erection of the short-lived Kingdom of Etruria; by the secularization -of the ecclesiastical properties of Germany; by the jobbing of his -opinions at the Congress of Vienna. The prince went so far as to try -to make over some old papers in our archives to Austria; but this time -he was duped by M. de Metternich, who religiously returned him the -originals, after having copies taken of them.</p> - -<p>Incapable of writing a single sentence unaided, M. de Talleyrand -made men work competently under him: when, by dint of erasions and -alterations, his secretary had succeeded in drafting his dispatches -to his liking, he copied them out with his own hand. I have heard him -read, from the Memoirs which he commenced, a few pleasing details -about his youth. As he varied in his tastes, detesting to-morrow what -he loved yesterday, if those Memoirs exist in their entirety, which I -doubt, and if he has preserved the opposite versions, it is probable -that his judgments on the same fact and especially on the same man -will contradict each other outrageously. I do not believe in the story -that the manuscripts have been deposited in England; the order which, -they pretend, has been given to publish them not before forty years -hence<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> seems to me a piece of posthumous jugglery.</p> - -<p>Slothful and without attainments, with a frivolous nature and a -dissipated heart, the Prince de Bénévent gloried in that which ought -to have humbled his pride, in remaining standing after the fall of -empires. The minds of the first order which produce revolutions -disappear; the minds of the second order which profit by them survive. -Those persons of the morrow and of their wits preside at the march-past -of the generations; it is their business to endorse the passports, to -confirm the sentence: M. de Talleyrand was of that inferior species; he -signed events, he did not make them.</p> - -<p>To survive governments, to remain when a power goes, to declare one's -self permanent, to boast of belonging only to the country, of being the -man of things and not the man of individuals: that is the fatuousness -of an uneasy egoism, which strives to hide its want of elevation under -lofty words.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> Nowadays we count many of those unruffled characters, -many of those citizens of the soil: still, if there is to be any -greatness in growing old like the hermit in the ruins of the Coliseum, -they must be guarded with a cross; M. de Talleyrand had trodden his -underfoot.</p> - -<p>Our species is divided into two unequal parts: the men of death, loved -by death, a chosen band which is born again; the men of life, forgotten -by life, a multitude condemned to annihilation which is born no more. -The temporary existence of these latter consists of name, credit, -place, fortune; their fame, their authority, their power fade away with -their person: closed are their drawing-room and their coffin, closed -is their destiny. Thus befell M. de Talleyrand; his mummy, before -descending into its crypt, was shown for a moment in London<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a>, as -the representative of the corpse-like Royalty that reigns over us.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand's depravity.</div> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand betrayed all governments and, I repeat, raised or -overthrew none. He had no real superiority, in the sincere acceptance -of those two words. A fry of trite prosperities, so common in -aristocratic life, does not take a man two feet beyond the grave. -The evil which is not worked with a terrible explosion, the evil -parsimoniously exerted by the slave for the master's benefit is no -more than turpitude. Vice, the pander of crime, enters into domestic -service. Suppose M. de Talleyrand a plebeian, poor, obscure, having, -besides his immorality, nothing save his incontestable drawing-room -wit: we should certainly never have heard speak of him. Take away -from M. de Talleyrand the debased great lord, the married priest, the -degraded bishop: what remains to him? His reputation and his successes -have depended on that treble depravity.</p> - -<p>The comedy with which the prelate crowned his eighty-two years is a -pitiful thing: first, to give a proof of strength, he went to pronounce -at the Institute the common eulogy of a poor German dolt<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> whom he -did not care about. In spite of all the sights with which our eyes -have been glutted, people lined up to see the great man go out<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a>; -next, he came to die at home, like Diocletian, showing himself to the -universe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> The crowd gaped at the last moments<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> of that prince -three parts rotten, with a gangrenous aperture in his side, his head -falling on his breast in spite of the bandage that supported it, he -disputing minute by minute his reconciliation with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> Heaven, his niece -playing beside him a part long prepared between a priest who was -imposed upon and a little girl who was deceived. Weary of resistance, -when his power of speech was about to leave him, he signed (or perhaps -he did not even sign) the disavowal of his early adhesion to the -Constitutional Church; but without giving any sign of repentance, -without fulfilling the Christian's last duties, without retracting -the immorality and scandal of his life. Never did pride appear so -contemptible, admiration so foolish, piety so greatly duped. Rome, -always prudent, did not make the retractation public, for a very good -reason.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Talleyrand's death.</div> - -<p>M. de Talleyrand failed to put in an appearance in answer to a -long-standing summons issued by the Judgment Seat on High; death sought -him on the part of God and has found him at last.</p> - -<p>To analyze minutely a life as corrupted as that of M. de Lafayette -was healthy, one would have to face a distaste which I am incapable -of overcoming. Men of sores resemble prostitutes' carcasses: they -have been so much eaten away by the ulcers that they are of no use -to the dissecting-room. The French Revolution is one vast political -destruction, set in the midst of the old world; let us fear lest a much -more fatal destruction be established, let us fear a moral destruction -through the evil side of that Revolution. What would become of the -human race if a strenuous attempt were made to rehabilitate manners -justly stigmatized, to offer odious examples to our enthusiasm, to -show us the progress of the age, the establishment of liberty, the -profundity of genius in abject natures and atrocious actions? Not -daring to extol the evil under its own name, they sophisticate it: -beware of taking that brute for a spirit of darkness; it is an angel -of light! All ugliness is beautiful, every shame honourable, every -enormity sublime; every vice has its admiration awaiting it. We have -gone back to that material society of paganism in which every form -of depravity had its altars. Back, those cowardly, lying, criminal -praises, which pervert the public conscience, which debauch youth, -which discourage good people, which are an outrage against virtue and -the spitting of the Roman soldier in the face of Christ!</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 1839.</p> - -<p>When I was in Prague, in 1833, Charles X. said to me:</p> - -<p>"So that old Talleyrand is still alive?"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> - -<p>And Charles X. left this life two years before M. de Talleyrand; the -Monarch's private and Christian death forms a contrast with the public -death of the apostate bishop, dragged against his will to the feet of -the divine incorruptibility.</p> - -<p>On the 3rd of October 1836, I wrote the following letter to Madame -la Duchesse de Berry, and I added a postscript to it on the 15th of -November of the same year:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,</p> - -<p>"M. Walsh<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> has handed me the letter with which you have been -good enough to honour me. I should be ready to obey Your Royal -Highness' wishes, if writing could do anything at present; but -public opinion has fallen into such a state of apathy that the -greatest events would hardly be able to stir it. You have permitted -me, Madame, to speak with an amount of frankness which only my -devotion could excuse: as Your Royal Highness knows, I have been -opposed to almost all that has been done; I ventured even not to -be in favour of your journey to Prague. Henry V. is now emerging -from childhood; he will soon enter the world with an education -that has taught him nothing of the age in which we live. Who will -be his guide, who will show him Courts and men? Who will make him -known and as it were appear, at a distance, to France? These are -important questions which will, probably and unfortunately, be -resolved in the same sense as all the others. Be this as it may, -the rest of my life belongs to my young King and his august mother. -My previsions of the future will never make me unfaithful to my -duty.</p> - -<p>"Madame de Chateaubriand asks leave to lay her respects at Madame's -feet. I offer to Heaven all my prayers for the glory and prosperity -of the mother of Henry V. and I am, with profound respect,</p> - -<p>"Madame,</p> - -<p>"Your Royal Highness' most humble and most obedient servant,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>.</p> - -<p><i>"P.S.</i> This letter has been waiting for a month for a safe -opportunity of reaching Madame. This very day, I hear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> of the death -of Henry's august grandfather<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a>. Will the sad news cause any -change in Your Royal Highness' destiny? Dare I beg Madame to permit -me to enter into all the sentiments of regret which she must feel, -and to offer the respectful tribute of my grief to Monsieur le -Dauphin and Madame la Dauphine?</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>.</p> - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">"15 <i>November.</i>"</p></blockquote> - -<div class="sidenote">Death of Charles X.</div> - -<p>Charles X. is no more:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Soixante ans de malheurs out paré la victime<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a>!</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Thirty years of exile; death at seventy-nine in a foreign land! So that -none might doubt of the errand of misfortune with which Heaven had -entrusted that Prince, it was a plague that came to fetch him.</p> - -<p>Charles X., at his last hour, recovered the calm, the equanimity which -sometimes failed him during his long career. When he learnt the danger -that threatened, he was content to say:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> - -<p>"I did not think that this illness would turn so short."</p> - -<p>When Louis XVI. set out for the scaffold, the officer on duty refused -to receive the will of the condemned man because there was no time, and -he, the officer, had to take the King to execution; the King replied:</p> - -<p>"That is so."</p> - -<p>If Charles X., in other days of peril, had treated his life with the -same indifference, what wretchedness would he not have spared himself! -One can understand that the Bourbons cling to a religion which makes -them so noble at the moment of death; Louis IX., attached to his -posterity, sends them the saint's courage to await them beside the -coffin. That House knows wonderfully how to die: true, it has been -learning death for more than eight hundred years.</p> - -<p>Charles X. went away persuaded that he had made no mistake: if he hoped -for the divine mercy, it was because of the sacrifice which he believed -that he had made of his crown to what he thought to be the duty of his -conscience and the welfare of his people; conviction is too rare not to -be valued. Charles X. was able to bear himself this witness that the -reign of his two brothers and his own were neither without liberty nor -without glory: under the Martyr King, the enfranchisement of America -and the emancipation of France; under Louis XVIII., representative -government given to our country, the Royalty restored in Spain, the -independence of Greece recovered at Navarino; under Charles X., -Africa left to us in compensation for the territory lost through the -conquests of the Republic and the Empire: those are results which -remain established in our records, in spite of stupid jealousies and -vain enmities; those results will stand out more prominently as we -sink lower into the abasement of the Royalty of July. But it is to be -feared that those costly ornaments will be for the benefit of past days -only, like the garland of flowers on Homer's head discarded with great -respect by the Republic of Plato. The Legitimacy to-day seems to have -no intention of going further; it appears to be adopting its fall.</p> - -<p>The death of Charles X. could be an effective event only by putting an -end to a deplorable contest for a sceptre and giving a new direction -to the education of Henry V.: now it is to be feared that the absent -crown will always be disputed, that the education will be finished -without having been virtually changed. Perhaps, by saving themselves -the trouble of taking sides, they will fall asleep in habits dear to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> -weakness, sweet to family-life, easy to lassitude, the result of long -sufferings. Misfortune perpetuated produces on the mind the same effect -as old age on the body: one can no longer move, one takes to one's -bed. Misfortune again resembles the executioner of the high decrees -of Heaven: it strips the condemned man, snatches the sceptre from the -king, the sword from the warrior; it takes the noble's dignity, the -soldier's heart, and sends them back degraded into the crowd.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, one derives from extreme youth arguments in favour -of postponement: when one has much time to spend, one persuades one's -self that one can wait, that one has years to play with before events -happen:</p> - -<p>"They will come to us," one cries, "without our going to any trouble; -all will ripen; the throne will come of itself; in twenty years, -prejudice will be wiped out."</p> - -<p>This calculation might have some justness, if generations did not pass -away or did not become indifferent; but a certain thing may appear a -necessity at one time and not be even felt at another.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Charles's predecessors.</div> - -<p>Alas, how swiftly things fade away! Where are the three brothers whom -I have seen reign in succession? Louis XVIII. is at Saint-Denis, with -the mutilated relics of Louis XVI.; Charles X. has just been laid, at -Gorlitz, in a coffin locked with three keys.</p> - -<p>The remains of that King, falling from on high, startled his ancestors; -they turned in their sepulchres; drawing closer together, they said:</p> - -<p>"Let us make room; here is the last of our number."</p> - -<p>Bonaparte did not make so much noise on entering eternal life; the old -dead did not wake for the emperor of the new dead. They did not know -him.</p> - -<p>The French Monarchy connects the Ancient World with the Modern World. -Augustulus<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> laid down the diadem in 476. Five years later, in 481, -the first dynasty of our kings, in the person of Clovis, was reigning -over the Gauls.</p> - -<p>Charlemagne, when associating Louis the Débonnaire with himself on the -throne, said to him:</p> - -<p>"Son dear to God, my years are hastening, even my old age escapes me; -the time of my death is drawing nigh. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> land of the Franks beheld -my birth: Christ accorded me that honour. First among the Franks, I -have obtained the name of Cæsar and transferred to the Empire of the -Franks the Empire of the House of Romulus."</p> - -<p>Under Hugh, with the Third Dynasty, the Elective Monarchy became -hereditary. Hereditary right gave birth to legitimacy, or permanence, -or duration.</p> - -<p>The Christian Empire of the French must be placed between the baptismal -fonts of Clovis and the scaffold of Louis XVI. The same religion stood -at either barrier:</p> - -<p>"Gentle Sicamber, bow thy neck, worship what thou hast burnt, burn what -thou hast worshipped," said the priest who administered the baptism of -water to Clovis.</p> - -<p>"Son of St. Louis, rise up to Heaven," said the priest<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a> who -assisted Louis XVI. at the baptism of blood.</p> - -<p>If there were nothing in France save that old House of France built up -by time and of astounding majesty, we could make a finer show than all -the other nations in the matter of illustrious things. The Capets were -reigning when the other sovereigns of Europe were still subjects. The -vassals of our kings have become kings. Those sovereigns have handed -down to us, with their names, titles which posterity has accepted as -authentic: some are called Augustus<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a>, Saint<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a>, the Pious<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a>, -the Great<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a>, the Courteous<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a>, the Bold<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a>, the Wise<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a>, -the Victorious<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a>, the Well-beloved<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a>; others the Father of the -People<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a>, the Father of Letters<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"As it is writ in blame," says an old historian, "that all the good -Servian kings could easily go into a ring, the bad kings of France -could do so more easily, so small is their number."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> - -<p>Under the Royal Family, the darkness of the Barbarians was dispelled, -the language was formed; literature and arts produced their -master-pieces; our towns were beautified, our monuments raised, our -roads opened, our harbours constructed; our armies astonished Europe -and Asia and our fleets covered the two oceans.</p> - -<p>Our pride waxes furious at the mere display of those magnificent -tapestries in the Louvre; shadows, shadowy embroideries shock us. -Unknown this morning, still more unknown this evening, we are none the -less persuaded that we efface all that went before us. And yet each -fleeting moment asks us, "Who art thou?" and we know not what to reply. -Charles X. replied: he went away with a whole era of the world; the -dust of a thousand generations is mingled with his; history salutes -him, the centuries kneel before his tomb; all have known his House; it -has never failed them: it is they who have been wanting towards that -House.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The last of the Bourbons.</div> - -<p>O banished King, men have been able to outlaw you, but you shall not be -driven out by time: you are sleeping your hard sleep in a monastery, -on the last plank but yesterday destined for some Franciscan. No -heralds-at-arms at your obsequies: none save a troop of bleached and -hoary old times; no grandees to fling the emblems of their dignities -into the vault: they have done homage for them elsewhere. Mute ages are -seated beside your bier; a long procession of past days, with closed -eyes, silently mourns around your coffin.</p> - -<p>By your side lie your heart and your intestines, snatched from your -breast and your loins, even as we lay beside a dead mother the abortive -fruit that has cost her her life. At each anniversary, O Most Christian -Monarch, O cenobite after death, some brother will recite to you the -prayers of the memorial service; you will attract to your eternal <i>Hic -Jacet</i> none save your sons banished with you: for even at Trieste the -monument of Mesdames is empty; their sacred relics have returned to -their country and you have paid to exile, by your own exile, the debt -of those noble ladies.</p> - -<p>Ah, why do they not to-day bring together so many dispersed remains, -even as they collect antiques unearthed from different excavations? The -Arc de Triomphe would carry Napoleon's sarcophagus as its crowning, or -the bronze column raise motionless victories over immortal remains.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> -And yet the stone carved by order of Sesostris hence-forward buries the -scaffold of Louis XVI. under the weight of the ages. The hour will come -when the obelisk of the desert shall find again, on the place of the -murders, the silence and solitude of Luxor.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> This book was written in Paris, in 1837 and 1838, and -revised in June 1847—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri Duc d'Orléans -(1810-1842) married, on the 30th of May 1837, the Princess Helen of -Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He was killed, on the 13th of July, at Neuilly, -by leaping from his carriage, of which the horses had run away. His -widow, who was and remained a Lutheran, died in 1858.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux (1767-1794), a noted -Girondin orator and politician, belonged, like most of the participants -in the Revolution of 1789, to the middle-classes, and was a lawyer -by profession. He led the Marseillaise section in the attack on the -Tuileries, on the 10th of August 1792. He was sent, as a Girondin -deputy, to the Convention, where he appears to have been noted for the -beauty of his person no less than for his eloquence, and soon went to -loggerheads with Marat and Robespierre. In the trial of Louis XVI., -he voted for the appeal to the nation. He was proscribed, on the 31st -of May 1793, as a Royalist and an enemy of the Republic: he sought -shelter in Calvados and took ship at Quimper for Bordeaux. Hardly had -he arrived there when he was arrested and well and duly guillotined, on -the 25th of July 1794 and in the twenty-eighth year of his age. Carlyle -says, wrongly, I believe, that he shot himself to escape arrest.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Antoine Saint-Just (1767-1794) has been only once -mentioned in the Memoirs (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. III., p. 196). He was born a few -months after Barbaroux, and died three days later. This "black-haired, -mild-toned youth," to quote Carlyle, was one of the most violent -organizers of the Terror. He became President of the Convention in -February 1794 and took charge of the reports against his colleagues -Danton, Camille Desmoulins and others, who were promptly sent to the -scaffold. Almost alone he defended Robespierre, was eventually involved -in the same condemnation, and was guillotined with him on the 28th of -July. Saint-Just cultivated the Muse: at the early age of twenty, he -published <i>Organt</i>, a licentious poem in twenty cantos (1789). He also -left the <i>Esprit de la Révolution</i> (1791) and a number of Reports and -Opinions delivered in the Convention.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i>, in Chateaubriand's preface to his <i>Études -historiques</i>, the table of the victims of the Terror, taken from the -six volumes of Prudhomme, the Republican. There were 18,923 men not -of noble birth, of different conditions; 2,231 wives of labourers -or artisans; and 2,000 children guillotined, drowned and shot. In -the Vendée, 15,000 women were killed, and almost all of these were -peasant-women. Terrible as they are, these figures are very far below -the reality.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Thiers was Premier and Foreign Minister from the 22nd of -February to the 25th of August 1836 and, for the second time, from the -1st of March to the 28th of October 1840.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> This is in allusion to an episode which occurred in -1834, of which the country-house of a ministerial deputy was the scene -and M. Thiers, then Minister of the Interior, the hero. Dr. Bonnet de -Malherbe, in his <i>Notes inédites sur M. Thiers</i> (1888, p. 73) refers to -it in the following words: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"One episode especially, the feast of Grand-Vaux, at the <i>château</i> -of the Comte Vigier, which the newspapers called the 'Orgy of -Grand-Vaux,' made a great stir at the time. M. Thiers, if the -chroniclers of the time are to be credited, played a part in it -which went far beyond the 'pranks' of the Marseilles school-boy, -and 'showed himself' in a 'posture' which was not exactly that of -which another minister spoke, with some emphasis, half a century -later. The <i>Quotidienne</i> published a very spicy article in this -connection, nor was the <i>Charivari</i> sparing in caricatures."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes (<i>circa</i> 104—<i>circa</i> -180), a Greek rhetorician celebrated for his munificence. He erected -many public works at his own expense and restored several decayed towns -in various parts of Greece.—T.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Thiers had published his <i>Histoire de la Révolution -française</i> in 1823 to 1827. The <i>Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire</i> -did not appear till many years later (1845 to 1862).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> The remains of Napoleon were brought back to France in -1840.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> M. Thiers had said in the Tribune, under the Monarchy -of July, in the course of the discussion of the law against the -associations: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"France abhors the Republic; speak of it to her, and she recoils in -affright; she knows that that form of government turns to blood or -imbecility."</p></blockquote> -<p> -In 1872, Henry Reeve met him in Paris and describes the conversation as -follows in his Journal: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"M. Thiers' conversation on the war, the Commune and the siege was -very interesting. He said to me: -</p> -<p> -"'<i>Certainement je suis pour la République! Sans la République -qu'est-ce que je serais, moi? Un bourgeois, Adolphe Thiers!</i>' -</p> -<p> -"He described the withdrawal of the troops from Paris, which was -his own act. Then the siege, which he claims to have directed, the -battery of <i>Mouton Tout</i>, adding: -</p> -<p> -"'<i>Nous avons enterré, en entrant à Paris, vingt mille cadavres!</i>'"</p></blockquote> -<p> -(<span class="smcap">John Knox Laughton</span>: <i>Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Henry -Reeve</i>, Vol. II., p. 202).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> At the same time that Chateaubriand was drawing this -portrait of M. Thiers, another seer, Balzac, wrote in the <i>Chronique de -Paris</i>, on the 12th of May 1836: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"M. Thiers has always wished for the same thing, he has never -had but one thought, one system, one aim; all his efforts have -been constantly directed towards it: he has always thought of M. -Thiers.... M. Thiers is a weather-cock which, in spite of its -incessant mobility, remains on the same building."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Simon Deutz was the converted Jew who betrayed the -Duchesse de Berry's hiding-place to Thiers in 1832 (<i>cf.</i> Vol. III., p. -156).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Dante</span>: <i>Hell</i>, Canto I., 50.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> The Sirens, daughters of Achelous and Calliope, -represented as having the head, arms and bust of a young woman and the -wings and lower part of the body of a bird.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Vir</span>., <i>Geor.</i>, IV., 82-83, 86-87: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ipsi per medias acies, insignibus alis,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Ingentes animos angusto in pectore versant.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">. . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Hi motus animorum atque hæc certamina tanta</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt.—B.</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> La Fayette died in Paris on the 19th of May 1834. He was -already suffering from indisposition, when he insisted on following, -on foot, the funeral of Dulong, the deputy killed in a duel by General -Bugeaud. He took to his bed on returning home and did not leave it -again.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Rivarol, in the early days of the Revolution, had -nicknamed General La Payette "César-Gille."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> La Fayette was mixed up in Caron's military conspiracy -at Belfort in 1821 (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. IV., p. 211, nn. 4-5).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Having failed to secure his re-election as a deputy -in 1824, La Fayette took advantage of this enforced rest to revisit -America. He was absent from France for fourteen months.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Edward Everett (1794-1865), a celebrated American -statesman, orator and author. He was professor of Greek at Harvard -College from 1819 to 1825; editor of the <i>North American Review</i> from -1820 to 1824; Member of Congress from Massachusetts from 1825 to 1835; -Governor of Massachusetts from 1836 to 1840; Minister to England -from 1841 to 1845; President of Harvard College from 1846 to 1849; -Secretary of State from 1852 to 1853; and Senator from Massachusetts -from 1853 to 1854. In 1860, he was the candidate for Vice-president of -the Constitutional Union Party. His <i>Orations and Speeches on various -Occasions</i> were published in Boston, in 4 volumes, in 1850.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Everett</span>: <i>An Oration pronounced at Cambridge before the -Society of Phi Beta Kappa, August</i> 26, 1824 (Boston, Mass.: 1824).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> I omit six lines of verse.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> La Fayette was married to Mademoiselle de Noailles on -the 11th of April 1774; she died in 1807.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> La Fayette's tomb is in one corner of the little Picpus -Cemetery, near the Avenue de Saint-Mandé. At the end of the Picpus -Cemetery is the <i>Cimetière des guillotinés</i>, where 1300 victims of the -Revolution, executed at the Barrière du Trône, are interred. These -include André Chénier, Lavoisier, General Beauharnais and many other -bearers of noted names.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> The Duc de Montmorency-Laval died in 1826.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> A sort of cakes.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> M. Dupin the Elder.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Georges de La Fayette.—<i>Author's Note.</i> -</p> -<p> -Georges Washington de La Fayette (1779-1849), La Fayette's only son and -a godson of Washington, sat in the Chamber of Deputies, on the Extreme -Left, from 1827 to 1849.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Chateaubriand is wrong. The notice of <i>Ambroise</i>, a -comic opera by Monvel and Nicolas Dalayrac occcurs in the <i>Gazette -nationale, ou Le Moniteur universel</i> of the 22nd of January 1793! but -the report of the execution of Louis XVI. appears in the issue of the -next day, Wednesday 23 January, two days after the tragedy took place. -Immediately after the report comes this paragraph: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"That excellent patriot, Lepelletier Saint-Fargeau, member of the -Convention, was assassinated on Sunday at a tavern-keeper's, in the -Palais <i>ci-devant</i> Royal, by a former body-guard called Paris. The -details of the crime were communicated to the National Convention; -they will be found in the report of Monday's sitting."</p></blockquote> -<p> -This report of "Monday's sitting" appears in the following Thursday's -<i>Moniteur.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., pp. 206.207.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> At the time of the failure of the Duchesse de Berry's -plans, followed by her arrest and imprisonment, feelings of irritation -and regret reigned among the Royalists, of which several duels with -members of the opposite party were the direct consequence. At the end -of January 1833, Armand Carrel, after a certain article that appeared -in the <i>National</i>, accepted a personal provocation and, from a list of -ten names put before him, selected that of M. Roux-Laborie the Younger, -who was personally quite unknown to him. Swords were the chosen -weapons; the adversaries were both wounded: M. Roux-Laborie by two -thrusts in the arm and hand; Carrel by a thrust in the stomach, which -put his life in danger.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> Émile de Girardin (1806-1881), the journalist and -economist (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. IV., p. 21, n. 2). A duel was arranged between -Girardin and Armand Carrel in consequence of articles published in -their respective journals, the <i>Presse</i> and the <i>National.</i> It was -fought in the Bois de Vincennes; the weapons chosen were pistols. The -two adversaries were placed at forty paces from one another, with -powers each to walk ten paces and to fire at will, a very much more -dangerous method than the firing at the word of command, at a fixed -distance, which is generally practised to-day. After each taking a few -steps, the two adversaries fired almost at the same time: Émile de -Girardin was shot through the thigh and Carrel was hit in the pit of -the stomach. He succumbed to acute peritonitis from the lesions caused -by the bullet, which had torn the intestines.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> p. 83, <i>supra.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Shakespeare</span>: <i>Hamlet</i>, Act III., sc. i.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Carrel's article on Sautelet's suicide (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., -p. 83.—T.) appeared in the <i>Revue de Paris</i> of June 1830, under the -title of <i>Une Mort volontaire.</i>—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Armand Carrel was born, at Rouen, on the 8th of May -1800, the day on which Chateaubriand set foot at Calais (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. -II., p. 148, n. 1).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., pp. 120-122.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> The gravity of Carrel's wound did not allow of his -being conveyed to the house in which he lived, at No. 7, now No. 18, -Rue Grange-Batelière. He was accordingly taken to one of his old -school-fellows of the Military School, M. Adolphe Peyra, who was -spending the summer at his mother's house at Saint-Mandé. M. Peyra was -a retired officer in the Guards, who had himself fought many duels -and had kept up friendly relations with Carrel, although they were in -different camps: Peyra was an ardent Royalist.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> -</p> -<blockquote> -<p><span class="smcap">The Grave-Digger's Receipt</span>. -</p> -<p> -"I have received from M. de Chateaubriand the sum of eighteen francs -that remained owing for the trellis-work which surrounds the grave of -M. Armand Carrel. -</p> -<p> -"<span class="smcap">Saint-Mandé</span>, 21 <i>June</i> 1838. -</p> -<p> -"Paid: <span class="smcap">Vaudran</span>." -</p> -<p> -"Received from M. de Chateaubriand the sum of twenty francs for keeping -up the grave of M. Carrel at Saint-Mandé. -</p> -<p> -"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 28 <i>September</i> 1839. -</p> -<p> -"Paid: <span class="smcap">Vaudran</span>."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> Sabine Casimir Amable Voïart, Dame Tastu (1798-1885), -author of several volumes of verse: <i>Poésies</i>(1826), <i>Chroniques -de France</i>(1829), <i>Poésies nouvelles</i> (1834), <i>Œuvres -politiques</i>(1837). She also published a large number of educational -books. Some of her poems, notably the <i>Ange gardien</i>, the <i>Dernier -jour de l'année</i> and the <i>Feuilles de saule</i> are happily inspired and -deserve to live.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Favorinus (<i>d. circa</i> 135), a skeptical philosopher, a -native of Arles, in Gaul, who taught rhetoric in Athens and in Rome -under Hadrian.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> 451-450 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> Carmenta, the Arcadian prophetess, mother of Evander by -Mercury.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> Sappho (<i>b. circa</i> 612 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), the most famous of -poetesses. She was surnamed the Tenth Muse.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Corinna (<i>fl. circa</i> 470 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), the Greek poetess, -surnamed the Lyric Muse. She conquered Pindar in a trial of poetry and -carried off the palm before him no less than five times.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Pindar (<i>circa</i> 520 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>—<i>circa</i> 450 B.C.), the -greatest of the Greek lyric poets.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> Marie de France (<i>fl.</i> 13th Century), author of a -collection of fables entitled <i>Ysopet</i>, narrative poems entitled <i>Laïs</i> -and a Purgatory of St. Patrick. Her works were collected and published -in Paris in 1832.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Beatrix Comtesse de Die in her own right (<i>fl.</i> 12th -Century), author of a few Provençal poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., p. 308, n. 6.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> Loyse Labé, <i>Sonnets</i>, XIII., 1-2: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Oh, if I were in that fair bosom rapt</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Of him for whom I ever dying go!"—T.</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Clémence de Bourges was a young girl of Lyons, famous -for her wit and her beauty and a friend and admirer of Loyse Labé. She -died early, of a broken heart, and was given a magnificent funeral by -the Lyonese. The poets of the day called her the "Pearl of Damsels, a -truly Oriental pearl."—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> Margaret of Valois, Queen of Navarre (1492-1549), -sister of Francis I. and married, in 1526, to Henry II. d'Albret, -King of Navarre, is the author of the <i>Heptaméron des nouvelles de -très-illustre et très-excellente princesse Marguerite de Valois</i> -(1558-1559), the <i>Miroir de l'âme pêcheresse</i> (1533), <i>Marguerites de -la Marguerite des princesses, très-illustre royne de Navarre</i> (1547), -the <i>Miroir de Jésus-Christ crucifié</i> (1556) and Letters, published -in the last century. The other Margaret is Margaret of France, Queen -of Navarre (1552-1615), sister of Henry III. and married, in 1572, -to Henry III. King of Navarre, later Henry IV. King of France, and -left her admirable Memoirs for the enjoyment of posterity, with some -Poems.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Mary Queen of Scots, France and (<i>de jure</i>) England -(1542-1587). The only extant specimens of Mary's poetry, in addition -to the reputed sonnets to Bothwell, are the verses on the death of -her husband Francis II., printed by Brantôme in his Memoirs; a sonnet -to Elizabeth in Latin and French; a <i>Méditation faite par la Reyne -d'Escosse Douarière de France, recueillie d'un Livre des Consolations -Divines</i>; and a sonnet written at Fotheringay, in the State Paper -Office (<i>Cf.</i> the article in the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, -Vol. XXXVI., p. 389).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 21. I omit Madame Claude de -Chateaubriand's sixty-sixth sonnet, which is quoted by her nephew many -times removed.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> Antoinette du Ligier de La Garde, Dame Deshoulières -(1638-1694), married, in 1651, to Guillaume de Lafon de Boisguérin, -Seigneur Deshoulières, enjoyed a great reputation under Louis XIV., -when she was surnamed the Tenth Muse and the French Calliope. She is -now remembered chiefly by her idyll of the <i>Moutons</i>, although her -collected idylls, odes, elegiacs and songs, to say nothing of two -highly unsuccessful tragedies, fill two, volumes 8vo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Marie Anne Henriette Payan de L'Étang, Marquise -d'Antremont, later Baronne de Bourdic, later Madame Viot (1746-1802) -was three times married. She was already known for several pieces of -verse inserted in the <i>Almanach des Muses</i> when, for a while, she -acquired a real fame through her <i>Ode au Silence</i>, which was long -considered one of the master-pieces of the eighteenth century.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> Hortense Allan de Méritens (1801-1879) published, -as her first work, in 1821, a remarkable novel, the <i>Conjuration -d'Amboise</i>, which was succeeded by <i>Sextus, ou le Romain des Maremmes</i>, -the <i>Indienne, Settimia</i> and others. In 1873 and 1874, she published, -under the pseudonym of "Madame Prudence de Saman" and the title of -the <i>Enchantements de Prudence</i>, a series of erotic confidences, or -romantic autobiography, in which she mixes up Chateaubriand, Lamennais, -Béranger and a score of others with her imaginary adventures.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Mélanie Villenave, Dame Waldor (1796-1871), author of -some volumes of poems, of which the principal, entitled <i>Poésies du -cœur</i>, had appeared in 1835. Her novels include <i>André le Vendéen</i> -(1843) and the <i>Moulin en deuil</i> (1849).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Marceline Josèphe Félicité Desbordes, Dame -Desbordes-Valmore (1786-1859) had appeared, with some success, at the -Opéra-Comique, when, in 1817, she married François Prosper Lanchantin, -known as Valmore, the actor, and left the stage. Her poetry is -distinguished for sweetness and pathos, without affectation. That -published before the time in which Chateaubriand is writing includes -<i>Élégies et romances</i> (1818), <i>Élégies et poésies nouvelles</i> (1824) and -the <i>Pleurs</i> (1833). <i>Pauvres fleurs</i> appeared in 1839 and <i>Bouquets et -prières</i> in 1843.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Anaïs Ménard, Dame Ségalas (<i>b.</i> 1814), published the -<i>Algériennes</i> in 1831, when only seventeen years of age. Next came -the <i>Oiseaux de passage</i> (1836) and, later, <i>Enfantines: poésies à ma -fille</i> (1844), the <i>Femme</i> (1847) and <i>Nos bons Parisiens</i> (1865). -To these must be added a number of novels and plays of various -descriptions. Madame Ségalas will, however, remain known mainly as the -author of the <i>Enfantines</i>, a collection of verse that has had no less -than ten editions.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> Louise Révoil, Dame Colet (1815-1876), published her -first volume, <i>Fleurs du Midi</i>, accompanied by two kindly letters from -Chateaubriand, in 1836. From that year till the year of her death she -did not cease writing in prose and verse. The list of her works, which -include poems, novels, dramatic essays, travels and works on history -and politics, would exceed the space of these notes. She obtained the -prize for poetry at the French Academy four times between 1839 and -1854. For the rest, Madame Colet mixed romance with her life in such -proportions that it is best to keep silence upon both the lady and her -career.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Elisa Mercœur (1809-1835), the girl poet, died before -the above lines were written. The first edition of her <i>Poésies</i> -appeared in 1827, when Mademoiselle Mercœur was only eighteen years -old. Her Complete Works were published in 1843, in three volumes -8vo.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Maria Felicita Garcia, Dame Malibran, later Dame de -Bériot (1808-1836), one of the most famous opera-singers of the time, -was the daughter of Manuel del Popolo Vicente Garcia, the Spanish -singer and composer. She made her first appearance in opera in London, -on the 7th of June 1825, when she took the place of Madame Pasta, who -was ill. She made a great sensation and was at once engaged for the -rest of the season. In 1826, she went to New York and there, in the -middle of a successful season, married Malibran, the French banker, -who soon became bankrupt. She left him in 1827, returned to France and -appeared for the first time in Paris, on the 12th of January 1828, in -<i>Sémiramide.</i> Her success was prodigious and she continued to rouse -unparalleled enthusiasm in all the great cities of Europe. On the 30th -of March 1836, Madame Malibran married Charles Auguste de Bériot, the -Belgian violinist; six months later, on the 23rd of September, she -died, in Manchester, from the effects of a fall from her horse, in -London, a few days earlier.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> At this time (1833), George Sand had published only -<i>Indiana</i> (September 1832) and <i>Valentine</i> (November 1832). <i>Lélia</i> -appeared in September 1833, the <i>Secrétaire intime</i> and <i>Jacques</i> in -1834.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> In an article on Etienne Pivert de Sénancour's -<i>Obermann</i>, in the <i>Revue des Deux-Mondes</i> of 15 June 1833.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> October 1834.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> <i>Rêveries du promeneur solitaire</i>, published in 1782, -four years after Rousseau's death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> <i>Études de la nature</i>(1784).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> <i>Æn.</i>, IV. 625.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Lucian</span>: <i>Dialogues of the Courtezans</i>, VII.—<i>Author's -Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Milton</span>, <i>Paradise Lost</i>, II., 752-760. -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"All on a sudden miserable pain</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Surprised thee; dim thine eyes, and dizzy swum</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">In darkness, while thy head flames thick and fast</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Threw forth; till on the left side opening wide,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Likest to thee in shape and countenance bright,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Then shining heavenly fair, a goddess arm'd</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Out of thy head I sprung: amazement seized</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">All the host of heaven; back they recoil'd afraid</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">At first, and cal I'd me Sin."—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> <i>Sic</i>, in all the editions.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> Phila (<i>fl.</i> 370 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), a celebrated Athenian courtezan -and mistress to Hyperides the Attic orator.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> Lais (<i>d. circa</i> 340 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), a noted Corinthian -courtezan, said to have been advised to adopt her profession by -Apelles. Demosthenes was one of her many lovers; Diogenes another. She -was assassinated in Thessaly by a number of women jealous of their -husbands' affections.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> Gnathæna, a Greek poetess and courtezan, of an uncertain -period. Some of her witty sayings are recorded by Athenæus.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Phryne (<i>fl. circa</i> 328 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), a celebrated Athenian -hetaira, mistress to Praxiteles, one of whose many statues of her is -known as the <i>Cnidian Aphrodite</i>, while Apelles took her for his model -for the <i>Aphrodite Anadyomene.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> Apelles (<i>fl. circa</i> 332 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), the famous Greek -painter. His <i>Aphrodite Anadyomene</i> (<i>vide supra</i>) was originally -painted for the Temple of Æsculapius in Cos. It was afterwards bought -by Augustus and placed in the Temple of Cæsar in Rome.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> Praxiteles (<i>circa</i> 360 B.C.—<i>circa</i> 280 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), the -greatest Greek sculptor after Phidias. His <i>Aphrodite of Cnidus</i> ranks -as one of the most admired statues of antiquity. A replica of this -statue is now in the Glyptothek in Munich.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> Leæna (<i>fl.</i> 514 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), the mistress of Harmodius and -Aristogiton, the Athenian patriots.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Harmodius (<i>d.</i> 514 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), who, with Aristogiton, -delivered Athens from the tyranny of Hipparchus.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i>, on the <i>Congrès de Vérone</i>, M. Biré's Appendix, -Vol. IV., pp. 215-219.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> Talleyrand died in Paris on the 17th of May 1838.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. III., pp. 145 <i>et seq.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 171-175.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> The Marquis de Maubreuil (<i>cf.</i> Vol. III., p. 86, n. -1), escaping from police surveillance, went, on the 20th of January, -to Saint-Denis, during the celebration of the anniversary of the death -of Louis XVI., and there, in the midst of the solemnity, he struck -Talleyrand in the face and threw him to the ground. Maubreuil was -charged with the offense and received sentence; but the affair made a -terrible noise, of which Talleyrand's innumerable enemies did not fail -to take advantage.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. III., p. 147—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Speech of the Prince de Talleyrand against the vote of -one hundred millions proposed for the cost of the Spanish War (March -1823).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> Elisabeth Pierre Comte de Montesquiou-Fézensac -(1764-1834) was President of the Legislative Body in 1810, 1811 -and 1813. He was created a count of the Empire in 1809 and, in -the following year, was appointed Great Chamberlain of France in -Talleyrand's stead.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> The Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. -IV., p. 134, n. 1) was a member of the Chamber of Peers from 1814 to -1831.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Jean Girard Lacuée, Comte de Cessac (1752-1841) was an -inspector-general of reviews under Napoleon (1806), a minister of State -(1806) and Minister of the Board of Military Administration. He was a -member of the French Academy.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> The Comte Roederer, in his <i>Souvenirs</i>, describes a -conversation which he had with the Emperor, at the Élysée, on the 6th -of March 1809. The subject of the conversation was King Joseph, who, -in his letters from Madrid to his wife and Napoleon, complained of his -brother and threatened to leave the Throne of Spain to go and grow -his small potatoes at Mortefontaine. Napoleon, in the course of this -interview with Roederer, walked to and fro, and became more and more -excited as he spoke of the contents of those letters: -</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>"'He says that he wants to go to Mortefontaine, rather than stay -in a country bought by blood unjustly shed. And what is this -Mortefontaine? It is the price of the blood which I spilled in -Italy. Does he hold it from his father? Does he hold it from his -work? He holds it from me. Yes, I have spilt blood, but it is the -blood of my enemies, of the enemies of France. Does it become -him to use their language? Does he want to act like Talleyrand? -Talleyrand! I have covered him with honours, riches, diamonds. He -has employed all of that against me. He has betrayed me as much -as he could, on the first occasion that he had to do it in.... He -said, during my absence'—during the Spanish War—'that he had gone -on his knees to prevent the Spanish business; and he pestered me -for two years to undertake it! He maintained to me that I should -require only twenty thousand men; he gave me twenty memorandums -to prove it. He behaved in the same way in the affair of the Duc -d'Enghien; I knew nothing about him; it was Talleyrand who told me -about him.' The Emperor always pronounces it Taillerand. 'I did not -know where he was.' The Emperor stopped in front of me. 'It was he -who told me the place where he was and, after advising his death, -he bemoaned it with all his acquaintances.' The Emperor resumed -his walk and, in a calmer tone, after a short pause, continued, 'I -shall do him no harm; I am keeping him in all his offices; I even -have the same feelings for him that I used to have; but I have -taken from him the right to enter my closet at all times. He shall -never have a private conversation with me; he will no longer be -able to say that he has advised me or dissuaded me from one thing -or the other.'"</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., pp. 281-282.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. III., p. 144.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> Talleyrand was appointed Minister of External Relations, -on the 16th of July 1797, in succession to Charles Delacroix, the -father of Eugène Delacroix the painter.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Yet Talleyrand's Memoirs were not published until -1891-1892. They were disappointing when published.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> After the Revolution of July, Talleyrand accepted the -London Embassy at the hands of the new Government (September 1830); he -asked to be recalled on the 13th of November 1834.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> Charles Frédéric Comte Reinhard (1761-1838), a retired -head of a department at the Foreign Office and a native of Schöndorf, -in Wurtemberg.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> Talleyrand read his <i>Éloge de Reinhard</i> at the -Institute on the 3rd of March 1838. The room was crowded. M. Mignet, -the Perpetual Secretary, went to meet him in the room adjoining the -lecture-room. The prince, who was then in his eighty-fifth year, was -not able to climb the stairs on foot; he was carried up by two men -in livery. When he entered the lecture-room, leaning on M. Mignet's -arm and on his crutch, the whole audience stood up. His speech was -delivered in a very strong voice and was frequently interrupted by -applause. The reading took less than half an hour in all, which -constituted the whole performance. When it was over, the enthusiasm -knew no bounds: -</p> -<p> -"On his way out," says Sainte-Beuve (<i>Nouveaux Lundis</i>, Vol. I., p. -110), "the prince had to pass through a double row of foreheads which -bowed with redoubled reverence."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> The Prince de Talleyrand died on the 17th of May 1838, -at thirty-five minutes past three in the afternoon; he was horn on -the 2nd of February 1754, and was consequently 84 years, 3 months -and 15 days old. He was assisted in his last illness by the Abbé -Dupanloup, the future Bishop of Orleans, who himself wrote the story -of the prince's last moments. On the morning of the 17th of May, M. de -Talleyrand had signed his retractation and a letter to the Pope; some -hours later, the Abbé Dupanloup arrived. Upon a word from the abbé, -saying that Monseigneur de Quélen, the Archbishop of Paris, would be -happy to give his life for him, he raised himself a little and said, in -a very distinct voice: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"Tell him that he can make a much better use of it." -</p> -<p> -"Prince," continued the abbé, "this morning you gave the Church a -great consolation; I now come, in the name of the Church, to offer -you the last consolations of faith, the last succour of religion. -You have been reconciled with the Catholic Church, which you had -offended; the moment is come to be reconciled with God by a new -confession and a sincere repentance for all the faults of your -life." -</p> -<p> -"Thereupon," in the words of the Abbé Dupanloup, "he made a -movement as though to come towards me; I went up to him, and, -at once grasping my two hands in his and pressing them with -extraordinary force and emotion, he did not leave go of them during -the whole time that his confession took to make; I had even to make -a great effort to release my hand from his, when the moment had -come to give him absolution. He received it with an humility, an -amount of feeling and faith that made me shed tears."</p></blockquote> -<p> -He also received Extreme Unction while fully conscious. Then the Abbé -Dupanloup, kneeling beside him, recited the Litany of the Saints. When -he came to the invocation of the martyrs and pronounced the name of St. -Maurice, M. de Talleyrand's patron-saint, the prince was seen to bow -his head and his glance to seek that of the Abbé Dupanloup, to prove to -him that he was joining in those prayers. At three o'clock, seeing the -last hour come, the Abbé Dupanloup began the Prayers for the Dying. The -sick man appeared to join in them so visibly that one of those present -remarked upon it: -</p> -<p> -"Monsieur l'abbé, see how he is praying!" -</p> -<p> -He was in fact seen, with eyes now open, now lowered, to follow with -evidences of perfect understanding all that was happening around him. -At last his strength suddenly failed him and his lips closed for ever. -</p> -<p> -The Abbé Dupanloup ends his narrative with these words: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"God sees the secrets of men's hearts; but I ask Him to give those -who thought that they might doubt M. de Talleyrand's sincerity, -I ask for them, at the hour of death, the same sentiments which -I beheld in M. de Talleyrand when dying, the memory of which -will never leave me."(<i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Lagrange</span>: <i>Vie de Monseigneur</i></p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> Édouard Vicomte Walsh had, since the 25th of September -1835, had the management of the <i>Mode</i>, the liveliest of the royalist -papers, published under the patronage of the Duchesse de Berry.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> Charles X. died at Goritz, on the 6th of November 1836, -of an attack of cholera, of which he had felt the first symptoms two -days before, on St. Charles's Day, the 4th of November. The doctor -asked to have the King's grandchildren taken away, because of the -danger of the illness, but the Duc de Bordeaux declared that no -consideration would prevent his following the impulse of his heart and -Mademoiselle made the same reply as her brother. The King kissed them -fondly and laid his hand upon their heads: -</p> -<p> -"May God protect you, my children!" he said. "Walk before Him in the -paths of justice.... Do not forget me.... Pray sometimes for me!" -</p> -<p> -The Cardinal de Latil and Doctor Bougon, who had already met by the Duc -de Berry's bed-side on the night of the 13th February 1820, met again, -on the night of the 6th of November 1836, by the bed-side of Charles X. -An altar had hurriedly been erected near the bed for the celebration -of Mass. It was said by the Bishop of Hermopolis, Monseigneur de -Frayssinous. At the end of the Mass, the King meditated an instant; he -prayed for France and blessed her; and, as the bishop exhorted him to -forgive, at that last moment, those who had done him so much harm: -</p> -<p> -"I have long forgiven them," he replied. "I forgive them again, at this -moment, with all my heart; may the Lord be merciful to them and me." -</p> -<p> -"At one o'clock in the morning, on the 6th of November, M. Bougon -announced that the King had but a few moments to live. All fell on -their knees; M. le Dauphin (the Duc d'Angoulême) had his head bowed -towards his father. Madame la Dauphine alone remained standing at the -King's feet, with her hands joined, and seemed to be presiding over -that scene of sorrow. At half past one, M. Bougon made a sign to the -Duc de Blacas, who leant towards the Dauphin and said a few words to -him in a low voice. Then the Prince respectfully closed his father's -eyes, and Madame la Dauphine's sobs, bursting forth suddenly amid the -silence of death that reigned in the room, announced that all was -over." (<span class="smcap">Nettement</span>: <i>Histoire de quinze ans d'exil</i>, Vol. II., pp. 96 -<i>et seq.</i>)—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> "Sixty years with misfortunes the victim have -decked!"—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Romulus Momyllus Augustus, the last Roman Emperor of -the West, nicknamed Augustulus because of his youth, was placed on the -throne at a very early age, in 475, but compelled to abdicate in the -following year by Odoacer King of the Heruli.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> Henry Essex, Abbé Edgeworth de Firmont (1745-1807).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Philip II. Augustus (1165-1223), son of Louis VII., -succeeded in 1180.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> St. Louis IX. (1215-1270), son of Louis VIII., succeeded -in 1226.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> Robert II. (<i>circa</i> 970-1031), son of Hugh Capet, -succeeded in 996.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Henry IV. (1553-1610) succeeded Henry III. in 1569; and -Louis XIV. (1638-1715), son of Louis XIII., succeeded in 1643.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> Charles VIII. (1470-1498), surnamed the Affable or the -Courteous, son of Louis XI., succeeded in 1483.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Philip III. (1245-1285), son of St. Louis IX., succeeded -in 1270.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> Charles V. (1337-1380), son of John II., succeeded in -1364.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> Charles VII. (1403-1461), son of Charles VI., succeeded -in 1422.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> Charles VI. (1368-1422), son of Charles V., succeeded in -1380.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> Louis XII. (1462-1515) succeeded his cousin Charles -VIII. in 1498.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> Francis I. (1494-1547) succeeded his cousin Louis XII. -in 1515.—T.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h4><a name="BOOK_X" id="BOOK_X"></a>BOOK X<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a></h4> - - -<p>Conclusion—Historical antecedents from the Regency to 1793—The -Past—The old European order expiring—Inequality of fortunes—Danger -of the expansion of intellectual nature and material nature—The -downfall of the monarchies—The decline of society and the progress of -the individual—The future—The difficulty of understanding it—The -Christian idea is the future of the world—Recapitulation of my -life—Summary of the changes that have happened on the globe during my -life—End of the <i>Mémoires d'Outre-tombe</i>.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;">25 <i>September</i> 1841.</p> - -<p>I began to write these Memoirs, at the Vallée-aux-Loups, on the 4th -of October 1811; I am about to finish reading and correcting them, -in Paris, on the 20th of September 1841: I have, therefore, for -thirty years, eleven months and twenty-one days<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a>, been secretly -holding the pen while writing my public books, in the midst of all -the revolutions and all the vicissitudes of my existence. My hand is -tired: may it not have weighed upon my ideas, which have never wavered -and which I feel to be as lively as when I started on my career! I had -the intention of adding a general conclusion to my thirty years' work: -I meant to say, as I have often mentioned, what the world was like -when I entered it, what it is like now that I am leaving it. But the -hour-glass is before me; I observe the hand which the sailors used to -think that they saw come forth from the waves at the hour of shipwreck: -that hand beckons to me to be brief; I will therefore reduce the scale -of the picture, without omitting anything essential.</p> - - -<p>Louis XIV. died<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a>. The Duc d'Orléans was Regent during the -minority of Louis XV. A war with Spain broke out as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> the result -of Cellamare's<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> conspiracy: peace was restored by the fall of -Alberoni<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a>. Louis XV. attained his majority on the 15th of February -1723. The Regent succumbed ten months later. He had communicated his -gangrene to France; he had seated Dubois<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> in Fénelon's pulpit and -raised Law<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> to power. The Duc de Bourbon<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> became Prime Minister -to Louis XV., and he had as his successor the Cardinal de Fleury<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a>, -whose genius lay in his years. In 1734, the war<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> broke out in -which my father was wounded outside Dantzig<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a>. In 1745 was fought -the Battle of Fontenoy; one of the least warlike of our kings made us -triumph in the only great pitched battle that we have won over the -English: and the conqueror of the world has, at Waterloo, added one -more disaster to the disasters of Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt. The -church at Waterloo is decorated with the names of the English officers -who fell in 1815; in the church at Fontenoy we find only a stone with -these words:</p> - -<p class="center"> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Near this spot lies the body of Messire Philippe De Vitry,</span></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">who, aged 27 years, was killed at the Battle of</span></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Fontenoy on the 11th of May 1715</span></span><br /> -</p> - -<p>No mark indicates the place of the action; but skeletons are taken from -the ground with bullets flattened into their skulls. The French carry -their victories written on their foreheads.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> - -<p>Later, the Comte de Gisors, son of the Maréchal de Belle-Isle<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a> fell -at Crefeld<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a>. With him died out the name and the direct descent of -Fouquet<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a>. Things had passed from Mademoiselle de La Vallière to -Madame de Châteauroux. There is something sad in seeing names come to -their end, from century to century, from beauty to beauty, from glory -to glory.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Historical antecedents.</div> - -<p>In the month of June 1745, the second Stuart Pretender had begun his -adventures: misfortunes on which I was brought up pending the time when -Henry V. should replace the English Pretender in exile.</p> - -<p>The end of those wars was the harbinger of our disasters in our -colonies. La Bourdonnais<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> avenged the French flag in Asia; his -dissensions with Dupleix<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a>, after the capture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> of Madras, undid -all. The peace of 1748 suspended those misfortunes; hostilities broke -out again in 1755; they opened with the earthquake of Lisbon<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a>, in -which Racine's grandson perished. Under the pretext of a few plots of -land at issue on the frontier of Acadia, England, without declaring -war, seized upon three hundred of our merchant-ships; we lost Canada: -facts immense in their consequences, above which floats the death of -Wolfe and Montcalm. We were stripped of our possessions in Africa and -India, and Lord Clive<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> began the conquest of Bengal. Now, during -this time, the Jansenist quarrels were taking place: Damiens<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> had -struck at Louis XV.; Poland had been partitioned, the expulsion of the -Jesuits effected, the Court had descended to the Parc-aux-Cerfs. The -author of the Family Compact<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a> retired to Chanteloup, while the -intellectual revolution was being completed under Voltaire. Maupeou's -Plenary Court<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a> was installed: Louis XV. left the scaffold to the -favourite<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> who had degraded him, after sending Garat<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a> and -Sanson to Louis XVI., one to read, the other to execute the sentence.</p> - -<p>This last monarch had married, on the 16th of May 1770, the daughter of -Maria Theresa of Austria: we know what became of her. Next passed the -ministers: Machault, old Maurepas, Turgot the economist, Malesherbes, -with his ancient virtues and modern opinions, Saint-Germain<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a>, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> -destroyed the King's Household and gave a baleful order; Calonne and -Necker lastly.</p> - -<p>Louis XVI. recalled the parliaments, abolished forced labour, repealed -the power of inflicting torture before the verdict had been given, -restored Protestants to the enjoyment of civil rights and recognised -their marriages as legal. The American War of 1779, although impolitic -for France, the dupe, as always, of her generosity, was useful to the -human race; it restored throughout the world the esteem in which our -arms were held and the honour of our flag.</p> - -<p>The Revolution sprang up, ready to give birth to the warlike generation -which eight centuries of heroism had laid in its womb. The personal -merits of Louis XVI. did not redeem the faults which his ancestors -had left to him to expiate; but the blows of Providence fall on the -evil, never on the man: God shortens virtue's days upon earth only to -lengthen them in Heaven. Under the star of 1793, the sources of the -great abyss were broken; all our glories of former days next united and -made their last explosion under Bonaparte: he sends them back to us in -his coffin.</p> - - -<div class="sidenote" style="margin-top: 2.5em;">When I was born.</div> - -<p class="p2">I was born while these facts were being accomplished<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a>. Two new -empires, Prussia<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> and Russia<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a>, preceded me by scarcely -half a century on the earth; Corsica became French at the moment -when I appeared<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a>; I arrived in the world twenty days before -Bonaparte<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a>. He brought me with him. I was about to enter the navy, -in 1783, when the fleet of Louis XVI. put in to Brest<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a>: it carried -the birth certificate of a nation<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a> that had been hatched under the -wings of France. My birth is connected with the birth of a man and a -people, pale reflection that I was of an immense light.</p> - -<p>If we fix our eyes on the actual world, we see it, following the -movement communicated by a great revolution, shaken from the East to -China, which seemed closed for ever: so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> that our past subversions -would be nothing and the noise of Napoleon's fame be hardly audible -in the general topsy-turviness of the nations, even as he, Napoleon, -drowned all the noises of our ancient globe.</p> - -<p>The Emperor left us in a condition of prophetic agitation. We, the -ripest and most advanced State, display numerous symptoms of decadence. -Just as a sick man in danger becomes preoccupied with what awaits him -in his grave, a nation which feels itself decaying grows restless as -to its future fate. Hence the political heresies which succeed one -another. The old European order is expiring; our present contests will -appear puerile struggles in the eyes of posterity. Nothing more exists; -authority of experience and age, birth or genius, talent or virtue: -all are denied; a few individuals clamber to the top of the ruins, -proclaim themselves giants and roll down to the bottom as pygmies. With -the exception of a score of men who will survive and who were destined -to hold the torch across the murky steppes upon which we are entering, -with the exception of those few men, a generation which bore within -it an abundant intelligence, acquired knowledge, germs of success of -all kinds has stifled these in a restlessness as unproductive as its -arrogance is barren. Nameless multitudes are agitated without knowing -why, like the popular associations of the middle-ages: famished flocks -which recognise no shepherd, which rush from the plain to the mountain -and from the mountain to the plain, disdaining the experience of the -herdsmen hardened to the wind and sun. In the life of that city, all -is transitory: religion and morals cease to be admitted, or else each -interprets them after his own fashion. Among things of an inferior -nature, even in power of conviction and existence, a man's renown -throbs for barely an hour, a book grows old in a day, writers kill -themselves to attract attention: one more vanity; no one hears even -their last breath.</p> - -<p>From this predisposition of men's minds it results that we imagine no -other means of touching people than scenes of the scaffold and tainted -manners: we forget that the real tears are those which flow at the -bidding of a beautiful poem and with which as much admiration as sorrow -is blended; but at present, when talents feed upon the Regency and the -Terror, what need was there of subjects for our tongues destined so -soon to die? No more will fall from man's genius some of those thoughts -which become the patrimony of the universe.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> - -<p>That is what everybody says and what everybody deplores, and yet -illusions superabound, and the nearer a man is to his end the longer -he thinks that he will live. We see monarchs who imagine that they -are monarchs, ministers who believe that they are ministers, deputies -who take their speeches seriously, landlords who, possessing property -to-day, are persuaded that they will possess it to-night. Private -interests, personal ambitions hide the gravity of the moment from the -vulgar: notwithstanding the oscillations of the affairs of the day, -they are but a wrinkle on the surface of the deep; they do not decrease -the depth of the waters. Beside the paltry contingent lotteries, -the human race is playing the great game; the kings still hold the -cards and hold them for the nations: will the latter do better than -the monarchs? A side issue, which does not alter the principal fact. -What importance have children's amusements, shades gliding over the -whiteness of a shroud? The invasion of ideas has succeeded on the -invasion of the Barbarians; our actual decomposing civilization is -becoming lost in itself; the vessel that contains it has not poured -the liquid over into another vessel: it is the vessel that has been -shattered.</p> - - -<p class="p2">At what period will society disappear? What accidents will be able to -suspend its movements? In Rome, the reign of man was substituted for -the reign of law: they passed from the Republic to the Empire; our -revolution is being accomplished in a contrary sense; we are inclined -to pass from the Royalty to the Republic, or, not to specify any form, -to Democracy: this will not be effected without difficulty.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Property.</div> - -<p>To touch upon only one point in a thousand: will property, for -instance, remain distributed as it is? The Royalty born at Rheims was -able to keep that property going by tempering its severity by the -diffusion of moral laws, even as it changed humanity into charity. -Given a political state of things in which individuals have so many -millions a year, while other individuals are dying of hunger: can that -state of things subsist, when religion is no longer there with its -hopes beyond this world to explain the sacrifice? There are children to -whom their mothers give suck at their withered breasts for want of a -mouthful of bread to feed their dying babes; there are families whose -members are reduced to huddle together at night, for want of blankets -to warm them. That man sees his many furrows ripen;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> this one will -possess only the six feet of earth lent to his tomb by his native land. -Now with how many ears of corn can six feet of earth supply a dead man?