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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8319577 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55081 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55081) diff --git a/old/55081-0.txt b/old/55081-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 07949ea..0000000 --- a/old/55081-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2421 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2), February, -1914, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2), February, 1914 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 9, 2017 [EBook #55081] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DELINQUENT, FEBRUARY 1914 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Craig Kirkwood, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. - - * * * * * - -VOLUME IV, No. 2. FEBRUARY, 1914 - - - - -THE DELINQUENT - - - (FORMERLY THE REVIEW) - - A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID - ASSOCIATION AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY. - - THIS COPY TEN CENTS. ONE DOLLAR A YEAR - - T. F. Garver, President. - Wm. M. R. French, Vice President. - O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor The Delinquent. - Edward Fielding, Chairman Ex. Committee. - F. Emory Lyon, Member Ex. Committee. - W. G. McLaren, Member Ex. Committee. - A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee. - E. A. Fredenhagen, Member Ex. Committee. - Joseph P. Byers, Member Ex. Committee. - R. B. McCord, Member Ex. Committee. - - Entered as second-class mail matter at New York. - - - - -KATHERINE BEMENT DAVIS New York City’s Commissioner of Correction - - -BY MARY GARRETT HAYES - -[Reprinted from the Jamestown, N. Y., Post] - -It is significant of the liberalizing sentiment which is the outgrowth -of the sixty years or more of campaigning which the suffragists have -carried on in New York State and all over the country, not for the vote -alone, but for the recognition of women as co-workers with men in the -affairs of the world, that a woman is for the first time in history a -member of the cabinet of the Mayor of New York City, and is at the head -of one of the most important departments of municipal administration. - -Dr. Katherine Bement Davis, the new Commissioner of Correction, is a -good suffragist--her family for some generations have been supporters -of the cause of women--and she is a firm believer in her sex as well as -a splendid monument herself of feminine achievement. The New Year opens -most promisingly with such a woman to inspire hope and courage and -higher ideals in the wayward of this great city. - -Buffalo claims the honor of being the birth place of Dr. Davis, who -was the oldest of five children. She was graduated from the Rochester -High School, however. Being naturally a student and a thinker, she felt -that she must have a broader education. Funds were rather scarce at -home and needs many, so the ambitious young girl set to work and taught -school until she had earned enough to go to college. She is now one -of Vassar’s most honored alumnae. Her career there was brief for she -completed her course in two years, graduating with flying colors and -winning Phi Beta Kappa honors. - -The following year Dr. Davis--she was Miss Davis then--spent at -Columbia University, studying the chemistry of foods, and the knowledge -that she acquired was promptly put into practice in a most telling -manner. - -John Boyd Thatcher, one of the prime movers in the Committee of -Arrangements for the World’s Fair in Chicago, was eager to have a woman -establish and manage a workingman’s model home. He appealed to Miss -Davis, who agreed to take charge of the matter. She built the house -and settled a workingman and his family in it. She looked after every -detail of the house-keeping herself, did the cooking and fed the family -on what she believed to be an ideal diet for their needs, the most -healthful and strength-building. They were pledged to eat nothing away -from home. Each day the diet was posted for the benefit of visitors. -That family was taught scientific house-keeping in such an approved -fashion that the model home proved a most instructive and valuable -feature of the fair. - -Next Miss Davis became the head of the College Settlement in -Philadelphia, and was one of the charter members of the Civic Club. It -was not long before she was running for membership in the School Board, -but at that time Philadelphia had not accepted school suffrage. She was -beaten by an Italian saloon-keeper. An amusing fact which gives some -idea of how much a woman of her calibre was really needed in that City -of Brotherly Love, was that when the vote was counted, it was found -that her precinct had polled seven more votes than it was entitled to. - -Somewhat later Miss Davis held the first woman’s fellowship in the -University of Chicago, and there she took her Doctor’s degree in -political economy. She then went abroad, as European fellow of the -New England Association for the Higher Education of Women, and took -advanced work in Political Economy and Sociology, in Berlin and Vienna. - -Then in January, 1900, Dr. Davis took up her duties as Superintendent -of the Bedford Reformatory. Even before the buildings were completed -she moved in, started the machinery going and by May, 1901, was ready -to welcome and care for wayward girls and women entrusted to her charge -to open up to them a new existence of hope and efficiency. - -After eight busy years at Bedford, Dr. Davis took a five months’ leave -of absence, and went to Europe. She spent some time in Sicily and was -at Syracuse at the time of the Messina earthquake. Here just as in her -own country, she found a real need for her fine broad sympathies and -splendid executive ability. The people were overcome by the terrible -disaster. They did not know what to do, and there seemed to be nothing -to do with. Four thousand refugees had been brought to Syracuse and Dr. -Davis promptly took the situation in hand. A woman was found who could -speak English, and with her for an interpreter, Dr. Davis, in what -seemed an almost miraculous way, succeeded in getting money, materials -for clothing--many of the survivors were literally naked--also other -necessities, and meeting the situation most valiantly. - -Buildings as well as people she commandeered into service. A little -chapel was turned into a dressmaker’s establishment and here the women -were set to work making clothes. Somewhere else shoe-makers were -gathered together, busily making shoes for the bare-footed fugitives. -Other men were set to work at road making; one of their constructions -is still known as the Davis Road. Red Cross aid arrived and Dr. Davis -was made chief dispenser of it. In the first six weeks, she spent -$15,000, but she did not pauperize the people; instead she encouraged -them to help themselves, set them to work and paid them off regularly -every week. It was that wisely directed, properly compensated work, -that saved those poor people and gave them a new grip on life. - -All sorts of people needed assistance. The Archbishop of Syracuse gave -up his palace for a hospital and a convalescent home was established -for those of the upper classes. The men, many of them, were so shaken -by the calamity that they would frequently give way to fits of -hysterics, and more than once on such an occasion, Dr. Davis took a man -by the shoulders and shook him into self-control. At one time a basket, -full of rescued babies, was brought in to her--twelve in all--but the -bottom one was dead. - -For her splendid work at this time, Dr. Davis was much honored. The -King of Italy gave her a medal. The Pope of his own accord summoned -her to an interview, and gave her his blessing. The Italian Red Cross -Society bestowed a medal upon her, as did the American Red Cross, -through President Taft. - -When the Sicilian earthquake victims were in a position to help -themselves, Dr. Davis returned home, and quietly resumed her duties as -mother, confidant and friend of the inmates of the Bedford reformatory. -She has proved herself to be an all-around friend to those in her -charge and has entered heartily into all sorts of activities, in -pleasures as well as in work; she has been known to get up plays, drill -the actors, paint the scenery, train the orchestra, then go out and -receive the guests and make a speech. During the thirteen years of her -service there, she has lost but two days by illness, and that was a -sore throat. - -The International Prison Congress at its meeting in 1910 elected Dr. -Davis the chief of a section. In a space of twenty years, she was the -only woman appointed to such a position; she was also the first woman -to preside over the public meeting. She was also appointed a member of -the Committee which showed the Congress over this country. - -Vassar, too, has been delighted to honor this graduate who has lived up -so wonderfully to the ideals of her alma mater, and the four thousand -alumnae have chosen her as one of the twelve members of the Provisional -Alumnae Council. - -New York City is indeed fortunate in having at the head of its -Department of Correction a woman who has proved herself to be a modern -penologist, of the most humanitarian order, and has shown such splendid -knowledge of how best to make her sympathy and understanding help the -inmates of our prisons; how to individualize the cases and make the -punishment fit the criminal rather than the crime; to substitute hope -and courage for despair, and to help the unfortunate to amount to -something worth while after all. - -Surely it is a step forward in civilization, when a woman is chosen to -an important position like this commissionership, not because she is -a woman, but because it is felt that she is the right person for the -place. - - - - -CHILD PLAY AND CHILD CRIME - - -[The following important article, from the New York Times of February -15, brings some of the results of a year’s Study of New York juvenile -crime, as related to the recreation problem.] - -The relation of play to juvenile crime is coming to be more and more -recognized by the student of juvenile delinquency and the discerning -social worker. But the problem has not been studied intensively. The -facts which show how the most celebrated gangster in New York City can -get his start playing kick-the-can or baseball in the city streets have -only but been regarded in a general way. - -For the past year Edward Barrows, special investigator for the People’s -Institute, has been making a study of the evolution of the crime of -children from a purely legal fact to a moral evil, and his report -on the year’s work represents not only general conclusions but an -intensive study of 193 individual cases of juvenile arrest. - -Mr. Barrows has lived for about three years in the middle west side -of Manhattan, which is popularly called the Hell’s Kitchen district. -He was not known as a social worker or an investigator, but as a -free lance newspaper man and a good fellow generally. He has studied -juvenile delinquency in the courts, in the streets and the homes, and -has been an actual member of numerous boys’ gangs. The hundreds of -adults and children with whom Mr. Barrows became intimate are still -without an inkling as to his identity. In summing up his report, Mr. -Barrows says: - - I became aware several years ago that the child life of the New - York tenement neighborhoods is a world apart. The middle west side - was chosen for investigation, both because it stands high among New - York districts for its juvenile crime record, and because it is a - relatively old neighborhood, representing the condition toward which - the newer congested neighborhoods are developing. - - In the middle west side the child life is organized--yes, definitely - and somewhat elaborately organized--into what amounts to a defensive - secret league, with tens of thousands of members. This league is - made up of small gang units, which are sometimes federated for brief - periods, which war on each other, but are united against the common - enemy--against the law and its agents, who are aliens, and generally - against the adult community as such. This condition means that no - investigator who is known as an investigator can find his facts. - Still less can an “uplifter” find his facts or do his work if he is - known as an “uplifter.” - - Twelve thousand children are arrested annually in New York. These are - not exceptional children, and they are not a special problem. Rather, - they are typical children. They are mere exhibits drawn from the mass - of those children who live in the congested neighborhoods, a small - proportion of the children who have done the same things and have not - been caught. - - These children are not sub-normal, and they come from homes which are - typical of whole enormous population districts. They are arrested for - the only thing a child can do on the street, and they have no place - but the street in which to do anything. These children represent the - child population of half or more of the tenement districts of New - York City. - - I made an intensive study of 193 out of the 12,000 arrests for the - past year--all of them typical cases. All these arrests fall within - the middle west side region. They were made on the following direct - charges: - - Assault, attempt at burglary, begging, bonfires, burglary, disorderly - conduct, destruction of property, fighting, playing football on - the streets, gambling, intoxication, jumping on cars, kicking the - garbage can, loitering, picking pockets, pitching pennies, playing - ball, playing with water pistol, putting out lights, selling papers, - playing shinney, shooting craps, snowballing, stealing, subway - disturbances, throwing stones, trespass, truancy. - - It is clear at the very start that the punishment, as far as the law - goes, has little relation to the alleged crimes as listed above. The - same section of the Penal Code punishes baseball and burglary, and - both of these acts are punishable under several other sections of - the Penal Code. Frequently the arrest brings out a series of acts, - committed in previous days or weeks, which bear little relation to - the direct cause of the arrest. We find cases of children arrested - for playing ball, but whose story in court reveals stealing, assault - and burglary. Again, we find a child rearrested under three or four - different sections of the Penal Code for the same repeated act, be - it the kicking of a garbage can or assault and battery. We find in - the court records the most indiscriminate blending of arrest and - punishment for innocent play with arrest and punishment for deviltry - or perverse crime of a serious nature. - - To make the case specific rather than general, a few typical - instances may be given: - - John C. was arrested for creating a disturbance. This is a nuisance - and, from the standpoint of the adult, a moral offense in a crowded - city. Special inquiry developed that John C. was one of a number of - boys who gathered in front of a tenement home late one evening and - sang in chorus. Incidentally only one of the several malefactors was - caught. - - Charles C. was arrested for violating Penal Code Section 675, - relating to disorderly conduct and committing nuisance. His act - consisted in throwing a baseball on a public street. - - William C., arrested for disorderly conduct, was charged with playing - football on the street. The record showed that he was an athletic - enthusiast, and there was no other football field but the street. In - contrast with this fact, it should be mentioned that the New York - Board of Education maintains an elaborate and costly organization for - encouraging the athletic spirit among boys. - - George C. was arrested for throwing stones. The record showed that - George C. had been one of a group engaging in a street fight, the - street fight being a typical form of vigorous play among children of - this district. - - Thomas C. was arrested for throwing stones. He had thrown a stone - in revenge and with murderous intent at an unsuspecting enemy. His - motive was wholly different from that of George C., but they were - classified together in law. - - The figures in the Children’s Courts are of almost no value as - showing the quantity of law-breaking, innocent or otherwise, on the - part of the city’s children. Nathan A., for instance, was arrested - for crap-shooting. There was no other arrest. Similarly with Joseph - B., William C. was arrested for playing baseball, and the rest of his - team are not mentioned. George C. was arrested for fighting with no - mention of his fellow-combatant or combatants. - - The acts which lead children to arrest are nearly always games. They - are games which are against the law only because they are played - on the street, and games which through their nature involve an - infraction of the penal code. In the first class we find baseball, - football, jackstones, singing, and marbles. In the second we find - stealing, fighting, destruction of property, and similar violations - of the code of social procedure. - - But the point which is overlooked by the law, and in a large measure - by the law enforcer, is that both these forms of play are to the - child merely or mainly play, representing a perfectly normal childish - instinct which has, in many of the cases of arrest, been distorted - through a morbid street environment. - - The following is an analysis of 170 of the cases here being - considered: - - Total arrests for moral but illegal play: - Bonfires 19 - Disorderly conduct (shouting and harmless disturbances) 13 - Football 4 - Baseball 22 - Snowballing 2 - Throwing various missiles 24 - -- - Total 84 - - Total arrests for immoral and illegal play: - Assault 8 - Disorderly conduct 6 - Burglary 12 - Putting out street lights 2 - Stealing 42 - Throwing various missiles 16 - -- - Total 86 - - The attitude of the law with reference to the innocent class of - acts leading to arrest is suggested by the wording of the charges - preferred against various children: - - Charged with annoying and interfering with others and endangering - their safety and property by playing with a hard ball on a public - street. - - Charged with playing game called baseball on the public street, - thereby interfering with free use by persons of that street. - - Charged with another ... with playing on the sidewalk of the public - street a game called pitching pennies, thereby obstructing the - sidewalk and interfering and annoying persons on the public street. - - Charged with another boy with obstructing the sidewalk while playing - a game called pitching pennies. (Note that while in the previous case - the boy was charged with pitching pennies and thereby obstructing the - sidewalk, in this case he is charged with obstructing the sidewalk - while pitching pennies.) - - Charged with playing a game called craps on the public street to the - annoyance of persons thereon. (Note that this arrest also was for - obstructing the street and not for gambling.) - - The law deals with the child from one standpoint