diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55119-0.txt | 1719 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55119-0.zip | bin | 33819 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55119-h.zip | bin | 136911 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55119-h/55119-h.htm | 1920 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55119-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 101165 -> 0 bytes |
8 files changed, 17 insertions, 3639 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a70ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55119 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55119) diff --git a/old/55119-0.txt b/old/55119-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index eed9b5e..0000000 --- a/old/55119-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1719 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review; v.1, no.4, April, 1911, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Review; v.1, no.4, April, 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 15, 2017 [EBook #55119] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - VOLUME I, No. 4. APRIL, 1911 - - THE REVIEW - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID - ASSOCIATION - - AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - TEN CENTS A COPY. SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR - - E. F. Waite, President. - F. Emory Lyon, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review. - E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman Ex. Committee. - James Parsons, Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - G. E. Cornwall, Member Ex. Committee - Albert Steelman, Member Ex. Committee - - - - -THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND CORRECTION - - -This year’s conference (Boston, June 7-14) bids fair to be the best -yet. The topics in general are timely and fundamental. The Committee -on Lawbreakers will have for its general session the opening evening, -Wednesday, the seventh. In addition to the committee report, a speaker -of national reputation will give an address. In the section meetings -the topics will be, respectively, the care of defective delinquents, -modern methods of dealing with misdemeanants, and the development of -systems of probation and parole. The section meetings will be “round -table” discussions, open to all. - - - - -THE TREND OF LEGISLATION - - -Most legislative sessions for 1911 are now through or nearly so. -Certain general tendencies have been prominent in prison and -correctional legislation. The problems of prison labor have been -prominent in California, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas, Missouri, -Michigan, New York and some other states. The trend of legislation is -strongly toward the introduction or strengthening of the state-use -system. Legislative inquiries into alleged mal-administration have -been instituted in several states. The question of corporal punishment -has been under investigation in Michigan. The REVIEW will give the -results of these investigations, but believes it inadvisable to print -statements and comments prior to official findings. - -Legislatures have been asked in many states, notably Wisconsin, -Indiana, California, New York, to consider the establishment of new -kinds of correctional institutions for tramps and vagrants, or for -inebriates, or for young misdemeanants. The health of prisoners -attracts increasing attention, as well as their mental conditions. - - - - -FOUR MONTHS OF THE REVIEW - - -The REVIEW is growing gently. We hope surely, also. Its purpose to be -a live news-sheet in the prison field is being gradually worked out. -What the REVIEW wants is comment from its subscribers as to how it -can be made most useful. - -The editor holds that the “prison field” includes efforts in behalf of -the prisoner before imprisonment, after imprisonment, on probation and -on parole. Very germane to the work and interest of prisoners and -societies are movements for the care of those mentally and socially -sick and tending toward delinquency and crime, such as the tramp and -the vagrant, the inebriate, the feeble-minded offender, the youthful -transgressor. So the REVIEW will give a share of its attention to such -actual or proposed organizations or institutions as children’s courts -and villages, farm colonies, hospitals and colonies for inebriates, -psychopathic institutions for the study of the defective delinquent, -as well as to all the movements and progress of general interest in -the narrower prison field. - -During these four months W. D. Lane, a member of the New York School -of Philanthropy, has been serving the REVIEW as Assistant Editor. His -help has been of very material value. - - - - -MENTAL DEFECTIVES AND MORAL DELINQUENTS - -FRANK MOORE, SUPERINTENDENT NEW JERSEY REFORMATORY - - -To deal successfully with the prodigious problem of moral reform, no -one thing seems more essential than a scientific study and a -systematic treatment of the mentally deficient delinquent. Obviously, -a classification of evil doers based upon their mentality is of vast -importance. Before the work of reform can intelligently be begun there -must be such a complete diagnosis of each individual case that the -cause of the moral malady may be discovered, if possible. Mental -deficiency is without question a cause of moral delinquency, and the -reform of a large number of delinquents cannot wisely be undertaken -until the existence of feeble mindedness is established in each case -where it exists. - -In the work of reform, too little attention has been given to careful -diagnosis; too much guessing has prevailed as to the criminal’s mental -character, or too much ignoring of mental ability. Criminals, whether -mentally normal or subnormal, have all been subjected to the same -system, with the hope that the weak-minded and strong-minded alike -would be made into good citizens. The reason for this has been, -perhaps, that there have appeared to be few if any standards by which -it has been thought the mental character of the criminal could be -accurately judged. But certain systems recently have been developed -that render guessing no longer a necessity, and hence a great mistake. - -Doctor Sante de Sanctis of Italy, Doctor De Croly of Germany and -Doctor Alfred Binet of France have established admirable systems in -dealing with this problem. - -Classification of the mentally deficient delinquent may be perhaps -most easily arrived at by the psychological standards of the Binet -system. This system has been in use in some of the feeble-minded -institutions of the country, and has been used by the New Jersey -Reformatory the past year; there may be some other reformatories that -have also used it with most satisfactory results. Each inmate in the -Reformatory of New Jersey, received during the year, has been subjected -to the Binet tests, and this determining of a psychological age has -established the fact that 46% of the inmates received during the last -year are mentally subnormal. - -The physical age at which delinquents may be legally committed to the -reformatory is sixteen to twenty-five years. But by examination it has -been discovered that the mental age for nearly a majority was below -twelve years, while in one case it was less than five. In other words, -46% of those received had minds which in knowledge and ability were -only equal to the minds of the child from five to twelve years old. By -the system employed, they have been classified in the precise year -between these two limitations, to which they mentally belong. - -There is, however, without question one point at which the system -needs to be taken with a considerable degree of care. Of the 46% who -were mentally deficient, according to the tests, it was found by a -study of the history of these cases that 17½% had received only a -year’s schooling or less. What their minds would have been if they had -not had this misfortune could not be determined by the system, but -could only be arrived at when they had been given the opportunity of -an education. From this data, it would seem wise to divide the 46% -mentally defectives into two classes. - -First: The hopelessly defective or feeble-minded delinquent, of whom -there were 28½%. - -Second: The hopeful cases of defectives, possibly capable of -development into normals with proper training, of whom there were -17½%. - -After diagnosis of the deficient cases, the next natural step is that -of observation. Our observation, covering only a short time and -therefore not very dependable, and perhaps of only slight suggestive -value, has shown that these mentally deficient delinquents, while -under discipline, seem to be inclined to commit only offenses that may -be called neglects, and not offenses that are vicious in character, -unless some one of a stronger mind has inspired the more vicious deed. -The great number of their failures are failures of omission, due to -lack of apprehension. They fall below the standard because their minds -are below it. It is also most apparent that there is need of a special -method of treatment of the delinquent who is defective. There should -be a separation of him from the normal. His mind is slow. He does not -grasp instruction as quickly as the normal, and to subject him to the -same standards under the same rules is inhumane. In discipline he is -seriously interfered with by those who are bright and yet wilful, and -who make him the butt of their jest. He cannot be taught the same -subjects that can be taught to the average mind. It is a waste of time -to undertake to teach him more than the simplest rudiments of the -lower grammar grades. In work he is most successful in that which is -purely methodical, in which there is little intelligence and -initiative required. He can rise very little above the laborer, and to -expect him to be a real mechanic or to try to train him for such will -only mean failure, and the reformatory system that recognizes these -limitations will certainly be most apt to succeed. - -The reformatory needs to be most discriminating in dealing with this -class when they are dismissed. The character and influences of the -place to which they are paroled is a vital matter. These delinquents -amid evil surroundings, or in the hands or under the influence of -unscrupulous people are most dangerous. Unhesitatingly and almost -without knowing it, they become the tool of the vicious. They are like -the weather vane, which sways instantly in the direction of the power -that is exerted upon it. The best people, those who are interested in -helping the unfortunate and who will seek to carry on through the -years the work which the institution has but begun, ought to be sought -to help them when these individuals are dismissed from the -institution. If this class is wisely dealt with, a percentage of this -by-product of humanity, large enough to make it worth while, will be -changed from mere animal things into individuals of value in the world. - - - - -CHICAGO’S VICE COMMISSION - -[EDITORIAL REPRINTED FROM NEW YORK EVENING POST, APRIL 10] - - -[During the first week of April a remarkable report was issued by the -Chicago Vice Commission. The editorial of the New York Evening Post of -April 10th on the Chicago report merits reproduction in full.] - -The report of the Chicago Vice Commission, made public last week, is a -notable document for many reasons. To begin with, this is said to have -been the first commission appointed by the mayor of a great city to -deal with this question. In the next place, it conducted its inquiry -in a scientific and dispassionate manner, and as a result has some -definite and practical recommendations to make. But most important of -all is that it rejects definitely and vigorously the theory that since -prostitution has always been and is always likely to be, therefore -there is nothing to be done but to regulate and tolerate and -segregate. Into none of these pitfalls has it fallen. Without letting -its idealism run away with it, the committee—a strong one, composed -of business men, teachers, editors, doctors, and ministers—lays down -the sound truth that the proper policy for a city is “constant and -persistent repression,” with “absolute annihilation as the ultimate -ideal.” There is no counsel of cowardice and despair here; no advocacy -of those evil, out-worn policies of toleration which have long since -demonstrated in Europe their inability to protect the public health or -morals. What is counselled is a determined and vigorous grappling with -the evil by the municipality, while the community as a whole devotes -itself to those far-reaching policies of education and economic -readjustment, which must eventually control some of the human currents -that underlie this fearful social peril. - -How great that evil is in Chicago alone appears from the committee’s -sober estimate that the annual loss in lives is 5,000 and the annual -profit of those engaged in the trade is $15,000,000, which latter -figure has since been raised four-fold. It has often been pointed out -in these columns and elsewhere that, if there were any other single -drain upon a city that cost it 5,000, or let us say even 2,500, lives -a year, the community would be up in arms about it. A fire loss of -that figure would stir this city to its foundations; the heavy toll in -children’s lives paid every summer because of impure or improper food -has roused the humanitarian spirit, and we are all familiar with the -public determination to blot out the tuberculosis scourge as rapidly -as possible. But these matters here come under the Board of Health, -which spends great sums every year in such crusades. No department -really has charge of this scourge of immorality save the Police -Department, which in the past has regulated it as though merely with a -view to obtaining for its corrupt members as large a share in the -profits as possible. - -That this indifference of the municipality to one of the most glaring -and discouraging evils of our modern life is intolerable, the Chicago -committee has fully realized, for it has recommended the immediate -appointment of a morals commission of five members to be chosen by the -mayor and approved by the city council, to serve for two years without -pay, the commissioner of health to be an ex-officio member, its duty -being to “gather evidence and to take the necessary legal steps for -the suppression of vice in Chicago wherever such suppression is -believed to be advisable.” Its jurisdiction is to cover Chicago and -the territory three miles beyond its corporate limits. In addition to -this morals commission, there is urged a morals court to consider the -cases submitted to it by the morals commission. But far-reaching as -these are, they are not the only practical remedies suggested. The -city is urged to erect a trade school and hospital for wayward women -on a farm owned by the municipality. A special house of detention is -urged as absolutely necessary, as is a second state school for wayward -girls, the existing one being overcrowded. Of vast importance in any -city would be the suggested creation “of a sympathetic agency with -paid agents, who have followed a special instruction and would be -charged with regular supervision of the children of unmarried -mothers,” and also an amply financed committee on child protection, -unrestricted in its scope. Indeed, the welfare of the children has -been a deep concern to the committee, which would keep them off the -streets at night, forbid the sending of any messenger under twenty-one -to a disreputable resort, while it suggests an increase in the number -of small parks and recreation centers. It urges dance halls, properly -supervised, with the sale of liquor prohibited; it implores the -churches to use their facilities for sane entertainments and urges -wise instruction in sex hygiene in the public schools. - -As for the worst offenders, the procurers, the committee urges that -there should be relentless prosecution of them and the professional -keepers of disreputable resorts. For the betterment of the police -force in relation to the evil there are suggested a number of remedies -for the existing conditions, such as the severe punishment of -grafters, the constant rotation of patrolmen in the various districts, -and the investigation of complaints by picked men from distant -districts. Most interesting of all is the suggestion that women police -officers be appointed to deal with the question of morals, and -particularly to protect strangers on arrival. Why this important duty -has thus far been left to volunteer effort in almost all of our cities -passes understanding. First offenders ought, the committee thinks, to -be invariably placed under the charge of women probation officers. We -note also this suggestion: - -To Federal authorities: A Federal bureau of immigration should be -established in great distributive centers, such as Chicago, to provide -for the safe conduct of immigrants from ports of entry to their -destination. Efficient legislation should be enacted and present laws -enforced in such a manner, as to the traffic in women within the -boundaries of each state, and as thoroughly, as the Federal -authorities have dealt with the international traffic. - -Not unnaturally, it finds that the public health authorities could do -much to better conditions if they would put an end to the wholesale -dispensing of cocaine and morphine by certain druggists. - -Finally, these investigators are convinced that much of the race -friction in large cities is due to the vice problem, and it dwells -vigorously upon the crying injustice of the Chicago authorities in -invariably driving the prostitutes into the quarters occupied by -colored people—in one instance into the section occupied by the -homes, Sunday schools, and churches of the best class of colored -people. One feature in the report appeals to Chicago’s pride. After -all the terrible stories of her “levee” districts, the committee is -certain that Chicago is “more moral proportionately to its population -than most of the cities in her class.” Are we so sure that New York -is—as Mayor Gaynor would have us believe? Has not the time come for -adapting to this city some of the many admirable, practical, and -constructive suggestions this report contains? - - - - -FOUR SEARCHING LAWS FOR FOUR SOCIAL EVILS - -W. D. LANE, ASSISTANT EDITOR REVIEW - - -A state campaign of much interest to social workers in general is -being waged by the Associated Charities of Duluth, Minnesota, for