</p> - -<p>As instruction comes down to those lower classes, the latter discover -the secret sore which gnaws at the irreligious social order. The too -great disproportion of conditions and fortunes was endurable so long as -it remained concealed; but, so soon as this disproportion was generally -perceived, it received its death-blow. Recompose the aristocratic -fictions, if you can; try to persuade the poor man, when he shall have -learnt to read correctly and ceased to believe, when he shall be as -well-informed as yourself, try to persuade him that he must submit to -every sort of privation, while his neighbour possesses superfluity a -thousand times told: as a last resource, you will have to kill him.</p> - -<p>When steam shall be perfected, when, joined to the telegraph and -railways, it shall have caused distances to disappear, we shall see not -only merchandise travel, but also ideas, restored to the use of their -wings. When fiscal and commercial barriers shall have been abolished -between the various States, as they already are between the provinces -of the same State; when different countries entertaining daily -relations shall tend to promote the unity of the peoples: how will you -resuscitate the old manner of separation?</p> - -<p>Society, on the other hand, is no less threatened by the spread of -intellect than it is by the development of brute nature: suppose labour -to be condemned to idleness by reason of the multiplication and variety -of machinery; admit that one only and general mercenary, matter, -replaces the mercenaries of the farm and the household: what will you -do with the unemployed human race? What will you do with passions that -are idle at the same time as, the intellect? The vigour of the body -is maintained by physical occupation; when labour ceases, strength -disappears; we shall become like those nations of Asia which fall a -prey to the first invader and which are unable to defend themselves -against a hand that bears the sword. Thus liberty is preserved only by -work, because work produces strength; withdraw the curse pronounced -against the sons of Adam, "In the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat -bread<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a>," and they will die in servitude. The divine curse therefore -enters into the mystery of our lot; man is less the slave of his sweat -than of his thought: that is how, after making the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> circuit of society, -after passing through the different civilizations, after supposing -unknown perfections, we find ourselves once more at the starting-point, -in the presence of the truths of Scripture.</p> - - -<div class="sidenote">The Monarchy.</div> - -<p>At the time of our Monarchy of eight centuries, Europe had in France -the centre of its intelligence, its perpetuity, its repose; when -deprived of that Monarchy, Europe at once inclined towards democracy. -The human race, for good or ill, has become its own master; the -princes have enjoyed its property during its minority; now that the -nations have come of age, they contend that they have no more need of -guardians. From David to our time, the kings have been called: the -vocation of the peoples is commencing. The brief and small exceptions -of the Greek, Carthaginian, Roman Republics, with slaves, do not take -away the fact that, in antiquity, the monarchic state was the normal -state of the globe. The whole of modern society, since the banner of -the French kings has ceased to exist, is laying aside the monarchy. -God, to hasten the degradation of the royal power, has delivered the -sceptres in different countries to infirm kings, to little girls in -long-clothes<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a> or in the white veils of their weddings<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a>: those -are the toothless lions, the clawless lionesses, the sucking babes, the -marrying babes, whom grown men are to follow in this era of unbelief.</p> - -<p>The boldest opinions are proclaimed in the face of the monarchs, who -pretend to feel safe behind the three-fold hedge of a suspected guard. -The flood of democracy is overtaking them; they climb from storey to -storey, from the ground-floor to the attic roof of their palace, whence -they will leap into the water through the dormer windows.</p> - -<p>In the midst of this, observe a phenomenal contradiction: material -conditions are improving, intellectual progress increases, and the -nations, instead of profiting, are diminishing. Whence comes this -contradiction?</p> - -<p>It is because we have lost in the moral order of things.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> There have -been crimes at all periods; but they were never committed in cold -blood, as they are nowadays, because of the loss of the religious -sentiment. At this hour, they no longer revolt us, they seem a -consequence of the march of time; if formerly we judged them in a -different manner, it was because we were not yet, as we dare to -assert, sufficiently advanced in the knowledge of man; we analyze -them at the present moment; we test them in the crucible, in order -to see what useful thing we can obtain from them, even as chemistry -finds ingredients in the sewers. The corruption of the mind, which is -very much more destructive than that of the senses, is accepted as a -necessary result; it no longer belongs to a few wayward individuals: it -has become public property.</p> - -<p>Many men would feel humiliated if it were proved to them that they have -a soul, that beyond this life they will find another life; they would -think that they were wanting in firmness and strength and genius, if -they did not rise superior to the pusillanimity of our fathers; they -admit annihilation, or, if you like, doubt, as a disagreeable fact -perhaps, but as a truth which it is impossible to deny. Admire the -stultification of our pride!</p> - -<p>That is how the decline of society and the increase of the individual -are explained. If the moral sense were developed in proportion to -the development of the intellect, there would be a counterpoise, -and humanity would grow up without danger; but the exact opposite -is happening: our perception of good and evil becomes dimmer as our -intellect becomes more enlightened; our conscience shrinks as our -ideas expand. Yes, society will perish: liberty, which could save the -world, will not make progress, for want of leaning on religion; order, -which could maintain the observance of rules, will not be solidly -established, because it is combated by the anarchy of men's ideas. The -purple, which used formerly to confer power, will henceforth serve as -a bed only for misfortune: none will be saved unless he be born on the -straw, like Christ. When the monarchs were disinterred at Saint-Denis, -at the moment when the trumpet sounded for the popular resurrection; -when, taken from their crumbling tombs, they lay awaiting plebeian -burial, the ragmen came to this Last Judgment of the centuries: they -looked with their lanterns into the eternal night; they rummaged among -the remains that had escaped the first pillage. Already the Kings were -there no more, but the Royalty was there still: they snatched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> it from -the womb of time and flung it into the rubbish-basket.</p> - - -<div class="sidenote" style="margin-top: 2.5em;">Old and young Europe.</div> - -<p class="p2">So much for old Europe: it will never revive. Does young Europe offer -better prospects? The present world, the world without consecrated -authority, seems placed between two impossibilities, the impossibility -of the past and the impossibility of the future. And do not go to -think, as some imagine, that, if we are badly off at present, good will -come out of evil: human nature, when disordered at its source, does not -proceed with such correctness. For instance, the excesses of liberty -lead to despotism; but the excesses of tyranny lead only to tyranny; -the latter, in degrading us, makes us incapable of independence: -Tiberius did not cause Rome to go back to the Republic; he left only -Caligula to follow him.</p> - -<p>To avoid explanations, we are satisfied to declare that the times may -have hidden in their womb a political constitution which we do not -perceive. Did the whole of antiquity, did the finest geniuses of that -antiquity conceive a society without slaves? Yet we see it existing. -We assert that, in this civilization as yet unborn, the human race -will grow greater; I have advanced this theory myself: is it not to -be feared, however, that the individual will grow less? We may become -industrious bees occupied in common with the manufacture of our honey. -In the <i>material</i> world, men unite for purposes of labour; a multitude -attains sooner and by different roads the thing after which it strives; -masses of individuals will raise pyramids; by dint of study, each on -his own side, those individuals will light upon scientific discoveries -and explore every corner of physical creation. But are things the same -in the <i>moral</i> world? It will be vain for a thousand brains to combine: -never will they compose the master-piece that issues from the head of a -Homer.</p> - -<p>It has been said that a city whose members enjoy an equal division -of goods and education will present to the gaze of the Divinity a -spectacle surpassing the spectacle of the city of our fathers. The -madness of the moment tends to achieve the unity of peoples and to make -but one man of the whole race: well and good; but, in acquiring general -faculties, will not a whole series of private sentiments perish? -Good-bye to the delights of the home; good-bye to the charms of the -family: among all those beings, white, yellow and black,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> reputed as -your fellow-countrymen, you would not be able to throw yourself on a -brother's neck! Was there nothing in the life of old, nothing in that -limited space upon which you looked out from your ivy-framed casement? -Beyond your horizon, you suspected the existence of unknown lands of -which the bird of passage, the only traveller that you had seen in -autumn, scarce spoke to you. It was happiness to think that the hills -which surrounded you would not disappear from before your eyes; that -they contained your friendships and your loves; that the moaning of the -night around your dwelling would be the only sound to which you would -fall asleep; that never would your soul's solitude be disturbed; that -you would always meet there the thoughts that await you to resume their -familiar intercourse with you. You knew where you were born, you knew -where your tomb lay; as you entered the forest, you were able to say:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Beaux arbres qui m'avez vu naître,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Bientôt vous me verrez mourir<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a>!</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Man does not need to travel in order to grow greater: he carries -immensity with him. The accents that escape from your bosom are not -measured, they find an echo in thousands of souls: he who has not that -melody within himself will ask it in vain of the universe. Sit down -on the trunk of the tree felled in the depths of the wood: if in your -profound forgetfulness of self, in your immobility, in your silence you -do not find the infinite, it is useless for you to wander on the banks -of the Ganges.</p> - -<p>What would an universal society be that should have no particular -country, that should not be French, nor English, nor German, nor -Spanish, nor Portuguese, nor Italian, nor Russian, nor Tartar, nor -Turkish, nor Persian, nor Indian, nor Chinese, nor American, or rather -that should be all these societies at once? What would be the outcome -for its manners, its science, its arts, its poetry? How would passions -be expressed felt at the same time in the manner of different peoples -in different climates? How would the language entertain that confusion -of needs and images produced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> by the various suns that should have cast -their light upon a common youth, manhood and old age? And what would -that language be? Would an universal idiom result from this fusion of -societies, or would there be a dialect of compromise, employed for -daily use, while each nation would talk its own language, or else would -the different languages be understood by all? Under what like rule, -under what one law would this society have its being? How would one -find one's place on an earth enlarged by the power of ubiquitousness -and narrowed by the petty proportions of a globe tainted on every hand? -There would be nothing for it but to apply to science for means to -change one's planet.</p> - - -<p class="p2">Are you weary of private ownership and do you wish to turn the -government into a sole proprietor, distributing to what will have -become a mendicant community a share commensurate with the merit of -each individual? Who shall judge of the merits? Who will have the -strength and the authority to compel the execution of your decrees? Who -will keep and make the most of that bank of living real estate?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Socialism.</div> - -<p>Will you seek to bring about the association of labour? What will the -weak, the sick, the unintelligent bring to the community left burdened -with their unfitness?</p> - -<p>Here is another contrivance: one might form, in place of wages, a -sort of limited company or partnership between manufacturers and -workmen, between mind and matter, to which the one would bring his -capital and his idea, the others their industry and their labour; the -eventual profits to be shared in common. That would be very good, -admitting complete perfection among men; very good, if you meet with -no quarrelling, avarice, nor envy: but, if a single partner protests, -the whole crumbles to the ground; divisions and law-suits begin. This -method, which seems a little more possible in theory, is quite as -impossible in practice.</p> - -<p>Would you, having modified your opinion, seek to build a city in which -every man shall possess a roof, a fire, clothes and sufficient to eat? -When you have succeeded in endowing every citizen, the good and bad -qualities of each will disturb your division and make it an unjust one: -this one requires more to eat than that; that one is unable to work as -much as this: the economical and industrious will become rich men, the -spendthrifts, the idlers, the cripples<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> will relapse into poverty; for -you cannot give all men the same temperament: natural inequalities will -reappear in spite of your efforts.</p> - -<p>And do not think that we should allow ourselves to be tied by the -complicated legal precautions demanded by the organization of the -family, patrimonial rights, wardships, recaptions by heirs and -assigns, and so on, and so on. Marriage is notoriously an absurd -oppression: we abolish all that. If the son kills the father, it is not -the son, as is easily proved, who commits parricide but the father who, -by living, sacrifices the son. Do not therefore let us go confusing our -brains with the labyrinth of an edifice which we put down level with -the ground; it is unnecessary to linger over those crazy trifles of our -grandfathers.</p> - -<p>This notwithstanding, there are some among the modern sectarians who, -half seeing the impossibility of their doctrines, mix with them, to -obtain sufferance for them, words of morality and religion; they think -that, pending better things, we might first be brought up to the ideal -mediocrity of the Americans; they close their eyes and are good enough -to forget that the Americans are landlords and ardent landlords, which -alters the question somewhat.</p> - -<p>Others, still more obliging, who admit a sort of elegance of -civilization, would be content to transform us into "Constitutional" -Chinese, all but atheists, free and enlightened old men, sitting in -yellow robes for centuries in our flowery seed-plots, spending our -days in a state of comfort acquired to the multitude, having invented -everything, discovered everything, vegetating peacefully in the midst -of our accomplished progress and only going on board a railway-train, -like a bale of merchandise, in order to travel from Canton to the Great -Wall to chat about a marsh that wants draining or a canal that wants -cutting with some other manufacturer of the Celestial Empire. In either -supposition, American or Chinese, I shall be glad to have departed -before so great a felicity happened to me.</p> - -<p>Lastly, one solution remains: it might be that, in consequence of the -complete degradation of the human character, the peoples would put up -with what they have; they would lose the love of independence, replaced -by the love of money, at the same time that the kings lost the love of -power, bartered for the love of the Civil List. Hence would result a -compromise between monarchs and subjects charmed to crawl promiscuously -in a bastard political order of things;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> they would display their -infirmities to one another at their ease, as in the old leper-hospitals -or in those mud-baths in which sick people soak nowadays to obtain -relief: one would dabble in a common mire like a peaceful reptile.</p> - -<p>We misconstrue our times, however, when we desire, in the present -condition of society, to replace the pleasures of our intellectual -nature by the joys of our physical nature. The latter, we can -understand, were able to occupy the life of the old aristocratic -nations: masters of the world, they owned palaces, troops of slaves; -they absorbed whole regions of Africa in their private possessions. But -under what portico would you now air your paltry leisure? In what vast -and decorated baths would you shut up the perfumes, the flowers, the -flute-players, the courtezans of Ionia? One is not Heliogabalus<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> -for the asking. Where will you find the wealth indispensable to those -material delights? The soul is thrifty; but the body is extravagant.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Communism.</div> - -<p>And now, a few words of a more serious character touching absolute -equality. That equality would bring back not only the servitude of -bodies, but the slavery of souls; it would be a question of nothing -less than destroying the moral and physical inequality of the -individual. Our will, administered under the general eye, would see -our faculties falling into disuse. The infinite, for instance, is part -of our nature: forbid our intellect, or even our passions to think -of endless blessings, and you reduce man to the life of the snail, -you transform him into a machine. For make no mistake: without the -possibility of attaining all, without the idea of living eternally, -you have nothingness everywhere; without individual property, none is -free; whosoever has no property cannot be independent; he becomes a -proletarian or a salaried servant, whether he live under the present -condition of separate ownerships or in the midst of a common ownership. -Common ownership would make society resemble one of those monasteries -at whose door stewards used to stand distributing bread. Hereditary and -inviolable property is our personal defense; property is nothing else -than liberty. Absolute equality, which presupposes complete submission -to that equality, would reproduce the harshest form of servitude; it -would turn the human individual into a beast of burden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> subjected to -the action which would constrain him and obliged to walk endlessly in -the same path.</p> - -<p>While I was arguing thus, M. de Lamennais<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a>, behind the bolts of -his gaol, was attacking the same systems with his logical power, which -is enlightened by the brilliancy of the poet. A passage borrowed from -his pamphlet entitled, <i>Du Passé et de l'avenir du peuple</i><a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> will -complete my arguments; listen to him, it is he now who speaks:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Of those who put before them this object of strict, absolute -equality, the most consistent, in order to establish it and -maintain it, agree upon the use of force, despotism, dictatorship, -under one form or another.</p> - -<p>"The partisans of absolute equality are, at the out-set, compelled -to attack the natural inequalities, in order to extenuate and, if -possible, destroy them. Unable to affect the primary conditions of -organization and development, their work begins at the moment when -man is born or when the child leaves its mother's womb. The State -then seizes upon it: behold it the absolute master of the spiritual -as of the organic being. Mind and conscience, all depends upon -the State, all is subject to the State. No more family, no more -paternity, no more marriage henceforth; a male, a female, children -whom the State handles, with which it does as it pleases, morally, -physically: an universal servitude and so profound that nothing -escapes it, that it penetrates to the very soul.</p> - -<p>"Where material things are concerned, equality can never be -established in ever so little a lasting manner by a simple -partition. If it be a question of land only, one can understand -that it can be divided into as many portions as there are -individuals; but, as the number of individuals varies perpetually, -it would also be necessary perpetually to vary that primitive -division. All individual property being abolished, there is no -lawful owner except the State. This mode of ownership, if it be -voluntary, is that of the monk bound down by his vows to poverty -as to obedience; if it be not voluntary, it is that of the slave, -where nothing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> modifies the harshness of his condition. All human -ties, sympathetic relations, mutual devotion, exchange of services, -free gift of self, all that constitutes the charm of life and its -greatness, all, all has disappeared, disappeared for ever.</p> - -<p>"The methods hitherto proposed to solve the problem of the future -of the people end in the negation of all the indispensable -conditions of existence, destroy, either directly or by -implication, duty, right, the family and would produce, if they -could be applied to society, instead of the liberty in which all -real progress is summarized, only a servitude with which history, -however far we go back into the past, can offer nothing to compare."</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="p2">There is nothing to be added to this logic.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Abbé de Lamennais.</div> - -<p>I do not go to see prisoners, like Tartuffe, to distribute alms to -them, but to enrich my intelligence by contact with men who are worth -more than I. If their opinions differ from mine, I am not afraid: -stubborn Christian that I am, all the fine geniuses in the world would -not shake my faith; I am sorry for them, and my charity protects -me against seduction. If I sin through excess, they sin through -deficiency; I understand what they understand, they do not understand -what I understand. In the same prison where I used to visit the noble -and unfortunate Carrel, I now visit the Abbé de Lamennais<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a>. -The Revolution of July has relegated to the darkness of a gaol the -remnant of the superior men of whom it can neither appraise the merit -nor endure the effulgency. In the last room as one goes up, under -a slooping roof which we can touch with our heads<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a>, we silly -believers in liberty, François<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a> de Lamennais and François de -Chateaubriand, talk of serious things. Struggle as he please, his -ideas have remained in the religious mould; their form has remained -Christian, even when their substance is furthest removed from dogma: -his speech has retained the sound of Heaven.</p> - -<p>A true believer professing heresy, the author of the <i>Essai sur -l'indifférence</i><a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a> talks my language with ideas that are not my -ideas. If, after having embraced the popular evangelical teaching, -he had remained attached to the priesthood, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> would have preserved -the authority which variations have destroyed. The parish priests, -the new members of the clergy (and the most distinguished among those -ecclesiastics) were going towards him; the bishops would have found -themselves involved in his cause if he had clung to the Gallican -liberties, while continuing to venerate the successor of St. Peter and -defending unity.</p> - -<p>In France, the youth of the country would have gathered round the -missionary, in whom it found the ideas which it loves and the progress -to which it aspires; in Europe, the attentive dissenters would have -raised no obstacle; great Catholic nations, the Poles, the Irish, -the Spaniards, would have blessed the preacher who had risen up. -Rome herself would have ended by seeing that the new evangelist was -causing the dominion of the Church to take new birth and supplying -the oppressed Pontiff with the means of resisting the influence of -the absolute kings. What power of life! Intellect, religion, liberty -represented in a priest!</p> - -<p>God did not wish it: the light suddenly failed him who was the -light; the guide, stealing away, left his flock in darkness. But my -fellow-countryman, though his public career has been interrupted, -will always have his private superiority left and his pre-eminence in -natural gifts. In the order of time, he ought to survive me; I summon -him to my death-bed to agitate our great conquests at those gates -through which there is no returning. I should like to see his genius -shed upon me the absolution which once his hand had the right to call -down upon my head. We were lulled at our birth by the same waves<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a>; -may my ardent faith and my sincere admiration be permitted to hope -that I shall meet my reconciled friend once more on the same shore of -eternal things<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the upshot, my investigations lead me to conclude that the old -society is giving way beneath itself, that it is impossible for -whosoever is not a Christian to understand the future society pursuing -its career and satisfying at one time either the purely republican or -the moderate monarchical idea. In any hypothesis, you can derive the -improvements which you desire only from the Gospel.</p> - -<p>At the bottom of the actual sectarians, what we find is always the -plagiarism, the parody of the Gospel, always the apostolic principle: -that principle has entered into us so deeply that we use it as though -it belongs to us; we presume it to be natural, even though it be not so -to us; it has come to us from our old faith, to take the latter two or -three steps in the ascending line above us. Many a man of independent -mind occupied with the perfecting of his fellows would never have -thought of it if the right of the peoples had not been laid down by the -Son of Man. Every act of philanthropy in which we indulge, every system -of which we dream in the interests of humanity, is but the Christian -idea turned over, changed in name and too often disfigured: it is -always the Word made Flesh<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a>!</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Christian idea.</div> - -<p>Do you say that the Christian idea is only the human idea in -progression? I agree; but open the different cosmogonies, and you -shall learn that a traditional Christianity preceded revealed -Christianity upon earth. If the Messiah "had not come" and if He "had -not spoken<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a>," as He says of Himself, the idea would not have -been disengaged, the truths would have remained confused, such as -we see them in the writings of the ancients. However you interpret -it, therefore, it is from the Revealer, or from Christ that you hold -everything; it is from the Saviour, <i>Salvator</i>, from the Comforter, -<i>Paracletus</i>, that you must always start; it is from Him that you have -received the germs of civilization and philosophy.</p> - -<p>You see, therefore, that I find no solution for the future except in -Christianity and in Catholic Christianity; the religion of the Word is -the manifestation of truth, even as the Creation is God made visible. -I do not pretend that a general renovation will absolutely take place, -for I admit that whole nations are vowed to destruction; I admit also -that the faith is drying up in certain countries: but, if a single -grain of it remain, if it fall upon a little earth, were it but in the -remnants of a vase, that grain will spring up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> and a second incarnation -of the Catholic spirit will revive society.</p> - -<p>Christianity is the most philosophical and rational appreciation of God -and the Creation; it contains the three great laws of the universe, -divine law, moral law, political law: divine law, the unity of God in -three Persons; moral law, charity; political law, that is, liberty, -equality, fraternity.</p> - -<p>The two first principles are fully developed; the third, political law, -has not received its complements, because it could not flourish so long -as the intelligent belief in the infinite being and universal morality -were not firmly established. Now Christianity had first to clear away -the absurdities and abominations with which idolatry and slavery had -encumbered the human race.</p> - -<p>Enlightened persons cannot understand how a Catholic like myself can -persist in sitting in the shadow of what they call ruins; according to -those persons, it is a wager on my part, an obstinate determination. -But tell me, for pity's sake, where shall I find a family and a God in -the individual and philosophical society which you offer me? Tell me -that, and I follow you; if not, do not find it amiss that I lie down in -the tomb of Christ, the only shelter which you have left to me while -abandoning me.</p> - -<p>No, I have made no wager with myself: I am sincere; see here what has -happened to me: of my plans, my studies, my experiments, all that has -remained to me is a complete disillusionment touching all the things -which this world pursues. My religious conviction, as it grew greater, -has swallowed up all my other convictions; there is no more believing -Christian and no more incredulous man here below than I. Far from -drawing near its end, the religion of the Deliverer has hardly entered -upon its political period: liberty, equality, fraternity. The Gospel, -the sentence of acquittal, has not yet been read to all; we have not -gone beyond the curses pronounced by Christ:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Wo to you ... because you load men with burdens which they cannot -bear, and you yourselves touch not the packs with one of your -fingers<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Christianity is stable in its dogma and mobile in its enlightenment; -its transformation involves the universal transformation. When it -has reached its highest point, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> darkness will become completely -lightened; liberty, crucified on Calvary with the Messiah, will -descend from it with Him; it will hand to the nations that new -Testament written in its favour and hitherto trammelled in its clauses. -Governments will pass away, moral evil will disappear, rehabilitation -will proclaim the consummation of the centuries of death and oppression -born of the Fall.</p> - -<p>When will that longed-for day arrive? When will society reconstruct -itself after the secret methods of the generating principle? None can -say; it is impossible to calculate the resistance of the passions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Christian liberty.</div> - -<p>More than once will death enervate races of men and shed silence upon -events even as snow falling during the night deadens the noise of the -traffic. Nations do not grow up so rapidly as the individuals of whom -they are composed, nor do they disappear so quickly. How long does it -not take to attain a single thing sought after! The death-agony of the -Lower Empire threatened to be endless; the Christian Era, already so -extensive, has not sufficed to abolish servitude. These calculations, I -know, do not suit the French temper; in our revolutions, we have never -admitted the element of time: that is why we are always wonder-struck -at results contrary to our impatience. Full of generous courage, young -men rush onwards; they make straight for a lofty region which they -see dimly and which they strive to reach: nothing could be worthier -of admiration; but they will wear out their lives in those efforts -and, coming to the end, after disappointment upon disappointment, they -will consign the weight of the years of deception to other deluded -generations, which will carry it on to the next tombs; and so on. The -time of the desert has returned; Christianity is beginning over again, -in the barrenness of the Thebaid, amid a formidable idolatry, the -idolatry of man for himself.</p> - -<p>There are two kinds of consequences in history: one is immediate and -instantly known; the other distant and not seen at once. Those two -consequences are often contradictory: the first come from our short -wisdom, the others from long-continued wisdom. The providential event -appears after the human event. God rises behind men. Deny the Supreme -Counsel as much as you please; do not consent to its action; dispute -about words; call what the vulgar call Providence the force of things -or reason; but look at the end of an accomplished fact, and you shall -see that it has always produced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> the contrary of what was expected of -it, when it was not first established on morals and justice.</p> - -<p>If Heaven has not pronounced Its last decree; if there is to be a -future, a free and mighty future, that future is still far away, far -beyond the visible horizon: we can reach it only with the aid of that -Christian hope whose wings grow in proportion as all things seem to -betray it, that hope which is longer than time and more powerful than -misfortune.</p> - - -<p class="p2">Will the work inspired by my ashes and destined for my ashes be extant -after me? It is possible that my work may be bad; it is possible that -these Memoirs may fade into nothing on seeing the light: at least the -things which I have told myself will have served to beguile the tedium -of those last hours which no one wishes and which we know not how to -employ. At the end of life is a bitter age: nothing pleases, because -one is worthy of nothing; useful to none, a burden on all, near to our -last resting-place, we have but a step to take to reach it: what would -be the good of musing on a deserted shore? What pleasing shadows would -one see in the future? Fie upon the clouds that now hover over my head!</p> - -<p>One idea comes back to me and troubles me: my conscience is not -reassured as to the innocence of my vigils; I dread my blindness and -man's complacency towards his faults. Is what I am writing really in -keeping with justice? Are morality and charity rigorously observed? -Have I had the right to speak of others? What would it avail me to -repent, if these Memoirs did any harm? O you unknown and hidden of the -earth, you whose life, pleasing to the altars, works miracles, all hail -to your secret virtues!</p> - -<p>This or that poor man, destitute of knowledge, about whom none will -ever trouble, has, by the mere doctrine of his manners, exercised upon -his companions in suffering the divine influence which emanated from -the virtues of Christ. The greatest book on earth is not worth so much -as an unknown act of those nameless martyrs "whose blood Herod had -mingled with their sacrifices<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a>."</p> - -<p>You have seen me born; you have seen my childhood, my idolatry of my -singular creation in Combourg Castle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> my presentation at Versailles, -my attendance, in Paris, at the first spectacle of the Revolution. -In the New World, I met Washington; I penetrated into the backwoods; -shipwreck brought me back to the coast of my Brittany. Came my -sufferings as a soldier, my wretchedness as an Emigrant. Returning -to France, I became the author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i> In a -changed society, I counted and lost friends. Bonaparte stopped me and -flung himself, with the blood-stained body of the Duc d'Enghien, across -my path; I stopped myself in my turn and brought the great man from -his cradle, in Corsica, to his tomb, in St. Helena. I shared in the -Restoration and saw its end.</p> - -<p>Thus I have known public and private life. I have four times crossed -the sea; I have followed the sun in the East, touched upon the ruins -of Memphis, Carthage, Sparta and Athens; I have prayed at the tomb of -St. Peter and worshipped on Golgotha. Poor and rich, powerful and weak, -happy and miserable, a man of action, a man of thought, I have placed -my hand in the century, my mind in the desert; effective existence has -shown itself to me in the midst of illusions, even as the land appears -to sailors in the midst of mists. If those facts spread over my dreams, -like the varnish that preserves fragile paintings, do not disappear, -they will mark the place through which my life passed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">My several careers.</div> - -<p>In each of my three careers, I placed an important object before -myself: as a traveller, I aimed at discovering the polar world; as a -man of letters, I have striven to reconstruct religion from its ruins; -as a statesman, I have endeavoured to give the nations the system of -balanced monarchy, to restore France to her rank in Europe, to give -back to her the strength which the Treaties of Vienna had taken from -her; I have at least assisted in winning that one of our liberties -which is worth all the others: the liberty of the press. In the divine -order of things, religion and liberty; in the human order, honour and -glory (which are the human generation of religion and liberty): that is -what I have desired for my country.</p> - -<p>Of the French authors of my own period, I may be said to be the only -one who resembles his works: a traveller, soldier, publicist, minister, -it is amid forests that I have sung the forests, aboard ship that I -have depicted the Ocean, in camp that I have spoken of arms, in exile -that I have learnt to know exile, in Courts, in affairs of State, in -Parliament that I have studied princes, politics and laws.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> - -<p>The orators of Greece and Rome played their part in the republic and -shared its fate; in Italy and Spain, at the end of the Middle Ages -and under the Renascence, the leading intellects in letters and the -arts took part in the social movement. How stormy and how fine were -the lives of Dante, of Tasso, of Camoens, of Ercilla, of Cervantes! In -France, of old, our songs and stories came to us from our pilgrimages -and battles; but, commencing from the reign of Louis XIV., our writers -have too often been men leading detached lives, and their talents have -perchance expressed the spirit, but not the deeds of their age.</p> - -<p>I, as luck would have it, after camping in Iroquois shelters and -Arab tents, after wearing the cloak of the savage and the caftan of -the mameluke, have sat at the tables of kings only to relapse into -indigence. I have meddled with peace and war; I have signed treaties -and protocols; I have taken part in sieges, congresses and conclaves, -in the restoration and overturning of thrones; I have made history and -I could write it: and my solitary and silent life went on through the -tumult and uproar in the company of the daughters of my imagination, -Atala, Amélie, Bianca, Velléda, without speaking of what I might call -the realities of my days, if they had not themselves been the seduction -of chimeras. I am afraid lest I should have a soul of the nature of -that which an ancient philosopher called a sacred sickness<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a>.</p> - -<p>I have found myself caught between two ages, as in the conflux of two -rivers, and I have plunged into their waters, turning regretfully from -the old bank upon which I was born, yet swimming hopefully towards an -unknown shore<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a>.</p> - -<p>The whole of geography has changed since, according to the expression -of our old customs, I was able to look at the sky from my bed. If -I compare the two terrestrial globes, the one at the commencement, -the other at the end of my life, I no longer recognise them. A fifth -part of the world, Australia, has been discovered and populated<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a>; -French sails have recently caught sight of a sixth continent amid the -ice-fields of the Antarctic Pole<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a>, and the Parrys, Rosses and -Franklins have turned the coasts, on our own pole, that mark<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> the -limits of North America; Africa has opened its mysterious solitudes; in -short, there is not a corner of our abode that is at present unknown. -We are attacking all the necks of land that separate the world; soon, -no doubt, we shall see ships pass through the Isthmus of Panama and, -perhaps, the Isthmus of Suez<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a>.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The world of the future.</div> - -<p>History has made parallel discoveries in the depths of time; the -sacred languages have allowed us to read their lost vocabulary; on -the very granite-blocks of Mezraim, Champollion<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a> has deciphered -those hieroglyphics which seemed to be a seal set upon the lips of -the desert that answered for their eternal discretion<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a>. If new -revolutions have struck off the map Poland, Holland<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a>, Genoa and -Venice, other republics occupy a part of the shores of the Pacific and -Atlantic. In those countries, a perfected civilization would be able to -lend assistance to a vigorous nature: steam-boats would ascend those -rivers destined to become easy means of communication after having been -invincible obstacles; the banks of those rivers would become covered -with towns and villages, even as we have seen new American States -spring from the deserts of Kentucky. Through those forests once reputed -impenetrable would fly horseless chariots, transporting enormous -weights and thousands of travellers. Along those rivers, along those -roads, would descend, together with the trees for the construction of -the ships, the wealth of the mines which would serve to pay for them; -and the Isthmus of Panama would burst its barrier to give passage to -those ships from one sea to the other.</p> - -<p>The shipping which borrows movement from fire is not restricted to the -navigation of rivers: it crosses the Ocean; distances are shortening: -no more currents, monsoons, contrary winds, blockades, close-ports. -It is a far cry from this romance of industry to the hamlet of -Plancoët<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a>: in those days, the ladies used to play at old-time games -by their fireside; the peasant-women spun the hemp for their clothes; -the meagre resin-torch lit up the village evenings; chemistry had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> not -worked its wonders; machinery had not set all the waters and all the -irons in motion to weave the wools or embroider the silks; gas, left to -the fire-balls, did not yet supply the lighting for our theatres and -streets.</p> - -<p>Those transformations are not confined to our abodes: obeying the -instinct of his immortality, man has sent his intellect on high; -at each step that he has taken in the firmament, he has recognised -miracles of the Unspeakable Power. That star, which seemed single to -our fathers, is double and treble to our eyes; suns interposed before -suns eclipse one another and lack space for their multitude. In the -centre of the Infinite, God sees passing around Him those magnificent -theories, proofs added to the proofs of the Supreme Being.</p> - -<p>Let us picture, according to our enlarged knowledge, our paltry planet -swimming in an ocean whose waves are suns, in that milky way, the raw -matter of light, the molten metal of worlds which the hand of the -Creator will shape. The distance of certain stars is so prodigious that -their brightness will not be able to reach the eye that watches them -until those stars are extinct: the focus before the ray. How small is -man on the atom where he moves! But how great he is as an intellect! -He knows when the face of luminaries is to be overcast with shadow, at -what hour comets will return after thousands of years: he who lives but -an instant! Microscopic insect though he be, lying unperceived in a -fold of the robe of the sky, the globes cannot hide from him a single -one of their movements in the depth of space. What destinies will those -stars, new to us, shine upon? Is the revelation of those stars linked -with some new phase of humanity? You will know, O races yet to be born; -I do not know, and I am going.</p> - -<p>Thanks to the exorbitancy of my years, my monument is finished. It is a -great relief to me; I felt some one urging me: the skipper of the bark -in which my seat is taken was warning me that I had but a moment left -to go on board. If I had been the master of Rome, I should say, like -Sulla, that I am ending my Memoirs on the very eve of my death; but I -should not conclude my story with those words with which he concludes -his:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I have seen, in a dream, one of my children who showed me Metella, -his mother, and exhorted me to come to enjoy repose in the breast -of eternal happiness."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> - -<p>If I had been Sulla, glory could never have given me repose and -happiness.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">End of my Memoirs.</div> - -<p>New storms will arise; men seem to have a presentiment of calamities -that will surpass the afflictions with which we have been overwhelmed; -already they are thinking of binding up their old wounds again in order -to return to the field of battle. Still, I do not believe in the early -outbreak of misfortunes; peoples and kings alike are tired out; no -unforeseen catastrophe will fall upon France: what comes after me will -be only the effect of the general transformation. No doubt, there will -be painful stations; the world cannot change its aspect without causing -suffering. But, once more, there will be no separate revolutions; -it will be the great revolution approaching its end. The scenes of -to-morrow do not concern me; they call for other painters: it is your -turn, gentlemen!</p> - -<p>As I write these last words, on the 16th of November 1841, my window, -which looks west over the gardens of the Foreign Missions, is open: it -is six o'clock in the morning; I see the pale and spreading moon; it is -sinking over the spire of the Invalides scarce revealed by the first -gold ray from the East: one would say that the old world was ending -and the new commencing. I behold the reflections of a dawn of which I -shall not see the sun rise. It but remains for me to sit down by the -edge of my grave; and then I shall descend boldly, crucifix in hand, to -Eternity.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> This book was written partly in 1834 and partly in 1841, -from the 25th of September to the 16th of November.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> Chateaubriand is a year out in his calculation; but, -as has been said before and as he himself has stated, he was an -indifferent arithmetician.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> 1 September 1715.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Antonio Giudice, Duca di Giovenazza, Principe di -Cellamare (1657-1733), of Neapolitan birth, was Spanish Ambassador -to the Court of France in 1715. He became the soul of a conspiracy -directed against the Duc D'Orléans and having for its object the -transfer of the Regency to Philip V. King of Spain. But the plot was -discovered and Cellamare made to leave the Kingdom in 1718.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 15, n. 5. Alberoni's fall occurred in -1719.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Guillaume Cardinal Dubois, Archbishop of Cambrai -(1656-1723), became Foreign Minister in 1717, was useful to the Regent -in discovering Cellamare's conspiracy and received the See of Cambrai, -as his reward, in 1718. He became Prime Minister in 1722. Dubois added -to the Court of the Regency such depravity as there was room for.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> John Law (1671-1729), the Scotch financier, became -French Controller-general of Finance in May 1720. He was the inventor -of a marvellous "System," which collapsed in May of the same year, and -Law with it. He was driven from France and his estates confiscated.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> Louis Henri Duc de Bourbon (1692-1740), known as M. le -Duc, was Prime Minister from 1723 to 1726, when Fleury obtained his -banishment to Chantilly.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> André Hercule Cardinal de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus -(1653-1743), was seventy-three years old, when he became Prime -Minister, and remained in power till his death, at the age of -ninety.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> The War of the Polish Succession.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> 29 May 1734 (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 13).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Maréchal Duc de -Belle-Isle (1684-1761), father of the Comte de Gisors and grandson of -Fouquet (<i>vide infra</i>), created a marshal of France, after meritorious -services, in 1700. His finest feat of arms was his masterly retreat -from Prague in 1742. He was Minister for War from 1757 till his -death.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> The French were defeated by the Brunswickers, at -Crefeld, on the 23rd of June 1758.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Nicolas Fouquet, Marquis de Belle-Isle (1615-1680), -Superintendent of Finance from 1652 to 1661, is more celebrated -for the disgrace that followed on his administration than for that -administration itself. He was arrested and condemned for peculation in -1661 and imprisoned at Pignerol, in Piedmont, where he died in 1680, -after nineteen years' captivity. He retained many good friends during -his reverses of fortune, notably La Fontaine, who sang his sufferings, -and Madame de Sévigné.-T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> La Bourdonnais (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 26, n. 6) was -Governor-General of the Isles of France and Bourbon when, in 1743, he -went to the assistance of Dupleix, Governor of French India, who was -threatened by the English. La Bourdonnais laid siege to Madras and -compelled it to capitulate (1746). By the terms of the capitulation, -Madras was to be restored to the English on payment of a ransom. -Dupleix quashed this capitulation and a collision arose between him and -La Bourdonnais which was fatal to the latter. Furious at Dupleix's want -of faith, La Bourdonnais evacuated Madras and went back as a private -individual to the Isle of France, where he had been replaced in the -command by the instructions of the masterful Dupleix. He returned to -France, in 1748, to reply to the accusations levelled against him at -the instance of his persecutor, was imprisoned in the Bastille and -remained there for several years without receiving an opportunity of -justifying himself. At last, in 1752, his innocence was established and -he released; but he was a ruined man and he died in 1753 of a long and -painful illness.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Joseph François Marquis Dupleix (1697-1764) was Governor -of the French East Indies from 1742 to 1754. In the war which ensued on -his breach of faith (<i>vide supra</i>), he displayed a courage and capacity -that went far to atone for the wrong he had undoubtedly committed. For -forty-two days, he defended Pondicherry against a formidable English -fleet and an army on land, and he added a great tract of country to the -French dominions. Puffed out by his successes, he ended by struggling -against the French East India Company itself, whose agent he was, when -it tried to oppose his enterprises. Ruined at last by all these wars, -he strove for a time to conceal the real state of things: the truth -became known, and he was recalled (1754). He spent the rest of his life -in bringing actions against the Company for sundry millions of francs -advanced to them and died in poverty and humiliation, in Paris, in -1764.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> 1 November 1755.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Robert first Lord Clive of Plassey (1725-1774) started -on his first expedition against Bengal in 1756. He won the Battle of -Plassey on the 23rd of June 1757 and was Governor of Bengal from 1758 -to 1760 and from 1765 to 1767. Clive committed suicide in London on the -22nd of November 1774.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Robert François Damiens (1715-1757) made an unsuccessful -attempt on the life of King Louis XV. on the 5th of January 1757. He -succeeded in stabbing him. The punishment inflicted on Damiens was one -of the most serious known in history: his right hand was burnt in a -slow fire; his flesh was torn with pincers and burnt with melted lead; -resin, wax and oil were poured upon the wounds; and he was torn to -pieces by four horses.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> The Family Compact was a treaty signed on the 15th of -August 1761 between the Kings of France, Spain and the Two Sicilies and -the Duke of Parma, and so-called because all the contracting parties -belonged to the Bourbon Family. The object of this treaty, of which the -Duc de Choiseul was the chief author, was to counteract the superiority -of the British Navy by the union of the French, Spanish and Italian -forces.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 139, n. 1.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Madame Du Barry was guillotined on the 6th of December -1793—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Dominique Joseph Garat (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., p. 106, n. 6) -was sent, as Minister of Justice under the Convention, on the 20th of -January 1793, to notify Louis XVI.'s condemnation to him.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Claude Louis Comte de Saint-Germain (1707-1778) became -Minister for War to Louis XVI., in 1775, on the advice of Turgot. -He effected many useful reforms, especially in the King's Military -Household, but displeased the army by attempting to introduce the -Austrian discipline and corporal punishment. He resigned office in 1777 -and died in the course of the following year.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> Chateaubriand was born on the 4th of September 1768.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Prussia declared herself a kingdom in 1701.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> Russia underwent her greatest development under Peter -the Great, whose reign lasted from 1682 to 1725.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> Corsica was annexed to France on the 15th of August -1768.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> Napoleon I. was born on the 15th of August 1768.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., pp. 68-69.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> American Independence was recognised by Great Britain in -1783.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> <i>Gen.</i>, IV., 19.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> Isabella II. Queen of Spain (<i>b.</i> 1830 and still living) -was made to usurp the throne, in 1833, on the death of Ferdinand -VII., when a child of three, by the machinations of her mother, Maria -Christina (<i>cf.</i> Vol. III., p. 221, n. 2 and Vol. V., p. 74, n. 4). -Queen Isabella was deposed and driven from Spain in 1868, since which -time she has resided in Paris.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> Victoria Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (<i>cf.</i> Vol. -IV., p. 47, n. 2) married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha on the -10th of February 1840, when in her twenty-first year.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Guillaume Anfrie, Abbé de Chaulieu</span>, <i>Les Louanges de la -vie champêtre, à Fontenay, en</i> 1707, 71-72: -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 3em;">"O beautiful trees that presided</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">O'er my birth, you shall soon see me die!"—T.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> Varius Avitus Bassianus, known as Heliogabalus, Roman -Emperor (205-222) was proclaimed Emperor in 218 and gave himself up to -the most extravagant licentiousness. He was killed, in the eighteenth -year of his age, by his soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries -had irritated.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Lamennais (<i>cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 27, n. 1) had been -prosecuted for one of his political writings, the <i>Pays et le -Gouvernement</i>, and sentenced, on the 26th of December 1840, to twelve -months' imprisonment and a tine of 2,000 francs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> Lamennais' pamphlet had just been published when -Chateaubriand was writing these last pages of the Memoirs in the autumn -of 1841.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> Lamennais was locked up at Sainte-Pélagie from January -to December 1841. He here composed his <i>Voix de prison</i>, an admirable -little volume containing, beside the furious rage of the pamphleteer, -pages of exquisite poetic feeling.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> It is interesting in this connection to note that -Lamennais was a dwarf in stature and Chateaubriand himself only five -feet four inches high.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> Lamennais' name was not François, but Félicité -Robert.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> 1817-1823.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Lamennais was born at Saint-Malo on the 19th of June -1782, fourteen years after Chateaubriand.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Lamennais died in Paris on the 27th of February 1854, -six years after Chateaubriand. His funeral was held almost by stealth, -on the 1st of March. The hour of the funeral was accelerated by the -authorities, who were afraid of disturbances; six or eight persons -followed the hearse, from which the crowd was kept off by an armed -force. -</p> -<p> -"The coffin," says M. Blaize, in his <i>Essai biographique sur M. F. de -La Mennais</i>, "was lowered into one of those long and hideous trenches -in which the common people are buried. When it was covered with earth, -the grave-digger asked: -</p> -<p> -"'Is there to be a cross?'" -</p> -<p> -M. Barbet answered: -</p> -<p> -"'No. M. de La Mennais said, "They must put nothing on my grave.'" -</p> -<p> -"Not a word was spoken over the tomb."—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John</span>, I., 14.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John</span>, XV., 22.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Luke</span>, XI., 46.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Luke</span>, XIII., 1: "And there were present at that -very time some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood <i>Pilate</i> had -mingled with their sacrifices." An earlier edition gives <i>Herodotus!</i> I -have little doubt that the misquotation was a slip on the part of the -author's pen.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> Epilepsy.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., pp. XXI.-XXIV.: <i>The Author's -Preface.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> Australia was explored by Cook in 1770-1777. The first -settlement was at Port Jackson in 1788.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville (1790-1842) -visited the Antarctic Ocean in the <i>Coquille</i>, in 1839. He was killed -in the burning of a railway train between Paris and Versailles on the -8th of May 1842.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Ferdinand Vicomte de Lesseps (1805-1894) made his first -investigation of the Isthmus of Suez in 1849. The Canal was thrown open -for navigation in 1869. Work on the Panama Canal began in 1881.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> Jean François Champollion (1791-1831) discovered the key -to the Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions in 1822, with the aid of the -famous Rosetta Stone.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> M. Charles Lenormant, Champollion's learned -travelling-companion, has preserved the grammar of the obelisks -which M. Ampère has gone to study to-day on the ruins of Thebes and -Memphis.—<i>Author's Note.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> <i>Sic</i>, in all the editions!—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., pp. 21-22.—T.</p></div> - -<h4>THE END.</h4> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES">APPENDICES</a></h4> - - -<h5>I. THE MORGANATIC MARRIAGE OF THE DUCHESSE DE BERRY</h5> - -<h5>II. UNPUBLISHED FRAGMENTS OF THE <i>MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE</i></h5> - -<h5>III. THE LAST YEARS OF CHATEAUBRIAND</h5> - -<h5>IV. THE TRANSLATOR'S SECOND NOTE</h5> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="APPENDIX_I" id="APPENDIX_I">APPENDIX I</a></h4> - -<p class="center">(<span class="smcap">By M. Edmond Biré</span>)</p> - -<h5>THE MORGANATIC MARRIAGE OF THE DUCHESSE DE BERRY</h5> - -<p>The Comte de La Ferronnays, in the course of his interviews with King -Charles X. at Hradschin Castle<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a>, brought himself to say:</p> - -<p>"If Madame has not yet complied with Your Majesty's wish, if she has -hitherto refused to furnish the proof which is asked of her, it is -because her advisers in Paris, M. Hennequin<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a> among others, have -frightened her as to the consequences that might ensue to her from the -publicity which it may perhaps be intended to give to her marriage. -She has been told that Your Majesty would not be satisfied until you -had the original instrument in your hands. Now Madame, I fear, will -never part with that document. But, if there were any other means of -obtaining the certainty which Your Majesty desires to have, if a man -honoured with all the King's confidence, such as M. de Montbel, for -instance, could, on his word of honour, vouch for the existence and the -perfect regularity of the marriage-deed, would the King then declare -himself satisfied?"</p> - -<p>Since the Emigration, Charles X. had the habit of addressing M. de La -Ferronnays in the second person singular. He replied eagerly:</p> - -<p>"Yes, certainly, I only ask to be convinced."</p> - -<p>It was then arranged that M. de La Ferronnays and M. de Montbel should -go to Florence to the Duchesse de Berry. The Comte de La Ferronnays -continues his narrative in the following words:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"On returning to Prague, I found M. de Montbel's carriage standing -ready harnessed before my door. He was waiting for my return to set -out for Florence, where we were to join the Duchess. He purposed to -pass through Vienna, where he had to supply himself with certain -papers which he thought useful. I intended to go straight to -Tuscany. Nevertheless, in spite of all the haste that I made, I did -not arrive until twenty-four hours after him.</p> - -<p>"I immediately called at his hotel; it was six o'clock in the -morning. Soon, Montbel joined me in a little sitting-room next to -his bed-room:</p> - -<p>"'We have made an useless journey,' he said to me at once; 'I much -regret having undertaken it. I saw the Duchesse de Berry yesterday, -one hour after my arrival. I found her more excited, more irritated -against the King than ever. She is firmly decided to yield on no -point and to risk all the consequences of a rupture by arriving in -Prague, in spite of the measures taken to close the road to her. -All my arguments, all my entreaties were useless. She ended by -flying out against what she calls the partiality of my conduct. I -can do no more. As for you, she expects you with impatience. She -is persuaded that the letter which you are bringing her from the -Emperor will give her the liberty to continue her journey. That -letter, so different from what she expects, will increase her -irritation two-fold. You will have a painful scene and it appears -to me impossible that you should succeed in making her listen to -reason.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>As the Duchesse de Berry was not to receive M. de La Ferronnays until -eleven o'clock, the latter, on leaving M. de Montbel, went to the Comte -de Saint-Priest. M. de Saint-Priest was the Princess's most authorized -adviser. The reception was perfect, but nevertheless wrapped up in -every imaginable kind of reserve.</p> - -<p>"At bottom, the question remains the same," said M. de Saint-Priest. -"However affectionate the letter which M. de Montbel brought from -the King may be, it makes no alteration in the first demands, nor, -consequently, in the reasons which the Duchess has for rejecting them. -The mere fact," concluded M. de Saint-Priest, "of handing over the -marriage-deed, as Madame is asked to do, would be enough to deprive -her of her rights as a mother, a princess of the Blood and Regent She -refuses and will always refuse to hand it over."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p> - -<p>This was brusquely broaching a question which M. de La Ferronnays -meant to discuss only with the Duchess herself. He therefore left M. -de Saint-Priest, not, however, without obtaining from him a promise of -complete neutrality.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"At the appointed hour," he continues, in his narrative, "I called -at the Poggio Imperiale, where Madame was staying. When I was -announced, she was alone, in a small drawing-room, with Count -Lucchesi, who at once withdrew.</p> - -<p>"Her Royal Highness' first sentence was one of thanks. The -second was to ask me for the Emperor's letter. She read it with -ever-increasing excitement:</p> - -<p>"'I see,' she at last said, angrily, 'that the party against me is -firmly united. This letter of the Emperor's is evidently dictated -by the King. They want to drive me to extremities. They want to be -able to say to France and to my children that there is no Duchesse -de Berry now, that there is only a foreigner entitled to neither -protection nor pity! They are erecting a pillory and they want me -to fasten myself to it.... They know me very little, if they think -me capable of so mean-spirited an act. They who employ such lofty -language to me have a false appreciation of their position and -mine. They do not know the strength which public opinion can give -me against them. They shall learn to know, for, as they want war, I -accept it. I shall have everything printed, everything published. I -shall prove that it is for me to impose conditions and not for me -to accept any. I shall force the King to respect my rights and at -last to give me back my children.'</p> - -<p>"Madame la Duchesse de Berry's utterance was loud and short, her -gestures abrupt; and, but for her extreme agitation, I might have -thought that she was repeating a part which she had studied. I -expected this outburst; I was also prepared with the language which -I should have to hold; but I did not hurry to reply.</p> - -<p>"Astonished at my silence:</p> - -<p>"'But, after all,' she asked, 'don't you think that I am right?'</p> - -<p>"'I shall dare to tell you everything, Madame, because my reasons -for being absolutely sincere will justify the harshness of my -words. All that Your Highness has just told me makes me fear that -you are ill-informed, ill-advised or ill-inspired. I have listened -to Madame with great attention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> and I am obliged to tell her that -she is mistaken as to the King's intentions, but that she is also -unfortunately mistaken as to her own position. The King, Madame, -does not believe in Your Highness' marriage. He does not believe -in it, because you refuse to give him the proof of it and because -your friends continue to protest against the reality of this -marriage. And yet it is important that the truth about this should -be known. Too much has been said about it, or not enough. M. le -Comte Lucchesi's presence about Your Highness is no longer to be -explained. As long as this remains so, I am not afraid to say that -the King, having his grand-children with him, cannot admit you into -the interior of his family. Right, justice and reason are on His -Majesty's side.'</p> - -<p>"Here the Duchesse de Berry, whose agitation was extreme, was -unable to contain herself any longer and cried:</p> - -<p>"'But, monsieur, I give you my word of honour that I am married. -The marriage-deed, which is perfectly regular, exists. It is -deposited in safe hands, and I shall certainly not take it from -them to place it in those of Charles X. and M. de Metternich.'</p> - -<p>"'I beg Your Highness to observe that this is the first time -that you have deigned to speak to me with such confidence. One -declaration of this kind made to me in Naples with that accent -of truth would, I dare to think, have been enough to enable me -to fulfil in an entirely satisfactory manner the mission with -which Your Royal Highness was pleased to entrust me. But what -had I to oppose to the King's doubts? What could I tell him to -reassure his conscience? Nothing, Madame, for you had told me -nothing. My personal conviction could carry no weight Your friends, -moreover, reproached me with it. To admit that one believed in -Your Highness' marriage seemed to them almost an act of treachery. -I could therefore say nothing and I was obliged to leave the King -in the fulness of his doubts. Do not believe, Madame, that it is -to Charles X.'s interest to stigmatize the widow of his son and -the mother of his grandson. No, he shows himself only jealous of -your honour as a widow and a mother, believe me. The King may have -disapproved of a marriage contracted without his knowledge, he -may even have become irritated at it; but to-day he asks only to -set his conscience at rest and to shelter your honour. Your Royal -Highness speaks of the strength which public opinion will give you. -You seem to threaten the King and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> the Powers with your anger. -Alas, all those outbursts would only be new and great misfortunes. -It is very painful for me to be reduced to give utterance only to -cruel words. But it is necessary that Madame should at last know -the truth, so that she may resolve upon a necessary sacrifice. -No, Madame is no longer in a situation to dictate terms or impose -conditions: she still judges her position from the height of the -pedestal upon which public opinion for some time placed her. No -doubt, if Your Royal Highness had remained there; if, after the -admiration inspired by her sublime courage, constancy, devotion, -we had had to bemoan only her reverses and her captivity, not only -would Madame have lost none of her spell, but she would have left -Blaye even greater than when she entered it. She would not have had -to dictate conditions, for she would have found none but submissive -wills before her. But, unhappily for Madame and for France, the -declaration made in the month of February has completely and -cruelly changed all that. Believe, Madame, the voice of a friend -who will never be able to give you a greater proof of his devotion -than he is doing at this moment; or rather, listen only to your -reason. It will make you understand why and to what extent your -position is changed. You will admit how guilty is the want of -reflection of those who advise you to resort to resistance and even -threats. Everyone pities you, Madame, but no one is any longer -afraid of you. The struggle which you are being urged to maintain -is henceforth too unequal. Its prolongation can henceforth have -fatal consequences for you alone.'</p> - -<p>"While speaking, I saw the unhappy Princess turn red, then pale; -tears poured down her cheeks, but she did not try to interrupt me. -I was able to fulfil my sad duty to the end. She then looked at me -with an indefinable expression of face:</p> - -<p>"'If all that you have just told me is true, they are deceiving -me and I am very unhappy. What do you want me to do? Can I send -that original document which, before the courts, would be my -condemnation?'</p> - -<p>"'No, Madame, I am the first to tell Your Highness that you must -in no case part with it. Only, the King's conscience desires to -be reassured; there is no other motive in his demand. If the King -could obtain the certainty of Your Highness' marriage, without -your parting with the original, without your even giving a copy of -it, should you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> see any danger, for yourself or your interests, in -satisfying Charles X.?'</p> - -<p>"The Princess tried to guess my thought.</p> - -<p>"'But what means can you contrive that would satisfy the King, -since he refuses to believe my word?'</p> - -<p>"'The King does not believe it, because you have not given it him.'</p> - -<p>"'But I tell you again that I am married. The deed is in Rome, in -the Pope's hands.'</p> - -<p>"'Well then, Madame, if a man honoured by your confidence and the -King's, if M. de Montbel were to go to Rome, would you refuse to -allow the holder of your marriage-deed to give him cognizance of -it, or at least to certify its existence to him? I am certain -that M. de Montbel's declaration would be immediately followed by -the dispatch of the passports which Your Highness so impatiently -desires.'</p> - -<p>"Madame la Duchesse de Berry, at last conquered, came up to me and -said, with a sad smile:</p> - -<p>"'I see no harm in trying the method which you propose, but you -understand that I cannot decide alone. Count Lucchesi's consent is -as necessary as my own.'</p> - -<p>"M. le Comte Lucchesi was in a neighbouring room, with Messieurs -de Montbel and de Saint-Priest; I called him in. Madame herself -repeated to him the proposal which I had just made. He did not -hesitate to accept.</p> - -<p>"I then asked that the two other gentlemen might be brought in. We -all sat round a little table before which Madame la Duchesse de -Berry was herself seated and, at her bidding, I gave an account of -the explanation which I had just had with her. As I was finishing, -I addressed the Comte de Montbel:</p> - -<p>"'And now, monsieur, it is for you alone, who know the King's mind -and who, so to speak, represent him here, to judge and declare if -the method which I propose will be able to satisfy His Majesty and -put an end to his opposition to Madame's journey to Prague.'</p> - -<p>"'I give a formal undertaking to that effect,' cried M. de Montbel, -with deep emotion. I Madame, how great is the gratitude that we owe -you and how happy I shall be, if I can have contributed a little -towards a reconciliation for which I long with all my soul!'</p> - -<p>"I proposed to M. de Montbel himself to draw up, then and there, -the rough draft of a letter to the Cardinal Vicar, which would then -be copied out and signed by Madame and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> by Count Lucchesi. A few -moments were enough to prepare this draft, which was approved of.</p> - -<p>"It was arranged that the letter should be written during the day, -and Madame invited us to meet again there at noon the next day; she -added that M. de Montbel could then, set out for Rome and that she -herself would leave Florence two days later to go to Bologna, where -M. de Montbel would join her again.</p> - -<p>"The next day, as arranged, we met, at the appointed time, at -the Poggio Imperiale. Her Highness received us with an air of -contentment which I, for my part, had not yet seen her display.</p> - -<p>"'I have,' she said, 'done all that you asked. I hope that they -will be pleased at last.'