only--the annoyance - he causes the adult passerby, and the store windows he breaks. - - You can see why the moral aspects of the deeds for which children are - arrested must generally be hazy to the little wrong-doers themselves. - Gambling is a case in point. Public opinion classes gambling as a - vice and a crime ranking with theft and sexual immorality. Yet the - tenement streets of New York are infested with adult and juvenile - gamblers, who gamble usually through shooting crap or pitching - pennies. Street gambling is hardly less common than baseball or any - of the other street games. The unwritten law of the streets has - sanctioned gambling for many child-generations, until gambling has - lost all moral significance to the children of New York. As for the - law, we have seen how it adds to the confusion of moral values. - The law treats crap shooting as being identical in terms both of - punishment and of why the punishment is given, with chalk games, or - ring-around-the-rosy, or kick-the-can. The arrests for gambling and - for chalk games alike are treated as cases of street obstruction. - - But strangely enough, one offense is particularly singled out in law - to be prohibited on the streets. This offense is baseball. Baseball - is no sin and the children know it. They merely know that they will - be arrested if they play baseball. They know that if they are going - to play ball they must send out pickets to announce the coming of the - policeman. - - So much for the innocent group of child offenses. The vicious group - includes the many organized games which have been developed by street - conditions. They involve acts which the children know to be immoral, - but which gang standards allow. - - An example of this type of child crime is the widely popular sport - of gang stealing. Gang stealing is recognized as a sport and game by - unknown thousands of children in New York. - - A band of boys, from three to six or seven in number, will go from - tenement to tenement on Saturday evenings, taking orders from the - housewives for fruits, vegetables, groceries, light hardware and - clothing, just as though they were delivery clerks. When they think - they have a sufficient number of orders they go out on the street and - by a series of organized raids secure the goods which the housewives - have ordered. - - These goods are sold on a regularly established scale of prices, - which in most parts of the city is arbitrary, with no relation to the - market value of the stolen articles. After the boys have their money - they retire to their “hang-out,” where the money is divided into - equal parts and the possessors shoot craps until one of them has it - all. This boy divides the winnings into two parts, one of which he - spends in treating the other members of the gang. The other half he - is permitted to keep and spends for himself. - - This is a regularly organized form of amusement, which has existed to - the writer’s personal knowledge for a decade or more on the middle - west side. As far as the boys themselves are concerned, it is a game - and nothing more. The crimes committed are incidental to the game. - The elements the boys are striving for are the dramatic adventure in - obtaining stolen goods, the excitement of gambling, which to them is - no crime, and the physical joys of the soda water, cigarettes, motion - picture shows, etc., which follow the game. - - These boys start out to seek adventure, excitement, and a “treat.” - Unguided and irresponsible, and with a tradition of lawlessness based - upon the hostile indifference of their elders, they have gone after - their ends without regard to consequences, with the result that - before their game is over they will have obtained money under false - pretenses, committed larceny, and gambled; for any one of which acts - they are criminally liable. Yet punishment for any one of these acts - leaves the zest for adventure, the lust of gambling, and the tastes - for sweets and cigarettes as strong as ever. - - A child is arrested for burglary and is tried on the specific charge - of “entering an inhabited dwelling in the night season with intent - to commit a felony.” Yet this may have been simply an unguided - expression of the child’s dramatic play instinct. The boys may have - organized into a gang of robbers and may, for the game of the thing - only, have committed the burglary. Thus there was no criminal intent - on the part of the marauders. - - Gang fighting, another common and serious offense, is a product of - the complex gang organization which is the basis of all boy life in - the streets of New York. It has its sources either in gang rivalry or - in the infliction of a wrong by one gang upon another, which results - in a long series of retaliatory fights, sometimes extending through - many months. From being simply physical contests between gang and - gang, these fights often become neighborhood feuds in which small - boys are maimed and on rare occasions killed outright, windows are - broken, and all kinds of neighborhood outrages are perpetrated. - - There is a great distinction between these organized gang fights and - the smaller misunderstandings which result in fights between two - small boys. Gang fights are a part of the traditional play life of - the New York boys. Except among the older boys they are carried out - in the spirit of play, and the theft, destruction of property, and - mayhem which accompany them are regarded as incidental. - - When we trace back to their source even the fights for revenge, we - generally find a play motive there also. Two years ago the small boys - on West Fiftieth Street and West Fifty-third Street, near Eleventh - Avenue, were celebrating election night with bonfires on their - respective streets. The Fiftieth Street boys had more material than - the Fifty-third Street boys. When the Fifty-third Street boys ran - out of material they raided Fiftieth Street, extinguished all the - bonfires, routed the celebrants, and triumphantly carried the bonfire - material to their own street. - - This was the beginning of a feud which lasted over a year between the - denizens of the two streets, during which time a score of boys were - jailed, a number seriously maimed, and hundreds of dollars’ worth of - property destroyed. Yet, despite the number of arrests on the charge - of fighting, disorderly conduct and destruction of property, the feud - itself continued unabated, until a compromise was arrived at by the - boy leaders themselves. - - This feud was a typical instance of the play spirit expressing itself - through rivalry, without any attempt to check it as such. Of the - thirty or forty boys who were arrested as a direct outcome of these - fights, not one but was arrested as an individual criminal without - reference to the motive of his wrong doing. The result was that after - his arrest the boy responded to the same motive as promptly as if he - had never been arrested. Again we are brought to the serious question - of whether or not all this destruction to property and morals - could not have been avoided had there been proper facilities and a - leadership to have turned the spirit of rivalry into legitimate play - channels. - -A summary of the record of Mr. Barrow’s 193 cases shows that 188 of -them, or all but nine, can be traced directly to a play motive, normal -or perverted. Of the nine, two were acts of personal revenge and seven -showed an economic motive. - -According to Mr. Barrows these 193 cases did not include a single one -where mental deficiency was the predominant cause. He says: - - To conclude, child crime in New York is built on play--wholesome, - educational play--which the law treats as crime and which street - conditions gradually pervert until innocent play becomes moral crime. - - Child crime begins with the attempt to play on streets in violation - of law, and in forbidden places under conditions of trespassing. The - first arrest is normally a punishment for the attempt to play, and to - play in ways which are intrinsically good. - - This condition presses on the child life of all the tenement - districts of New York City. It is a uniformly operating cause which - results in a fairly uniform method of resistance on the part of the - children. Not only are the statutory crimes of fighting and stealing - regarded as play by the children, but the more innocent kinds of - play, like baseball, are in law regarded as crimes and are so - punishable. - - This is not, on the one hand, a defect of child character, nor on the - other hand a mere stupidity of law, but is a real condition, inherent - in the fact that the street, with its traffic, and the street front, - with its stores and windows, are the only playground of 95 per cent. - or more of the city’s children. - - The result is a fundamental schism between the child community and - the adult community. The child community is a nuisance. The adult - community is a tyrant. Neither is to blame. Our laws, our court - procedure and our probation system, imperfect though they be, are - not to blame. The blame rests with the city which has not provided - play space and which does not intelligently use even the little play - space that is provided. Juvenile crime is a play problem not only in - the sense that play is an alternative to crime--a cure for crime: but - in a more specific sense, namely, in the streets of New York, under - present conditions, play is crime and crime is play. - - And play is crime all over New York, not merely in the middle west - side. The city’s total juvenile crime rate is growing. - - What is to be done about it? Provide outlets. Consider specifically - that west side district. The remedies are at hand. For instance: - - Public school buildings in the middle west side are used to as small - an extent of their capacity as is the case in the city at large. This - means a 40 per cent. non-use or more. - - There is a large recreation pier at West Fiftieth Street, where the - activities could be multiplied. - - The DeWitt Clinton Park, at Fifty-ninth Street and the North River, - is unused during the evenings and very inadequately used during the - day. It is one of the finest playgrounds in the world. - - There are at least ten city blocks in the middle west side which - could if the city government desired it, be devoted to playground - uses for at least several hours of every day. Apparatus would not be - needed, and the only supervision required would be police supervision. - - - - -SHOULD JUDGES GO TO JAIL? - - -[The idea is not so revolutionary as it might be. Recently Mr. T. M. -Osborne tried a week’s self-incarceration at Auburn Prison, New York. -As a result the general public, reading of his experiences, has a -knowledge to-day of the more common methods of prison administration -than it would have learned, or have been willing to learn in any other -way. Now the Boston (Mass.) Globe comes along with a more radical -suggestion, which we herewith summarize.] - -“One advocate of the practice of making judges investigate the prisons, -an ex-magistrate of New York City, made the assertion that ‘every judge -ought to be sentenced to 30 days in jail before he is permitted to send -a prisoner there.’ - -“‘What does an ordinary judge know of prison? What method can he have -of judging a proper punishment for an offender, if he does not know -what the punishment is like?’ asks this authority. - -“The policy of imposing upon judges the obligation of a personal -acquaintance with the conditions of the institutions to which they -sentence defendants is not to be lightly condemned as impractical or -inexpedient. Judges to-day depend primarily for such information as -they require upon those whose public duty it is to oversee the prisons, -and the courts are also governed by the law in committing prisoners. - -“It might be expedient to give judges a wider discretion in disposing -of persons convicted of crime, and then require them to make sufficient -investigation of every public institution to enable them to use their -discretion wisely. - -“The average judge is a man of keen perception, and if he has been long -on the bench, he has acquired in his experience an accurate conception -of the criminal mind, and an idea of how it may be most effectively -influenced. - -“Doubtless if one of the judges of the Superior Court passed a few days -at any one of the penal or corrective institutions of the State, he -could see things that had escaped the notice of those who have grown -familiar with conditions, either by association or by brief visits. -Some very valuable suggestions for improvement might result. - -“We have many investigators who are concerned with the boy and man in -confinement. The Board of Parole, a new commission, was created for the -purpose of securing to the deserving a conditional release from prison. - -“The Executive Council, when passing on the question of pardon, goes -carefully into the prisoner’s past, the circumstances of the crime for -which he was sentenced, his conduct in prison, and then weighs the -chances of his becoming a law-abiding and industrious member of the -community if liberated. Few men so released have again offended. - -“It is logical that if the body authorized to grant a pardon is so -zealous in the interest of the prisoner and the community alike, the -judicial authority who fixes the penalty and indicates the institution -of punishment in specific instances should be equally well informed -of the possible consequences of the sentence to the prisoner. The -administration of strict justice might be aided by a more intimate -acquaintance with the character of our jails on the part of the -judges.” - - - - -THE INDETERMINATE SENTENCE AND PAROLE LAW IN INDIANA - - -AMOS W. BUTLER, SECRETARY BOARD OF STATE CHARITIES - -For the crimes of treason and of murder in the first degree, the -sentence in this State is either death or life imprisonment. For -persons convicted of felony for the third time (habitual criminals) and -those found guilty of murder in the second degree or of rape upon a -child under ten years of age, the punishment is life imprisonment. All -other persons convicted of felony are subject to the provisions of the -indeterminate sentence and parole law of 1897 and its amendments. This -law applies to men over 16 years of age and women over 17. While it is -called “indeterminate,” it is in reality limited by the minimum and -maximum terms prescribed by statute for specified crimes. - -The law is in force in the State Prison at Michigan City, the -Reformatory at Jeffersonville and the Woman’s Prison at Indianapolis. -In the Woman’s Prison the parole board includes the superintendent and -the physician in addition to the board of trustees; in the State Prison -and Reformatory it is made up of the members of the board of trustees -only. The parole boards are “prohibited from entertaining any other -form of application or petition for the release upon parole or absolute -discharge of any prisoner” than the application of the prisoner -himself. They may parole prisoners who have served their minimum term -and are believed capable of becoming law-abiding citizens. In granting -paroles, the boards take into consideration not only the applicant’s -record as a prisoner, but his ability to maintain himself if free and -the sentiment of the community from which he came. The boards are -allowed a wide latitude in granting paroles and in withdrawing paroled -prisoners from liberty. All their acts are guided by what they believe -to be the best welfare both of the prisoner and of society. - -Ordinarily paroled prisoners remain under supervision for at least one -year. This is an adopted rule and not a requirement of law. They are -visited frequently by the parole agents and are required to report -regularly. No one is permitted to leave the institution until a place -of employment has been found for him. - -Sixteen years’ experience shows that out of every 100 prisoners, 57 -fulfill their obligations and are discharged from supervision, 26 -violate their parole, 2 die, the sentence of 6 expires during the -parole period and they are automatically discharged; the remaining 9 -are under supervision at a given time, reporting regularly. - -The percentage of parole violators varies but little in the three -institutions: 765 out of 2,916, or 26.2 per cent. at the State Prison; -1,198 out of 4,670, or 25.6 per cent. at the Reformatory; 61 out of -213, or 28.6 per cent. at the Woman’s Prison. - -The financial report of the paroled prisoners makes an interesting -showing. Their earnings during the time they reported, up to September -30, 1913, amounted to $2,142,253.31; expenses, $1,774,672.42; savings, -$367,580.89. In other words, these men and women, instead of costing -the State an average of $172.00 a year each (the average per capita -cost of maintenance in the two State prisons and the reformatory for -the year 1913), have been released under supervision and have earned -their own living and at the time they ceased reporting had on hand or -due them savings averaging nearly $50.00 each. This is not regarded as -the most important result of the system, but it certainly is a highly -valuable feature. - -Taking up the institutions separately, the records show that the State -Prison has paroled 2,916 men since the law went into effect, of whom -1,688 have been discharged, the sentence of 134 expired during the -parole period, 515 violated their parole and were returned to prison, -250 parole violators are at large, 51 died and 278 are reporting. -Their financial reports indicate earnings amounting to $823,136.69; -expenses, $629,800.69; savings, $193,336.00. - -The Reformatory Reports 4,670 men paroled, of whom 2,666 have been -discharged, the sentence of 295 expired during the parole period, 609 -violated their parole and were returned to prison, 589 parole violators -are at large, 78 died and 433 are reporting. Their financial reports -indicate earnings amounting to $1,315,642.76; expenses, $1,143,078.54; -savings, $172,564.22. - -The Woman’s Prison reports 213 women paroled, of whom 105 have been -discharged, the sentence of 23 expired during the parole period, 35 -violated their parole and were returned to prison, 26 parole violators -are at large, 7 died and 17 are reporting. Their financial reports -indicate earnings amounting to $3,473.86; expenses, $1,793.19; savings, -$1,680.67. - - - - -STATE INSTITUTION FARMS IN NEW YORK[1] - - -BY H. B. WINTERS, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE - -The State of New York now owns 41 farms. Twenty of these are connected -with the charitable institutions, 14 with the State hospitals and 7 -with the prisons. - -The total area of these farms is 22,981 acres, divided as follows: - - Charitable institutions 9,690 acres - State hospitals 10,587 acres - Prisons 2,704 acres - -The acreage _per capita_ of population, which is a very important item, -is as follows: - - Charitable farms .81 acres - Hospital farms .29 acres - Prison farms .45 acres - -The total farm investment is $2,331,285.00. The total profits for the -year ending September 30, 1912, were $305,006. The