the -enactment by the Minnesota legislature of four laws pertaining to the -four related social evils of vagrancy, desertion of family, -drunkenness and poverty. A state labor colony for tramps, vagrants and -deserters, a general stiffening of the punitive, reformatory, and -other features of the law against desertion of destitute families, the -establishment of boards of inebriety, and a commission on the causes -of poverty, are, respectively, the specific measures by which the four -enumerated evils are to be met. - -At the time of our going to press, those fighting for the hills were -hopeful for the passage of all except that creating boards of -inebriety. All of the bills had been referred to their appropriate -committees in both house and senate, and the wide-spread discussion -given to them by newspapers throughout the state, most of which was -favorable, was expected to aid materially in their passage. - -The bill dealing with drunkenness provides that in every city having a -population of over 50,000 the common council or city council may -determine that there shall be a local board of inebriety, to consist -of five persons, appointed by the mayor, two of whom shall be -physicians, and one of whom, if practicable, shall have had experience -in social or charitable subjects. This board of inebriety, or one of -its field officers, may direct the dismissal of any complaint charging -a person with intoxication or the use of any habit-forming drug. If -the complaint be not dismissed and the accused be found guilty, the -court may release the person so convicted under the supervision of a -field officer of the board of inebriety for a period of from six -months to one year. The court may impose conditions upon the person -supervised and upon the violation of any of these conditions further -penalties may be imposed. If the accused be sentenced to hard labor in -a jail or house of correction, fifty cents for each day’s work shall -be paid over for the support of his wife or minor children. - -The chief objection raised to this bill is that the State of Minnesota -does not yet require such boards of inebriety, and that the work which -it would do can be accomplished through an extension of the probation -system. - -The proposed commission on causes of poverty would consist of five -citizens of the state, three of whom must be experts in social, -charitable, or sanitary matters, and two of whom must be lawyers. The -duties of the commission would be “to investigate causes of, or -factors in, promoting undesirable living conditions, ill health or -pauperism, such as poor and unsanitary housing, overcrowding in -tenements, methods of dealing with minor offenders and juvenile -delinquents, and such other kindred subjects as the commission may -elect.” It shall also study the adequacy of the present laws of the -state on these subjects, the experience of other states and countries, -and shall frame laws embodying the results of its investigations. Thus -the bill aims to “eliminate the causes of poverty instead of dealing -only with the effects.” The members are to be unpaid except for -reimbursement of travelling expenses. A salaried secretary may be -employed. The bill appropriates $6,000 for the purposes of the -commission, whose report must be submitted to the legislature on or -before January 15th, 1913. - -The purpose of the proposed state labor colony for tramps, vagrants -and deserters is thus stated by the Associated Charities: “To make -useful citizens out of tramps and beggars, instead of the rounders -from jail to jail, and city to city, created by the present system. To -eventually eliminate tramps and beggars and vagrants, which has been -largely accomplished in Germany, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland and -to a considerable extent in Massachusetts.” - -Detention, humane discipline and instruction are to be the functions -of the colony. Any court may, in lieu of other lawful commitment, -commit to the colony any male over twenty years of age who shall have -been adjudged by such court to be a tramp or vagrant, or a deserter of -a wife or child in necessitious circumstances. The sentence must be -indefinite in length and parole or discharge may be made at any time -after commitment, except that in no case may detention exceed two -years. - -The colony is to be under the supervision and management of the state -board of control. Its buildings are to be designed for not less than -three hundred inhabitants, and $100,000 is appropriated for the -purchase of a site and the erection of buildings. Educational and -industrial training are to be provided for. - -The problem of wife desertion is declared to be an extremely serious -one in Minnesota. The new bill aimed at this evil is based largely on -the “model law of the District of Columbia,” as well as upon a study -of every desertion law in the United States. It follows also -recommendations of the commission on uniform state laws. The bill -makes a misdemeanor of any desertion of, wilful neglect of, or refusal -to provide for, a wife or a legitimate or illegitimate child under 16 -years of age, in necessitous circumstances. In case of conviction it -provides for a fine of not more than $100, or imprisonment at hard -labor for not more than ninety days, or for both. The court may direct -the fine to be used for the support of the wife or child. - -Some prominent features of the law, which are declared to be -advantages over the present law, are as follows: It provides -specifically that when a deserter of a destitute family is sentenced -to confinement, he shall be employed at hard labor. This tends to -prevent desertion, saves the value of the man’s labor to the -community, braces him up and makes him a more useful citizen who is -more likely to support his family after release. - -It requires the payment of the proceeds of the man’s labor where it -most sorely is needed, to his deserted wife and children. Under the -present law, the convicted deserter is supported in jail, while his -family often become paupers. - -It specifically allows any person to make the complaint and makes both -husband and wife compellable witnesses in all relevant matters. -Members of the family are reluctant to complain in the most flagrant -cases of neglect and desertion, or else withdraw their complaint -before conviction and then the desertion is repeated. If convicted -upon complaint of members of his own family, the man is very apt “to -take it out on them” when released. - -It applies to the non-support of illegitimate as well as legitimate -children. - - - - -A STATE PRISONER ON PRISON REFORM - - -From a state convict at Montgomery, Alabama, comes a criticism of that -state’s treatment of the criminal, and a series of recommendations for -improving that treatment, which read like an extract from a report of -a state board of charities. The author of the article is Albert -Driscoll, who is serving a four years’ sentence for safe-blowing. The -article was addressed to the members of the legislature and was -printed in a Montgomery newspaper. Driscoll recommends the -indeterminate sentence, a prisoners’ aid society, and suppression of -the names of those placed on parole. Parts of his article follow: - - “There have been several sporadic attempts to have an improved - parole system inaugurated in this state, but somehow or other - they have never materialized in any legislation. If there is an - individual or an association in Alabama today who has the moral - welfare of the two thousand odd convicts really at heart and - wishes to benefit them, now is the time for them to get busy - during the present session of the legislature. - - “The crying need of some legislation on this subject is - self-apparent. This State as represented by its prison system is - not abreast of the spirit of the day. The old punitive method of - dealing with crime as against the reformative system is still in - operation. No attention is paid to the old axiom of an ounce of - prevention being better than a pound of cure, as regards those - unfortunates who by environment, hereditary tendencies or pure - cussedness for the criminal class. It is a large and constantly - growing class and from a moral as well as a economic viewpoint it - demands attention. - - “The old idea of the State revenging itself on the malefactor - still obtains and beyond securing as much revenue as possible - from the convict during his incarceration, no attention is paid - to his moral betterment except for the weekly sermon conducted by - the prison chaplains. The man in stripes is regarded as a - commercial asset solely. Several commutations from the capital - penalty to life imprisonment have been secured in years past by - being based on the argument that a life convict would be worth so - many more thousand dollars than a dead one. Ye shades of Shylock! - Has this rich State no other source of revenue than its convicts? - - “When the pound of flesh has been exacted, he is abruptly turned - loose to his own devices without a cent nor any equipment to help - him to earn an honest livelihood. In every casual glance he will - read suspicion and in his search for friends and sympathy he will - be more than apt to search out other discharged convicts in - former congenial haunts and from that it is but a short step to a - life of habitual crime. - - “Would it not be better to sentence every offender under an - indeterminate sentence law, so that when the experts who have him - in charge are convinced that he is thoroughly reformed, that on - their recommendation and with the pardon board’s approval, he - could be paroled and turned over to a prisoners’ aid society? - This society should be a branch of the state convict department - and it should retain control of paroled prisoners and sustain - them until they could be placed at work. The great desideratum - should be secrecy and the names of the paroled men should never - be made public nor anyone made acquainted with their prison - record except the direct head of any firm that might give them - employment. Convicts are human and sensitive and they should be - given a fair chance with a clean slate and not be handicapped at - the start with a lot of notoriety. Give a man a bad name and he - will very likely be forced to live up to it, except he has a - strong character, and the class we are considering is not noted - for strength of character, or they would be in other ranks of - life. To the contrary, those who have slipped and fallen are - entitled to special assistance and every manly man should feel in - his heart a desire to help the under dog and to give him a chance - to regain his manhood and self-respect. - - “I do not ask you to receive a paroled convict as your personal - friend, nor to put him up at your club, but I do ask you to aid - the enactment of such legislation as will give him a fair chance - in life. It will cost you nothing although the fees of the - sheriffs and jailers may be reduced. We need an indeterminate - sentence law, a parole system based on merit, a trade school for - youthful offenders, and a state aid and employment bureau for - paroled convicts. The whole convict department should be taken - out of politics and higher salaries would attract a better class - of men as officers. - - “Corporal punishment is a relic of the middle ages and in - substituting a better and more humane system of maintaining - discipline the morale of the wardens will be elevated. The - writer, who has served seven years as a state convict, knows by - personal experience and observation that this method of - punishment is degratory to the administrator as well as to the - recipient. - - “My heartfelt desire and my object in writing this article is the - hope that it may inspire somebody to befriend the prisoners. We - can’t maintain a lobby at the capitol. The idea of a delegation - in stripes soliciting votes is ludicrous. I do hope, however, - that some broad-minded member of the legislature will advocate - our cause.” - - - - -IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD - - -PROGRESS IN CONNECTICUT - -The retiring president of the Connecticut Prison Association recently -wrote: - -The past nine years have been years of progress. Five important steps -have been taken, which bear directly upon the treatment of the -criminal. Not one of these originated in Connecticut. We are not -roadmakers. We slowly adopt courses which have been to some extent -tried and proved efficient by others. - -In 1901 was passed the indeterminate sentence law. Our late secretary -was an indefatigable worker for its passage. Coupled with the parole -law, the operation of the indeterminate sentence law promises much. It -marks a great innovation. Naturally it must work its way slowly and -must demonstrate its true worth to the community by years of -experimentation. - -In 1901 was also passed a law calculated to protect the public from -the incorrigible, and deter such from continuance in crime. I refer to -the law which requires that the judge, in the case of a third-term -offender, shall make the maximum term of imprisonment thirty years. It -is a severe law. But no one need suffer from it. An incurable criminal -should not be allowed to imperil the interests of the public. If this -law were enacted and enforced throughout the land, the majority of -professional criminals and degenerates would soon be under constant -surveillance. - -The probation law, passed in 1903, has rapidly come into favor. Its -operation has told its own story wherever it has had any chance at -all. It has proved especially advantageous in the management of -delinquent children. - -In 1909 a law was passed, having for its end the prevention of the -line of criminals, which the laws of heredity might seem to guarantee. -The method employed is sterilization. There is much to be said for and -against this measure. There is much skepticism regarding it. Time will -demonstrate the wisdom or wickedness of such a law. - -In 1909 decisive steps were taken for the establishment of a -reformatory. This move is of state-wide interest. We cannot see how we -have delayed so long. It is in the interest of young men. We hope much -from this institution. Since success depends largely upon the spirit -and ability of those in charge,—God give us men. - -I have mentioned the chief measures enacted for the improvement of -penological conditions. There are many signs of promise that have not -yet found expression in legislation. Deep interest is taken in the -physical, mental and moral development of children. And a few are -coming to study the cold, hard facts, in the limelight of political -economy, as to the fruits, in insanity and crime, of the traffic in -intoxicants. Some day the good sense of the people will assert itself, -and the refuge of lies will be swept away, and the real situation will -be faced. - -Our present jail system is being weighed in the balances and found -wanting. Many believe that state management of jails would be more -economical, and conducive to better results than are now obtained. A -state farm for the inebriate, with nourishing food, fresh air, -sunshine and moral influences, and hard work for a good long term, -would, it is believe, be a merciful solution of the distressing -rounder problem. - -The Connecticut Prison Association was first organized as “The -Prisoners’ Friends Corporation,” Tuesday, March 9, 1875, at a general -meeting held in the lecture room of the Center Church, Hartford. - -Its first president was Judge Heman H. Barbour of Hartford, and at his -death Rev. Dr. Joseph Cummings, president of Wesleyan College, was -chosen president. - -December 8, 1876, a reorganization was affected under the name of “The -Connecticut Prison Association.” - -Hon. Francis Wayland, dean of the Yale Law College, was then elected -president, and continued in that office until the time of his death, -January 9, 1904, more than twenty-seven years. - -Rev. H. M. Thompson, D.D., of Hartford, served the association as -president from November 9, 1904, until October 27, 1910. - -Mr. John C. Taylor was secretary of the association from March 9, -1875, until his death, October 4, 1909, more than thirty-four years. - -The objects of the Connecticut Prison Association as expressed in the -constitution are: - - 1. To benefit society by the reformation of criminals. - - 2. To assist prisoners in the work of self-reform. - - 3. To promote reformatory systems of prison management. - - 4. To aid discharged convicts in living honorably. - - 5. To co-operate in the prevention and repression of crime. - -Since its organization the association has extended a friendly hand to -hundreds of discharged convicts, has had a part in advocating -progressive laws and in forming an intelligent public opinion on the -problems of criminology. - - -SAVING GIRLS IN NEW YORK CITY - -In New York City is Waverly House, a temporary home for young women -released on probation by the courts. The principal problem of the New -York Probation Association, which maintains the House, is the -rehabilitation of the young women convicted or arraigned for -prostitution. In the second annual report of the association, Miss -Maud Miner, the society’s secretary, writes: - - “Among the girls who have been received into Waverly House this - year, nine per cent have been pronounced deficient when examined - by experts as to their mental condition, and a much larger - percentage, approximately one-third, can be said to be borderline - cases. They have not, except in three instances, been proper - subjects for insane asylums or present institutions for the - feeble-minded, yet they are distinctly below par mentally and not - entirely responsible for their moral conduct. It is useless for - the state and city to spend money for these girls in reformatory - institutions, as has been done in several of these cases, only to - turn them out after one, two, or at most three years, to be - preyed upon in the community. In a custodial institution where - they could have permanent care, a happy life would be possible - and society would be saved from caring for them in prisons and - reformatories, and from having the number of degenerates - augmented by their offspring. - - “It is important to study the psychology of the individual girls - and women, and also to determine how far vice or criminality may - be attributed to innate depravity, low grade mentality or a - degenerate inheritance. Psychological and psychopathic experts - should be appointed to observe those who come in conflict with - the