</p> - -<p>"At the same time, she showed us her letter to the Cardinal Vicar; -this letter agreed exactly with the copy as given by M. de Montbel. -Madame's signature and Count Lucchesi's were at foot, and the -signatures had been witnessed by the Grand-duke of Tuscany and his -minister, Fossombroni<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a>. M. de Montbel set out the same evening -for Rome, and I left Florence two days later.</p> - -<p>"At a stage at Viterbo, I met M. de Montbel, who had already -fulfilled his mission; he had stayed only half a day in Rome. -He had seen no one but the Cardinal Vicar, who, after taking -the Pope's instructions, had hastened not only to give him a -declaration in writing of Madame la Duchesse de Berry's marriage -to Count Lucchesi, but had shown him the deed itself, which was -perfectly regular. M. de Montbel had decided to travel without -stopping and was convinced of the definite success of his mission."</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="APPENDIX_II" id="APPENDIX_II">APPENDIX II</a></h4> - - -<h5>UNPUBLISHED FRAGMENTS OF THE<br /> -<i>MÉMOIRES D'OUTRE-TOMBE</i><a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a></h5> - - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Maintenon</span>, <i>September</i> 1836.</p> - -<p>I resume my pen at the Château de Maintenon, through whose gardens I -stroll by the autumnal light: <i>peregrinæ gentis amænum hospitium.</i></p> - -<p>When passing in front of the coasts of Greece, I used to ask myself -what had become of the four acres of the garden of Alcinous, shaded -with pomegranate-trees, apple-trees, fig-trees and adorned with two -fountains? Goodman Laertes' vegetable-garden in Ithaca no longer had -its two and twenty pear-trees when I was sailing before that island, -and they were not able to tell me if Zante was still the home of the -hyacinth. The pleasure-ground of Academus, in Athens, offered a few -stumps of olive-trees to my view, as did the Garden of Gethsemane at -Jerusalem. I have not wandered in the gardens of Babylon, but Plutarch -teaches us that they still existed in the time of Alexander. Carthage -presented to me the aspect of a park strewn with the vestiges of Dido's -palaces. At Granada, looking through the doorways of the Alhambra, I -could not take my eyes from the groves in which the romance of Spain -had placed the loves of the Zegris.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> From the top of David's house at -Jerusalem, the King-Prophet saw Bethsabee bathing in Urias' gardens; I -saw none pass there save a daughter of Eve, a poor Abigail, who will -never inspire me with the magnificent Penitential Psalms.</p> - -<p>During the Conclave of 1828, I strolled in the Gardens of the Vatican. -An eagle, plucked of its feathers and imprisoned in a den, presented -the emblem of Pagan Rome overthrown; an emaciated rabbit was delivered -as a prey to the bird of the Capitol, which had devoured the world. -Monks have shown me, at Tusculum and Tibur, the waste fruit-groves of -Cicero and Horace. I have shot wild-duck in Pliny's Laurentinum; the -waves came to die at the foot of the wall of the dining-room, where, -through three windows, one descried as it were three seas: <i>quasi tria -maria.</i></p> - -<p>In Rome herself, as I lay among the wild anemones of Bel Respiro, -between the pine-trees that formed a vault above my head, the Sabine -Range opened to the view in the distance; Albano enchanted my eyes -with its azure mountain, whose lofty denticulations were fringed with -gold by the last rays of the sun: a sight that became more admirable -still when I came to think that Virgil had contemplated it, as I was -doing, and that I was seeing it again, from the midst of the ruins of -the city of the Cæsars, across the vine-branch of the Tomb of the -Scipios<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a>.</p> - - -<p class="p2">If, from these Gardens of the Hesperides of poetry and history, I -descend to the gardens of our days, how many have I seen born and die? -Without speaking of the woods of Sceaux, Marly, Choisy, now razed to -the level of the corn-fields, without speaking of the thickets of -Versailles, which they purpose to restore to their festal condition! -I too have planted gardens; my little water-furrow, which served as a -passage for the winter rains, was in my eyes equal to the ponds of the -<i>Prædium rusticum.</i></p> - -<p>Seen from the side of the park, the Château de Maintenon, surrounded by -moats filled from the waters of the Eure, presents on the left a square -tower of bluish stone, on the right a round tower of red brick. The -square tower is connected, by a block of buildings, with the surbased -archway which opens from the outer yard to the inner yard of the -castle. Above this, archway rises a mass of turrets<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> from which starts -a building which is attached transversely to another block coming from -the round tower. These three lines of buildings contain a space closed -on three sides and open only on the park.</p> - -<p>The seven or eight towers of different thickness, height and shape are -capped with priests' bonnets, which mix with a church-window, placed -outside, towards the village.</p> - -<p>The façade of the castle on the village side is of the Renascence -period. The fancifulness of this style of architecture gives the -Château de Maintenon a special character, as who should say of a town -of olden time or a fortified abbey, with its spires and steeples, -grouped at hap-hazard.</p> - -<p>To complete the medley of periods, there is a great aqueduct, the work -of Louis XIV.; one would think it a labour of the Cæsars. One goes -down from the drawing-room of the castle into the garden by a bridge, -lately put up, which partakes of the architecture of the Rialto. Thus -are Ancient Rome and the Italian Cinquecento associated with the French -sixteenth century. Memories of Bianca Capello<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> and de' Medici, of -the Duchesse d'Étampes<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> and Francis I. rise up through memories -of Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon, while all this is swayed and -completed by the recent catastrophe of Charles X.</p> - -<p>The castle was rebuilt by Jean Cottereau<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> Treasurer to Louis XII. -Marot, in his <i>Cimetière</i>, maintains that Cottereau was too honest a -man for a financier. One of Cottereau's daughters brought the Maintenon -domain into the d'Angennes family. In 1675, this domain was bought by -Françoise d'Aubigné, who became Madame de Maintenon. Maintenon reverted -to the Noailles family, in 1698, through the marriage of a niece<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> -of the wife of Louis XIV. with Adrien Maurice Duc de Noailles<a name="FNanchor_465_465" id="FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> - -<p>The park has something of the calm and gravity of the Great King. Near -the middle, the first tier of arcades of the aqueduct crosses the bed -of the Eure and connects the two hills on opposite sides of the valley, -so that at Maintenon a branch of the Eure would have flowed in the -air above the Eure. "In the air" is the word: for the first arcades, -as they exist, are eighty-four feet high and they were to have been -surmounted by two other tiers of arcades.</p> - -<p>The Roman aqueducts are nothing beside the aqueducts of Maintenon; -they would all go under one of those arches. I know only the Aqueduct -of Segovia, in Spain, which recalls the massiveness and solidity of -this one; but it is shorter and lower<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a>. If you picture to yourself -some thirty triumphal arches linked laterally one with the other and -more or less resembling the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in height and -width of opening, you will have an idea of the Maintenon Aqueduct; but -even then you must remember that what you see is only a third of the -perpendicular and of the perforation which would have been formed by -the treble gallery destined for the passage of the waters.</p> - -<p>The fallen fragments of this aqueduct are compact blocks of rocks; they -are covered with trees around which hover crows fat as doves: they flit -to and fro under the curves of the aqueduct like little black fairies -performing fatidical dances under garlands.</p> - -<p>At the sight of this monument, one is struck with the imposing -character with which Louis XIV. imprinted all his works. It is for ever -to be regretted that this gigantic conduit was not finished: the water -carried to Versailles would have fed the fountains there and created a -new marvel by making their waters play perpetually; from there it might -have been brought to the suburbs. It is a pity, no doubt, that the camp -formed for the works at Maintenon in 1686 caused the death of a large -number of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> soldiers<a name="FNanchor_467_467" id="FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a>; it is a pity that many millions should have -been spent on an uncompleted undertaking. But, certainly, it is a still -greater pity that Louis XIV., driven by necessity, astounded at the -cries of economy which frustrate the loftiest schemes, should have lost -patience: otherwise, the greatest monument on earth would to-day have -belonged to France.</p> - -<p>Say what we may, a nation's fame increases that nation's power, and -that is no vain thing. As for the millions, their value would have -been represented at high interest by an edifice as useful as it -was wonderful; as for the soldiers, they would have fallen as the -Roman legions fell in building their famous "roads," another kind of -battle-field, no less glorious for the country.</p> - -<p>It was in this alley of old willow-trees, where I was strolling a -moment ago, that Racine, after the triumph of Pradon's<a name="FNanchor_468_468" id="FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a> <i>Phèdre</i>, -sighed his last songs<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a>.</p> - -<p>Madame de Maintenon, having attained the summit of greatness, wrote to -her brother<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I am done up, I would that I were dead."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> - -<p>She wrote to Madame de La Maisonfort:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Do you not see that I am dying of melancholy.... I have been young -and pretty; I have tasted pleasure... and I protest to you that -every condition leaves a horrid void."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Madame de Maintenon exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"What a torment to have to amuse a man who is no longer capable of -amusement!"</p> - -<p>It has been reckoned as a crime against the daughter of a simple -nobleman<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a>, against the widow of Scarron<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a>, that she should speak -in this way of Louis XIV., who had raised her to his bed; but I see -in this the accent of a superior nature, which was above the exalted -fortune to which she had attained. Only I would have preferred that -Madame de Maintenon had not left the dying Louis XIV., especially after -hearing these grave and tender words:</p> - -<p>"I regret only you; I have not made you happy, but I have always had -for you all the sentiments of esteem and friendship which you deserve: -the only thing that vexes me is to leave you<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a>."</p> - -<p>The last years of that Monarch were an expiation offered to the first. -Stripped of his prosperity and his family<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a>, he allowed his eyes -to roam from this window over that garden. He no doubt fixed them on -that water-conduit already abandoned since twenty years: great ruins -that they were, an image of the ruins of the Great King, they seemed to -foretell the exhaustion of his House and to await his great-grandson. -The time in which Le Nôtre<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a> designed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> gardens of Versailles for -Mademoiselle de La Vallière was past; the time was also past, more than -a century earlier, of Olivier de Serres<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a>, who said to Henry IV., -when planning gardens for Gabrielle:</p> - -<p>"We can cultivate sugar-canes, so that, coupled with the orange-tree -and its companions, the garden shall be perfectly ennobled and rendered -most magnificent."</p> - -<p>In the absorption of those dreams which sometimes confer second sight, -Louis XIV. might have discerned his immediate successor hastening the -fall of the arches in the Eure Valley to take from them the materials -for the mean pavilions of his ignoble mistresses<a name="FNanchor_477_477" id="FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a>. After Louis XV, -he might have seen yet another shadow kneel down, bow its head and lay -it silently on the pediment of the aqueduct, as though on a scaffold -raised in the sky. Lastly, who knows if, in one of those presentiments -attached to royal Houses, Louis XIV. might not, one night, in that -Château de Maintenon, have heard a knock at his door:</p> - -<p>"Who goes there?"</p> - -<p>"Charles X., your descendant."</p> - -<p>Louis XIV. did not wake up to see Madame de Maintenon's corpse dragged -with a rope round its neck around Saint-Cyr.</p> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Maintenon</span>, <i>September</i> 1836.</p> - -<p>My host<a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a> has described to me the half-a-night which Charles X., -banished, spent at the Château de Maintenon. The Monarchy of the Capets -ended in a castle-scene of the middle-ages; the Kings of the past had -gone back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> into their centuries to die. As in the time of Cæsar, -"the gods announce a great change and revolution in affairs<a name="FNanchor_479_479" id="FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a>."</p> - -<p>The manuscript of one of M. le Duc de Noailles's nieces<a name="FNanchor_480_480" id="FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a>, which he -was good enough to show me, relates the incidents which that young lady -witnessed. He has permitted me to make the following extracts:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"My uncle, anticipating that the King was going to come to ask him -for shelter, gave orders to have the castle made ready.... We got -up to receive the King and, while awaiting his arrival, I went to -a window in the turret which comes before the billiard-room, to -watch what was happening in the court-yard. The night was calm and -clear, the half-veiled moon made every object visible in a pale, -sad light, and the silence, as yet, was disturbed only by the hoofs -of the horses of two regiments of cavalry defiling across the -bridge; after them, over the same bridge, defiled the artillery of -the Guard, with matches lighted. The dull sound of the guns, the -appearance of the black ammunition-wagons, the sight of the torches -amid the shadows of the night oppressed my heart terribly and -presented the image—alas, too true!—of the funeral procession of -the Monarchy.</p> - -<p>"Soon, the horses and the first carriages arrived; next, M. le -Dauphin and Madame la Dauphine, Madame la Duchesse de Berry, M. -le Duc de Bordeaux and Mademoiselle; lastly, the King and all his -suite. As the King alighted from his carriage, he seemed extremely -dejected: his head had fallen on his chest; his features were -drawn and his face distorted with sorrow. This almost sepulchral -march of four hours, at a foot's pace<a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> and in the midst of the -darkness, had also helped to depress his spirits; and, besides, -did not the crown weigh heavily enough, at that moment, on his -brow? He had some difficulty in ascending the stair-case. My uncle -showed him to his apartment, which had been that of Madame de -Maintenon; he remained there a few moments alone with his family, -after which each of the Princes withdrew to his own room. My uncle -and aunt<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a> then went in to the King. He spoke to them with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> his -ordinary kindness, told them how wretched he was at not having -succeeded in rendering France happy, that that had always been his -dearest wish:</p> - -<p>"'My one despair is,' he added, 'to see the state in which I am -leaving her; what is going to happen? The Duc d'Orléans himself -is not sure that his head will be on his shoulders a fortnight -hence. All Paris is there, on the road, marching against me; the -commissaries have assured me so. I did not trust their report -entirely; I called Maison, when they had gone out, and said to him, -"I ask you on your honour to tell me, on your word as a soldier, is -what they have told me true?" He answered, "They have told you only -half the truth<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a>.'"</p> - -<p>"After the King had retired, we all returned to our rooms in -succession. I would not go to bed, and I went back to the window to -watch the sight that lay before my eyes. A foot-guard was standing -sentry at the little door of the grand stair-case, a body-guard -was posted on the outer balcony which leads from the square tower -to the part where the King was sleeping. In the first rays of the -dawn, that warlike figure was outlined in a picturesque manner -on the walls darkened by time and his steps resounded on those -time-worn stones, as did, perhaps, in former days, those of the -steel-clad gallants who had trodden them....</p> - -<p>"At half past seven, I went to dress in my aunt's room and, at -nine o'clock, I went down, with Madame de Rivera, to M. le Duc -de Bordeaux's, where Mademoiselle came soon after. M. le Duc de -Bordeaux was amusing himself, with my aunt's children, in throwing -bread to the fish and tumbling with the others on mattresses spread -out in the room. Nothing was so heart-rending as the sight of those -children thus laughing at the misfortunes that struck them. At ten -o'clock, the King went to Mass in the castle chapel. It was in -that little chapel that the unfortunate Monarch made his sacrifice -to God and laid at His feet that brilliant crown which had been -so grievously snatched from him, with that admirable, but useless -virtue of resignation which is an hereditary heroism in his unhappy -family.</p> - -<p>"It was, in fact, at Maintenon that Charles X. really ceased to -reign; it was there that he disbanded the Royal Guard and the -Swiss, keeping only the body-guards for his escort. From that -moment, he gave no more orders and in some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> measure constituted -himself a prisoner: the commissaries settled his road to Cherbourg.</p> - -<p>"After Mass, the King went back for a moment to his room, and then -the sinister procession started off again, at half-past ten. The -departure was heart-breaking: every misfortune and the noblest -resignation were depicted on the face of Madame la Dauphine, so -long accustomed to sorrow. She spoke a few words to me; then, -stepping towards the guards who were drawn up in the court-yard, -she held out her hand to them; they flung themselves upon it, -shedding tears; her own eyes were full, and she uttered these -words, in a firm voice:</p> - -<p>"'It is not my fault, my friends, it is not my fault.'</p> - -<p>"M. le Dauphin embraced M. de Diesbach, who commanded the guards, -and mounted his horse. M. le Duc de Bordeaux and Mademoiselle each -climbed into a separate carriage. The King went last; he spoke for -some time to my uncle, in a manner full of kindness, and thanked -him for the hospitality which he had shown him; then he went up to -the troops and took leave of them with that accent of the heart -which belongs to him:</p> - -<p>"'I hope,' he said, 'that we shall soon meet again.'</p> - -<p>"A rural gendarme threw himself at his feet and kissed his -hand sobbing; he gave it to several others and, turning to the -foot-guard who was on sentry and who presented arms to him:</p> - -<p>"'Come,' he said, 'I thank you, you have done your duty well. I am -pleased with you; but you must be very tired.'</p> - -<p>"'Ah, Sire,' answered the old soldier, while great tears trickled -down upon his white mustachios, 'it's nothing to be tired: if only -we had been able to save Your Majesty!'</p> - -<p>"A grenadier, at that moment, made his way through the crowd and -came up and stood in front of the King:</p> - -<p>"'What do you want?' asked His Majesty.</p> - -<p>"'Sire,' answered the soldier, raising his hand to his bear-skin, -'I wanted to look at you once more.'</p> - -<p>"The King, deeply moved, threw himself into his carriage, and the -whole scene disappeared."</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="p2" style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Maintenon</span>, <i>September</i> 1836.</p> - -<p>Calamities extend their effect by the fate of him who describes them: -this narrative is the work of Madame de Chalais-Périgord, <i>née</i> -Beauvilliers-Saint-Aignan. The Duc<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> de Beauvilliers<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> was, under -Louis XIV., the governor of the Prince who was the stock of the -family outlawed to-day. The last daughter of Fénelon's friend came -unexpectedly upon the Duc de Bordeaux on his road and hastened to go to -tell her father that she had seen the last heir of the Duc de Bourgogne -pass. In the young princess, beauty, rank and fortune were combined; -she had first turned her thoughts to the world, in search of pleasure; -her hope, like the dove after the Deluge, finding the earth soiled, -flew back to the Ark of God.</p> - -<p>When, in 1816, I passed this spot, on my way to write the eleventh book -of the first part of these Memoirs at Montboissier<a name="FNanchor_485_485" id="FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a>, Maintenon -Castle stood empty; Madame de Chalais was not yet born: since, she has -spread out and reckoned her whole life over twenty-six years of mine. -Thus have the shreds of my existence composed the spring-time of a -number of women who have fallen after their month of May. Montboissier -is now deserted and Maintenon inhabited: its new occupiers are my hosts.</p> - -<p>M. le Duc de Noailles, who, if nothing stops him, will achieve a -brilliant career, was not of an age to vote when I was in the House -of Peers: I did not hear him deliver those speeches in which he has -pleaded, with the authority of arguments and the power of words, the -cause of France and of the royal misfortunes. His part in life began -when mine had finished: he took the oath to misfortune in a more useful -way than I.</p> - -<p>Madame la Duchesse de Noailles is a niece of M. le Marquis de -Mortemart, my old colonel in the Navarre Regiment; she bears a sad and -gentle likeness to my sister Julie<a name="FNanchor_486_486" id="FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a>.</p> - -<p>The rivalries of Madame de Maintenon and Madame de Montespan have been -resolved by the marriage of M. le Duc de Noailles and Mademoiselle de -Mortemart<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a>. At this present time, who troubles his brain about -a sovereign's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> heart? That heart has been chilled these hundred and -twenty years; and, in the decrial and vilification of monarchies, are -the attachments of a king, even though it were Louis XIV., events? What -can one measure by the huge scale of our modern revolutions that does -not contract to an imperceptible point? Do the new generations care -about the intrigues of Versailles, which is no longer anything but a -crypt? What matters to our transformed society the end of the enmities -of blood of some women once destined, in bowers or palaces, to lie on -beds of flowers or down?</p> - -<p>And yet, around the general interests of history, would there not be -historical curiosities? If some Aulus Gellius, some Macrobius, some -Strabo, some Suidas, some Athenasus of the fifth or sixth century, -after describing to me the sack of Rome by Alaric, were, by chance, to -tell me what became of Berenice after Titus had repudiated her; if he -were to show me Antiochus returning to that Cæsarea, the "charming -spot where his heart" ...had adored her who loved another; if he were -to take me to a castle in the Lebanon inhabited by a descendant of the -Queen of Palestine, in spite of the destruction of the Eternal City and -the invasion of the Barbarians, it would still please me to come across -the memory of Berenice in the "desert East."</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="APPENDIX_III" id="APPENDIX_III">APPENDIX III</a></h4> - - -<p class="center">(<span class="smcap">By M. Edmond Biré</span>)</p> - - -<h5>THE LAST YEARS OF CHATEAUBRIAND</h5> - - -<p>On the 16th of November, at daybreak, Chateaubriand wrote the last -lines of the <i>Mémoires d'Outre-tombe</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It but remains for me," he said, "to sit down by the edge of -my grave; and then I shall descend boldly, crucifix in hand, to -Eternity."</p></blockquote> - -<p>He had lately entered on his seventy-fourth year, and he had still -seven years to live. Shortly after the Revolution in July, in April -1831, he had said, in the Preface to his <i>Études historiques</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I began my literary career with a work in which I contemplate -Christianity under its poetic and moral aspects; I end it with a -work in which I consider the same religion under its philosophical -and historical aspects. I began my political career with the -Restoration; I end it with the Restoration. It is not without a -secret satisfaction that I behold this consistency with myself. The -main lines of my existence have never wavered: if, like all men, -I have not always been alike in the details, let human frailty be -forgiven for it."</p></blockquote> - -<p>His last years will show him to us consistent with himself to the end.</p> - -<p>In the first days of October 1843, he received a letter from the Comte -de Chambord, dated Magdeburg, 30 September, and concluding with these -words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I shall be in London in the first fortnight of November and I hope -most eagerly that it will be possible for you to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> join me there; -your presence with me will be of great use to me and will explain -better than anything could the object of my journey. I shall be -happy and proud to show by my side a man whose name is one of the -glories of France and who has represented her so nobly in the -country which I am about to visit.</p> - -<p>"Come, then, monsieur le vicomte, and be sure to believe in all my -gratitude and in the pleasure which it will give me to express to -you, by word of mouth, the feelings of high esteem and attachment -of which I love to send you with this the renewed and most sincere -assurance."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Ill as he was and almost paralyzed with gout, the old man was moved to -tears by the young Prince's invitation:</p> - -<p>"To such a letter as that," he said, "one answers by going in one's -coffin, if necessary."</p> - -<p>He set out for England on the 22nd of November. The Prince was not to -arrive in London until a week later, the 29th. On the 30th, a large -number of French Royalists, with the Duc Jacques de Fitz-James<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> at -their head, came to Chateaubriand to pay him their respects and thank -him for coming. Suddenly the door opened and the Comte de Chambord -appeared, accompanied by Berryer and the Duc de Valmy<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a>:</p> - -<p>"Gentlemen," he said to the assembled company, "I heard that you were -all at M. de Chateaubriand's and I decided to come here to pay you a -visit... I am so happy to find myself surrounded by Frenchmen! I love -France, because France is the land of my birth, and, if I have ever -turned my thoughts towards the throne of my ancestors, it has been only -in the hope that it might be possible for me to serve my country in the -principles and sentiments which have been so gloriously proclaimed by -M. de Chateaubriand and which are honoured, in addition, by so many and -such noble defenders in your native land."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p> - -<p>This scene moved Chateaubriand deeply. On the same day, he wrote to -Madame Récamier:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I have just received the reward of my whole life: the Prince has -deigned to speak of me, in the midst of a crowd of Frenchmen, -with an effusiveness worthy of his youth. If I were able to tell -anything, I would tell you about this; but here I am crying like a -fool.</p> - -<p>"Protect me with all your prayers."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Comte de Chambord had had an apartment reserved for him in his own -house in Belgrave Square. Every morning, Chateaubriand would see the -descendant of Louis XIV. come into his room, sit down familiarly on his -bed and talk with him at length of the interest, liberties and future -of France. During the day, the Prince came to take him for a drive in -his carriage, so as to lose hardly an hour of his stay.</p> - -<p>When Chateaubriand was on the eve of departure, Henry of France wrote -him the following letter:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">London</span>, 4 <i>December</i> 1843.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Monsieur le Vicomte de Chateaubriand</span>,</p> - -<p>"At the moment when I am about to have the grief of parting from -you, I wish once more to express to you all my gratitude for the -visit which you have come to pay me on foreign soil and to tell you -all the pleasure which I have felt at seeing you again and talking -with you of the great interests of the future. Finding myself as -I do in perfect community of opinion and feeling with yourself, -I am happy to see that the line of conduct which I have adopted -in exile and the position which I have taken up are, in every -respect, consonant with the advice which I wished to ask of your -long experience and of your judgment. I shall, therefore, walk with -still more confidence and firmness in the path which I have marked -out for myself.</p> - -<p>"More fortunate than I, you are going to see our dear country -again; tell France of all the love that my heart contains for -her. I am glad to take as my interpreter that voice so dear to -France which has, at all times, so gloriously defended monarchical -principles and the national liberties.</p> - -<p>"I renew, monsieur le vicomte, the assurance of my sincere -friendship.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Henry</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p> - -<p>Chateaubriand replied to the Comte de Chambord:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">London</span>, 5 <i>December</i> 1843.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Monseigneur</span>,</p> - -<p>"The marks of your esteem would console me for every disgrace; but, -expressed as they are, I see in them more than kindness towards -myself: they discover another world; another universe opens up -before France.</p> - -<p>"I greet with tears of joy the future which you proclaim. Shall -you, innocent of all, to whom there is nothing to object save that -you are descended from the House of St. Louis, be the only unhappy -one among the youth that turns its eyes towards you?</p> - -<p>"You tell me that, more fortunate than you, I am going to see -France again: 'more fortunate than you!' That is the only reproach -which you found to address to your country. No, Prince, I can never -be happy so long as you lack happiness. I have not long to live, -and that is my consolation. I dare to ask you, after I am gone, to -keep the memory of your old servant. -keep the memory of your old servant.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 5%;">"I am, with the most profound respect,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 10%;">"Monseigneur,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 15%;">"Your Royal Highness' most humble and most obedient servant,</span><br /> -</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>On his return to Paris, Chateaubriand put the finishing touches to the -work which was to close his literary career, the <i>Vie de Rancé.</i> He -added to his manuscript some pages on his pilgrimage to Belgrave Square -which were worthy of his talent and almost equal to the finest pages -of the Memoirs. After a description of the Château de Chambord, in -the neighbourhood of which the Abbé de Rancé<a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> possessed a priory, -the great writer's thought harks back to the Prince whom he has been -visiting in London, and he continues in these words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"That orphan has lately sent for me to London; I obeyed the close -writ of misfortune. Henry has given me hospitality in a land that -flies from under his feet. I have again seen that town which -witnessed my fleeting greatness and my interminable wretchedness, -those squares filled with fogs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> and silence, whence issued the -phantoms of my youth. How long a time already has passed between -the days when I dreamt of René at Kensington<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> and these last -hours! The old exile found himself called upon to show to the -orphan a town which my eyes can scarcely recognise.</p> - -<p>"A refugee in England for eight years; next, Ambassador to London -and intimately acquainted with Lord Liverpool, Mr. Canning and Mr. -Croker: what changes have I not seen in those spots, from George -IV.<a name="FNanchor_492_492" id="FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a>, who honoured me with his intercourse to Charlotte<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a>, -whom you will find in my Memoirs! What has become of my brothers -in banishment? ...On that soil, where we were not noticed, we -nevertheless had our merry-makings and, above all, our youth. -Growing girls commencing life in adversity brought the weekly fruit -of their toil, to revel in some dance or other of the country; -attachments were formed; we prayed in chapels which I have just -revisited and found unchanged. We wept aloud on the 21st of -January, and were much moved by a funeral oration pronounced by the -Emigrant curate of our village. We also strolled beside the Thames, -to see vessels laden with the world's riches enter the port, to -admire the country-houses at Richmond, we so poor, we who had lost -the shelter of the paternal roof-tree! All those things constituted -true happiness<a name="FNanchor_494_494" id="FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a>. Will you ever return, O happiness of my -misery? Ah, come back to life, companions of my exile, comrades -of my bed of straw: behold me returned! Let us go once more into -the little gardens of some despised tavern and drink a cup of bad -tea while we talk of our country<a name="FNanchor_495_495" id="FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a>: but I see no one; I have -remained behind alone....</p> - -<pre style="font-size: 1.2em;"> . . . . . . . . </pre> - -<p>"I was not received, on my last visit to London, in a garret in -Holborn by one of my Emigrant cousins<a name="FNanchor_496_496" id="FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a>, but by the 'Heir of the -Ages.' That heir took a pleasure in showing me hospitality in the -places where I had so long awaited him. He hid himself behind me -like the sun behind ruins. The torn screen that sheltered me seemed -to me more magnificent than the wainscotings of Versailles. Henry -was my last sick-nurse: those are the perquisites of misfortune.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> -When the orphan entered, I tried to stand up; I had no other way of -showing my gratitude. At my age, we have only the impotence of life -left Henry has consecrated his wretchedness; stripped though he be, -he is not without authority: every morning, I saw an Englishwoman -pass before my window; she would stand still and burst into tears -so soon as she saw the young Bourbon: what king on his throne would -have had the power to make such tears as those flow! Those are the -unknown subjects conferred by misfortune."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The <i>Vie de Rancé</i> appeared in the month of May 1844. Chateaubriand had -dedicated his work to the memory of the Abbé Sequin, an old priest, -his spiritual director, who had died the year before at the age of -ninety-five:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I have written the story of the Abbé de Rancé in obedience to the -orders of the director of my life."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The work had only just appeared, when the Duc d'Angoulême died at -Goritz, on the 3rd of June 1844. The author of the <i>Congrès de Vérone</i>, -on this occasion, wrote the following letter, addressed to M. le -Vicomte de Baulny:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Monsieur le vicomte</span>,</p> - -<p>"I have just read in the <i>France</i> the letter which you were good -enough to communicate to me and which anticipated the sentiments so -nobly expressed in the <i>Gazette de France</i> and the <i>Quotidienne.</i> -I congratulate myself that my family has contracted with yours an -alliance which does me honour and which is dear to me. I would -myself have tried to raise my voice once more, if it deserved to be -heard; I would have said once again what I think of the liberator -of Spain, of the man who recalled to existence the last soldiers -of Napoleon. M. le Duc d'Angoulême loved and protected my nephew, -whose daughter has married your brother<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a>. Christian, my second -nephew, also much loved by the august Prince, has gone to God. And -so all disappears for me! When I cast back my eyes, I see only -a woman who weeps; and what a woman! Marie-Thérèse over-towers -all ruins. And yet, this family which, for nine centuries, has -commanded the world would to-day scarce find an old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> servant to -raise to it, on the sea-shore, a funeral pile built out of the -remnants of a shipwreck! Marie-Thérèse buries her grief in the -bosom of God, in order that that sorrow may be everlasting. I have -said that that sorrow was one of the greatnesses of France; was I -wrong? In the wastes of Bohemia, I used to see, at night, at the -window of a tower, a solitary light which proclaimed the new exile -of the Duc d'Angoulême. Alas, that light has disappeared! The -virtuous Prince has gone to seek his true country in Heaven. There -revolutions will no longer strike him. He will stretch out his hand -to us to climb to him, and, under the protection of his stainless -life, we shall find grace with the Father of Mercies."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In the spring of 1845, Chateaubriand wanted to see "his young King" -again for the last time. He accordingly went to Venice, at the end of -May, and spent a few days with the Comte de Chambord. Seeing him set -out in the state of weakness to which his ailments reduced him, his -friends in Paris were very anxious about the journey. He bore it better -than had been expected. The Prince persuaded him to prolong his stay a -little:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I was about to depart," he wrote, from Venice, in June 1845; "the -young Prince's embraces and prayers retain me. My days are his; -and, when he asks me only for a sacrifice of twenty-four hours, -what right have I to refuse him?"</p></blockquote> - -<p>If rejoicings in exile are rare, the Royal Family nevertheless knew -a few. On the 11th of November 1845 was celebrated, at Frohsdorf, -the marriage of H.R.H. Mademoiselle with the Hereditary Prince of -Lucca<a name="FNanchor_498_498" id="FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a>, like herself of a royal race, like herself sprung from the -House of Bourbon. This was that Princesse Louise, the sister of the Duc -de Bordeaux, whom Chateaubriand had seen in Prague in the month of May -1833 and of whom he had at that time drawn the following portrait:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Mademoiselle somewhat recalls her father: she is fair-haired; -her blue eyes have a shrewd expression.... Her whole person is a -mixture of the child, the young girl and the young princess: she -looks up, lowers her eyes, smiles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> with an artless coquetry mingled -with art; one does not know if one ought to tell her fairy stories, -make her a declaration, or talk to her with respect as to a queen. -The Princesse Louise adds to the agreeable accomplishments a good -deal of information....<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a>"</p></blockquote> - -<p>So soon as the marriage was announced, the Breton Royalists decided to -offer the Princess a gift, a product of local manufacture. They asked -Chateaubriand to take it to Frohsdorf and present it in their name.</p> - -<p>"I owe," he said to their delegate, M. Thibault de La Guichardière, "I -owe Louise of France a wedding-visit; I shall be delighted to offer her -a fine specimen of the work of our Breton looms."</p> - -<p>He wrote on this subject, on the 9th of September 1845, to his sister, -the Comtesse de Marigny<a name="FNanchor_500_500" id="FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a>, who was living at Dinan:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I have received your letter, dear sister; it goes without saying -that I add my name to those of all the Bretons who wish to make -the Princess a present. You can therefore look upon me as a -subscriber for the sum which you think right to fix.... But be sure -to remember that I want to be mixed with the crowd and that I am -ambitious for no distinction but that of my eagerness and my zeal."</p></blockquote> - -<p>On the 15th of the same month, he wrote again to his sister:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"If I am specially charged, by a certain number of Bretons, to be -the bearer of their respects, that is all that I want I shall go -at my own expense. I know the young Princess; she will receive me -well, wherever she may be. I would rather that she were already -in Italy. If we are to believe the newspapers, she is already in -Venice; but the place does not matter.... You can put me down for -100 francs; once more, the amount makes no difference: it is enough -to know that I am commissioned to take a Breton subscription to -the daughter of the Duc de Berry; the choice is everything.... -Your canton is more than I need to authorize me to go to Madame la -Princesse de Lucques,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> whose brother, moreover, has invited me to -go to present my compliments to him next spring."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Shortly before his death, Chateaubriand was anxious to give Henry of -France a last proof of his fidelity. By a disposition "outside his -will," a disposition specially recommended to his family, of which a -duplicate was forwarded to the Comte de Chambord, he gave the latter -his little collection of choice books, some of them "annotated," those -which he was "re-reading," he said, in order to serve for the Prince's -"leisure" and instruction.</p> - -<p>Until the end, therefore, to use the very true expression of M. Charles -de Lacombe, "his royalist flame, kept alive by honour, did not cease to -burn, under an appearance of scepticism, in that disabused heart<a name="FNanchor_501_501" id="FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a>."</p> - -<p>And, in the same way, the Christian remained faithful. A whole -volume has been written recently on the <i>Sincérité religieuse de -Chateaubriand.</i><a name="FNanchor_502_502" id="FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a> This was, perhaps, a good subject for a thesis; -it seems to me, however, that the demonstration did not require to be -made: one does not demonstrate evidence. For the rest, I have nothing -to speak of here except the last years of the author of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i>, those which go from 1841 to 1848.</p> - -<p>In a letter to his friend Hyde de Neuville, on the 14th of June 1841, -Chateaubriand wrote:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I admire you from the bottom of my heart; you interest yourself in -everything; I no longer interest myself in anything; my courage is -not used up; but it is overcome by disgust. I no longer think of -anything but of dying a Christian, and I hope that the good Père -Sequin, old though he be, will have strength enough to raise his -hand to cleanse me and send me to God<a name="FNanchor_503_503" id="FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In the month of March 1842, speaking of the recent death of Théodore -Jouffroy<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a>, one of the professors of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> the Royal College of -Marseilles, M. Lafaye<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a>, said to his pupils:</p> - -<p>"Jouffroy, the sceptic, sent for a confessor, and no one can give the -name of the confessor of the author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i>"</p> - -<p>These words created some stir, and M. Lafaye, fearing lest he should be -dismissed, begged the Baron de Flotte<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a>, a friend and co-religionist -of Chateaubriand, to write to the latter asking him to intercede on -his behalf with M. Villemain, the Minister of Public Instruction. -Chateaubriand replied:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Thank God, monsieur, I neither have nor can have any credit with -the present Government. At the time when I possessed some political -power, I do not remember ever employing it except for the benefit -of persons who might be oppressed. M. Lafaye has not offended me -in the least; but, if he were molested on my account, I would ask -them to leave him in peace. I no longer occupy myself with what -goes on in society. My part is played, monsieur. I live far from -the world, and I shall be forgiven, I hope, because of my great -age, for having a confessor. It is M. l'Abbé Sequin, a priest at -Saint-Sulpice. When one has lived many days, one must needs accuse -one's self of many faults."</p></blockquote> - -<p>He rigorously observed the rules of the Church on fasting and -abstinence, often even, in his practice, going beyond the limits -prescribed by health. I make the following ex-tract from a letter which -Victor de Laprade<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> wrote me, on the 12th of August 1870:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"To those who are inclined to doubt the firmness of his Christian -faith, you can tell this detail, which was given me by a Protestant -lady who was for a long time his neighbour and who still lives -in the house in which he died at No. 120,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> Rue du Bac. Madame -Mohl<a name="FNanchor_508_508" id="FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a> was very intimate with Madame de Chateaubriand, who did -not go out and saw hardly any one. The wife of that truly great -man used often to lament to her neighbour about the difficulty -which she had to prevent her husband from following with the most -scrupulous strictness the rules for Lent and the other seasons of -fasting and abstinence. Chateaubriand had at that time reached -the age at which the Church dispenses us from fasting, and his -health suffered greatly from these austerities. He practised them, -nevertheless, with his Breton stubbornness, and it needed all his -wife's entreaties to make him give way sometimes. This was not -done for the world nor for the sake of 'posing,' as one would say -nowadays. Madame de Chateaubriand and her confidant were the only -witnesses, and I am perhaps the only one to know of it to-day. Do -you, who are young, keep and hand down this recollection of the -author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme.</i></p> - -<p>"I like indulging in this old man's gossip; but it is only thus -that traditions are preserved. I have known a whole vanished world. -There are hardly any people left who have seen Chateaubriand -close. There are only two of us now at the French Academy who have -seen Madame Récamier's <i>salon</i>: M. le Duc de Noailles and myself. -Outside the Academy, I know only Madame Lenormant and Madame Mohl -who have lived in that illustrious intimacy."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In his conversations, as in his letters, Victor de Laprade loved -to call up before my eyes those vanished days, those figures -now extinguished. He used frequently to describe to me M. de -Chateaubriand's punctual regularity. The great writer used to arrive at -Madame Récamier's every day at half-past two; they took tea together -and spent an hour in private chat. Then the door would open for -visitors; the worthy Ballanche came first; after him, a wave of more -or less numerous, more or less varied, more or less animated comers -and goers, amid whom was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> group of persons accustomed to see one -another daily and, as Ballanche said, to "gravitate towards the centre" -of the Abbaye-aux-Bois<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a>.</p> - -<p>While the author of <i>Antigone</i> and <i>Orphèe</i>, lively, smiling, often -flung some light-hearted jest into the midst of the most serious -conversations and sometimes even tried to point a pun, the author of -<i>René</i> usually stayed till six o'clock, but in an almost absolute -silence. Seated in one of the corners of the chimney, opposite Madame -Récamier, he leant upon his cane, listened to everything with interest -and sometimes replied by means of an ironical and disheartened question.</p> - -<p>Because he has, in many places in his Memoirs, spoken of the strength -of the democratic current, some have thought themselves authorized -to turn him into a deserter from Royalism, hailing in the triumph of -Democracy the realization of his supreme hopes. This is just contrary -to the truth. That France was going towards Democracy he saw and -proclaimed aloud; but, far from rejoicing in this new revolution, or -looking upon it in the light of a progress for humanity or a happiness -for France, he saw in Democracy the worst of governments, <i>omnium -deterrimum</i>, to use Bellarmine's strong expression. One day, at the -Abbaye-aux-Bois, Laprade, who, at that time, was an ingenuous person, -thought he might confess before the great poet his juvenile faith in -the future of Democracy, of a Christian Democracy which would fulfil -all the promises of the Divine Law-giver. Chateaubriand received these -enthusiastic confidences with his melancholy smile; and then, after -saying that he believed the fall of the Throne of July to be near at -hand and the advent of Democracy to be inevitable, he began to sketch -in broad lines that future society which would be the offspring of a -democracy without religion or ideals. The more he spoke, the more did -the singer of <i>Psyché</i> see his beautiful illusions fade away. The New -Jerusalem of which he had dreamt so long crumbled to the noise of that -great word, as the walls of Jericho fell to the sound of the trumpet. -Instead of the promised land, a riotous arena, stained with blood by -the struggle of appetites and covetousness; and, at the furthermost -point of the horizon, at the end of the journey, rest in the stupidity -of a semi-Barbarism, of vast pastures in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> which human herds browzed on -thick grass, with lowered heads, without ever looking at the sky<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a>.</p> - -<p>On the subject of the dangers and disgraces which the democratic system -was preparing for France, he spoke the strongest and most contemptuous -words at every juncture. M. de Marcellus tells us how, in 1844, on a -day when they were taking a little stroll together in his garden in the -Rue du Bac, Chateaubriand said:</p> - -<p>"The stream of the Monarchy disappeared in blood at the end of the -last century. We have been carried away by the currents of Democracy, -and have only a few times halted on the mud of the foul places. But -the torrent will submerge us and it is all up, in France, with true -political liberty and the dignity of man<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a>."</p> - -<p>On the 16th of August 1846, driving in the Champ de Mars, he was -trying to alight from his carriage, when his foot slipped and he -broke his collar-bone. This accident marked a new stage in his -physical decay; from that time, he no longer walked. When he came to -the Abbaye-aux-Bois, his footman and Madame Récamier's carried him -from his carriage to the door of the drawing-room; he was then put -into an arm-chair and rolled to the chimney-corner. This happened -in the presence of Madame Récamier only, and the visitors who were -admitted after tea found M. de Chateaubriand settled in his place; -but, when leaving, he had to be moved before the strangers present. -They pretended in vain to notice nothing; it was nevertheless a cruel -torture to the old man that his infirmities should be seen<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a>.</p> - -<p>The hour was now near at which death was to close that <i>salon</i> in the -Abbaye-aux-Bois on which the shades of night were already falling:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Majoresque cadunt celsis de montibus umbræ.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Madame de Chateaubriand was the first one struck. She softly fell -asleep in the Lord on the 9th of February 1847; Ballanche followed: on -the 12th of June 1847, he expired with the calmness of a sage and the -resignation of a saint, gentle towards death as he had been towards -life. Madame Récamier, who had not left her post by his death-bed, -thanks to the tears which she there shed ended by compromising<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> her -sight, which had been growing more and more weak. She was threatened -with complete blindness; it was then that Chateaubriand offered to -consummate his friendship by asking her to share his name. She refused -that honour and, in doing so, was prompted by the noblest and nicest -scruples.</p> - -<p>He was to precede her to the grave<a name="FNanchor_513_513" id="FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a>. In the month of June 1848, -at the very moment when the cannon of civil war was thundering in -the streets of the capital<a name="FNanchor_514_514" id="FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a>, he took to his bed never to rise -again. He was given the Last Sacraments on the 2nd of July. He -received the Viaticum "not only in full and perfect consciousness, -but also with a profound sense of faith and humility<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a>."</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<a id="chat06006"></a> -<img src="images/chat06_006.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">The Vicomtesse de Chateaubriand.</p> -</div> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p>The next day, he dictated the following lines to his nephew:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I declare before God that I retract all that my writings may -contain that is contrary to faith, morals and, generally, to the -principles preservative of goodness.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 3 <i>July</i>1848.</p> - -<p>"Signed for my uncle François de Chateaubriand, whose hand was -unable to sign, and in conformity with the wish which he expressed -to me.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"Geoffroy-Louis de <span class="smcap">Chateaubriand</span>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>When this declaration was written, the dying man made them read it -out to him; next, he insisted on reading it with his own eyes and -then, calmly and with a peaceful mind, the author of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i> awaited the hour at which he was to appear before -God. He drew his last breath on Tuesday the 4th of July. Only four -persons were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> present: his spiritual director, the Abbé Deguerry<a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a>, -Rector of Saint-Eustache; his nephew; a sister of Charity; and Madame -Récamier<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a>.</p> - -<p>In a letter to the <i>Journal des Débats</i>, the Abbé Deguerry, the future -martyr of the Commune, describes the great writer's last moments in -these words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Paris</span>, 4 <i>July</i> 1848.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>"France has lost one of her noblest children.</p> - -<p>"M. de Chateaubriand died this morning at a quarter past eight. We -have gathered his last breath. He drew it in full consciousness. -So beautiful an intellect was bound to prevail over death and to -preserve a visible freedom in its embrace.</p> - -<p>"The death of Madame de Chateaubriand, which happened last year, -struck M. de Chateaubriand so hard that he said to us at the time, -laying his hand upon his breast:</p> - -<p>"'I have this moment felt life struck and withered at its source; -it is now but a question of a few months.'</p> - -<p>"The death of M. Ballanche, which followed only too soon after, was -the last blow for his old and illustrious friend. Since then, M. de -Chateaubriand seemed no longer to be sinking, but rather rushing to -the grave.</p> - -<p>"A few moments before his death, M. de Chateaubriand, who had -received the Last Sacraments on Sunday last, once more pressed his -lips to the cross with the emotion of a lively faith and a firm -confidence. One of the sayings that he repeated most frequently -during his last years was that the social problems that are -harassing the nations to-day can never be resolved without the -Gospel, without the spirit of Christ, whose doctrines and examples -have called down a curse upon selfishness, that canker of all -concord. Wherefore M. de Chateaubriand hailed Christ as the Saviour -of the World from the social point of view and he loved to call Him -his King as well as his God.</p> - -<p>"A priest, a sister of Charity knelt at the foot of M. de -Chateaubriand's bed at the moment of his death. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> amid -prayers and tears of that nature that the author of the <i>Génie du -Christianisme</i> was to deliver his soul into the hands of God.</p> - -<p>"I have the honour to be, etc.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Deguerry</span>,</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"Rector of Saint-Eustache<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a>."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Comte de Chambord, on the occasion of this death, wrote the -following letter:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Your letter, monsieur, was the first to bring me the news of the -death of M. de Chateaubriand. I had in him a sincere friend, a -faithful counsellor, whose opinions I was happy to receive, whose -generous thoughts I was glad to search, in my exile. For several -months I had grieved at seeing that fine genius approach the end -of his career; this great loss is even more painful to me at the -present moment, when my heart has so much to weep for in the -sorrows of my country.</p> - -<p>"How many misfortunes have I not to deplore! Those terrible -battles which have stained the capital with blood; the death of -so many honourable and distinguished men in the National Guard -and the Army; the martyrdom of the Archbishop of Paris<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a>; the -wretchedness of the poor people; the ruin of our manufactures; the -alarms of all France! I pray to God to stay their course.</p> - -<p>"May the spectacle of these calamities and the dread of the evils -that threaten the future not carry away men's minds from the great -principles of justice and public liberty which in these days, more -than ever, the friends of nations and kings ought to defend and -maintain.</p> - -<p>"I renew, monsieur, the assurance of my very sincere and constant -affection.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;">"<span class="smcap">Henry</span>.</p> - -<p>"15 <i>July</i> 1848."</p></blockquote> - -<p>On Saturday, the 8th of July, a funeral service was celebrated in the -church of the Foreign Missions, in the Rue du<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> Bac, quite close to the -house of the deceased; the body was next taken down into the vaults -of the chapel, to be removed, from there, to Saint-Malo. The solemn -obsequies took place in that town on the 18th of July. The Mass was -celebrated by the Rector of Combourg. At the Elevation, by a touching -inspiration, the musicians played the melody to which Chateaubriand -wrote his well-known lines:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Combien j'ai douce souvenance</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Du joli lieu de ma naissance<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a>!</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>After the Mass, the funeral procession took its way between the -ramparts and the sea towards the isle of the Grand-Bé. Two long rows -of surpliced priests wound along the beach. The flags of the national -guards who had come from the different towns of Brittany waved in -the wind; the helmets gleamed in the sun. The cannon thundered at -intervals. An innumerable crowd covered the ramparts of Saint-Malo, -which rise so formidably above the perpendicular rocks and the sea. -All the reefs, all the rocks bore human figures; boats dressed with -mourning flags were laden with spectators. At the foot of the Grand-Bé, -the coffin was shouldered by sailors and carried to the top, in the -midst of a squall that resembled a storm: a last caress which the Ocean -gave him who so much loved the noise of the waves and the winds. Then, -suddenly, there was a great calm, and the coffin was solemnly laid on -the rock which is to guard it for ever. The last prayers of the Church -were recited by the Rector of Saint-Malo and holy water sprinkled on -the bier.</p> - -<p>Brittany and Religion gave the author of the <i>Génie du Christianisme</i> -a magnificent funeral. For half a century, he has slept, beside the -waves, in his granite sepulchre, under a stone surrounded by a little -Gothic iron railing and surmounted by a cross. For the rest, no -inscription, no name, no date. He had asked that this might be so, in -his letter of 1831 to the Mayor of Saint-Malo:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The cross," he wrote, "will tell that the man resting at its feet -was a Christian; that will be enough for my memory."</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h4><a name="APPENDIX_IV" id="APPENDIX_IV">APPENDIX IV</a></h4> - - -<h5>THE TRANSLATOR'S SECOND NOTE</h5> - - -<p>When, eighteen months ago, I wrote my Note to the first volume of this -version of the <i>Mémoires d'Outre-tombe</i>, I neglected to add to my list -of omissions from the original work three several items which I have -since felt justified in disregarding. My neglect must be ascribed to -the fact that, at that time, the last volume of M. Biré's edition was -not yet in my hands; and that these three items form the <i>Supplément à -mes Mémoires</i> which occurs at the end of the work and which had escaped -my notice. The reader should, therefore, understand that, to the list -of omissions on pages XV and XVI of Vol. I., must be added:</p> - -<p>6. Chateaubriand's Life of his sister Julie de Chateaubriand, Comtesse -de Farcy. This is extracted, for the most part, from the Abbé Carron's -<i>Vie des justes dans les plus hauts rangs de la Société</i> and in no way -affects the interest of the Memoirs.</p> - -<p>7. A very long letter addressed by the Comte de La Ferronnays, French -Minister to Russia, to the Vicomte de Chateaubriand, Foreign Secretary, -on the 14th of May 1824 and treating of contemporary politics.</p> - -<p>8. The Genealogy of the Family of Chateaubriand, which fills 122 pages -of the first edition and is not of sufficient general interest to be -included in this translation. I can, however, refer the curious to the -very full account of the Chateaubriand Family in M. René Kerviler's -<i>Essai d'une bio-bibliographie de Chateaubriand et de sa famille</i> -(Vannes: 1895).</p> - - -<p class="p2">M. Louis Cahen, of Paris, who read and collated the greater part of -the proofs of the first two volumes, died before those volumes were -published and before he could read the tribute which I paid to his -kindness. He was a man of leisure and of great intelligence, and he -made it a labour of love to compare the two versions sentence for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> -sentence and line for line. I wish also gratefully to acknowledge the -assistance which I have received in the translation of many technical -expressions from Mr. Oswald Barron, of the Society of Antiquaries; -from Mr. W. B. Campbell and Mr. C. H. Swanton of the English Bar; from -Mr. Edgar Jepson, the author of many delightful novels; from Mr. F. -Norreys Connell, who is as able a military expert as he is a diverting -story-writer; from "Snaffle," most accurate of sporting writers; and -from more than one of the Jesuit Fathers at Farm street. But I have not -consulted these gentlemen invariables; and, if any mistakes are found -to occur, those mistakes are mine, not theirs.</p> - -<p>No book of reference that I have consulted has been of such constant -daily use to me as the <i>Century Cyclopædia of Names</i>, published in -this country by Mr. Unwin; this and my old Bouillet have reduced my -necessary visits to the British Museum to not more than two a month -during the two years and a half for which I have been engaged on -the translation. At the Museum, over and above the splendid French -biographical dictionaries and the ever-ready Larousse, I have found -the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i> of some service; but it did not -tell me who "Master Bernard" was, the "blind poet," to whom Henry VII. -gave "100 shillings" (<i>cf.</i> Vol. V, p. 351). This disappointed me; but -the dictionary sets no great store by the national poets: it has no -biography of Ernest Dowson. In the matter of the European journeys I -have found no gazetteer published so useful as Baedeker's admirable -Guides, which are always accurate and have not that bad modern fault of -too great conciseness which distinguishes so many of their rivals.</p> - - -<p class="p2">The reviewers of the first four volumes have done more than write -universally favourable notices: not only have they appraised at its -true worth what is, perhaps, the greatest prose work of, certainly, -the greatest prose writer of nineteenth-century France; but they have -spoken of the translation in generous terms of praise which I cannot -feel that I have deserved. But I thank them for their kindness and I -only wish that I could have earned it by devoting as long a time to the -translating of these Memoirs as Chateaubriand did to the writing of -them. That would have been thirty years: but I should have known scarce -a dull moment.</p> - -<p style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">A. T. de M.</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span>, <i>June</i> 1902.</p> - - -<hr /> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> September 1833.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> Antoine Louis Marie Hennequin (1786-1840) was a -distinguished member of the Paris Bar, who had made a great name for -himself in political cases and invariably placed his talent at the -disposal of the distressed Royalists. In 1830, he defended Peyronnet -in his trial before the Chamber of Peers and, in 1832, assisted the -Duchesse de Berry after her arrest.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> Vittorio Fossombroni (1754-1844), Foreign Minister and -Premier to the Grand-duke Ferdinand. He continued in office until his -death at the advanced age of ninety years.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> In the spring of 1832, when the cholera was raging most -fiercely, the Duc de Noailles was introduced to Madame Récamier. He was -at once adopted by her and M. de Chateaubriand. The latter prized very -highly the judgment and political feeling, the reason and the upright -character of the young peer of France, who had just made a brilliant -first speech in the tribune of the Upper House, and who, seventeen -years later, was to become his successor in the French Academy. In the -month of September 1836, Chateaubriand went to spend a few days with -M. de Noailles at the Château de Maintenon, and he wrote a chapter -which he intended to form part of his Memoirs. This chapter, however, -was not inserted there; the manuscript was given by the author to -Madame Récamier. Madame Lenormant has published it in Vol. II. of her -<i>Souvenirs et correspondence tirés des papiers de Madame Récamier</i>, -pp. 453 <i>et seq.</i>, and it is reprinted here as forming a natural and -essential complement of the Memoirs.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> I omit four lines of verse.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> Bianca Capello, Grand-duchess of Tuscany (<i>circa</i> -1548-1587), was originally an Italian adventuress, the mistress of -Francis de' Medici, Grand-duke of Tuscany, whom she married, in 1578, -when he became a widower. She was recognised as Grand-duchess in 1579.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 120, n. 2.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Marot: <i>La Cimetière</i>; VIII.: <i>De Messire Jean -Cotereau, chevalier, seigneur de Maintenon</i>; IX.: <i>De luy mesmes</i>; and -X.: <i>De luy encores.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> Mademoiselle d'Aubigné, Madame de Maintenon's niece and -adopted daughter, married the Duc de Noailles in 1698.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Adrien Maurice Maréchal Duc de Noailles (1678-1766), -after distinguishing himself in the Spanish War of Succession, was -created a grandee of Spain by Philip V. (1712) and a duke and peer of -France by Louis XIV, became President of the Board of Finance under -the Regency (1715) and did much to avert the disasters consequent -upon John Law's "System." He returned to military service in 1733, -won his marshal s baton at the Siege of Philippsburg and forced the -the Germans to evacuate Worms in 1734. In 1743 he was defeated by -George II. at Dettingen. In 1745, he was sent to Spain as Ambassador -and, later, became a member of the Home Administration. The Maréchal -Duc de Noailles is the ancestor of the two present branches of the -Noailles family, the Ducs de Noailles and the Ducs de Mouchy, Princes -de Poix.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_466_466" id="Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> The Aqueduct of Segovia, presumed to be of the time -of Trajan, forms a great bridge, 937 feet long, and consisting of -320 arches in two tiers. The tallest arches, in the middle of the -lower tier, are 102 feet high. It is built of large blocks of arches, -somewhat rounded at the edges and assembled without cement.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <span class="smcap">Comtesse de la Fayette</span>: <i>Mémoires de la cour de -France pour les années 1688 et 1689</i>; the opening pages: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"France was in a condition of perfect tranquillity; no arms were -known other than the implements necessary for removing the earth -and building. The troops were employed for these purposes, not -only with the intention of the Ancient Romans, which was only to -take them out of a state of idleness as injurious to themselves as -excessive work would be. But the object was also to make the River -Eure flow against its will, to make the fountains of Versailles -play continuously. They employed the troops on this prodigious -plan, so as to advance the King's pleasures by a few years, and -they did so at less expense and in less time than they had dared -hope. -</p> -<p> -"The quantity of sickness always caused by earth-work rendered the -troops in camp at Maintenon, where the chief part of the work lay, -incapable of performing any service. But this drawback did not seem -worthy of any attention in the midst of the tranquillity which we -were enjoying."—T.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> Nicolas Pradon (1632-1698), a tragic poet who has left -a reputation as a ridiculous, vain and jealous author. Nevertheless, -he achieved some success in his day and, when Racine produced his -<i>Phèdre</i>, his envious rivals brought out Pradon's tragedy of the same -name in opposition to the great poet's masterpiece (1677). A few days -sufficed to restore the two plays to their relative places in the -judgment of the public. Besides several other tragedies, Pradon wrote -a comedy directed against Racine and entitled the <i>Jugement d'Apollon -sur Phèdre</i> and a pamphlet against Boileau entitled the <i>Triomphe de -Pradon</i> (1684).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_469_469" id="Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> I omit ten lines quoted from Racine.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Charles d'Aubigné (1634-1703) answered his sister with -a blasphemous phrase. He married, in 1678, Mademoiselle Geneviève -Piètre and was the father of the Mademoiselle d'Aubigné who married -the Duc de Noailles in 1698, receiving the estates of Maintenon as her -marriage-portion.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_471_471" id="Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> Constant d'Aubigné (<i>d. circa</i> 1645), second son of -Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné, the Calvinist favourite of Henry IV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> Paul Scarron (1610-1660), the burlesque author, married -Mademoiselle d'Aubigné in 1652, when she was only seventeen years of -age. Louis XIV. gave her the domain of Maintenon in 1674 and erected it -into a marquisate for her.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_473_473" id="Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> The reproach which M. de Chateaubriand, following the -example of so many others, here levels against Madame de Maintenon -has ceased to bear upon the memory of that illustrious woman since -the publication of the Marquis de Dangeau's <i>Relation de la dernière -maladie de Louis XIV.—Note by Madame Lenormant.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> Louis Dauphin of France (1661-1711), known as the Great -Dauphin, and Louis Duc de Bourgogne (1682-1712), his son, who became -Dauphin, for one year, on his father's death, predeceased Louis XIV., -their father and grandfather, who was succeeded, in 1715, by his -great-grandson, Louis XV.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> André Le Nôtre (1613-1700), the great French architect -and landscape-gardener, designed not only the gardens at Versailles -and most of the other French royal palaces, but laid out Kensington -Gardens, St. James's Park and Greenwich Park in England and a number of -the most celebrated gardens in Rome. Louis XIV. granted him letters of -nobility in 1675.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_476_476" id="Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> Olivier de Serres (1539-1619), known in France as -the "Father of Agriculture," was summoned to Paris by Henry IV. and -introduced various improvements into the royal domains. <i>Inter alia</i>, -he imported the silk-industry into France and planted fifteen thousand -white mulberry-trees in the Tuileries Gardens.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_477_477" id="Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Louis XV. used part of the materials of the Maintenon -Aqueduct to construct a <i>château</i> for Madame de Pompadour, which has -since been demolished.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_478_478" id="Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> Paul Duc de Noailles (1802-1885) took his scat in the -Upper House in 1827. In 1830, he took the oath to Louis-Philippe, but -employed all his oratorical power in favour of the alleviation of -the laws against the exiled Bourbons of the Elder Branch and kindred -subjects. He retired into private life after the Revolution of 1848. -In 1849, he was elected to the French Academy on the strength of some -historical works of no particular merit and of not the slightest -originality. The Duc de Noailles was Ambassador to St. Petersburg for -two or three months from May to July 1871.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_479_479" id="Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> Langhome's <span class="smcap">Plutarch</span>: <i>Julius Cæsar.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_480_480" id="Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Mademoiselle de Beauvilliers Saint-Aignan, later -Princesse de Chalais-Périgord (<i>vide infra</i>, p. 245).