total profits for -the year ending September 30, 1910, were $202,826. This shows a gain of -$102,180 in 1912 over 1910. - -The rate of profit made by the farms as a whole, in the year ending -September 30, 1912, was 13.1 per cent. The rate of profit made by all -the farms for the year ending September 30, 1910, was 9.4 per cent. The -greatest rate of profit made by any form increased from 23.2 per cent. -to 37.5 per cent. during this period. - -The State has 30 profitable farms and 2 farms that are losing money. -It should be noted that the 2 farms which were losing money two years -ago are now making a profit. One of the farms that lost money last year -is a new place, which is not yet under good headway; the other farm is -considering moving to a new location. - -These figures are certainly very gratifying and they prove that farming -at our institutions is very profitable to the State of New York. This -splendid increase shows what interest in farm work has done. It shows -that this land is a most valuable investment to the State of New York, -both from a financial standpoint and for the general good of the -inmates of the institutions. - -We read that only forty per cent. of the consumers’ dollar goes to the -farmer. On institution farms this is not true. Our people are stirred -up from one end of the country to the other on account of co-operation. -Our institution farm work is the best possible type of co-operation. -We hear our farmers complain of overproduction. On the carefully run -institution farm this is practically overcome. - -Various cold storage laws have been passed to protect our people. If -the institution farms produce their own food, the cold storage problem -is reduced to its minimum. I am unable to secure in Albany for my own -table as good vegetables as I eat at the different institution farms. - -While the above may be, and is, gratifying, I cannot resist pointing -out to you some of the opportunities that are ahead of us. _We are -still buying $258,711.00 worth of milk per year._ The freight and -dealers’ profit on this milk is certainly $50,000. If we should take up -all the items purchased by our institutions that could be produced on -their own farms, it would total a very large sum. - -I believe that a great prison like Auburn should have its own farm, -and it should be conveniently located. The quality of food would be -greatly improved, and I feel perfectly sure that out of that great body -of 1,500 prisoners I could select enough men who could be trusted to do -the work on this farm under reasonable supervision. The farm would be -an ornament to that part of the country, a profit to the State and of -great benefit to the prisoners. - -There is a serious problem ahead of us in regard to institutions, or -institution sites already purchased, that are not making satisfactory -progress. I refer to the State Training School for Boys at Yorktown -Heights; Wingdale Prison Site, Wingdale; Mohansic State Hospital, -Yorktown; Letchworth Village, Thiells, and the State Industrial Farm -Colony at Stormville. There should be a decided effort to develop -these institutions along proper lines. Some of us have heard a great -deal against these properties that is not true. It is high time that -the different officials interested in these institutions co-operate in -order that they may be finished as rapidly as possible. - -If any of the above sites are not suitable for institutions, they -certainly would make excellent colony farms. By colony farms, I mean a -farm that is separated from the main institution by a greater or less -distance, a farm where we may send inmates as a reward of merit, where -they can live the simple life of a comfortable farmer. - -These colonies should be provided with good plumbing, sufficient heat, -electric lights and all comforts of up-to-date country life. They are -not necessarily expensive, and farms of this sort are found in many -cases to be more than self-supporting. - -The possibilities in farm work are very large. Two years ago the garden -products at the Ward’s Island State Hospital for the Insane amounted -to $17,299. The profits were $9,360. The profit, after deducting 5 per -cent. on the investment of $83,809, was $5,170. - -Then we thought the high water mark was reached, but this year Ward’s -Island’s garden products amount to $18,867; the profit was $14,219; the -profit, after deducting 5 per cent. on the investment, was $10,211. -Last year Ward’s Island made a profit of 17.7 per cent. on land valued -at $1,289 per acre. What Ward’s Island is doing can be repeated on many -institution farms. - -The ideal institution farm in the future will grow its own vegetables -and fruit, canning enough for winter use; it will raise its own pork, -make its own sausage and smoke its own ham and bacon. It will produce -its milk, butter, eggs, poultry, veal and a large part of its beef. - -This home production will not only furnish fresher and better food, -but will save large amounts of money in freight, cost of handling, and -dealers’ profits. - -Institution farms should be large enough to use improved machinery, -properly rotate crops so as to add fertility to the soil, and unlock -fertility that is already in the land. These farms will then become -more fertile year by year, and therefore more profitable. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] Read at New York State Conference of Charities and Corrections, -Buffalo, Nov. 1913. - - - - -THE OFFICIAL AND THE PRISONER - - -(Here is an article from “Good Words,” the prison monthly from the -Federal Prison at Atlanta. It gives an anonymous prisoner’s views on a -vital subject.) - -Inmates of prisons may be regarded as a composite man, for in any -collection of human beings, from a family to a nation, there is the -larger man, which organizes itself in human form--with head, trunk, -limbs, and organs. One group represents the brains, another the -physical powers; the stomach is figured by the purveyors of food, and -these analogies may be followed indefinitely; they are not fanciful, -but actual. He is all here, but is prevented from functioning freely. -His reaction against this repression of free action--a repression far -more physical than mental--gives unnatural energy to the faculties and -tends to lead into certain special channels, such as the falsity of -human justice, the overpowering desire to be at liberty; emotions of -resentment, resignation, hope, despair, impulses for antagonism or of -good-will toward others; moods or irony, cynicism, and even humor; good -or evil preoccupation of all kinds. In this way large reservoirs of -human force are collected, which can get no relief from expression, and -therefore corrode and distort the mind. - -But prisoners at that are no different clay from other folks. They -are, if anything, different in that they are more sensitive, more -sympathetic, more appreciative, and more trustful, once their -confidence is gained, than the average person. They love the world -and wish it well. The average prisoner--even the “old timer” serving -a third or fourth sentence--will advise against a life of crime with -all the earnestness and logic he is capable of commanding. But the -prisoner, with his good qualities, has his faults--many of them. He -is always looking for the best of it, and, from his standpoint, why -shouldn’t he get it? He is a convict (the word is not pleasant to -hear). It carries a stigma of shame and disgrace. It is lasting. He is -declared unfit to live among his people; his movements are restricted; -he cannot move or speak without the consent of an official; he is -stripped of his citizenship; his home a narrow cell; he is helpless; -has lost all--everything a man values in this world. The prisoner knows -this full well. To him the best of it is the worst that the free man -can imagine. - -This is the body corporate and the proposition the man or men charged -with the care, keeping and discipline of prisoners have to contend -with. The problems to be solved are difficult, and a gigantic task -confronts the warden of any penitentiary. While the power of most -wardens is as nearly absolute as mortal power can be, it is necessary, -if he is expected to accomplish anything. The demands of his position -are great--greater than any other person in the whole community. -Upon his say-so depends the hope or despair of the prisoners, but we -are convinced that the average warden is anxious for the uplift, and -untiring in promoting the welfare of the men under him. - -A great honor is due the prison official who voluntarily treats the -prisoner with justice and mercy, whose radius of human action is -circumscribed only by the book of regulations. Harsh traditional -usages are gradually being eliminated and there are but few who new -persist in delaying the realization of advanced ideas in the handling -of law-breakers. But no intelligent reform of abuses can be effected -until they have been authoritatively acknowledged, and the remedies -necessary to relieve and cure evils understood. Improvement is slow, -and gross anachronisms are found side by side with advanced conditions. -Prisoners often distrust their officials when the latter’s only fault -may be the oath and obligation to obey regulations long out of date. -The prisoner sees the better way and, as a rule, will not listen to -reason. The official knows it too, but is not free to walk in it. From -this condition of affairs comes that great antagonism between the -prisoner and the officials which exists in all prisons. The warden to -do good must bridge the gulf which separates the prisoner and himself. -He must be the example and precept of right. He will not delay action -until all difficulties are removed, but is prompt to seize every -opportunity as it offers itself. He walks where others creep, and -sees the end where others grope. While sedulous to avoid favoritism, -he takes into consideration the “personal equation” of each man, and -gives him the interpretation of the law best suited to the case as it -may be. In his system of discipline, there is as little as possible -of the merely mechanical and whatever may be allowable of individual -consideration. This is not more human than expedient; for most of the -men are quick to perceive the proper means to deserve good treatment, -and, instead of sinking into lethargy and indifference, are aroused to -do what in them lies to meet the warden half-way. Frequently, though, -regardless of the work of such officials, in this great human body, -there are developed ideas unfair, and we will find prisoners who will -resist all efforts of the officials in this direction. They do not mean -to, but the world has treated them badly, and they cannot help it. -Kindness is winning them, though, where cruelty would never affect them. - -Punishment and abuse may stir and arouse a man so that he will fight -with a desperation born of despair, but more often he sinks into a -state of mind, sullen, revengeful and heartless--a condition fatal to -reformation, and dangerous to Society. Method, discipline, authority, -are fine things and will accomplish much, but with a prisoner you can -not force his soul against itself. You must lead him up and out of -himself; you can not curse him into a better man. The supreme object of -imprisonment should be to inspire the prisoner to do his best when more -than his best is needed. - -The fight to extirpate the old system is steadily going on, and will -eventually succeed. The evils of the contract-labor system are already -becoming known, and it will be blotted out of existence, and when that -system has become a thing of the past, an immense step in all other -features of jail amelioration will have been taken. The next step will -involve the entire principle of prison punishments as a deterrent of -crime and a means of making better men of prisoners. The State will -then not take revenge upon the criminal, will not annihilate his -self-respect or crush out whatever manhood he has in him. - - - - -PAROLE WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA - - -BY ALBERT H. VOTAW, SECRETARY, THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY - -In the year 1909, the legislature enacted our first law providing for -the indeterminate sentence and for the parole of prisoners at the -expiration of their minimum sentence. The minimum sentence was not to -exceed one fourth of the maximum, and the privilege of parole was to be -granted according to the decision of the board of inspectors who were -constituted the board of parole. - -In the year 1911, the legislature amended this act because of the -objections of several judges in the State who were not ready to endorse -the 1909 law. The length of sentence is now at the option of the court. -The judges are to impose both a maximum and a minimum sentence with no -restriction except the maximum is not to exceed the maximum time now -imposed by law for any offence. A sentence may read “Maximum, 25 years; -minimum, 24 years”; or “Maximum, 25 years; minimum, one year.” - -In 1913 the privilege of parole was extended to all confined in the -penitentiaries of the State, who were sentenced prior to July, 1911, -provided they had served one third of the sentence imposed. Under the -operation of this act, several hundred prisoners in the State prisons -were entitled to parole provided they could comply with the conditions -of the board of parole. These conditions, as a rule, include good -behavior while in prison, suitable employment and a sponsor. - -Some editors in the State have rather severely criticised what they -have termed a general jail delivery. A few of those released have -violated the terms of their parole and have been returned to the -penitentiary. These instances are widely published, thus creating in -the minds of some who are not thoroughly cognizant of all the facts -in the case that a lot of desperadoes are being turned loose in the -community. - -Close observation of the statistics seem to show that about eighty-five -to ninety of the paroled men make good. Of those who return the -number who have again committed crime is a very small percentage. A -man who is out on parole is liable to be returned for intemperance, -idleness or failure to report. If we may estimate the number who -have returned as fifteen per cent. of the entire number released on -parole, a comparatively small number of this percentage are brought -back on account of actual crimes committed. It is too early to decide -with reference to the four or five hundred recently paroled. But a -comparison with our general experience during the last three years -would indicate that not more than two or three out of a hundred will be -brought back on account of crime. - -Probably the community is not in as much danger from the paroled men -as from those who are regularly dismissed after serving their full -time. It must not be forgotten that many hundreds of prisoners every -year are released from the penitentiaries and from the county jails -who have served the full sentence imposed by the court. Whatever their -state of mind or of morals, their time is up and they go forth without -any restraints such as assist the paroled prisoner to lead a life -of rectitude. The prison authorities are often quite well convinced -that a prisoner is far from “healed,” but there is no recourse. The -authorities of a hospital would receive just condemnation if they -allowed a patient to be discharged who was uncured of his typhoid fever -or of his small pox, but the officers of a penitentiary often turn -loose a scoundrel to prey upon the community simply because the time of -confinement deemed right by the lawmakers and by the court has expired. - -The men who make application for the privilege of parole are carefully -studied. That some mistakes have been made is readily admitted. With -larger experience these errors may largely be eliminated. The work is a -growth and the efficient officers who are giving careful study to the -practical workings of the matter are confident of higher results than -they have hitherto attained. - -A purely economic side of the question was somewhat discussed in a -recent report of the Pennsylvania Prison Society. The annual saving at -that time by allowing the paroled prisoners to earn their own living -instead of being maintained in institutions supported by the State was -estimated last year at about $50,000. The cost of the parole management -for the same time did not exceed $8,000. - -There may come a time when the sentence imposed by the court will be -wholly indeterminate. The judge may impose a sentence of one year, -with the additional restriction that he is not to be discharged until -penological experts shall have pronounced him ready for citizenship. - - - - -ENGLISH PRISONS - - -[Reprinted from Boston Transcript of December 5, 1913] - -There has been a steady decline in the prison population in England and -Wales in the last ten years. During the year which ended on March 31 -last there were fewer commitments in those parts of Great Britain than -in any previous year covered by statistical records. According to the -deductions made by the editor of The Lancet from the annual reports of -the Commissioners of Prisons and Directors of Convict Prisons, this -condition of affairs is to be attributed to several causes: The present -higher standard of conduct, a more humane tendency in society, general -prosperity, and a wider choice of alternative penalties. - -“In any moral inquisition,” says the editor, “such as is generally -regarded as one of the most important functions of statistical inquiry -in the modern state, it is natural that a special degree of interest -should attach to the statistics of criminality. These statistics -seem at first sight to offer a direct and positive measure of the -moral health of the community: and the assumption that they have this -significance is in fact so commonly made by popular opinion that any -considerable oscillation in their movement is usually interpreted -without further question as an index of a corresponding change in -public morals. - -“In connection with criminality, however, there is even more need than -in the case of other social phenomena to bear in mind the proverbial -limitations of statistical evidence, especially when drawn from a -limited area or when they refer wholly to some single one among the -many aspects of this complex question. - -“It may be useful to recall these qualifying considerations in judging -of the real significance of the remarkable decline in the prison -population, to which attention is specially drawn in the latest annual -report of the Commissioners of Prisons and Directors of Prisons. From -that report it appears that during the year ended March 31, 1913, the -number of commitments to prison in England and Wales was lower than -in any year of which there is statistical record. Moreover, as the -commissioners show by a comparative table giving the numbers of the -prison population over a series of years, this shrinkage is not due -to any sudden and exceptional causes operative within the last twelve -months, but is, on the contrary, a