law, not only with a view to providing more intelligently for - the individuals, but for the purpose of discovering actual causes - and conditions, so as to prevent others from entering on a life - of vice and to check the increase of numbers in these classes. - - “How far immorality and prostitution are the result of work - conditions and the inability to live on the wages paid, how far - these are a primary or a secondary cause, we do not definitely - know. It is true that nearly all the girls have at some time been - employed and that many of them have been working under conditions - which were not favorable. - - “Girls who have worked in kitchens, restaurants, offices, - factories, stores, on the stage and in different workshops have - many strange stories to tell, and one realizes that girls going - out into the world of work are subject to many temptations. Girls - crave some fun and amusement, and it is a very natural, normal - thing. They do not seek it in dangerous places, but the truth is - that few others are open to them. To an increasing extent vice is - being linked with amusement and recreation. The men who procure - girls for immoral purposes from city and country, and who send - them to the streets to earn money for their own enrichment, are - responsible, to a great extent, for the constantly increasing - supply of women who enter upon a life of prostitution.” - -That the association has work to do is strikingly evidenced by the -following table, showing the nature of the dispositions of cases in -the night court for women. - - “During the year from August 1, 1909, to July 30, 1910, 7,896 - complaints were taken against girls and women in the night court, - for offenses relating to immorality and prostitution. These - included soliciting on the streets for purposes of prostitution, - accosting men, associating with dissolute and vicious persons, - and violating the tenement house act by carrying on prostitution - in a tenement house. - - “The disposition of the cases was as follows: - - Discharged 2,648 - Fined $1 to $10 3,913 - Committed to the Workhouse 1,071 - Placed on probation 156 - Placed under Good Behavior Bond 71 - Committed to N. Y. State Reformatory at Bedford 6 - Committed to N. Y. Magdalen Benevolent Society 9 - Committed to Protestant Episcopal House of Mercy 3 - Committed to Roman Catholic House of the Good Shepherd 12 - Committed to Immigration Authorities 7 - —————— - Total 7,896 - - “Of the total number, 84 per cent were almost at once returned to - the streets by being discharged, fined, or placed under a good - behavior bond. Fourteen per cent of the remaining 16 per cent - were committed to the workhouse, and in only two per cent of the - cases was some helpful measure tried—probation or a reformatory. - - “The association has during 1910 developed a plan for preventive - work to aid more of those girls who are in danger and to seek to - understand better the conditions in the different districts - tending to bring the girls into trouble. Many of this class have - already been referred to the association, and it has been - possible to help them by putting them in touch with helpful - influences in the neighborhood, or by securing their removal from - the district. For the purpose of the preventive and after-care - work, the city has been divided into six districts. Some of the - work in these districts is being done by volunteer workers who - are not able to devote sufficient time in view of the extent and - character of the work.” - - -NOTES FROM COLORADO - -From a total of eighty persons aided in 1904 to total of 517 aided in -1910 has been the growth of the work of the Colorado Prison -Association.[1] That more care is being exercised in the aid given is -indicated by the facts that during 1905-6 the average expenditure per -person was $24, during 1907-8 it was $18, and during 1909-10 it was -$12. - -In the biennial report of the president of the association, Mr. E. R. -Harper, says: - - “The working of convicts on the public roads has attracted the - attention of the world, and fully demonstrated that it is - feasible and highly beneficial to so handle the men. It would - have been difficult some few years ago to believe that - penitentiary convicts could be placed in camps, in the wild and - rugged sections of our state, in the mountains, the most ideal - situation for safe ‘get-aways,’ without a guard or gun in camp, - and yet not have wholesale escapes. But penitentiary prisoners, - upwards of 300 in number, have been so handled during the past - three or four years, under just such conditions, with the most - gratifying results—a long step, indeed, in the right direction. - And this condition was brought about partly through the work and - influence of this association. - - “However, to make such progress in these matters as ought to be, - additional assistance is essential, mainly in the way of new laws. - The most needful just now are: A law giving the trial judge the - right to parole first offenders; an amendment to the present law - regarding the feeding of jail prisoners, doing away with the - possibility, if not the probability, of exorbitant and - unnecessary expenses to the counties; a law providing for working - jail prisoners on the highways, and for the work allowing them - some little compensation to go toward the support of dependent - ones. Measures to cover these essential matters have been - introduced in the present legislature, and we earnestly hope for - their enactment into law. - - “Still in the future, but we trust not too far, Colorado should - take the next important step and allow each penitentiary prisoner - something for work done, so that it can either go toward - assisting those depending on him, or be accumulated to his - credit, in order that he may have at least a little with which to - get out into the world of action and usefulness again. When that - condition prevails, very much, if not all, of this association’s - work will be accomplished; and its charitable force can be - directed in some other channel of service.” - -Though called in November, 1910, to take charge of the work of the -Associated Charities of Denver, Colo., W. E. Collett has continued to -act as general secretary of the prison association, serving in that -capacity without pay. - - -THE PLEDGE AND OTHER WORK OF A CITY COURT - -One of the features of the probation system, as practiced during the -past year by Judge James A. Collins, of the City Court[2] of -Indianapolis, Indiana, has been the required “taking of the pledge” in -a number of cases of persons found guilty of drunkenness. In his -annual report for 1910 Judge Collins says: - - “In all cases of first offenders charged with being drunk and in - those cases where the defendant had others dependent upon him for - support, the court has made it a condition on withholding the - judgment or suspending the sentence that the defendant take the - pledge for a period varying from six months to one year. At the - close of the year one hundred and one persons had taken the - pledge, and of this number all but ten had kept the same - faithfully. Eighteen of these were women, of whom all but three - are reported to have kept the pledge faithfully.” - -Judge Collins has also set aside Wednesday afternoon exclusively for -the hearing of the cases of women and girls. Since the law provided -for no paid probation officers, and since it was desired that for the -separate trials of women and girls there be an adequate system of -investigation and supervision, the Local Council of Women guaranteed -the expenses of a woman probation officer. - -The court has instituted also a “missionary box,” into which is put -all unclaimed money obtained in gambling raids. The funds so collected -have been used to furnish transportation for runaway boys and girls, -to provide necessaries for the destitute, and on several occasions to -return veterans to the Soldiers’ Home at Marion or at Lafayette. - -One operation of sterilization for degeneracy was performed during the -year at the direction of the court. - -Certain offenders have been allowed to pay their fines in installments. - - “The old method of collecting money fines which compelled the - defendant to pay or replevy the same the moment he was fined was - always a source of great hardship on the poor. It was - unreasonable to expect a common laborer arrested late at night - and convicted in the morning to be prepared to settle with the - state. If he was unable to pay or make arrangements to have his - fine stayed for the statutory period, he was sent to prison, not - because the judge had given him a term of imprisonment, but - because he was poor, which is in effect imprisonment for debt. - - “In those cases where a defendant had others dependent upon him - for support he has been released on his own recognizance and the - case held under advisement for thirty or sixty days, as the - circumstances seemed to justify, at the expiration of which time - he was required to report to the court that he had paid in the - amount designated as the fine and costs to be entered against - him. - - “At the close of the year eight hundred and thirty persons had - been given an opportunity to pay their fines in this way. Of this - number 64 were re-arrested and committed for their failure to pay - their fine, and the affidavits in 32 other cases are held for - re-arrest. The balance lived up to their obligation with the - court, and paid in more than $7,100. - - “This plan operates to the benefit of the defendant in several - ways: It saves him his employment; it saves his family from - humiliation and disgrace, as well as from the embarrassment - incident to imprisonment; but more than all it saves him his - self-respect. With but a single exception not one to whom this - opportunity has been given and who has paid his fine in full has - been in court a second time.” - -Of the suspended sentence and the withheld judgment Judge Collins says: - - “During the past year sentence has been suspended in two hundred - and thirty-six cases and judgment withheld in thirty-four hundred - and seventy-four. The majority of these were first offenders. In - those cases where the judgment was suspended the court has had to - set aside and commit the defendants in only two cases, and where - the judgment has been withheld less than two per cent have been - returned to court for a second or subsequent offense.” - - -SIR EVELYN RUGGLES-BRISE REPORTS OFFICIALLY. - -London, April 7.—The English home office publishes the report of Sir -Evelyn John Ruggles-Brise, chairman of the English prison commission -and the British representative at the Prison Congress held at -Washington last October. In his report Sir Evelyn commends American -state prisons and reformatories, but condemns the system in vogue in -city and county jails. He says that among the latter “many features -linger which called forth the wrath of John Howard, the great English -philanthropist, noted for his exertions in behalf of prison reform at -the end of the eighteenth century. - -“Promiscuity, unsanitary conditions, the absence of supervision, -idleness and corruption—these remain features of many places,” says -the report. - -After describing some of the evils he saw Sir Evelyn concludes: - - “Until the abuses of the jail system are removed it is impossible - for the United States to have assigned to her by general consent - a place in the vanguard of progress in the domain of ‘la science - penitentiare’.” - - -MOVEMENT FOR NEW JERSEY WOMEN’S REFORMATORY - -The Woman’s Reformatory Commission of New Jersey has decided to ask -the legislature to appropriate $200,000 to carry out the provisions of -a law enacted in 1910 by which such a reformatory is established and -its organization and administration provided for. This appropriation -will be sufficient to secure a site and to erect the necessary -buildings, consisting of six cottages to accommodate from twenty-five -to thirty each, their estimated cost with equipment being $25,000 -each. The site is to be in the country, approximately two hundred -acres, which with necessary administrative and other buildings will -cost $30,000. For sewage disposal $15,000 will be needed, and $5,000 -will be necessary for preliminary expenses. - -A census of women who were serving sentences in penal and reformatory -institutions in New Jersey on the first of November last, including -girls over sixteen years of age at the state home for girls at -Trenton, numbered 336; the number between sixteen and thirty years of -age was 210. - - * * * * * - -A definite move has been made in Michigan legislature looking to the -treatment of habitual drunkenness on farms provided by the state. A -bill directing the governor to appoint a commission of five to -investigate the subject of farm colonies for inebriates and other -minor offenders who at present are confined in jails has been -introduced by Senator George G. Scott of Detroit. The commission is -authorized to extend its investigations to methods in force in foreign -countries as well as this. The report will be made to the next -legislators. - - - - -EVENTS IN BRIEF - -[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of -the delinquent.] - - -_Families of Prisoners Excite Discussion._—The subject of prisoner’s -pay for work done during incarceration is receiving wide-spread -discussion in this country. The note constantly struck is the need for -support of those dependent on the imprisoned bread winner. - -In Rhode Island a bill has been introduced to the assembly increasing -the wages of jail term offenders from 25 cents to one dollar a day. - -The members of the board of control of the prison at Jackson, Mich., -favor a change in the method of paying the inmates employed in the -binder twine plant of the institution. The present law gives the men -10 per cent of the net profits of the plant each year. Some of the -evils of this arrangement are thought to be that the men have to wait -too long for their pay, and that they are kept in unnecessary doubt as -to the amount they shall receive. The plan of the prison board is that -they shall be paid from 10 to 15 cents a day for their services. - -In Massachusetts the Springfield Republican, among other papers, has -recently advocated the extension of the present law, providing that -prisoners be paid nominal wages for the benefit of their families, to -include the inmates of work houses and all places of detention. Says -the Republican: - - “In the workhouse the convicted mis-doer is set to broom making. - Why should not his family have the aid of part of such earnings? - Why should not all prisoners, in all parts of the country, - contribute, through state officials, to the support of their - hapless families? Wife and children have not broken the law—they - should not then be left to starve.” - - * * * * * - -_Finds Canadian Prisons Better Than Ours._—Considerable newspaper -prominence has been given to a report on Canadian prisons made -recently by the Rev. Dr. John Handley, who was commissioned by the -Governor of New Jersey to visit Canada and examine her prisons. The -Tribune of Providence, R. I., concludes from this report that Canadian -prisons are “somewhat in advance of ours in some respects.” The -Tribune thus discusses Dr. Handley’s report: - - “The Canadian idea is that reformatory should be a large - custodial school rather than a penal institution; that it should - be removed as far as possible from the thought of felony and the - disgrace that attaches to any young man or boy who has violated - the law and thus become subject to a reformatory sentence. And in - accordance with that idea each Canadian prison has a large farm - attached, to which prisoners are sent to work. From the federal - prison at Toronto, for example, at least half the prisoners are - put to work on a farm where there are no surrounding walls, no - regiment of guards and no rigid surveillance, and yet from which - in two years only five prisoners attempted to escape. - - “Dr. Handley has returned to New Jersey strongly in favor of this - farm idea as an aid in reformatory work. It is not, however, an - altogether new idea in the States. In several of our - penitentiaries men are allowed to work out of doors even a long - distance away, under only a light guard, and very few have - attempted to escape. The State homes, too, ordinarily have no - high walls around them, and the inmates are allowed many - liberties. - - “How far farm regulations could be applied to offenders who have - been sentenced to state prison is another question, and one not - easy to answer. The experiment seems to work well in Canada, - however; and if farms could be utilized for the benefit of the - prisoners there would not be the objection made by organized - labor to most other forms of prison employment, since there is - always a market for farm products and nothing that could thus be - raised would affect farm wages or the prices of staple products. - Moreover, much of the farm yields would go toward the maintenance - of the prisoners.” - - * * * * * - -_A Bibliography For The Student._—A helpful tool for the student of -criminology and allied subjects has just been furnished in the form of -a “bibliography on crime, its causes and prevention, criminals, -punishment and reformative methods, with special reference to -children,” The pamphlet is the work of Mr. Paul A. Wiebe, of -Meriden, Conn., and comprises a bibliography of books, senate -documents, magazine articles, circulars, addresses and the -publications of various organizations, together with a brief list of -German publications. The collection is not so exhaustive as to be -confusing. - - * * * * * - -_Tuberculosis Among Prisoners._—That 16,000 persons infected with -tuberculosis are annually sent out into society by the prisons of this -country is a statement attributed to Dr. J. B. Ransom, physician to -Clinton Prison, New York. In the course of a recent address Dr. Ransom -showed the good results flowing from the special care in New York -prisons of those with tuberculosis. - -In a similar connection the Lincoln, (Neb.) News says: - - “Not long ago the statement is alleged to have been made by the - warden of the western penitentiary of Pennsylvania that - approximately 300 out of 1,300 inmates of that institution were - suffering from tuberculosis. In private conversation, says the - Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, the warden of one of the - eastern state penitentiaries expressed his belief that six per - cent of the inmates of his