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_481_481" id="Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> The distance from Rambouillet to Maintenon is about 13 -miles.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_482_482" id="Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> Alice de Rochechouart-Mortemart, Duchesse de Noailles -(1800-1887), married to the Duc de Noailles in 1823.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 153.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> Paul Duc de Beauvilliers (1648-1714), a soldier and -statesman of austere virtue, was, in 1685, appointed President of the -Board of Finance and governor to the Duc de Bourgogne, Louis XIV.'s -grandson, and his brothers, the Duc d'Anjou, afterwards Philip V. King -of Spain, and Charles Duc de Berry. Beauvilliers took Fénelon to assist -him and the two became very firm friends. He survived the death of the -Duc de Bourgogne by only two years.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_485_485" id="Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., pp. 71-72. The "books" are numbered -differently in the original edition of the Memoirs.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_486_486" id="Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> I omit five lines of verse from La Fontaine on Madame de -Montespan.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Madame de Montespan was a Mademoiselle de Rochechouart -de Mortemart (<i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 103, n. 1).-T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_488_488" id="Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> Jacques Duc de FitzJames (1799-1846).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> François Christophe Edmond Kellermann, Duc de Valmy -(1802-1868), grandson of Marshal Kellermann, first Duc de Valmy, -shortly after the Revolution of July became a fervent Legitimist. -He resigned his seat in the Chamber of Deputies, after his visit to -Belgrave Square, and was re-elected; but he retired from political life -entirely in 1846. Like the Duc de Noailles and the other Legitimists, -Valmy was opposed to Louis-Philippe's English Alliance and would have -preferred an alliance with Russia. Those who have read the Memoirs -carefully will entertain little doubt that these were also the views of -Chateaubriand himself.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_490_490" id="Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> Armand Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé (1626-1700), the -great reformer of the Trappist Order. Chateaubriand's Life of Rancé -appeared in 1844.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_491_491" id="Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 189 and Vol. II., p. 72.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_492_492" id="Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. IV., Book IX.-T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_493_493" id="Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., pp. 86 <i>et seq.</i>—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_494_494" id="Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., p. 187.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> pp. 188-189.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_496_496" id="Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. II., p. 69.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_497_497" id="Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> I find that Anne Louise de Chateaubriand, eldest -daughter of Geoffroy Louis Comte de Chateaubriand, became Baronne de -Baudry (not Baulny).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_498_498" id="Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> Later Charles III. Duke of Parma (1823-1854), -assassinated on the 27th of March 1854, father to the present Duke. -(<i>Cf.</i> Vol. IV., p. 224, n. 2.)—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Vol. V., p. 364.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> Marie Anne Françoise de Chateaubriand, Comtesse de -Marigny (1760-1860), who lived to the age of over a hundred years -(<i>Cf.</i> Vol. I., <i>passim</i>).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_501_501" id="Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Lacombe</span>: <i>Vie de Berryer</i>, VOL. II., P. 401.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> By the Abbé Georges Bertram, professor of the Catholic -Institute of Paris (Paris: 1899; one vol. 8vo).—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_503_503" id="Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> <i>Mémoires et souvenirs du baron Hyde de Neuville</i>, <span class="smcap">Vol</span>. -III., P. 579.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_504_504" id="Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> Théodore Simon Jouffroy (1796-1842), a noted -philosophical writer, a professor at several institutions and librarian -of the University of Paris from 1838. He translated Dugal Stewart's -<i>Outlines of Moral Philosophy</i> (1826) and the Complete Works of Thomas -Reid (1824-1836) and wrote a <i>Cours de droit naturel</i> (1834-1842), a -<i>Cours d'esthétique</i> (posthumous: 1843), <i>Mélanges philosophiques</i> -(1833) and <i>Nouveaux mélanges</i> (published after his death).-T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Pierre Benjamin Lafaye (1808-1867), a distinguished -philologist, was appointed professor of philosophy at the Royal College -of Marseilles in 1837 and, in 1849, was transferred to Aix. In 1858, he -published his <i>Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue française</i>, the -finest work of this class that exists in any language.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> Étienne Gaston Baron de Flotte (1805-1882), a poet and -man of letters of some merit and an ardent Catholic and Legitimist.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Pierre Marin Victor Richard de Laprade (1812-1885) -had published <i>Parfums de Madeleine</i> (1839), the <i>Colère de Jésus</i> -(1840), <i>Psyché</i>, (1841) and <i>Odes et poèmes</i> (1844) before the date of -Chateaubriand's death. None of his poems were of great value; but he -was elected to the French Academy in 1858. He sat as a silent member -(of the Right) of the National Assembly from 1871 to 1873.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_508_508" id="Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Madame Mohl was the wife of Julius von Mohl (1800-1876), -the German-French Orientalist, who had been appointed Professor of -Persian to the Collège de France in 1845.—T. -</p> -<p> -We read in Vol. II., p. 564, of the <i>Souvenirs et correspondance de -Madame Récamier</i>: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"An amiable, witty and kind-hearted Englishwoman, Madame Mohl, -lived on the floor above, in the same house and on the same -stair-case as M. de Chateaubriand."—B.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_509_509" id="Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Madame Lenormant</span>: <i>Souvenirs et correspondance tirés des -papiers de Madame Récamier</i>, Vol. II., p. 543.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Victor de Laprade's article, <i>Académie de Lyon. -Concours pour l'éloge de Madame Récamier</i>, in the <i>Revue de Lyon</i> for -1849, Vol. I., p. 65.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> <i>Chataubriand et son temps</i>, p. 290.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> <i>Souvenirs et correspondance de Madame Récamier</i>, Vol. -II., p. 554.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_513_513" id="Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> Madame Récamier died on the 11th of May 1849, in the -seventy-third year of her age.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> "It was in the midst of the Days of June that the death -occurred of a man who, perhaps, of all men of our day best preserved -the spirit of the old races: M. de Chateaubriand, with whom I was -connected by so many family ties and childish recollections. He had -long since fallen into a sort of speechless stupor, which made one -sometimes believe that his intelligence was extinguished. Nevertheless, -while in this condition, he heard a rumour of the Revolution of -February and desired to be told what was happening. They informed him -that Louis-Philippe's Government had been overthrown. He said, 'Well -done!' and nothing more. Four months later, the din of the Days of June -reached his ears, and again he asked what that noise was. They answered -that people were fighting in Paris, and that it was the sound of -cannon. Thereupon he made vain efforts to rise, saying, 'I want to go -to it,' and was then silent, this time for ever; for he died the next -day." (<i>Recollections of Alexis de Tocqueville</i>, p. 230).—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> <i>Souvenirs et correspondance de Madame Récamier</i>, Vol. -II., p. 563.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_516_516" id="Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Abbé Gaspard Deguerry (1797-1871), Rector of -Saint-Eustache from 1845 to 1849 and of the Madeleine to his death, -in 1871, when he was shot as a hostage under the Commune. A monument -has since been erected to the Abbé Deguerry in the crypt of the -Madeleine.—T.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_517_517" id="Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> It has often been said that Béranger was present at the -death; but this is not so.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_518_518" id="Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> <i>Journal des Débats</i>, 5 July 1848.—B.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_519_519" id="Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> Denis Auguste Affre (1793-1848), Archbishop of Paris, -was appointed Co-adjutor of Strasburg, in 1839, and Archbishop of -Paris, in succession to Monseigneur de Quélen, in 1840. He was mortally -wounded during the Insurrection of 1848, while admonishing the -insurgents, at the barricades in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, on the -25th of June. Monseigneur Affre died two days later, repeating Christ's -words: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p>"The good shepherd giveth his life for his sheep."—T.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> -"I know no sweeter place on earth<br /> -Than the fair spot that gave me birth!"—T.<br /> -</p></div> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h5><a name="INDEX_OF_PERSONS_MENTIONED_IN_THE_SIX_VOLUMES" id="INDEX_OF_PERSONS_MENTIONED_IN_THE_SIX_VOLUMES">INDEX OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE SIX VOLUMES</a></h5> - -<p style="margin-left: 15%;"> -A<br /> -<br /> -Aaron, vi. <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> -Aaron the Hermit, Saint, i. 24, 30; ii. 46<br /> -Abailard (<i>See</i> Abélard)<br /> -d'Abbéville, Comtesse, i. 29<br /> -Abbon the Crooked, iii. 59<br /> -Abd-el-Kader, iii. 111; vi. <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> -Abdul-Medjid Sultan of Turkey, v. 51<br /> -Abel, iii. 39; vi. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Abélard, Peter, i. 94; ii. 184, 310-311<br /> -Abercromby, Sir Ralph, i. 224<br /> -Abercromby, Sir Robert, i. 224<br /> -Aberdeen, George Gordon, fourth Earl of, iii. 49<br /> -Abigail, vi. <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> -Abou Gosch, vi. <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> -d'Abrantès, Andoche Junot, Duc, iv. 164<br /> -d'Abrantès, Laure Permon-Comnène,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iv. 149, 207-214</span><br /> -Acerbi, Virginia, vi. <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> -Achard, Comte, i. 106; ii. 24<br /> -Achmet III. Sultan of Turkey<br /> -A'Court (see Heytesbury)<br /> -Adalbéron Archbishop of Rheims, iv. 112<br /> -Adalgarius (see Oger)<br /> -Adam, ii. 245; v. 9; vi. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> -Adams, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, John, i. 252</span><br /> -Adelaide of Savoy, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Dame de Montmorency, iv. 209</span><br /> -Adélaïde Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 160, 177; vi. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></span><br /> -Adélaïde, known as Mademoiselle d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, v. 128, 156-157, 161</span><br /> -Addison, Joseph, ii. 86, 121; iv. 246-247; v. 57<br /> -Ader, Jean Joseph, v. 96<br /> -Admetes King of the Molossians, iii. 189<br /> -Adrian I., Pope, i. 74<br /> -Adrian (see also Hadrian)<br /> -Æmilius Paulus Macedonicus, Lucius,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 34; iv. 259; vi. 50</span><br /> -Æschylus, i. 82; ii. 124<br /> -Affre, Archbishop of Paris, Denis Auguste, vi. <a href="#Page_263">263</a><br /> -Agier, M., i. 97<br /> -d'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Georges Seroux, ii. 230-231</span><br /> -Agnes of Savoy, Dame de Bourbon, iv. 209<br /> -d'Agoult, Vicomtesse, v. 363, 408-409<br /> -Agricola, the Emperor, ii. 201<br /> -Agrippina, the Empress, i. 234; ii. 33, 258<br /> -Agrippina Julia, the Empress, ii. 258<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marquis, ii. 146<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Marie Cathérine de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon, Marquise, ii. 146-147, 155</span><br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri Cardin Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. 29<br /> -d'Aguesseau, Henri François Chancelier, i. 135; iii. 29<br /> -Ahasuerus (see Assuerus)<br /> -Ahenobarbus, Domitianus, ii. 258<br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 163; iii. 13</span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Armand Désiré de Wignerod-Duplessis-Richelieu,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 163</span><br /> -d'Aiguillon, Duchesse, i. 174<br /> -Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Alan III. Count of Brittany, i. 6<br /> -Alan IV. Duke of Brittany, ii. 137<br /> -Alaric I. King of the Visigoths, iii. 51,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; iv. 180, 226; v. 334; vi. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> -Alaric II. King of the Visigoths, i. 24<br /> -Albani, Giuseppe Cardinal, v. 5-6, 18,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 35, 39, 46-49, 52</span><br /> -Albani, Francesco, vi. <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> -Albany, Countess of (see Louisa of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stolberg, Queen of England)</span><br /> -Albéric, ii. 30<br /> -Alberoni, Giulio Cardinal, v. 15-16; vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Consort of Great Britain and Ireland, iv. 47; vi. <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> -Albert Duke of Prussia, iv. 37<br /> -Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Albert Duke of Saxe-Teschen, v. 127; vi. <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> -d'Albert, Julie, i. 65<br /> -Albertus Magnus, i. 27<br /> -Alcibiades, iii. 45, 96; iv. 72, 123-124; v. 229<br /> -Aldus Manutius (see Manutius)<br /> -d'Alembert, Jean Baptiste Le Rond, ii. 172, 180, 187<br /> -Alexander III., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Alexander VI., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Alexander VII., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Alexander VIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Alexander III. King of Macedon, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">196, 229; ii. 159; iii. 149, 186, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202-203, 205, 220-221, 224; iv. 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 192, 255, 264; v. 14, 298, 403; vi. <a href="#Page_236">236</a></span><br /> -Alexander IV. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Alexander I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. xxi, 65, 99; ii. 232, 289; iii. 30,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49, 50, 57-64, 72-73, 77, 86, 92, 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 107, 144-146, 149, 157, 172, 186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">194, 211; iv. 33, 36, 67, 104, 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 146, 166, 203-204, 236, 277,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281; v. 272, 387, 398; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -Alexander II. Tsar of All the Russias, iv. 74, 271<br /> -Alexander, Captain, iii. 225<br /> -Alexandra Feodorowna of Russia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte of Prussia, Empress, i. 99; iv. 33, 35-36, 271</span><br /> -Alfieri, Vittorio Conte, i. xxiii; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202-203; iv. 249-251; v. 55</span><br /> -Alfred King of England, ii. 140<br /> -Allart de Merftens, Hortense Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Almazan (see Saint-Priest)<br /> -d'Alopeus, David Count, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus, Countess, iv. 36<br /> -d'Alopeus (see also La Ferronnays)<br /> -Alphonsus King of Aragon, i. 9<br /> -Alphonsus IX. King of Castile, ii. 256<br /> -Alphonsus I. Duke of Ferrara, iv. 42; v. 13; vi. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -Alphonsus II. Duke of Ferrara, v. 330; vi. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> -Alphonsus V. King of Leon and Asturias, v. 377<br /> -Alphonsus II. King of Naples, v. 13<br /> -Alphonsus IV. King of Portugal, vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> -Alphonsus of Bisceglie, v. 13<br /> -Altieri, Victoria Boncompagni-Ludovisi<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">degli Principi di Piombino, Principessa, iv. 256</span><br /> -Amador Bishop of Auxerre, ii. 43<br /> -Amalasontha Queen of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -d'Amboise (see Choiseul et d'Amboise)<br /> -Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, Saint, iii. 30<br /> -d'Ambrugeac, Louis Alexandre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valon de Boucheron, Comte, v. 106</span><br /> -Amherst, William Pitt first Earl, iii. 211<br /> -Ampère, André Marie, v. 261, 389<br /> -Ampère, Jean Jacques, ii. 217; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 254; v. 261, 389; vi. <a href="#Page_223">223</a></span><br /> -Anacreon, i. 131; iii. 29; v. 257; vi. <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> -Ancillon, Jean Pierre Fréderic, iv. 34,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">60-61, 102; v. 91</span><br /> -Ancillon, Madame, iv. 34<br /> -d'Ancre, Baron de Lussigny, Concino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Concini, Marquis, vi. <a href="#Page_28">28</a></span><br /> -d'Andilly, Robert Arnauld, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnauld, v. 54</span><br /> -d'Andrezel, Christophe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thérèse Picon, Comte, i. 106-107, 111</span><br /> -Angelo (see Malipieri)<br /> -d'Angély (see Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély)<br /> -d'Angennes, née Cottereau, Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> -Angles, Jules Jean Baptiste Comte, iii. 100; iv. 7<br /> -d'Angoulême, Duc (see Louis XIX.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Duchesse (see Marie-Thérèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -d'Angoulême, Comtesse, i. 120<br /> -Aniche, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Anna Maria of Orleans, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia, iv. 251</span><br /> -"Anna-Marie," pseud. (see d'Hautefeuille, Comtesse)<br /> -Anne of Prussia, Electress of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Anne Queen of England, v. 333<br /> -Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, ii. 138<br /> -Anne Duchess of Brittany, Empress,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France, i. 27, 141</span><br /> -Anne of Austria, Queen of France, i. 126;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 151, 172; iv. 245; v. 101</span><br /> -Anne of Russia, Queen of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 144; vi. <a href="#Page_185">185</a></span><br /> -Anne Empress of Russia, i. 13; vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> -Année, Antoine, v. 96<br /> -Annibal (see Hannibal)<br /> -Anselme, Pierre de Gibours, known as Père, i. 5<br /> -Anson, George first Lord, i. 126<br /> -Anspach, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Craven, later Margravine of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Antar, i. 122<br /> -Anthony, Saint, ii. 43; iv. 230<br /> -Anthony of Padua, Saint, vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Anthony King of Navarre, ii. 279<br /> -Anthony Duke of Parma, v. 15<br /> -Anthony King of Saxony, iv. 231<br /> -Antigonus King of Asia, iv. 75<br /> -Antiochus King of Syria, iv. 75; vi. <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> -Antipater Viceroy of Macedon, iv. 75<br /> -Antomarchi, Dr. Francesco, iii. 216-218<br /> -d'Antonelle, Pierre Antoine Marquis, iv. 18<br /> -Antoninus, the Emperor, ii. 62<br /> -Antonio, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venetian guide, vi. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> -Antony, Marcus Antonius, known as Mark, ii. 122<br /> -d'Antremont (see Bourdic)<br /> -Antrodocco (see Frimont)<br /> -Apelles, vi. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Appius Claudius (see Claudius Crassus)<br /> -Apollodorus, iv. 256<br /> -Apponyi, Anton Rodolf Count, v. 17, 146<br /> -Aquaviva of Aragon, Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Arago, Dominique François Jean, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106, 115, 156, 206; vi. <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> -d'Arblay, Fanny Burney, Dame, ii. 126<br /> -Arc (see Joan of Arc)<br /> -Archilochus, v. 56<br /> -Archimedes, vi. <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> -Arezzo, Tommaso Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -d'Argentre, Bertrand, i. 5<br /> -d'Argout, Apollinaire Antoine Maurice<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 111, 113-114, 116; vi. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Ariosto, Ludovico, ii. 220; iv. 42-43,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">228; vi. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Ariosto the Younger, vi. <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> -Aristogiton, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Aristophanes, ii. 124; vi. <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> -Aristotle, v. 70<br /> -Armani, Signor, vi. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Armani, Signorina, vi. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -d'Armano (see Corday)<br /> -Arnaud (see Gibert-Amaud)<br /> -Arnauld, Abbé Antoine, iv. 245<br /> -Arnauld, Antoine, v. 54<br /> -Arnauld (see also d'Andilly and Pomponne)<br /> -Arnott, Dr., iii. 217<br /> -d'Arnouville (see Machault d'Arnouville)<br /> -Arouet (see Voltaire)<br /> -Arrhidæus King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Arrighi, Giuseppe Filippo, iii. 106<br /> -d'Arsoli, Camillo Massimiliano Massimo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principe, iv. 238</span><br /> -Artaud de Montor, Alfred Frédéric<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier, ii. 219; iii. 122</span><br /> -Artaxerxes I. King of Persia, iii. 189<br /> -Artevelde, Jacob van, iii. 138<br /> -Arthur II. Duke of Brittany, i. 9<br /> -Artois, Robert Count of, ii. 73<br /> -d'Artois, Comte (see Charles X. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Asdrubal (see Hasdrubal)<br /> -Asgill, Sir Charles, i. 216-217<br /> -"Ashwood, Sir," v. 16<br /> -Aspasia, i. 244; iii. 45; iv. 117; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">25; vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a></span><br /> -d'Aspremont, Comte, vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> -Assuerus King of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Astley, Philip, vi. <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> -Astolf King of the Lombards, iv. 228<br /> -Atawulf King of the Visigoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athalric King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Athenæus, i. 259; vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> -Attalus, the Emperor, iii. 88<br /> -Atticus Herodes, Tiberias Claudius vi. <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /> -Attila King of the Huns, i. 212; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185; iii. 47, 90, 157, 224; v. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">334; vi. <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> -d'Aubeterre, Joseph Henri Bouchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Marquis, ii. 41-42</span><br /> -Aubiac, ii. 172<br /> -d'Aubigné, Charles, vi. <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> -d'Aubigné, Geneviève Piètre, Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> -d'Aubigné, Constant, vi. <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> -d'Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa, vi. <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> -Audry de Puyravault (see Puyravault)<br /> -d'Auerstädt, Prince d'Eckmühl, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicolas Davout, Maréchal Duc, iii. 164</span><br /> -Augereau (see Castiglione)<br /> -Auguis, Pierre René, iii. 21<br /> -Augustine, Saint, i. 31; ii. 154; vi. <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> -Augustulus, the Emperor, vi. <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> -Augustus, the Emperor, i. 68; v. 8<br /> -Augustus II. King of Poland, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus I. Elector of Saxony, later, vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -Augustus of Prussia, Prince, iv. 34, 172-173<br /> -d'Aulnay, Comte Lepelletier, i. 135<br /> -d'Aulnay, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lepelletier, i. 135</span><br /> -Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -d'Aulps (see Blacas d'Aulps)<br /> -Aulus Gellius (see Gellius)<br /> -d'Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis d'Orléans, Duc, ii. 110, 293</span><br /> -d'Auvergne, Charles, ii. 65<br /> -d'Auvergne, Philippe (see Bouillon)<br /> -d'Avaray, Antoine Louis Frédéric de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bésiade, Comte, later Duc, ii. 301; iv. 8-9</span><br /> -d'Avaray, Claude Antoine de Bésiade, Duc, ii. 301<br /> -d'Avaray, née de Mailly, Duchesse, ii. 301<br /> -Avenel, Denis Louis Martial, v. 95<br /> -Azara, José Nicola de, ii. 230<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -B<br /> -<br /> -Bacciochi, later Prince of Lucca and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piombino, Félix Pascal Prince, ii. 166</span><br /> -Bacciochi, Élisa Bonaparte, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Bachaumont, François le Coigneux de, ii. 207<br /> -Bacon, Sir Francis (see St. Albans)<br /> -Baedeker, Karl, vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Bagration, Princess, vi. <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> -Bail, M., iii. 133<br /> -Bail, Dame, iii. 133-134<br /> -Bailly, Jean Sylvain, i. 160-161, 165<br /> -Bajazet II. Sultan of Turkey, iii. 179<br /> -Balagni, Madame de, v. 401<br /> -Balbi, Anne Jacoby Caumont La Force,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Baldwin I. Emperor of the East and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. Count of Flanders, vi. <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -Ballanche, Pierre Simon, ii. 198, 214,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229, 303, 310, 319; iv. 149, 162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">172, 180, 213; v. 89, 199; vi. <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-<a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></span><br /> -Balmaine, Alexander Count de, iii. 210-211<br /> -Balsamo (see Cagliostro)<br /> -Balue (see La Balue)<br /> -Balzac, Honoré de, i. 111; v. 202; vi. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Balzac d'Entragues (see d'Entragues)<br /> -Baptiste, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">valet, v. 250, 256, 325-326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 349-350, 352; vi. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> -Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brugière, Baron de, iv. 28, 285</span><br /> -Barante, Césarine de Houdetot, Baronne de, iv. 285<br /> -Barante, Claude Ignace Brugière de, ii. 303<br /> -Barba, Victor, v. 121<br /> -Barbara of Austria, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Barbarelli (see Giorgione)<br /> -Barbarini, Signora, iv. 37<br /> -Barbauld, Anna Letitia Aiken, Mrs., ii. 126<br /> -Barberini, Cardinal, iv. 245<br /> -Barberini-Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Barbet, Auguste, vi. <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> -Barbieri (see Guercino)<br /> -Barboux, M., v. 96<br /> -Barcarola, Nina, iv. 245<br /> -Barchou de Penhoen (see Penhoen)<br /> -Bardi, Beatrice Portinari, Signora de', iv. 225-227<br /> -Bareau de Girac, Bishop of Rennes, François, i. 152<br /> -Barentin, Charles Louis François de, ii. 177, iv. 43<br /> -Barentin, Abbess of the Annunciation, Dame de, iv. 43<br /> -Barère de Vieuzac, Bertrand, i. 143; ii. 26-27, 85<br /> -Bargemont (see Villeneuve-Bargemont)<br /> -Barillon, Nicolas, v. 50<br /> -Barnage, Maître, iv. 110<br /> -Baro, Balthazar, ii. 303<br /> -Baroni, Leonora (see Castellani)<br /> -Baronnais (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Barrande, M., v. 361, 363, 365, 367;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>-<a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -Barozzi (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrocchio (see Vignola)<br /> -Barrois, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Barron, F.S.A., Mr. Oswald, vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117; v. 95, 113, 128, 152-153</span><br /> -Barrucand, M. Victor, iii. 213<br /> -Barry (see Du Barry)<br /> -Bart, Jean, iv. 34-35<br /> -Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Barthe, Félix, v. 95, 265-266, 302<br /> -Barthélemy, Abbé Jean Jacques, ii. 9<br /> -Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille, v. 214-216<br /> -Bartoli, Daniello, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Bartolozzi, Francesco, iv. 162<br /> -Bartram, William, i. 238<br /> -Basel the Hermit, Saint, i. 43<br /> -Basil, Saint, i. 103<br /> -Basil II. Emperor of the East, v. 376<br /> -Baslé, Jean, i. 108<br /> -Bassano, Bernard Hugues Maret, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 26; iii. 65, 168</span><br /> -Bassompierre, François Maréchal Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 114-117; v. 383, 402</span><br /> -Bastide, Jules, v. 109, 137, 140-141<br /> -Basville, Chrétien François de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 100</span><br /> -Bathsheba (see Bethsabee)<br /> -Bathurst, Allen Erst Earl, iv. 80-81<br /> -Bathurst, Henry third Earl, iii. 215;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 80-81, 89, 287</span><br /> -Bathurst, Lady Louisa Georgiana, iv. 81<br /> -Bathurst, Lady Emily Charlotte (see Ponsonby)<br /> -Bathurst, Miss, iv. 81, 287-288<br /> -Baude, Jean Jacques Baron, iv. 7; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 112, 115-116, 144, 210</span><br /> -Baudry, Vicomte de, vi. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Baudry, Baron de, vi. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_254">254</a><br /> -Baudry, Anne Louise de Chateaubriand,<br /> -Baronne de, vi. <a href="#Page_253">253</a><br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Théodore<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Démetrius Prince de, vi. <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Bauffremont-Courtenay, Anne Laurence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency, Princesse de, vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Baulny (see Baudry)<br /> -Bausset, Bishop of Alais, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, iii. 18-20</span><br /> -Baville (see Lamoignon de Baville)<br /> -Bavoux, Jacques François Nicolas, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96, 115</span><br /> -Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 107, 215; iii. 6; iv. 228; v. 151-152;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> -Bayard, Dame de, v. 151-152<br /> -Bayganuet, Sire de, ii. 205<br /> -Bayle, Pierre, ii. 183-184<br /> -Baylis, the printer, ii. 71-72, 76-77, 80, 97<br /> -Bazancourt, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Beatrice (see Bardi)<br /> -Beattie, James, ii. 129<br /> -Beattie the Younger, ii. 129<br /> -Beaufort, née de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, ii. 333</span><br /> -Beaufort, Renée Dame of, i. 6<br /> -Beaufort (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Estrées)</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261; iii. 17; iv. 165; vi. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> -Beauharnais, Eugène de (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -Beaujolais, Louis d'Orléans, Comte de, iv. 161<br /> -Beaulieu, Geoffroy de, vi. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Beaumanoir, John Lord of, i. 9<br /> -Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 128, 132, 173</span><br /> -Beaumont, Archbishop of Paris,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe de, ii. 180</span><br /> -Beaumont, Christophe François Comte de, i. 174<br /> -Beaumont, Pauline Marie Michelle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frédérique Ulrique de Montmorin-</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, i. 174;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 167-168, 172-177, 213, 223-243,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">246, 248, 295, 302, 306, 311, 316-318;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 7, 131; iv. 165, 183, 221,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 238; v. 48, 319; vi. <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br /> -Beaumont de La Bonnière, Gustave<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste de, ii. 295</span><br /> -Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire (see Saint-Aulaire)<br /> -Beaurepaire (see d'Hautefeuille)<br /> -Beauvau, Charles Juste Maréchal Duc de, i. 119<br /> -Beauvilliers, Paul Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br /> -Beauvilliers Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -Becdelièvre-Penhouët, Comte de, i. 146<br /> -Becquet, Étienne, v. 96<br /> -Bedée, Alexis Marquis de, i. 146<br /> -Bedée, Seigneur de La Boüétardais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ange Annibal Comte de, i. 14</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Antoine Bénigne de<br /> -Bedée de La Boüétardais, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 17, 22-23, 74, 152; ii. 4-5, 9,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 62, 64-65, 69, 77, 82, 118-120</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Angélique Fortunée<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cécile Ginguené, Comtesse de, i. 23;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ii. 5, 9, 62, 64</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie Anne de Ravenel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisteilleul, Dame de i. 14, 17, 21-22</span><br /> -Bedée, Charlotte Suzanne Marie, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Caroline de, i. 22-23, ii. 5, 9, 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119-120</span><br /> -Bedée, Flore de, i. 22-23, ii. 5, 9, 62,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119</span><br /> -Bedée, Marie de, i. 22-23, ii. 5, 9, 62,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 119</span><br /> -Bedée (see also La Boüétardais)<br /> -Bedford, John Russell, sixth Duke of, iv. 79<br /> -Bédoyère (see La Bédoyère)<br /> -Beethoven, Ludwig van, ii. 332<br /> -Beker, Nicolas Léonard Comte, iii. 188<br /> -Belgiojoso, Cristina Trivulzio, Principessa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 202, 286</span><br /> -Belinaye (see La Belinaye)<br /> -Bellarmine, Archbishop of Capua,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roberto Cardinal Bellarmino, known</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Cardinal, vi. <a href="#Page_259">259</a></span><br /> -Bellart, Nicolas François, iv. 7<br /> -Bellay, Bishop of Bayonne, later Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Paris, Jean Cardinal du,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 243; v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Charles Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fouquet, Maréchal Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> -Belle-Isle, Nicolas Fouquet, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> -Bellini, Giovanni, vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Bellocq, M., v. 28, 31, 48-49<br /> -Belloy, Madame du, ii. 100<br /> -Bellune, Victor Perrin, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 95, 129; iv. 62</span><br /> -Bellune, Julie Vosch van Avesaat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchale Duchesse de, iii. 129</span><br /> -Bellune, née Muguet, Maréchale Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 129</span><br /> -Belsunce, Comte de, i. 13<br /> -Belsunce de Castel Moron, Bishop of<br /> -Marseilles, Henri François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 202; v. 231</span><br /> -Bembo, Pietro Cardinal, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Bénard (see Fleury)<br /> -Benedict XIV., Pope, iv. 234; v. 15<br /> -Benedict XIII., Anti-pope (see Luna, Pedro de)<br /> -Bénévent (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Benjamin, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gardener, iii. 8</span><br /> -Benoît, Frédéric, v. 254<br /> -Benoît the Elder, v. 254<br /> -Benoît, Dame, v. 254<br /> -Bentivoglio, Archbishop of Carthage,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelio Cardinal, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a></span><br /> -Bentivoglio, Guido Cardinal, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Bentivoglio, Ercole, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Benvenuti, Giacomo Antonio Cardinal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 235; v. 6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Béranger, Pierre Jean de, ii. 132-133,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152-153; iii. 68, 199; iv. 140; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206-209, 260, 270, 291; vi. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></span><br /> -Bérard, Auguste Simon Louis, v. 96, 116-117<br /> -Bérard, Pierre Clement, v. 267<br /> -Berengarius I. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. 202</span><br /> -Berengarius II. Marquis of Ivrea, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Italy, ii. 202</span><br /> -Bérenger (see Chatillon)<br /> -Berenice Queen of Chalcis, later Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cilicia, vi. <a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> -Bergasse, Nicolas, i. 175<br /> -Berger, Mayor of the 2nd Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 236</span><br /> -Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de, v. 70<br /> -Bériot, Charles Auguste de, vi. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Bériot (see also Malibran)<br /> -Bermond, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bernadotte (see Charles XIV. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sweden and Norway and Désirée</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Sweden)</span><br /> -Bernard, Saint, ii. 184, 310<br /> -Bernard, Jean, iv. 149<br /> -Bernard, Madame, iv. 149, 173<br /> -Bernard, Louis Rose Désiré, v. 96<br /> -Bernard, Master, v. 351; vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques<br /> -Henri, ii. 9-10, 63, 133; iii. 30; vi. <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -Bernetti, Tommaso Cardinal, iv. 234-235,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">290, 293, 300-301; v. 4, 8, 45-46,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52; vi. <a href="#Page_95">95</a></span><br /> -Bernis, François Joachim Cardinal de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierres de, ii. 166, 230, 238; iv. 38</span><br /> -Bernstorff, Christian Gunther Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 34, 60, 102; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -Berry, Charles Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br /> -Berry, Charles Ferdinand Duc de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97, 160; ii. 54, 63-64, 152-153, 259,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">278; iii. 89, 119, 126, 144, 156, 158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161; iv. 8, 11, 17, 21-23, 25; v. 161,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168, 190, 215, 226, 236, 303-304,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">394, 410; vi. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></span><br /> -Berry, Marie Caroline Ferdinande<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Duchesse de, ii. 152-154, 156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208; iii. 156; iv. 16, 24, 135, 196;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 101, 144, 147, 151, 157-158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 209, 215, 221-229, 235-239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-242, 244-246, 265-266, 269,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">302-311, 320-325, 327, 340, 359,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">362, 365-366, 369, 375, 384, 391,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">405-408, 414-415; vi. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>-<a href="#Page_27">27</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></span><br /> -Berryer the Elder, Pierre Nicolas<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246<br /> -Berryer the Younger, Pierre Antoine<br /> -Berryer, known as, v. 246-248, 259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264-266, 269, 302, 309-310; vi. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> -Bertrin, Abbé Georges, vi. <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> -Berstoecher, M., ii. 193; iv. 121<br /> -Bert, M., v. 96<br /> -Bertalozzi, Francesco Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Berthe de Rohan, Queen of Spain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, H.M., ii. 279</span><br /> -Berthelin, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Berthier (see Wagram)<br /> -Berthois, Auguste Marie Baron, v. 135<br /> -Berthollet, Claude Louis Comte, ii. 188<br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Lieutenant Albert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Jules, v. 108</span><br /> -Bertier de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. 161; v. 108</span><br /> -Bertin the Elder, Louis François Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. 175, 223, 229; iii. 8,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125, 132; iv. 100-101; v. 29, 260, 368</span><br /> -Bertin the Younger, Pierre Louis Bertin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Bertin de Vaux or, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175, 223; iii. 125, 132; iv. 100-101,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260; v. 368</span><br /> -Bertrand, Henri Gratien Comte, iii. 81,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 192, 210</span><br /> -Bertrand, née Dillon, Comtesse, iii. 192, 210<br /> -Bertrand, Captain, iii. 16<br /> -Berwick, James Fitzjames, Duke of, iv. 67<br /> -Besenval, Pierre Victor Baron de, i. 177; iii. 139<br /> -Besnardière (see La Besnardière)<br /> -Bessarion, Archbishop of Nicosa, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Siponto, Patriarch of Constantinople,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johannes Cardinal, vi. 49</span><br /> -Bessus Satrap of Bactriana, iii. 149<br /> -Bethsabee, vi. <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> -Bettio, Abbate Pietro, vi. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> -Beugnot, Jacques Claude Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99, 127, 129-130, 178</span><br /> -Beurnonville, Pierre Ruel, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. 73</span><br /> -Bevilacqua, Cardinal, vi. <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> -Béville, Marquis de, iii. 5<br /> -Béville (see also Lavalette)<br /> -Beyle (see Stendhal)<br /> -Bezout, Étienne, i. 44<br /> -Bianca Capello, Grand-duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuscany, vi. <a href="#Page_238">238</a></span><br /> -Billard, A., v. 96<br /> -Billarderie (see Flahaut de La Billarderie)<br /> -Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, ii. 18<br /> -Billecocq, Adolphe, iv. 102<br /> -Billing, Baron, i. 185<br /> -Billot, M., v. 97<br /> -Biré, M. Edmond, i. xvi-xvii, 5, 33;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 92, 215-219, 284; v. 360; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>-<a href="#Page_265">265</a></span><br /> -Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duc de, ii. 121<br /> -Biron, Louis Antoine de Gontaut, Duc de, i. 51, 176<br /> -Biron (see also Lauzun)<br /> -Bisceglie (see Alphonsus of Bisceglie)<br /> -Bissy, Claude VIII. de Thiard, Comte de, v. 162<br /> -Bissy (see also Thiard-Bissy and Thiard de Bissy)<br /> -Bivar (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Bjorn the Scandinavian, ii. 217<br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, Pierre Louis Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. 100, 102, 124-127, 159,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">171-175; iv. 8-9, 59, 132-133; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28-29, 34, 45, 52, 341-343, 352,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-359, 363, 365-366, 368-369,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378, 383-385, 408, 415; vi. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>-<a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the Great Warrior, v. 385<br /> -Blacas d'Aulps, the troubadour, v. 385<br /> -Blair, Rev. Hugh, ii. 121<br /> -Blaize, Ange, vi. <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> -Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119-120, 140</span><br /> -Blanche of Castile, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 256; v. 225, 377</span><br /> -Blessington, Charles John Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Earl of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Blessington, Marguerite Power,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, iv. 73</span><br /> -Bletterie (see La Bletterie)<br /> -Blin, Joseph Marie Jacques, i. 153<br /> -Blitersdorff, Quarter-master, ii. 260<br /> -Blondel, the troubadour, v. 377<br /> -Blossac, M. de, ii. 314<br /> -Blossac, Madame de, ii. 314<br /> -Blücher (see Wahlstadt)<br /> -Boccaccio, Giovanni, iv. 185; v. 229-230<br /> -Bodsey, the publisher, ii. 97<br /> -Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, iv. 227<br /> -Boigne, Benoît Comte de, ii. 103<br /> -Boigne, née d'Osmond, Comtesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 103; v. 106</span><br /> -Bohain, Victor, v. 96<br /> -Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, i. 133; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100, 179, 187, 293; iii. 10, 33; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 53; vi. <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Elder, M. Delaunay, iii. 13<br /> -Boisé-Lucas the Younger, M. iii. 13, 16-17<br /> -Boisgarein, François Nicolas Magon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 51</span><br /> -Boisgarein, Élisabeth Anne Dame de, i. 51<br /> -Boisgelin, Louis Brune Comte de, i. 152<br /> -Boisgelin, née de Boufflers, Comtesse de, i. 152<br /> -Boisgelin de Cicé, Archbishop of Aix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Tours, Jean-de-Dieu Raymond</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, ii. 103</span><br /> -Bois de La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Ferronnière)</span><br /> -Boishamon, M. du, i. 23<br /> -Boishue, Jean Baptiste René de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guehenneuc, Comte de, i. 154; ii. 38</span><br /> -Boishue (see also Guehenneuc de Boishue)<br /> -Boisrobert, Abbé Francis Le Metel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sieur de, v. 55</span><br /> -Boissonade, Jean François, iii. 8<br /> -Boissy, Hilaire Étienne Octave Rouillé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 136; iv. 227; v. 89</span><br /> -Boissy (see also Guiccioli)<br /> -Boistelleul, Jean Baptiste Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eugène de Ravenel, Comte du, i. 67, 69</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Captain Hyacinthe Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre de Ravenel du, i. 67</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Pauline Zoé Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farcy de Montavallon, Dame de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ravenel du, i. 67</span><br /> -Boistelleul, Mademoiselle de, i. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-23; ii. 120; vi. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Bojardo, Conte di Scandiano, Matteo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, vi. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a></span><br /> -Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, v. 57</span><br /> -Bolivar, President of Columbia, Simon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. xxi; iv. 291-292</span><br /> -Bolton, William Orde-Powlett, second Lord, ii. 68<br /> -Bolzona, Count, v. 404<br /> -Bon, Dame, ii. 277<br /> -Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. 97; ii. 167, 168,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 187, 198; iv. 16</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Charles Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iv. 241; v. 58, 297</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Charlotte Bonaparte, Princesse, iv. 241<br /> -Bonaparte, known as Madame Mère,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Letizia Ramolino, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">166, 213; iii. 64, 108-109; iv. 10</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Christine Éléonore Boyer,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, ii. 166</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Elizabeth Patterson, Dame, iii. 200<br /> -Bonaparte, Jerome (see Jerome King of Westphalia)<br /> -Bonaparte, Joseph (see Joseph King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, later of Spain)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Louis (see Louis King of Holland)<br /> -Bonaparte, Prince Louis Napoléon (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Lucien (see Canino)<br /> -Bonaparte, Napoleon (see Napoleon I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Bonaparte Caroline (see Caroline Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Naples)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Élisa (see Élisa Grand-duchess of Tuscany)<br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame (see Canino)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Marie Josèphe Rose<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tascher de La Pagerie, Vicomtesse de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauharnais, later Dame (see Joséphine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress of the French)</span><br /> -Bonaparte, Pauline (see Borghese)<br /> -Bonaparte (see also Buonaparte)<br /> -Bonaventure, Saint, i. xxx<br /> -Bonchamp, General Artus de, ii. 53, 107; v. 245<br /> -Bonchamp, Dame de, ii. 53<br /> -Bondy, Pierre Marie Comte de Taillepied<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 229, 235-238</span><br /> -Bondy, Comtesse de Taillepied de, v. 134<br /> -Boniface VIII., Pope, v. 48<br /> -Boniface IX., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Bonnay, François Marquis de, i. 175,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176; ii. 247; iv. 32-33, 43-44</span><br /> -Bonnet, M., iv. 67<br /> -Bonnet de Malherbe, Dr., vi. 154<br /> -Bonnevie, Abbé Pierre Étienne de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214, 221, 235, 307</span><br /> -Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Bonrecueil, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Bonstetten, Charles Victor de, iv. 250, 258<br /> -Boquet, Pierre Jean, ii. 231; iv. 238<br /> -Borde (see La Borde)<br /> -Bordeaux, Duc de (see Henry V. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Bordesoulle, Étienne Tardif de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pommeroux, Comte de, v. 148</span><br /> -Bordier, M., i. 178<br /> -Bordone, Paride or Paris, vi. <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Borel (see Fauche-Borel)<br /> -Borghese, Camillo Principe, ii. 223-224<br /> -Borghese, Duchess of Guastalla,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pauline Bonaparte, Principessa, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223-224, 237; iii. 108, 113,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215-216; iv. 184, 248-249</span><br /> -Borghese, Principessa, iv. 248<br /> -Borgia, Duc de Valentinois, Cesare, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229; v. 13</span><br /> -Borgne (see Le Borgne)<br /> -Borromeo (see Charles Cardinal Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan, Saint)</span><br /> -Bossinot de Vauvert (see Vauvert)<br /> -Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bénigne, i. 102, 151, 234; ii. 151,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">201, 292, 336; iii. 18-19, 33, 129; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 292; v. 84-86, 177, 388, 403;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_25">25</a></span><br /> -Boucher, Abbé, v. 140<br /> -Boüétardais (see Bedée and La Boüétardais)<br /> -Boüétiez, Chevalier de, i. 8<br /> -Boufflers, Louis François Maréchal de, iii. 27<br /> -Boufflers, Joseph Marie Duc de, iii. 27<br /> -Boufflers, née de Beauvais-Craon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, iii. 27</span><br /> -Boufflers, Stanislas Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152; iii. 26-27; iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Comtesse de Sabran, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 164</span><br /> -Boufflers, Louis de, iii. 27<br /> -Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, i. xxi.<br /> -Bougon, Dr., vi. <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> -Bouillé, Marquise de, v. 363; vi. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -Bouillerie (see La Bouillerie)<br /> -Bouillet, Marie Nicolas, vi. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Bouillon, Godefroy Duc de, ii. 65; iv. 138<br /> -Bouillon, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de, iii. 27</span><br /> -Bouillon, Philippe d'Auvergne, Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 65</span><br /> -Bouillon (see also Godfrey of Bouillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Jerusalem)</span><br /> -Boulin, Joseph, i. 108<br /> -Boulogne, Bishop of Troyes, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Vienne, Étienne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine de, ii. 180</span><br /> -Bounelet, Sieur, ii. 277<br /> -Bourbon, Charles Cardinal de, iii. 74-75<br /> -Bourbon, Charles Connétable Duc de, v. 16, 58<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Bourbon, Archambaud VII. Sire de, iv. 209<br /> -Bourbon, Louis Henri Joseph Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Condé, Louis VI. Prince de)</span><br /> -Bourbon, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Condé)</span><br /> -Bourdaloue, Louis, ii. 100<br /> -Bourdasse, Jacques, i. 108<br /> -Bourdic, later Dame Viot, Marie Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henriette Payan de L'Étang,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise d'Antremont, later, vi. <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Bourdonnaye (see La Bourdonnaye)<br /> -Bourdonnaye-Montluc (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourdonnaye-Montluc)</span><br /> -Bourg (see Du Bourg)<br /> -Bourges, Clémence de, vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Bourgoing, Chevalier de, iv. 102<br /> -Bourgogne, Louis Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ghaisne, Comte Maréchal de, v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81-84, 95, 244-245, 323</span><br /> -Bourmont, Adolphe de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourmont, Charles de, v. 82, 244<br /> -Bourgueney, François Adolphe Comte de, i. 185<br /> -Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 251, 270; iii. 86</span><br /> -Boutet (see Mars and Monvel)<br /> -Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Boutin, M., ii. 27<br /> -Brabant (see Geneviève of Brabant)<br /> -Bracciano, Giovanni Torlonia, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duca di, iv. 262; v. 19</span><br /> -Bracciano-Orsini (see Orsini)<br /> -Brackenridge, Henry M., i. 252<br /> -Bragadino, Marco Antonio, vi. 59<br /> -Brahe, Tycho, v. 387<br /> -Bramante, Donato d'Agnolo, iv. 230<br /> -Brancas, née de Colbert-Montboissier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, v. 291</span><br /> -Brandon (see Hamilton)<br /> -Braunfels (see Solm-Braunfels)<br /> -Breil de Pontbriand, Vicomtesse de, i. 150<br /> -Brémond, M. de, vi. <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> -Brennus, v. 305<br /> -Breteuil, Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier,<br /> -Baron de, i. 132, 156; ii. 31; iii. 125<br /> -Breton (see Le Breton)<br /> -Breuning, Fräulein Eleonora, ii. 332<br /> -Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Brien, Jean, iii. 14<br /> -Brienne, Archbishop of Sens, Étienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles de Loménie, Comte de, i. 141</span><br /> -Brienne, Henri Auguste Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loménie de, ii. 152</span><br /> -Brienne, Comtesse de Loménie de, ii. 152<br /> -Brignon, Seigneur de Laher, Nicolas Jean, i. 13<br /> -Brignon, Marie Anne Le Tendu, Dame, i. 13<br /> -Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme, iv. 167-168<br /> -Brinvilliers, Marie Marguerite Dreux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Avray, Marquise de, ii. 163</span><br /> -Briot, Pierre Joseph, ii. 223<br /> -Briqueville, Armand François Bon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude Comte de, v. 209-210, 213</span><br /> -Briqueville the Elder, Comte de, v. 209<br /> -Briqueville, Comtesse de, v. 209<br /> -Brissac (see Cossé-Brissac)<br /> -Brisson, Barnabé Président, ii. 21<br /> -Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre, ii. 14<br /> -Britannicus, Claudius Tiberius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Germanicus, known as, ii. 258</span><br /> -Britard (see Brizard)<br /> -Brittany, Giles of (see Chateaubriand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Chantocé)</span><br /> -Brizard, Jean Baptiste Britard, known as, i. 128<br /> -Brocard, Pere Ignace, vi. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Broglie, Victor François Maréchal Duc de, i. 156<br /> -Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 81, 105, 122-123, 127</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br /> -Broglie, Albertine de Staël-Holstein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, v. 81</span><br /> -Brollo, the gaoler, vi. 105-<a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> -Brollo, Signora, vi. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> -Brollo, Angelica (see "Zanze")<br /> -Brosses, René Comte de, iv. 300; v. 30<br /> -Brosses (see also De Brosses)<br /> -Brougham and Vaux, Henry Brougham,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, i. 188</span><br /> -Broussais, François Joseph Victor, i. 27, 74<br /> -Brown, Charles Brockden, i. 253-254<br /> -Bruce, Lieutenant Michael, iii. 110<br /> -Brugière de Barante (see Barante)<br /> -Brummell, George Bryan, iv. 69<br /> -Brun (see Le Brun and Malte-Brun)<br /> -Brune, Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne, iii. 91<br /> -Bruno, Saint, ii. 33, 309-310<br /> -Brutus, Lucius Junius, v. 132, 312<br /> -Brutus, Marcus Junius, v. 57, 132, 394<br /> -Brutus, Tiberius Junius, v. 312<br /> -Brutus, Titus Junius, v. 312<br /> -Bruyère (see La Bruyère)<br /> -Buckingham and Chandos, Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Greville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. 140; iv. 79</span><br /> -Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 65</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 127, 174; iii. 33; iv. 122</span><br /> -Buffon, George Louis Marie Leclerc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 173</span><br /> -Buffon, later Dame de Bussières,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marguérite Françoise de Bouvier de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cepoy, Comtesse de, i. 173</span><br /> -Bugeaud de La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Buisson de La Vigne (see La Vigne)<br /> -Bullion, Claude de, i. 150<br /> -Bülow (see Dennewitz)<br /> -Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 236</span><br /> -Buonaparte, Carlo, vi. 184<br /> -Buonaparte, Giacomo, v. 58<br /> -Buonaparte (see also Bonaparte)<br /> -Buonarotti (see Michael Angelo)<br /> -Buonavita, Abbé, iii. 215-216<br /> -Burghersh, Lord, pseud (see Napoléon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I. Emperor of the French, King of Italy)</span><br /> -Burke, Edmund, i. xxi; ii. 121,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">144-145; iv. 93; v. 57</span><br /> -Burney (see d'Arblay)<br /> -Burns, Robert, ii. 127, 129<br /> -Busoni, Philippe, v. 96<br /> -Bussi, Giovanni Battista Cardinal, v. 18<br /> -Bussières (see Buffon and Renouard de Bussières)<br /> -Bute, John Stuart, first Earl of, iv. 81<br /> -Buti, Lucrezia, iv. 232<br /> -Butler (see Dubourg-Butler)<br /> -Buttafuoco, Matteo, iii. 196<br /> -Byron, William fourth Lord, vi. <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> -Byron, George Gordon sixth Lord, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">xxiii; ii. 8, 91, 123-124, 127, 129-136,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158; iii. 68, 88, 191, 220; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 232, 254; v. 59, 89, 202-203,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">209, 300, 389; vi. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">78, 85</span><br /> -Byron, Anne Isabella Milbanke, Lady, ii. 136<br /> -Byron, Commodore Hon. John, vi. <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> -Byron, Hon. Augusta Ada (see Leigh)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -C<br /> -<br /> -Cacault, François, ii. 219<br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Elder, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Félix, v. 237</span><br /> -Cadet de Gassicourt the Younger, Félix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98-99, 190-191, 237-239</span><br /> -Cadoudal, Georges, i. 65; ii. 249, 252,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259; iii. 36, 138-139; iv. 167-168</span><br /> -Cæsar, Caius Julius, i. 17; ii. 121, 201,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">331, 337; iii. 87-88, 159, 186, 195,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 214, 218; iv. 14, 176, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264; v. 40, 56, 131-132, 155, 333,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></span><br /> -Cagliari (see Veronese)<br /> -Cagliostro, Giuseppe Balsamo, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Alessandro Conte di, i. 145</span><br /> -Cahen, Louis, i. xvii; vi. <a href="#Page_265">265</a>-<a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Caillet, Guillaume, ii. 108<br /> -Cajetan, Saint, ii. 159<br /> -Calas, Jean, iii. 30<br /> -Caligula, the Emperor, ii. 33; vi. <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> -Calixtus II., Pope, iv. 304<br /> -Calixtus III., Pope, v. 13<br /> -Callot, Jacques, ii. 95<br /> -Calonne, Abbé de, ii. 72<br /> -Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, i. 140-141,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162; ii. 4; vi. <a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Calvin, John, v. 199, 273, 388; vi. <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> -Camargo, Marie Anne Cuppi, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as the, ii. 119</span><br /> -Cambacérès, Second Consul, later Duke<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Parma, Jean Jacques Régis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 259, 282; iii. 21, 54, 63, 75;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 409</span><br /> -Cambacérès, Marie Jean Pierre Hubert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 259</span><br /> -Camden, William, ii. 80<br /> -Camerarius, Joachim Liebhard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, vi. <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br /> -Camoens, Luiz de, i. xxiv, 196, 242-243;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 123; iii. 30, 208, 219, 222,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">237; vi. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>-<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, 104, 222</span><br /> -Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Genest, Dame, v. 296</span><br /> -Campbell, Sir Neil, iii. 78-79, 81<br /> -Campbell, Thomas, ii. 128<br /> -Campbell, Mr. William Bernard, vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Campo-Franco, Lucchesi-Palli, Principe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, v. 322-323</span><br /> -Camuccini, Vicenzo, iv. 241<br /> -Canaris, Constantine, iv. 119<br /> -Canaris the Younger, iv. 118-119<br /> -Candoles, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Canecaude, M. de, i. 164<br /> -Cange (see Du Cange)<br /> -Canino, Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 179, 210; iii. 152, 154, 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215; iv. 155-158, 196, 220</span><br /> -Canino, Marie Alexandrine Charlotte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Laurence de Bleschamp,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princess of, ii. 166</span><br /> -Canning, George, i. xxii-xxiii, 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 68-69, 79, 92-93, 128; iv. 70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 82, 89, 92, 96, 128, 217-218,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266; v. 57, 145, 180-181; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> -Canning, Joan Scott, Mrs., ii. 79<br /> -Canova, Antonio, i. xxiii, 189; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224, 248; iv. 75, 162, 180-182, 220,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238; vi. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br /> -Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honors<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raymond, iv. 131</span><br /> -Capelan, Abbé, ii. 117<br /> -Capellari (sec Gregory XVI., Pope)<br /> -Capelle, Guillaume Antoine Benoît<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 129, 141; v. 88,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378-379, 422</span><br /> -Capello, General Vittorio, vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Capet, Hugh (see Hugh Capet, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France)</span><br /> -Capodistrias, Giovanni Anton Count, i. xxi<br /> -Capponi, Gino Alessandro Giuseppe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspardo Marchese, v. 25</span><br /> -Capua, Charles Ferdinand Prince of, v. 323<br /> -Caractacus King of Britain, ii. 129<br /> -Caraffa, Bishop of Chieti, Giovanni<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pietro, ii. 159</span><br /> -Caraman, Victor Louis Charles de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquet de Caraman, Marquis, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 185; iv. 91, 102; v. 123</span><br /> -Caraman, Georges Comte de, i. 185<br /> -Carracci, Agostino, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Annibale, iv. 225, 236<br /> -Carracci, Lodovico, iv. 225<br /> -Carbon, Flins des Oliviers (see Flins<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Oliviers)</span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Emanuel Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Maria Cristina Albertina<br /> -Carlotta of Saxe-Courlande, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Savoy, v. 322</span><br /> -Carignan, Louis Victor Prince of Savoy,<br /> -Carignan, Count of Villafranca, Eugène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of Savoy, i. 51</span><br /> -Carignan, Charles Albert Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy (see Charles Albert, King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sardinia)</span><br /> -Carignan, Élisabeth Anne Princesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie (see Boisgarein)</span><br /> -Carignan (see also Eugène)<br /> -Carline, Marie Gabrielle Malagrida,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Nivelon, known as, i. 173</span><br /> -Carlskron (see Dumont)<br /> -Carlyle, Thomas, v. 381<br /> -Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 100, 153, 167-169</span><br /> -Caroline of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Augustenburg, Queen of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i, 188; ii. 142-143</span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Land-gravine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hesse-Homburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Caroline of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 41</span><br /> -Caroline Bonaparte, Queen of Naples,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 25; iii. 144; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189-196, 198, 201, 203</span><br /> -Carolsfeld, (see Schnorr von Carolsfeld)<br /> -Caron, Colonel Augustin Joseph, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211; vi. <a href="#Page_159">159</a></span><br /> -Caron de Beaumarchais (see Beaumarchais)<br /> -Carrel, Nicolas Armand, v. 82-83, 96,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 206-208, 291; vi. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_162">162</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br /> -Carrel the Elder, M., vi. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> -Carrel, Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> -Carrel the Younger, M., vi. <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> -Carrel, Nathalie, vi. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> -Carrio, Señor, vi. <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> -Cartier, Jacques, i. 26, 30, 204, 232<br /> -Cary, Henry Francis, iv. 226; v. 66; vi. <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> -Casimir-Périer (see Périer)<br /> -Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius, iv. 227; vi. <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> -Castelbajac, Marie Barthélemy Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 97; iv. 16</span><br /> -Castellani, Giulio Cesare, iv. 245<br /> -Castellani, Leonora Baroni, Signora, iv. 245<br /> -Castelnau, Seigneur de La Mauvissière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel de, i. 212</span><br /> -Castiglione, Pierre François Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augereau, Maréchal Duc de, iii. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">80; v. 227; vi. <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br /> -Castiglioni (see Pius VIII., Pope)<br /> -Castlereagh (see Londonderry)<br /> -Castries, Madame de, iv. 285<br /> -Castro, Inez de, vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Castro, João de, v. 380<br /> -Cathcart, William Schaw first Earl, iii. 49<br /> -Cathcart, Charles ninth Lord, i. 188<br /> -Cathelineau, General Jacques, ii. 107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109; v. 245</span><br /> -Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France, v. 84<br /> -Catherine I. Empress of All the Russias, vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> -Catherine II. Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 132; ii. 197, 289; vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -Catherine of Wurtemberg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westphalia, iii. 64, 86, 200</span><br /> -Catiline, Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 215, 221</span><br /> -Cato Uticensis, Marcus Porcius, ii. 79,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">331; iv. 246; v. 336, 394</span><br /> -Catullus, Caius Valerius, i. 162; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a></span><br /> -Cauchie, Dame, i. 126<br /> -Cauchie, Anne, i. 126<br /> -Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste, v. 95, 126</span><br /> -Caud, Jacques Louis René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, i. 83; ii. 176</span><br /> -Caud, Lucile Angélique de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. xvi, 6, 12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 19, 29, 31, 40, 65, 70, 76-79,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81-84, 91, 94-96, 102-103, 107, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 125-126, 130, 137, 151, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182; ii. 4, 6, 7, 9, 27, 82, 103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">146, 175-177, 226-229, 231-232,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239, 302, 311-319; v. 258; vi. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> -Caulaincourt (see Vicence)<br /> -Caumont de La Force (see La Force)<br /> -Caux, Roger Comte de, i. 99; iv. 33<br /> -Caux, Louis Victor Vicomte de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138; v. 120</span><br /> -Cavaignac, General Eugène Louis, v. 141<br /> -Cavaignac, Éléonore Louis Godefroy, v. 140-141<br /> -Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste, v. 140-141<br /> -Cayet, Pierre Victoire Palma, v. 140<br /> -Cayla, Zoé Victoire Talon du Boullay<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thierry, Comtesse de, iv. 9-10</span><br /> -Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, iv. 6<br /> -Cazes (see Decazes)<br /> -Cazotte, Jean, i. 179; ii. 56<br /> -Ceccaldi (see Colonna-Ceccaldi)<br /> -Celestine V., Pope, ii. 200<br /> -"Célestine," vi. <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> -Cellamare, Antonio Giudicce, Duca di<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Giovenazza, Principe di, vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -Celles, Antoine Philippe Fiacre Ghislain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Visscher, Comte de, iv. 237; v. 37</span><br /> -Celles, née de Valence, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Celles, Demoiselles de, iv. 237<br /> -Cellini, Benvenuto, iv. 181, 239<br /> -Cels, the nursery-gardener, v. 318<br /> -Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, i. xxiv,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151; iv. 232; v. 263, 351; vi. <a href="#Page_222">222</a></span><br /> -Cesarotti, Melchiore, iii. 214; vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Cessac, Jean Girard Lacuee, Comte de, vi. <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Chabot, François, iv. 4<br /> -Chabot (see also Rohan-Chabot)<br /> -Chabrol-Croussol, André Jean Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 134-135, 138-139; v. 72, 81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 94</span><br /> -Chabrol-Volvic, Gilbert Joseph Gaspar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 94, 100, 112</span><br /> -Chafner, Major, i. 66, 181<br /> -Chalais (see Talleyrand-Chalais)<br /> -Chalais-Périgord, née de Beauvilliers<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aignan, Princesse de, vi. <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-<a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -Chalas, Prosper, v. 96<br /> -Chalmel, Abbé Jean François, i. 48<br /> -Chalotais (see La Chalotais)<br /> -Chambolle, François Adolphe, v. 95<br /> -Chambord, Comte de, pseud. (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Chambord, Comtesse de, pseud, (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France)</span><br /> -Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 83, 129-130, 132, 175,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; ii. 27, 102</span><br /> -Chamisso, Charles de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Hippolyte de, iv. 40<br /> -Chamisso, Louis Charles Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chamisso de Boncourt, known as</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adelbert von, iv. 39-40</span><br /> -Champagny, Vicomte de, v. 94<br /> -Champcenetz, Louis Chevalier de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176; ii. 80; v. 267</span><br /> -Champion de Cicé, Vicomte de, i. 146<br /> -Champlain, Samuel, i. 232<br /> -Champlatreux (see Molé de Champlatreux)<br /> -Champmeslé, Marie Desmare, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Mademoiselle, ii. 179</span><br /> -Champollion, Jean François, vi. <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> -Champollion Figeac, Jean Jacques, v. 86<br /> -Chantelauze, Jean Claude Balthazar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de, v. 88, 90, 189, 422</span><br /> -Chanteloup, Jean Antoine Chaptal,<br /> -Comte de, ii. 188, 309<br /> -Chapelier (see Le Chapelier)<br /> -Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier, ii. 207<br /> -Chappe, Claude, iii. 112<br /> -Chappe, Ignace Urbain, iii. 112<br /> -Chaptal (see Chanteloup)<br /> -Chardel, Casimir Marie Marcellin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Célestin, v. 96, 115</span><br /> -Charette de La Contrie, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Athanase, i. 154; ii. 109; v. 245</span><br /> -Charlemagne (see Charles I. King of France)<br /> -Charles Cardinal Count Borromeo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Milan, Saint, iv. 223;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 230; vi. <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Charles the Hammer, Duke of Austrasia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 338; iv. 109, 263</span><br /> -Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany, i.