continuation of a downward movement -which has been evident throughout the last decade. - -“Obviously, this steady diminution in the number of persons sent to -jail is in itself an extremely gratifying fact, and it would, of -course, be still more satisfactory if we could infer from it that the -moral tone of the community has been improving in anything like the -same measure. - -“There are, fortunately, good reasons for thinking that in many -respects the standard of conduct prevalent nowadays is very probably -higher than it was even in the memory of the present generation, and -we may perhaps in an indirect way find support for this view in the -falling numbers of the prison population, in the sense that this -phenomena is doubtless evidence of a humaner tendency in society, of a -more careful discrimination in its way of dealing with those who fail -to conform to its laws. - -“To go further, and to assume that these statistics are proof of a -real decrease in delinquency, is, however, a very different matter, -and is much more than the evidence will warrant. The statistics of -imprisonment, it must be remembered, are peculiarly misleading. - -“To a greater extent even than is the case with other statistics of -criminality, the oscillations in the numbers of the prison population -are affected by fluctuations in economic conditions; for the rise -or fall in general prosperity influences not merely the number of -offenses committed, but also the proportion of these offenses which -will be compensated by the payment of fines. A year, therefore, of -booming trade, such as last year was in so conspicuous a degree, -will ordinarily be a year in which the forms of illegality that are -numerically of most importance, such as crimes of acquisitiveness and -parasite offences generally, will be fewest, and in which also the -proportion of petty offenders who pay fines will be highest. - -“These two influences, both tending in the same direction, have -probably been the most important factors in bringing about the decline -in imprisonment. But their effect has certainly been helped by another -tendency which the student of sociology will note with interest and -approval--the tendency, that is to say, to be more sparing than -formerly in the use of this particular mode of punishment. Public -opinion has changed considerably within the last few years with regard -to the value of imprisonment, more particularly in its application -to certain categories of offenders, and in harmony with these newer -and better views the law has provided a wider choice of alternative -penalties. - -“As a consequence, some classes of offenders have already ceased to be -sent to jail, and in the case of several other classes imprisonment -is merely retained as a violent remedy to be tried only when milder -and more appropriate methods have proved unsuccessful. The increasing -use of the probation act and the establishment of Juvenile Courts -under the children’s act may be specially instanced to illustrate this -point; these changes in the law have operated powerfully to decrease -the number of commitments to prison. And it may be presumed that if -the provisions of the mental deficiency act are used as they ought to -be in dealing with weak-minded delinquents and drunkards, there will -be a further decrease in the population of our jails, in which these -troublesome recidivists have hitherto bulked so largely. - -“In the main, then, we may take it that the diminution in the prison -population, in so far as it is not accounted for by temporary -variations in the economic factors of crime, is due to a changed -public opinion which no longer regards the jail as a social panacea. -Among the influences which have contributed to bring about this saner -attitude, one of the most important has been the clearer perception of -what should be the true function of imprisonment, a perception which -necessarily leads to closer scrutiny of the conditions that determine -the effective performance of that function; and on these points our -knowledge has been considerably widened of recent years, thanks to -the more scientific spirit which has been introduced into the penal -administration of this country. - -“The record of Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise and his colleagues in this -work of reform should therefore entitle them to speak authoritatively -regarding the application of this method of treatment which they have -done so much to render really corrective and reformatory. And they -will certainly demand that the present abuse of imprisonment shall be -amended, and that an end shall be made of the futile and pernicious -system of repeated short sentences for petty offences. - -“How great is the extent of this evil may be gathered from the -commissioners’ statement that of the prisoners received from the -ordinary courts during last year no less than 121,126 or 80.6 per cent. -of the total number committed were sentenced to terms of one month or -under. These amazing figures are certainly sufficient proof that there -is need of some statutory alteration of the existing laws to prevent -the continuance of the useless and mischievous practice; and it is -satisfactory to learn from the commissioners that there is a prospect -of legislative action on the matter in the near future.” - - - - -EVENTS IN BRIEF - - -[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of -general interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the -delinquent.] - -_A Correction._--The _Delinquent_ is convinced that after all there is -a “printer’s devil” in every office. For in the January _Delinquent_ -there appeared directly following our notice of Miss Davis’s -well-deserved appointment to the commissionership of correction in New -York, a little joke, running about eight lines in length and serving -the printer simply as “filler” on the last page. Unfortunately the dash -that should have separated the two items was omitted. However, we know -that Miss Davis will forgive us, and, after all, we have had to find -fault very seldom with our printer, who from the beginning has given us -a very low rate and good service. - - * * * * * - -_For a National Prison Commission._--Rev. Samuel G. Smith, of St. -Paul, president of the American Prison Association, has announced -the members of the committee authorized by the Association at its -last annual session in Indianapolis to wait upon President Wilson and -Attorney-General McReynolds in an effort to have the Federal Government -establish a national prison commission. - -The members of the commission are Professor Charles R. Henderson, -of the University of Chicago, and United States Commissioner on -the International Prison Commission; Frank L. Randall, chairman, -Massachusetts Prison Commission; Henry Wolfer, warden of the State -Prison at Stillwater, Minn.; W. H. Moyer, warden of the Federal prison -at Atlanta, and Joseph P. Byers, secretary of the Association and -Commissioner of Charities and Corrections of New Jersey. - -The Association in adopting the resolution for the naming of the -committee thought that a national prison commission would be of great -service to the Federal and all the State governments. It is part of the -scheme to establish a school for the training of prison officials. - - * * * * * - -_Payments to Prisoners._--Dependents of prisoners now serving in the -Ohio penitentiary received in January the first payments of money -earned by the inmates of the State prison. Under the prison pay system, -only those who are employed each day and whose deportment record is -good receive any compensation for their labors. Men occupied at trades -are paid the highest. - -The prison pay system was installed at the penitentiary in the latter -part of September, and under its ruling no prisoner can earn more -than $2.20 each week. The highest amount sent out Thursday by the -penitentiary chief clerk amounted to $30. This sum went to a woman -whose husband is serving a long sentence. The woman has three children -which she is supporting by being employed as a domestic. - -A total of $774.72 was mailed out from the prison Thursday, and Friday -an additional $867.15 was sent out. - -In Oregon four wives whose husbands are serving time on the rockpile, -following convictions of non-support of their families, collected -$126.25 from the county for their husband’s work during December. The -law provides that the county shall allow the wife $1 and each child -up to three 25 cents a day for the convict’s labors. During December -two wives received an allowance of $1 a day each, and two received the -maximum allowance of $1.75 a day. Three of those serving the county for -non-support and whose families were reimbursed by the county are in for -six months and the fourth is serving a year. - - * * * * * - -_The Booher-Hughes Bill in Congress._--“The development of convict -road work in practically every State of the union will be the natural -outcome of the passage of the Booher-Hughes bill, now pending before -Congress,” says L. H. Speare, president of the Massachusetts Automobile -State Association. - -“The bill, which will limit interstate commerce in convict-made goods -by subjecting such goods to the laws of the State into which they come, -will strike a fatal blow at the contract system. Under this pernicious -system great quantities of prison-made goods are annually thrown on the -open market, and because of the cheapness of their manufacture are sold -at prices far below those at which similar goods manufactured under -fair conditions can be sold. A cutting of the selling-price of goods -manufactured in free factories and a consequent lowering of the wage -paid free workingmen is the consequence. - -“Against this unfair competition organized labor has waged unceasing -warfare, striving to overcome it by limiting the output of the -prisons. Laws requiring the branding of convict-made goods and also -a license for their sale have been written on the statute books of -New York and a dozen other States. These laws, when tested by the -courts, have invariably been held unconstitutional on the ground -that they interfered with interstate commerce. The Booher-Hughes bill -has therefore been introduced into Congress and is supported by the -American Federation of Labor and the national committee on prison -labor. This bill is modelled after the Wilson liquor law, which -restricts interstate commerce in spirituous liquors, and it is hoped -in the event of its passage that the State branding and licensing laws -will be possible of enforcement. - -“New York City has long been the dumping ground for convict-made -goods, and once it is possible to enforce the New York branding laws -the profits to be derived from prison contracts will be reduced to -a minimum. So great is the contractor’s fear of the effect of such -legislation as the Booher-Hughes bill that many contracts contain the -proviso that on its passage they shall immediately become null and void. - -“The destruction of the contract system would necessitate the building -up of other systems for the employment of convicts. In the constructive -programme which will be worked out in each of the States, road work, -endorsed as it is by the national committee on prison labor and other -agencies for prison reform, would play a large part. The passage of the -Booher-Hughes convict labor bill is therefore of definite importance -to all interested in the movement for placing convicts on the public -roads.” - - * * * * * - -_Federal Prison Superintendent Appointed._--Francis H. Duehay, of -Washington, has been appointed superintendent of prisons by the -Attorney-General, displacing Robert V. La Dow, who has held that post -through several administrations during the past eight or ten years. Mr. -La Dow becomes assistant superintendent of prisons. - -In appointing a new man to this office and displacing Mr. La Dow, -Attorney-General McReynolds gave as his reason the desire to have a -man of his own selection at the head of prison affairs. He found no -fault with the administration of Mr. La Dow, and indicated that his -appreciation of his work was shown by the retention of Mr. La Dow’s -services and experience in the subordinate position. - -The Attorney-General has displayed considerable anxiety to bring -about better conditions in the administration of prisons. He has made -it known that he is working on a plan for adequate inspection and -improvement in the parole system. He considers the care of Federal -prisoners as one of the important duties placed in his charge, and has -expressed his desire that the best conditions possible shall prevail. - -The problem of what employment to provide for prisoners is one that -is giving the Attorney-General deep concern. With the objection to -competition between prison-made goods and the products of free labor -in mind, he is weighing the possibilities of providing occupation not -subject to such objection. The necessity of finding some employment -to fill in the life of the man in prison he appears thoroughly to -subscribe to. (Washington Star, Jan. 25.) - - * * * * * - -_The Record of “Camp Hope,” Illinois._--In September, 1913, Warden E. -M. Allen established a camp at Dixon, Ill., the road workers being -State prisoners. - -Of the sixty-five men who have been at the camp in the last four or -five months, Harry West, who is now clerk of the camp and has ten -months yet to serve, said: - -“The boys are all on the square yet and there isn’t a man who hasn’t -kept his word of honor with the warden given at Joliet before we -started for camp.” - -The men have worked eight hours every day since they started on road -building, except Saturday afternoon, Sundays and holidays. The work -accomplished has been highly satisfactory to the local commissioners -and the people. - -Fifteen of the original party of forty-five men have been released by -pardon or otherwise. One convict was returned to Joliet because of his -failure to make good. - - * * * * * - -_Another Step in the Honor System._--Warden Tynan, of Colorado, -who has been a prominent user of the honor system, plans now a -six-acre baseball and athletic field, built for and by convicts, -with accommodations for the general public as well as convicts as -spectators, to be opened this spring. - -“To build up a man mentally and morally,” said Tynan in announcing -the innovation, “I know from experience you have to build him up -physically.” - -The ballplayers and athletes who are to be allowed to use the field are -those who cannot be trusted to work in the road gangs, at the prison -ranches, or to join the fishing parties the warden allows his honor men. - -Permission to use the field must be earned by good conduct, which will -be marked by the presentation of an honor button. The button admits the -bearer to the field or to the grandstand. - -The public will be admitted through one gate and the convict-spectators -through another. Provision will be made to prevent breaks for liberty. - -After the baseball season closes, a football team will use the field, -and a basketball season will follow. - - * * * * * - -_The “Movies” and Portland Prison._--A London (Eng.) dispatch to -the Washington (D. C.) Post on January 16 states that the English -Government has, in the opinion of most observers, gone to ridiculous -lengths in its opposition to certain moving picture films, showing a -thrilling escape from Portland prison. “The film has been banned by the -Home Office after the board had passed it. The company producing the -film, which is called ‘Five Hundred Pounds Reward,’ has been curtly -informed that it must not be shown publicly. The pictures were taken in -a private quarry at Portland. - -“It is a well-known fact that no convict ever has escaped from -Portland, but, in spite of this, the Home Office has threatened to -confiscate the entire film, which has cost a good deal to produce, -unless the greater portion of it is cut out. - -“It is stated at the office of the British board of film censors that -all houses, other than government property, in the neighborhood of -Portland prison and quarries are to be cleared away, and the wall -surrounding the quarries to be raised twenty feet, the authorities -being apparently under the impression that the film was taken with the -aid of a telephoto lens.” - - * * * * * - -_Shackles in Tennessee._--A Nashville newspaper states that, “as a -result of revolting conditions said to have been found on the county -roads in a tour of inspection, a majority of the members of the -workhouse board has declared that use of shackles on prisoners must be -abolished. - -“According to the statement of one of the members who inspected the -camps, the use of shackles on human beings is barbarous, and the -suffering and inconvenience caused the prisoners by being forced to -wear the irons could only be realized by seeing a prisoner who wore -chains which reached from knee to ankle and a cross chain connecting -each leg. - -“Squire Allen, in speaking of the conditions which he found to be -caused from the use of shackles, said that several of the prisoners’ -legs were almost decayed under the clamps which held the chains. Squire -Allen said that especially in the cases of long-term men--those who -were sent up for eleven months and twenty-nine days--the wearing of -the chains was a horrible thing to think about. He said abolishing -the custom of wearing the irons would be a great reform in the modern -method of caring for the county prisoners. - -“The shackles are riveted on the legs of the prisoners the day they are -received at the camps, and the irons are never removed for any purpose -until the day the prisoner is given his liberty. The prisoner is forced -to sleep in the chains, it is said, and it is impossible to remove the -shackles without the aid of a skillful blacksmith.” - - * * * * * - -_Moyamensing Prison Investigation._--Philadelphia’s old prison is -now being investigated. The January grand jury made, among other -statements, the following: - -“No bond of humane feeling existed between the keepers and the -prisoners. - -“The closets in the cells are foul-smelling, germ-breeding holes of -sickness. - -“The old straw mattresses upon which the prisoners sleep are really -filled with vermin. - -“The conditions of the cells of the untried prisoners are worse than -the cells of those serving a sentence. - -“He deserves all he gets, let him have it, is apparently the motto at -Moyamensing.” - - * * * * * - -_The Missouri State Prison._--“The Missouri penitentiary at Jefferson -City is twenty-five years behind the times. It is a source of shame to -all Missourians.” That is the substance of a statement on the Missouri -penitentiary by Dr. C. A. Ellwood, professor of sociology in the -University of Missouri. - -Dr. Ellwood says the blame does not rest on individuals so much as the -system. For fifteen years he has been working to secure an industrial -reformatory for the State. He also thinks the “contract system” is a -great force for evil. It makes easier the smuggling of opium, the worst -curse of a prison. Seventy per cent. of the long term prisoners are -slaves of the