institution had tuberculosis in some - degree. - - “Only twenty-one prisons in fifteen states and territories have - provided special places for the treatment of their tuberculosis - prisoners and these have accommodations for only 800 patients. In - three-fourths of the major prisons and in practically all of the - jails of the country the tuberculosis prisoner is allowed freely - to infect his fellow prisoners, very few restrictions being put - upon his habits.” - - * * * * * - -_A French Study of Vagrants and How To Treat Them._—An interesting -classification of so-called “non-producers,” or vagabonds, has been -made by Etienne Flandid, who has recently conducted a study of the -criminal classes of France. M. Flandid has made his studies the basis -of a report which is being considered by the French senate. - -He divides vagabonds into three classes. In the first class are the -infirm and aged. These, he believes, should be properly clothed and -fed and housed by the state or municipality. The second class contains -the “accidental out-of-works.” Under M. Flandid’s recommendation these -will be sent to a penal labor colony, where they will be kept and put -to work until employment is found for them outside of the colony. It -will be the duty of the state to seek to secure employment for them, -and to notify them and release them from the colony at the earliest -possible date. The third class contains the professional tramps, the -fellows who do not want work and who would not accept employment if it -were tendered them. This class is to be shut up in penal colonies for -periods of from five to ten years. After serving the first sentence, -if they do not secure employment, they will be returned to the penal -colonies and kept there for life, with plenty of good, wholesome work -to do. By ridding society of these three classes of people, or by -providing for them in the manner stated, he believes that crime will -be so greatly lessened that there will hardly be any use for the -police forces, save to gather in the few vagabonds as they develop. He -argues that nearly all crime is committed by one or the other of the -three classes named, especially by the third class. - -Speaking editorially of this report, the Dayton, Ohio, _News_ -says: - - “Practically every country on earth today has its problems of the - unemployed. France is not alone in the matter. Even in this - country, where there is so much to be done, where conditions are - better than almost anywhere else on earth, we have the three - classes referred to by the Frenchman, and we have done little to - improve conditions. We have our civic societies, and our reform - organizations and our bodies of philanthropists. But we have not - gone to the root of the matter as have the French, and we have no - students devoting as much time to the study of the question as - can be found in other countries. We complain much about the cost - of living—as we have a right to—and we print thousands of - columns about the trusts and the tariff, as is well that we - should. But we are overlooking one of the real questions of - economy when we fail to study and to understand the problems - presented to us in the way of the unemployed.” - - * * * * * - -_Resignations Follow Criticism of Juvenile Court of Louisville, Ky._—A -somewhat acute situation has developed among those interested in the -work of the juvenile court and juvenile probation in Louisville, Ky. -As a result of what is by some persons characterized as the courts’ -“totally irresponsible methods in caring for dependent and delinquent -children,” Bernard Flexner and several other members of the Juvenile -Court Advisory Board have resigned their positions. The straw which -broke the camel’s back was the appointment by Juvenile Judge Muir -Weissinger of a probation officer who is declared not only to be unfit -for such a delicate position, but also to have a noteworthy political -reputation. The Social Workers’ Conference held a mass meeting on -March 16, at which were adopted resolutions calling for the removal of -the probation officer in question. Speakers at the meeting declared -that for a year conditions in the juvenile court have been -intolerable; that children have been dragged into court and -brow-beaten, some have been wrongfully placed in unworthy homes, and -that all efforts to do something for them have come to naught. Judge -Weissinger declared that he would not remove the objectionable -probation officer until better evidence that he was unfit had been -adduced. - - * * * * * - -_Domestic Relations Courts._—In view of the interest with which the -whole country is watching the work of the domestic relations courts -newly instituted in the larger cities of New York, it is important -that the court’s own story of its activities be set before the public. -Recently such a court was instituted in the city of Chicago. Pointing -in this same direction is a recommendation contained in the 1910 -report of the Boston Associated Charities that the delinquent husband -and father shall be constantly under the supervision of the court -during the continuance of its direction to him to pay for the -maintenance of his wife and child. - -The domestic relations court for the Borough of Brooklyn, New York -City, has put out a report of its work for the four months ending -December 31st, 1910, these being the first four months of its -existence. Judge Edward J. Dooley says: - - “That the predictions of the opponents of a separate domestic - relations court, that its organization would serve to promote - more antagonism in the family, that it would tend to harass the - husband, father and provident relative unnecessarily, have not - been fulfilled. Statistics show that the number of cases brought - herein since September 1st last, a period of four months, has - been 574, which would be at the rate of 1,722 cases for the year - 1910, for abandonment and non-support in the borough of Brooklyn. - The number of cases of abandonment and non-support in the borough - of Brooklyn for the year 1909 was 1,907, thus actually showing an - apparent decrease of 185 cases of non-support for the year 1910, - as compared with the year 1909. - - “The provisions of Chapter 168, Laws of the year 1905, of the - State of New York, which provides that the abandonment and - non-support of a minor child or children is made a felony and - extraditable has been put in execution, and it can be said that - on a meritorious case the negligent father who actually abandons - and neglects to support his minor child or children will be - pursued to the extreme boundaries of these United States, - arrested and brought into the jurisdiction of this court to stand - trial for such desertion and non-support. - - “No statistical information can be obtained as to the amount of - money received in the magistrates courts of the borough of - Brooklyn for the year 1909, but from my personal knowledge I - venture to say that less than $1,000 was received therein to be - applied to the benefit of neglected wives and children during the - year 1909, or any year previous thereto, within the last decade. - For four months, from September 1st to December 31st, 1910, - inclusive, there has been paid into the hands of the probation - officers of this court, the sum of $4,968.45 or at the rate of - about $15,000 a year.” - -Something of the spirit in which the domestic relations court was -conceived, and of the end which it was designed to further, may be -glimpsed from the following paragraph from Judge Dooley: - - “To make the improvident and negligent husband and father, as - well as those who are liable for the maintenance of the dependant - relatives, namely, the grandparents, parents, children, - grand-children and relatives of a poor person of sufficient - ability, realize the obligations that the law has cast upon them, - to advise and admonish in the first instance as to their duty to - their dependants, and to punish if advice be not followed, has - been the rule and practice of the court. In other words, it is - not a tribunal constituted for vengeance, spite, anger or - petulant temperaments, to give vent to their wrath, but rather - for the calm, cool and considerate treatment of each individual - case in order that the greatest good may be accomplished to those - entitled to its consideration and help, and that the basic - foundation of the state, to wit, the family unit may be - maintained if possible.” - -The total number of persons arraigned in the court during the four -months in question, including those transferred on September 1st, 1910 -from the various magistrates’ courts, was 881 only two of whom were -women. Forty of these were convicted. 379 were discharged, and the -cases of the remaining 462 were still pending at the close of the -year. As to the nature of the offenses charged, 795 were accused of -abandonment of wives and children, and 86 of failure to support poor -relatives. The following table reveals some aspects of the probation -system as used by the court: - - Number of persons placed under probationary - oversight 198 - Completed probationary period and - discharged with improvement 23 - Completed probationary period - and discharged without improvement 4 - Re-arrested and committed 14 - Absconded or lost from oversight 3 - Pending on probation 154 - - * * * * * - -_Charges of “Crime Wave” Lead to Grand Jury Investigation._—In an open -letter to the newspapers of the city, published during the latter part -of March, Magistrate Joseph E. Corrigan declared that crime was -flourishing in New York City more flagrantly than it had for years, -that criminals were allowed to carry on their work with little -molestation, that the police force was demoralized and cowed, and that -the responsibility for these conditions lay upon the shoulders of -Mayor Wm. J. Gaynor and upon his reforms in the police administration. - -Within less than two weeks after the publication of this letter the -grand jury was at work, under the direction of special assistants to -the district attorney, upon the task of investigating these charges, -in an effort to ascertain their truth, and to fix responsibility for -the conditions described, in the event that those conditions were -found actually to exist. - -Meanwhile the newspapers, public bodies and private societies, to say -nothing of the general community, were engaged in an intense and -aggressive discussion of the situation of the city with reference to -crime, heated tempers were being displayed in more than one quarter, -crimination was being met by recrimination, and only such a -catastrophe as the Asch building fire could divert the attention of -the city from the discussion of the “crime wave” and its causes. - -Magistrate Corrigan’s general charges were followed by an array of -specific facts and instances, presented by himself, by some of the -newspapers, and by many private individuals, including social workers. -It was freely alleged that Mayor Gaynor’s doctrine of “personal -liberty,” and his discouragement of “needless and unjustifiable -arrests,” were responsible for the demoralization of the police force, -and the consequent influx of criminals of every sort. - -To all this Mayor Gaynor finally entered a general and emphatic -denial. He praised the police force, scouted the idea of -demoralization, declared that the laws were being efficiently -enforced, and characterized the whole agitation as but a periodic -recurrence of a long series of similar protestations. Such outcries, -he said, were as regular in their coming as is the spring marble -season among boys. - -The grand jury investigation bids fair to be thorough. Police -Commissioner Cropsey has been called upon for some extended testimony, -and the district attorney has declared his intention to probe the -situation to the bottom. - - - [1] From other extracts from report of this association - see REVIEW for February, 1911, page 10. - - [2] For other information see the March REVIEW, page 24. - - - - -Transcriber's Note: - -Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like -this_. Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of -the book. Dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left -unchanged. - -The following items were changed: - - Changed publication title to capital letters in the first paragraph - of the third article. - Removed duplicate anchor to footnote [2] from subtitle. - Added a missing endquote to text. - -Spelling corrections: - - ‘orignated’ to ‘originated’ … Not one of these originated in … - ‘pyschopathic’ to ‘psychopathic’ … and psychopathic experts … - ‘centry’ to ‘century’ … at the end of the eighteenth century. - ‘physican’ to ‘physician’ … to Dr. J. B. Ransom, physician … - ‘necessitious’ to ‘necessitous’ … in necessitous circumstances … - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW *** - -***** This file should be named 55119-0.txt or 55119-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/1/55119/ - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/55119-0.zip b/old/55119-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dcb018c..0000000 --- a/old/55119-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55119-h.zip b/old/55119-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a5ce34a..0000000 --- a/old/55119-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55119-h/55119-h.htm b/old/55119-h/55119-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index b9fc82b..0000000 --- a/old/55119-h/55119-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1920 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> - -<head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg ebook of The Review; v.1, no.4, April, 1911, by Various Contributors. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg"/> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h3,h4 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -.no-break {page-break-before: avoid;} /* for epubs */ -.break {page-break-before: always;} /* for epubs */ - -p { - margin-top: .75em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.indent {margin-left: 2em;} -.center {text-align: center;} - - -/* for justified text on single line -- First page header */ -span.left { display:inline-block; text-align:left; width:49%; } -span.right { display:inline-block; text-align:right; width:49%; } - -span.o {text-decoration: overline;} - - -hr { /*default rule across entire width */ - margin-top: .75em; - margin-bottom: .75em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - clear: both; -} -hr.thick {border: .25em solid black;} - - table {margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - border-collapse: collapse; - margin-top: .5em; - margin-bottom: .5em;} - -.colwidth {width: 5em;} - - td.left {vertical-align: top; /* for banner */ - text-align: left; - text-indent: -2em; - padding-left: 2.25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: .25em; - padding-top: .25em;} - - td.leftalt {vertical-align: top; /* for disposition of cases */ - text-align: left; - padding-left: .25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: .25em; - padding-top: .25em;} - - td.leftindent {vertical-align: top; /* for totals line in first table */ - text-align: left; - padding-left: 2.5em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: .25em; - padding-top: .25em;} - - td.right {vertical-align: top; - text-align: right; - padding-left: .25em; - padding-right: .25em; - padding-bottom: .25em; - padding-top: .25em;} - - a:link {text-decoration:none} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; - text-align: justify; -} - -.fnanchor { /* style the [nn] reference in the body text */ - font-size: 65%; - text-decoration: none; - vertical-align: .5em; - font-weight: normal; -} - -.footnote {font-size: 90%; - text-decoration: none; - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%;} - -.strong {font-weight:bold;} - -.sc {font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps;} -@media handheld{ - .sc {font-weight: bold;} -} - -.smaller {font-size: 90%;} - -.muchsmaller {font-size: 75%;} /* for all small caps inside span markup */ - -span.lock {white-space:nowrap;} - -.tnote {border: dashed .1em; - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - padding-bottom: .5em; - padding-top: .5em; - padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} - - </style> - </head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review; v.1, no.4, April, 1911, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Review; v.1, no.4, April, 1911 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 15, 2017 [EBook #55119] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<!--001.png--> -<div class="break"><!--banner--> -<p class="p4"><span class="left">VOLUME I, No. 4.</span> -<span class="right">APRIL, 1911</span></p> - -<h1>THE REVIEW</h1> - -<p class="center">A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE<br /> -<span class="strong">NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</span></p> - -<p class="center">AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</p> - -<hr /> -<p class="smaller"><span class="left">TEN CENTS A COPY.</span> -<span class="right">SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS A YEAR</span></p> -<hr /> - -<table summary="officers"> -<tr><td class="left">E. F. Waite, President.</td> - <td class="left">E. A. Fredenhagen, Chairman <abbr title="Executive">Ex.</abbr> Committee.</td> - <td class="left">G. E. Cornwall, Member <abbr title="Executive">Ex.</abbr> Committee.</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="left">F. Emory Lyon, Vice President.</td> - <td class="left">James Parsons, Member <abbr title="Executive">Ex.</abbr> Committee.</td> - <td class="left">Albert Steelman, Member <abbr title="Executive">Ex.</abbr> Committee.</td> -</tr> -<tr><td class="left">O. F. Lewis, Secretary and Editor Review.</td> - <td class="left">A. H. Votaw, Member <abbr title="Executive">Ex.</abbr> Committee.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="thick" /> -</div><!--end banner--> -<!--002.png--> - -<div class="no-break"><!--start first section--> -<h3 class="p4">THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHARITIES AND CORRECTION</h3> - -<p class="p2">This year’s conference (Boston, June 7-14) bids fair to be the best -yet. The topics in general are timely and fundamental. The Committee -on Lawbreakers will have for its general session the opening evening, -Wednesday, the seventh. In addition to the committee report, a speaker -of national reputation will give an address. In the section meetings -the topics will be, respectively, the care of defective delinquents, -modern methods of dealing with misdemeanants, and the development of -systems of probation and parole. The section meetings will be “round -table” discussions, open to all.