<br /> -Charles Duke of Burgundy, ii. 32; iii. 153, 181<br /> -Charles IV. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388, 410-411</span><br /> -Charles V., the Emperor, i. 25; ii. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121; iii. 126-127, 158; iv. 239; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 84, 400</span><br /> -Charles VI., the Emperor, ii. 78; iv. 246<br /> -Charles I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. 187; ii. 18, 39, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124; iii. 93, 104, 127; iv. 82, 84,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 251-252; v. 115, 137, 178, 255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295</span><br /> -Charles II. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, i. 189; ii. 137, 140;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 93; v. 50</span><br /> -Charles III. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. 202; iv. 249-252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 372-373: vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> -Charles IV. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Charles Emanuel</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IV. King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Charles I. King of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlemagne, the Emperor, i. 235;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 32-33, 63; iii. 205, 228; iv. 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 264; v. 11, 65, 196, 337,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Charles II. King of France and III.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of the Romans, v. 297</span><br /> -Charles V. King of France, ii. 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Charles VI. King of France, ii. 201;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 378; vi. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Charles VII. King of France, ii. 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 108; v. 378; vi. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Charles VIII. King of France, i. 141;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 227; vi. <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Charles IX. King of France, i. 35, 109,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 212; ii. 18; iii. 30, 33; v. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 137; vi. <a href="#Page_82">82</a></span><br /> -Charles X. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 35, 135, 156, 160, 163; ii. 4-5, 16,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22, 34, 40, 54, 63, 79, 101, 103, 107,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 259; iii. 55, 76-77, 89, 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98-99, 112, 119, 136, 140-141, 155-156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">159, 161, 166, 171, 176, 178, 184,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 227; iv. 8, 14, 16, 21, 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61-62, 96-97, 103, 106-112, 117, 120,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 130-141, 161, 252, 280, 290-291,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">293, 296, 302, 304; v. 6, 8, 17-18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20-21, 23, 30-32, 34-36, 40, 47-48,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">67-69, 74-78, 84, 86-97, 99-100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103-104, 106-108, 110-111, 114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 121-123, 127-128, 130-131,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">133, 135, 138, 143-157, 160, 164-165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168-170, 173-177, 180, 188, 191-192,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">194, 209-211, 220, 222, 226-228, 235,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238-239, 260, 268, 271, 307, 321-322,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 339-340, 342-343, 349,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">357-362, 364-375, 378 379, 383-387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">390-391, 393-396, 398-399, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408, 415, 421-426; vi. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_118">118</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>-<a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -Charles XI. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre (see Charles VII. King of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain)</span><br /> -Charles II. Grand-Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, iv. 33</span><br /> -Charles II. Duke of Parma, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Lucca,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, iv. 224</span><br /> -Charles III. Duke of Parma, iv. 224;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 361; vi. <a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> -Charles I. King of Spain (see Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">V., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Charles III. King of Spain and IV. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Two Sicilies, iv. 58; v. 51; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Charles IV. King of Spain, i. 49; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257-258; iii. 191; iv. 236; v. 74</span><br /> -Charles V. King of Spain, iii. 221; v. 75<br /> -Charles VII. King of Spain and XI.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Navarre, ii. 279</span><br /> -Charles IV. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Charles III. King of Spain)</span><br /> -Charles XI. King of Sweden, v. 51<br /> -Charles XIII. King of Sweden, ii. 257; iii. 46<br /> -Charles XIV. John King of Sweden<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Norway, ii. 257; iii. 46, 102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 144, 181, 162-167, 202, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220; v. 144</span><br /> -Charles I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 322<br /> -Charles of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33, 271<br /> -Charles Albert King of Sardinia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54; v. 38, 322</span><br /> -Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles III. King of England, Scotland</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland)</span><br /> -Charles Emanuel I. King of Sardinia, iii. 27<br /> -Charles Emanuel II. King of Sardinia, i. 130<br /> -Charles Emanuel III. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Charles Emanuel IV. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Charles IV. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 221; iv. 242, 251</span><br /> -Charles Felix King of Sardinia, iv. 54,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 38; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -Charles Frederic Elector, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Baden, ii. 280; iii. 73</span><br /> -Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince, iv. 164</span><br /> -Charles Frederic William, Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. 33-34; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">162, 164; v. 127</span><br /> -Charles Louis, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 258; iii. 60</span><br /> -Charlevoix, Père Pierre François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 232-233</span><br /> -Charlotte Princess Royal of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 142; vi. <a href="#Page_118">118</a></span><br /> -Charlotte of Prussia, Princess (see Alexandra<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Feodorowna Empress of Russia)</span><br /> -Charlotte Mademoiselle de Valois,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena, v. 230</span><br /> -Charrière, Isabelle Agnes van Tujil,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de Sainte-Hyacinthe de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 121-122</span><br /> -Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, v. 107<br /> -Chartier, Alain, ii. 201<br /> -Chartier, Jean, vi. <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> -Chassé, David Hendrik Baron, v. 94<br /> -Chastenay, Dame de, i. 101, 104-105,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">112; ii. 44; iii. 8</span><br /> -Chastenay-Lanty, Louise Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victorine Comtesse de, ii. 169</span><br /> -Chateau-d'Assie, Michel Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Locquet, Comte de, i. 108</span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Comte de, i. 150<br /> -Chateaubourg, Paul François de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Celle, Vicomte, later Comte de, i. 104-105</span><br /> -Chateaubourg, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de Québriac,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomtesse, later Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 15, 40, 53, 66, 106, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150; ii. 319</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey I. Baron of, i. 6, 24<br /> -Chateaubriand, Sybil Baroness of, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey IV. Baron of, i. 8<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffrey V. Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, ninth Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, François Comte de, i. 11-12<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 8, 82-83; ii. 295-296, 319,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">333; iii. 126; v. 64-65, 154, 269;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Henriette Félicité Zélie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orglandes, Comtesse de, i. 8; ii. 296</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jean Baptiste Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 6-7, 12, 15-16, 18, 52,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 83, 94-96, 101, 104-105, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 119, 122, 135-137, 167, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182; ii. 3, 22-23, 27-32, 60, 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 81-84, 146, 294-295; iii. 31, 125;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 64, 304, 309; vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Aline Thérèse Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pelletier de Rosanbo, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 15, 95, 111, 135; ii. 23, 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">83-84: v. 64</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Louis Comte de, i. 8<br /> -Chateaubriand, René Comte de, i. 8,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10, 12-14, 17-19, 29, 35, 38, 42-43.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46-47, 49, 57-58, 63, 70, 72-80, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-96, 107-111, 125; ii. 131, 176;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 65, 377; vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Apolline Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Suzanne de Bedée, Comtesse de, i. 14-15</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18-20, 28, 30, 35-36, 38, 40, 53,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">60-62, 70, 73-74, 76-81, 91-96, 101,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 107-109, 111, 125, 146-148,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182; ii. 4, 60, 65, 82, 84-85, 114-116,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 146, 176, 318; v. 65, 152; vi. <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Françoise de Foix,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. 120; iv. 228</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Pétronille Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamour de Lanjégu, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 11-13</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François René Chevalier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Vicomte de, passim</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Céleste Buisson de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vigne, Vicomtesse de, i. xxiii, 130;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 5-9, 24, 27, 82, 85, 146, 171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176, 213, 236, 248-249, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">299-300, 302, 310, 317, 319; iii. 3, 5-7,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 39, 51-53, 99, 123-126, 129-130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134-136, 140, 161, 176, 178; iv. 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">90, 106-107, 120, 221, 223-224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230-231, 233, 285, 287, 296; v. 69-70,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 93, 201, 205, 209, 234, 249,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251-253, 256, 258, 264, 267, 270, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297-299, 313, 316-317, 359, 570; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Amaury de, i. 7, 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Armand Louis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13, 32; ii. 34, 40, 50, 64; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12-18, 142; iv. 176</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Brien de, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Christian de, i. 8; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">23, 295, 319; iii. 126; v. 63-65,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326; vi. <a href="#Page_253">253</a></span><br /> -Chateaubriand, François Henri de, i. 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Frédéric de, i. 109; ii. 64<br /> -Chateaubriand, Geoffroy de, i. 15<br /> -Chateaubriand, Lord of Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume de, i. 43</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Guy of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand, Michel de, i. 7, 11<br /> -Chateaubriand, Pierre de, i. 32<br /> -Chateaubriand, Thiern de, i. 6<br /> -Chateaubriand, Bénigne Jeanne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Chateaubourg)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Charlotte of (see Croï)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Claude Dame de, vi. 173<br /> -Chateaubriand, Julie Marie Agathe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Farcy)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Lucile de (see Caud)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Margaret of (see Rohan)<br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Anne Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Marigny)</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Marie Jeanne Therèse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brignon de Laher, Dame de, i. 13,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15-16</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne de, ii. 64<br /> -Chateaubriand, Jeanne Le Brun, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 64; iii. 12</span><br /> -Chateaubriand, Joan of, i. 9<br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Abbé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Hilaire de, i. 59</span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande, Alexis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 11</span><br /> -Chateaubriand de La Guerrande,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christophe II. de, i. 6-7, 11</span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Parc, Joseph, i. 11<br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis, Pierre Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne, i. 11-13, 32</span><br /> -Chateaubriand du Plessis-Bertrand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brien de, i. 9</span><br /> -Chateaubriand and Chantocé, Giles of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brittany, Lord of, i. 25</span><br /> -Chateaugiron, Abbé de, i. 63<br /> -Châteauroux, Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de La Tournelle,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, ii. 297-298; vi. <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> -Châtel, Jean, v. 401<br /> -Châtelain, René Theophile, v. 95<br /> -Châtelet (see Du Châtelet)<br /> -Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 73, 146</span><br /> -Châtillon, Henri de, iii. 138<br /> -Châtillon (see also Godet de Châtillon)<br /> -Chaulieu, Guillaume Anfrie, Abbé de, vi. <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -Chaulnes, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, ii. 16<br /> -Chauvin, Pierre, iv. 297<br /> -Chauvin, Demoiselle, iv. 297<br /> -Cheftel, Dr, i. 92<br /> -Cheftel the Younger, M., i. 92<br /> -Chênedollé, Charles Lioult de, ii. 167,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">171-173, 176, 227, 239, 312, 318</span><br /> -Chénier, André Marie de, i. 73, 133;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 234; iii. 31, 35; iv. 152; vi. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> -Chénier, Marie Joseph de, i. 73, 133;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 17, 105; iii. 18, 20-22, 25-26,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">31-33, 35, 68-69; vi. <a href="#Page_187">187</a></span><br /> -Cheops, or Khufu, King of Egypt, v. 244<br /> -Chérin, Bernard, i. 6<br /> -Chevalier, Michel, v. 126, 137<br /> -Chevalier (see also Poncelet)<br /> -Chéverus, Bishop of Boston, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of Montauban, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Bordeaux, Jean Louis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Madeleine Lefébure, Cardinal</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Claude de Lorraine, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de Luynes, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Chevreuse, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Chevreuse, née Norbonne-Pelet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 178-179</span><br /> -Chevet, the restaurateur, v. 311<br /> -Chiabrera, Gabriello, vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Child, Robert, i. 188<br /> -Chilperic I. King of the Franks, i. 120, 223<br /> -Choderlos de Laclos (see Laclos)<br /> -Choiseul et d'Amboise, Étienne François<br /> -Comte de Stainville, later Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50-51; vi. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Choiseul-Gouffier, Marie Gabriel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florent Auguste Comte de, iii. 123</span><br /> -Choiseul-Praslin (see Praslin)<br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Claude Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, Duc de, i. 176; ii. 9; v. 94, 112</span><br /> -Choiseul-Stainville, Duchesse de, ii. 9<br /> -Chopin, J., v. 263<br /> -Choulot, Paul Comte de, v. 322<br /> -Christian VIII. King of Denmark and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Norway, iv. 79</span><br /> -Christian IX. King of Denmark, iv. 118<br /> -Christina Queen of Sweden, i. 75; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192; iii. 22; v. 14, 51</span><br /> -Christophe, King of Hayti, Henri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 71; v. 205, 412</span><br /> -Christopher, Saint, vi. <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> -Chotek, Karl Count von, v. 340-343,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">352-353, 365, 381-382, 391; vi. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br /> -Chotek, Countess von, v. 381; vi. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Chotkowa and Wognin, Johann Rudolf<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, v. 382</span><br /> -Cicé (see Boisgelin de Cicé and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Champion de Cicé)</span><br /> -Cicéri, Pierre Luc Charles, vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Cicero, Marcus Tullius, ii. 81, 129,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">132, 201; iii. 28; v. 56, 161, 341;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> -Cicognara, Leopolde Conte, vi. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> -Cid Campeador, the (see Diaz de Bivar)<br /> -Cimarosa, Domenico, i. 225; iv. 185<br /> -Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, i. 210;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 228</span><br /> -Cintio, Cardinal, vi. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> -Cisher, iv. 170<br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Meade, second<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Richard Charles Francis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meade, third Earl of, iv. 72-73, 89</span><br /> -Clanwilliam, Caroline Thun, Countess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Clancarty, Marquis of Heusden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Le Poer Trench, second</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, iii. 145</span><br /> -Clarence, Lionel Duke of, iii. 138<br /> -Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 57</span><br /> -Clarke, Captain Edward, ii. 319-320<br /> -Clarke, Mary Anne Thompson, Mrs, ii. 68<br /> -Clary; Colonel, iv. 199<br /> -Claude Duchess of Brittany, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. 141</span><br /> -Claudius, the Emperor, ii. 258<br /> -Claudius Crassus, Appius, iii. 51<br /> -Clausel de Cousserques, Jean Claude,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 252, 319; iii. 3-4, 51, 123; v. 70</span><br /> -Clausel de Montals, Bishop of Chartres,<br /> -Claude Hippolyte, iii. 9-10<br /> -Clavel (sec Saint-Huberti)<br /> -Clavius, Christopher, vi. <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> -Clémence de Bourges (see Bourges)<br /> -Clement, Saint, i. 103<br /> -Clement of Alexandria, Saint, i. 231<br /> -Clement IV. Pope, v. 12<br /> -Clement V., Pope, i. 9<br /> -Clement VIII., Pope. vi. 88-90<br /> -Clement XII., Pope, v. 14-15<br /> -Clement XIII., Pope, ii. 180<br /> -Clement XIV., Pope, v. 373<br /> -Clement VII., Anti-pope (see Robert of Geneva)<br /> -Clément, Jacques, ii. 18<br /> -Clementina of Austria, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">two Sicilies, v. 74; vi. <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span><br /> -Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, ii. 122; iv. 247<br /> -Clerfayt, François Sébastien Charles<br /> -Joseph de Croix, Comte de, ii. 147<br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop of Châlons,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Toulouse, Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Jules Cardinal Duc de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214, 222, 247; iv. 304; v. 27-28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32-33, 41</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnere, Aimé Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gaspard Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Comte de, ii. 194</span><br /> -Clermont-Tonnerre (see also Talaru)<br /> -Clery, Jean Baptiste Cant Havet, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106-107</span><br /> -Clinchamp de Malfilatre (see Malfilatre)<br /> -Clisson, Olivier de, i. 9, 12<br /> -Clive of Plassey, Robert first Lord, vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> -Clodion King of the Franks, i. 120;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 139; iv. 109</span><br /> -Clodoald, Saint, v. 404<br /> -Clodomir King of Orleans, v. 404<br /> -Clorivière (see Limoëlan de Clorivière)<br /> -Clotaire I. King of the Franks, i. 223<br /> -Clotilda Queen of the Franks, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 303</span><br /> -Cloud (see Clodoald)<br /> -Clovis I. King of the Franks, i. 24;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 29, 303; iii. 131, 139, 224; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108-109, 112; v. 142, 196, 279, 404;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Cobbett, William, v. 399<br /> -Cockburn, Admiral Sir George, iii. 210<br /> -Coëtlogon, M. de. i. 143<br /> -Cogni, the baker, vi. <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> -Cogni, surnamed the Fornarina,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Margherita, vi. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Coigny, Marie Henri François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franquetot, Duc de, i. 119, 121</span><br /> -Coislin, Charles Georges René de<br /> -Cambout, Marquis de, ii. 297<br /> -Coislin, later Duchesse de Mailly,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Anne Louise Adélaïde de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mailly, Marquise de, ii. 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297-302; iii. 5</span><br /> -Cokayne, Clarenceux King-of-Arms,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mr. George Edward, iv. 251</span><br /> -Colbert, Jean Baptiste, i. 72, 236; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205; iv. 89, 127</span><br /> -Colbert de Maulevrier, Édouard Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victornien Comte de, i. 72</span><br /> -Colbert-Montboissier, Comtesse de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">72; v. 290-291</span><br /> -Colburn, Henry, i. xv<br /> -Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ii. 128<br /> -Colet, Louise Revoil, Dame, vi. 174<br /> -Coligny, Gaspard de Châtillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amiral Sire de, i. 168</span><br /> -Collard (see Royer-Collard)<br /> -Collinet, the band-master, ii. 143; iv. 71<br /> -Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, ii. 18<br /> -Colonna, Sciarra, v. 48<br /> -Colonna-Ceccaldi, Mayor of Vescovato, iv. 196<br /> -Colonna di Palestrina (see Palestrina)<br /> -Columbus, Christopher, i. 26, 195-196;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 217; iii. 209; v. 335; vi. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -Combourg, Comte de (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René Comte de)</span><br /> -Combourg, Rivallon, Lord of, i. 43<br /> -Comines, Philippe de, vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Compignano, Countess of (see Élisa<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess of Tuscany)</span><br /> -Concini (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Condé, Henri II. Prince de, ii. 152<br /> -Condé, Charlotte Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency, Princesse de, ii. 152; vi. 77</span><br /> -Condé, Louis II. Prince de, i. 77; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">40, 51, 151, 271, 273, 278-279, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">292; iii. 18, 27, 227; iv. 198; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">403; vi. 19, 77, 167</span><br /> -Condé, Louis V. Prince de, i. 59, 83,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160; ii. 4, 54, 110, 171, 255, 259,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">263, 275, 292-293; iii. 29, 55; 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124-125; v. 162, 297</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Princesse de, i. 59<br /> -Condé, Louis VI. Duc de Bourbon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Prince de, i. 59, 160; ii. 48,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110-111, 255, 259, 263, 279, 293;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 117, 119; iv. 8</span><br /> -Condé, Louise d'Orléans, Duchesse de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, later Princesse de, ii. 279</span><br /> -Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caritat, Marquis de, i. 136; ii. 180</span><br /> -Conégliano, Bon Adrien Jeannot<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moncey, Maréchal Duc de, iii. 90, 155;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 109</span><br /> -Congreve,William, iv. 80<br /> -Connell, Mr. Conal Holmes O'Connell<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'Riordan, known as F. Norreys,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a></span><br /> -Consalvi, Ercole Cardinal, ii. 220,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230; vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> -Constant, M. de, v. 200, 202<br /> -Constant, Madame de, v. 200<br /> -Constant, Mademoiselle de, v. 202<br /> -Constant de Rebecque, Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, ii. 187, 275; iii. 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114-115, 122, 144, 166, 168; iv. 129,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145, 149-153, 165-166, 201-204, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">211-213, 218, 220, 264; v. 118,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138-139, 200, 202; vi. <a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> -Constantine I., the Emperor, ii. 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 206; iv. 235; v. 196</span><br /> -Constantine of Russia, Grand-duke, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99; iv. 281</span><br /> -Constantius I., the Emperor, iii. 206<br /> -Constantius III., the Emperor, iii. 47, 227<br /> -Contades, Louis Georges Erasme Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 16</span><br /> -Contat, Dame de Parny, Mademoiselle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Contencin, A. de, ii. 83<br /> -Conyngham, Henry first Marquess, i. 236<br /> -Conyngham, Elizabeth Dennison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness, i. 236; ii. 298; iv. 73, 79, 85</span><br /> -Conyngham, Hon. Francis Nathaniel<br /> -Conyngham, later second Marquess,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 236</span><br /> -Cook, Captain James, i. 69; ii. 319-320;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 40; vi. <a href="#Page_222">222</a></span><br /> -Cooper, James Fenimore, i. 254<br /> -Copernicus, v. 327<br /> -Coppens, M., iii. 134<br /> -Coppinger, M., iv. 67<br /> -Coquereau, Abbé Félix, iii. 226<br /> -Corbière, Jacques Joseph Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Pierre Comte de, iv. 14-16,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26-30, 51, 59, 61-62, 99-101, 132,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">135, 138; v. 87</span><br /> -Corbigny, M., vi. 176<br /> -Corday, Marie Anne Charlotte Corday<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armans, known as Charlotte, ii. 225</span><br /> -Corinna, vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Cordonnier (see Saint-Hyacinthe)<br /> -Corentin, Bishop of Quimper, Saint, i. 144<br /> -Corinna, iv. 34<br /> -Coriolanus, Cnæus Marcius, ii. 122<br /> -Corné, Marquis de, i. 146<br /> -Corneille, Pierre, i. 156, 212; ii. 178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205, 261; iii. 33</span><br /> -Cornelius, Peter von, iv. 240<br /> -Cornwallis, Charles first Marquess, i. 216, 218<br /> -Coronini, Count, v. 358<br /> -Cortois de Pressigny, Bishop of Saint-Malo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Archbishop of Besançon,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte, i. 146, 148</span><br /> -Cortois de Quincey, Abbé, v. 15<br /> -Corvaisier, Julien, i. 48<br /> -Cosmo I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, iv. 239<br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Charles Maréchal Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, iii. 75</span><br /> -Cossé-Brissac, Emmanuel de, v. 244<br /> -Cossé, Comte de, v. 360, 365, 374-375, 404<br /> -Cossé, Comtesse de, v. 374-375, 404-405<br /> -Coste, Jacques, v. 96-97<br /> -Cottens, Madame de, iv. 120<br /> -Cottereau, Jean, vi. <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> -Cottreau, Felix, v. 298<br /> -Coucy, Robert de, ii. 177<br /> -Coudert, Quarter-master Charles, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208, 211</span><br /> -Coudert, Eugène, iv. 208<br /> -Coudrin, Abbé Pierre Marie Joseph, v. 23-24<br /> -Couëdic, Captain, i. 69; ii. 300<br /> -Couhaillon (see Saint-Germain)<br /> -Coulanges, Philippe Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Couppart, Demoiselles, i. 19, 31<br /> -Courcelles, Chevalier de, i. 5<br /> -Courchamp, née Becquet, Madame de, v. 96<br /> -Courier de Méré. Paul Louis, iii. 68<br /> -Courmenin (see Deshayes)<br /> -Courtenay (see Bauffremont-Courtenay)<br /> -Courtois, Edme Bonaventure, iv. 4<br /> -Courtois (see also Cortois de Quincey)<br /> -Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 81, 88</span><br /> -Cousans de Mauléon, Jacques Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 49, 51</span><br /> -Coussergues (see Clausel de Coussergues)<br /> -Cowper, William, ii. 127, 129<br /> -Crabbe, George, ii. 128<br /> -Créqui (see Lesdiguières)<br /> -Cresap, Captain Michael, i. 253<br /> -Crétineau-Joly, Jacques Augustin Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> -Cristaldi, Belisario Cardinal, v. 23<br /> -Croï, Charlotte de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 9</span><br /> -Croker, John Wilson, ii. 128; iv. 82;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commonwealth, Oliver, i. 169; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73; iii. 22-23, 93, 198; iv. 42, 93,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; v. 115, 177; vi. <a href="#Page_123">123</a></span><br /> -Cromwell, Lord Protector of the British<br /> -Commonwealth, Richard, v. 115<br /> -Cronier, Mayor of the 9th Ward of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paris, v. 237</span><br /> -Croussol or Crouzol (see Chabrol-Croussol)<br /> -Crouzas, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Crowe, Eyre Evans, iv. 3; v. 97<br /> -Croy, Bishop of Strasburg, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Rouen, Gustave Maximilien</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juste Cardinal Prince de, v. 22-23</span><br /> -Crussol, Alexandre Charles Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, iii. 183-184</span><br /> -Cucurron Sicard (see Sicard)<br /> -Cujas, Jacques de, ii. 206<br /> -Cujas, Suzanne de, ii. 206<br /> -Cumberland, Duke of (see Ernest I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Hanover)</span><br /> -Cumberland, Duchess of (see Frederica<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover)</span><br /> -Curchod (see Necker)<br /> -Curtius, the showman, ii. 163<br /> -Cussy, Chevalier de, i. 99; iv. 33<br /> -Custine, Amand Louis Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Marquis de, ii. 192</span><br /> -Custine, Louise Éléonore Mélanie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sabran, Marquise de, ii. 192-193,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">195; iii. 142; iv. 121, 223; v. 347;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br /> -Custine, Astolphe Louis Leonor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 193; iv. 78, 121</span><br /> -Custine, née de Saint-Simon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Courtomer, Marquise de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Custine, Louis Philippe Enguerrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 121</span><br /> -Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, Saint, ii. 309<br /> -Cyrano de Bergerac (see Bergerac)<br /> -Czartoriska, Princess, i. 176<br /> -Czelakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav, v. 389<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -D<br /> -<br /> -Dagobert I. King of the Franks, i. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120; ii. 32; iii. 182; iv. 35</span><br /> -Dalayrac, Nicolas, v. 198; vi. <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -Dalberg, Archbishop-Elector of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mayence, Prince Primate, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duke of Frankfort, Karl Theodor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anton Maria Prince von, v. 337</span><br /> -Dalberg, Emmerich Joseph Wolfgang<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Heribert Duc de, iii. 73; iv. 16</span><br /> -Dalesme, Jean Baptiste Baron, iii. 106-107<br /> -Dallas, Governor of St Helena, iii. 225<br /> -Dallas, Lady, iii. 225<br /> -Dalmatie, Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 49, 99, 111-112</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">115-116, 122, 141, 155, 164; iv. 75; v. 303</span><br /> -Damas, Alfred Charles François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel Comte de, v. 374-375</span><br /> -Damas, Anne Hyacinthe Maxence<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 99, 135, 139; v. 80,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">342-343, 361-365, 367, 371-372, 374-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">377, 379-380, 382, 415; vi. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Damasus I., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Damaze de Raymond, M., iii. 36<br /> -Dambray, Charles Henry Chancelier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 100, 123, 127, 136; iv. 7; v. 28;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> -Damian, Herr, vi. <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> -Damiens, Robert François, vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> -Dampierre, Marquis de, v. 245<br /> -Damrémont, Charles Marie Denys,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 57</span><br /> -Dandini, Ercole Cardinal, v. 24<br /> -Dandolo, Doge of Venice, Enrico, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">400; vi. <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 44</span><br /> -Dante Alighieri, i. xxiii-xxiv, 24, 86,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89; ii. 122, 124, 141, 186, 212; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208, 219; iv. 1, 42-43, 140, 225-228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 66, 78, 85; vi. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></span><br /> -Danton, Georges Jacques, ii. 4, 12, 18-21,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106, 109, 159, 259; iii. 196; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152; v. 215, 310; vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> -Darius III. King of Persia, iii. 149<br /> -Daru, Pierre Antoine Noel Brunot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 23-24</span><br /> -Darwin, Charles, ii. 129<br /> -Darwin, Erasmus, ii. 129<br /> -Dasies, Sieur, iii. 86<br /> -Dasté, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Dautancourt, Major, ii. 262-264, 267<br /> -Daunou, Pierre Claude François, v. 96<br /> -David King of Israel, vi. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> -David II. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -David, Jacques Louis, i. 189; ii. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158; iii. 7, 211; iv. 162; v. 290</span><br /> -Davout (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -Dazincourt, the actor, i. 128<br /> -Deane, Silas, ii. 23<br /> -Deboffe, J., ii. 70, 76, 81, 94, 97<br /> -Debrett, John, ii. 97<br /> -De Brosses, Charles Président, iv. 242,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">248-249, 257; v. 14-17, 30</span><br /> -Decazes, Élie, later Duc, i. 186; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">7, 9-11, 13, 23, 25-26, 63, 68; v. 98,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161</span><br /> -Decazes, née Muraire, Madame, iv. 10<br /> -Decazes, née de Saint-Aulaire, Duchesse, iv., 10<br /> -Decazes, Élie Baron, i. 185<br /> -Decazes the Elder, M., iv. 10-11<br /> -Decius, the Emperor, ii. 309; vi. <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> -Deffant, Marie de Vichy-Chamroud,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise du, ii. 172</span><br /> -Degousée, Marie Anne Joseph, v. 141<br /> -Deguerry, Abbé Gaspard, vi. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>-<a href="#Page_263">263</a><br /> -Dejean, Napoléon Aimé Comte, v. 95<br /> -Delacroix, Charles, vi. <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> -Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène, vi. <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> -Delarue, M., v. 131<br /> -Delattre, Doctor, ii. 62<br /> -Delaunay, Matthieu, v. 140<br /> -Delaunay-Boisé-Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Del Drago, Teresia Massimo, Principessa, iv. 256<br /> -Delessert, Jules Paul Benjamin Baron, v. 116, 123<br /> -Delessert, Dame, v. 249<br /> -Delga, M., ii. 276<br /> -Deliège, M., iv. 67<br /> -Delille, Abbé Jacques, i. 132; ii. 102-103,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118; iii. 27-28, 35</span><br /> -Delille, Dame, ii. 102<br /> -Delisle de Sales, Jean Baptiste Isoard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 126-127; ii. 157</span><br /> -Della Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Della Marmora, Teresio Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrero, v. 21</span><br /> -Della Somaglia, Bishop of Frascati,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Ostia and Velletri, Giulio</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Cardinal, v. 5-6, 17</span><br /> -Della Villa, Giovanni Battista Manso,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchese, vi. 91</span><br /> -Delloye, Lieutenant-Colonel H. D., vi. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> -Delphin-Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Demangeat, M., v. 266<br /> -Demosthenes, i. 252; ii. 129; iii. 195,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">214; v. 56; vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a></span><br /> -Denain, Dame, ii. 294<br /> -Denis, Jean Ferdinand, iii. 21<br /> -Denis, the notary, iv. 12<br /> -Denis, Dame, i. 167<br /> -Dennewitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. 162</span><br /> -Denon, Dominique Vivant Baron, iii. 7<br /> -Denys (see Damrémont)<br /> -Deplace, Père Étienne, v. 363<br /> -Desaix de Veygoux, General Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Antoine, ii. 261</span><br /> -Desbrosses, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hall-porter, v. 250</span><br /> -Desclozeaux, M., iii. 104<br /> -Des Escotais, Louis Joseph, i. 7<br /> -Desèze, Raymond Comte, iii. 139<br /> -Desgarcins, Mademoiselle, i. 128; ii. 104<br /> -Desgraviers-Marceau (see Marceau)<br /> -Desgranges, M., v. 48<br /> -Deshayes, Baron de Courmenin, Louis, iv. 245<br /> -Deshoulières, Guillaume de Lafon de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boisguérin, Seigneur, vi. <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -Deshoulières, Antoinette du Ligier de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Garde, Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -Desilles, André, i. 92, 181<br /> -Désirée Clary, Queen of Sweden, iv. 208-210<br /> -Des Mahir, M., i. 106<br /> -Desmarais, Cyprien, v. 240<br /> -Desmarais (see also Régnier-Desmarais)<br /> -Desmare (see Champmeslé)<br /> -Desmarets, Charles, iii. 15<br /> -Desmarets, Jean, i. 64<br /> -Desmortiers, Louis Henri, v. 258-260<br /> -Desmoulins, Benoit Camille, i. 129,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155; ii. 17-18, 20-21, 158; v. 215</span><br /> -Desmoulins, Dame, ii. 20<br /> -Desmousseaux de Givré (see Givré)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)</span><br /> -des Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -Despagne, the boatman, iii. 14-15<br /> -Desport, Messieurs, ii. 242<br /> -Despréaux (see Boileau-Despréaux)<br /> -Desprès, M., i. 20<br /> -Desprez, Louis, iv. 285-286<br /> -des Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Desrenaudes, Abbé Martial Borye, iii. 130<br /> -Dessolle, Jean Joseph Paul Augustin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, iii. 94</span><br /> -De Stendhal (see Stendhal)<br /> -Determes, P. G. Jules, vi. <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> -Deuteric, ii. 52<br /> -Deutz, Simon, iii. 156; v. 307; vi. <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Devienne, Jeanne Françoise Thévenin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sophie, ii. 308</span><br /> -Devoise, M., ii. 330<br /> -Devoise, Dame, ii. 330<br /> -Devonshire, William Cavendish, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, iv. 160</span><br /> -Devonshire, Georgiana Spencer, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 160-162</span><br /> -De Witt, Cornelis, iii. 88<br /> -De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan, iii. 88</span><br /> -Diaz de Bivar, the Cid Campeador,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruy, i. 244; v. 239; vi. <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -Dickens, Charles, vi. <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> -Diderot, Denis, i. 52, 126; ii. 85, 180, 197<br /> -Dido Queen of Tyre, ii. 331; iii. 19,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108; iv. 284; vi. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></span><br /> -Die, Béatrix Comtesse de, vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Diesbach, M. de, vi. <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> -Dighton, John, ii. 75<br /> -Di Gregorio, Emmanuele Cardinal, v. 4-5, 8, 23<br /> -Dillon, Arthur Comte de, i. 176<br /> -Dillon, Théobald de, i. 176<br /> -Dillon, Captain, i. 69<br /> -"Dinarzade," ii. 46-47<br /> -Dinelli, Captain, ii. 328<br /> -Dino (see Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Diocletian, the Emperor, iii. 11-12,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113; v. 58; vi. <a href="#Page_189">189</a></span><br /> -Diogenes, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 26; vi. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, 89</span><br /> -Dominic Loricatus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -Domitian, the Emperor, ii. 108; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">299; vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> -Donarin (see Le Donarin)<br /> -Donnadieu, Gabriel Vicomte, iii. 139<br /> -Donoughmore, John Hely-Hutchinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Earl of, iii. 110</span><br /> -Dorat, Claude Joseph, ii. 106<br /> -Doria, Lamba, ii. 66<br /> -Doria, Principessa, iv. 235<br /> -Dorica, the courtezan, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Dorléans, Louis, i. 130<br /> -Douay (see Merlin de Douay)<br /> -Doudeauville (see La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville)<br /> -Douglas, Marquess of (sec Hamilton)<br /> -Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Dowson, Ernest Christopher, vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Drago (see Del Drago)<br /> -Drake, Francis, ii. 259<br /> -Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 111</span><br /> -Drouot, Antoine Comte, iii. 84, 169<br /> -Drovetti, M., ii. 327-328<br /> -Druilhet, Père Julien, v. 363<br /> -Dryden, John, ii. 121<br /> -Du Barry, Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177; v. 51, 215; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste, vi. <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> -du Bellay (see Bellay)<br /> -Dubochet, M., v. 95<br /> -Dubois, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal, vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -Dubois, Paul François, v. 260-261<br /> -Du Bois de La Ferronnière, Marquis, i. 146<br /> -du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Du Bourg, iii. 74<br /> -Dubourg-Butler, "General" Frédéric,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 181; v. 112-113, 118-120, 139</span><br /> -Du Cange, Charles Du Fresne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur, i. 146; iii. 124</span><br /> -Duchatelet, Dame, ii. 84<br /> -Du Châtelet, Gabrielle Émilie Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise, vi. <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> -Duchesnois, Catherine Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rafin, known as Mademoiselle, ii. 177</span><br /> -Ducis, Jean François, iii. 29, 68-69; iv. 212<br /> -Duclos, Charles Pineau, i. 74; ii. 180;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 25; iv. 252-253</span><br /> -du Deffant (see Deffant)<br /> -Dudevant, Dame (see Sand, George)<br /> -Dudley, Lord Guildford, ii. 74<br /> -Dufay, Major, v. 110-111<br /> -Dufey, Pierre Joseph Spiridion, v. 55<br /> -Dufougerais, Alfred Xavier Baron, vi. <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> -Du Fourni, Honoré Caille, i. 5<br /> -Dufour de Pradt (see Pradt)<br /> -Dufresne (see Duris-Dufresne)<br /> -Dugazon, Henri Gourgaud, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Dugazon, Louise Rosalie Lefèvre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 173</span><br /> -Dugied, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Duguay-Trouin, René, i. 26, 30<br /> -Du Guesclin, Connétable Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longueville, Bertrand, i. 6, 9, 74;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 39, 200; v. 319</span><br /> -Du Guesclin, Tiphaine, i. 9<br /> -Duhamel, Abbé, i. 73<br /> -Duhamel de Monceau, Henri Louis, i. 180<br /> -Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin, Captain, i. 181, 209<br /> -Dulau, A., ii. 97, 116, 147<br /> -Dulong, François Charles, vi. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> -Dumas the Elder, Alexandre Davy de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas, known as, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">195; v. 290</span><br /> -Dumont, Baron von Carlskron, Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 246-247</span><br /> -Dumont d'Urville, Jules Sébastien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, vi. <a href="#Page_222">222</a></span><br /> -Dumorey, M., iv. 287<br /> -Dumoulin, Évariste, v. 95, 120<br /> -Dumouriez, General Charles François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 14, 25, 259, 263, 300; iii. 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203, 299; v. 127</span><br /> -Duncker, Maximilian Wolfgang, v. 412<br /> -Duncombe, John, vi. <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> -Dunmore, John Murray, fourth Earl of, i. 253<br /> -Dupan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans, Félix<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Philibert, vi. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Dupaty, Charles, iv. 253<br /> -Dupaty, Charles Marguerite Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptiste Mercier, iv. 253</span><br /> -Du Paz, Père, i. 5<br /> -Dupeloux, Sub-prefect of Aix, iii. 84<br /> -Duperron, Bishop of Évreux, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Jacques Davy</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 14, 50</span><br /> -Dupin the Elder, André Marie Jean<br /> -Jacques Dupin, known as, ii. 264-269,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">274, 277; v. 95; vi. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> -Dupleix, Joseph François Marquis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Dupont, Jacques François, v. 95<br /> -Dupont de l'Étang, Pierre Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 86, 99</span><br /> -Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Charles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 173</span><br /> -Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 56, 73</span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Louis François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 25</span><br /> -Duport du Tertre, Dame, ii. 25<br /> -Dupuis, Charles François, ii. 180<br /> -Duquesne, Abraham Marquis, i. 38; ii. 35<br /> -Durand de Mareuil, M., iv. 211<br /> -Durante, Francesco, iv. 185<br /> -Duranton, Dame, iv. 24-25, 59<br /> -Duras, Emmanuel Félicité de Durfort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, i. 17, 111, 118</span><br /> -Duras, Louise Françoise Macloven<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Céleste de Coëtlequen, Maréchale</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. 17</span><br /> -Duras, Amedée Bretagne Malo de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Duc de, iii. 101, 125-126,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 174-175; v. 107, 114</span><br /> -Duras, Claire Lechat de Coetnempren<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Kersaint, Duchesse de, ii. 104;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 51, 101-102, 126, 128, 140; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 121, 205-206, 222</span><br /> -Duras, Duchesse Douairière de, iii. 183<br /> -Dureau de La Malle, Adolphe Jules<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César Auguste, ii. 335</span><br /> -Dureau de la Malle, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">René, ii. 335</span><br /> -Duris-Dufresne, François, v. 162<br /> -Durrieu, Xavier, v. 96<br /> -Dussard, Hippolyte, v. 96<br /> -du Thiel (see Thiel)<br /> -Du Tillet, Bishop of Meaux, Jean, iv. 112<br /> -Duval, Alexandre, v. 199<br /> -Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 114, 217</span><br /> -Du Viviers, M., iv. 296; v. 28<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -E<br /> -<br /> -d'Eckmühl (see d'Auerstädt)<br /> -d'Eckstein, Ferdinand Baron, iii. 161<br /> -Edgeworth, Maria, ii. 126<br /> -Edgeworth de Firmont, Henry Essex,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbé, vi. <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Edith the Swan-necked, i. 104<br /> -Edmund II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Edward I. King of England, i. 9<br /> -Edward III. King of England, ii. 73-74<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 137-138; iii. 138; iv. 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175; v. 411</span><br /> -Edward IV. King of England, ii. 75; v. 351<br /> -Edward V. King of England, ii. 75<br /> -Edward VII. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and of the British Dominions</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beyond the Seas, Emperor of India,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">H.M., v. 372</span><br /> -Edward VII. (see also Charles III. King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -Égault, Abbé, i. 44-45, 53, 55-56, 63<br /> -Eggers, Karl, iv. 240<br /> -Eginhard, iv. 50<br /> -d'Églantine (see Fabre d'Églantine)<br /> -d'Egmont, Comtesse, i. 132; ii. 10<br /> -d'Eichstadt (see Leuchtenberg)<br /> -d'Elbée, General Gigot, ii. 187; v. 245<br /> -Elbeuf (see Lambesc)<br /> -d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Ney, Maréchal Duc, iii. 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">90, 114, 122, 169; iv. 7, 10; v. 246</span><br /> -Eldon, John Scott, first Earl of, iv. 70<br /> -Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of England, iv. 17</span><br /> -Elfrida Queen of England, ii. 129<br /> -Elgin and eleventh of Kincardine,<br /> -Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of, vi. 59<br /> -Élisa Bonaparte, Princess Bacciochi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Princess of Lucca and Piombino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Grand-duchess of Tuscany,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 212, 219, 246, 253-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">294; iii. 46, 147</span><br /> -Élisabeth, Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 83, 160; ii. 37, 295</span><br /> -Elizabeth Queen of England, v. 351<br /> -Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 121, 138; iv. 72, 93; vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Elizabeth of Brunswick, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prussia, iv. 38</span><br /> -Elizabeth Empress of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 13; vi. 101</span><br /> -Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain, v. 15<br /> -Elleviou, Jean, v. 199<br /> -Elleviou the Elder, M., v. 199<br /> -Elzear of Sabran, Saint, i. 144<br /> -Emanuel I. King of Portugal, vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Emanuel Philibert Duke of Savoy, ii. 206<br /> -d'Embly, Thomas Artus, Sire, iv. 73<br /> -Emery, Abbé Jacques André, ii. 212-213<br /> -Emma Princess of France, iv. 50<br /> -Emo, Admiral Angelo, vi. <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> -d'Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de<br /> -Bourbon-Condé, Duc, i. 59, 160;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 110, 164, 188, 252, 255, 257-293,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295; iii. 4, 18, 21, 47, 60, 102, 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125, 194, 219, 226; iv. 143, 145, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">198; v. 293; vi. <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></span><br /> -d'Enghien, Charlotte Louise Dorothée<br /> -de Rohan-Rochefort, Duchesse, ii. 279<br /> -d'Enghien, François de Bourbon-Vendôme,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. 279</span><br /> -Enke, the musician, iv. 38<br /> -d'Entragues, Comte, i. 113<br /> -d'Entragues, François de Balzac, i. 117<br /> -d'Entragues, Marie Touchet, Dame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balzac, i. 117</span><br /> -d'Entragues, Demoiselle de Balzac, i. 117<br /> -d'Entragues (see also Saint-Huberti and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Verneuil)</span><br /> -Epaphroditus, vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -d'Épernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Valette, Duc, ii. 202; v. 385</span><br /> -Epictetus, vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Epicurus, v. 129<br /> -Epimenides, iv. 94<br /> -d'Épinay, Denis Joseph de La Live, ii. 26<br /> -d'Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tardieu d'Esclavelles, Dame de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Live, ii. 26, 197</span><br /> -Erasmus, Desiderius, v. 272<br /> -Érard, Sébastien, iv. 42<br /> -d'Ercilla y Zuñiga, Alonso, i. xxiv, 212; vi. 222<br /> -Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -d'Erlon (see Drouet d'Erlon)<br /> -d'Ermenonville, Dominique de Vic,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, v. 402</span><br /> -Ernest I. King of Hanover, iv. 33, 46<br /> -Ernest II. Duke of Saxe-Gotha, ii. 197<br /> -Erskine, Thomas first Lord, ii. 143<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)</span><br /> -Escotais (see Des Escotais)<br /> -Esmenard, Joseph Alphonse, iii. 30<br /> -Espaing, Messire, v. 70<br /> -Espartero (see Vittoria)<br /> -d'Esprémenil, M., ii. 84<br /> -d'Essling (see Rivoli)<br /> -d'Estaing, Charles Hector Comte, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">69, 164, 193</span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Nikolaus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Field-Marshal Prince von, iii. 64</span><br /> -Esterhazy von Galantha, Paul Anton<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iv. 69, 79; v. 146</span><br /> -Esterhazy, Countess von, v. 408<br /> -Esterhazy, Demoiselle, v. 408-409<br /> -Esther Queen of the Medes and Persians, v. 383<br /> -Esther, Anna, v. 383<br /> -Éstoile (see L'Éstoile)<br /> -d'Estrées, Duchesse de Beaufort,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabrielle, i. 72, 117, 120; ii. 193; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63; iv. 79; vi. <a href="#Page_242">242</a></span><br /> -d'Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly,<br /> -Duchesse, i. 120; vi. <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> -Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Ethelred II. King of England, v. 377<br /> -Étienne, Charles Guillaume, iv. 15, 129; v. 87<br /> -Eudes, Jean, i. 55<br /> -Eudes (see also Odo)<br /> -Eudes de Mézeray (see Mézeray)<br /> -Eugène, Francis Eugène Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoy-Carignan, known as Prince, v. 333</span><br /> -Eugenius, iii. 47<br /> -Eupert, ii. 218<br /> -Eure (see Dupont de l'Eure)<br /> -Euripides, ii. 124, 178; iii. 29<br /> -Eve, vi. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> -Everett, Edward, vi. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>-<a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> -Exelmans, Isidore Maréchal Comte, v. 108<br /> -Exmouth, Edward Pellew, first Viscount, v. 86<br /> -Eyck, Hubert van, iii. 135<br /> -Eyck, Jan van, iii. 135<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -F<br /> -<br /> -Fabert, Abraham Maréchal, vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> -Fabert, Abraham, vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> -Fabre, François Xavier Pascal, iv. 249-250<br /> -Fabre, Jean Raymond Auguste, v. 88, 96<br /> -Fabre, Marie Joseph Victorin, v. 89<br /> -Fabre d'Églantine, Philippe François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nazaire, ii. 18, 20, 21</span><br /> -Fabricius Luscinus, Caius, iii. 31<br /> -Fabry, Jean Baptiste Germain, iii. 87<br /> -Fabvier, Charles Nicolas Baron, iii. 57;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 117-118</span><br /> -Fagel, Robert Baron, iv. 211<br /> -Fairfax, Edward, i. 203<br /> -Falconieri, Signora, iv. 256<br /> -Falkland, Lucius Carey, second Viscount,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 39; v. 57, 295</span><br /> -Fall, pseud., John (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armand Louis de)</span><br /> -Fallon, P. J., vi. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -Falloux, Frédéric Alfred Pierre Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 310-311</span><br /> -Faneau de Lahorie (see Lahorie)<br /> -Farcy, Jean George, v. 109<br /> -Farcy, Annibal Pierre François de Farcy<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montavallon, Comte de, i. 66</span><br /> -Farcy, Julie Marie Agathe de Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, i. 12, 15, 40,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66-67, 83, 96, 101-104, 111-112,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 125-126, 130, 137, 151, 155,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180; ii. 6, 9, 27, 65, 114-115, 146,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 208, 312-313, 319; v. 65, 258;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></span><br /> -Farcy, Demoiselle de, ii. 319<br /> -Fare (see La Fare)<br /> -Faria, Abbé Joseph, ii. 195<br /> -Fariau (see Saint-Ange)<br /> -Fauche, J. F., ii. 97<br /> -Fauche-Borel, Louis, iv. 107<br /> -Faure, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Fauriel, Claude, ii. 205<br /> -Fauvelet de Bourrienne (see Bourrienne)<br /> -Faverolles (see Salvage de Faverolles)<br /> -Favorinus, vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Favras, Thomas Mahi, Marquis de, i. 165, 173<br /> -Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Fayolle, M. de, i. 63-64<br /> -Fazy, Jean Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Feltre, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte d'Hunebourg, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 112, 127, 133, 181</span><br /> -Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François de Salignac de La Mothe, i. 14,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; ii. 105, 313-314, 336; iii. 18-19</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30, 33, 176; vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -Ferdinand I. the Emperor, vi. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Ferdinand II. the Emperor, v. 355<br /> -Ferdinand V. King of Spain, iii. 127, 176<br /> -Ferdinand VII. King of Spain, i. 49;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 257; iii. 221; iv. 53, 83-84, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">236, 272; v. 5, 8, 74-75, 84; vi. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> -Ferdinand III. Grand-duke of Tuscany,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">also of Würzburg, vi. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> -Ferdinand I. King of the Two Sicilies<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and IV. of Naples, ii. 25, 139, 153;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 147, 156; iv. 52, 193, 196-197;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51, 74, 134; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -Ferdinand II. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 322-323</span><br /> -Ferdinand IV. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii. 289;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 34</span><br /> -Ferdinand Victor of Modena, Archduke, iv. 251<br /> -Ferrand, Antoine François Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 110</span><br /> -Ferrari, the supercargo, v. 244<br /> -Ferrero Della Marmora (see Delia Marmora)<br /> -Ferron de La Sigonnière, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prudent Malo, ii. 48, 54-55</span><br /> -Ferronnays (see La Ferronnays)<br /> -Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La Ferronnière)<br /> -Feryd-Eddyn-Atthar, i. 259<br /> -Fesch, Archbishop of Lyons, Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Comte, ii. 213-214, 219,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">221-222, 230, 237, 246-248; iii. 64,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">215-216; iv. 238; v. 6, 30, 44-45,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52, 293</span><br /> -Feuchères, Madame de, i. 59<br /> -Feuillade (see La Feuillade)<br /> -Feuquières, Manassés de Pas, Marquis, de, ii. 40<br /> -Feutrier, Bishop of Beauvais, François<br /> -Jean Hyacinthe Comte, iv. 139, 304<br /> -Fézensac (see Montesquiou-Fézensac)<br /> -Fielding, Henry, ii. 125<br /> -Fiévée, Joseph, i. 97<br /> -Fieschi, Joseph Marie, v. 101<br /> -Figeac (see Champollion Figeac)<br /> -Filippo de' Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Firmont (see Edgeworth de Firmont)<br /> -Fitz-James, Édouard Duc de, i. 97; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74; iv. 67, 242, 250, 256, 258-260</span><br /> -Fitz-James, Jacques Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br /> -Flahaut de La Billarderie, Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Joseph Comte de, iii. 169</span><br /> -Flamarens, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Flavigny, Maurice Adolphe Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 33</span><br /> -Flesselles, Jacques de, i. 158<br /> -Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, André Hercule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal de, i. 13; vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -Fleury, Joseph Abraham Bénard, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. 128-129, 173</span><br /> -Flins des Oliviers, Claude Marie Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Carbon, i. 127-128; ii. 10, 208</span><br /> -Flora, the courtezan, v. 204<br /> -Florio, John, i. 52, 71, 79, 231; ii. 22,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 127, 206; iii. 60, 149; iv. 243-244; v. 333</span><br /> -Flotte, Étienne Gaston Baron de, ii. 257<br /> -Foissac-Latour, Vicomte de, v. 151<br /> -Foix (see Lautrec, Narbonne and Nemours)<br /> -Folks, Mr., v. 98-99<br /> -Fonchais (see La Fonchais)<br /> -Fontaine, Pierre François, iii. 102-103<br /> -Fontaine (see also La Fontaine)<br /> -Fontanes, the Elder, Marquis de, ii. 104<br /> -Fontanes, Jean Pierre Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 82, 127, 133-134, 175, 217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 27, 104-107, 109-114, 146, 156-167,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">161-162, 166, 168, 170-171, 177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 210, 212, 239-240, 243, 253-254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 319; iii. 3-4, 7-8, 10-11,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28, 35-36, 51, 140; iv. 39, 71, 147,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 213, 250-251, 258-259; v. 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> -Fontanes, Marquise de, ii. 105<br /> -Fontanes, Christine Dame de, ii. 105<br /> -Fontanes-Saint-Marcellin (see Saint-Marcellin)<br /> -Fontanges, Marie Angélique de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scoraille de Roussille, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 215</span><br /> -Fontenay, Chevalier de, iv. 106<br /> -Fontenille, Philippe de Laroche, Baron de, ii. 205<br /> -Fontenille, known as Fair Paule, Paule<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vignier, Dame de Bayganuet,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, ii. 205</span><br /> -Fontevrault, née de Kochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Abbesse de, i. 103</span><br /> -Forbin, Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 304-305</span><br /> -Forbin-Janson, Palamède de, v. 116<br /> -Force (see La Force)<br /> -Foresta, Marie Joseph Marquis de, vi. 136<br /> -Formage, Alexandre, v. 254<br /> -Forrest, Miles, ii. 75<br /> -Foscari, Doge of Venice, Francesco, vi. 50<br /> -Fossombroni, Vittorio, vi. <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> -Fotrad, ii. 218<br /> -Fouchard de Grandmenil (see Grand-ménil)<br /> -Fouché (see d'Otrante)<br /> -Foullon, Joseph François, i. 156, 161<br /> -Fouquet (see Belle-Isle and Hachette)<br /> -Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 20, 83-84; v. 310</span><br /> -Fourier, Charles, ii. 184<br /> -Fourni (see Du Fourni)<br /> -Fourquet (see Hachette)<br /> -Fox, Charles James, i. xxi; ii. 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">143-145; iii. 215; iv. 70; v. 50</span><br /> -Foy, General Maximilien Sébastien,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 128, 218-219</span><br /> -Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -France (see La France and Marie de France)<br /> -Francesca da Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Franceschetti, General Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">César, iv. 196</span><br /> -Franceschini, the sculptor, vi. 46<br /> -Francis of Assisi, Giovanni Francesco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bernardone, known as Saint, ii. 219;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 230; v. 65-66; vi. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br /> -Francis of Paula, Saint, i. 102<br /> -Francis I. Emperor of Austria (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis II., the Emperor)</span><br /> -Francis II. Duke of Brittany, i. 25, 141<br /> -Francis I., the Emperor, i. 156<br /> -Francis II., later Francis I. Emperor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Austria, King of Hungary and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Emperor, ii. 9, 14, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264; iii. 34, 49, 64, 86, 107; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 191, 193; v. 272, 339, 341,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">358, 364, 369; vi. 12, 45, 106, 108,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, 230-<a href="#Page_231">231</a></span><br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Francis V. Duke of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena)</span><br /> -Francis I. King of France, i. xxiv, 77,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">85-109, 120, 141, 172; ii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205-206, 219; iii. 77, 188, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 180, 239; v. 110, 227, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395; vi. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></span><br /> -Francis II. King of France, i. 109,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">245; v. 49; vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Francis III. Duke of Modena, v. 230<br /> -Francis IV. Duke of Modena, iv. 251;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 38, 40, 146; vi. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></span><br /> -Francis V. Duke of Modena, de jure<br /> -Francis I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, iv. 251</span><br /> -Francis I. Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, vi. <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> -Francis I. Grand-duke of Tuscany, vi. <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> -Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 157, 238, 322-323</span><br /> -Franco (see Campo-Franco)<br /> -François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis, iii. 23</span><br /> -Françoise d'Aubigné, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Maintenon)</span><br /> -Franconi, Antonio, vi. <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> -Franklin, Sir John, i. 136; vi. <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> -Franklin, Benjamin, i. 251; ii. 23<br /> -Franqueville, M., v. 48<br /> -Fraser, J., v. 249<br /> -Frayssinous, Bishop of Hermopolis,<br /> -Denis Comte de, iv. 135, 138-139;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 88, 363; vi. <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Frederic Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, iv. 38<br /> -Frederic II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 36-37<br /> -Frederic VI. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic VII. King of Denmark and Norway, iv. 79<br /> -Frederic I. King of Prussia, Frederic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">III. Elector of Brandenburg, later,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 37, 58, 107</span><br /> -Frederic II. King of Prussia, i. 97-99,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; ii. 33, 46, 258, 289; iii. 146;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 32, 34, 37-38, 40, 47, 55, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 57, 381; vi. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>-<a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> -Frederic I. King of Wurtemberg, v. 41<br /> -Frederic Augustus I. Elector of Saxony<br /> -(see Augustus II. King of Poland)<br /> -Frederic Augustus III. King of Saxony, iii. 146<br /> -Frederic Christian Duke of Schleswig-Holstein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, iv. 49</span><br /> -Frederic Eugene Duke of Wurtemburg-Mumpelgard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49</span><br /> -Frederic Josiah of Coburg, Prince, iii. 162<br /> -Frederic William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Frederic William Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ii. 34, 162<br /> -Frederic William I. King of Prussia, v. 37<br /> -Frederic William II. King of Prussia, i. 98, 107;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 33-34, 52-53, 258; iv. 38, 55</span><br /> -Frederic William III. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 99, 107; ii. 258, 290; iii. 60, 86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">94, 107, 164; iv. 30, 33, 35, 41-42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 49, 60, 102, 271, 279; v. 272</span><br /> -Frederic William IV. King of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 33-34, 271</span><br /> -Frederic William Charles of Prussia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, iv. 33</span><br /> -Frederica of Baden, Queen of Bavaria, v. 345<br /> -Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Hanover, iv. 33, 35, 40-41,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46-50, 58, 62</span><br /> -Freemantle, Messrs., i. xv<br /> -Freslon, Bailli de, i. 8<br /> -Friedland (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Frimont, Prince of Antrodocco, Johann<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Field-marshal Baron, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iv. 193</span><br /> -Frisell, John Fraser, v. 249<br /> -Frisell, Eliza, v. 249, 255-256<br /> -Froissart, Jean, i. xxiv; v. 70<br /> -Fronsac, Duc de, iii. 51<br /> -Fronsac, née de Gallifet, Duchesse de, iii. 51<br /> -Fronsac, née d'Hautefort, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 51; iv. 77</span><br /> -Fruglaye (see La Fruglaye)<br /> -Fuguera, Basco, v. 227<br /> -Führich, Joseph, iv. 240<br /> -Fulton, Robert, i. 251<br /> -Funchal, Conde de, iv. 237; v. 18, 52<br /> -Fürst, Walther, v. 27, 277<br /> -Fuscaldo, Conte, iv. 236<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -G<br /> -<br /> -Gabriella of Savoy, Queen of Spain, iv. 80<br /> -Gagarin, Prince, iv. 236<br /> -Gaillard, Dr., iii. 227<br /> -Gaillard, M., iii. 141, 143<br /> -Galaizière (see La Galaizière)<br /> -Galantha (see Esterhazy von Galantha)<br /> -Galerius, the Emperor, iii. 12<br /> -Gall, Franz Joseph, ii. 195<br /> -Galleffi, Pietro Francesco Cardinal, v. 6, 23<br /> -Gallienus, the Emperor, ii. 184<br /> -Gallon II. King of Brittany, i. 144<br /> -Gama, Viceroy of India, Vasco da,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 196; iii. 30, 208; vi. <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -Gamaches, Léonore de Montaigne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 231</span><br /> -Gamba, Bartolommeo, vi. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> -Gamberini, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Garambouville (set Turreau de Garambouville)<br /> -Garat, Dominique Joseph, ii. 105-106; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> -Garcia, Manuel del Popolo Vicente, vi. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Gamier, Jean Jacques, i. 222<br /> -Gasc (see Kop)<br /> -Gassicourt (see Cadet-Gassicourt)<br /> -Gauja, M., v. 95<br /> -Gay, Marie Françoise Sophie Nichault<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Lavalette, Dame, iii. 35; v. 200</span><br /> -Gay (see also Girardin)<br /> -Gelée (see Lorraine)<br /> -Gellius, Aulus, vi. <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> -Gemistus Pletho (see Pletho)<br /> -Geneviève, Saint, v. 232<br /> -Geneviève of Brabant, Saint, vi. <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Genlis, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Aubin, Comtesse de, iv. 44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 149, 172-173, 200-201, 220, 237</span><br /> -Genoude, Eugène, i. 97<br /> -Genseric King of the Vandals, ii. 45<br /> -Gensonne, Armand, ii. 14<br /> -Gentz, Friedrich von, iii. 79; v. 342; vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> -Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, i. 8<br /> -Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 51, 172</span><br /> -Geoffroy, Julien Louis, i. 63<br /> -George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, v. 355<br /> -George II. King of Great Britain<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, Elector of Hanover,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 120; vi. <a href="#Page_239">239</a></span><br /> -George III. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, ii. 68, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139, 142, 145-146; iv. 77, 250-251</span><br /> -George IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, i. 184, 186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">236; ii. 79, 91, 139, 142-143, 298;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 189-190; iv. 33, 49, 63, 68, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73-74, 76-80, 85, 87-88, 91, 161-162,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 281; v. 19, 325; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> -George V. King of Hanover, Prince<br /> -George of Cumberland, later, iv. 47, 49-50<br /> -George I. King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -George William Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Gérard, Étienne Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, v. 94, 105, 112, 117, 139</span><br /> -Gérard, François Pascal Simon Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 189; iv. 34, 162, 172; v. 317</span><br /> -Gerbe, Abbé de, i. 63<br /> -Germanicus, the Emperor, ii. 33, 258,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">291; iii. 34</span><br /> -Germanus of Auxerre, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -Gervase of Tilbury, ii. 30<br /> -Gesbert de La Noé-Sécho, Jean Baptiste, i. 48<br /> -Gesril, M. de, i. 32<br /> -Gesril, Demoiselles de, i. 32<br /> -Gesril du Papeu, Joseph François Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 32-36, 43, 64, 66, 69-70; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66-67; iii. 13-14</span><br /> -Gessler, Hermann, v. 277, 279<br /> -Gessner, Salomon, v. 291<br /> -Gevres, Duchesse de, v. 319<br /> -Giannuzzi (see Romano)<br /> -Gibbon, Edward, ii. 120; iv. 120<br /> -Gibert-Arnaud, the "knight of July,"<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 240-241</span><br /> -Gibours (see Anselme)<br /> -Gigot d'Elbée (see d'Elbée)<br /> -Ginguené, François Écuyer, i. 23<br /> -Ginguené, Thérèse Françoise Jean,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 23</span><br /> -Ginguené, Pierre Louis, i. 63, 129-131,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; ii. 27, 99, 157-158, 181</span><br /> -Ginguené, Dame, i. 130, 179<br /> -Giorgini, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">courier, iv. 232</span><br /> -Giorgione, Giorgio Barbarelli, known as, vi. 48-<a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Giovanni, Fra (see John, Friar)<br /> -Giovinezza (see Cellamare)<br /> -Girac (see Bareau de Girac)<br /> -Girardin, Alexandre Comte de, iv. 21<br /> -Girardin, Émile de, iv. 21; v. 200;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> -Girardin, Delphine Gay, Dame de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">35; v. 200</span><br /> -Girod de l'Ain, Amédée Baron, v. 115<br /> -Girodet Trioson, Anne Louis Girodet<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Roussy, later, iii. 7</span><br /> -Gisors, Fouquet, Comte de, vi. <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> -Gisquet, Henri Joseph, iv. 115, 250,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256-257, 261-264, 370</span><br /> -Gisquet, Dame, v. 256-257, 261<br /> -Gisquet, Demoiselle, v. 256-257, 261-262<br /> -Giunazzi (see Romano)<br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Imola, Giaccomo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-6, 8, 23</span><br /> -Giustiniani, Bishop of Nebbis, Agostino<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pantaleone, i. 196</span><br /> -Givré, M. Desmousseaux de, v. 28, 31-32, 114-115<br /> -Gluck, Christopher Willibald, i. 179; iv. 41<br /> -Gnathæna, the courtezan, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Gobbien (see Le Gobbien)<br /> -Godard, Sieur, ii. 277<br /> -Godet de Châtillon, Comte, i. 146<br /> -Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem, v. 110<br /> -Godwin, William, i. 254; ii. 126<br /> -Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, i. xxiii;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 127, 133; iv. 32, 181, 253 254;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 412; vi. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -Goldsmith, Oliver, ii. 125<br /> -Gomer, i. 143<br /> -Gondi, Archbishop of Paris, Henri de, iii. 131<br /> -Gondi (see also Retz)<br /> -Goodwyn, Dr. Edmund, ii. 70<br /> -Gontaut-Biron, Vicomte de, ii. 104<br /> -Gontaut-Biron, née de Montault-Navailles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse, later Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 103-104; v. 361-362, 364-365,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">375, 376, 378, 391; vi. <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> -Gordon, Captain, i. 227<br /> -Gordon, John, i. 227<br /> -Gosch (see Abou Gosch)<br /> -Gottorp, pseud., Count of Holstein (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Gouffier (see Choiseul-Gouffier)<br /> -Goujon, Jean, iv. 238<br /> -Gourgaud, Gaspard Baron, ii. 280; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">169, 192, 209, 211; v. 98</span><br /> -Gourgaud (see also Dugazon)<br /> -Gourlet de Lamothe (see Lamothe)<br /> -Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis, i. 172; iii. 120</span><br /> -Gouyon-Beaufort, Luc Jean Comte de, i. 75<br /> -Gouyon de Miniac, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre de, ii. 35, 54</span><br /> -Goyon, Citizeness, i. 108-109<br /> -Goyon, M. de, v. 103<br /> -Goyon-Miniac (sec Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, M. de, iii. 16-17<br /> -Goyon-Vaurouault, Dame de, iii. 17<br /> -Gracia (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, iii. 30; v. 10<br /> -Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, v. 10<br /> -Grammaticus (see Saxo Grammaticus)<br /> -Gramont, Duc de, ii. 84<br /> -Gramont, Duchesse de, ii. 84<br /> -Gramont (see also Guiche)<br /> -Grandmaison, Geoffroy de, v. 259<br /> -Grandmenil, Jean Baptiste Fouchard de, i. 128<br /> -Grant, Mr., iii. 98<br /> -Grant (see also Talleyrand-Périgord)<br /> -Gray, Thomas, ii. 99, 140-141; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233; vi. <a href="#Page_123">123</a></span><br /> -Gregorio (see Di Gregorio)<br /> -Gregory Bishop of Tours, Saint, ii. 52<br /> -Gregory I., Pope Saint, v. 4, 11<br /> -Gregory V., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Gregory VII., Pope Saint, iv. 260; v. 47<br /> -Gregory IX., Pope, vi. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Gregory X., Pope, v. 12<br /> -Gregory XIII., Pope, ii. 18; vi. 142<br /> -Gregory XVI., Pope, i. xxi, 65; v. 4,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8, 23, 295, 384; vi. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> -Grenier, Paul Comte, iii. 167-168<br /> -Grenville, William Wyndham, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord, ii. 143</span><br /> -Grétry, André Ernest Modeste, i. 164, 173<br /> -Grétry, Demoiselles, i. 173<br /> -Greville, Hon. Charles, ii. 139; iv. 185<br /> -Greville, Hon. Fulke, i. 188<br /> -Grew, Nehemiah, i. 180<br /> -Grey, Lady Jane, ii. 74<br /> -Grey, Charles second Earl, iv. 73, 92; vi. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -Grey de Wilton, Arthur Grey, fourteenth Lord, v. 57<br /> -Griffi, Count, vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> -Grignan, Françoise Marguerite de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné, Comtesse de, i. 143, 228</span><br /> -Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Baron, ii. 26, 197<br /> -Grimod, Seigneur de La Reynierc, Gaspard, ii. 27<br /> -Grimod (see also Malesherbes)<br /> -Grotius, Hugo de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hugo, iii. 22; iv. 280; v. 51, 57</span><br /> -Grotius, Pieter de Groot, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, v. 51</span><br /> -Grouchy, Emmanuel Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 163-164, 169</span><br /> -Grünstein, the Duc d'Enghien's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, ii. 260</span><br /> -Guadagni, Bishop of Arezzo, Bernardo<br /> -Gaetano Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Guarini, Giovanni Battista, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Guastalla (see Borghese)<br /> -Guehenneuc de Boishue, Louis Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 154</span><br /> -Guénan, Chevalier de, i. 106<br /> -Gueneau de Musey, M., ii. 171<br /> -Guer, Julien Hyacinthe de Marnière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chevalier de, i. 104, 146, 152</span><br /> -Guercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> -Guérin, Pierre Narcisse Baron, iv. 234,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241, 285; v. 317</span><br /> -Guernon-Ranville, Martial Côme Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Perpétue Magloire Comte de, v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">82, 88, 131, 189, 422</span><br /> -Guerrande (see La Guerrande)<br /> -Guerri de Maubreuil (see Maubreuil)<br /> -Guesclin (see Du Guesclin)<br /> -Guiccioli, later Marquise de Boissy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Teresa Gamba, Contessa, ii. 136;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 227; v. 59, 89</span><br /> -Guichardière (see La Guichardière)<br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Geneviève Héraclius Agenor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Gramont, Duc de, iv. 78; v. 130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">360, 363, 365</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duchesse de Gramont,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Quintina Albertina Ida de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud d'Orsay, Duchesse de, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 78; v. 363-365, 381, 409</span><br /> -Guiche, later Duc de Gramont, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie de Gramont, Duc de, ii. 142;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 78; v. 130, 360</span><br /> -Guiche (see also La Guiche)<br /> -Guidal, General Maximilien Joseph, ii. 269<br /> -Guignes, Duc de, iv. 160<br /> -Guilford, Frederick Lord North, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Guillaume Le Breton (set Le Breton)<br /> -Guillaumy, the Saint-Pierre fisherman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 202-203</span><br /> -Guilleminot, Armand Charles Comte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 299; v. 19</span><br /> -Guillemot, Commandant, v. 246<br /> -Guillon, Bishop of Morocco, Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silvestre, ii. 222-223, 247</span><br /> -Guinard, Joseph Augustin, v. 109-110,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">126, 137, 141</span><br /> -Guiscard (see Robert Guiscard)<br /> -Guise, Archbishop of Rheims, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. de Lorraine, Cardinal de, ii. 21</span><br /> -Guise, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de, v. 402<br /> -Guise, François de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 15, 21, 45; iii. 74; v. 131; vi. <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> -Guise, Henri I. de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 21; iii. 173; iv. 245; v. 104-105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131, 257-258; vi. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br /> -Guise, Henri II. de Lorraine, Duc de, iv. 245<br /> -Guizard, Sylvain, v. 95<br /> -Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100; iv. 73-74, 219, 289; v. 80-81,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">87, 105, 116, 123, 135, 258</span><br /> -Gundling, Johann Paul, iv. 37<br /> -Gurowsky, the poet, v. 412<br /> -Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 257-258; iv. 32, 37, 212</span><br /> -Gustawson, pseud. Colonel (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Guy of Penthièvre (see Penthièvre)<br /> -Guyet, Isidore, v. 95<br /> -Guyomarais (see La Guyomarais)<br /> -Gwydyr, Peter Burrell, first Lord, i. 188<br /> -Gwydyr, Baroness Willoughby de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eresby, Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bertie, Lady, i. 188; iv. 73</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -H<br /> -<br /> -Hachette, Jeanne Fouquet, Fourquet or<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lainé, known as Jeanne, iii. 181</span><br /> -Hadrian, the Emperor, i. 249; vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Hall, Captain Basil, iii. 212<br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Comte de, i. 18<br /> -Hallay-Coëtquen, Jean Georges Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Marquis de, i. 17</span><br /> -Halleck, Fitz-Greene, i. 254<br /> -Ham, ii. 125<br /> -Ham (see also Jacqueminot)<br /> -Hamilton and seventh of Brandon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander Douglas-Hamilton,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of Douglas, later tenth Duke</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Hamilton, Anthony Count, iii. 136<br /> -Hamilton, Sir William, ii. 139; iv. 185<br /> -Hamilton, Emma Lyon or Hart, Lady,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 139-140; iv. 185</span><br /> -Hamilton, Horatia, ii. 139<br /> -Hampden, John, vi. <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> -Handel, George Frederick, ii. 146<br /> -d'Hane de Steenhuyse, Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 141</span><br /> -Hanka, Vaclav, v. 389<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannibal, ii. 330-331; iii. 87;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 123-124, 232; v. 336; vi. <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -d'Harcourt, Duc, ii. 107<br /> -Hardenberg, Karl August Prince von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 44, 51</span><br /> -d'Hardivilliers, M., vi. <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> -Harel, F. A., v. 290<br /> -Harel, Jacques, ii. 270<br /> -Harlay, Achille de, ii. 21; v. 257-258<br /> -Harlotta of Falaise, ii. 62<br /> -Harmodius, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Harold II. King of England, i. 104<br /> -Harpe (see La Harpe)<br /> -Harrowby, Dudley Rider, first Earl of, iv. 80<br /> -Hasdrubal, the third, ii. 331<br /> -Hasdrubal, the fourth, ii. 331<br /> -Hassenstein, Boguslav Lobkowitz,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von, v. 389, 410</span><br /> -Hastings, Warren, ii. 143<br /> -Hatte-Longuerue, Madame de, ii. 210<br /> -Hauranne (see Duvergier de Hauranne)<br /> -d'Haussez, Charles Le Mercher de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Longpré, Baron, v. 72, 379, 422</span><br /> -Haussmann, Nicolas Valentin, v. 96<br /> -d'Haussonville, M., v. 28<br /> -d'Hautefeuille, Charles Louis Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Texier, Comte, i. 119</span><br /> -d'Hautefeuille, née de Beaurepaire,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, i. 119</span><br /> -d'Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice Blanc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Nautte, Comte, iii. 121-122</span><br /> -Hauteville, Tancred de, iv. 185-186<br /> -Hay des Nétumières, Comte, i. 146<br /> -Haymès, M., v. 135<br /> -Hazlitt, William Carew, iv. 243-244,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257; vi. <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br /> -Hearne, Samuel, i. 136, 214<br /> -Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, Reginald, ii. 335<br /> -d'Hector, Charles Jean Comte, i. 67, 69<br /> -Heiden, Lodewijk Sigismund Vincent<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustaaf Count van, iv. 270</span><br /> -Helen, the Empress, Saint, iii. 206<br /> -Helen Pavlowna of Russia, Princess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederica Charlotte Mary of Wurtemburg,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand-duchess, iv. 36; v. 35, 41-42, 330</span><br /> -Helerius, Saint, ii. 62<br /> -Helgine, ii. 218<br /> -Hélier (see Helerius)<br /> -Heliodorus Bishop of Tricca, vi. <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> -Heliogabalus, the Emperor, vi. <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> -"Hell," M., ii. 84<br /> -Hello, Charles Guillaume, v. 258-259<br /> -Hello, Ernest, v. 258<br /> -Héloïse, i. 94, 114, 137; 310-311; iii. 53<br /> -Helvétius, Claude Adrien, ii. 180; iii. 139<br /> -Hely-Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -d'Hénin, Madame, i. 174<br /> -Hennequin, Antoine Louis Marie, vi. 229<br /> -Hennin, Pierre Michel, ii. 300<br /> -Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iv. 251</span><br /> -Henry IV. the Emperor, v. 47<br /> -Henry VI. the Emperor, v. 377<br /> -Henry Emperor of the East, vi. <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> -Henry I. King of England, i. 8, 39;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 62; iv. 209</span><br /> -Henry II. King of England, i. 39;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 17</span><br /> -Henry IV. King of England, ii. 121;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 138</span><br /> -Henry V. King of England, ii. 121; vi. <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> -Henry VI. King of England, ii. 121, 200<br /> -Henry VII. King of England, i. 25;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 74-75; v. 351</span><br /> -Henry VIII. King of England, ii. 74,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 124, 138; iii. 30; iv. 93; v. 14</span><br /> -Henry IX. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, ii. 221; iv. 249, 251-252</span><br /> -Henry II. King of France, i. 109; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">172, 206, 294; iii. 176; iv. 58; v. 49</span><br /> -Henry III. King of France and I. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poland, i. 109, 175, 212; ii. 18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 202, 206; iii. 74, 173, 188; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">72-73, 124, 280; v. 16, 84, 137, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Henry IV. King of France and III. of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 25, 72, 85, 114, 117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 126, 130, 175; ii. 37, 56, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121, 152-153, 172, 206; iii. 29, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74-75, 77, 89, 97, 116, 127, 177, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 79, 124, 275, 280; v. 14, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74, 118, 137, 142, 147, 155, 162, 170,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187-188, 196, 215, 223, 227, 229,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239, 266, 303, 324-325, 333, 346-347,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">366, 377, 395-396, 401-402;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_151">151</a>-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>-<a href="#Page_242">242</a></span><br /> -Henry V. King of France and Navarre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 124; ii. 54, 104, 216, 246; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119, 140-141, 166, 178; iv. 12, 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47-49, 58-59, 122, 138-139, 252;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 81, 111, 146-147, 149-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155, 157-159, 168-169, 171, 174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">179, 191-192, 211-212, 215, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 222-223, 226, 235, 246, 255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">266, 269, 302-303, 307-312, 321-325</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">327, 336, 342, 359-368, 371 372,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374 385, 390-391, 396-397, 402,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">406-408, 415-417; vi. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-<a href="#Page_28">28</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_31">31</a>-<a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-<a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_128">128</a>-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-<a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>-<a href="#Page_254">254</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></span><br /> -Henry I. King of Hayti (see Christophe)<br /> -Henry II. King of Navarre, vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Henry Prince of Nassau-Saarbrück, iv. 10<br /> -Henry of Prussia, Prince, iv. 38<br /> -Henry Albert of Prussia, Prince (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert of Prussia, Prince Henry)</span><br /> -Henry-Larivière, Pierre François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joachim, iii. 13, 16</span><br /> -Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -d'Herbey (see Saint-Aubin)<br /> -d'Herbois (see Collot d'Herbois)<br /> -d'Herbouville, Marquis, i. 97<br /> -Hercules I. Duke of Ferrara, vi. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -Hercules II. Duke of Ferrara, vi. <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> -Hercules III. Duke of Modena, vi. <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> -Herder, Johann Gottfried von, v. 412<br /> -Hermer, M., i. 108<br /> -Herod King of Judæa, vi. <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> -Herodias, v. 173<br /> -Herodotus, i. 216, 258; v. 401; vi. <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> -Herrara, Juan de, iv. 58<br /> -Herschel, Sir William, ii. 140<br /> -Herschel, Caroline, ii. 140<br /> -Heytesbury, Sir William A'Court, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iv. 83</span><br /> -Hilary Bishop of Poitiers, Saint, v. 161<br /> -Hildebert Archbishop of Tours, ii. 30<br /> -Hill, George, i. 254<br /> -Hingant, Jean, i. 25<br /> -Hingant de La Tiemblais, François<br /> -Marie Anne Joseph, ii. 66, 72, 76-78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">80, 85, 90; iv. 71, 213</span><br /> -Hingray, Charles, v. 126, 137<br /> -Hinton, the boatswain, iii. 89<br /> -Hipparchus, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Hippocrates, iii. 7; v. 229-230<br /> -Hlodwigh (see Clovis)<br /> -Hoche, General Lazare, ii. 109; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">67-68, 203</span><br /> -Hocquart, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. 172<br /> -Hoffman, François Benoît, iii. 9<br /> -Hohenhausen, Élise Philippine Amalie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von Ochs, Baroness von, iv. 35-36</span><br /> -Holbein the Younger, Hans, v. 272-273<br /> -Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Lord, ii. 128; iii. 215; iv. 70</span><br /> -Holstein (see Staël-Holstein)<br /> -Holstein-Gottorp, pseud. Count of (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gustavus IV. Adolphus King of Sweden)</span><br /> -Homer, i. 51, 200, 213, 232; ii. 48,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 124; iii. 5, 12, 24, 214; iv. 12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123, 160, 258, 284; v. 347, 351; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> -Honoria, Tusta Grata, iii. 47<br /> -Honorius III., Pope, vi. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Honorius, the Emperor, i. 74; iv. 227<br /> -Hontan (see La Hontan)<br /> -Honoratus, Bishop of Aries, Saint, iii. 228<br /> -Hôpital (see L'Hôpital)<br /> -Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 53, 229; ii. 124, 204;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 23, 99; iv. 185; v. 25, 55, 63,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285, 314; vi. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> -Horatius Cocles, i. 35<br /> -Horrion, Father, vi. <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> -Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of<br /> -Holland, iii. 17, 110, 122, 154; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203, 287; v. 44, 291-298</span><br /> -Houdet, Comte de, ii. 196<br /> -Houdetot, Élisabeth Françoise Sophie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Bellegarde, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 196-197, 301; iv. 285</span><br /> -Houdetot, General César Ange de, iv. 285<br /> -Hovius, Mayor of Saint-Malo, i. xxxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span><br /> -Hubert, Jean, i. 63<br /> -Hubert, M., v. 137<br /> -Hugh Capet, King of France, iii. 137;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 7, 112; v. 196, 376; vi. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Hugo, Victor Marie Vicomte, iii. 68;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> -Hulin, Pierre Auguste Comte, ii. 262,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264-265, 267, 269-275, 283; iii. 16, 18</span><br /> -Hulot, Madame, iv. 167<br /> -Humbert I. King of Italy, i. 51<br /> -Humbert I. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humbert II. Count of Savoy, iv. 209<br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iii. 207-208; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Karl Ferdinand Baron von, ii. 242; iv. 39</span><br /> -Humboldt, Fräulein von, iv. 39<br /> -Hume, David, ii. 120; iv. 250<br /> -Humphrey Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -Hunt, James Henry Leigh, ii. 128<br /> -Huss, John, v. 296, 388<br /> -Hutchinson (see Donoughmore)<br /> -Hyacinthe (see Pilorge)<br /> -Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 177; iv. 91, 102-103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139-140, 142; v. 68, 117, 123, 250,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">256, 258-259, 304; vi. <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> -Hyperides, vi. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -I<br /> -<br /> -Ibrahim Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, ii. 338; iv. 263<br /> -Ignatius Loyola, Saint, v. 367<br /> -Inez de Castro (see Castro)<br /> -Infantado, Duquesa de, iii. 74<br /> -Innocent VIII., Pope, ii. 53<br /> -Innocent X., Pope, v. 14<br /> -Innocent XIII., Pope, v. 15<br /> -Ippolito of Este, Cardinal Archbishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Milan, Lyons and Narbonne,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince, vi. 82</span><br /> -Ireneus Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. 308<br /> -Irving, Washington, i. 254<br /> -Isabel of Bavaria, Queen of France, vi. <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> -Isabella of Angoulême, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. 9</span><br /> -Isabella I. Queen of Spain, iii. 127<br /> -Isabella II. Queen of Spain, H.M.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 221; v. 75; vi. <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> -Isabey, Jean Baptiste, iii. 211<br /> -Isaias, iii. 195<br /> -Isaure, Clémence, ii. 207; v. 72<br /> -Iscariot, Judas, v. 307; vi. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -d'Isly, Thomas Robert Bugeaud de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piconnerie, Maréchal Duc, vi. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></span><br /> -Isnard, Maximin, ii. 14<br /> -Isoard (see also Delisle de Sales)<br /> -d'Isoard, Archbishop of Auch, Joachim<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Xavier Cardinal Duc, v. 22</span><br /> -Isotta (see Nogarola)<br /> -Ivan VI. Tsar of All the Russias<br /> -Ives, Rev. John Clement, ii. 80,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-88, 92-93</span><br /> -Ives, Mrs., ii. 86-88, 92-93, 96<br /> -Ives, Charlotte (see Sutton)<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -J<br /> -<br /> -Jacob, iii. 25<br /> -Jacob, J. J., i. 253<br /> -Jacquemin, potter and inn-keeper, iii. 227<br /> -Jacqueminot, Vicomte de Ham, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, v. 153-154</span><br /> -Jacquin, Nikolaus Joseph Baron von, i. 180<br /> -Jacquin, Major, ii. 262-263<br /> -James Intercisus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -James I. and VI. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 122</span><br /> -James II. and VII. King of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, i. 187; iv. 67,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">106; v. 50, 115, 163, 178, 372;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> -James III. and VIII. King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, Scotland and Ireland, iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">242, 249, 373</span><br /> -James I. King of Scots, ii. 201<br /> -Janson, Madame de, ii. 200<br /> -Janson (see also Forbin-Janson)<br /> -Japhet, i. 142<br /> -Jaucourt, Arnail François Marquis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 73, 99, 127, 171</span><br /> -Jauge, M., v. 369; vi. <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> -Jay (see Le Jay)<br /> -Jean de Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -Jeannin, Pierre Président, v. 50<br /> -Jebb, M.P., Sir Richard Claverhouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56, 335</span><br /> -Jefferson, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, Thomas, i. 252-253</span><br /> -Jenny, the Marquise de Custine's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">maid, ii. 193</span><br /> -Jepson, Mr. Edgar Alfred, vi. 266<br /> -Jeremias, v. 37<br /> -Jerome, Saint, iv. 232, 244<br /> -Jerome, King of Westphalia, iii. 64,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99, 162-163, 200; iv. 57, 242; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44, 46</span><br /> -Jerome of Brescia, vi. <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> -Jerome of Prague, v. 296<br /> -Jersey, George Child Villiers, fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, i. 188</span><br /> -Jersey, Sarah Fane, Countess of, i. 188;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 79; iv. 73</span><br /> -Joan of Arc, Venerable, ii. 109, 128;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 90, 98; iv. 41, 108, 112; vi. <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> -Joan of Penthièvre, Duchess of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -Joan Queen of Castile, iii. 127<br /> -Joachim II. Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Joachim King of Naples, ii. 25, 219,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223, 250, 262, 273, 275, 278, 283;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 46, 122, 144, 154-155; iv. 10,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">184-185, 189-198, 220</span><br /> -Job, i. xxi, 82-83, ii. 201, 211, 212, 339<br /> -John the Baptist, Saint, v. 173<br /> -John the Evangelist, Saint, ii. 243; vi. <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -John the Silent, Bishop of Colonus, Saint, ii. 43<br /> -John of the Gridiron, Blessed, i. 25<br /> -John I. King of Bohemia, v. 355, 410-411<br /> -John III. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John IV. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John V. Duke of Brittany, i. 141<br /> -John King of England, i. 9; ii. 22, 121<br /> -John II. King of France, ii. 46, 108;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 193; vi. 196</span><br /> -John III. King of Portugal, vi. 104<br /> -John VI. King of Portugal and Brazil, iv. 53<br /> -John, Friar, vi. 46<br /> -John, the Marquess of Londonderry's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">groom, iv. 87</span><br /> -John of Bruges (see Eyck)<br /> -John of Gaunt (see Lancaster)<br /> -John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, iv. 37<br /> -Johnson, Samuel, ii. 121; iii. 23; v. 413<br /> -Johnson, Thomas, iii. 216<br /> -Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis Marie d'Orléans, Prince de, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">280; iii. 81, 225</span><br /> -Joinville, Jean Sire de, i. xxiv; ii. 132,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">202, 278</span><br /> -Joly (see Crétineau-Joly)<br /> -Joques, Père Isaac, i. 229<br /> -Jordan, Camille, iii. 68-69; iv. 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 213</span><br /> -Joseph King of Naples, later of Spain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128; ii. 223, 257, 280; iii. 46,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54-55, 63-64, 73, 110, 154, 188; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164, 195, 210, 241; v. 44; vi. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -Joseph, the Milanese tinman, ii. 321-322; v. 326<br /> -Josephine of Sardinia, Queen of France, iv. 9<br /> -Josephine of Saxony, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. 298</span><br /> -Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de Beauharnais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Bonaparte, later Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, ii. 261-262, 282; iii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 110, 184, 196; iv. 42, 165-166,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; vi. <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> -Joubert, General Barthélemy Cathérine, iii. 67-68<br /> -Joubert, Joseph, ii. 104, 157, 167-177,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 226-227, 230, 236, 239, 244,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 310, 317-319; iii. 51; iv. 213,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">221; vi. <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br /> -Joubert, Dame, ii. 171, 174<br /> -Joubert the Younger, ii. 174<br /> -Joubert, the conspirator, v. 140<br /> -Jouberthon, Jean François Hippolyte, ii. 166<br /> -Jouffroy, Théodore Simon, vi. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>-<a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> -Jourdain, M., i. 178<br /> -Jourdan, Jean Baptiste Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 67, 155, 162, 203</span><br /> -Jowett, Benjamin, vi. <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> -Judas Iscariot (see Iscariot)<br /> -Julia, Saint, i. 102<br /> -Julian, the Emperor, i. 97; v. 196,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378; vi. <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> -Julie Clary, Queen of Naples, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 210-211; v. 44; vi. 184</span><br /> -Julien, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">body-servant, i. xvi; ii. 319-333, 338</span><br /> -Julius II., Pope, iii. 176; iv. 42, 228<br /> -Julius III., Pope, iv. 241<br /> -Jullien, M., ii. 177<br /> -Jumilhac, Simplicis du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iii. 51</span><br /> -Junken, Bishop of Dol, i. 17<br /> -Junot (see d'Abrantès)<br /> -Jussac, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Jussieu, Alexis de, v. 95<br /> -Jussieu, Bernard de, i. 180<br /> -Justinian, the Emperor, iv. 227; v. 230<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -K<br /> -<br /> -Kaumann, Captain, v. 101<br /> -Keith, tenth Earl Marischal, George, iv. 106<br /> -Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iii. 191-192</span><br /> -Keller, Xavier, v. 289<br /> -Kellermann (see Valmy)<br /> -Kepler, Johann, v. 337<br /> -Kéralieu (see Kersalaün)<br /> -Keranevant, Abbé de, iv. 168<br /> -Kératry, Auguste Hilarion Comte de, v. 27<br /> -Kératry, Jean François de, i. 144<br /> -Kergariou, Comte de, i. 149<br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Florian Paul Comte de, v. 244<br /> -Kergorlay, Louis Gabriel César Vicomte,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comte de, v. 244</span><br /> -Kergu (see La Baronnais)<br /> -Kersalaün, Marquis de, i. 153<br /> -Kersalaün, Jean Joseph Comte de, i. 153<br /> -Kerviler, M. René, vi. <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br /> -Khlodwig (see Clovis)<br /> -Khufu (sec Cheops)<br /> -Kincardine (see Elgin)<br /> -Kléber, General Jean Baptiste, iii. 67<br /> -Knowles, James Sheridan, ii. 128<br /> -Koller, Franz Baron von, iii. 78, 84, 87<br /> -Komierowski, Colonel, v. 107<br /> -Kop, Ol de, ii. 207<br /> -Kop, Honorine Gasc, Fru de, ii. 207<br /> -Koreff, Dr. David Friedrich, iv. 44-45<br /> -Kotzebue, Captain Otto von, iv. 40, 46<br /> -Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 40, 46</span><br /> -Krüdener, Baron von, ii. 232<br /> -Krüdener, Barbara Juliana von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vietinghoff-Scheel, Baroness</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, ii. 232-233, 299; iv. 203-204</span><br /> -Kutuzoff, Field-marshal Prince of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smolensk, Mikhail, iii. 190</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -L<br /> -<br /> -La Balue, Jean Cardinal, ii. 53<br /> -La Baronnais, Chevalier de, ii. 41<br /> -La Baronnais, François Pierre Collas,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. 41-42</span><br /> -La Baronnais, Renée de Kergu, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 41</span><br /> -Labat, Père Jean Baptiste, iv. 247-248<br /> -Labé, Dame Perrin, Loyse, ii. 308;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -La Bédoyère, Charles Angélique François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huchet, Comte de, iii. 170</span><br /> -La Belinaye, Armand Magdelon Comte de, i. 126<br /> -La Belinaye, Renée Élisabeth de, i. 126<br /> -La Besnardière, Jean Baptiste de Gouy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 144-145</span><br /> -La Billarderie (see Flahault de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Billarderie)</span><br /> -La Billardière (see Launay de La Billardière)<br /> -La Bletterie, Abbé Jean Philippe René<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> -La Bonnière (see Beaumont de La Bonnière)<br /> -Laborde, Captain, iv. 168<br /> -Laborde, Alexandre Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 291; iii. 4, 39, 56; v. 96, 115</span><br /> -La Borde, Jean Joseph de, ii. 296<br /> -Laborie, Antoine Athanase Roux de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 175; iii. 56, 86, 131, 177</span><br /> -Laborie the Younger, Roux, vi. <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> -Labouchere, M. P., Mr. Henry Du Pré, ii. 121<br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Joseph Annibal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Bedée, Comte de, i. 22-23; ii. 4</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">9, 62, 64-65, 69, 78, 80-81; iv. 71;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 205; vi. <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> -La Boüétardais, Marie Vincente de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francheville, Dame de Trélan,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 69</span><br /> -La Boüétardais (see also Bedée)<br /> -La Bouillerie, François Marie Pierre<br /> -Roullet, Baron de, iv. 288<br /> -La Bourdonnais, Bertrand François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mahé de, i. 26; vi. 201</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye, François Régis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 136; v. 72, 81-82</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye de Montluc, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 146</span><br /> -La Bourdonnaye-Montluc, Chevalier de, i. 7<br /> -Labrador, Pedro Gomez Kavalo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marques de, iv. 236; v. 8</span><br /> -Labre, Blessed Benedict Joseph, ii. 9<br /> -La Briche, Alexis Janvier de La Live<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 191</span><br /> -La Briche, Adélaïde Edmée Prévost,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de La Live de, ii. 191</span><br /> -La Bruyère, Jean de, iii. 33<br /> -La Chalotais, Louis René de Caradeuc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 18, 26</span><br /> -Lachambre, M., i. 149<br /> -Lachaud, M. de, v. 244<br /> -Laclos, Pierre Ambroise François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choderlos de, i. 135, 176</span><br /> -Lacombe, Charles de, vi. <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> -Lacretelle the Elder, Pierre Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. 51; iii. 23</span><br /> -Lacretelle the Younger, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lacretelle, known as, i. 51; iv. 128;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 80</span><br /> -Lacroix, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Ladvocat, the publisher, iv. 120, 136<br /> -Lælius Sapiens, Caius, v. 56<br /> -Laensberg, Mathew, vi. <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> -La Fare, Bishop of Nancy, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Sens, Anne Louis Henri</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, v. 22</span><br /> -Lafaye, Pierre Benjamin, vi. 256-<a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> -La Fayette, Marie Paul Joseph Gilbert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motier, Marquis de, i. 160, 163, 165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">181; ii. 14, 23, 102; iii. 28, 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 165-168, 177; iv. 127; v. 94,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105 107, 112-113, 126, 128, 135 139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">141, 159, 163, 217; vi. <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -La Fayette, née de Noailles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> -La Fayette, Georges Washington Motier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> -La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Vergne, Comtesse de, ii. 152;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; vi. 240</span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Pierre Louis Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferron, Comte de, i. 27; iv. 36, 91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104-106, 138, 215-216, 261-263,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">265-284, 290-296; v. 22, 28, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77; vi. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></span><br /> -La Ferronnays, Albert de, iv. 36<br /> -La Ferronnays, Alexandrine d'Alopeus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iv. 36</span><br /> -La Ferronnière (see Du Bois de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferronnière)</span><br /> -La Feuillade, Pierre Raymond Hector<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Aubusson, Comte de, iii. 141</span><br /> -Laffitte, Jacques, iv. 137; v. 105-107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">113-114, 116-117, 127-128, 133,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137-139, 141, 159, 265, 267, 370</span><br /> -Lafitau, Père Joseph François, i. 232<br /> -La Fonchais, Angélique Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 92, 181</span><br /> -Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius, v. 344<br /> -La Fontaine, Jean de, ii. 56, 124, 128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152, 169; v. 314, 334; vi. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -La Force, Armand Maréchal de, vi. <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> -La Force, François Philibert Bertrand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nompar de Caumont, Marquis de, ii. 103</span><br /> -La Force, Marie Constance de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de Caumont de, ii. 103-104</span><br /> -Laforest, Antoine René Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathurin Comte de, ii. 279-280, 289</span><br /> -La France, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. 29, 35</span><br /> -La Fruglaye, Comte de, i. 146<br /> -La Galaizière, M., i. 156<br /> -Lagarde, M., vi. <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> -Lagrange, Bishop of Chartres, François,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Lagrange, Joseph Louis Comte, ii. 187<br /> -La Guerrande (see Chateaubriand de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerrande)</span><br /> -La Guichardière, Thibault de, vi. <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> -La Guiche, Philibert de, i. 25<br /> -La Guyomarais, Dame de La Motte de, i. 92<br /> -La Harpe, Jean François de, i. 127-128,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131, 133, 175, 178; ii. 27, 99, 104-105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 172, 194, 208-210; iii. 17,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">152-155, 158, 220; v. 335</span><br /> -La Harpe, née de Hatte Longuerue,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. 210</span><br /> -Laher (see Brignon)<br /> -Lahire, Étienne de Vignoles, known as, v. 378<br /> -La Hontan, Armand Louis de Delondarce,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, i. 232</span><br /> -Lahorie, General Victor Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alphonse Faneau de, ii. 269</span><br /> -l'Ain (see Girod de l'Ain)<br /> -Lainé, Jean Henri Joachim Hostein,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, ii. 247; iii. 100-101, 118;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 27, 118, 202; v. 303-304, 416</span><br /> -Lainé (see also Hachette)<br /> -Lais, the courtezan, vi. 180<br /> -Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Le Français<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 252-253, 257</span><br /> -La Laurencie, Chevalier de, i. 7<br /> -La Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -La Live de La Briche (see La Briche)<br /> -Lallemand, Charles François Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 111</span><br /> -Lallemand, Henri Dominique Baron, iii. 111<br /> -Lallemant, Père Jérôme, i. 229<br /> -Lally, Thomas Arthur Baron Tolendal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 127</span><br /> -Lally-Tolendal, Trophine Gérard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 161; ii. 294; iii. 127,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131; iv. 5-6, 128</span><br /> -Lalor, Alice, i. 65<br /> -La Luzerne, Bishop of Langres, César<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guillaume Cardinal de, i. 97, 156;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16</span><br /> -La Luzerne, Comte de, i. 73; ii. 234<br /> -La Luzerne, Guillaume Comte de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 234, 239</span><br /> -La Luzerne, Victoire de Montmorin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. 167, 234</span><br /> -La Luzerne, César Henri de, ii. 234<br /> -La Maisonfort, Antoine François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Dubois-Descours, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 223</span><br /> -La Maisonfort, Dame de, vi. 241<br /> -La Malle (see Dureau de La Malle)<br /> -Lamarque, Maximilien Comte, v. 243, 290<br /> -Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57, 79 80</span><br /> -Lamartinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 125</span><br /> -La Martinière, M. de, i. 106-107,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">125-126; ii. 35; iii. 176; v. 317</span><br /> -La Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Lamballe, Marie Therèse Louise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de, i. 51;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 222</span><br /> -Lambesc, Charles Eugène de Lorraine,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de, i. 157</span><br /> -Lambruschini, Archbishop of Genoa,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luigi Cardinal, iv. 300; v. 23, 29, 35</span><br /> -Lamennais, Abbé Hugues Felicité<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert de, i. 27, 97; iv. 16; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174, 214-<a href="#Page_216">216</a></span><br /> -Lameth, Alexandre Théodore Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 170</span><br /> -Lameth, Charles de, iv. 43<br /> -La Mettrie, Offroy de, i. 26<br /> -Lamoignon, René Chrétien Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 100, 146, 156</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Anne Pierre Christian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, ii. 100, 137, 146, 167</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Guillaume Président de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 50, 134; ii. 100</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Chrétien François de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon, Christian de, i. 134; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">57; iv. 164</span><br /> -Lamoignon (see also Basville and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Malesherbes)</span><br /> -Lamoignon de Baville, Nicolas, i. 134<br /> -La Morandais, François Placide Maillard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 50, 52</span><br /> -Lamothe, Étienne Auguste Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gourlet de, iii. 177</span><br /> -La Mothe-Fénelon (see Fénelon)<br /> -Lamotte, Demoiselle, ii. 232<br /> -La Motte de La Guyomarais (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guyomarais)</span><br /> -Lamotte-Piquet, Comte de, i. 69<br /> -Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of, iii. 138<br /> -Lancelotti, Ottavio Principe, iv. 238<br /> -Lancelotti, Giuseppina Massimo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Arsoli, Principessa, ii. 221; iv. 238</span><br /> -Lanchantin (see Valmore)<br /> -Lander, Richard Lemon, vi. 121<br /> -Langhorne, John, ii. 337; vi. <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br /> -Langhorne, William, ii. 337; vi. <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br /> -Langres, Pierre de, i. 36<br /> -Lanjamet, Chevalier de, i. 8<br /> -Lanjuinais, Jean Denis Comte, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">68-69, 165, 167</span><br /> -La Noue, François de, ii. 56<br /> -La Noue, M. de, v. 80<br /> -Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">third Marquess of, iv. 78</span><br /> -Lansfeld, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilbert, known as Lola Montes, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess von, v. 25</span><br /> -Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere, Maria<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonna, Duchessa di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Lanty (see Chastenay-Lanty<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Pailleterie Dumas (see Dumas)</span><br /> -Lapanouze, Alexandre César Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 201-202</span><br /> -Lapelouse, V. de, v. 95<br /> -La Pérouse, Jean François Galaup,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. xxi, 69, 193; ii. 36</span><br /> -La Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de, ii. 187<br /> -La Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -La Porte, Arnaud de, i. 156<br /> -Laprade, Pierre Marin Victor Richard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>-<a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br /> -Laqueville, Jean Claude Marin Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, ii. 4</span><br /> -La Revellière-Lepeaux, Louis Marie,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 119</span><br /> -La Reynière (see Grimod)<br /> -Larive, Jean Mauduit de, i. 128<br /> -Larivière (see Henry-Larivière)<br /> -Larnage, Dame de, vi. <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> -Laroche (see Lenoir-Laroche)<br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Prince de Marcillac,<br /> -François Duc de, ii. 152; iii. 128, 131<br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Louis Alexandre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 174</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld, Sosthène de, iii. 97; v. 97<br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Ambroise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polycarpe Duc de, iv. 134-135, 177; vi. <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Gabriel Sosthène Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 12, 177</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, Élisabeth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Montmorency-Laval, Duchesse de, iv. 12</span><br /> -La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Frédéric Duc de, i. 171; iv. 132</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Auguste du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vergier, Comte de, iii. 101</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Claire Louise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustine Félicité Magloire de</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durfort, Princesse de Talmont,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Comtesse de, iii. 101</span><br /> -La Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 181; ii. 107; v. 245</span><br /> -La Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -La Rouerie, Armand Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">66, 92, 146, 180-181</span><br /> -La Rouerie, Anne Joseph Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tuffin de, i. 126</span><br /> -La Rouerie, Therèse de La Belinaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, i. 126</span><br /> -Larousse, Pierre Athanase, vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Larreguy, F., v. 96<br /> -Larrey, Félix Hyppolite Baron, v. 103<br /> -Larrey, Jean Dominique Baron, v. 103<br /> -La Sablière, Antoine Rambouillet de, vi. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -La Sablière, Dame de, vi. <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -La Salle, Antoine de, v. 371<br /> -La Saudre, François Guillaume de, i. 149<br /> -La Saudre, Pierre de, i. 149<br /> -Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 281, 285-288;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 192, 209, 211, 215</span><br /> -Las Cases the Younger, M. de, iii. 209, 211<br /> -La Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -La Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Lassalle, Sieur, ii. 156<br /> -Lassalle, pseud. (see Chateaubriand,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François René Vicomte de, passim)</span><br /> -La Suze, Marquis de, iii. 176<br /> -Latapie, Colonel, iii. 216<br /> -La Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Latil, Bishop of Amycla, later Bishop<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chartres, later Archbishop of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rheims, Jean Baptiste Marie Anne</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Antoine Cardinal Duc de, v. 18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">20, 22-23, 35, 52, 343, 363, 373-375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">378, 415; vi. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -La Tour, pseud., Abbé de (see Charrière, Madame de)<br /> -Latour (see also Foissac-Latour)<br /> -Latour-Maubourg, Marie Victor Nicolas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Fay, Marquis de, v. 321, 323; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">26, 136</span><br /> -La Tournelle, Marquis de, ii. 298<br /> -La Tournelle (see also Châteauroux)<br /> -La Trémoille, Vicomte de Thouars,<br /> -Prince de Talmont, Louis II. Sire de, i. 150<br /> -Lauderdale, James Maitland, eighth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Earl of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Laughton, M.A., Professor John Knox, vi. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Laujon, Pierre, iii. 23, 29<br /> -L'Aulne (see Turgot)<br /> -Launay de La Billardière, David, i. 47<br /> -Launay de La Billardière, Gilles Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 47, 108</span><br /> -Launey, Bernard René Jourdan, Marquis de, i. 158<br /> -Lauraguais, Diane Adélaïde de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 297</span><br /> -Laurence, Saint, v. 307<br /> -Laurencie (see La Laurencie)<br /> -Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Bernard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Law, Maréchal Marquis de, iv. 62</span><br /> -Lautrec, Odet de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, i. 120; ii. 219; iv. 228</span><br /> -Lautrec de Saint-Simon, M., i. 171<br /> -Lauzun, later Duc de Biron, Armand<br /> -Louis de Gontaut de Biron, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 51, 176, 181; ii. 142; v. 318</span><br /> -Laval, Agnes of, i. 8<br /> -Laval (see also Montmorency-Laval)<br /> -Laval-Montmorency, Anne Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adrien Prince de Montmorency,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duc de, ii. 179; iii. 97; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140, 158-160, 164-166, 213, 302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3, 7 8, 17, 27, 49, 52, 68, 78</span><br /> -Lavalette, M. de, iii. 5<br /> -Lavalette, Marquise de Béville, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, iii. 5</span><br /> -Lavallette, Antoine Marie Chamans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 110, 169, 190</span><br /> -Lavallette, Émilie Louise de Beauharnais,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, iii. 110</span><br /> -La Vallière, Françoise Louise de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 120; ii. 172; v. 215; vi. <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></span><br /> -Lavandier, M., i. 58<br /> -Lavater, Johann Caspar, v. 291<br /> -La Vauguyon, M., i. 156<br /> -Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud de, ii. 207<br /> -La Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -La Vigne, Alexis Jacques Buisson de, ii. 5<br /> -La Vigne, Céleste Rapion de La Placelière,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Dame Buisson de, ii. 5</span><br /> -La Vigne the Elder, M. Buisson de, ii. 5-6<br /> -La Vigne (see also Chateaubriand and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessix de Parscau)</span><br /> -La Villate, M. de, v. 361-362, 380; vi. <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> -La Villate the Elder, M. de, v. 362<br /> -La Villedeneu (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, vi. <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> -Law, John, vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a><br /> -Laya, Jean Louis, iii. 16<br /> -Leæna, the courtezan, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Lebeschu, Mathilde, v. 244; vi. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> -Lebon, Joseph, iv. 4<br /> -Le Borgne, Sieur, i. 5<br /> -Le Bouthillier de Rancé (see Rancé)<br /> -Le Breton, Guillaume, i. 199; ii. 30<br /> -Lebrun, Third Consul, later Duke of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Piacenza, Charles François, ii. 259;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 68</span><br /> -Le Brun, Ponce Denis Escouchard, i. 131<br /> -Lebrun, Élisabeth Vigée, Dame, i. 131; ii. 168<br /> -Le Chapelier, Isaac René Guy, i. 167; ii. 84<br /> -Leclerc, General Victor Emmanuel, ii. 223;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 30, 191</span><br /> -Le Coigneux de Bachaumont (see Bachaumont)<br /> -Le Corvaisier (see Corvaisier)<br /> -Lecoulteux, née Pourrat, Dame, ii. 172<br /> -Led'huy, Édouard, v. 244<br /> -Le Donarin, M., i. 108<br /> -Ledru, Charles, v. 261, 309-310<br /> -Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, v. 261<br /> -Lefebvre, Jacques, v. 96<br /> -Lefebvre-Desnoettes, Charles Comte, iii. 111<br /> -Lefebvre de Vatimesnil (see Vatimesnil)<br /> -Lefranc, Jean Baptiste Antoine, iii. 213<br /> -Le Français de Lalande (see Lalande)<br /> -Le Gobbin, i. 55<br /> -Legouvé, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, iii. 23<br /> -Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 292</span><br /> -Leiberich (see Mack von Leiberich)<br /> -Leigh, Hon. Augusta Ada Byron, Mrs., ii. 136<br /> -Le Jay, the bookseller, i. 176<br /> -Le Jay, Dame, i. 176<br /> -Lelièvre, the boatman, iii. 16<br /> -Lemaire (see Cauchois-Lemaire)<br /> -Le Maître, M., ii. 191<br /> -Lemercier, Louis Jean Népomucène, ii. 187;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 68-69</span><br /> -Le Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Lemierre, Antoine Marie, ii. 99<br /> -Lemierre, Auguste Jacques, ii. 99, 157<br /> -Lemoine, M., v. 319<br /> -Lemontey, Pierre Édouard, iv. 44; v. 230<br /> -Le Motha, Captain, v. 129<br /> -Lemoyne-Saint-Paul, Paul Lemoyne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 285</span><br /> -Lenclos, Anne, known as Ninon de, ii. 100<br /> -Lenglet-Dufresney, Abbé Nicolas, vi. 78<br /> -Lenoir-Laroche, Jean Jacques Comte, ii. 195<br /> -Lenormant, Charles, iv. 180, 299;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 85, 200, 261</span><br /> -Lenormant, Amélie Cyvoct, Dame, i. 5;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 180, 188, 234, 299; v. 85,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">197, 261; vi. <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-<a href="#Page_261">261</a></span><br /> -Le Normant, the publisher, ii. 181;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 91, 103, 133; iv. 7, 15-16;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 122</span><br /> -Le Nôtre, André, vi. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>-<a href="#Page_242">242</a><br /> -Leo I., Pope Saint, ii. 185<br /> -Leo III., Pope, ii. 32<br /> -Leo IV., Pope Saint, v. 11<br /> -Leo X., Pope, iv. 226, 228; v. 14, 58, 273<br /> -Leo XII., Pope, ii. 238, 247; iv. 232,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">234-235, 238, 287, 290-296, 299-303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 1-5, 7-8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 31, 36-37,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">53, 316, 373, 384</span><br /> -Leo XIII., Pope, v. 57<br /> -Léon, Bishop of Saint-Pol-de-Léon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean François de La Marche, Comte de, ii. 103</span><br /> -Leonardo da Vinci (see Vinci)<br /> -Leonidas I. King of Sparta, i. 216; iv. 298<br /> -Leonora of Este, Princess, v. 330; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_82">82</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Leonora (see also Castellani)<br /> -Leopold I. Duke of Austria, v. 377<br /> -Leopold I. King of the Belgians, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">323, 381; vi. <a href="#Page_118">118</a></span><br /> -Leopold I. the Emperor, iv. 37<br /> -Leopold II. the Emperor, ii. 9; vi. <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /> -Léotaud, the gaoler, v. 252-253<br /> -Léotaud, Dame, v. 252<br /> -Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Lepelletier, the committee-man, v. 126<br /> -Lepelletier d'Aulnay (see d'Aulnay)<br /> -Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau (see Saint-Fargeau)<br /> -Le Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Leprince, Abbé, i. 44, 57, 63<br /> -Lerminier, Jean Louis Eugène, vi. <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> -Leroux, Pierre, v. 95, 260<br /> -Lerva, Gendarme, ii. 262-263<br /> -Le Sage, Alain René, ii. 81, 332<br /> -Lescarbot, Marc, i. 232<br /> -Lescourt (see Maillard de Lescourt)<br /> -Lescure, Louis Marie Marquis de, ii. 107<br /> -Lesdiguières, François de Bonne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Créqui, Maréchal Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a></span><br /> -Lesseps, Ferdinand Vicomte de, vi. <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> -L'Estoile, Pierre de, i. 175; ii. 15; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 187-188, 239</span><br /> -Le Sueur, Eustache, ii. 309<br /> -Le Sueur, Dame, ii. 309<br /> -L'Étang (see Dupont de L'Étang)<br /> -Leuchtenberg, Prince d'Eichstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viceroy of Italy, Eugène Vicomte de</span><br /> -Beauharnais, Duc de, ii. 261; iii. 17; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">165-166, 191; v. 103</span><br /> -l'Eure (see Dupont de L'Eure)<br /> -Levasseur, M., v. 96<br /> -Lévis, Gaston François Christophe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor Duc de Ventadour and de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 140-141; v. 268</span><br /> -Lévis, Marie Cathérine Amande<br /> -d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 141</span><br /> -Lévis, Gaston Marc Pierre Duc de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">136, 139-140, 174</span><br /> -Lévis, Pauline Louise Françoise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charpentier d'Ennery, Duchesse de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">51, 139-140, 176; iv. 14-15</span><br /> -Lewis, Matthew Gregory, ii. 126<br /> -Lewis, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. 190</span><br /> -L'Herault (see Rio)<br /> -L'Hôpital, Michel Chancelier de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102; v. 49-50, 55</span><br /> -Liancourt (see La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt)<br /> -Libba, or Libbe, Armand de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mistress, ii. 50</span><br /> -Liberi, Pietro, vi. <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Lichtenau, Wilhelmina Enke, Frau<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rietz, later Countess von, iv. 38</span><br /> -Licino, Monsignor, vi. <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> -Lieven, Khristopher Andreievitch<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, later Prince de, iv. 74</span><br /> -Lieven, Doroteya Khristoforovna von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benkendorf, Countess, later Princess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 72; iv. 73-74</span><br /> -Ligne, Charles Joseph Field-marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, ii. 58-59</span><br /> -Lille, pseud., Comte de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">XVIII. King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Limoëlan de Clorivière, Joseph Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Picot, i. 65</span><br /> -Lindsay, Mrs., ii. 100, 147, 155, 156,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">193; iii. 35</span><br /> -Linnæus, Carolus, i. 180<br /> -Lioult de Chênedollé (see Chênedollé)<br /> -Lippi, Fra Filippo, iv. 232<br /> -Lippold, the poisoner, iv. 37<br /> -Lipsius, Joest Lips, known as Justus, v. 62<br /> -Live d'Épinay (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Live de La Bride (see La Bride)<br /> -Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hawkesbury, first Earl of, iv. 81</span><br /> -Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Earl of, i. 187; ii. 145-146;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 215; iv. 81-82, 89, 92, 217; vi. <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> -Livorel, Robert Lambert, i. 150<br /> -Livy, Titus Livius, known as, i. 33; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; iv. 185, 225; v. 155; vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -Lobau, Georges Mouton, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 113</span><br /> -Lobineau, Dom, i. 5<br /> -Lobkowitz (see Hassenstein)<br /> -Lodi, Vice-president of the Cisalpine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Francesco di Mela, Duca</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, ii. 219</span><br /> -Lodin, Mayor of Combourg, i. 108<br /> -Lœwenhielm, Gustav Karl Frederik<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, v. 144, 146</span><br /> -Logan, James, i. 253<br /> -Logan, Tah-Gah-Jute, known as John, i. 253<br /> -Lointier, the tavern-keeper, v. 137<br /> -Loisel de La Villedeneu, Demoiselles,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 22; ii. 310</span><br /> -Lomaria, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Lombard, Charles, i. 227<br /> -Loménie-Brienne (see Brienne)<br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquess of, i. 188</span><br /> -Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Viscount<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castlereagh, later second Marquess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. xxxi, 188; ii. 79, 93; iii. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; iv. 65-67, 71, 73, 76, 80-83,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-90, 92, 190</span><br /> -Londonderry, Amelia Anne Hobart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 65, 87</span><br /> -Longuerue (see Hatte-Longuerue)<br /> -Longueville, Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 151-154, 172; vi. <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> -Longueville (see also Du Guesclin)<br /> -Longueville-Nemours, Marie Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 106-107</span><br /> -Lopez, Fernando, iii. 207<br /> -Lorgeril, Comte de, v. 87<br /> -Lorges, Comte, later Duc de, v. 245<br /> -Lorrain, Claude Gelée, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Claude, iv. 242, 258-259; v. 288</span><br /> -Lorraine, Charles de Guise, Cardinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 30, 74</span><br /> -Lothair King of France, iv. 112<br /> -Lothon, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Loudoun, John Campbell, fourth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 224</span><br /> -Louis I. King of Bavaria, iv. 118, 164;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25, 41</span><br /> -Louis I. Count of Flanders, iii. 138<br /> -Louis I. King of France, the Emperor,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11; vi. 195</span><br /> -Louis V. King of France, iii. 137; iv. 112<br /> -Louis VI. King of France, i. 9; iv. 209<br /> -Louis VII. King of France, iv. 17; vi. 196<br /> -Louis VIII. King of France, ii. 256;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 225; vi. <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Louis IX. King of France, Saint, i. 6,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 144, 164; ii. 15, 38, 192, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204, 256, 278, 297, 331; iii. 90, 103,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">120, 138, 144-145, 177, 228; iv. 5,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 22-23, 143, 291; v. 12, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">142, 155, 175, 188, 212, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">229, 239, 268, 273, 296, 302, 336,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">356, 372, 379, 396; vi. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>-<a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a></span><br /> -Louis XI. King of France, ii. 32, 53,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 201; iii. 153; v. 355; vi. 49,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147, 196</span><br /> -Louis XII. King of France, i. 141,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150, 172; ii. 17; iii. 176; iv. 229;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 395; vi. 27, 96; vi. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></span><br /> -Louis XIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 25, 114; ii. 151, 205;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245; vi. 28-<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Louis XIV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 7, 26, 38, 77, 85, 100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103, 117, 120, 126, 232, 236; ii. 100,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105, 151, 159, 172, 188, 192, 202,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204-205, 207, 309; iii. 25, 27, 58,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">94, 177, 194, 197-198, 225, 228;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 22, 34-35, 38, 44, 58-59, 79, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">122, 137, 217, 274; v. 50, 85-86,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101, 137, 143, 215, 230, 272, 330,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 403; vi. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>-<a href="#Page_242">242</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_246">246</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></span><br /> -Louis XV. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 26, 138, 163, 176-177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; ii. 102, 188, 230, 298-299, 301;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 127, 181, 194; iv. 8, 38, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 252; v. 51, 137, 215, 333; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_241">241</a>-<a href="#Page_242">242</a></span><br /> -Louis XVI. King of France and<br /> -Navarre, i. xxi, 6, 18, 51, 111-112,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118-123, 134, 138, 140, 143-144, 146,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">156-157, 159-165, 168-169, 176, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 216, 247, 261; ii. 4, 5, 12-14,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 22, 25, 34, 43, 48, 52, 54, 61-62,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 82, 106-107, 119, 142, 156-157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 171, 234, 257, 259, 296, 300-301;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 5, 16-17, 56, 59, 65, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75-76, 79, 94, 99, 102-104, 119,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127, 139, 142-143, 167, 177, 182,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">188, 218; iv. 4, 22, 25, 38, 40, 55,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">84, 91, 96, 109-111, 124, 189, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">252; v. 162, 175, 177-178, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">189, 275, 303, 321, 332, 356, 387,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">393, 402, 407-409; vi. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_33">33</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-<a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></span><br /> -Louis XVII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. 156-157, 160, 163; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">216; iii. 94; iv. 109</span><br /> -Louis XVIII. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, i. xxi, 32, 37, 59, 71, 107,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160-161, 163, 176, 178, 184-186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">190; ii. 4, 17, 22, 34, 40, 64, 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 100-101, 104, 107, 137, 156,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 195, 251, 257-259, 279-280,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301; iii. 13, 37, 57, 61, 63, 65, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73, 76, 78-81, 84-85, 87, 89-102,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 111-112, 116-124, 126-129,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131-133, 136-139, 141-147, 150, 153, 155</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158-159, 161-162, 165, 168-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180-184, 188-189, 211; iv. 1, 3, 7-12,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">14, 21, 27, 29-30, 43-44, 59, 61-63</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65-66, 68-69, 79, 85-86, 90-91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97, 101, 106-107, 109, 111, 138-139,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">169-170, 187, 199, 212, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">230, 302; v. 18, 44, 78, 81, 97, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 119, 146-148, 160, 172, 178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">227, 267, 339, 342, 348, 360, 393,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">395, 398-399, 401; vi. 45, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a></span><br /> -Louis XIX. King of France and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre, Louis Antoine Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Angoulême, later, i. 156, 160; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 259; iii. 119-120, 122, 129-130,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">140; iv. 8, 96, 116, 169, 219, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">280, 299; v. 69, 84, 88, 96, 104, 106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110-111, 129-132, 143, 147-151, 153,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">157, 168-169, 191-192, 220, 307,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 342, 360-361, 372, 374-375, 378-379,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">385-386, 394, 402, 406, 417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 35, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> -Louis King of Holland, iii. 17; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241; v. 44, 292</span><br /> -Louis II. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. 202</span><br /> -Louis of Bavaria, H.R.H. Prince, iv. 251<br /> -Louis of Bavaria, <i>de jure</i> Mary IV.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of England, Scotland and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Maria Theresa Henrietta</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dorothea of Modena, H.R.H. Princess, iv. 251</span><br /> -Louis Dauphin of France, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Great Dauphin, vi. <a href="#Page_241">241</a></span><br /> -Louis Duc de Bourgogne, later Dauphin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France, vi. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -Louis of Prussia, Prince, iv. 33<br /> -Louis, Joseph Dominique Abbé Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177; iii. 100, 127, 129-131, 171-173;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 72, 115, 172-173</span><br /> -Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, Prince, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289-290; iv. 34</span><br /> -Louis-Philippe Duc d'Orléans, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of the French, i. 37, 134, 177,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185; ii. 26, 100, 163, 168, 222-223,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261, 280, 293; iii. 13, 50-51, 57, 65,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89-90, 95, 99, 111-112, 117, 119,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124-125, 137, 139, 143, 145, 163, 165,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">168, 178, 225; iv. 15, 21, 58, 75,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 111, 114, 135, 138, 145, 161;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 27, 86-87, 94, 101, 103, 105-106,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108, 114, 118, 123, 126-128, 132-143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-152, 156-163, 168, 171-174,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178, 193, 211, 218-220, 222, 225,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">238, 253, 258, 260-261, 264, 290,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307-308, 325, 327, 366, 368, 396,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">398; vi. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-<a href="#Page_114">114</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>-<a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>-<a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></span><br /> -Louisa of Mecklemburg-Strelitz, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, ii. 258; iii. 60, 86; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 49, 58, 164</span><br /> -Louise of Orleans, Queen of the Belgians, vi. <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> -Louise of Stolberg-Godern, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, known as Countess of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albany, ii. 202; iv. 249-250</span><br /> -Louise of France, Duchess of Parma,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 174, 321, 324-325, 359, 361-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-378, 383, 388, 390-391, 406-408,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415; vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-<a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>-<a href="#Page_255">255</a></span><br /> -Louvel, Louis Pierre, ii. 54; iii. 89,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">119; iv. 11, 21-23, 59; v. 303</span><br /> -Louverture (see Toussaint-Louverture)<br /> -Louvois, François Michel Letellier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, vi. <a href="#Page_19">19</a></span><br /> -Louÿs, M. Pierre, i. xiii.<br /> -Lovelace, Richard, v, 255<br /> -Lowe, Sir Hudson, ii. 286; iii. 88,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192, 210</span><br /> -Lowes, Mrs., ii. 97<br /> -Loyola (see Ignatius Loyola)<br /> -Luc (see Vintimille du Luc)<br /> -Lucan, Marcus Annæus Lucanus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 29</span><br /> -Lucas (see Boisé-Lucas)<br /> -Lucchesi-Palli di Campo Franco e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pignatelli, Duca Della Gracia, Ettore</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conte di, iii. 156; v. 321-323, 366;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>-<a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> -Lucchesi-Palli Demoiselle de, iii. 156<br /> -Lucchesi-Palli (see also Campo-Franco)<br /> -Lucian, v. 379; vi. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, 53, 83; v. 229</span><br /> -Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, v. 13<br /> -Lucrezia de'Medici, Duchess of Ferrara, vi. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Lucrezia of Este, Princess, vi. <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> -*Luke, Saint, v. 300, 307; iv. 240; vi. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> -Luna, Pedro de, v. 13<br /> -Lusignan, Hugh of, i. 9<br /> -Lussigny (see d'Ancre)<br /> -Luther, Martin, iv. 32; v. 16, 273, 332, 388<br /> -Lützow, Count von, iv. 236; v. 7, 32, 38<br /> -Lützow, Countess von, iv. 236<br /> -Luxembourg, François Henri de<br /> -Montmorency-Bouteville, Maréchal Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 162; vi. <a href="#Page_19">19</a></span><br /> -Luynes, Charles d'Albert Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 172; vi. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_29">29</a></span><br /> -Luynes, née de Montmorency-Laval,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, ii. 192</span><br /> -Luynes, Duc de, iv. 178<br /> -Luynes, Duchesse de (see also Chevreuse)<br /> -Luzerne (see La Luzerne)<br /> -Lycurgus, iv. 31<br /> -Lydia, the courtezan, v. 285<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -M<br /> -<br /> -Macbeth King of Scotland, ii. 122<br /> -Mac Carthy, Abbé Nicolas de, v. 367<br /> -Mac Carthy, Mr., v. 367<br /> -Macchi, Archbishop of Nisibis, Vincento<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 18, 38-39</span><br /> -Macdonald (see Tarente)<br /> -Maceroni, Colonel Francis, iv. 197<br /> -Machault d'Arnouville, Jean Baptiste,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 181; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Machiavelli, Niccolo, vi. <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> -M'Intyre (see Simms and M'Intyre)<br /> -Macirone (see Maceroni)<br /> -Mack von Leiberich, Karl Baron, ii. 40<br /> -Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, i. 136, 215<br /> -Mackintosh, Sir James, ii. 139<br /> -Macpherson, James, ii. 133<br /> -Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, vi. <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> -Madrid, Duque de (see Charles VII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and XI. King of Spain, France and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Navarre)</span><br /> -Madrid, Duquesa de (see Bertha Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and France)</span><br /> -Magnay, Christopher, iv. 71<br /> -Magon, Hervine, i. 34<br /> -Mahaffy, Dr. John Pentland, v. 56, 229<br /> -Mahé de La Bourdonnais (see La Bourdonnais)<br /> -Mahis (see Des Mahis)<br /> -Mahmud II. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-269,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">272, 277-279, 283-284, 297, 303;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 25-26, 51, 389</span><br /> -Mahomet, iv. 277<br /> -Mailhe, Jean Baptiste, iii. 75<br /> -Maillard de Lescourt, Major, iii, 62<br /> -Mailleville, M., v. 55<br /> -Mailly, Louis Marie Duc de, ii. 297<br /> -Mailly, Louise Julie de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 297-299</span><br /> -Mailly (see also Coislin and Nesle)<br /> -Maintenon, later Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise d'Aubigné, Dame Scarron,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, i. 14; ii. 172,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">192; iii. 27; iv. 79; vi. <a href="#Page_238">238</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_240">240</a>-<a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> -Maison, Nicolas Joseph Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Marquis, iii. 89-90; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">267; v. 152-153; vi. <a href="#Page_244">244</a></span><br /> -Maison-Blanche, Sieur, iv. 245-246<br /> -Maisonfort (see La Maisonfort)<br /> -Maitland, Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 189-190, 192</span><br /> -Majorian, the Emperor, ii. 45<br /> -Malatesta, Francesca da Rimini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Signora, iv. 229; vi. <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> -Malcolm, Admiral Sir Pulteney, iii. 212<br /> -Malescot, i. 7<br /> -Malesherbes, Guillaume de Lamoignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 134</span><br /> -Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamoignon de, i. xxi, 8, 50, 72, 83,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134-137, 161, 167, 180, 215-216, 227;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 22-23, 27, 32, 49, 60, 81-82, 84,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">295; iii. 139; iv, 4; v. 64-65, 304;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Malesherbes, Françoise Thérèse Grimod,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame de, ii. 27</span><br /> -Malet, General Claude François de, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">262, 269</span><br /> -Malfilatre, Alexandre Henri de, i. 83<br /> -Malfilatre, Jacques Charles Louis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinchamp de, i. 83; ii. 176</span><br /> -Malherbe (see Bonnet de Malherbe)<br /> -Malibran, Mr., vi. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Malibran, later Dame de Bériot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Felicita Garcia, Dame, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">207; vi. <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> -Malipieri, Podesta of Padua, Angelo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> -Malle (see Bureau de La Malic)<br /> -Mallet-Dupan, Jacques, i. 175<br /> -Malo Bishop of Aleth, Saint, i. 25<br /> -Malouet, Pierre Victor Baron, ii. 100;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 99</span><br /> -Malte-Brun, Conrad, iii. 8<br /> -Mame, Auguste, iii. 53<br /> -Mandaroux-Vertamy, M., v. 304<br /> -Mandelot, François de, ii. 308<br /> -Mandini, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Mandini, Signora, i. 173<br /> -Mandricardo, Silvio Pellico's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">messenger, vi. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></span><br /> -Mangin, Jean Henri Claude, v. 94, 96<br /> -Mansfield, David Murray, second Earl of, i. 188<br /> -Mansfield, Louisa Cathcart, Countess of, i. 188<br /> -Manso (see Della Villa)<br /> -Manuel I. Emperor of the East, v. 400<br /> -Manuel, Jacques Antoine, iii. 166; iv. 128<br /> -Manutius, Aldus, vi. <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> -Manutius the Younger, Aldus, vi. <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> -Manutius, Paulus, vi. <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> -Manzoni, Alessandro Conte, i. xxiii;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 214; v. 229-230; vi. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></span><br /> -Marat, Jean Paul, i. 132, 161, 164;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 14, 16-19, 21, 159; iv. 189</span><br /> -Marbod (see Maroboduus)<br /> -Marceau, General François Séverin<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Desgraviers, iii. 67</span><br /> -Marcellus, Marie Louis Jean André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Demartin du Tyrac, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 5, 185; iv. 139, 215-219; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 40-41, 153; vi. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br /> -Marchais, André Louis Augustin, v. 105<br /> -Marchal, Pierre François, v. 96, 115<br /> -Marchand, Abbé, i. 63<br /> -Marchand, Napoleon's valet, iii. 211<br /> -Marck, Alexander Count von der, iv. 38<br /> -Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the<br /> -Emperor, v. 57-58; vi. <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Maret (see Bassano)<br /> -Mareuil (see Durand de Mareuil)<br /> -Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, ii. 200<br /> -Margaret of Lusignan, Queen (?) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, i. 9</span><br /> -Margaret of Provence, Queen of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 192</span><br /> -Margaret of Scotland, Dauphiness of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, ii. 200</span><br /> -Margaret of Valois, Queen of France<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre, ii. 172-173, 206; vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Margaret of France, Queen of Navarre, vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Margaret of Valois, mother of Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Blois, i. 141</span><br /> -Margherita di Gonzaga, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. 84</span><br /> -Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Saxe-Teschen, vi. <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -Maria Christina of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iii. 221; v. 74, 207</span><br /> -Maria Feodorowna (Maria Sophia) of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg-Mümpelgard, Empress</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Russia, iii. 49; iv. 281</span><br /> -Maria Isabella of Spain, Queen of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Two Sicilies, v. 74-75</span><br /> -Maria Louisa of Spain, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etruria, iv. 224</span><br /> -Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungry and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bohemia, the Empress, v. 410; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Maria Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of Bavaria, v. 345</span><br /> -Marie Leczinska, Queen of France, ii. 299<br /> -Marie de Medici, Queen of France, i. 117;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_28">28</a></span><br /> -Marie de France, vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Marie, Sister, iv. 207<br /> -Marie-Amélie of Naples, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orléans, later Queen of the French,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 134, 156-161; vi. <a href="#Page_37">37</a></span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Austria, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, i. 32, 100-101, 118-119, 156-157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160-161, 163, 175, 187, 216-217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 12; iii. 102-104; iv. 4; v. 144,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">307, 309, 356, 407-408; vi. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Marie-Antoinette of Naples, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain, iv. 178</span><br /> -Marie-Louise of Austria, Empress of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the French, later Duchess of Parma,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iii. 34, 54-56, 64, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">108-109, 144, 154, 156, 194, 217; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187, 224; v. 322; vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a></span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse Duchesse d'Angoulême,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Queen of France, i. 102, 156-157</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160; iii. 65, 73, 91, 103, 119-120</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">139, 176; iv. 91, 96-97, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134; v. 111, 144, 147, 275, 297,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">321, 325, 359, 361, 363, 365-366,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">372, 374, 391, 405-410, 412-417;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> -Marie-Thérèse of Modena, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, v. 146; vi. 78</span><br /> -Marigny, Jean Joseph Geffelot, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 53</span><br /> -Marigny, Marie Anne Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand, Comtesse de, i. 15,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">40, 53, 66, 111-112, 150; ii. 175,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">319; vi. <a href="#Page_255">255</a>-<a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> -Marin, Chevalier, iv. 162<br /> -Marischal (see Keith)<br /> -Marius, Caius, iii. 87; iv. 14; v. 40<br /> -Mark, Saint, iii. 123; v. 374; vi. <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> -Marlborough, John Churchill, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. 139; iii. 197; v. 333;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_20">20</a></span><br /> -Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, v. 333</span><br /> -Marmont (see Raguse)<br /> -Marmontel, Jean François, i. 133<br /> -Marmora (see Della Marmora)<br /> -Marnes, pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Louis XIX. King of France</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Navarre and Marie-Thérèse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen of France)</span><br /> -Maroboduus King of the Marcomanni, vi. <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> -Marolles, Abbé Michel de, i. 75<br /> -Maroncelli, Signor, vi. <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> -Marot, Clement, vi. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> -Mars, Marguerite Salvetat, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madame, i. 128</span><br /> -Mars, Anne Françoise Hippolyte<br /> -Boutet, known as Mademoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Martignac, Jean Baptiste Silvere Gaye,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, iv. 13, 138, 221, 261;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 67-69, 120</span><br /> -Martin Bishop of Tours, Saint, vi. <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> -Martin, K.C.B., Sir Theodore, iv. 225<br /> -Martinez de La Rosa, Francisco, i. xxii<br /> -Martinière (see La Martinière)<br /> -Mary II. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary I. Queen of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scots)</span><br /> -Mary III. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Mary Beatrice</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of Modena)</span><br /> -Mary IV. Queen of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland, H.M. (see Louis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, H. R. H. Princess)</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Scots, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France, de jure Mary II. Queen of</span><br /> -England and Ireland, i. 245; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">251; vi. <a href="#Page_173">173</a></span><br /> -Mary of Saxe-Altenburg, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hanover, iv. 47</span><br /> -Mary I. Queen of Portugal, iv. 53<br /> -Mary II. Queen of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Mary, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Mary Beatrice of Sardinia, Duchess of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Modena, <i>de jure</i> Mary III. Queen</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, Scotland and Ireland,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 251; vi. <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> -Masinissa King of Massylia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Numidia, ii. 331</span><br /> -Mason, William, ii. 129<br /> -Massa, Claude Ambroise Regnier, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 273</span><br /> -Masséna (see Rivoli)<br /> -Massias, Nicolas Baron, ii. 280<br /> -Massillon, Bishop of Clermont, Jean<br /> -Baptiste, i. 54, 84<br /> -Massimo (see d'Arsoli)<br /> -Masson, M. Frédéric, iv. 189<br /> -Matignan, Madame de, iii. 17<br /> -Matthew, Saint, iv. 291; v. 374<br /> -Mattos (see Teixeira de Mattos)<br /> -Maubourg (see Latour-Maubourg)<br /> -Maubreuil, Marie Armand, Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guerri de Maubreuil, Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Orvault, known as Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 86-87; vi. <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -Maud <i>de jure</i> Queen of England, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empress, i. 8</span><br /> -Mauduit, Quarter-master, iii. 15<br /> -Mauduit de Larive (see Larive)<br /> -Mauguin, François, v. 96, 113, 116<br /> -Mauléon (see Causans de Mauléon)<br /> -Maulevrier, Comte de, i. 72<br /> -Maulevrier, Louis de Brézé, Comte de, ii. 294<br /> -Maulevrier (see also Colbert de Maulevrier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Valentinois)</span><br /> -Maunoir, Père, i. 30<br /> -Mauny (see Noury de Mauny)<br /> -Maupcou, René Nicolas, i. 138; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> -Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, i. 18-26<br /> -Maurel, the game-keeper, v. 244<br /> -Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phelippeaux,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Maurice, Saint, vi. <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> -Mauro, Fra, vi. <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> -Maury, Bishop of Montefiascone, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Paris, Jean Siffrein</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, iii. 30</span><br /> -Mauvissière (see Castelnau)<br /> -Maximian, the Emperor, iii. 206<br /> -Maximilian I. Elector of Bavaria, ii. 51<br /> -Maximilian I. King of Bavaria, iv. 57,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164; v. 25, 345</span><br /> -Maximilian II. King of Bavaria, v. 25<br /> -Maximilian I., the Emperor, i. 141;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 176</span><br /> -Maximus, v. 60<br /> -Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duc de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 15, 21; iii. 74-75</span><br /> -Mazarin, Jules Cardinal, ii. 151, 153;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 9, 245; v. 50; vi. <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> -Méchin, Alexandre Edme Baron, v. 138-139<br /> -Mecklenburg (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Medici (see Sforza)<br /> -Megret de Sérilly (see Sérilly)<br /> -Mehemet Ali Viceroy of Egypt, i. xxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 264, 278</span><br /> -Melanchthon, Philipp, vi. <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> -Melbourne, Peniston Lamb, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melbourne, Elizabeth Milbanke,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscountess, iv. 160</span><br /> -Melchthal, Arnold von, v. 274, 277<br /> -Melmoth the Younger, William, v. 60<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Melzi (see Lodi)</span><br /> -Mennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Méot, the tavern-keeper, ii. 17<br /> -Mercier Dupaty (see Dupaty)<br /> -Mercœur, Élisa, vi. <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -Mercy, Franz Field-Marshal Baron von, ii. 510<br /> -Méré (see Courier de Méré and Poltrot de Méré)<br /> -Merfeld, General, v. 103<br /> -Méricourt (see Théroigne de Mencourt)<br /> -Mérilhou, Joseph, v. 95, 115, 265<br /> -Méritens (see Allart de Méritens)<br /> -Merlin, the auctioneer, iv. 11<br /> -Merlin de Douay, Philippe Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, ii. 108; iii. 153</span><br /> -Merlin de Thionville, Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Christophe, ii. 108; iii. 153</span><br /> -Mérona, M. de, iv. 103<br /> -Merovius (see Merowig)<br /> -Merowig King of the Franks, ii. 29<br /> -Mesmer, Friedrich Anton, i. 145<br /> -Mesnard, Paul, iv. 128<br /> -Mesnard, Louis Charles Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pierre Comte de, v. 244; vi. <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> -Mesnard, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Mesnier, Louis Marthe, iv. 7<br /> -Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Trapassi, known as, ii. 78</span><br /> -Metel (see Boisrobert)<br /> -Métel, Hugues, ii. 44<br /> -Metella, Cæcilia, ii. 244; iv. 236; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 61; vi. <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> -Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Prince von, ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">134, 143; iii. 154; iv. 73-74, 96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">102, 128, 266; v. 38, 91, 123, 181,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">339, 341-342, 352-353, 369, 384,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">408; vi. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></span><br /> -Mettrie (see La Mettrie)<br /> -Meunier, Captain, v. 110<br /> -Mézeray, François Eudes de, i. 55<br /> -Mézy, Dame de, ii. 296<br /> -Micara, Luigi Cardinal, v. 8<br /> -Michael I. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237; v. 81</span><br /> -Michael II. King of Portugal and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Algarves, iv. 237</span><br /> -Michael Pavlowitch of Russia, Grand-duke, iv. 36<br /> -Michael Angelo, Michelagnolo Buonarotti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 166; ii. 123,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">219; iii. 225; iv. 181, 226, 236, 239,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">241-243, 256, 286; v. 2, 29, 36, 59,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">61, 316; vi. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -Michaud, Joseph, ii. 233; iv. 131-132, 204<br /> -Migneret, the publisher, ii. 157, 181, 198, 209<br /> -Mignet, François Auguste Marie, v. 82-83,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">95-96, 105, 127, 206; vi. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>-<a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Mila, the Indian girl, i. 231, 236; vi. <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> -Milbanke-Noel, Sir Ralph, ii. 136<br /> -Milton, John, i. 95, 166; ii. 17, 74, 94,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">110, 121-122, 220, 292; iii. 22, 24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">27, 34; iv. 42-43, 93-94, 245, 257;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 133; vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span><br /> -Miniac (see Gouyon de Miniac)<br /> -Mionnet, Theodore, v. 53-54<br /> -Mirabeau, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 167; vi. 42</span><br /> -Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré Riquetti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. xxi, 83, 155, 166-171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-177, 179, 182; ii. 4, 12, 71, 77,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109; iii. 166; iv. 6, 39, 47, 55-56;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br /> -Mirabeau, André Boniface Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riquetti, Vicomte de, i. 170-171,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176; ii. 4, 80</span><br /> -Mirabeau, Jean Antoine Joseph Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elzéar de Riquetti, known as the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bailli de, i. 167</span><br /> -Misson, François Maximilien, iv. 246<br /> -Mithridales VI. Eupator King of Pontus, v. 335<br /> -Mnata, v. 386<br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Giovanni, vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Luigi, vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Mocenigo, Doge of Venice, Tommaso, vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Moëlien de Trojolif, Thérèse Josèphe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 66, 92, 126</span><br /> -Mohl, Julius von, vi. <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> -Mohl, Madame, vi. <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> -Molé, Matthieu Louis Comte, i. 134;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 168, 192, 319; iv. 26, 118-119</span><br /> -Molé, Édouard, i. 134<br /> -Molé, Matthieu, i. 134; ii. 192<br /> -Molé, François René Molet, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 128, 173</span><br /> -Molé de Champlatreux, Édouard François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Matthieu Président, i. 134; ii. 192</span><br /> -Molet (see Molé)<br /> -Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. 122, 124, 128, 170; iv. 2; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 19, 70, 345, 353; vi. <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -Moligny, Abbé de, v. 363, 372<br /> -Molin, Captain, ii. 262, 267<br /> -Monceau (see Duhamel de Monceau)<br /> -Moncey (see Conegliano)<br /> -Monet, M., i. 179<br /> -Monet, Demoiselle, i. 179<br /> -Monfeltrio delle Rovere (see Lante<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monfeltrio delle Rovere)</span><br /> -Monge (see Péluse)<br /> -Monica, Saint, i. 31<br /> -Monmerqué, Louis Jacques Nicolas, iv. 44<br /> -Monnier, Marquis de, i. 168<br /> -Monnier, Sophie Ruffei, Marquise de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 167-168</span><br /> -Monroe, President of the United States<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of America, James, iv. 66, 127</span><br /> -Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 52, 71, 79, 231; ii. 22, 73,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">124, 126-127, 206, 220; iii. 60, 177;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 149, 231, 243-244, 257; v. 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">333; vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br /> -Montaigne (see also Gamaches)<br /> -Montaigu, M. de, vi. <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> -Montalivet, Marthe Camille Bachasson,<br /> -Comte de, iv. 114-115, 247-248, 259, 266<br /> -Montauban, Arthur de, i. 25<br /> -Montbel, Guillaume Isidore Baron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 72, 81-82, 379, 422;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>-<a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>-<a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> -Montboissier, Baron de, ii. 32, 49, 60<br /> -Montboissier, née de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, ii. 49</span><br /> -Montboissier (see also Colbert de Montboissier)<br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philippe Simon Marquis de, i. 72, 135</span><br /> -Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Françoise Pauline de Malesherbes,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 135</span><br /> -Montbourcher, René François Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 153</span><br /> -Montcalm, Armande du Plessis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vignerot, Marquise de, iii. 51, 97;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 26-27; v. 398</span><br /> -Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, i. 224; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Montchenu, Marquis de, iii. 210-211<br /> -Montebello, Jean Lannes, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 300; v. 28</span><br /> -Montebello, Napoléon Auguste Lannes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, later Duc de, iv. 300-302; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 28-29</span><br /> -Montenoy (see Palissot de Montenoy)<br /> -Montenuovo, Wilhelm Albert Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 187, 224; v. 322</span><br /> -Montes, Lola (see Lansfeld)<br /> -Montespan, Françoise Athénais de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rochechouart de Mortemart,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 103, 120; v. 215; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_246">246</a>-<a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> -Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de La Brède and de, ii. 220; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">10, 22, 33, 129; iv. 122, 127, 253;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, François Xavier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marc Antoine Abbé Duc de, iii. 73-74,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 127, 131; iv. 59</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Ambroise Anatole<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustin Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 134, 156-157</span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Élisabeth Pierre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, vi. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-<a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -Montesquiou-Fézensac, Louise Joséphine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de La Live de Briche, Comtesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 191</span><br /> -Montesson (see d'Orléans)<br /> -Montfort, Simon Comte de, ii. 206<br /> -Montfort, pseud., Comte de (see Jerome<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Westphalia)</span><br /> -Montgascon, M. de, v. 131<br /> -Montgelas, Max Jose Garnerin, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von, iv. 57</span><br /> -Montgomery, Comte de, ii. 192<br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Charles Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Tristan Comte, later Marquis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 280; iii. 192, 209, 211, 222-223</span><br /> -Montholon-Sémonville, Albinie Hélène<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Vassal, Comtesse de, iii. 209</span><br /> -Monti, Vincenzo, i. xxiii; vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Montléart, Prince de, v. 322<br /> -Montlosier, François Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reynaud Comte de, i. 175; ii. 71,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100-102; iv. 123-125</span><br /> -Montlouët, François Jean Raphaël de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brunes, Comte, later Marquis de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 108-109</span><br /> -Montluc, Blaise de Lasseran-Massencome,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Seigneur de, i. 109; v. 380</span><br /> -Montluc (see also La Bourdonnaye-Montluc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Bourdonnaye de Montluc)</span><br /> -Montmirel, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cook, iv. 98; v. 326; vi. <a href="#Page_14">14</a></span><br /> -Montmorency, Anne Maréchal Connétable de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 182</span><br /> -Montmorency, Mathieu I. Connétable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, iv. 209</span><br /> -Montmorency, Aline Dame de, iv. 209<br /> -Montmorency, Henry II. Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 105</span><br /> -Montmorency, François Duc de, ii. 121<br /> -Montmorency, née de Matignon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne-Duchesse de, iii. 17</span><br /> -Montmorency, Baronne de, ii. 31<br /> -Montmorency, Demoiselle de, i. 117<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorency (see also Adelaide,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laval-Montmorency and Luxembourg)</span><br /> -Montmorency-Laval, Mathieu Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Félicité Vicomte, later Duc de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; ii. 192; iv. 12, 29-30, 62, 65-69</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76-77, 83-91, 95, 122, 133, 160,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">164-166, 169, 171, 176-177, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">207-209, 213, 216-217, 286; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> -Montmorin the Elder, Comte de, ii. 35<br /> -Montmorin, Antoine Hugues Calixte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 172</span><br /> -Montmorin, Auguste de, ii. 237<br /> -Montmorin, Louis Victor Hippolyte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Luce de, ii. 167</span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 140, 145, 156; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167, 213, 230, 237, 241, 251; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183; v. 319</span><br /> -Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Comtesse de, ii. 167<br /> -Montolieu, Baron de, iv. 120<br /> -Montolieu, Jeanne Isabelle Pauline<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polier de Bottens, Dame de Crouzas,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Baronne de, iv. 120</span><br /> -Montor (see Arnaud de Montor)<br /> -Montpensier, Antoine Philippe d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 161</span><br /> -Montrond, M. de, iii. 143<br /> -Monvel, Jacques Marie Boutet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">as, i. 128; vi. <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br /> -Moore, Thomas, ii. 128<br /> -Morandais (see La Morandais)<br /> -More, Blessed Sir Thomas, v. 57<br /> -Moreau, Marshal Jean Victor, i. xxi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">65, 153; ii. 249, 252; iii. 67, 68,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">203; iv. 164-170, 220, 299; v. 246,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 332, 387</span><br /> -Moreau, née Hulot, Maréchale, ii. 64;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 166-167, 169</span><br /> -Moreau, Demoiselle, iv. 169<br /> -Moreau, Annibal, i. 101, 104-105, 112;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 44; iii. 8</span><br /> -Moreau, Julie Angélique Hyacinthe de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedée, Dame, i. 101</span><br /> -Moreau de Saint-Méry, Méderic Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Élie, i. 161</span><br /> -Morellet, Abbé André, ii. 51, 163; iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-22, 28; iv. 6</span><br /> -Moréti, Louis, i. 5<br /> -Morey, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Morice, Dom, i. 5<br /> -Mornay, Demoiselle de, v. 115<br /> -Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iii. 169</span><br /> -Morosini, Doge of Venice, Michele, vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Mortemart, Casimir Louis Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rochechouart, Prince de Tonnay-Charente,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 111, 113-114,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116-118, 122-123, 128</span><br /> -Mortemart, Gabriel de Rochechouart,<br /> -Marquis de, i. 103, 178<br /> -Mortemart, Victurnien Bonaventure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victor de Rochechouart, Marquis de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 106; ii. 35; vi. <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -Mortemart (see also Fontevrault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montespan and Thianges)</span><br /> -Mosbourg, Jean Michel Laurent Agar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 190</span><br /> -Mosbourg, née Marat, Comtesse de, iv. 190<br /> -Moses, ii. 218; iv. 226, 285; v. 392<br /> -Moskowa (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Mosselmann, M., iv. 170<br /> -Motha (see Le Motha)<br /> -Motier de La Fayette (see La Fayette)<br /> -Motteux, Peter Anthony, i. 133; iv. 243<br /> -Motteville, Nicolas Langlois, Sieur de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 245</span><br /> -Motteville, Françoise Bertaud, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 245; v. 71</span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe de Noailles, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 163</span><br /> -Mouchy, Antoine Juste Léon Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_239">239</a></span><br /> -Mouchy, Philippe Louis Marie Antoine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Noailles, Prince de Poix, Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 95</span><br /> -Mouchy, Arthur Jean Tristan Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Languedoc Comte de Noailles, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 296</span><br /> -Mouchy, Nathalie Luce Léontine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joséphine de La Borde de Méréville,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Noailles, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 296</span><br /> -Mounier, Claude Philibert Édouard<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron, iii. 131, 171</span><br /> -Mounier, Jean Joseph, iii. 131<br /> -Mousette, M., v. 95<br /> -"Mousset," M. de, ii. 84<br /> -Muiron, Colonel, iii. 210<br /> -Müller, Johann von, v. 274<br /> -Munich, Christoph Burchard,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal Count von, i. 13</span><br /> -Muraire, Honoré Comte, iv. 10<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Achille Prince, iv. 198<br /> -Murat, Napoléon Lucien Charles Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 219; iv. 198</span><br /> -Murat, the inn-keeper, ii. 25; iv. 184<br /> -Murat (see also Caroline Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, Joachim King of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pepoli and Rasponi)</span><br /> -Murillo, Bartolomé Estéban, iv. 239;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 381</span><br /> -Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, v. 203<br /> -Mussy (see Gueneau de Mussy)<br /> -Mustapha II. Sultan of Turkey, vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> -Mustapha IV. Sultan of Turkey, iv. 267-268<br /> -Muther, Dr. Richard, iv. 240<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -N<br /> -<br /> -Nacquart, Colonel de, v. 245<br /> -Nagault (see Nagot)<br /> -Nagot, Abbé François Charles, i. 181, 195, 200<br /> -Nangis, Guillaume de, ii. 30<br /> -Napoleon, Saint, iii. 209<br /> -Napoleon I. Emperor of the French, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">15, 21-22, 13, 16, 71, 99, 102, 104,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 132, 134, 170, 176, 179, 211-214,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">217, 235; ii. 17, 25-26, 40, 52,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 100, 108, 110, 118, 139, 147,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">154, 159, 161, 175, 180-181, 187-188</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">190, 195, 200, 210-214, 219-220</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">222-224, 232, 246-247, 249-255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">257-265, 269-275, 278, 280-292, 294,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301, 303, 309; iii. 4-5, 7-9, 12, 15-18,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-24, 29-30, 34-36, 46-52, 54-91,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-99, 102-103, 106-124, 127,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">129-131, 133-134, 136-137, 139-141,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">143, 145-146, 148-171, 179-180, 182-206</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">208-228; iv. 1-3, 6-7, 10, 19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 32, 40, 49, 53, 56, 58, 75-76,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107, 109-111, 143, 145, 158, 163-169,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">174-180, 183-184, 187-203, 205, 208,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 223-224, 231, 237-238, 242, 254-255,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">264, 274, 295; v. 4-5, 40, 43-44,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">46, 48, 58-59, 68, 80-82, 90, 92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">100, 103, 108, 113, 116, 121, 134,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">150, 160, 162, 164, 166, 174, 176,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 202, 211, 227, 232, 235, 245,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">249, 263, 272, 280, 291-296, 330-331,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">332-333, 337, 379, 390, 393-394,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">397-401, 403; vi. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>-<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_182">182</a>-<a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>-<a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></span><br /> -Napoleon II. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iii. 34, 54, 64, 109, 143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">154, 166-167, 170, 217; iv. 59, 224,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">44; v. 92, 280; vi. <a href="#Page_117">117</a></span><br /> -Napoleon III. Emperor of the French,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President of the French Republic,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later, i. 185; ii. 219, 280, 295; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">64, 109, 143, 169, 192, 227; iv. 33,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114; v. 58, 83, 94, 103, 108, 292-298,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301-302: vi. <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> -Narbonne, Duc de, vi. 138<br /> -Narbonne, Duchesse de, vi. <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> -Narbonne, Jean de Foix, Vicomte de, i. 120<br /> -Narischkine, Alexander, iv. 236<br /> -Narischkine, Maria Antonovna, iv. 236<br /> -Navarre, Dame de, ii. 311, 316<br /> -Nay, M., v. 256, 263<br /> -Neale, Mary, ii. 99<br /> -Necker, Jacques, i. 130, 141, 155-157,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 162-163, 165, 177; ii. 240-241;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 120, 158-160, 170, 183; v. 300;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Necker, Suzanne Curchod, Dame, iv. 120, 300<br /> -Necker de Saussure, Albertine Adrienne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Saussure, Dame, v. 200</span><br /> -Nefftzer, A., v. 96<br /> -Neipperg, Adam Adalbert Count von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 264; iv. 187, 224; v. 322; vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a></span><br /> -Nelson, Duke of Bronte, Horatio first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, i. 21; ii. 139-140; iv. 185</span><br /> -Nemours, Gaston de Foix, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 120; iv. 228</span><br /> -Nemours (see also Dupont de Nemours<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Longueville-Nemours)</span><br /> -Nero, the Emperor, ii. 258, 291; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">233, 299; v. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br /> -Nerva, the Emperor, iv. 229<br /> -Nesle, Regent of France, Jean II. de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 297</span><br /> -Nesle, Raoul Connétable de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesle, Louis de Mailly, Marquis de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesle the Younger, Marquis de, ii. 299<br /> -Nesle, Drogon de, ii. 297<br /> -Nesselrode, Karl Robert Count, v. 384<br /> -Nettement, Alfred François, v. 99,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101; vi. <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -Nétumières (see Hay des Nétumières)<br /> -Neuchâtel (see Wagram)<br /> -Neufchâteau (see François de Neufchâteau)<br /> -Neuhof (see Theodore King of Corsica)<br /> -Neuville (see Hyde de Neuville)<br /> -Neveu, the painter, ii. 194, 196<br /> -Neville, Archbishop of York, George, v. 336<br /> -Newton, Sir Isaac, i. 151; ii. 74, 86,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">187; v. 387</span><br /> -Ney (see d'Elchingen)<br /> -Nicholas Bishop of Myra, Saint, i. 174;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 289</span><br /> -Nicholas II., Pope, v. 11<br /> -Nicholas III. Marquis of Este, vi. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 99; iv. 33, 36, 118, 266-270, 274-279,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">281-283; v. 322</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duke (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas I. Tsar of All the Russias)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Russia, Grand-duchess (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandra Feodorowna Empress of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Russia)</span><br /> -Nicholas of Pisa (see Pisano)<br /> -Nicolaï, Monsignore Nicola Maria, iv. 259<br /> -Nicolas (see Chamfort)<br /> -Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, iv. 236<br /> -Nivelon, M., i. 173<br /> -Nivelon (see also Carline)<br /> -Nivernais, Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, i. 156</span><br /> -Noah (see Noe)<br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Noailles, vi. 238-240</span><br /> -Noailles, nie d'Aubigné, Duchesse de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br /> -Noailles, Adrien Maurice Victurnien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mathieu Duc de, ii. 191; vi. <a href="#Page_239">239</a></span><br /> -Noailles, Clotilde de la Ferté-Méung-Molé<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Champlatreux, Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Douairière de, ii. 191</span><br /> -Noailles, Paul Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>-<a href="#Page_244">244</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></span><br /> -Noailles, Alice de Rochechouart-Mortemart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, vi. <a href="#Page_243">243</a>-<a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -Noailles, Alexis Louis Joseph Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 97; iv. 199</span><br /> -Noailles, Louis Marie Vicomte de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163, 176</span><br /> -Noailles, Alfred Louis Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vincent de Paule Vicomte de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles, Charlotte Marie Antoinette<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léontine de Noailles-Mouchy,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomtesse de, iv. 78</span><br /> -Noailles (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Noe, v. 182<br /> -Noel (see Milbanke-Noel)<br /> -Nogart, Guillaume de, v. 48<br /> -Nogarola, Isotta, vi. <a href="#Page_110">110</a>-<a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> -Noirot, Lieutenant, ii. 262-263; v. 103<br /> -Normandie, Duc de (see Louis XVII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Normant (see Le Normant)<br /> -North (see Guilford)<br /> -Norvins, Jacques Marquet de Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron de, iv. 180, 182</span><br /> -Nôtre (see Le Nôtre)<br /> -Nouail, Pierre Henri, i. 15-16<br /> -Noue (see La Noue)<br /> -Noury de Mauny, i. 108<br /> -Nova, João de, iii. 206-207<br /> -Nugent, Charles Vicomte de, vi. <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -O<br /> -<br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este, vi. <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> -Obizzo I. Marquis of Este and Lord of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara, vi. <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -O'Connell, Daniel, iv. 92, 293<br /> -Odescalchi, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 5, 8</span><br /> -Odo King of France, iii. 58<br /> -Odo of Orleans, ii. 30<br /> -Odoacer King of the Heruli, iv. 227;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_195">195</a></span><br /> -Oger or Ogier, v. 378<br /> -O'Heguerty the Elder, Comte, v. 371,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">374-375, 378; vi. <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -O'Heguerty the Younger, M., v. 408, 410<br /> -O'Larry, Mrs., ii. 99<br /> -O'Larry, Miss. ii. 99<br /> -Olewieff, Major, iii. 83-84<br /> -Olga Nicolaiëvna of Russia, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, v. 322</span><br /> -Olimpia (see Pamfili)<br /> -Olivarez, Gasparo de Guzman, Conde<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 51</span><br /> -Olive, Demoiselle, iv. 148<br /> -Olivet, Captain, vi. <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> -d'Olivet, Pierre Joseph Thoulier, Abbé,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -Olivier, François Chancelier, v. 49-50<br /> -Olivier, Jeanne Adélaïde Gérardine, i. 128, 173<br /> -Oliviers (see Flins des Oliviers)<br /> -O'Meara, Dr. Barry Edward, iii. 216<br /> -Oppian, ii. 27, 306-307<br /> -Oppizzoni, Carlo Cardinal, iv. 235; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18, 21, 23</span><br /> -d'Ops, M., iii. 134<br /> -d'Ops, Dame, iii. 134<br /> -d'Orbesan, Sieur, vi. <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Orford, Horace Walpole, third Earl of, ii. 172<br /> -d'Orglandes (see Chateaubriand)<br /> -O'Riordan (see Connell)<br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe I. first Duc, iv. 251; v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Henrietta Anna of England,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, iii. 128; iv. 251; v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Charlotte Elizabeth of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bavaria, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Philippe II. second Duc, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 230; vi. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>-<a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -d'Orléans, Françoise Mademoiselle de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blois, Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis third Duc, v. 137<br /> -d'Orléans, Augusta of Baden, Duchesse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe fourth Duc,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise de Bourbon-Conti,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Jeanne Béraud de La Haye<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Riou, Marquise de Montesson,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse, v. 137</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc, i. 51, 145, 157, 174, 176; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">71, 294; iii. 111, 143; iv. 12; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">137, 141, 151</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louis Philippe sixth Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see Louis-Philippe King of the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French)</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Henri seventh Duc, vi. 150</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Louise Marie Adélaïde de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penthièvre, Duchesse, iv. 12</span><br /> -d'Orléans, Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse, vi. <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br /> -Orléans (see Dorléans and Odo of Orléans)<br /> -d'Ornano, Philippe Antoine Comte, iii. 109<br /> -d'Ornano (see also Walewska)<br /> -d'Orsay, Gillion Gaspard Alfred de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimaud, Comte, iv. 73</span><br /> -d'Orsay, Lady Harriet Gardiner,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, iv. 73</span><br /> -Orsini, Duca di Bracciano, iv. 80<br /> -Osman Seid, ii. 333<br /> -d'Osmond, René Eustache Marquis, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">103; iv. 74</span><br /> -d'Osmond, Éléonore Dillon, Marquise, iv. 74<br /> -d'Ossat, Bishop of Rennes, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bayeux, Arnaud Cardinal, iv. 280;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 50, 55, 70</span><br /> -Ossian, ii. 133; iii. 214; vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm Prince<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">von der, iii. <a href="#Page_63">63</a></span><br /> -Otho, the Emperor, i. <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> -d'Otrante, Joseph Fouché Duc, ii. 17,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">118, 259, 261; iii. 16-17, 111, 141-144</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">144, 151, 154-155, 165, 167-168,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">175-176, 178-180, 182-184; iv. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">11, 180, 194, 196</span><br /> -Otto III., the Emperor, v. 376<br /> -Otto IV., the Emperor, ii. 43<br /> -Otto King of the Hellenes, iv. 118<br /> -Ottoboni, Pietro Cardinal, v. 15<br /> -Otway, Thomas, vi. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> -Oudart, M., v. 135<br /> -Oudinot (see Reggio)<br /> -Outcaire (see Oger)<br /> -Ouvrard, the printer, v. 132<br /> -Ouvrier, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Overbeck, Friedrich Johann, iv. 240<br /> -Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 9, 186; v. 63, 69, 229</span><br /> -Oxenstiern, Axel Count, v. 51<br /> -Oxenstiern, Benedikt, v. 51<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -P<br /> -<br /> -Pacca, Bishop of Velletri, Bartolommeo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 4-5, 23</span><br /> -Paganini, Nicola, iv. 237<br /> -Paisiello, Giovanni, i. 225<br /> -Pajol, Pierre Claude Comte, v. 108,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 152-153</span><br /> -Pajol, Élise Oudinot de Reggio,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse, v. 108</span><br /> -Palestrina, Principessa Barberini-Colonna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">di, iv. 256</span><br /> -Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, i. 132<br /> -Palladio, Andrea, vi. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> -Palli (see Lucchesi-Palli)<br /> -Pallucci, Field-Marshal, vi. <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> -Palm, Johann Philipp, iii. 78-79<br /> -Palma the Elder, Jacopo, vi. <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> -Palma the Younger, Jacopo, vi. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Palma-Cayet (see Cayet)<br /> -Pamfili, Olimpia Maldachini, Donna, v. 14<br /> -Pan (see Mallet-Dupan)<br /> -Panat, Chevalier de, ii. 100, 117-118<br /> -Panckoucke, Charles Joseph, ii. 300<br /> -Pange, François de, i. 174<br /> -Pange (see also Silléry)<br /> -Panormita, Antonio Beccadelli, vi. <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> -Paolo, Pietro Paolo Sarpi, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fra, vi. <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> -Paolo, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian servant, vi. <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> -Parc (see Chateaubriand du Parc)<br /> -Pardessus, Jean Marie, v. 304<br /> -Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 22</span><br /> -Paris (see also Robert Count of Paris)<br /> -Pâris, Body-guard, ii. 296; vi. <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -Parma (see Cambacérès)<br /> -Parmentier, M. de, ii. 84<br /> -Parny, Évariste Désiré Desforges,<br /> -Chevalier de, i. 64, 129, 178; iii. 30<br /> -Parny, M. de, i. 128<br /> -Parny, Dame de (see Contat)<br /> -Parquin, Charles, v. 296<br /> -Parquin, née Cochelet, Dame, v. 296<br /> -Parry, Sir William Edward, i. 136;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></span><br /> -Pascal, Blaise, ii. 152, 216; v. 406<br /> -Paskevitch (see Warsaw)<br /> -Pasquier, Étienne Denis Baron, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chancelier Duc, i. 37; ii. 168, 253;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 87; iv. 26, 30, 45, 51-55, 59;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 89, 172-173, 256</span><br /> -Pasquin, the lampooner, v. 273<br /> -Pasta, Giuditta Negri, Dame, ii. 86;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">v. 67; vi. <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> -Pastoret, Claude Emmanuel Joseph<br /> -Pierre Chancelier Marquis de, v. 303-304;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -Patin, Charles Gui, vi. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Patin, Gui, vi. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-<a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> -Patrick Bishop of Armagh, Saint, vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Paul the Apostle, Saint, v. 241<br /> -Paul the Hermit or the Simple, Saint,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 43; v. 54</span><br /> -Paul IV., Pope, ii. 45<br /> -Paul V., Pope, vi. <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> -Paul I. Tsar of all the Russias, ii. 289;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49; iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -Paul (see also Vincent of Paul)<br /> -Paul Charles Frederic Augustus of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wurtemberg, Prince, iv. 36; v. 41</span><br /> -Paule, Fair (see Fontenille)<br /> -Paulin, the bookseller, v. 127<br /> -Paulus (see Æmilius Paulus)<br /> -Paz (see Du Paz)<br /> -Pecquet, Jean, i. 125<br /> -Pedicini, Carlo Maria Cardinal, v. 8,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21, 23</span><br /> -Peel, Sir Robert, iv. 80, 219<br /> -Peggy, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Pellico, Silvio, i. xxiii; v. 348; vi. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a></span><br /> -Pellisson, Paul, iv. 292<br /> -Peltier, Jean Gabriel, i. 175; ii. 71-72,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76, 80-81, 99-100, 139-141; v. 205, 333</span><br /> -Péluse, Gaspard Monge, Comte de, ii. 187-188<br /> -Penhoën, Auguste Théodore Hilaire<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron Barchon de, v. 86</span><br /> -Penhouet (see Becdelièvre-Penhouët)<br /> -Penn, William, i. 207<br /> -Penthièvre, Louis Joseph Marie de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bourbon, Duc de, iv. 12</span><br /> -Penthièvre, Eudon Count of, i. 9<br /> -Penthièvre, Guy of, i. 141<br /> -Pepe, General Florestano, iv. 52<br /> -Pepin King of the Franks, iv. 109-110, 228<br /> -Pepin, the assassin, v. 101<br /> -Pepoli, Contessa di Castiglione, Letizia<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josefina Murat, Marchesa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Peretti, Signorina, v. 13<br /> -Pericles, i. 252; iii. 45, 96; v. 56, 272<br /> -Périer, Augustin Charles, v. 116, 123<br /> -Périer, Casimir, iv. 115, 137, 142; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">88, 95-96, 98, 106-107, 113, 116-117,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 154, 229</span><br /> -Périer, ex-President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, M. Jean Paul Pierre Casimir,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 137</span><br /> -Périgord (see Chalais-Périgord and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Talleyrand-Périgord)</span><br /> -Pérouse (see La Pérouse)<br /> -Perray, M. de, iii. 175<br /> -Perrin, Ennemond, ii. 308<br /> -Perrin (see also Bellune and Labé)<br /> -Perlet, Adrien, v. 120<br /> -Perrers, Alice, ii. 138<br /> -Perron (see Duperron)<br /> -Perseus King of Macedon, iii. 34<br /> -Persil, Jean Charles, v. 96, 310<br /> -Perugino, Pietro Vannucci, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 240</span><br /> -Pesaro (see Sforza)<br /> -Peter, Pope Saint, ii. 219; v. 9-10, 78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">316; vi. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></span><br /> -Peter I. Tsar of All the Russias, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">271; vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Peter III. Tsar of All the Russias, i. 13;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 289</span><br /> -Peter I. King of Portugal, vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> -Peter IV. King of Portugal and I.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor of Brazil, iv. 53</span><br /> -Peter, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">footman, i. 190</span><br /> -Petermann, Lieutenant, ii. 261<br /> -Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme, ii. 13-14, 27<br /> -Petit, Jean Martin Baron, iii. 78<br /> -Petit, Louis Sébastien Olympe, ii. 193<br /> -Petit, René, i. 48, 108<br /> -Petit-Bois, Roger Vicomte du, i. 48<br /> -Petit-Bois (see also Pinot du Petit-Bois)<br /> -Petrarch, Francesco Petrarca, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 33, 124, 200-201, 220; iv. 181;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>-<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> -Peyra, Adolphe, vi. <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> -Peyronnet, Charles Ignace Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 62, 117, 135-136; v. 87-88, 189,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">422; vi. <a href="#Page_229">229</a></span><br /> -Peysse, M., v. 95<br /> -Pezay, Alexandre Frédéric Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Masson, Marquis de, i. 162</span><br /> -Pharamond King of the Franks, iv. 109<br /> -Phidias, v. 26; vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> -Phila, the courtezan, vi. <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> -Philip III. Duke of Burgundy, iii. 135<br /> -Philip II. Augustus King of France,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 199; ii. 43, 173; iii. 177; vi. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Philip III. King of France, i. 9; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Philip IV. King of France, v. 48<br /> -Philip VI. King of France, i. 141; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">73; v. 355, 411</span><br /> -Philip II. King of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Philip Duke of Parma, vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> -Philip II. King of Spain, Naples, Sicily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and England, i. 212; ii. 50; iii. 176;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 58, 239; v. 13</span><br /> -Philip III. King of Spain, ii. 151<br /> -Philip V. King of Spain, iv. 80; v. 15;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -Philip of Austria, Archduke, iii. 127<br /> -Philip, Pompey's freedman, ii. 337<br /> -Philipon, Charles, v. 261-263<br /> -Philipon, Emma, v. 261-263<br /> -Philippa of Hainault, Queen of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, iii. 138</span><br /> -Phocion, i. 223; iii. 96<br /> -Phryne, the courtezan, vi. <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Piacenza (see Lebrun)<br /> -Piat, Demoiselles, ii. 310<br /> -Pibrac, Gui du Faur, Seigneur de, ii. 206<br /> -Picard, Louis Benoit, ii. 170<br /> -Piccini, Nicola, i. 179<br /> -Piccolomini, Octavio Trince, vi. <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> -Piccolomini, Max, vi. <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> -Pichegni, General Charles, i. 65; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">249, 252, 263; iii. 67, 203;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 167-168, 299</span><br /> -Piconnerie (see d'Isly)<br /> -Piégard Sainte-Croix (see Sainte-Croix)<br /> -Pierre, Madame de Bedée's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man-servant, i. 22</span><br /> -Pierres de Bernis (see Bernis)<br /> -Piet-Tardiveau, Jean Pierre, iv. 14<br /> -Pietro di Filippo de' Giunazzi (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Romano)</span><br /> -Piffre, M., iv. 67<br /> -Pilate, Pontius Pilatus, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pontius, vi. <a href="#Page_220">220</a></span><br /> -Pillet, Léon, v. 96<br /> -Pilorge, Hyacinthe, iv. 45, 90, 97, 298;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 28, 89, 121, 197-198, 218, 236,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">325, 330-331, 338, 340-341, 348,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">351; vi. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> -Pindar, i. 131; ii. 254; vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Pindemonte, Giovanni, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Pindemonte, Ippolyto, i. xxiii; vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Pinelli, Bartolomeo, iv. 241<br /> -Pinot du Petit-Bois, Jean Anne Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 48, 108</span><br /> -Pinsonnière, the Polytechnic scholar,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 107</span><br /> -Pinte-de-Vin (see Dujardin Pinte-de-Vin)<br /> -Pioche de La Vergne, Aymar, iii. 128<br /> -Piron, Alexis, v. 55<br /> -Pisan, Thomas de, vi. <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> -Pisan, Christine de, vi. <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> -Pisano, Nicholas of Pisa, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niccola, vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> -Pitt, William, i. xxi, 186; ii. 69, 142-143,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">145-146; iv. 82, 93, 120</span><br /> -Pitton de Tournefort (see Tournefort)<br /> -Pius II., Pope, ii. 53<br /> -Pius VI., Pope, iii. 30; v. 373<br /> -Pius VII., Pope, i. xxi, 181; ii. 180,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">213, 219-220, 230, 238, 248; iii. 9,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">51, 63, 194, 209; iv. 29, 110, 180,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">182, 198-199, 220, 225, 229, 231,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 262, 297, 302; v. 1-2, 4-6,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">23-24, 48, 59; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -Pius VIII., Pope, v. 4-5, 23, 27, 29-31,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">35-40, 46, 49, 53, 61, 78, 384</span><br /> -Pius IX., Pope, iv. 33<br /> -Placence (see Lebrun)<br /> -Placidia Queen of the Visigoths, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Empress Galla, iv. 227</span><br /> -Plagnol, M., v. 96<br /> -Planta, Joseph, iv. 65<br /> -Plato, ii. 169; iv. 93; v. 53; vi. 194<br /> -Plautus, Titus Maccius, ii. 204<br /> -Pleineselve, Colonel de, v. 103<br /> -Plélo, Louis Robert Hippolyte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bréhan, Comte de, i. 13</span><br /> -Plessix, M. du, v. 85<br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Hervé Louis Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Comte du, ii. 5; v. 85</span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau, Anne Buisson de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Vigne, Comtesse du, ii. 5, 24</span><br /> -Plessix de Parscau née de Kermalun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse du, ii. 5</span><br /> -Pletho, Georgius Gemistus, vi. 49<br /> -Pliny the Elder, Caius Plinius Secundus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, i. 39; iv. 140; v. 60, 334;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> -Pliny the Younger, Caius Plinius<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cæcilius Secundus, known as, v. 60</span><br /> -Ploërmel, Bemborough, Lord of, i. 9<br /> -Plotinus, ii. 184<br /> -Plouer, Françoise Gertrude de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contades, Comtesse de, i. 15-16, 18</span><br /> -Plutarch, i. 23; ii. 337; iii. 220; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></span><br /> -Podenas, née de Nadaillac, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Podiebrad (see George Podiebrad, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Bohemia)</span><br /> -Poe, Edgar Allen, i. 254<br /> -Poitiers (see Saint-Vallier and Valentinois)<br /> -Poix, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Poix (see also Mouchy)<br /> -Polastron, Vicomte de, v. 373<br /> -Polastron, Marie Louise Françoise de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lussan d'Esparbès, Vicomtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 373-374</span><br /> -Polignac, Jules François Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte, later Duc de, i. 160</span><br /> -Polignac, Yolande Martine Gabrielle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Polastron, Vicomtesse, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, i. 160; v. 373</span><br /> -Polignac, Armand Prince de, iii. 97<br /> -Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de, i. 160; iii. 97, 129; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">29, 33, 136, 138, 167; v. 69, 72,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">74-78, 81-82, 84, 87, 92-93, 95-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">99-100, 106, 108, 144, 189, 320, 375,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">380, 422; vi. <a href="#Page_117">117</a></span><br /> -Pollio, Caius Asinius, iii. 197<br /> -Polo, Maffeo, vi. <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> -Polo, Marco, vi. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>-<a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> -Polo, Nicolo, vi. <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> -Poltrot de Méré, Sieur, ii. 45<br /> -Pombal, Sebastiio Jose de Carvalho e<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mello, Marques de, v. 51</span><br /> -Pommereul, François René Jean Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 104-105; iii. 36</span><br /> -Pommereul, Messieurs de, i. 111, 125<br /> -Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Le Normant d'Étioles, Marquise de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 166, 298: iii. 181; iv. 38, 79;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 51; vi. <a href="#Page_242">242</a></span><br /> -Pompey, Sextus Pompeius Magnus,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Sextus, i. 68; ii. 331, 337;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 14, 180; v. 85, 204</span><br /> -Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 54</span><br /> -Poncelet, alias Chevalier, Louis, v. 220<br /> -Pons de L'Hérault (see Rio)<br /> -Pons de Verdun, Philippe Laurent, ii. 52<br /> -Ponsonby, Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish, iv. 81<br /> -Ponsonby, née Bathurst, Lady Emily<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlotte, iv. 81</span><br /> -Pontbriand (see Breil de Pontbriand)<br /> -Pontcarré, Vicomte de, iv. 106<br /> -Pontecoulant, Louis Gustave Le<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doulcet, Comte de, iii. 168, 170</span><br /> -Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Ferrand, Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Pope, Alexander, ii. 121; iv. 80<br /> -Poppœa Sabina, the Empress, v. 215<br /> -Poquelin (see Molière)<br /> -Porcher, Abbé, i. 43, 45, 56-57, 63<br /> -Porta (see Sébastiani de La Porta)<br /> -Portal, M., i. 108<br /> -Portalis, Joseph Marie Comte, iv. 138,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296, 299-303; v. 2-8, 17-18, 20-24,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">27, 30-34, 37-42, 46-49, 52, 68, 77</span><br /> -Porte (see La Porte)<br /> -Portland, Henrietta Scott, Duchess of, ii. 79<br /> -Portsmouth, Duchesse d'Aubigny,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Renée de Kerouaille, Duchess</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. 