drug, according to a former warden. - -Professor Ellwood blames the present and former officials for thinking -every attack on the system was a personal attack. They resist and make -impossible every effort which is made to ascertain the real state of -affairs. This is in contrast with the Kansas officials, where the -conditions in the penitentiary are just as bad. There the warden and -his helpers are doing all they can to reform the prison system and -conditions. - -Dr. Ellwood points out that the general knowledge of these conditions -has done much to defeat the whole aim of criminal law in Missouri. -Judges and juries are inclined to show undue leniency toward accused -and convicted persons. They hesitate to send them into such a place. - -Yet with this general knowledge, it is hard to arouse the people of the -State to action because the institution turns thousands of dollars into -the State treasury every year. The only large opposition has come from -labor unions. Several years ago a law was passed abolishing the convict -labor system. It was never enforced and in the last legislature it was -virtually repealed. The authorities were authorized to renew contracts -for labor at 75 cents a day for each prisoner. - -Thus the system was continued which made it possible to continue -the traffic in drugs. Also they continue to punish individuals for -crimes for which the system is responsible. With more than a hundred -contractors’ agents within the walls, it is clearly impossible to stop -the smuggling. - -The existence of contract labor is not the most serious fault, -according to Dr. Ellwood. In the Missouri penitentiary, first offenders -and hardened criminals intermingle. No school exists in the prison. -Punishment, not reformation, is its dominant note. Several of the -cell-houses are antiquated in their arrangements. - -A warden once said he never knew a man who was benefited by his -confinement there. A penitentiary physician told Dr. Ellwood there was -as much dissipation within as outside the walls. The only separation of -prisoners is for punishment. - -A full and thorough investigation of conditions is the remedy. An -industrial reformatory is a necessity. These are the two things which -should be done at once by Missouri, says Prof. Ellwood. - - * * * * * - -_A New Prison for Kansas._--According to the Kansas City Star, -the commission to investigate and suggest plans for a new Kansas -Penitentiary at Lansing is to go to work at once. - -The commission is to visit all of the new prisons in the country and -study the plans worked out in those institutions for the humane, -sanitary and convenient housing of the prisoners. The State architect -is to accompany the commission to gather ideas for the rebuilding. - -The first proposition the commission must decide is whether or not it -will rebuild the prison on its present site or build on a new site -adjacent to the prison walls. If that is done it will be a complete -new prison as far as housing conditions are concerned and the present -prison will be used entirely as a workshop. If it is decided that the -new prison should be built on the present site then the commission must -first decide what is the most pressing need and urge the legislature -to provide for the most urgent building at once. - - * * * * * - -_Progress in Nebraska._--According to the Lincoln (Neb.) Journal, “one -year ago Warden Fenton took up his duties at the Nebraska penitentiary. -During the year he has organized the work at the prison in many ways. -The honor system has been used among the convicts both in and out -of the prison. At some times fifty men have been working in various -parts of Lancaster county, unattended by guards and making no effort -to escape. Not one prisoner has escaped from the penitentiary itself -during the year. Baron von Werner was one man who broke his word to -the prison authorities and since he was recaptured at Woodstock, Ill., -has been deprived of the privileges which he previously enjoyed. He -had been taken to the home of Chaplain Johnson at Tecumseh for a -visit and escaped from that town. Warden Fenton is pleased with the -spirit of co-operation which exists between the prison officials and -the convicts. He says that most of the prisoners are assisting in -maintaining order and that they realize that every effort to help -them is being made. The suppression of the dope traffic is one of the -reforms which Warden Fenton feels has been the most important act of -his administration.” - - * * * * * - -_Commissioner Randall on the Training of Judges._--At the Twentieth -Century Club in Boston recently, Commissioner Randall urged that the -great law institutions should have special courses in penology. “The -law students of to-day become your district attorneys and judges of -tomorrow. They should have some knowledge of the science which treats -on public punishments in respect to the public and the sufferer. - -“Most lawyers,” he added, “know little or nothing of penology. There -are 100,000 persons in prison today for felony. More than 12,000 -defectives are freed each year who cannot care for themselves. Thus we -have an army of defence (meaning soldiers) and an army of offence of -about equal numbers.” - - * * * * * - -_A Sad Commentary on Prison Labor._--Pieces of wood from almost every -interesting spot in history, and from practically all of the countries -of the globe, are contained in a table constructed by John H. Abraham, -of Percy, while he was a prisoner in the Western Penitentiary. - -The table consists of 25,497 pieces and is 56 inches in diameter. In -the center is a star representing King Solomon, from which radiate -1,000 pieces of wood, representing his wives. Six Masonic emblems also -surround the center panel; in another panel is an exact copy of the -log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born, the wood used having been -taken from the original cabin in Kentucky. Surrounding the Masonic -emblems are 48 stars to represent the number of States in the Union. - - * * * * * - -_A Prison Car for Montreal._--The _Delinquent_ has from time to time -published accounts of the indignities heaped upon prisoners by public -transportation in handcuffs or chains in this country. Some European -countries spare prisoners this humiliation, which is no part of a -prison sentence. - -Now we learn that the Montreal street railway has recently completed -for the Province of Quebec a 54-passenger car for transportation of -prisoners twice a day between Montreal and the new prison at Bordeaux, -7 miles distant. - -According to the Electric Railway Journal the car is divided into two -compartments for the purpose of separating convicted from accused -persons. The front platform is provided with a cab for the motorman, -while the rear platform is arranged as a compartment for the prison -officials who may be required to accompany the prisoners. The guard’s -place is in front of this compartment on a seat which is elevated so as -to give him a better view of the prisoners. - -The sides of the car are of sheet steel. The windows, of course, are -placed above the line of vision. The car is run directly into the -prison yard. - -The Montreal Tramways Company is the first in America to build a car -of this kind. Prison cars have been built by the Great Berlin Street -Railway. This method of conveying prisoners is cheaper than the use of -the ordinary patrol wagons, and, furthermore, the inmates are saved a -great deal of needless humiliation. “The adoption of the trolley-car -service by the Montreal penal authorities is in harmony with the many -humane features of the Bordeaux institution, which is a splendid -example of a modern prison.” - - * * * * * - -_What the New Ohio Penitentiary Will Be._--From the Louisville (Ky.) -Herald we learn that “the new penitentiary of Ohio is going to be a -great 1,600-acre farm, modeled after the Cooley farm at Warrensville, -which is used by Cleveland instead of the orthodox workhouses of other -cities. - -“In this new kind of penitentiary the prisoners will sleep in white -iron beds--not in cells! - -“They will work outdoors without guard! - -“They will go to school to learn the interesting things they have never -heard of! - -“They will be taught trades so when they leave they can earn an honest -living out in the world! - -“They will get exercise, medical attention and the best of foods. - -“They will get the benefit of all the latest discoveries in scientific -penology.” - - * * * * * - -_Good Doctrine._--The New Bedford Standard says that “no amount of -kindly sympathy for prisoners can obliterate the truth that in too many -instances they are in prison because they would not heed their own -moral responsibilities. They are to be pitied, certainly, and helped, -of course. But all the pity and all the help will be ineffectual unless -it leads up to a practical recognition of the truth that to be truly -free, they must strike the blow themselves.” - - * * * * * - -_The Women of the Civic Federation and Prison Reform._--The American -Clubwoman comments upon the growing activity of club women in -prison reform, a subject in which women always have been especially -interested. It says: - -“Prison reform is occupying the attention of several large -organizations of women. The women’s department of the National Civic -Federation, Miss Maude Wetmore, national chairman, will make this one -of its most important topics during the coming year. This powerful -organization will not only act as a clearing house to classify and -prevent duplication of effort, but it will also embrace county -almshouses and city jails in the scope of its constructive work. - -“At its last biennial meeting the General Federation of Women’s Clubs -adopted resolutions protesting against the contract and convict lease -system of exploiting the labor of prisoners for the benefit of private -contractors. It endorsed the plan of paying the prisoner wages that he -might contribute to the support of his family and have a little fund to -start life anew when restored to freedom. - -“The women of the National Civic Federation also take this advanced -stand, but the first prison work that women find at hand is the -investigation of actual conditions in penal institutions. If political -graft is eliminated from prison management, many reforms may at once be -carried into effect. - -“Good sanitary conditions should be imperative in every public -institution. Already it is found that Federal prisons, being -practically free from graft, are the best from a hygienic point of -view. County almshouses and jails nearly always reveal ghastly abuses. -The reason is not far to seek. The latter class of institutions are at -the mercy of the lowest type of political manipulators. - -“The moment women begin to investigate, reforms are forthcoming. -Already the women of the Civic Federation have immensely improved the -deplorable state of the jail of the District of Columbia. An awful -condition of affairs had existed there for years, right under the eye -of the legislators of the Nation. They simply did not take the trouble -to acquaint themselves with the facts. That, as usual, was left for the -women to do. - -“In a score of States club women have succeeded in improving conditions -of prisons and in some cases they have secured the appointment of -women on the visiting boards of prisons and reformatories. - -“With the intelligent women of the Nation working together we may -expect to see great advances in prison management in the next two years. - -“This is not sentimentalism. It is good, practical logic. It is -literally an economy to reform our prisoners and send them back to -freedom as useful citizens.” - - * * * * * - -_The Charge Against the Atlanta Federal Prison._--Grave charges have -been, in recent months, brought against the United States Federal -Penitentiary at Atlanta by Julian Hawthorne, who was released in -October, 1913. The Washington (D. C.) Herald of January 22d, 1914, -prints the following: - - The report of Dr. A. J. McKelway, special agent of the Department of - Justice, who investigated the charges against the administration of - the Federal prison at Atlanta gathered by Representative W. Schley - Howard, of Georgia, and submitted to Attorney General McReynolds, - exonerates Warden Moyer and his subordinates and concludes with the - declaration that a satisfactory condition exists at the penitentiary. - - As far as the Attorney General is concerned the receipt of the report - from Dr. McKelway ends the situation created by the submission of the - Howard data. No change in the personnel of the present administration - of the affairs of the prison will be made. No change will be ordered - immediately in the management of the institution. - - Mr. McKelway began his investigation soon after the publication of - the charges made by Julian Hawthorne. He was instructed to look into - these as well as other charges and statements that had been made from - time to time with regard to the prison. He was in the midst of this - investigation when the Howard data was submitted to the department. - Summaries of the charges included in this data were forwarded to him - by the Attorney General with instructions that they be inquired into - carefully. - - The Attorney General did not think it wise to give publicity to the - entire report for the reason that many sections of it contained - information which he thought should be withheld in the interest of - the efficient administration of the prison. - - Dr. McKelway, Mr. McReynolds said, had made an extended series of - observations upon the treatment of the prisoners in the penitentiary. - He had examined the food served them; had sought to inform himself - upon whether they are treated humanely, and whether the guards and - prisoners have been subjected to a system of favoritism as had been - charged. Efforts had been made to ascertain if the business affairs - of the prison were administered by the authorities conscientiously - and honestly. - - The investigator finally was convinced that Warden Moyer’s - administration should be praised instead of blamed. He believes the - prison is operated in a manner creditable to the government. - -Subsequently Representative Howard expressed himself as satisfied with -the results of Dr. McKelway’s investigation. - - * * * * * - -_A Deadly Battle at the Oklahoma Penitentiary._--On January 19, seven -men were shot to death and three persons wounded when three convicts -attempted to escape from the State penitentiary of Oklahoma and were -slain by guards. - -No general attempt was made by other convicts to join in the delivery, -but the three mutineers were encouraged by their less desperate -followers who cheered the onslaught of the armed prisoners. - -Before the escaping convicts fell, however, they had killed four men, a -guard, a deputy warden, the superintendent of the Bertillon department -and a visitor, who was formerly a member of Congress and a judge. No -more desperate break for liberty has ever occurred in an American -place of confinement, says the Washington (D. C.) Star. How the men -obtained the weapons with which they were enabled to fight their way -to the doors and to brief liberty is a mystery, but obviously they -were smuggled to them by friends. All three of these were “bad” men, -but only one of them was serving a long sentence. One had two years to -serve in all and one five years, the third man having been sentenced -for forty years for manslaughter, probably covering the remainder of -his life. Doubtless they thought that they could get away, although, -of course, the chances were heavily against them. Even if they had -distanced their immediate pursuers they would have been trailed without -mercy after having taken life so recklessly in their escape. - -Such tragedies give pause to the tendency toward a more lenient -system of punishments, and may discourage those who believe in paroles -and probations rather than imprisonments. “Men of the type who broke -from the McAlester prison seem to be absolutely incorrigible. One of -them, he who was serving the shortest term, had a long record of law -violations and punishments. Under an habitual criminal’s act he would -probably have been sentenced for his last offense to a very long term, -but, of course, this would not have altered his disposition. There -would still have remained the desire to escape and the willingness -to kill if necessary to accomplish that end. The shocking slaughter -points plainly to the necessity of a more rigid watchfulness over the -desperadoes confined in prison to prevent them from obtaining weapons -and using them.” - -The St. Louis Republic observes that, “to make the better ways of -prison discipline effective a man is needed in whom are combined -enthusiasm, sympathy, firmness and knowledge. It happens that the -Oklahoma penitentiary at this time is the storm center of a political -quarrel, and the real lesson of the riot and murders is not one of -reaction, but merely that partisan politics does not lead to the -discovery of such men.” - - * * * * * - -_The Responsibility of the Church._--Dr. Frank Moore, superintendent of -the New Jersey State Reformatory at Rahway, and a clergyman himself, in -an address before the Y. M. C. A. at Atlantic City declared “crime is -on the increase in America, and the churches and the ministers are in a -large measure to blame because they do not get the boys and the men who -are unfortunate before they are gotten by the police and hauled into -court and consigned to the reformatories or prisons.” Dr. Moore said -that in 1910 statistics showed there were 125 arrests in the United -States for every 100,000 of population. In New Jersey alone there were -53,000 arrests for crime, exclusive of 9,700 arrests for drunkenness. -In 12 counties in New Jersey there were 44 murders. - - * * * * * - -_Socrates on Missouri Prisons._--Here is something in the St. Louis -Post-Dispatch which is trying to reform prison conditions in Missouri: - -Socrates: Very well. Now this is enough of that light topic. What about -the Missouri prison? - -Thrasymachus: We hoped to talk to you about that. - -Socrates: Good! It is becoming so easy to get into prison these days -that one should have some concern for what may become at any time his -own future state. - -Glaucon: Certainly. - -Socrates: You will recall how unexpectedly Julian Hawthorne got into -prison, and how he became interested in prison then for the first time. - -Glaucon: Yes. - -Socrates: Indeed, none of us has much concern for how other people are -treated in prison. - -Glaucon: It seems not. - -Socrates: The thing to do, then, is always to view a penitentiary in -the humane light of what we would ourselves require if we got into it. - -Glaucon: Certainly. - -Socrates: Very well. Viewing it, then, in the humane light of what we -would require for ourselves if we got into it, the average prison is -unworthy of our present-day civilization. - -Thrasymachus: Absolutely. - -Socrates: The Missouri prison is so bad that one must question the -advisability of living in Missouri and running the usual risk of prison -at all. - -Glaucon: Undoubtedly. - -Socrates: Probably that is what is the matter with Missouri. - -Glaucon: As like as not. - -Socrates: Other things being equal, people would rather live in some -State where the prison facilities are more up-to-date. - -Thrasymachus: Of course they would. - -Socrates: Good, Thrasymachus! Now let us get up in the stand and see if -we can’t help our own courage to do some of the things that ought to be -done. - - * * * * * - -_The Construction of a Death House._--The State of Pennsylvania is -building, at the new Central Prison at Bellefonte, a separate building -for the housing of condemned prisoners and for executions. In view of -a movement in a number of States to segregate similarly the condemned -men, the following detailed description is timely: - -The death house, where is to be placed the first electric chair in -Pennsylvania for the execution of criminals since the passage of the -law providing for the substitution of electrocution for hanging, is to -be a long two-story building, 136 feet in length by 29 feet 4 inches -wide. A cellar under the central portion will contain the heating -apparatus, and on the first floor will be the gasoline engine for -generating the electric current. - -But it is on the second story of the severely plain structure of -reinforced concrete and of simple Renaissance type that interest -centers, for here are the cells for the condemned prisoners, rooms for -visitors and the sinister death chamber and post mortem room. - -The arrangement is on the corridor plan. To the right, and occupying -nearly half the floor space, are the cell room and cells, six of the -latter, 7 by 9 feet in size, being arranged in a row at the back of the -building facing on a well-lighted room and separated from the rear wall -by what is known as a “pipe corridor.” At the end of the row is a bath -room, and beyond this a room for visitors, opening into the cell room -through a gate protected by a grille. - -Beyond the visitors’ room is a room known as the “Lock,” access to -which is had from the first floor by means of a curved stairway, and -opening into a sort of antechamber to the cell room through a gateway -and steel door. It may be said that all of the gates, grilles and metal -doors in the building are to be of “tool-proof” steel. - -On the other side of the ante-chamber is the apparatus room, where the -rheostats and other electrical devices will be placed and where the -assistants of the chief electrician will be stationed during executions. - -Through a solid wood door, in contradistinction to the steel doors used -elsewhere, entrance is given into the death chamber, which will be a -spacious room, 26 by 29 feet, lighted by six windows, three on each -side, all, of course, heavily barred. The door is near the front wall -of the building, and that sinister piece of furniture, the death chair, -is close to the door on the right. Behind and to the one side of it is -the electrical wall cabinet, at which the electrician stands, watching -the signals given by the physician in charge of the electrocution. -Running nearly around the other three sides of the room are benches for -the witnesses required by law. - -The last room on the floor, into which a door opens directly from the -electrocution chamber, is the post mortem room, 19 by 26 feet 8 inches -in size, and equipped with two operating tables, one of soapstone, the -other covered with rubber. - -The execution chair will be constructed of solid oak, with a high -back, from the top of which the head electrode, or cap, will project. -Attached to one of the legs will be a connection for the other -electrode which is strapped to the calf of the condemned person’s leg. -Heavy straps will be attached to appropriate parts of the chair for -securing the body, arms and legs of the criminal. - -The design and arrangement of the chair and of the electrical -apparatus is practically the same as used in all of the States where -electrocution is prescribed as the death penalty. - -The necessity for the erection of the death house as the first of -the group of the new penitentiary buildings is evident when it is -remembered that death by hanging is now abolished by law, and that -at present no person condemned to death can be executed until the -facilities for electrocution have been provided. - - * * * * * - -_The Crucial Period._--A prisoner writes, in “Good Words,” as follows: -“There is no other situation incident to mortal life more powerfully -conducive to searching and even creative thought than is enforced -sojourn in a great prison. This is true of every inmate in his degree; -but in all prisons there are a number of prisoners who, in the outer -world, had been accustomed to apply the energy of strong and able -intellects to dealing with the problems of external life--chiefly, -of course, such are concerned with wresting wealth and position from -the world. When these men are suddenly removed from their activities -and prevented from further use of their faculties on the lines they -have been pursuing, a phenomenon of singular psychological interest -takes place. The immense mental energy which the man has hitherto -been applying to the management of material things, is suddenly and -violently thrown back upon himself, and it generally creates there, -at first, a condition of bewilderment and distress. In the majority -of cases, however, this chaotic state will be of brief continuance: a -reaction occurs, and the man now directs the force which had been used -in the ordering and subjugation of concrete matters, to the region of -the immaterial--that is, of thought. He begins for the first time--and -he has time to spare--to investigate and dissect the causes of things; -to determine what are the principles and objects of existence, and of -his own part in it; to ask himself what is worth doing, and avoiding, -and why; and to measure and weigh the scope and value of his personal -abilities and resources. The result of such an investigation must -be worth; and the benefit of it might be, and should be imparted to -others, instead of remaining shut up in the man’s private breast.” - - * * * * * - -STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC. of THE DELINQUENT. - -Published monthly at New York, N. Y., required by the Act of August -24th, 1912. - - NAME OF POST OFFICE ADDRESS - Editor, O. F. Lewis, 135 East 15th St., New York City. - Managing Editor, O. F Lewis, “ “ “ “ “ “ - Business Manager, O. F. Lewis, “ “ “ “ “ “ - Publisher, The National - Prisoners’ Aid Association, “ “ “ “ “ “ - Owners, “ “ - “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ - -There are no bondholders, mortgagees, or other security holders. - - O. F. LEWIS, Editor and Business Manager. - -Sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th day of September, 1913. - - CHARLES D. IMMEN, JR., Notary Public No. 2, New York County. - My Commission expires March 31, 1914. - - * * * * * - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -The one footnote has been moved to the end of its article and relabeled. - -Punctuation has been made consistent. - -Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors have -been corrected. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2), -February, 1914, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DELINQUENT, FEBRUARY 1914 *** - -***** This file should be named 55081-0.txt or 55081-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/0/8/55081/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2), February, 1914 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: July 9, 2017 [EBook #55081] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DELINQUENT, FEBRUARY 1914 *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Craig Kirkwood, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="boxcontents" style="padding-top:2em"> -<p class="xlargefont center boldfont">CONTENTS</p> - -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#KATHERINE_BEMENT_DAVIS_New_York_Citys_Commissioner_of_Correction">Katherine Bement Davis, New York City’s Commissioner of Correction</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#CHILD_PLAY_AND_CHILD_CRIME">Child Play and Child Crime</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#SHOULD_JUDGES_GO_TO_JAIL">Should Judges Go to Jail?</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#THE_INDETERMINATE_SENTENCE_AND_PAROLE_LAW_IN_INDIANA">The Indeterminate Sentence and Parole Law in Indiana</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#STATE_INSTITUTION_FARMS_IN_NEW_YORK">State Institution Farms in New York</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#THE_OFFICIAL_AND_THE_PRISONER">The Official and the Prisoner</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#PAROLE_WORK_IN_PENNSYLVANIA">Parole Work in Pennsylvania</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#ENGLISH_PRISONS">English Prisons</a></p> -<p class="pcontents"><a href="#EVENTS_IN_BRIEF">Events in Brief</a></p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - -<p class="center" style="margin-bottom:-1.5em">VOLUME IV, No. 2.<span style="padding-left:7em">FEBRUARY, 1914</span></p> - - -<h1 style="font-size:250%">THE DELINQUENT</h1> - - -<p class="center smallfont" style="margin-top:-1.5em">(FORMERLY THE REVIEW)</p> - -<p class="center">A MONTHLY PERIODICAL, PUBLISHED BY THE<br /> -<span class="boldfont">NATIONAL PRISONERS’ AID ASSOCIATION</span><br /> -<span class="smallfont">AT 135 EAST 15th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.</span></p> -<div class="boxtb"> -<p class="center smallfont">THIS COPY TEN CENTS.<span style="padding-left:6em">ONE DOLLAR A YEAR</span></p> -</div> - -<div class="boxpeople"> -<p class="pcontents">T. F. Garver, President.</p> -<p class="pcontents">Wm. M. R. French, Vice President.</p> -<p class="pcontents">O. F. Lewis, Secretary, Treasurer and Editor The Delinquent.</p> -<p class="pcontents">Edward Fielding, Chairman Ex. Committee.</p> -<p class="pcontents">F. Emory Lyon, Member Ex. Committee.</p> -<p class="pcontents">W. G. McLaren, Member Ex. Committee.</p> -<p class="pcontents">A. H. Votaw, Member Ex. Committee.</p> -<p class="pcontents">E. A. Fredenhagen, Member Ex. Committee.</p> -<p class="pcontents">Joseph P. Byers, Member Ex. Committee.</p> -<p class="pcontents">R. B. McCord, Member Ex. Committee.</p> -</div> - -<div class="boxtb"> -<p class="center smallfont">Entered as second-class mail matter at New York.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> -<h2><a name="KATHERINE_BEMENT_DAVIS_New_York_Citys_Commissioner_of_Correction" id="KATHERINE_BEMENT_DAVIS_New_York_Citys_Commissioner_of_Correction"></a>KATHERINE BEMENT DAVIS<br /> -<span class="mediumfont">New York City’s Commissioner of Correction</span></h2> - - -<p class="articleauthor"><span class="smcap">By Mary Garrett Hayes</span></p> - -<p class="articleauthor">[Reprinted from the Jamestown, N. Y., Post]</p> - -<p>It is significant of the liberalizing -sentiment which is the outgrowth of the -sixty years or more of campaigning -which the suffragists have carried on in -New York State and all over the country, -not for the vote alone, but for the recognition -of women as co-workers with men -in the affairs of the world, that a woman -is for the first time in history a member -of the cabinet of the Mayor of New -York City, and is at the head of one of -the most important departments of -municipal administration.</p> - -<p>Dr. Katherine Bement Davis, the new -Commissioner of Correction, is a good -suffragist—her family for some generations -have been supporters of the cause -of women—and she is a firm believer -in her sex as well as a splendid monument -herself of feminine achievement. -The New Year opens most promisingly -with such a woman to inspire -hope and courage and higher ideals in -the wayward of this great city.</p> - -<p>Buffalo claims the honor of being the -birth place of Dr. Davis, who was the -oldest of five children. She was graduated -from the Rochester High School, -however. Being naturally a student and -a thinker, she felt that she must have -a broader education. Funds were rather -scarce at home and needs many, so the -ambitious young girl set to work and -taught school until she had earned enough -to go to college. She is now one of -Vassar’s most honored alumnae. Her -career there was brief for she completed -her course in two years, graduating with -flying colors and winning Phi Beta Kappa -honors.</p> - -<p>The following year Dr. Davis—she -was Miss Davis then—spent at Columbia -University, studying the chemistry -of foods, and the knowledge that she -acquired was promptly put into practice -in a most telling manner.</p> - -<p>John Boyd Thatcher, one of the prime -movers in the Committee of Arrangements -for the World’s Fair in Chicago, -was eager to have a woman establish -and manage a workingman’s model home. -He appealed to Miss Davis, who agreed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -to take charge of the matter. She built -the house and settled a workingman and -his family in it. She looked after every -detail of the house-keeping herself, did -the cooking and fed the family on what -she believed to be an ideal diet for their -needs, the most healthful and strength-building. -They were pledged to eat -nothing away from home. Each day the -diet was posted for the benefit of visitors. -That family was taught scientific -house-keeping in such an approved -fashion that the model home proved a -most instructive and valuable feature of -the fair.</p> - -<p>Next Miss Davis became the head of -the College Settlement in Philadelphia, -and was one of the charter members of -the Civic Club. It was not long before -she was running for membership in the -School Board, but at that time Philadelphia -had not accepted school suffrage. -She was beaten by an Italian saloon-keeper. -An amusing fact which gives -some idea of how much a woman of her -calibre was really needed in that City of -Brotherly Love, was that when the vote -was counted, it was found that her precinct -had polled seven more votes than -it was entitled to.</p> - -<p>Somewhat later Miss Davis held the -first woman’s fellowship in the University -of Chicago, and there she took her -Doctor’s degree in political economy. -She then went abroad, as European fellow -of the New England Association for -the Higher Education of Women, and -took advanced work in Political Economy -and Sociology, in Berlin and Vienna.</p> - -<p>Then in January, 1900, Dr. Davis took -up her duties as Superintendent of the -Bedford Reformatory. Even before the -buildings were completed she moved in, -started the machinery going and by May, -1901, was ready to welcome and care for -wayward girls and women entrusted -to her charge to open up to them a new -existence of hope and efficiency.</p> - -<p>After eight busy years at Bedford, -Dr. Davis took a five months’ leave of -absence, and went to Europe. She spent -some time in Sicily and was at Syracuse -at the time of the Messina earthquake. -Here just as in her own country, she -found a real need for her fine broad -sympathies and splendid executive ability. -The people were overcome by the -terrible disaster. They did not know -what to do, and there seemed to be nothing -to do with. Four thousand refugees -had been brought to Syracuse and Dr. -Davis promptly took the situation in -hand. A woman was found who could -speak English, and with her for an interpreter, -Dr. Davis, in what seemed an -almost miraculous way, succeeded in -getting money, materials for clothing—many -of the survivors were literally -naked—also other necessities, and meeting -the situation most valiantly.</p> - -<p>Buildings as well as people she commandeered -into service. A little chapel -was turned into a dressmaker’s establishment -and here the women were set -to work making clothes. Somewhere -else shoe-makers were gathered together, -busily making shoes for the bare-footed -fugitives. Other men were set to work -at road making; one of their constructions -is still known as the Davis Road. -Red Cross aid arrived and Dr. Davis -was made chief dispenser of it. In the -first six weeks, she spent $15,000, but -she did not pauperize the people; instead -she encouraged them to help themselves, -set them to work and paid them off regularly -every week. It was that wisely -directed, properly compensated work, -that saved those poor people and gave -them a new grip on life.</p> - -<p>All sorts of people needed assistance. -The Archbishop of Syracuse gave up -his palace for a hospital and a convalescent -home was established for those of -the upper classes. The men, many of -them, were so shaken by the calamity -that they would frequently give way to -fits of hysterics, and more than once on -such an occasion, Dr. Davis took a man -by the shoulders and shook him into self-control. -At one time a basket, full of -rescued babies, was brought in to her—twelve -in all—but the bottom one was -dead.</p> - -<p>For her splendid work at this time, -Dr. Davis was much honored. The -King of Italy gave her a medal. The -Pope of his own accord summoned her -to an interview, and gave her his blessing. -The Italian Red Cross Society bestowed -a medal upon her, as did the -American Red Cross, through President -Taft.</p> - -<p>When the Sicilian earthquake victims<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> -were in a position to help themselves, -Dr. Davis returned home, and quietly -resumed her duties as mother, confidant -and friend of the inmates of the Bedford -reformatory. She has proved -herself to be an all-around friend to -those in her charge and has entered -heartily into all sorts of activities, in -pleasures as well as in work; she has -been known to get up plays, drill the -actors, paint the scenery, train the orchestra, -then go out and receive the -guests and make a speech. During the -thirteen years of her service there, she -has lost but two days by illness, and that -was a sore throat.</p> - -<p>The International Prison Congress at -its meeting in 1910 elected Dr. Davis -the chief of a section. In a space of -twenty years, she was the only woman -appointed to such a position; she was -also the first woman to preside over the -public meeting. She was also appointed -a member of the Committee which showed -the Congress over this country.</p> - -<p>Vassar, too, has been delighted to -honor this graduate who has lived up so -wonderfully to the ideals of her alma -mater, and the four thousand alumnae -have chosen her as one of the twelve -members of the Provisional Alumnae -Council.</p> - -<p>New York City is indeed fortunate -in having at the head of its Department -of Correction a woman who has proved -herself to be a modern penologist, of the -most humanitarian order, and has shown -such splendid knowledge of how best to -make her sympathy and understanding -help the inmates of our prisons; how to -individualize the cases and make the -punishment fit the criminal rather than -the crime; to substitute hope and courage -for despair, and to help the unfortunate -to amount to something worth -while after all.