</p> - -<h3 class="p4">THE TREND OF LEGISLATION</h3> - -<p class="p2">Most legislative sessions for 1911 are now through or nearly so. -Certain general tendencies have been prominent in prison and -correctional legislation. The problems of prison labor have been -prominent in California, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas, Missouri, -Michigan, New York and some other states. The trend of legislation is -strongly toward the introduction or strengthening of the state-use -system. Legislative inquiries into alleged mal-administration have -been instituted in several states. The question of corporal punishment -has been under investigation in Michigan. The <span class="sc">Review</span> will -give the results of these investigations, but believes it inadvisable -to print statements and comments prior to official findings.</p> - -<p>Legislatures have been asked in many -<!--003.png--> -states, notably Wisconsin, -Indiana, California, New York, to consider the establishment of new -kinds of correctional institutions for tramps and vagrants, or for -inebriates, or for young misdemeanants. The health of prisoners -attracts increasing attention, as well as their mental conditions.</p> - -<h3 class="p4">FOUR MONTHS OF THE REVIEW</h3> - -<p class="p2">The <span class="sc">Review</span> is growing gently. We hope surely, also. Its purpose to be -a live news-sheet in the prison field is being gradually worked out. -What the <span class="sc">Review</span> wants is comment from its subscribers -as to how it can be made most useful.</p> - -<p>The editor holds that the “prison field” includes efforts in behalf of the -prisoner before imprisonment, after imprisonment, on probation and on parole. -Very germane to the work and interest of prisoners and societies are movements -for the care of those mentally and socially sick and tending toward delinquency -and crime, such as the tramp and the vagrant, the inebriate, the feeble-minded -offender, the youthful transgressor. So the <span class="sc">Review</span> will give a share -of its attention to such actual or proposed organizations or -institutions as children’s courts and villages, farm colonies, -hospitals and colonies for inebriates, psychopathic institutions for -the study of the defective delinquent, as well as to all the movements -and progress of general interest in the narrower prison field.</p> - -<p>During these four months W. D. Lane, a member of the New York School of -Philanthropy, has been serving the <span class="sc">Review</span> as Assistant Editor. His -help has been of very material value.</p> -</div><!--end first section--> -<!--004.png--> - -<div class="p4 break"><!--start second section--> -<h3>MENTAL DEFECTIVES AND MORAL DELINQUENTS</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Frank Moore, Superintendent New Jersey Reformatory</span></p> - -<p class="p2">To deal successfully with the prodigious problem of moral reform, no -one thing seems more essential than a scientific study and a -systematic treatment of the mentally deficient delinquent. Obviously, -a classification of evil doers based upon their mentality is of vast -importance. Before the work of reform can intelligently be begun there -must be such a complete diagnosis of each individual case that the -cause of the moral malady may be discovered, if possible. Mental -deficiency is without question a cause of moral delinquency, and the -reform of a large number of delinquents cannot wisely be undertaken -until the existence of feeble mindedness is established in each case -where it exists.</p> - -<p>In the work of reform, too little attention has been given to careful -diagnosis; too much guessing has prevailed as to the criminal’s mental -character, or too much ignoring of mental ability. Criminals, whether -mentally normal or subnormal, have all been subjected to the same -system, with the hope that the weak-minded and strong-minded alike -would be made into good citizens. The reason for this has been, -perhaps, that there have appeared to be few if any standards by which -it has been thought the mental character of the criminal could be -accurately judged. But certain systems recently have been developed -that render guessing no longer a necessity, and hence a great mistake.</p> - -<p>Doctor Sante de Sanctis of Italy, Doctor De Croly of Germany and -Doctor Alfred Binet of France have established admirable systems in -dealing with this problem.</p> - -<p>Classification of the mentally deficient delinquent may be perhaps -most easily arrived at by the psychological standards of the Binet -system. This system has been in use in some of the feeble-minded -institutions of the country, and has been used by the New Jersey -Reformatory the past year; there may be some other reformatories that -have also used it with most satisfactory results. Each inmate in the -Reformatory of New Jersey, received during the year, has been subjected -<!--005.png--> -to the Binet tests, and this determining of a psychological age has -established the fact that 46% of the inmates received during the last -year are mentally subnormal.</p> - -<p>The physical age at which delinquents may be legally committed to the -reformatory is sixteen to twenty-five years. But by examination it has -been discovered that the mental age for nearly a majority was below -twelve years, while in one case it was less than five. In other words, -46% of those received had minds which in knowledge and ability were -only equal to the minds of the child from five to twelve years old. By -the system employed, they have been classified in the precise year -between these two limitations, to which they mentally belong.</p> - -<p>There is, however, without question one point at which the system -needs to be taken with a considerable degree of care. Of the 46% who -were mentally deficient, according to the tests, it was found by a -study of the history of these cases that 17½% had received only a -year’s schooling or less. What their minds would have been if they had -not had this misfortune could not be determined by the system, but -could only be arrived at when they had been given the opportunity of -an education. From this data, it would seem wise to divide the 46% -mentally defectives into two classes.</p> - -<p>First: The hopelessly defective or feeble-minded delinquent, of whom -there were 28½%.</p> - -<p>Second: The hopeful cases of defectives, possibly capable of -development into normals with proper training, of whom there were -17½%.</p> - -<p>After diagnosis of the deficient cases, the next natural step is that -of observation. Our observation, covering only a short time and -therefore not very dependable, and perhaps of only slight suggestive -value, has shown that these mentally deficient delinquents, while -under discipline, seem to be inclined to commit only offenses that may -be called neglects, and not offenses that are vicious in character, -unless some one of a stronger mind has inspired the more vicious deed. -The -<!--006.png--> -great number of their failures are failures of omission, due to -lack of apprehension. They fall below the standard because their minds -are below it. It is also most apparent that there is need of a special -method of treatment of the delinquent who is defective. There should -be a separation of him from the normal. His mind is slow. He does not -grasp instruction as quickly as the normal, and to subject him to the -same standards under the same rules is inhumane. In discipline he is -seriously interfered with by those who are bright and yet wilful, and -who make him the butt of their jest. He cannot be taught the same -subjects that can be taught to the average mind. It is a waste of time -to undertake to teach him more than the simplest rudiments of the -lower grammar grades. In work he is most successful in that which is -purely methodical, in which there is little intelligence and -initiative required. He can rise very little above the laborer, and to -expect him to be a real mechanic or to try to train him for such will -only mean failure, and the reformatory system that recognizes these -limitations will certainly be most apt to succeed.</p> - -<p>The reformatory needs to be most discriminating in dealing with this -class when they are dismissed. The character and influences of the -place to which they are paroled is a vital matter. These delinquents -amid evil surroundings, or in the hands or under the influence of -unscrupulous people are most dangerous. Unhesitatingly and almost -without knowing it, they become the tool of the vicious. They are like -the weather vane, which sways instantly in the direction of the power -that is exerted upon it. The best people, those who are interested in -helping the unfortunate and who will seek to carry on through the -years the work which the institution has but begun, ought to be sought -to help them when these individuals are dismissed from the -institution. If this class is wisely dealt with, a percentage of this -by-product of humanity, large enough to make it worth while, will be -changed from mere animal things into individuals of value in the world.</p> -</div><!--end second section--> -<!--007.png--> - -<div class="p4 break"><!--start third section--> -<h3>CHICAGO’S VICE COMMISSION</h3> - -<p class="center">[<span class="sc">Editorial Reprinted From New York Evening Post, April 10</span>]</p> - -<p class="p2 smaller">[During the first week of April a remarkable report was issued by the -Chicago Vice Commission. The editorial of the New York Evening Post of -April 10th on the Chicago report merits reproduction in full.]</p> - -<p>The report of the Chicago Vice Commission, made public last week, is a -notable document for many reasons. To begin with, this is said to have -been the first commission appointed by the mayor of a great city to -deal with this question. In the next place, it conducted its inquiry -in a scientific and dispassionate manner, and as a result has some -definite and practical recommendations to make. But most important of -all is that it rejects definitely and vigorously the theory that since -prostitution has always been and is always likely to be, therefore -there is nothing to be done but to regulate and tolerate and -segregate. Into none of these pitfalls has it fallen. Without letting -its idealism run away with it, the committee<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>a strong one, composed -of business men, teachers, editors, doctors, and ministers<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>lays down -the sound truth that the proper policy for a city is “constant and -persistent repression,” with “absolute annihilation as the ultimate -ideal.” There is no counsel of cowardice and despair here; no advocacy -of those evil, out-worn policies of toleration which have long since -demonstrated in Europe their inability to protect the public health or -morals. What is counselled is a determined and vigorous grappling with -the evil by the municipality, while the community as a whole devotes -itself to those far-reaching policies of education and economic -readjustment, which must eventually control some of the human currents -that underlie this fearful social peril.</p> - -<p>How great that evil is in Chicago alone appears from the committee’s -sober estimate -<!--008.png--> -that the annual loss in lives is 5,000 and the annual -profit of those engaged in the trade is $15,000,000, which latter -figure has since been raised four-fold. It has often been pointed out -in these columns and elsewhere that, if there were any other single -drain upon a city that cost it 5,000, or let us say even 2,500, lives -a year, the community would be up in arms about it. A fire loss of -that figure would stir this city to its foundations; the heavy toll in -children’s lives paid every summer because of impure or improper food -has roused the humanitarian spirit, and we are all familiar with the -public determination to blot out the tuberculosis scourge as rapidly -as possible. But these matters here come under the Board of Health, -which spends great sums every year in such crusades. No department -really has charge of this scourge of immorality save the Police -Department, which in the past has regulated it as though merely with a -view to obtaining for its corrupt members as large a share in the -profits as possible.</p> - -<p>That this indifference of the municipality to one of the most glaring -and discouraging evils of our modern life is intolerable, the Chicago -committee has fully realized, for it has recommended the immediate -appointment of a morals commission of five members to be chosen by the -mayor and approved by the city council, to serve for two years without -pay, the commissioner of health to be an ex-officio member, its duty -being to “gather evidence and to take the necessary legal steps for -the suppression of vice in Chicago wherever such suppression is -believed to be advisable.” Its jurisdiction is to cover Chicago and -the territory three miles beyond its corporate limits. In addition to -this morals commission, there is urged a morals court to consider the -cases submitted to it by the morals commission. But far-reaching as -these are, they are not the only practical remedies suggested. The -city is urged to erect a trade school and hospital for wayward women -on a farm owned by the municipality. A special house of detention is -urged as absolutely necessary, as is a second state school for wayward -girls, the existing one being overcrowded. Of vast importance in any -city would be -<!--009.png--> -the suggested creation “of a sympathetic agency with -paid agents, who have followed a special instruction and would be -charged with regular supervision of the children of unmarried -mothers,” and also an amply financed committee on child protection, -unrestricted in its scope. Indeed, the welfare of the children has -been a deep concern to the committee, which would keep them off the -streets at night, forbid the sending of any messenger under twenty-one -to a disreputable resort, while it suggests an increase in the number -of small parks and recreation centers. It urges dance halls, properly -supervised, with the sale of liquor prohibited; it implores the -churches to use their facilities for sane entertainments and urges -wise instruction in sex hygiene in the public schools.</p> - -<p>As for the worst offenders, the procurers, the committee urges that -there should be relentless prosecution of them and the professional -keepers of disreputable resorts. For the betterment of the police -force in relation to the evil there are suggested a number of remedies -for the existing conditions, such as the severe punishment of -grafters, the constant rotation of patrolmen in the various districts, -and the investigation of complaints by picked men from distant -districts. Most interesting of all is the suggestion that women police -officers be appointed to deal with the question of morals, and -particularly to protect strangers on arrival. Why this important duty -has thus far been left to volunteer effort in almost all of our cities -passes understanding. First offenders ought, the committee thinks, to -be invariably placed under the charge of women probation officers. We -note also this suggestion:</p> - -<p>To Federal authorities: A Federal bureau of immigration should be -established in great distributive centers, such as Chicago, to provide -for the safe conduct of immigrants from ports of entry to their -destination. Efficient legislation should be enacted and present laws -enforced in such a manner, as to the traffic in women within the -boundaries of each state, and as thoroughly, as the Federal -authorities have dealt with the international traffic.</p> - -<p>Not unnaturally, it finds that the public -<!--010.png--> -health authorities could do -much to better conditions if they would put an end to the wholesale -dispensing of cocaine and morphine by certain druggists.</p> - -<p>Finally, these investigators are convinced that much of the race -friction in large cities is due to the vice problem, and it dwells -vigorously upon the crying injustice of the Chicago authorities in -invariably driving the prostitutes into the quarters occupied by -colored people<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>in one instance into the section occupied by the -homes, Sunday schools, and churches of the best class of colored -people. One feature in the report appeals to Chicago’s pride. After -all the terrible stories of her “levee” districts, the committee is -certain that Chicago is “more moral proportionately to its population -than most of the cities in her class.” Are we so sure that New York -is<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>as Mayor Gaynor would have us believe? Has not the time come for -adapting to this city some of the many admirable, practical, and -constructive suggestions this report contains?</p> -</div><!--end third section--> -<!--011.png--> - -<div class="p4 break"><!--start fourth section--> -<h3>FOUR SEARCHING LAWS FOR FOUR SOCIAL EVILS</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="sc">W. D. Lane, Assistant Editor Review</span></p> - -<p class="p2">A state campaign of much interest to social workers in general is -being waged by the Associated Charities of Duluth, Minnesota, for the -enactment by the Minnesota legislature of four laws pertaining to the -four related social evils of vagrancy, desertion of family, -drunkenness and poverty. A state labor colony for tramps, vagrants and -deserters, a general stiffening of the punitive, reformatory, and -other features of the law against desertion of destitute families, the -establishment of boards of inebriety, and a commission on the causes -of poverty, are, respectively, the specific measures by which the four -enumerated evils are to be met.</p> - -<p>At the time of our going to press, those fighting for the hills were -hopeful for the passage of all except that creating boards of -inebriety. All of the bills had been referred to their appropriate -committees in both house and senate, and the wide-spread discussion -given to them by newspapers throughout the state, most of which was -favorable, was expected to aid materially in their passage.