137</span><br /> -Potelet, Seigneur de Saint-Mahé and de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Durantais, François Jean Baptiste,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 47</span><br /> -Pothin Bishop of Lyons, Saint, ii. 308<br /> -Potier, Charles, v. 21<br /> -Potocki, Jan Count, iv. 232<br /> -Poubelle, M., v. 137<br /> -Poullain, known as Saint-Louis, Louis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 27-29</span><br /> -Poultier, M., v. 258<br /> -Pouqueville, François Charles Hugues<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laurent, v. 206, 234</span><br /> -Pourrat, ii. 172<br /> -Pourtales, Louis Comte de, iv. 107<br /> -Poussin, Nicolas, iv. 232, 242, 258-259,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">285-286, 298, 304</span><br /> -Poussin, Anne Marie Dughet, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 242</span><br /> -Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea Count,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 50, 111, 158, 162, 171-172; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76; v. 145-147</span><br /> -Pradon, Nicolas, vi. <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> -Pradt, Bishop of Poitiers, later<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Mechlin, Dominique Baron</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dufour de, iii. 72, 78, 98</span><br /> -Prague (see Jerome of Prague)<br /> -Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Théobald<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Choiseul, iii. 168</span><br /> -Praslin, Altarice Rosalba Sébastiani,<br /> -Duchesse de Choiseul, iii. 168<br /> -Praxiteles, vi. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Pressigny (see Cortois de Pressigny)<br /> -Prestre de Vauban (see Vauban)<br /> -Princeteau, Marie Decazes, Dame, iv. 10<br /> -Prior, Matthew, iv. 80<br /> -Probus, the Emperor, ii. 105<br /> -Procopius, iv. 227<br /> -Propertius, Sextus, i. 162; iv. 248<br /> -Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, v. 219<br /> -Proudhon, née Sainte-Croix, Madame, v. 219<br /> -Provence, Comte de (see Louis XVIII.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of France and Navarre)</span><br /> -Provence, Comtesse de (see Josephine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Sardinia, Queen of France)</span><br /> -Prudhomme, Louis Marie, vi. <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> -Prunelle, Dr. Clement François Victor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gabriel, iv. 120</span><br /> -Ptolemy I. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy II. King of Egypt, iv. 75<br /> -Ptolemy, Claudius Ptolemæus, known as, v. 335<br /> -Pufendorf, Samuel Baron von, iv. 280<br /> -Puyravault, Pierre François Audrey de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 98, 105-106, 113</span><br /> -Pythagoras, i. 196; iv. 206; v. 68; vi. <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> -Pytheas, ii. 202<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Q<br /> -<br /> -Quatt, Herr, iv. 37<br /> -Québriac, Seigneur de Patrion, Jean<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François Xavier Comte de, i. 53, 106</span><br /> -Québriac, Comtesse de (see Chateaubourg)<br /> -Quecq, Jacques Édouard, iv. 241<br /> -Queensberry, William Douglas, fourth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of, ii. 138</span><br /> -Quélen, Archbishop of Paris, Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 111-112; v. 190, 241-242;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></span><br /> -Quincy (see Cortois de Quincy)<br /> -Quinette, Nicolas Marie Baron, iii. 167-168<br /> -Quintal, the boatman, iii. 13, 15, 17<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -R<br /> -<br /> -Rabbe, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Rabbe, Alphonse, v. 97<br /> -Rabelais, François, i. 133; ii. 98, 124,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">155; 243</span><br /> -Rachel, iii. 25<br /> -Racine, Jean Baptiste, i. 14, 62, 178;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 102, 106, 128, 178, 183, 293;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 10, 33, 131, 223; iv. 23; v. 57,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; vi. <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br /> -Racine the Younger, M., vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> -Radcliffe, Ann Wood, Mrs., ii. 126<br /> -Radziwill, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Radziwill the Younger, Princess von, iv. 46<br /> -Rafin (see Duchesnois)<br /> -Raguse, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Marmont, Maréchal Duc de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">50, 57, 118, 124; iv. 202; v. 94-96,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">98, 100-101, 106-110, 130-131</span><br /> -Raineral (see Ruvigny and Raineval)<br /> -Rainneville, Alphonse Valentin Vaysse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 97</span><br /> -Ranville (see Guernon-Ranville)<br /> -Rambouillet de La Sablière (see La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sablière)</span><br /> -Rameses II. King of Egypt (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sesostris)</span><br /> -Rancé, Abbot of the Trappe, Armand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jean Le Bouthillier de, vi. 251, 253</span><br /> -Raphael Sanzio, i. 31; ii. 140, 178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">306, 309; iii. 135; iv. 181, 225, 232,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239-240, 242-243, 248-249; v. 42,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">47, 58, 61, 89, 273, 286, 353; vi. 3,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">22, 59, 84, 141</span><br /> -Rasponi, Luisa Giulia Carolina Murat,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contessa, iv. 198</span><br /> -Raulx, the Comte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">game-keeper, i. 49</span><br /> -Rauzan, Henri Louis Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chestellux, later Duc de, iii. 101</span><br /> -Rauzan, Claire Henriette Philippine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamine de Durfort, Duchesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 101, 128</span><br /> -Ravenel du Boistelleul (see Boistelleul)<br /> -Ravier, Colonel, ii. 262<br /> -Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Bordeaux, Marquis of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. 207, 292</span><br /> -Raymond (see also Damaze de Raymond)<br /> -Raymond Berengarius IV. Count of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence, ii. 192</span><br /> -Raynal, Abbé Guillaume Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, i. 110</span><br /> -Rayneval, François Joseph Maximilien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gérard Comte de, iv. 102</span><br /> -Raynouard, François Juste Marie, iii. 29<br /> -Razumowsky, Cyrille Field-Marshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count, iii. 49</span><br /> -Réal, Pierre François Comte, ii. 259, 283<br /> -Réaux (see Taboureau des Réaux and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tallemant des Réaux)</span><br /> -Rebecque (see Constant de Rebecque)<br /> -Reboul, Jean, ii. 203<br /> -Récamier, Jacques Rose, i. 189; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">210; iv. 150, 158, 170-171, 178</span><br /> -**Récamier, Jeanne Françoise Julie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adélaïde Bernard, Dame, i. 5, 188;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 67; iii. 102; iv. 34, 40, 119, 121,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">147-174, 177-184, 186-192, 194, 198-214</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">220, 233-234, 261-262, 284-288,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296-299, 302-304; v. 2, 18-19,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">21-22, 25, 30, 35-37, 49, 64, 66-67, 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">93-94, 156; 162, 197-201, 217,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">260-261, 291-293, 296-301; vi. 25,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">56, 102, 236, 250, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>-<a href="#Page_262">262</a></span><br /> -Récamier, Madame Delphin, iv. 178<br /> -Reeve, Henry, vi. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>-<a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> -Reggio, Nicolas Charles Oudinot,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 95; iv. 135</span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Michel Louis Étienne, iii. 23</span><br /> -Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iii. 35</span><br /> -Regnault, Jean Baptiste, iv. 234<br /> -Regnier (see Massa)<br /> -Régnier, Mathurin, ii. 305; vi. 29<br /> -Régnier-Desmarais, François Séraphin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 336</span><br /> -Regulus Bishop of Senlis, Saint, iii. 177<br /> -Regulus, Marcus Atilius, i. 33<br /> -Reid, Thomas, vi. <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> -Reinhard, Charles Frédéric Comte, vi. <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> -Rembrand van Rijn, Paul, ii. 178<br /> -Rémusat, Jean Pierre Abel, v. 80<br /> -Rémusat, Auguste Laurent Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261</span><br /> -Rémusat, Claire Élisabeth Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gravier de Vergennes, Comtesse de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 261, 282; iii. 17</span><br /> -Rémusat, Charles de, v. 95<br /> -Rémusat, M. Paul Louis Étienne de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 282</span><br /> -René I. Duke of Anjou, King of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Naples, ii. 200, 202</span><br /> -Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></span><br /> -Renouard de Brussières, M., i. 174<br /> -Renouard de Brussières (see also Buffon)<br /> -Reshid Pasha, Mustapha Mehemed, v. 51<br /> -Retz, Archbishop of Paris, Jean François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de, iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">131; iv. 246; v. 14, 16</span><br /> -Revellière-Lepeaux (see La Revellière-Lepeaux)<br /> -Reynière (see Grimrod)<br /> -Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Girolamo, iv. 229</span><br /> -Riario, Ottaviano, iv. 229<br /> -Riario (see also Sforza)<br /> -Ricé, M. de, iii. 171, 173<br /> -Richard I. King of England, v. 70,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">329, 377</span><br /> -Richard II. King of England, ii. 121;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 138</span><br /> -Richard III. King of England, i. 25;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 75, 121</span><br /> -Richard de Laprade (see Laprade)<br /> -Richardson, Samuel, ii. 125-126<br /> -Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal Duc de, i. 114; iv. 212,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">245; v. 50, 55, 90</span><br /> -Richelieu, Louis François Armand du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Maréchal Duc</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 132; ii. 298</span><br /> -Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Plessis de Vignerot, Duc de, iii. 51,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123, 223; iv. 4, 7, 9, 11, 25-29, 43,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59-77, 87, 141; v. 398</span><br /> -Richelieu, née de Rochechouart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchesse de, iv. 77</span><br /> -Richer, vi. <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles Lennox,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Duke of, ii. 137</span><br /> -Richmond and Lennox, Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lennox, third Duke of, iv. 72</span><br /> -Ricimer, ii. 48<br /> -Riedmatten, President of the Town<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council of Sion, M. de, ii. 250</span><br /> -Rietz, Frederic William II.'s footman,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 38</span><br /> -Rietz (see also Lichtenau)<br /> -Rigaud, Chief Syndic of Geneva, v. 201<br /> -Rigny, Henri Comte de, v. 72<br /> -Rigoltus (see Rigord)<br /> -Rigord, ii. 30<br /> -Rijn (see Rembrand van Rijn)<br /> -Rimini (see Malatesta)<br /> -Rio, André Pons de L'Hérault, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 109</span><br /> -Riouffe, Honoré Jean Baron, ii. 52<br /> -Rivarol, Antoine Comte de, i. 175-176;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 31-32, 80, 100; iii. 125; v. 267;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_158">158</a></span><br /> -Rivarola, Agostino Cardinal, iv. 235<br /> -Rivaux, M., v. 103<br /> -Rivera, Dame de, vi. <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> -Rivière, Charles François Riffordeau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 138-139, 167; v. 342, 379</span><br /> -Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, André Masséna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. 269; iii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 68, 112, 120, 170, 203; iv. 164,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">170, 227, 282</span><br /> -Robert I. Bruce, King of Scots, v. 411<br /> -Robert I. King of England (see Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">II. Duke of Normandy)</span><br /> -Robert I. King of France, vi. <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> -Robert II. King of France, iv. 58; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">376; vi. <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> -Robert I. Duke of Normandy, ii. 62<br /> -Robert II. Duke of Normandy, de jure<br /> -Robert I. King of England, ii. 62<br /> -Robert Count of Paris, vi. <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> -Robert I. Duke of Parma, H.R.H., iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">224; v. 361; vi. <a href="#Page_254">254</a></span><br /> -Robert of Geneva, Count, v. 12<br /> -Robert, Hubert, ii. 296<br /> -Robert, Louis Léopold, iv. 240-241<br /> -Robert de Lamennais (see Lamennais)<br /> -Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calabria, iv. 185-186</span><br /> -Robertson, Étienne Gaspard, ii. 159<br /> -Robertson, William, ii. 121, 300<br /> -Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 132, 170-171, 175, 218; ii. 19-21,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">52, 160, 222, 257, 259; iii. 124, 201;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 4, 23, 189; v. 215; vi. <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br /> -Robion, M., i. 108<br /> -Robusti, the dyer, vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Robusti (see also Tintoretto)<br /> -Rocca, M. de, i. 163; iv. 177-178,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">205-206</span><br /> -Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Viveur, Comte de, i. 218-219</span><br /> -Roche, Achille, ii. 265, 275-276<br /> -Rochechouart, Dame de, ii. 84<br /> -Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Rochefoucauld (see La Rochefoucauld)<br /> -Rochejacquelein (see La Rochejacquelein)<br /> -Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second Marquess of, ii. 143</span><br /> -Rocoules, Madame de, iv. 37<br /> -Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Velasquez)</span><br /> -Rodney, George Brydges, first Lord, i. 215<br /> -Roederer, Pierre Louis Comte, vi. <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> -Roger I. Count of Sicily, iv. 186<br /> -Roger I. King of the Two Sicilies,<br /> -Roger II. Count of Sicily, later, iv. 186<br /> -Roger, Lieutenant, iv. 211-212<br /> -Rogers, Samuel, ii. 128; vi. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>-<a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> -Roh, Père Jacques, vi. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Rohan, Edward of, i. 9<br /> -Rohan, Margaret of, i. 9<br /> -Rohan, Renée de, i. 75<br /> -Rohan-Chabot, Archbishop of Auch,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Besançon, Louis François</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auguste Prince de Léon, Cardinal</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, iv. 187-188; v. 64; vi. <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> -Rohan-Chabot, née de Serent, Duchesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 187</span><br /> -Rohan-Rochefort (see d'Enghien)<br /> -Roland de La Platière, Jean Marie, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">12, 14, 25, 106</span><br /> -Roland de la Platière, Manon Jeanne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philipon, Dame, ii. 12, 25, 26</span><br /> -Rolle, Jacques Hippolyte, v. 95<br /> -Rollin, Charles, i. 63<br /> -Rollin, Dame, v. 261<br /> -Rollin (see also Ledru-Rollin)<br /> -Rollo Duke of Normandy, i. 39<br /> -Romano, Giulio di Pietro di Filippo<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de' Giunnazzi, known as Giulio, iv. 239</span><br /> -Romanzoff, Nikolai Count, iv. 40<br /> -Romberg, Édouard, iii. 132<br /> -Romulus King of Rome, vi. <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> -Ronsard, Pierre de, i. 133, 245; vi. <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> -Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor, v. 96<br /> -Rosa (see Martinez de La Rosa)<br /> -Rosanbo, Marquis de, ii. 296<br /> -Rosanbo, Louis Le Péletier, Vicomte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Louis de Péletier, President<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 126, 134, 136, 178; ii. 28; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Marie Thérese de Malesherbes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Présidente de, i. 135-136; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49, 81, 84; v. 64</span><br /> -Rosanbo, Dame de, ii. 296<br /> -Rose, the milliner, Madame, i. 99-100<br /> -Rose, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">house-maid, i. 190</span><br /> -Rose Récamier (see Récamier)<br /> -Roseau, Jean, ii. 21<br /> -Rosny (see Sully)<br /> -Rospigliosi (see Zagarolo)<br /> -Ross, Sir James Clark, vi. <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> -Rossignol, General Jean Antoine, iii. 213<br /> -Rossini, Gioachino Antonio, iv. 41; v. 19, 43<br /> -Rostopchin, Feodor Count, iii. 55<br /> -Rostrenen, Père Grégoire de, i. 142<br /> -Rothenflue, Père Gaspard, vi. <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> -Rothesay (see Stuart de Rothesay)<br /> -Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer first Lord, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Alphonse Baron de, iii. 72<br /> -Rothschild, Anselm Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Charles Mayor Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, James Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Nathan Mayer Baron de, iv. 71, 79<br /> -Rothschild, Salomon Mayer Baron de, iv. 71<br /> -Rothschild, Mayer Anselm, iv. 79<br /> -Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Rouillac, Abbé de, i. 73<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, i. 131<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Jacques, i. 83, 122, 180,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">219; ii. 22, 26, 85, 105, 133, 164,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">176, 197, 215, 244, 303-304, 307-308;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 106-107, 122, 202, 253, 285; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">292, 300-301, 318; vi. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>-<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>,</span><br /> -Rousseau, Dame, ii. 164<br /> -Rousseau, the clock-maker, vi. <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> -Roussel, the boatman, iii. 13<br /> -Roussy (see Girodet)<br /> -Roux, Jacques, iv. 4<br /> -Roux de Laborie (see Laborie)<br /> -Rovere (see Lante Monfeltrio delle Rovere)<br /> -Roxana Queen of Macedon, iv. 192<br /> -Rovedino, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie René Savary,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, ii. 261-262, 265, 270,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">272-277, 279, 283; iii. 188; iv. 176</span><br /> -Roy, Antoine Comte, iv. 138-139<br /> -Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, iv. 61, 136,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">138, 142; v. 304, 416</span><br /> -Rubempré, Louis de Mailly, Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 297</span><br /> -Rubens, Peter Paul, iv. 250; vi. <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> -Rudolph II., the Emperor, v. 387<br /> -Rulhière, Claude Carloman de, i. 132;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 10</span><br /> -Rupert Bishop of Worms, Saint, vi. 126<br /> -Russell, John first Earl, iv. 69<br /> -Ruvigny and Raineval, Melville<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amadeus Henry Douglas Heddle de La</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caillemotte de Massue de Ruvigny,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 237</span><br /> -Rysbrack, Michael, ii. 74<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -S<br /> -<br /> -Sabatier, Alexis, v. 244<br /> -Sablière (see La Sablière)<br /> -Sabran, Marquis de, i. 144<br /> -Sabran, Elzéar Louis Marie Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 164</span><br /> -Sabran (see also Boufflers and Elzear)<br /> -Sacchetti, v. 14<br /> -Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gasparo, i. 179<br /> -Sacken (see Osten-Sacken)<br /> -Sagan (see Wallenstein)<br /> -Saget, M., ii. 307-309<br /> -Saint-Agnan, Comte de, v. 247<br /> -Saint-Aignan (see Chalais-Périgord)<br /> -St. Albans, Sir Francis Bacon, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lord Verulam, first Viscount, ii. 74;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 57</span><br /> -Saint-Ange, Ange François Fariau,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as de, ii. 9</span><br /> -Saint-Aubin, Jeanne Charlotte Schroeder,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame d'Herbey, known as Madame, i. 173</span><br /> -Saint-Balmont, Alberte Barbe d'Ercecourt,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 53</span><br /> -Saint-Chamans, Alfred Armand Robert<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 101</span><br /> -Saint-Cyr (see Gouvion de Saint-Cyr)<br /> -Saint-Germain, Claude Louis Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Germain Couhaillon,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, ii. 236, 239-240, 316-317</span><br /> -Saint-Germain, Dame, ii. 236-237<br /> -Saint-Gilles (see Raymond IV. Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Toulouse)</span><br /> -Saint-Huberti, later Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Antoinette Cécile Clauvel,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, i. 113</span><br /> -Saint-Hyacinthe, Hyacinthe Cordonnier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Thémiseuil, v. 413</span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Michel Lepelletier de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 296; vi. <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br /> -Saint-Fargeau, Dame de, ii. 295-296<br /> -Saint-Gall, the Monk of, iv. 170<br /> -Saint-Jean d'Angely (see Regnaud de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saint-Jean d'Angely)</span><br /> -Saint-Just, Antoine, iii. 196<br /> -Saint-Lambert, Henri François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 196-197, 209</span><br /> -Saint-Léon, M. de, iii. 143<br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duc de (see Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Duchesse de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hortense Queen of Holland)</span><br /> -Saint-Leu, pseud., Comte de (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Napoleon III. Emperor of the French)</span><br /> -Saint-Louis (see Poullain)<br /> -Saint-Luc (see Toussaint de Saint-Luc)<br /> -Saint-Mahé (see Potelet)<br /> -Saint-Marcellin, M. de Fontanes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, ii. 105; iii. 140</span><br /> -Saint-Marsault, Baron de, i. 119<br /> -Saint-Marsault-Chatelaillon, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 119</span><br /> -Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, ii. 194-196<br /> -Saint-Martin, Antoine Jean, v. 80<br /> -Saint-Méry (see Moreau de Saint-Méry)<br /> -Saint-Paul (see Lemoyne-Saint-Paul)<br /> -Saint-Phal, the actor, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Pierre (see Bernardin de Saint-Pierre)<br /> -Saint-Pol, Antoine Montbreton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal de, v. 131</span><br /> -Saint-Priest, François Emmanuel<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guignard, Comte de, i. 156; vi. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_230">230</a>-<a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Duque de Almazan,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmanuel Louis Marie Guignard,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vicomte de, vi. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></span><br /> -Saint-Priest, Vicomtesse de, vi. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_99">99</a>-<a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, Henri du Rocher, Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 64</span><br /> -Saint-Riveul, André François Jean du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rocher de, i. 64, 154</span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Anne Duc de, i. 49<br /> -Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvray, Duc<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 167; iv. 80; v. 333</span><br /> -Saint-Simon, Claude Henri Comte de, ii. 184<br /> -Saint-Simon (see also Lautrec de Saint-Simon)<br /> -Saint-Tropez (see Suffren de Saint-Tropez)<br /> -Saint-Val the Elder, Demoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Val the Younger, Demoiselle, i. 128<br /> -Saint-Vallier, Jean de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, ii. 294</span><br /> -Saint-Véran (see Montcalm de Saint-Véran)<br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Louis Clair Comte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beaupoil, de, iv. 10; v. 161-162;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br /> -Sainte-Aulaire, Comtesse de, iv. 10<br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">105; iii. 147; iv. 107; vi. <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -Sainte-Beuve, Demoiselle, vi. <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> -Sainte-Croix, Gaudet de, ii. 163<br /> -Sainte-Croix, Piégard, v. 219<br /> -Sainte-Hyacinthe de Charrière [see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charrière)</span><br /> -Sainte-Rosalie, Père Ange de, i. 5<br /> -Saintsbury, Professor George Edward<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bateman, vi. <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -Sala, Alexandre Adolphe, v. 101, 244;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>-<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></span><br /> -Sales (see Delisle de Sales)<br /> -Salisbury, William de Montacute, first<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, ii. 74</span><br /> -Salisbury, Catharine Grandison,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Countess of, ii. 74, 138</span><br /> -Salisbury, James Cecil, seventh Earl,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later first Marquess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salisbury, Emily Mary Hill,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Salle (see La Salle)<br /> -Sallust, Caius Sallustius Crispus, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, ii. 335; vi. <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -Salluste, Du Bartas (see Du Bartas)<br /> -Salmasius (see Saumaise)<br /> -Salome, v. 175<br /> -Salvage de Faverolles, née Dumorey,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, iv. 287, 297; v. 297</span><br /> -Salvandy, Narcisse Achille Comte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 144</span><br /> -Salverte, Eusèbe, v. 105<br /> -Salvetat (see Mars)<br /> -Salvianus, ii. 36<br /> -Samoyloff, Countess, vi. <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> -Sand, Karl Ludwig, iv. 46, 56<br /> -Sand, Armandine Lucile Aurore Dupin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame Dudevant, known as George,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 70; vi. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a></span><br /> -Sannazaro, Jacopo, iv. 185; vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> -Sanson, Charles Henri, i. 156; ii. 11;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Sansovino, Francesco, vi. <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> -Sansovino, Giacomo Tatti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -Santeuil, Jean Baptiste, v. 255<br /> -Sappho, vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> -Sarrans the Younger, Bernard Alexis, v. 96<br /> -Saudre (see La Saudre)<br /> -Saumaise, Claude de, ii. 53<br /> -Saunois, the Revolutionary, iii. 213<br /> -Saussure, Horace Benedicte de, v. 200<br /> -Saussure (see also Necker de Saussure)<br /> -Sautelet, the publisher, v. 83; vi. <a href="#Page_168">168</a>-<a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> -Sauvigny (see Bertier de Sauvigny)<br /> -Sauvo, François, v. 116<br /> -Savarin (see Brillat-Savarin)<br /> -Savoie-Carignan (see Carignan and Eugène)<br /> -Savary (see Rovigo)<br /> -Saxo Grammaticus, v. 277<br /> -Say, Thomas, i. 253<br /> -Scaliger, Joseph Justus, ii. 204; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> -Scandiano (see Bojardo)<br /> -Scarron, Paul, vi. <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> -Schadow, Wilhelm Friedrich von, iv. 240<br /> -Scheffer, Ary, v. 128<br /> -Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 41, 108, 253, 274, 279; v. 412;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> -Schiller, the gaoler, vi. <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> -Schnetz, Jean Victor, iv. 240<br /> -Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius, iv. 240<br /> -Schouwaloff, Paul Count, iii. 63, 78,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">81, 83-84, 87</span><br /> -Schonen, Auguste Jean Marie Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 96, 98, 113, 152-153</span><br /> -Schwartz, the Vicomte de Chateaubriand's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">travelling footman, v. 326,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">330, 339-340, 352; vi. <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> -Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince von, iii. 56-57, 94</span><br /> -Schwed, Margrave, iv. 38<br /> -Sciarra, Marco, vi. <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> -Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Africanus Major, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 27; ii. 331; iii. 33; iv. 184-185,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">247; v. 56; vi. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> -Scipio Numantinus, Publius Cornelius<br /> -Scipio Æmilianus Africanus Major,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, v. 56; vi. <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scipio, Metellus, ii. 331; iv. 184; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> -Scott, Sir Walter, i. xxiii, 82; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">123-124, 127; iii. 88-89, 209; v. 246</span><br /> -Scudéry, Madeleine de, i. 14<br /> -Sébastiani de La Porta, Horace François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bastien Comte, iii. 167-168; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 127-128, 137, 142; v. 88, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">116, 123, 154</span><br /> -Sedaine, Michel Jean, i. 179<br /> -Ségalas, Anais Ménard, Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Séguier, Pierre Chancelier, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Antoine, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Antoine Louis, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Matthieu, i. 135<br /> -Séguier, Pierre, i. 134-135<br /> -Ségur, Philippe Henri Maréchal Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 29</span><br /> -Ségur, Louis Philippe Comte de, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">28-29</span><br /> -Ségur, Philippe Paul Comte de, iii. 29,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">89; v. 80</span><br /> -Ségur, Joseph Alexandre Vicomte de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 177</span><br /> -Seleucus I. Nicator King of Syria,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macedon, Thrace and Asia Minor,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 75</span><br /> -Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, fifth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 233</span><br /> -Semallé, Comte de, iii. 87<br /> -Semonville, Charles Louis Huguet,<br /> -Marquis, later Duc de, iv. 8, 110-111,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">132; v. 111, 113-114, 116-118, 122,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">128, 173</span><br /> -Sénacour, Étienne Pivert de, vi. 175<br /> -Seneca, Lucius Annæus, ii. 258, 335;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br /> -Senozan, Président Marquis de, ii. 295<br /> -Senozan, Anne Nicole de Lamoignon<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Malesherbes, Marquise de, ii. 295</span><br /> -Senty, M., v. 96<br /> -Sequin, Abbé, vi. <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>-<a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> -Sérilly, Antoine Jean François de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Megret de, i. 174</span><br /> -Sérilly, later Dame de Pange, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louise Thomas, Dame de, i. 174</span><br /> -Seroux d'Agincourt (see d'Agincourt)<br /> -Serre, Pierre François Hercule Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iv. 103, 128; vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a></span><br /> -Serres, Olivier de, vi. <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br /> -Sérurier, Jean Marie Philippe Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte, iii. 91</span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Donatien Comte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesmaisons, née Dambray, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 28</span><br /> -Sesmaisons, Vicomte de, v. 28<br /> -Sesostris King of Egypt, Rameses II.,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. <a href="#Page_198">198</a></span><br /> -Severoli, Cardinal, v. 6<br /> -Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquise de, i. 14, 105, 125, 143;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 100, 152, 179, 228-229, 302;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 6, 89, 246; vi. <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> -Sévigné, M. de, i. 143<br /> -Sévin, Abbé René Malo, i. 48, 108-109<br /> -Sèze, Raymond Comte de, iv. 24-25<br /> -Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, later Signora Riario, later<br /> -Signora de' Medici, Caterina, iv. 229<br /> -Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, Giovanni, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13; vi. <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> -Shakspeare, William, ii. 57, 75, 110,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121-125, 142, 202; iv. 93-94, 297;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 272, 387-388; vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> -Shelley, Percy Bysshe, i. 254<br /> -Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs., i. 254</span><br /> -Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, i. xxi;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 143; iii. 68</span><br /> -Sicard, Abbé Roch Ambroise Cucurron,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 16, 29</span><br /> -Siddons, Sarah Kemble, Mrs., iv. 78<br /> -Sidonius Apollinaris, Saint, ii. 45, 102;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 11</span><br /> -Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph Comte<br /> -Sieyès, known as Abbé, v. 68-69<br /> -Sigonnière (see Ferron de La Sigonnière)<br /> -Silvester II., Pope, v. 376<br /> -Simiane, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Simmons, Mr. Frederic John, i. xvii.<br /> -Simms and M'Intyre, i. xv.<br /> -Simon, Père Richard, i. 125<br /> -Simon, Antoine, i. 156<br /> -Simond, Louis, iv. 258<br /> -Simonde de Sismondi, Jean Charles<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Léonard, iii. 152; v. 200</span><br /> -Simonides of Amorgos, v. 56<br /> -Simplicius Bishop of Bourges, Saint, v. 11<br /> -Sismondi (see Simonde de Sismondi)<br /> -Sivry, M. de, iv. 120<br /> -Sixtus V., Pope, ii. 18; iv. 296; v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">13, 47; vi. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>-<a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -Skrynecki, General Jan Sigismund<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boncza, v. 381-382</span><br /> -Skrynecki, Dame, v. 381-382<br /> -Smith, William, i. 186<br /> -Smolensk (see Kutuzoff)<br /> -Smollett, Tobias George, ii. 120<br /> -"Snaffle," pseud., vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Socrates, iii. 96; v. 63, 229; vi. <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> -Solm-Braunfels, Frederic William<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 33</span><br /> -Solon, v. 6<br /> -Somaglia (see Della Somaglia)<br /> -Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eleventh Duke of, ii. 68; iv. 75, 161</span><br /> -Somerset, Charlotte Douglas-Hamilton,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess of, iv. 161</span><br /> -Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Prussia, iv. 58</span><br /> -Sophocles, ii. 124, 178, 294; iii. 29;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 56</span><br /> -Sophonisba, ii. 331<br /> -Soubise, Charles de Rohan, Prince de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 293</span><br /> -Soult (see Dalmatie)<br /> -Southey, Robert, ii. 128<br /> -Spenser, Edmund, v. 57<br /> -Spinoza, Baruch, ii. 183<br /> -Spon, Jacques, ii. 208; iv. 246-247<br /> -Spontini, Gaspardo, iv. 42<br /> -Spontini, née Érard, Dame, iv. 42<br /> -Stadion, Johann Philipp Karl Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Count von, iii. 49</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Baron de, i. 163<br /> -Staël-Holstein, later Dame de Rocca,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Louise Germaine Necker,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baronne de, i. 163, 174, 177; ii. 99,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">104, 134, 161, 177, 179, 187, 241-243,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289-290, 303-304; iii. 61, 68-69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">101-102, 128; iv. 120-121, 148-149,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">158-160, 163-164, 166, 170-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">183, 200-201, 205-206, 213, 220, 254,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">286; v. 198, 200, 202, 209, 237,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">301; vi. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>-<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Auguste Baron de, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">178; v. 300</span><br /> -Staël-Holstein, Matthieu Baron de, ii. 242<br /> -Staël-Holstein the Younger, Baron de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 178; v. 300</span><br /> -Stanislaus I. Leczinski, King of Poland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 299; iii. 27; vi. 101</span><br /> -Stapfer, Albert, v. 95<br /> -Statius, Publius Papinius, i. 56; v. 326;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a></span><br /> -Stauffacher, Werner, v. 274, 277<br /> -Steele, Sir Richard, ii. 121<br /> -Steenhuyse (see d'Hane de Steenhuyse)<br /> -Steibelt, Daniel, iv. 213<br /> -Steinle, Eduard, iv. 240<br /> -Stendhal, Marie Henri Beyle, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 202</span><br /> -Sterne, Rev. Laurence, ii. 125; iv. 80<br /> -Stewart, Dugald, v. 109; vi. <a href="#Page_256">256</a><br /> -Stoltzenberg, Baroness von, iv. 38<br /> -Strabo, i. 27; vi. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> -Strozzi, Pietro Marshal, ii. 45<br /> -Strozzi, Ercole, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Stuart de Rothesay, Sir Charles Stuart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first Lord, iii. 49, 90; v. 144-145</span><br /> -Stürmer, Bartholomäus Baron von,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 210-211</span><br /> -Suard, Jean Baptiste Antoine, ii. 300;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 24, 28</span><br /> -Suard, née Panckoucke, Dame, ii. 300<br /> -Suetonius Tranquillus, Caius, i. 57; iv. 225<br /> -Sueur (see Le Sueur)<br /> -Suffren de Saint-Tropez, Pierre André<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. xxi</span><br /> -Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, vi. <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> -Suidas, vi. <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> -Suleau, François, i. 175<br /> -Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, iv. 14; vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_224">224</a>-<a href="#Page_225">225</a></span><br /> -Sulla, Metella, vi. <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> -Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Rosny, later Duc de, i. 117; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">121; iv. 127</span><br /> -Surcouf, Robert, i. 26<br /> -Survilliers,pseud., Comte and Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de (see Joseph King of Naples, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Spain and Julia Queen of Naples,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Spain)</span><br /> -Sussy, Jean Baptiste Henry Collin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 117, 122, 128</span><br /> -Sutton, Admiral Sir John, ii. 92<br /> -Sutton, Charlotte Ives, Lady, ii. 86-94,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">96-97; iii. 135; iv. 63, 65, 94-95;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></span><br /> -Sutton, Captain, iv. 95<br /> -Sutton, Mrs., iv. 95<br /> -Suze (see La Suze)<br /> -Suwaroff, Alexander Count, v. 282<br /> -Swanton. Mr. Calvert Hutchinson, vi. <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> -Swanwick, Anna, vi. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>-<a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Swedenborg, Emanuel, ii. 76, 86<br /> -Swift, Dean Jonathan, iv. 80<br /> -Swift, the fur-trader, i. 217-218<br /> -Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, v. 418<br /> -Symonds, John Addington, iv. 181<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -T<br /> -<br /> -Taboureau des Réaux, M., i. 162<br /> -Tacitus, Cornelius, ii. 29, 97, 201, 291,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">335; iii. 9, 195; iv. 225; v. 177;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. 19, 126-<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -Taillepied de Bondy (see Bondy)<br /> -Talaru, Louis Justin Marie Marquis de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 194; iv. 101</span><br /> -Talaru, Comtesse de Clermont-Tonnerre,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Marquise de, ii. 193-194; iv. 153</span><br /> -Tallart, Camille d'Hostun, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, v. 333</span><br /> -Tallemant des Réaux, Gedeon, iv. 44<br /> -Talleyrand-Chalais, Prince de, iv. 79<br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Bishop of Autun,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince de Bénévent, Charles</span><br /> -Maurice Duc de, i. 99, 130, 176-177;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 175, 214, 230, 247, 252,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259, 261, 265, 274-276, 279-284,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">289; iii. 55-56, 60, 64, 72-74,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86-87, 98-100, 111, 122, 127, 131, 143,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">148, 157, 159, 165, 171-175, 177-178,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 182, 196; iv. 3, 16, 26;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 83, 271, 325; vi. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-<a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Mrs. Grant, née<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wortley, later Duchesse de, iii. 98</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Édouard Duc de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dino, later Duc de, i. 99</span><br /> -Talleyrand-Périgord, Princess Dorothea<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Courland, Duchesse de Dino,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later Duchesse de, i. 99; iv. 33</span><br /> -Talma, François Joseph, i. 128, 173;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 177-178, 193; iv. 212</span><br /> -Talma, Charlotte Vanhove, Dame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petit, later Dame, ii. 193</span><br /> -Talma, Louise Julie Carreau, Dame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 193</span><br /> -Talmont, Charles Léopold Henri de La<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trémoille, Prince de, iii. 101</span><br /> -Talmont (see also La Rochejacquelein<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and La Trémoille)</span><br /> -Talon, General, v. 101<br /> -Tamerlane Khan of Tartary, iii. 191<br /> -Tancred Prince of Galilee, later of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edessa, ii. 177; iv. 186</span><br /> -Tancred (see also Hauteville)<br /> -Tardieu d'Esclavelles (see d'Épinay)<br /> -Tardiveau (see Piet-Tardiveau)<br /> -Tarente, Étienne Jacques Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexandre Macdonald, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 90, 112, 177-178</span><br /> -Tasso, Bernardo, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> -Tasso, Torquato, i. xxiv, 203, 247; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">86, 123-124, 220; iii. 10; iv. 185-186,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">231, 244, 286; v. 26-27, 63-64,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">70, 254, 286, 330; vi. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>-<a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></span><br /> -Tasso, Cornelia, vi. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -Tastu, Sabine Casimir Amable Voïart,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-<a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> -Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, i, 88<br /> -Taylor, the British agent, ii. 259<br /> -Teixeira de Mattos, Mr. David, i. xiii-xiv<br /> -Telemachus, ii. 48<br /> -Tell, William, v. 264-275, 277-279<br /> -Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, v. 56; vi. <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br /> -Termes, M. de, ii. 302<br /> -Ternaux, Louis Guillaume Baron, iv. 117<br /> -Terray, Abbé Joseph Marie, i. 162<br /> -Tertre (see Duport du Tertre),<br /> -Tertullian, Quintus Septimius Florens<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tertullianus, known as, v. 10; vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> -Terwagne (see Théroigne de Méricourt)<br /> -Teste, Charles, v. 137<br /> -Teste, Jean Baptiste, v. 126<br /> -Tharin, Bishop of Strasburg, Claude<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Paul, iv. 139</span><br /> -Tharsis, Gendarme, ii. 262-263<br /> -Thiel, Jean François du, ii. 107, 111<br /> -Themistocles, i. 223; ii. 231; iii. 189-190<br /> -Theodatus King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodebert I. King of Austrasia, ii. 52<br /> -Theodora, the Empress, iii. 206<br /> -Theodore I. King of Corsica, Theodor<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baron von Neuhof, later, vi. <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> -Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, iv. 227<br /> -Theodoric II. King of the Visigoths, ii. 45<br /> -Theodosius I., the Emperor, iv. 227<br /> -Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Terwagne, known as Demoiselle, ii. 11</span><br /> -Thévenin (see Devienne)<br /> -Thianges, née de Rochechouart de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortemart, Duchesse de, i. 103</span><br /> -Thiard (see Bissy, Thiard-Bissy and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thiard de Bissy)</span><br /> -Thiard-Bissy, Henri Charles Comte<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 140, 145, 153; v. 162</span><br /> -Thiard de Bissy, Auxonne Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Théodose Comte de, v. 162</span><br /> -Thibaudeau, Auguste Clair, iii. 143, 217<br /> -Thibaut IV. Count of Champagne, i. xxiv<br /> -Thionville (see Merlin de Thionville)<br /> -Thierry, Amedée Simon Dominique), v. 271<br /> -Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">261, 288-289; v. 28, 208, 270-271</span><br /> -Thiers, President of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 156, 192; v. 82-83, 95-96, 105,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">114, 127-128, 134, 137, 140-141, 198,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">206, 217, 307; vi. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>-<a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -Thomas, Antoine Leonard, i. 162; ii. 102<br /> -Thomas, Jacques Léonard Clément, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">109, 140-141</span><br /> -Thomas, Victor, v. 310<br /> -Thomas Aquinas, Saint, ii. 184<br /> -Thomson, James, ii. 99<br /> -Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, iv. 241,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">297; v. 275</span><br /> -Thorwaldsen, Miss, iv. 297<br /> -Thouars (see La Trémoille)<br /> -"Thouret," M., ii. 84<br /> -Thucydides, iii. 96, 136, 195; v. 56,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">255, 177, 229-230; vi. <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> -Thumery, Marquis de, ii. 259<br /> -Tiberius, the Emperor, ii. 331; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">291, 297; vi. <a href="#Page_209">209</a></span><br /> -Tibullus, Albius, i. 54, 84, 162; v. 63<br /> -Tiemblais (see Hingant de La Tiemblais)<br /> -Tilbury (see Gervase of Tilbury)<br /> -Tillet (see Du Tillet)<br /> -Tilleul, M. du, ii. 162<br /> -Timon, ii. 122<br /> -Tinténiac, i. 9<br /> -Tinténiac, M. de, i. 48<br /> -Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -Tinville (see Fouquier-Tinville)<br /> -Titian, Tiziano Vicelli, known as, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">239; vi. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -Titus, the Emperor, iii. 183; v. 58,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63; vi. <a href="#Page_247">247</a></span><br /> -Tobias, ii. 122<br /> -Tocqueville, Hervé Louis François<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Bonaventure Clérel, Comte</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135; ii. 295; vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> -Tocqueville, née de Rosanbo, Comtesse<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 135; ii. 295</span><br /> -Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clérel de, i. 135; ii. 295; vi. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></span><br /> -Tolendal (see Lally-Tolendal)<br /> -Tollendal (see Lally-Tolendal<br /> -Tolstoi, Countess, vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> -Tolstoi the Younger, Count, vi. <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> -Tonnerre (see Clermont-Tonnerre)<br /> -Torlonia (see Bracciano)<br /> -Torrenté, M. de, ii. 250<br /> -Torrington, George Byng, sixth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viscount, ii. 68</span><br /> -Touchet (see Du Touchet and d'Entragues)<br /> -Tour (see La Tour)<br /> -Tourel, the "knight of July," v. 240<br /> -Tourneaux, the Polytechnic scholar, v. 107<br /> -Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, i. 180<br /> -Tournelle (see La Tournelle)<br /> -Tournon, Philippe Camille Marcelin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iv. 258; vi. <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> -Tourton, M., iii. 56<br /> -Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Contentin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, v. 175</span><br /> -Toussaint-Louverture, Dominique<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">François, iii. 191; vi. <a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br /> -Toussaint de Saint-Luc, Père, i. 5<br /> -"Tout-le-Monde," the cow-keeper, v. 346<br /> -Townsend, John Kirk, i. 253<br /> -Trajan, the Emperor, iii. 225; iv. 229;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 58, 60; vi. <a href="#Page_239">239</a></span><br /> -Trapassi (see Metastasio)<br /> -Travanet, rufe de Bombelles, Marquise<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 37</span><br /> -Trélat, Ulysse, v. 126, 141<br /> -Trémargat, Louis Anne Pierre Geslin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, i. 145-146, 152</span><br /> -Trémaudun, Nicolas Pierre Philippes,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seigneur de, i. 48</span><br /> -Trémaudun, Dame de, i. 48<br /> -Tremerello (see Mandricardo)<br /> -Trémigon, Comte de, i. 21; vi. <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -Trémoille (see La Trémoille)<br /> -Trevelec, Abbé de, i. 108<br /> -Treves, Clement Wenceslaus Duke in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saxony, Archbishop-Elector of, ii. 4</span><br /> -Trévise, Édouard Adolphe Casimir<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph Mortier, Maréchal Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 50-51, 57, 120, 124, 155; v. 101</span><br /> -Triboulet, the Court fool, ii. 17<br /> -Trioson (see Girodet Trioson)<br /> -Trivulzio, Signorina, iv. 229<br /> -Trochu, General Louis Jules, v. 109<br /> -Trogoff, Joachim Simon Comte de, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">404-405, 408-409, 417</span><br /> -Trojolif, Sébastien Marie Hyacinthe<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Moëlien, Chevalier Seigneur de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 66</span><br /> -Trojolif (see also Moëlien de Trojolif)<br /> -Tromelin, Jacques Jean Marie François<br /> -Boudin, Comte de, v. 106<br /> -Tronchet, François Denis, iii. 139<br /> -Tronjoli (see Trojolif)<br /> -Trouin (see Duguay-Trouin)<br /> -Trublet, Abbé Nicolas Charles Joseph,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 18, 27</span><br /> -Truchsess von Waldburg (see Waldburg)<br /> -Tuffin de La Rouërie (see La Rouërie)<br /> -Tulloch, Francis, i. 195, 197, 208<br /> -Tully (see Cicero)<br /> -Turenne, Henri Amédée Mercure<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comte de, iii. 164-165</span><br /> -Turenne, Henri de La Tourd'Auvergne,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Vicomte de, i. 57, 77; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">151; iii. 27, 89, 225; v. 101, 143;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>-<a href="#Page_20">20</a></span><br /> -Turenne (see also Bouillon)<br /> -Turgot, Baron de L'Aulne, Anne<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Jacques, i. 162; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a>-<a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, ii. 33<br /> -Turreau de Garambouville, Louis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marie Baron de, ii. 108</span><br /> -Tyler, Wat, ii. 128<br /> -Tyrtæus, v. 213<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -U<br /> -<br /> -Ulliac, M., i. 153<br /> -Unwin, Mr. Thomas Fisher, vi. 166<br /> -Urban V., Pope, ii. 200<br /> -Urias, vi. 237<br /> -d'Urte, Honoré, ii. 303; v. 132<br /> -Urquhart, Sir Thomas, i. 133; iv. 243<br /> -Ursins (see also Orsini)<br /> -Ursins, Anne Marie de La Trémoille,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse de Talleyrand-Chalais, later</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Princesse des, iv. 79-80; v. 50</span><br /> -Ursinus, Anti-pope, v. 11<br /> -d'Urville (see Dumont d'Urville)<br /> -Usquin, M., iv. 67<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -V<br /> -<br /> -Vachon, Mademoiselle, v. 364<br /> -Vaillant, M., v. 96<br /> -Valangin (see Wagram)<br /> -Valence, Comte de, iv. 237<br /> -Valence, née de Genlis, Comtesse de, iv. 237<br /> -Valentine, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Chateaubriand's footman, i. 190</span><br /> -Valentinian III., the Emperor, ii. 185;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 47; iv. 227</span><br /> -Valentinois, Diane de Poitiers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de Maulevrier, later Duchesse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 294</span><br /> -Valentinois (see also Borgia)<br /> -Valerian, the Emperor, ii. 309<br /> -Valmore, François Prosper Lanchantin,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, vi. 174</span><br /> -Valmore, Marceline Josèphe Félicité<br /> -Desbordes, Dame Desbordes, vi. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vallière (see La Vallière)</span><br /> -Valmy, François Christophe Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, ii. 49; v.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">127; vi. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></span><br /> -Valmy, François Edmond Kellermann,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_249">249</a></span><br /> -Vancouver, George, i. 215<br /> -Vaneau, the Poly technic scholar, v. 110<br /> -Vannucci (see Perugino)<br /> -Vanozza, Rosa, v. 13<br /> -Varano, Alfonso Marchese di, vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> -Varenne (see Billaud-Varenne)<br /> -Vassal, M., v. 96<br /> -Vatimesnil, Antoine François Henri<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lefebvre de, iv. 139</span><br /> -Vauban, Sébastien Maréchal Le Prestre<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, ii. 52; iii. 225; vi. <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> -Vaublanc, Vincent Marie Viennot,<br /> -Comte de, ii. 129<br /> -Vaudreuil, Louis Philippe de Rigaud,<br /> -Marquis de, i. 131<br /> -Vaudreuil, Dame de, i. 174<br /> -Vaudrin, the grave-digger, vi. <a href="#Page_170">170</a>-<a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> -Vaufreland, M. de, v. 304<br /> -Vauguyon (see La Vauguyon)<br /> -Vauquelin, Burgess, i. 126<br /> -Vaurouault (see Goyon-Vaurouault)<br /> -Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapier,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, v. 387; vi. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> -Vauvert, Michel Bossinot de, ii. 6<br /> -Vauxelles, Jacques Bourlet, Abbé de,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 105</span><br /> -Vega Carpia, Lope Felix de, ii. 38; v. 318<br /> -Veit, Philipp, iv. 240<br /> -Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 239</span><br /> -Velly, Abbé Paul François, i. 222-223<br /> -Vendramin, Doge of Venice, Andrea,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> -Ventador, Duc de, v. 130<br /> -Veremund II. King of Leon and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Asturias; v. 377</span><br /> -Vergne (see Pioche de La Vergne)<br /> -Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Carle, ii. 298</span><br /> -Vernet, Claude Joseph, ii. 298<br /> -Vernet, Émile Jean Horace Vernet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as Horace, ii. 298; iv. 241</span><br /> -Verneuil, Cathérine Henriette de Balzac<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Entragues, Marquis de, i. 117; iv. 79</span><br /> -Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, known as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, vi. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></span><br /> -Vertamy (see Mandaroux-Vertamy)<br /> -Vespasian, the Emperor, v. 58; vi. <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> -Vestris, Marie Rose Gourgaud, Dame, i. 128<br /> -Vezderdjerd I. King of Persia, ii. 43<br /> -Vibraye, Anne Victor Denis Hubault,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de, iv. 21</span><br /> -Vic (see d'Ermenonville)<br /> -Vicence, Armand Auguste Louis Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Caulaincourt, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 275, 282-283; iii. 49, 77, 98, 157,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167-168</span><br /> -Victoire Princess of France, Madame,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">i. 160, 177; vi. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></span><br /> -Victor I. King of England, Scotland<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Ireland (see Victor Emanuel I.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King of Sardinia)</span><br /> -Victor (see also Bellune)<br /> -Victor Amadeus II. King of Sardinia, iv. 251<br /> -Victor Amadeus III. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 221; iv. 251</span><br /> -Victor Emanuel I. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de jure Victor I. King of England,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scotland and Ireland, ii. 221; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">54, 251; vi. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> -Victor Emanuel II. King of Sardinia,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">later of Italy, iv. 224</span><br /> -Victoria Queen of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Empress of India, iv. 47, 50,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">75, 251; vi. <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> -Vidal, Pierre, v. 328<br /> -Vidocq, François Eugène, v. 258<br /> -Vidoni, Pietro Cardinal, iv. 235-236<br /> -Vieillard, Narcisse, v. 297-298<br /> -Viennet, Jean Pons Guillaume, v. 138-139<br /> -Vieuzac (see Barère de Vieuzac)<br /> -Viganoni, Signor, i. 173<br /> -Vigarous, Dr. Joseph Marie Joachim, ii. 165<br /> -Vigée-Lebrun (see Lebrun)<br /> -Vigier, Comte, vi. <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> -Vignale, Abbé, ii. 215-217<br /> -Vignola, Giacomo Barrocchio or Barozzi,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">known as, iv. 241</span><br /> -Vignoles (see Lahire)<br /> -Vigny, Alfred Victor Comte de, v. 128<br /> -Vildéneux (see Loisel de La Villedeneu)<br /> -Villa (see Della Villa)<br /> -Villafranca (see Carignan)<br /> -Villafranca-Soisson, Conti di, i. 51<br /> -Villaret, Claude, i. 222<br /> -Villars, Louis Hector Maréchal Duc de, vi. <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> -Villate (see La Villate)<br /> -Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, i. xxiv;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>-<a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> -Villèle, Jean Baptiste Guillaume Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anne Séraphin Joseph Comte de, i.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">37, 97, 124; iv. 13-17, 26-30, 51,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">59, 61-62, 85-86, 91, 95, 97-101, 111,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">117, 124-125, 131-132, 135-144, 217;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">v. 68, 82, 88, 180, 303-304, 361,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">415-416; vi. <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> -Villemain, Abel François, ii. 133; iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">259-261; v. 29, 86, 260, 263; vi. <a href="#Page_257">257</a></span><br /> -Villemarest, Charles Maxime de, ii. 251<br /> -Villeneuve, Pierre, i. 193-194<br /> -Villeneuve, the Vicomte de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateaubriand's nurse, i. 19, 23, 28,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30-31, 34, 93, 193</span><br /> -Villeneuve, Pons Louis François Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 340</span><br /> -Villeneuve (see also Pélion de Villeneuve)<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Alban de, v. 245<br /> -Villeneuve-Bargemont, Dame de, v. 245<br /> -Villeroi, François de Neufville,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maréchal Duc de, iii. 197-198; v. 403</span><br /> -Villeroi, Nicolas de Neufville, Seigneur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, v. 50, 55</span><br /> -Villette, Charles Michel Marquis de, i.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">167-178</span><br /> -Villette, Reine Philiberte Roupt de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Varicourt, Marquise de, i. 167-168</span><br /> -Villette, Demoiselle de, i. 178<br /> -Villo, Gonzalo, i. 196<br /> -Vincent, Baron von, iii. 158, 163<br /> -Vincent, General, v. 107<br /> -Vincent of Paul, Saint, v. 315<br /> -Vinci, Leonardo da, iv. 239; v. 26;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_59">59</a></span><br /> -Vintimille, Pauline Félicité de Mailly-Nesle,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comtesse de, ii. 297-298</span><br /> -Vintimille du Luc, née de La Live de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jully, Comtesse de, ii. 172-173, 191,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">296; iii. 21</span><br /> -Viot (see Bourdic)<br /> -Virgil, Publius Virgilius Maro, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as, i. 24, 84, 195, 201, 249; ii. 89,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">97, 124, 202; iii. 27, 108, 214; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">185, 258, 284; v. 57, 63, 229, 286,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">326-327; vi. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> -Virginia, iii. 53<br /> -Virginie, the Comtesse de Caud's maid,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 316-317</span><br /> -Virginius, iii. 53<br /> -Violet, the dancing-master, i. 218-220;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ii. 70</span><br /> -Visconti, Cavaliere Filippo Aureliano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 298</span><br /> -Vitellius, the Emperor, i. 158; iv. 241<br /> -Vitré, Baron of, i. 9<br /> -Vitrolles, Eugène François Auguste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Armand, Baron de, iii. 55, 112;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 16; v. 111, 113-114</span><br /> -Vitrolles, Baronne de, iii. 141<br /> -Vitry, Philippe de, vi. <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> -Vittoria, Baldomero Espartero, Duque<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, iii. 221</span><br /> -Viviers (see Du Viviers)<br /> -Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, known<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as de, i. 4, 18, 27, 97, 99, 167; ii.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">63, 104, 106, 119, 135, 166, 172,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 184, 186, 331; iii. 33, 127; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">32, 38, 44, 47, 58, 122, 150, 248,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">253; v. 203-204, 208, 300; vi. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-<a href="#Page_2">2</a>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>-<a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Voss, Fräulein, iv. 38<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -W<br /> -<br /> -Wace, Robert, i. 39; ii. 62<br /> -Wagram, Alexandre Berthier, Maréchal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duc de Valangin, Prince of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neuchâtel, Duc de, ii. 273; iii. 91, 98;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 107, 256; vi. <a href="#Page_11">11</a></span><br /> -Wahlstadt, Gebhart Leberecht von<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blücher, Field-marshal Prince von,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 49, 162, 186; iv. 75</span><br /> -Waldburg, Friedrich Ludwig Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truchsess von, iii. 78-85, 87</span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince Christian Augustus<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, ii. 40, 42, 44, 49-51</span><br /> -Waldeck, Prince George Frederic of,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 162</span><br /> -Waldor, Mélanie Villenave, Dame, vi. <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> -Wales, known as the Black Prince,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward Prince of, ii. 46; iii. 193</span><br /> -Walewska, later Comtesse d'Ornano,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria Laczinska, Countess Walewice,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 109</span><br /> -Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Colonna, Comte, later Duc de,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 109</span><br /> -Walewski, Anastasius Colonna, Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walewice, iii. 109</span><br /> -Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mecklemburg and Sagan, Albrecht</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eusebius von, v. 354-355, 383; vi. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>-<a href="#Page_5">5</a></span><br /> -Wallenstein, Thekla von, vi. <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> -Walpole (see Orford)<br /> -Walsh, Édouard Vicomte, vi. <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> -Ward, Dr., ii. 280<br /> -Warsaw, Ivan Paskevitch, Fieldmarshal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prince of, iv. 267</span><br /> -Warville (see Boissot de Warville)<br /> -Warwick, Richard Neville, sixteenth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Earl of, v. 336; vi. <a href="#Page_187">187</a></span><br /> -Washington, President of the United<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">States of America, George, i. xv,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">180, 207, 210-214, 217, 251, 255;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 187-188, 228; v. 113, 143; vi.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></span><br /> -Weisse, Christian Hermann, v. 412<br /> -Weld, Bishop of Amycla, Thomas<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 358</span><br /> -Wellesley, General Hon. Arthur (see<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wellington)</span><br /> -Wellington, Arthur Wellesley,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fieldmarshal first Duke of, i. 188; ii. 69,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">79, 134; iii. 79, 136-137, 146, 158,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">160, 162-164, 166, 178, 180, 190,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">223-224; iv. 71, 76, 89, 91-92,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">204-205; v. 360; vi. <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> -Wenceslaus VI. King of Bohemia, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, v. 388</span><br /> -Wendel, Clara, v. 289<br /> -Wentworth, Judith Noel, Viscountess, ii. 136<br /> -Werther, Karl Anton Philpp Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Werther, Wilhelm Baron von, v. 146<br /> -Westmoreland, John Fane, tenth Earl<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of, i. 188; iv. 80</span><br /> -Wheler, Sir George, iv. 247<br /> -Whitbread, Samuel, ii. 143<br /> -Whitelocke, Bulstrode, ii. 122<br /> -Wignacourt, Antoine Louis, Marquis<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de, i. 50</span><br /> -Wilberforce, William, ii. 143<br /> -Wilhelmina of Prussia, Margravine of<br /> -Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Sophia, iv.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">38; vi. <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br /> -William I. Count of Apulia, iv. 185<br /> -William II. Duke of Apulia, iv. 186<br /> -William of Bavaria, Duke of Birkenfeld,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 91</span><br /> -William I. Duke of Normandy, King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of England, i. 257; ii. 62, 137; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">58, 109; v. 175</span><br /> -William III. King of Great Britain and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, iv. 93</span><br /> -William IV. King of Great Britain,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ireland and Hanover, iv. 33, 281</span><br /> -William I. Elector of Hesse-Cassel,<br /> -William IX. Landgrave, later, iv. 57<br /> -William Duke of Mantua, vi. <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> -William I. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -William Prince of Orange, later, iii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">163; iv. 162, 164, 237; v. 226, 323;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> -William II. King of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iii. 163; v. 323</span><br /> -William V. Stadtholder of the Netherlands,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 270</span><br /> -William I. King of Prussia, German<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emperor, iv. 33, 271</span><br /> -William I. King of Wurtemberg, v.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">41, 329</span><br /> -William of Prussia, Amelia Marianne of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hesse-Homburg, Princess, iv. 41, 49</span><br /> -Willoughby de Eresby (see Gwydyr)<br /> -Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, iii. 110, 190<br /> -Wilson, Alexander, i. 253<br /> -Wimpfen, Louis Félix Baron de, ii. 40<br /> -Windsor, William de, ii. 138<br /> -Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jan de, v. 51</span><br /> -Witt, Cornelis de, v. 51<br /> -Wolfe, General James, i. 224; ii.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">107; vi. <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -Wordsworth, William, ii. 128<br /> -Wrangham, Archdeacon Francis, iii. 23<br /> -Wright, the inn-keeper, i. 185<br /> -Wyclif, John, v. 388<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -X<br /> -<br /> -Xenophon, v. 56<br /> -Ximenes, Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal, v. 51</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Y<br /> -<br /> -York, Henry Cardinal of (see Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IX. King of England, Scotland and Ireland)</span><br /> -York, Richard Duke of, ii. 75<br /> -York and Albany, Bishop of Osnaburg,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederick Duke of, ii. 68, 79; iv.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">77, 79</span><br /> -Young, Arthur, ii. 131<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -Z<br /> -<br /> -Zagarolo, Margherita Gioeni-Colonna,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Principessa Rospigliosi, Duchessa di,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">iv. 256</span><br /> -Zampieri (see Domenichino)<br /> -"Zanze," Angelica Brollo, known as,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vi. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>-<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></span><br /> -Zarviska, the poet, iv. 179-180<br /> -Zeno, ii. 136<br /> -Zeuxis, vi. <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> -Zimmer, "Colonel," v. 112-113<br /> -Zuccaro, Taddeo, iv. 241<br /> -Zulietta, the Venetian courtezan, vi.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -Zuñiga (see Ercilla y Zuñiga)<br /> -Zurla, Placido Cardinal, v. 8, 23; vi. <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> -</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of François René Vicom -e de Chateaubriand sometime Ambassad, by François René Chateaubriand and Alexander Teixeira de Mattos - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEMOIRS OF FRANÇOIS RENÉ *** - -***** This file should be named 55124-h.htm or 55124-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/2/55124/ - -Produced by Laura Natal Rodriguez and Marc D'Hooghe at -Free Literature (online soon in an extended version, also -linking to free sources for education worldwide ... MOOC's, -educational materials,...) Images generously made available -by the Hathi Trust. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_001.jpg b/old/55124-h/images/chat06_001.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0577a92..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_001.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_002.jpg b/old/55124-h/images/chat06_002.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7ab8a94..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_002.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_003.jpg b/old/55124-h/images/chat06_003.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 32a4532..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_003.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_004.jpg b/old/55124-h/images/chat06_004.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4d1e7d2..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_004.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_005.jpg b/old/55124-h/images/chat06_005.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 96b8822..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_005.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_006.jpg b/old/55124-h/images/chat06_006.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b5f3796..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/images/chat06_006.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55124-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/55124-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cf87868..0000000 --- a/old/55124-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null |