</p> - -<p>Surely it is a step forward in civilization, -when a woman is chosen to an -important position like this commissionership, -not because she is a woman, but -because it is felt that she is the right -person for the place.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - - - -<h2><a name="CHILD_PLAY_AND_CHILD_CRIME" id="CHILD_PLAY_AND_CHILD_CRIME"></a>CHILD PLAY AND CHILD CRIME</h2> - - -<p>[The following important article, from the New York Times of February 15, brings some of the results of a year’s -Study of New York juvenile crime, as related to the recreation problem.]</p> - -<p>The relation of play to juvenile crime -is coming to be more and more recognized -by the student of juvenile delinquency -and the discerning social worker. -But the problem has not been studied intensively. -The facts which show how the -most celebrated gangster in New York -City can get his start playing kick-the-can -or baseball in the city streets have only -but been regarded in a general way.</p> - -<p>For the past year Edward Barrows, -special investigator for the People’s Institute, -has been making a study of the -evolution of the crime of children from -a purely legal fact to a moral evil, and -his report on the year’s work represents -not only general conclusions but an intensive -study of 193 individual cases of -juvenile arrest.</p> - -<p>Mr. Barrows has lived for about three -years in the middle west side of Manhattan, -which is popularly called the Hell’s -Kitchen district. He was not known -as a social worker or an investigator, -but as a free lance newspaper man and -a good fellow generally. He has studied -juvenile delinquency in the courts, in -the streets and the homes, and has been -an actual member of numerous boys’ -gangs. The hundreds of adults and children -with whom Mr. Barrows became -intimate are still without an inkling as -to his identity. In summing up his report, -Mr. Barrows says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I became aware several years ago that the -child life of the New York tenement neighborhoods -is a world apart. The middle west -side was chosen for investigation, both because -it stands high among New York districts for -its juvenile crime record, and because it is a -relatively old neighborhood, representing the -condition toward which the newer congested -neighborhoods are developing.</p> - -<p>In the middle west side the child life is -organized—yes, definitely and somewhat elaborately -organized—into what amounts to a -defensive secret league, with tens of thousands -of members. This league is made up -of small gang units, which are sometimes federated -for brief periods, which war on each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -other, but are united against the common enemy—against -the law and its agents, who are -aliens, and generally against the adult community -as such. This condition means that -no investigator who is known as an investigator -can find his facts. Still less can an -“uplifter” find his facts or do his work if he -is known as an “uplifter.”</p> - -<p>Twelve thousand children are arrested annually -in New York. These are not exceptional -children, and they are not a special -problem. Rather, they are typical children. -They are mere exhibits drawn from the mass -of those children who live in the congested -neighborhoods, a small proportion of the children -who have done the same things and have -not been caught.</p> - -<p>These children are not sub-normal, and they -come from homes which are typical of whole -enormous population districts. They are arrested -for the only thing a child can do on -the street, and they have no place but the -street in which to do anything. These children -represent the child population of half or -more of the tenement districts of New York -City.</p> - -<p>I made an intensive study of 193 out of -the 12,000 arrests for the past year—all of -them typical cases. All these arrests fall -within the middle west side region. They were -made on the following direct charges:</p> - -<p>Assault, attempt at burglary, begging, bonfires, -burglary, disorderly conduct, destruction -of property, fighting, playing football on -the streets, gambling, intoxication, jumping -on cars, kicking the garbage can, loitering, -picking pockets, pitching pennies, playing ball, -playing with water pistol, putting out lights, -selling papers, playing shinney, shooting craps, -snowballing, stealing, subway disturbances, -throwing stones, trespass, truancy.</p> - -<p>It is clear at the very start that the punishment, -as far as the law goes, has little relation -to the alleged crimes as listed above. The -same section of the Penal Code punishes baseball -and burglary, and both of these acts are -punishable under several other sections of the -Penal Code. Frequently the arrest brings -out a series of acts, committed in previous -days or weeks, which bear little relation to the -direct cause of the arrest. We find cases of -children arrested for playing ball, but whose -story in court reveals stealing, assault and -burglary. Again, we find a child rearrested -under three or four different sections of the -Penal Code for the same repeated act, be it -the kicking of a garbage can or assault and -battery. We find in the court records the most -indiscriminate blending of arrest and punishment -for innocent play with arrest and punishment -for deviltry or perverse crime of a -serious nature.</p> - -<p>To make the case specific rather than general, -a few typical instances may be given:</p> - -<p>John C. was arrested for creating a disturbance. -This is a nuisance and, from the -standpoint of the adult, a moral offense in a -crowded city. Special inquiry developed that -John C. was one of a number of boys who -gathered in front of a tenement home late -one evening and sang in chorus. Incidentally -only one of the several malefactors was -caught.</p> - -<p>Charles C. was arrested for violating Penal -Code Section 675, relating to disorderly conduct -and committing nuisance. His act consisted -in throwing a baseball on a public -street.</p> - -<p>William C., arrested for disorderly conduct, -was charged with playing football on the -street. The record showed that he was an -athletic enthusiast, and there was no other -football field but the street. In contrast with -this fact, it should be mentioned that the New -York Board of Education maintains an elaborate -and costly organization for encouraging -the athletic spirit among boys.</p> - -<p>George C. was arrested for throwing stones. -The record showed that George C. had been -one of a group engaging in a street fight, the -street fight being a typical form of vigorous -play among children of this district.</p> - -<p>Thomas C. was arrested for throwing -stones. He had thrown a stone in revenge -and with murderous intent at an unsuspecting -enemy. His motive was wholly different from -that of George C., but they were classified together -in law.</p> - -<p>The figures in the Children’s Courts are -of almost no value as showing the quantity -of law-breaking, innocent or otherwise, on the -part of the city’s children. Nathan A., for -instance, was arrested for crap-shooting. -There was no other arrest. Similarly with -Joseph B., William C. was arrested for playing -baseball, and the rest of his team are not -mentioned. George C. was arrested for fighting -with no mention of his fellow-combatant -or combatants.</p> - -<p>The acts which lead children to arrest are -nearly always games. They are games which -are against the law only because they are -played on the street, and games which through -their nature involve an infraction of the penal -code. In the first class we find baseball, football, -jackstones, singing, and marbles. In the -second we find stealing, fighting, destruction -of property, and similar violations of the -code of social procedure.</p> - -<p>But the point which is overlooked by the -law, and in a large measure by the law enforcer, -is that both these forms of play are -to the child merely or mainly play, representing -a perfectly normal childish instinct which -has, in many of the cases of arrest, been distorted -through a morbid street environment.</p> - -<p>The following is an analysis of 170 of the -cases here being considered:</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center">Total arrests for moral but illegal play:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table class="tsmallclass" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Arrests for moral play"> -<tr><td class="tdl">Bonfires</td><td class="tdr">19</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-right:0.5em">Disorderly conduct (shouting and harmless disturbances)</span></td><td class="tdr">13</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Football</td><td class="tdr">4<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Baseball</td><td class="tdr">22</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Snowballing</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Throwing various missiles</td><td class="tdr" style="border-bottom:0.1em solid black">24</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-left:1em">Total</span></td><td class="tdr">84</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="center"> -<p class="center">Total arrests for immoral and illegal play:</p> -<table class="tsmallclass" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Arrests for immoral and illegal play"> -<tr><td class="tdl">Assault</td><td class="tdr">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Disorderly conduct</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Burglary</td><td class="tdr">12</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Putting out street lights</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Stealing</td><td class="tdr">42</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-right:0.5em">Throwing various missiles</span></td><td class="tdr" style="border-bottom:0.1em solid black">16</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-left:1em">Total</span></td><td class="tdr">86</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The attitude of the law with reference to -the innocent class of acts leading to arrest is -suggested by the wording of the charges preferred -against various children:</p> - -<p>Charged with annoying and interfering with -others and endangering their safety and property -by playing with a hard ball on a public -street.</p> - -<p>Charged with playing game called baseball -on the public street, thereby interfering with -free use by persons of that street.</p> - -<p>Charged with another ... with playing -on the sidewalk of the public street a -game called pitching pennies, thereby obstructing -the sidewalk and interfering and annoying -persons on the public street.</p> - -<p>Charged with another boy with obstructing -the sidewalk while playing a game called -pitching pennies. (Note that while in the -previous case the boy was charged with pitching -pennies and thereby obstructing the sidewalk, -in this case he is charged with obstructing -the sidewalk while pitching pennies.)</p> - -<p>Charged with playing a game called craps -on the public street to the annoyance of persons -thereon. (Note that this arrest also was -for obstructing the street and not for gambling.)</p> - -<p>The law deals with the child from one standpoint -only—the annoyance he causes the adult -passerby, and the store windows he breaks.</p> - -<p>You can see why the moral aspects of the -deeds for which children are arrested must -generally be hazy to the little wrong-doers -themselves. Gambling is a case in point. -Public opinion classes gambling as a vice and -a crime ranking with theft and sexual immorality. -Yet the tenement streets of New -York are infested with adult and juvenile -gamblers, who gamble usually through shooting -crap or pitching pennies. Street gambling -is hardly less common than baseball or any -of the other street games. The unwritten law -of the streets has sanctioned gambling for -many child-generations, until gambling has -lost all moral significance to the children of -New York. As for the law, we have seen -how it adds to the confusion of moral values. -The law treats crap shooting as being identical -in terms both of punishment and of why -the punishment is given, with chalk games, or -ring-around-the-rosy, or kick-the-can. The arrests -for gambling and for chalk games alike -are treated as cases of street obstruction.</p> - -<p>But strangely enough, one offense is particularly -singled out in law to be prohibited -on the streets. This offense is baseball. Baseball -is no sin and the children know it. They -merely know that they will be arrested if they -play baseball. They know that if they are -going to play ball they must send out pickets -to announce the coming of the policeman.</p> - -<p>So much for the innocent group of child offenses. -The vicious group includes the many -organized games which have been developed -by street conditions. They involve acts which -the children know to be immoral, but which -gang standards allow.</p> - -<p>An example of this type of child crime is -the widely popular sport of gang stealing. -Gang stealing is recognized as a sport and -game by unknown thousands of children in -New York.</p> - -<p>A band of boys, from three to six or seven -in number, will go from tenement to tenement -on Saturday evenings, taking orders -from the housewives for fruits, vegetables, -groceries, light hardware and clothing, just -as though they were delivery clerks. When -they think they have a sufficient number of -orders they go out on the street and by a -series of organized raids secure the goods -which the housewives have ordered.</p> - -<p>These goods are sold on a regularly established -scale of prices, which in most parts of -the city is arbitrary, with no relation to the -market value of the stolen articles. After the -boys have their money they retire to their -“hang-out,” where the money is divided into -equal parts and the possessors shoot craps -until one of them has it all. This boy divides -the winnings into two parts, one of which he -spends in treating the other members of the -gang. The other half he is permitted to keep -and spends for himself.</p> - -<p>This is a regularly organized form of -amusement, which has existed to the writer’s -personal knowledge for a decade or more on -the middle west side. As far as the boys -themselves are concerned, it is a game and -nothing more. The crimes committed are incidental -to the game. The elements the boys -are striving for are the dramatic adventure -in obtaining stolen goods, the excitement of -gambling, which to them is no crime, and the -physical joys of the soda water, cigarettes, -motion picture shows, etc., which follow the -game.</p> - -<p>These boys start out to seek adventure, excitement, -and a “treat.” Unguided and irresponsible, -and with a tradition of lawlessness -based upon the hostile indifference of their -elders, they have gone after their ends without -regard to consequences, with the result -that before their game is over they will have -obtained money under false pretenses, committed -larceny, and gambled; for any one of -which acts they are criminally liable. Yet -punishment for any one of these acts leaves -the zest for adventure, the lust of gambling,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -and the tastes for sweets and cigarettes as -strong as ever.</p> - -<p>A child is arrested for burglary and is -tried on the specific charge of “entering an -inhabited dwelling in the night season with -intent to commit a felony.” Yet this may have -been simply an unguided expression of the -child’s dramatic play instinct. The boys may -have organized into a gang of robbers and -may, for the game of the thing only, have -committed the burglary. Thus there was no -criminal intent on the part of the marauders.</p> - -<p>Gang fighting, another common and serious -offense, is a product of the complex gang organization -which is the basis of all boy life -in the streets of New York. It has its sources -either in gang rivalry or in the infliction of a -wrong by one gang upon another, which results -in a long series of retaliatory fights, -sometimes extending through many months. -From being simply physical contests between -gang and gang, these fights often become -neighborhood feuds in which small boys are -maimed and on rare occasions killed outright, -windows are broken, and all kinds of neighborhood -outrages are perpetrated.</p> - -<p>There is a great distinction between these -organized gang fights and the smaller misunderstandings -which result in fights between -two small boys. Gang fights are a part of the -traditional play life of the New York boys. -Except among the older boys they are carried -out in the spirit of play, and the theft, destruction -of property, and mayhem which accompany -them are regarded as incidental.</p> - -<p>When we trace back to their source even -the fights for revenge, we generally find a -play motive there also. Two years ago the -small boys on West Fiftieth Street and West -Fifty-third Street, near Eleventh Avenue, -were celebrating election night with bonfires -on their respective streets. The Fiftieth Street -boys had more material than the Fifty-third -Street boys. When the Fifty-third Street -boys ran out of material they raided Fiftieth -Street, extinguished all the bonfires, routed the -celebrants, and triumphantly carried the bonfire -material to their own street.</p> - -<p>This was the beginning of a feud which -lasted over a year between the denizens of the -two streets, during which time a score of -boys were jailed, a number seriously maimed, -and hundreds of dollars’ worth of property -destroyed. Yet, despite the number of arrests -on the charge of fighting, disorderly conduct -and destruction of property, the feud itself -continued unabated, until a compromise was -arrived at by the boy leaders themselves.</p> - -<p>This feud was a typical instance of the play -spirit expressing itself through rivalry, without -any attempt to check it as such. Of the -thirty or forty boys who were arrested as a -direct outcome of these fights, not one but -was arrested as an individual criminal without -reference to the motive of his wrong doing. -The result was that after his arrest the boy -responded to the same motive as promptly as -if he had never been arrested. Again we are -brought to the serious question of whether or -not all this destruction to property and morals -could not have been avoided had there -been proper facilities and a leadership to have -turned the spirit of rivalry into legitimate play -channels.</p></blockquote> - -<p>A summary of the record of Mr. Barrow’s -193 cases shows that 188 of them, -or all but nine, can be traced directly to -a play motive, normal or perverted. Of -the nine, two were acts of personal revenge -and seven showed an economic motive.</p> - -<p>According to Mr. Barrows these 193 -cases did not include a single one where -mental deficiency was the predominant -cause. He says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>To conclude, child crime in New York is -built on play—wholesome, educational play—which -the law treats as crime and which -street conditions gradually pervert until innocent -play becomes moral crime.