</p> - -<p>The bill dealing with drunkenness provides that in every city having a -population of over 50,000 the common council or city council may -determine that there shall be a local board of inebriety, to consist -of five persons, appointed by the mayor, two of whom shall be -physicians, and one of whom, if practicable, shall have had experience -in social or charitable subjects. This board of inebriety, or one of -its field officers, may direct the dismissal of any complaint charging -a person with intoxication or the use of any habit-forming drug. If -the complaint be not dismissed and the accused be found guilty, the -court may release the person so convicted under the supervision of a -field officer of the board of inebriety for a period of from six -months to one year. The court may impose conditions upon the person -supervised and upon the violation of any of these conditions further -penalties may be imposed. If the accused be sentenced to hard labor in -a jail or house of correction, fifty cents for each day’s work shall -be paid over for the support of his wife or minor children.</p> - -<p>The chief objection raised to this bill is that the State of Minnesota -does not yet require such boards of inebriety, and that the work which -it would do can be accomplished through an extension of the probation -system.</p> - -<p>The proposed commission on causes of poverty would consist of five -citizens of the state, three of whom must be experts in social, -charitable, or sanitary matters, and two of whom must be lawyers. The -duties of the commission would be “to investigate causes of, or -factors in, promoting undesirable living conditions, ill health or -pauperism, such as poor and unsanitary housing, overcrowding in -tenements, methods of dealing with minor offenders and juvenile -delinquents, and such other kindred subjects as the -<!--012.png--> -commission may -elect.” It shall also study the adequacy of the present laws of the -state on these subjects, the experience of other states and countries, -and shall frame laws embodying the results of its investigations. Thus -the bill aims to “eliminate the causes of poverty instead of dealing -only with the effects.” The members are to be unpaid except for -reimbursement of travelling expenses. A salaried secretary may be -employed. The bill appropriates $6,000 for the purposes of the -commission, whose report must be submitted to the legislature on or -before January 15th, 1913.</p> - -<p>The purpose of the proposed state labor colony for tramps, vagrants -and deserters is thus stated by the Associated Charities: “To make -useful citizens out of tramps and beggars, instead of the rounders -from jail to jail, and city to city, created by the present system. To -eventually eliminate tramps and beggars and vagrants, which has been -largely accomplished in Germany, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland and -to a considerable extent in Massachusetts.”</p> - -<p>Detention, humane discipline and instruction are to be the functions -of the colony. Any court may, in lieu of other lawful commitment, -commit to the colony any male over twenty years of age who shall have -been adjudged by such court to be a tramp or vagrant, or a deserter of -a wife or child in necessitious circumstances. The sentence must be -indefinite in length and parole or discharge may be made at any time -after commitment, except that in no case may detention exceed two -years.</p> - -<p>The colony is to be under the supervision and management of the state -board of control. Its buildings are to be designed for not less than -three hundred inhabitants, and $100,000 is appropriated for the -purchase of a site and the erection of buildings. Educational and -industrial training are to be provided for.</p> - -<p>The problem of wife desertion is declared -<!--013.png--> -to be an extremely serious -one in Minnesota. The new bill aimed at this evil is based largely on -the “model law of the District of Columbia,” as well as upon a study -of every desertion law in the United States. It follows also -recommendations of the commission on uniform state laws. The bill -makes a misdemeanor of any desertion of, wilful neglect of, or refusal -to provide for, a wife or a legitimate or illegitimate child under 16 -years of age, in <a name="chg5" id="chg5"></a>necessitous circumstances. In case of conviction it -provides for a fine of not more than $100, or imprisonment at hard -labor for not more than ninety days, or for both. The court may direct -the fine to be used for the support of the wife or child.</p> - -<p>Some prominent features of the law, which are declared to be -advantages over the present law, are as follows: It provides -specifically that when a deserter of a destitute family is sentenced -to confinement, he shall be employed at hard labor. This tends to -prevent desertion, saves the value of the man’s labor to the -community, braces him up and makes him a more useful citizen who is -more likely to support his family after release.</p> - -<p>It requires the payment of the proceeds of the man’s labor where it -most sorely is needed, to his deserted wife and children. Under the -present law, the convicted deserter is supported in jail, while his -family often become paupers.</p> - -<p>It specifically allows any person to make the complaint and makes both -husband and wife compellable witnesses in all relevant matters. -Members of the family are reluctant to complain in the most flagrant -cases of neglect and desertion, or else withdraw their complaint -before conviction and then the desertion is repeated. If convicted -upon complaint of members of his own family, the man is very apt “to -take it out on them” when released.</p> - -<p>It applies to the non-support of illegitimate as well as legitimate -children.</p> -</div><!--end fourth section--> - -<div class="p4 break"><!--start fifth section--> -<h3>A STATE PRISONER ON PRISON REFORM</h3> - -<p class="p2">From a state convict at Montgomery, Alabama, comes a criticism of that -state’s treatment of the criminal, and a series of recommendations for -improving that treatment, which read like an extract from a report of -a state board of charities. The author of the article is Albert -Driscoll, who is serving a four years’ -<!--014.png--> -sentence for safe-blowing. The -article was addressed to the members of the legislature and was -printed in a Montgomery newspaper. Driscoll recommends the -indeterminate sentence, a prisoners’ aid society, and suppression of -the names of those placed on parole. Parts of his article follow:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“There have been several sporadic attempts to have an improved - parole system inaugurated in this state, but somehow or other - they have never materialized in any legislation. If there is an - individual or an association in Alabama today who has the moral - welfare of the two thousand odd convicts really at heart and - wishes to benefit them, now is the time for them to get busy - during the present session of the legislature.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The crying need of some legislation on this subject is - self-apparent. This State as represented by its prison system is - not abreast of the spirit of the day. The old punitive method of - dealing with crime as against the reformative system is still in - operation. No attention is paid to the old axiom of an ounce of - prevention being better than a pound of cure, as regards those - unfortunates who by environment, hereditary tendencies or pure - cussedness for the criminal class. It is a large and constantly - growing class and from a moral as well as a economic viewpoint it - demands attention.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The old idea of the State revenging itself on the malefactor - still obtains and beyond securing as much revenue as possible - from the convict during his incarceration, no attention is paid - to his moral betterment except for the weekly sermon conducted by - the prison chaplains. The man in stripes is regarded as a - commercial asset solely. Several commutations from the capital - penalty to life imprisonment have been secured in years past by - being based on the argument that a life convict would be worth so - many more thousand dollars than a dead one. Ye shades of Shylock! - Has this rich State no other source of revenue than its convicts?</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“When the pound of flesh has been exacted, he is abruptly turned - loose to his own devices without a cent nor any equipment to help - him to earn an honest livelihood. In every casual glance he will -<!--015.png--> - read suspicion and in his search for friends and sympathy he will - be more than apt to search out other discharged convicts in - former congenial haunts and from that it is but a short step to a - life of habitual crime.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Would it not be better to sentence every offender under an - indeterminate sentence law, so that when the experts who have him - in charge are convinced that he is thoroughly reformed, that on - their recommendation and with the pardon board’s approval, he - could be paroled and turned over to a prisoners’ aid society? - This society should be a branch of the state convict department - and it should retain control of paroled prisoners and sustain - them until they could be placed at work. The great desideratum - should be secrecy and the names of the paroled men should never - be made public nor anyone made acquainted with their prison - record except the direct head of any firm that might give them - employment. Convicts are human and sensitive and they should be - given a fair chance with a clean slate and not be handicapped at - the start with a lot of notoriety. Give a man a bad name and he - will very likely be forced to live up to it, except he has a - strong character, and the class we are considering is not noted - for strength of character, or they would be in other ranks of - life. To the contrary, those who have slipped and fallen are - entitled to special assistance and every manly man should feel in - his heart a desire to help the under dog and to give him a chance - to regain his manhood and self-respect.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“I do not ask you to receive a paroled convict as your personal - friend, nor to put him up at your club, but I do ask you to aid - the enactment of such legislation as will give him a fair chance - in life. It will cost you nothing although the fees of the - sheriffs and jailers may be reduced. We need an indeterminate - sentence law, a parole system based on merit, a trade school for - youthful offenders, and a state aid and employment bureau for - paroled convicts. The whole convict department should be taken - out of politics and higher salaries would attract a better class - of men as officers.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Corporal punishment is a relic of the -<!--016.png--> -middle ages and in - substituting a better and more humane system of maintaining - discipline the morale of the wardens will be elevated. The - writer, who has served seven years as a state convict, knows by - personal experience and observation that this method of - punishment is degratory to the administrator as well as to the - recipient.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“My heartfelt desire and my object in writing this article is the - hope that it may inspire somebody to befriend the prisoners. We - can’t maintain a lobby at the capitol. The idea of a delegation - in stripes soliciting votes is ludicrous. I do hope, however, - that some broad-minded member of the legislature will advocate - our cause.”</p> -</div><!--end fifth section--> -<!--017.png--> - -<div class="p4 break"><!--start sixth section--> -<h3>IN THE PRISONERS’ AID FIELD</h3> - -<h4>PROGRESS IN CONNECTICUT</h4> - -<p>The retiring president of the Connecticut Prison Association recently -wrote:</p> - -<p>The past nine years have been years of progress. Five important steps -have been taken, which bear directly upon the treatment of the -criminal. Not one of these <a name="chg1" id="chg1"></a>originated in Connecticut. We are not -roadmakers. We slowly adopt courses which have been to some extent -tried and proved efficient by others.</p> - -<p>In 1901 was passed the indeterminate sentence law. Our late secretary -was an indefatigable worker for its passage. Coupled with the parole -law, the operation of the indeterminate sentence law promises much. It -marks a great innovation. Naturally it must work its way slowly and -must demonstrate its true worth to the community by years of -experimentation.</p> - -<p>In 1901 was also passed a law calculated to protect the public from -the incorrigible, and deter such from continuance in crime. I refer to -the law which requires that the judge, in the case of a third-term -offender, shall make the maximum term of imprisonment thirty years. It -is a severe law. But no one need suffer from it. An incurable criminal -should not be allowed to imperil the interests of the public. If this -law were enacted and enforced throughout the land, the majority of -professional criminals and degenerates would soon be under constant -surveillance.</p> - -<p>The probation law, passed in 1903, has rapidly come into favor. Its -operation has told its own story wherever it has had any chance at -all. It has proved especially advantageous in the management of -delinquent children.</p> - -<p>In 1909 a law was passed, having for its end the prevention of the -line of criminals, which the laws of heredity might seem to guarantee. -The method employed is sterilization. There is much to be said for and -against this measure. There is much skepticism regarding it. Time will -demonstrate the wisdom or wickedness of such a law.</p> - -<p>In 1909 decisive steps were taken for the establishment of a -reformatory. This move is of state-wide interest. We cannot see how we -have delayed so long. It is in the interest of young men. We hope much -from this institution. Since success depends largely upon the spirit -and ability of those in charge,—God give us men.</p> - -<p>I have mentioned the chief measures enacted for the improvement of -penological conditions. There are many signs of promise that have not -yet found expression in legislation. Deep interest is taken in the -physical, mental and moral development of children. And a few are -coming to study the cold, hard facts, in the limelight of political -economy, as to the fruits, in insanity and crime, of the traffic in -intoxicants. Some day the good sense of the people will assert itself, -and the refuge of lies will be swept away, and the real situation will -be faced.</p> - -<p>Our present jail system is being weighed in the balances and found -wanting. Many believe that state management of jails would be more -economical, and conducive to better results than are now obtained. A -state farm for the inebriate, with nourishing food, fresh air, -sunshine and moral influences, and hard work for a good long term, -would, it is believe, be a merciful solution of the distressing -rounder problem.</p> - -<p>The Connecticut Prison Association was first organized as “The -Prisoners’ Friends Corporation,” Tuesday, March -<!--018.png--> -9, 1875, at a general -meeting held in the lecture room of the Center Church, Hartford.</p> - -<p>Its first president was Judge Heman H. Barbour of Hartford, and at his -death Rev. Dr. Joseph Cummings, president of Wesleyan College, was -chosen president.</p> - -<p>December 8, 1876, a reorganization was affected under the name of “The -Connecticut Prison Association.”</p> - -<p>Hon. Francis Wayland, dean of the Yale Law College, was then elected -president, and continued in that office until the time of his death, -January 9, 1904, more than twenty-seven years.</p> - -<p><abbr title="Reverend">Rev.</abbr> H. M. Thompson, D.D., of Hartford, served the association as -president from November 9, 1904, until October 27, 1910.</p> - -<p>Mr. John C. Taylor was secretary of the association from March 9, -1875, until his death, October 4, 1909, more than thirty-four years.</p> - -<p>The objects of the Connecticut Prison Association as expressed in the -constitution are:</p> - -<p class="indent">1. To benefit society by the reformation of criminals.</p> - -<p class="indent">2. To assist prisoners in the work of self-reform.</p> - -<p class="indent">3. To promote reformatory systems of prison management.</p> - -<p class="indent">4. To aid discharged convicts in living honorably.</p> - -<p class="indent">5. To co-operate in the prevention and repression of crime.</p> - -<p>Since its organization the association has extended a friendly hand to -hundreds of discharged convicts, has had a part in advocating -progressive laws and in forming an intelligent public opinion on the -problems of criminology.</p> - -<h4>SAVING GIRLS IN NEW YORK CITY</h4> - -<p>In New York City is Waverly House, a temporary home for young women -released on probation by the courts. The principal problem of the New -York Probation Association, which maintains the House, is the -rehabilitation of the young women convicted or arraigned for -prostitution. In the second annual report of the association, Miss -Maud Miner, the society’s secretary, writes:</p> -<!--019.png--> - -<p class="blockquote">“Among the girls who have been received into Waverly House this - year, nine per cent have been pronounced deficient when examined - by experts as to their mental condition, and a much larger - percentage, approximately one-third, can be said to be borderline - cases. They have not, except in three instances, been proper - subjects for insane asylums or present institutions for the - feeble-minded, yet they are distinctly below par mentally and not - entirely responsible for their moral conduct. It is useless for - the state and city to spend money for these girls in reformatory - institutions, as has been done in several of these cases, only to - turn them out after one, two, or at most three years, to be - preyed upon in the community. In a custodial institution where - they could have permanent care, a happy life would be possible - and society would be saved from caring for them in prisons and - reformatories, and from having the number of degenerates - augmented by their offspring.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“It is important to study the psychology of the individual girls - and women, and also to determine how far vice or criminality may - be attributed to innate depravity, low grade mentality or a - degenerate inheritance. Psychological and <a name="chg2" id="chg2"></a>psychopathic experts - should be appointed to observe those who come in conflict with - the law, not only with a view to providing more intelligently for - the individuals, but for the purpose of discovering actual causes - and conditions, so as to prevent others from entering on a life - of vice and to check the increase of numbers in these classes.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“How far immorality and prostitution are the result of work - conditions and the inability to live on the wages paid, how far - these are a primary or a secondary cause, we do not definitely - know. It is true that nearly all the girls have at some time been - employed and that many of them have been working under conditions - which were not favorable.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Girls who have worked in kitchens, restaurants, offices, - factories, stores, on the stage and in different workshops have - many strange stories to tell, and one realizes that girls going - out into the world of work are subject to many temptations. Girls - crave some fun and amusement, and -<!--020.png--> -it is a very natural, normal - thing. They do not seek it in dangerous places, but the truth is - that few others are open to them. To an increasing extent vice is - being linked with amusement and recreation. The men who procure - girls for immoral purposes from city and country, and who send - them to the streets to earn money for their own enrichment, are - responsible, to a great extent, for the constantly increasing - supply of women who enter upon a life of prostitution.”</p> - -<p>That the association has work to do is strikingly evidenced by the -following table, showing the nature of the dispositions of cases in -the night court for women.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“During the year from August 1, 1909, to July 30, 1910, 7,896 - complaints were taken against girls and women in the night court, - for offenses relating to immorality and prostitution. These - included soliciting on the streets for purposes of prostitution, - accosting men, associating with dissolute and vicious persons, - and violating the tenement house act by carrying on prostitution - in a tenement house.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The disposition of the cases was as follows:</p> - -<table summary="disposition of cases"> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Discharged</td><td class="right colwidth">2,648</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Fined $1 to $10</td><td class="right">3,913</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Committed to the Workhouse</td><td class="right">1,071</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Placed on probation</td><td class="right">156</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Placed under Good Behavior Bond</td><td class="right">71</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Committed to N. Y. State Reformatory - at Bedford</td><td class="right">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Committed to N. Y. Magdalen - Benevolent Society</td><td class="right">9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Committed to Protestant Episcopal - House of Mercy</td><td class="right">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Committed to Roman Catholic - House of the Good Shepherd</td><td class="right">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftalt">Committed to Immigration Authorities</td><td class="right">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="leftindent">Total</td><td class="right"><span class="o">7,896</span></td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="blockquote">“Of the total number, 84 per cent were almost at once returned to - the streets by being discharged, fined, or placed under a good - behavior bond. Fourteen per cent of the remaining 16 per cent - were committed to the workhouse, and in only two per cent of the - cases was some helpful measure tried<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>probation or a reformatory.</p> -<!--021.png--> - -<p class="blockquote">“The association has during 1910 developed a plan for preventive - work to aid more of those girls who are in danger and to seek to - understand better the conditions in the different districts - tending to bring the girls into trouble. Many of this class have - already been referred to the association, and it has been - possible to help them by putting them in touch with helpful - influences in the neighborhood, or by securing their removal from - the district. For the purpose of the preventive and after-care - work, the city has been divided into six districts. Some of the - work in these districts is being done by volunteer workers who - are not able to devote sufficient time in view of the extent and - character of the work.”</p> - -<h4>NOTES FROM COLORADO</h4> - -<p>From a total of eighty persons aided in 1904 to total of 517 aided in -1910 has been the growth of the work of the Colorado Prison -Association.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_1" id="fnanchor_1"></a><a href="#footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span> -That more care is being exercised in the aid given is -indicated by the facts that during 1905-6 the average expenditure per -person was $24, during 1907-8 it was $18, and during 1909-10 it was -$12.</p> - -<p>In the biennial report of the president of the association, Mr. E. R. -Harper, says:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The working of convicts on the public roads has attracted the - attention of the world, and fully demonstrated that it is - feasible and highly beneficial to so handle the men. It would - have been difficult some few years ago to believe that - penitentiary convicts could be placed in camps, in the wild and - rugged sections of our state, in the mountains, the most ideal - situation for safe ‘get-aways,’ without a guard or gun in camp, - and yet not have wholesale escapes. But penitentiary prisoners, - upwards of 300 in number, have been so handled during the past - three or four years, under just such conditions, with the most - gratifying results<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>a long step, indeed, in the right direction. - And this condition was brought about partly through the work and - influence of this association.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“However, to make such progress in these matters as ought to be, - additional -<!--022.png--> -assistance is essential, mainly in the way of new laws. - The most needful just now are: A law giving the trial judge the - right to parole first offenders; an amendment to the present law - regarding the feeding of jail prisoners, doing away with the - possibility, if not the probability, of exorbitant and - unnecessary expenses to the counties; a law providing for working - jail prisoners on the highways, and for the work allowing them - some little compensation to go toward the support of dependent - ones. Measures to cover these essential matters have been - introduced in the present legislature, and we earnestly hope for - their enactment into law.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Still in the future, but we trust not too far, Colorado should - take the next important step and allow each penitentiary prisoner - something for work done, so that it can either go toward - assisting those depending on him, or be accumulated to his - credit, in order that he may have at least a little with which to - get out into the world of action and usefulness again. When that - condition prevails, very much, if not all, of this association’s - work will be accomplished; and its charitable force can be - directed in some other channel of service.”</p> - -<p>Though called in November, 1910, to take charge of the work of the -Associated Charities of Denver, <abbr title="Colorado">Colo.</abbr>, W. E. Collett has continued to -act as general secretary of the prison association, serving in that -capacity without pay.</p> - -<h4>THE PLEDGE AND OTHER WORK OF A CITY COURT</h4> - -<p>One of the features of the probation system, as practiced during the -past year by Judge James A. Collins, of the City Court<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_2" id="fnanchor_2"></a><a href="#footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></span> -of Indianapolis, Indiana, has been the required “taking of the pledge” in -a number of cases of persons found guilty of drunkenness. In his -annual report for 1910 Judge Collins says:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“In all cases of first offenders charged with being drunk and in - those cases where the defendant had others dependent upon him for - support, the court has made it a condition on withholding the - judgment or suspending the sentence that the defendant take the - pledge for a -<!--023.png--> -period varying from six months to one year. At the - close of the year one hundred and one persons had taken the - pledge, and of this number all but ten had kept the same - faithfully. Eighteen of these were women, of whom all but three - are reported to have kept the pledge faithfully.”</p> - -<p>Judge Collins has also set aside Wednesday afternoon exclusively for -the hearing of the cases of women and girls. Since the law provided -for no paid probation officers, and since it was desired that for the -separate trials of women and girls there be an adequate system of -investigation and supervision, the Local Council of Women guaranteed -the expenses of a woman probation officer.</p> - -<p>The court has instituted also a “missionary box,” into which is put -all unclaimed money obtained in gambling raids. The funds so collected -have been used to furnish transportation for runaway boys and girls, -to provide necessaries for the destitute, and on several occasions to -return veterans to the Soldiers’ Home at Marion or at Lafayette.</p> - -<p>One operation of sterilization for degeneracy was performed during the -year at the direction of the court.</p> - -<p>Certain offenders have been allowed to pay their fines in installments.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The old method of collecting money fines which compelled the - defendant to pay or replevy the same the moment he was fined was - always a source of great hardship on the poor. It was - unreasonable to expect a common laborer arrested late at night - and convicted in the morning to be prepared to settle with the - state. If he was unable to pay or make arrangements to have his - fine stayed for the statutory period, he was sent to prison, not - because the judge had given him a term of imprisonment, but - because he was poor, which is in effect imprisonment for debt.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“In those cases where a defendant had others dependent upon him - for support he has been released on his own recognizance and the - case held under advisement for thirty or sixty days, as the - circumstances seemed to justify, at the expiration of which time - he was required to report to the court that he had paid in the -<!--024.png--> - amount designated as the fine and costs to be entered against - him.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“At the close of the year eight hundred and thirty persons had - been given an opportunity to pay their fines in this way. Of this - number 64 were re-arrested and committed for their failure to pay - their fine, and the affidavits in 32 other cases are held for - re-arrest. The balance lived up to their obligation with the - court, and paid in more than $7,100.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“This plan operates to the benefit of the defendant in several - ways: It saves him his employment; it saves his family from - humiliation and disgrace, as well as from the embarrassment - incident to imprisonment; but more than all it saves him his - self-respect. With but a single exception not one to whom this - opportunity has been given and who has paid his fine in full has - been in court a second time.”</p> - -<p>Of the suspended sentence and the withheld judgment Judge Collins says:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“During the past year sentence has been suspended in two hundred - and thirty-six cases and judgment withheld in thirty-four hundred - and seventy-four. The majority of these were first offenders. In - those cases where the judgment was suspended the court has had to - set aside and commit the defendants in only two cases, and where - the judgment has been withheld less than two per cent have been - returned to court for a second or subsequent offense.”</p> - -<h4>SIR EVELYN RUGGLES-BRISE REPORTS OFFICIALLY.</h4> - -<p>London, April 7.—The English home office publishes the report of Sir -Evelyn John Ruggles-Brise, chairman of the English prison commission -and the British representative at the Prison Congress held at -Washington last October. In his report Sir Evelyn commends American -state prisons and reformatories, but condemns the system in vogue in -city and county jails. He says that among the latter “many features -linger which called forth the wrath of John Howard, the great English -philanthropist, noted for his exertions in behalf of prison reform at -the end of the eighteenth <a name="chg3" id="chg3"></a>century.</p> - -<p>“Promiscuity, unsanitary conditions, -<!--025.png--> -the absence of supervision, -idleness and corruption<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>these remain features of many places,” says -the report.</p> - -<p>After describing some of the evils he saw Sir Evelyn concludes:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Until the abuses of the jail system are removed it is impossible - for the United States to have assigned to her by general consent - a place in the vanguard of progress in the domain of ‘la science - penitentiare’.”</p> - -<h4>MOVEMENT FOR NEW JERSEY WOMEN’S REFORMATORY</h4> - -<p>The Woman’s Reformatory Commission of New Jersey has decided to ask -the legislature to appropriate $200,000 to carry out the provisions of -a law enacted in 1910 by which such a reformatory is established and -its organization and administration provided for. This appropriation -will be sufficient to secure a site and to erect the necessary -buildings, consisting of six cottages to accommodate from twenty-five -to thirty each, their estimated cost with equipment being $25,000 -each. The site is to be in the country, approximately two hundred -acres, which with necessary administrative and other buildings will -cost $30,000. For sewage disposal $15,000 will be needed, and $5,000 -will be necessary for preliminary expenses.</p> - -<p>A census of women who were serving sentences in penal and reformatory -institutions in New Jersey on the first of November last, including -girls over sixteen years of age at the state home for girls at -Trenton, numbered 336; the number between sixteen and thirty years of -age was 210.</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p>A definite move has been made in Michigan legislature looking to the -treatment of habitual drunkenness on farms provided by the state. A -bill directing the governor to appoint a commission of five to -investigate the subject of farm colonies for inebriates and other -minor offenders who at present are confined in jails has been -introduced by Senator George G. Scott of Detroit. The commission is -authorized to extend its investigations to methods in force in foreign -countries as well as this. The report will be made to the next -legislators.</p> -</div><!--end sixth section--> -<!--026.png--> - -<div class="p4 break"><!--start seventh section--> -<h3>EVENTS IN BRIEF</h3> - -<p class="smaller">[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of -the delinquent.]</p> - -<p class="p2"><i class="column_title">Families of Prisoners Excite Discussion.</i>—The subject of prisoner’s -pay for work done during incarceration is receiving wide-spread -discussion in this country. The note constantly struck is the need for -support of those dependent on the imprisoned bread winner.</p> - -<p>In Rhode Island a bill has been introduced to the assembly increasing -the wages of jail term offenders from 25 cents to one dollar a day.</p> - -<p>The members of the board of control of the prison at Jackson, <abbr title="Michigan">Mich.</abbr>, -favor a change in the method of paying the inmates employed in the -binder twine plant of the institution. The present law gives the men -10 per cent of the net profits of the plant each year. Some of the -evils of this arrangement are thought to be that the men have to wait -too long for their pay, and that they are kept in unnecessary doubt as -to the amount they shall receive. The plan of the prison board is that -they shall be paid from 10 to 15 cents a day for their services.</p> - -<p>In Massachusetts the Springfield Republican, among other papers, has -recently advocated the extension of the present law, providing that -prisoners be paid nominal wages for the benefit of their families, to -include the inmates of work houses and all places of detention. Says -the Republican:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“In the workhouse the convicted mis-doer is set to broom making. - Why should not his family have the aid of part of such earnings? - Why should not all prisoners, in all parts of the country, - contribute, through state officials, to the support of their - hapless families? Wife and children have not broken the law<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>they - should not then be left to starve.”</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p><i class="column_title">Finds Canadian Prisons Better Than Ours.</i>—Considerable newspaper -prominence has been given to a report on Canadian prisons made -recently by the Rev. Dr. John Handley, who was commissioned by the -Governor of New Jersey to visit Canada and examine her prisons. The -Tribune of Providence, <abbr title="Rhode Island">R. I.</abbr>, concludes from this report that Canadian -prisons are “somewhat in advance of ours in some respects.” The -Tribune thus -<!--027.png--> -discusses Dr. Handley’s report:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The Canadian idea is that reformatory should be a large - custodial school rather than a penal institution; that it should - be removed as far as possible from the thought of felony and the - disgrace that attaches to any young man or boy who has violated - the law and thus become subject to a reformatory sentence. And in - accordance with that idea each Canadian prison has a large farm - attached, to which prisoners are sent to work. From the federal - prison at Toronto, for example, at least half the prisoners are - put to work on a farm where there are no surrounding walls, no - regiment of guards and no rigid surveillance, and yet from which - in two years only five prisoners attempted to escape.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Dr. Handley has returned to New Jersey strongly in favor of this - farm idea as an aid in reformatory work. It is not, however, an - altogether new idea in the States. In several of our - penitentiaries men are allowed to work out of doors even a long - distance away, under only a light guard, and very few have - attempted to escape. The State homes, too, ordinarily have no - high walls around them, and the inmates are allowed many - liberties.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“How far farm regulations could be applied to offenders who have - been sentenced to state prison is another question, and one not - easy to answer. The experiment seems to work well in Canada, - however; and if farms could be utilized for the benefit of the - prisoners there would not be the objection made by organized - labor to most other forms of prison employment, since there is - always a market for farm products and nothing that could thus be - raised would affect farm wages or the prices of staple products. - Moreover, much of the farm yields would go toward the maintenance - of the prisoners.”</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p><i class="column_title">A Bibliography For The Student.</i>—A helpful tool for the student of -criminology and allied subjects has just been furnished in the form of -a “bibliography on crime, its causes and prevention, criminals, -punishment and reformative methods, with special reference to -children,” -<!--028.png--> -The pamphlet is the work of Mr. Paul A. Wiebe, of -Meriden, <abbr title="Connecticut">Conn.</abbr>, and comprises a bibliography of books, senate -documents, magazine articles, circulars, addresses and the -publications of various organizations, together with a brief list of -German publications. The collection is not so exhaustive as to be -confusing.</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p><i class="column_title">Tuberculosis Among Prisoners.</i>—That 16,000 persons infected with -tuberculosis are annually sent out into society by the prisons of this -country is a statement attributed to Dr. J. B. Ransom, <a name="chg4" id="chg4"></a>physician to -Clinton Prison, New York. In the course of a recent address Dr. Ransom -showed the good results flowing from the special care in New York -prisons of those with tuberculosis.</p> - -<p>In a similar connection the Lincoln, (<abbr title="Nebraska">Neb.</abbr>) News says:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Not long ago the statement is alleged to have been made by the - warden of the western penitentiary of Pennsylvania that - approximately 300 out of 1,300 inmates of that institution were - suffering from tuberculosis. In private conversation, says the - Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, the warden of one of the - eastern state penitentiaries expressed his belief that six per - cent of the inmates of his institution had tuberculosis in some - degree.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Only twenty-one prisons in fifteen states and territories have - provided special places for the treatment of their tuberculosis - prisoners and these have accommodations for only 800 patients. In - three-fourths of the major prisons and in practically all of the - jails of the country the tuberculosis prisoner is allowed freely - to infect his fellow prisoners, very few restrictions being put - upon his habits.”</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p><i class="column_title">A French Study of Vagrants and How To Treat Them.</i>—An interesting -classification of so-called “non-producers,” or vagabonds, has been -made by Etienne Flandid, who has recently conducted a study of the -criminal classes of France. M. Flandid has made his studies the basis -of a report which is being considered by the French senate.</p> - -<p>He divides vagabonds into three classes. In the first class are the -infirm -<!--029.png--> -and aged. These, he believes, should be properly clothed and -fed and housed by the state or municipality. The second class contains -the “accidental out-of-works.” Under M. Flandid’s recommendation these -will be sent to a penal labor colony, where they will be kept and put -to work until employment is found for them outside of the colony. It -will be the duty of the state to seek to secure employment for them, -and to notify them and release them from the colony at the earliest -possible date. The third class contains the professional tramps, the -fellows who do not want work and who would not accept employment if it -were tendered them. This class is to be shut up in penal colonies for -periods of from five to ten years. After serving the first sentence, -if they do not secure employment, they will be returned to the penal -colonies and kept there for life, with plenty of good, wholesome work -to do. By ridding society of these three classes of people, or by -providing for them in the manner stated, he believes that crime will -be so greatly lessened that there will hardly be any use for the -police forces, save to gather in the few vagabonds as they develop. He -argues that nearly all crime is committed by one or the other of the -three classes named, especially by the third class.</p> - -<p>Speaking editorially of this report, the Dayton, Ohio, <cite>News</cite> -says:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“Practically every country on earth today has its problems of the - unemployed. France is not alone in the matter. Even in this - country, where there is so much to be done, where conditions are - better than almost anywhere else on earth, we have the three - classes referred to by the Frenchman, and we have done little to - improve conditions. We have our civic societies, and our reform - organizations and our bodies of philanthropists. But we have not - gone to the root of the matter as have the French, and we have no - students devoting as much time to the study of the question as - can be found in other countries. We complain much about the cost - of living<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>as we have a right to<span style="white-space:nowrap;">—</span>and we print thousands of - columns about the trusts and the tariff, as is well that we - should. But we are overlooking one of the real questions of - economy -<!--030.png--> -when we fail to study and to understand the problems - presented to us in the way of the unemployed.”</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p><i class="column_title">Resignations Follow Criticism of Juvenile Court of Louisville, Ky.</i>—A -somewhat acute situation has developed among those interested in the -work of the juvenile court and juvenile probation in Louisville, Ky. -As a result of what is by some persons characterized as the courts’ -“totally irresponsible methods in caring for dependent and delinquent -children,” Bernard Flexner and several other members of the Juvenile -Court Advisory Board have resigned their positions. The straw which -broke the camel’s back was the appointment by Juvenile Judge Muir -Weissinger of a probation officer who is declared not only to be unfit -for such a delicate position, but also to have a noteworthy political -reputation. The Social Workers’ Conference held a mass meeting on -March 16, at which were adopted resolutions calling for the removal of -the probation officer in question. Speakers at the meeting declared -that for a year conditions in the juvenile court have been -intolerable; that children have been dragged into court and -brow-beaten, some have been wrongfully placed in unworthy homes, and -that all efforts to do something for them have come to naught. Judge -Weissinger declared that he would not remove the objectionable -probation officer until better evidence that he was unfit had been -adduced.</p> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p><i class="column_title">Domestic Relations Courts.</i>—In view of the interest with which the -whole country is watching the work of the domestic relations courts -newly instituted in the larger cities of New York, it is important -that the court’s own story of its activities be set before the public. -Recently such a court was instituted in the city of Chicago. Pointing -in this same direction is a recommendation contained in the 1910 -report of the Boston Associated Charities that the delinquent husband -and father shall be constantly under the supervision of the court -during the continuance of its direction to him to pay for the -maintenance of his wife and child.</p> - -<p>The domestic relations court for the Borough of Brooklyn, New York -City, has put out a report of its work for the -<!--031.png--> -four months ending -December 31st, 1910, these being the first four months of its -existence. Judge Edward J. Dooley says:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“That the predictions of the opponents of a separate domestic - relations court, that its organization would serve to promote - more antagonism in the family, that it would tend to harass the - husband, father and provident relative unnecessarily, have not - been fulfilled. Statistics show that the number of cases brought - herein since September 1st last, a period of four months, has - been 574, which would be at the rate of 1,722 cases for the year - 1910, for abandonment and non-support in the borough of Brooklyn. - The number of cases of abandonment and non-support in the borough - of Brooklyn for the year 1909 was 1,907, thus actually showing an - apparent decrease of 185 cases of non-support for the year 1910, - as compared with the year 1909.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“The provisions of Chapter 168, Laws of the year 1905, of the - State of New York, which provides that the abandonment and - non-support of a minor child or children is made a felony and - extraditable has been put in execution, and it can be said that - on a meritorious case the negligent father who actually abandons - and neglects to support his minor child or children will be - pursued to the extreme boundaries of these United States, - arrested and brought into the jurisdiction of this court to stand - trial for such desertion and non-support.</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“No statistical information can be obtained as to the amount of - money received in the magistrates courts of the borough of - Brooklyn for the year 1909, but from my personal knowledge I - venture to say that less than $1,000 was received therein to be - applied to the benefit of neglected wives and children during the - year 1909, or any year previous thereto, within the last decade. - For four months, from September 1st to December 31st, 1910, - inclusive, there has been paid into the hands of the probation - officers of this court, the sum of $4,968.45 or at the rate of - about $15,000 a year.”</p> - -<p>Something of the spirit in which the domestic relations court was -conceived, and of the end which it was designed to further, may be -glimpsed from the following -<!--032.png--> -paragraph from Judge Dooley:</p> - -<p class="blockquote">“To make the improvident and negligent husband and father, as - well as those who are liable for the maintenance of the dependant - relatives, namely, the grandparents, parents, children, - grand-children and relatives of a poor person of sufficient - ability, realize the obligations that the law has cast upon them, - to advise and admonish in the first instance as to their duty to - their dependants, and to punish if advice be not followed, has - been the rule and practice of the court. In other words, it is - not a tribunal constituted for vengeance, spite, anger or - petulant temperaments, to give vent to their wrath, but rather - for the calm, cool and considerate treatment of each individual - case in order that the greatest good may be accomplished to those - entitled to its consideration and help, and that the basic - foundation of the state, to wit, the family unit may be - maintained if possible.”</p> - -<p>The total number of persons arraigned in the court during the four -months in question, including those transferred on September 1st, 1910 -from the various magistrates’ courts, was 881 only two of whom were -women. Forty of these were convicted. 379 were discharged, and the -cases of the remaining 462 were still pending at the close of the -year. As to the nature of the offenses charged, 795 were accused of -abandonment of wives and children, and 86 of failure to support poor -relatives. The following table reveals some aspects of the probation -system as used by the court:</p> - -<table summary="probation results"> -<tr><td class="left">Number of persons placed under probationary - oversight</td><td class="right">198</td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Completed probationary period and - discharged with improvement</td><td class="right">23</td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Completed probationary period and - discharged without improvement</td><td class="right">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Re-arrested and committed</td><td class="right">14</td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Absconded or lost from oversight</td><td class="right">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="left">Pending on probation</td><td class="right">154</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="center">* * * * *</p> - -<p><i class="column_title">Charges of “Crime Wave” Lead to Grand Jury Investigation.</i>—In an open -letter to the newspapers of the city, published during the latter part -of March, Magistrate Joseph E. Corrigan declared that crime was -flourishing in New York City more flagrantly than it had for years, -that criminals were allowed to -<!--033.png--> -carry on their work with little -molestation, that the police force was demoralized and cowed, and that -the responsibility for these conditions lay upon the shoulders of -Mayor Wm. J. Gaynor and upon his reforms in the police administration.</p> - -<p>Within less than two weeks after the publication of this letter the -grand jury was at work, under the direction of special assistants to -the district attorney, upon the task of investigating these charges, -in an effort to ascertain their truth, and to fix responsibility for -the conditions described, in the event that those conditions were -found actually to exist.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the newspapers, public bodies and private societies, to say -nothing of the general community, were engaged in an intense and -aggressive discussion of the situation of the city with reference to -crime, heated tempers were being displayed in more than one quarter, -crimination was being met by recrimination, and only such a -catastrophe as the Asch building fire could divert the attention of -the city from the discussion of the “crime wave” and its causes.</p> - -<p>Magistrate Corrigan’s general charges were followed by an array of -specific facts and instances, presented by himself, by some of the -newspapers, and by many private individuals, including social workers. -It was freely alleged that Mayor Gaynor’s doctrine of “personal -liberty,” and his discouragement of “needless and unjustifiable -arrests,” were responsible for the demoralization of the police force, -and the consequent influx of criminals of every sort.</p> - -<p>To all this Mayor Gaynor finally entered a general and emphatic -denial. He praised the police force, scouted the idea of -demoralization, declared that the laws were being efficiently -enforced, and characterized the whole agitation as but a periodic -recurrence of a long series of similar protestations. Such outcries, -he said, were as regular in their coming as is the spring marble -season among boys.</p> - -<p>The grand jury investigation bids fair to be thorough. Police -Commissioner Cropsey has been called upon for some extended testimony, -and the district attorney has declared his intention to probe the -situation to the bottom.</p> -</div><!--end seventh section--> - -<div><!--start footnotes--> -<p class="p4 footnote"> <a name="footnote_1" id="footnote_1"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_1"><span class="muchsmaller">[1]</span></a> - From other extracts from report of this association - see REVIEW for February, 1911, page 10.</p> - -<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_2" id="footnote_2"></a> -<a href="#fnanchor_2"><span class="muchsmaller">[2]</span></a> - For other information see the March REVIEW, page 24.</p> -</div><!--end footnotes--> - -<div class="p4 break tnote"> -<h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> - -<p>Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of -the book. Dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left -unchanged.</p> - -<p>The following items were changed:<br /> - Changed publication title to small caps in the first paragraph - of the third article.<br /> - Removed duplicate anchor to footnote <span class="smaller">[2]</span> from subtitle.<br /> - Added a missing endquote to text.</p> - -<p>Spelling corrections:<br /> -  ‘orignated’ to <a href="#chg1">‘originated’</a><br /> -  ‘pyschopathic’ to <a href="#chg2">‘psychopathic’</a><br /> -  ‘centry’ to <a href="#chg3">‘century’</a><br /> -  ‘physican’ to <a href="#chg4">‘physician’</a><br /> -  ‘necessitious’ to <a href="#chg5">‘necessitous’</a></p> -</div><!--end transcriber's note--> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Review, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW *** - -***** This file should be named 55119-h.htm or 55119-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/1/1/55119/ - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Carol Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/55119-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/55119-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c9132c9..0000000 --- a/old/55119-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null |