</p> - -<p>Child crime begins with the attempt to play -on streets in violation of law, and in forbidden -places under conditions of trespassing. -The first arrest is normally a punishment for -the attempt to play, and to play in ways which -are intrinsically good.</p> - -<p>This condition presses on the child life of -all the tenement districts of New York City. -It is a uniformly operating cause which results -in a fairly uniform method of resistance -on the part of the children. Not only are -the statutory crimes of fighting and stealing -regarded as play by the children, but the more -innocent kinds of play, like baseball, are in -law regarded as crimes and are so punishable.</p> - -<p>This is not, on the one hand, a defect of -child character, nor on the other hand a mere -stupidity of law, but is a real condition, inherent -in the fact that the street, with its -traffic, and the street front, with its stores -and windows, are the only playground of 95 -per cent. or more of the city’s children.</p> - -<p>The result is a fundamental schism between -the child community and the adult -community. The child community is a nuisance. -The adult community is a tyrant. -Neither is to blame. Our laws, our court -procedure and our probation system, imperfect -though they be, are not to blame. The -blame rests with the city which has not provided -play space and which does not intelligently -use even the little play space that is -provided. Juvenile crime is a play problem -not only in the sense that play is an alternative -to crime—a cure for crime: but in a more -specific sense, namely, in the streets of New -York, under present conditions, play is crime -and crime is play.</p> - -<p>And play is crime all over New York, not -merely in the middle west side. The city’s -total juvenile crime rate is growing.</p> - -<p>What is to be done about it? Provide outlets. -Consider specifically that west side district.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -The remedies are at hand. For instance:</p> - -<p>Public school buildings in the middle west -side are used to as small an extent of their -capacity as is the case in the city at large. -This means a 40 per cent. non-use or more.</p> - -<p>There is a large recreation pier at West -Fiftieth Street, where the activities could be -multiplied.</p> - -<p>The DeWitt Clinton Park, at Fifty-ninth -Street and the North River, is unused during -the evenings and very inadequately used during -the day. It is one of the finest playgrounds -in the world.</p> - -<p>There are at least ten city blocks in -the middle west side which could if the city -government desired it, be devoted to playground -uses for at least several hours of every -day. Apparatus would not be needed, and -the only supervision required would be police -supervision.</p></blockquote> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> -<h2><a name="SHOULD_JUDGES_GO_TO_JAIL" id="SHOULD_JUDGES_GO_TO_JAIL"></a>SHOULD JUDGES GO TO JAIL?</h2> - - -<p>[The idea is not so revolutionary as it might be. Recently Mr. T. M. Osborne tried a week’s self-incarceration -at Auburn Prison, New York. As a result the general public, reading of his experiences, has a knowledge to-day -of the more common methods of prison administration than it would have learned, or have been willing to learn -in any other way. Now the Boston (Mass.) Globe comes along with a more radical suggestion, which we herewith -summarize.]</p> - -<p>“One advocate of the practice of making -judges investigate the prisons, an -ex-magistrate of New York City, made -the assertion that ‘every judge ought to -be sentenced to 30 days in jail before he -is permitted to send a prisoner there.’</p> - -<p>“‘What does an ordinary judge know -of prison? What method can he have -of judging a proper punishment for an -offender, if he does not know what the -punishment is like?’ asks this authority.</p> - -<p>“The policy of imposing upon judges -the obligation of a personal acquaintance -with the conditions of the institutions to -which they sentence defendants is not to -be lightly condemned as impractical or -inexpedient. Judges to-day depend -primarily for such information as they -require upon those whose public duty it -is to oversee the prisons, and the courts -are also governed by the law in committing -prisoners.</p> - -<p>“It might be expedient to give judges -a wider discretion in disposing of persons -convicted of crime, and then require -them to make sufficient investigation -of every public institution to enable -them to use their discretion wisely.</p> - -<p>“The average judge is a man of keen -perception, and if he has been long on -the bench, he has acquired in his experience -an accurate conception of the criminal -mind, and an idea of how it may be -most effectively influenced.</p> - -<p>“Doubtless if one of the judges of the -Superior Court passed a few days at -any one of the penal or corrective institutions -of the State, he could see things -that had escaped the notice of those who -have grown familiar with conditions, -either by association or by brief visits. -Some very valuable suggestions for improvement -might result.</p> - -<p>“We have many investigators who are -concerned with the boy and man in confinement. -The Board of Parole, a new -commission, was created for the purpose -of securing to the deserving a conditional -release from prison.</p> - -<p>“The Executive Council, when passing -on the question of pardon, goes carefully -into the prisoner’s past, the circumstances -of the crime for which he -was sentenced, his conduct in prison, and -then weighs the chances of his becoming -a law-abiding and industrious member -of the community if liberated. Few men -so released have again offended.</p> - -<p>“It is logical that if the body authorized -to grant a pardon is so zealous in -the interest of the prisoner and the community -alike, the judicial authority who -fixes the penalty and indicates the institution -of punishment in specific instances -should be equally well informed -of the possible consequences of the sentence -to the prisoner. The administration -of strict justice might be aided by a -more intimate acquaintance with the -character of our jails on the part of the -judges.”</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="THE_INDETERMINATE_SENTENCE_AND_PAROLE_LAW_IN_INDIANA" id="THE_INDETERMINATE_SENTENCE_AND_PAROLE_LAW_IN_INDIANA"></a>THE INDETERMINATE SENTENCE AND PAROLE LAW IN INDIANA</h2> - - -<p class="articleauthor"><span class="smcap">Amos W. Butler, Secretary Board of State Charities</span></p> - -<p>For the crimes of treason and of -murder in the first degree, the sentence -in this State is either death or life imprisonment. -For persons convicted of -felony for the third time (habitual criminals) -and those found guilty of murder -in the second degree or of rape upon a -child under ten years of age, the punishment -is life imprisonment. All other -persons convicted of felony are subject -to the provisions of the indeterminate -sentence and parole law of 1897 and its -amendments. This law applies to men -over 16 years of age and women over 17. -While it is called “indeterminate,” it is in -reality limited by the minimum and maximum -terms prescribed by statute for -specified crimes.</p> - -<p>The law is in force in the State Prison -at Michigan City, the Reformatory at -Jeffersonville and the Woman’s Prison at -Indianapolis. In the Woman’s Prison -the parole board includes the superintendent -and the physician in addition to -the board of trustees; in the State Prison -and Reformatory it is made up of the -members of the board of trustees only. -The parole boards are “prohibited from -entertaining any other form of application -or petition for the release upon parole -or absolute discharge of any prisoner” -than the application of the prisoner -himself. They may parole prisoners who -have served their minimum term and are -believed capable of becoming law-abiding -citizens. In granting paroles, the boards -take into consideration not only the applicant’s -record as a prisoner, but his -ability to maintain himself if free and -the sentiment of the community from -which he came. The boards are allowed -a wide latitude in granting paroles and -in withdrawing paroled prisoners from -liberty. All their acts are guided by -what they believe to be the best welfare -both of the prisoner and of society.</p> - -<p>Ordinarily paroled prisoners remain -under supervision for at least one year. -This is an adopted rule and not a requirement -of law. They are visited frequently -by the parole agents and are -required to report regularly. No one is -permitted to leave the institution until a -place of employment has been found for -him.</p> - -<p>Sixteen years’ experience shows that -out of every 100 prisoners, 57 fulfill their -obligations and are discharged from supervision, -26 violate their parole, 2 die, -the sentence of 6 expires during the -parole period and they are automatically -discharged; the remaining 9 are under -supervision at a given time, reporting -regularly.</p> - -<p>The percentage of parole violators -varies but little in the three institutions: -765 out of 2,916, or 26.2 per cent. at the -State Prison; 1,198 out of 4,670, or 25.6 -per cent. at the Reformatory; 61 out of -213, or 28.6 per cent. at the Woman’s -Prison.</p> - -<p>The financial report of the paroled -prisoners makes an interesting showing. -Their earnings during the time they reported, -up to September 30, 1913, -amounted to $2,142,253.31; expenses, -$1,774,672.42; savings, $367,580.89. In -other words, these men and women, instead -of costing the State an average of -$172.00 a year each (the average per -capita cost of maintenance in the two -State prisons and the reformatory for -the year 1913), have been released under -supervision and have earned their own -living and at the time they ceased reporting -had on hand or due them savings -averaging nearly $50.00 each. This is -not regarded as the most important result -of the system, but it certainly is a -highly valuable feature.</p> - -<p>Taking up the institutions separately, -the records show that the State Prison -has paroled 2,916 men since the law went -into effect, of whom 1,688 have been discharged, -the sentence of 134 expired during -the parole period, 515 violated their -parole and were returned to prison, 250 -parole violators are at large, 51 died and -278 are reporting. Their financial reports -indicate earnings amounting to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -$823,136.69; expenses, $629,800.69; savings, -$193,336.00.</p> - -<p>The Reformatory Reports 4,670 men -paroled, of whom 2,666 have been discharged, -the sentence of 295 expired during -the parole period, 609 violated their -parole and were returned to prison, 589 -parole violators are at large, 78 died and -433 are reporting. Their financial reports -indicate earnings amounting to $1,315,642.76; -expenses, $1,143,078.54; savings, -$172,564.22.</p> - -<p>The Woman’s Prison reports 213 -women paroled, of whom 105 have been -discharged, the sentence of 23 expired -during the parole period, 35 violated their -parole and were returned to prison, 26 -parole violators are at large, 7 died and -17 are reporting. Their financial reports -indicate earnings amounting to $3,473.86; -expenses, $1,793.19; savings, $1,680.67.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - - - -<h2><a name="STATE_INSTITUTION_FARMS_IN_NEW_YORK" id="STATE_INSTITUTION_FARMS_IN_NEW_YORK"></a>STATE INSTITUTION FARMS IN NEW YORK<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h2> - - -<p class="articleauthor"><span class="smcap">By H. B. Winters, Deputy Commissioner of Agriculture</span></p> - -<p>The State of New York now owns 41 -farms. Twenty of these are connected -with the charitable institutions, 14 with -the State hospitals and 7 with the prisons.</p> - -<p>The total area of these farms is 22,981 -acres, divided as follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="total area"> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-right:0.5em">Charitable institutions</span></td><td class="tdr">9,690 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">State hospitals</td><td class="tdr">10,587 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Prisons</td><td class="tdr">2,704 acres</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The acreage <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">per capita</i> of population, -which is a very important item, is as -follows:</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="acreage per capita of population"> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-right:0.5em">Charitable farms</span></td><td class="tdr">.81 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Hospital farms</td><td class="tdr">.29 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Prison farms</td><td class="tdr">.45 acres</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The total farm investment is $2,331,285.00. -The total profits for the year -ending September 30, 1912, were $305,006. -The total profits for the year ending -September 30, 1910, were $202,826. This -shows a gain of $102,180 in 1912 over -1910.</p> - -<p>The rate of profit made by the farms -as a whole, in the year ending September -30, 1912, was 13.1 per cent. The rate of -profit made by all the farms for the year -ending September 30, 1910, was 9.4 per -cent. The greatest rate of profit made -by any form increased from 23.2 per cent. -to 37.5 per cent. during this period.</p> - -<p>The State has 30 profitable farms and 2 -farms that are losing money. It should -be noted that the 2 farms which were -losing money two years ago are now making -a profit. One of the farms that lost -money last year is a new place, which -is not yet under good headway; the other -farm is considering moving to a new -location.</p> - -<p>These figures are certainly very gratifying -and they prove that farming at our -institutions is very profitable to the State -of New York. This splendid increase -shows what interest in farm work has -done. It shows that this land is a most -valuable investment to the State of New -York, both from a financial standpoint -and for the general good of the inmates -of the institutions.</p> - -<p>We read that only forty per cent. of -the consumers’ dollar goes to the farmer. -On institution farms this is not true. Our -people are stirred up from one end of -the country to the other on account of -co-operation. Our institution farm work -is the best possible type of co-operation. -We hear our farmers complain of overproduction. -On the carefully run institution -farm this is practically overcome.</p> - -<p>Various cold storage laws have been -passed to protect our people. If the institution -farms produce their own food, -the cold storage problem is reduced to -its minimum. I am unable to secure in -Albany for my own table as good vegetables -as I eat at the different institution -farms.</p> - -<p>While the above may be, and is, gratifying, -I cannot resist pointing out to you -some of the opportunities that are ahead -of us. <em>We are still buying $258,711.00 -worth of milk per year.</em> The freight and -dealers’ profit on this milk is certainly -$50,000. If we should take up all the -items purchased by our institutions that -could be produced on their own farms, -it would total a very large sum.</p> - -<p>I believe that a great prison like Auburn -should have its own farm, and it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -should be conveniently located. The -quality of food would be greatly improved, -and I feel perfectly sure that -out of that great body of 1,500 prisoners -I could select enough men who could be -trusted to do the work on this farm under -reasonable supervision. The farm would -be an ornament to that part of the country, -a profit to the State and of great -benefit to the prisoners.</p> - -<p>There is a serious problem ahead of us -in regard to institutions, or institution -sites already purchased, that are not making -satisfactory progress. I refer to the -State Training School for Boys at Yorktown -Heights; Wingdale Prison Site, -Wingdale; Mohansic State Hospital, -Yorktown; Letchworth Village, Thiells, -and the State Industrial Farm Colony at -Stormville. There should be a decided -effort to develop these institutions along -proper lines. Some of us have heard a -great deal against these properties that is -not true. It is high time that the different -officials interested in these institutions -co-operate in order that they may be finished -as rapidly as possible.</p> - -<p>If any of the above sites are not suitable -for institutions, they certainly would -make excellent colony farms. By colony -farms, I mean a farm that is separated -from the main institution by a greater or -less distance, a farm where we may send -inmates as a reward of merit, where they -can live the simple life of a comfortable -farmer.</p> - -<p>These colonies should be provided with -good plumbing, sufficient heat, electric -lights and all comforts of up-to-date -country life. They are not necessarily -expensive, and farms of this sort are -found in many cases to be more than -self-supporting.</p> - -<p>The possibilities in farm work are very -large. Two years ago the garden products -at the Ward’s Island State Hospital -for the Insane amounted to $17,299. The -profits were $9,360. The profit, after -deducting 5 per cent. on the investment -of $83,809, was $5,170.</p> - -<p>Then we thought the high water mark -was reached, but this year Ward’s Island’s -garden products amount to $18,867; -the profit was $14,219; the profit, after -deducting 5 per cent. on the investment, -was $10,211. Last year Ward’s Island -made a profit of 17.7 per cent. on land -valued at $1,289 per acre. What Ward’s -Island is doing can be repeated on many -institution farms.</p> - -<p>The ideal institution farm in the future -will grow its own vegetables and fruit, -canning enough for winter use; it will -raise its own pork, make its own sausage -and smoke its own ham and bacon. It -will produce its milk, butter, eggs, poultry, -veal and a large part of its beef.</p> - -<p>This home production will not only -furnish fresher and better food, but will -save large amounts of money in freight, -cost of handling, and dealers’ profits.</p> - -<p>Institution farms should be large -enough to use improved machinery, properly -rotate crops so as to add fertility to -the soil, and unlock fertility that is already -in the land. These farms will then -become more fertile year by year, and -therefore more profitable.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Read at New York State Conference of Charities -and Corrections, Buffalo, Nov. 1913.</p></div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - - - -<h2><a name="THE_OFFICIAL_AND_THE_PRISONER" id="THE_OFFICIAL_AND_THE_PRISONER"></a>THE OFFICIAL AND THE PRISONER</h2> - - -<p>(Here is an article from “Good Words,” the prison monthly from the Federal Prison at Atlanta. It gives an -anonymous prisoner’s views on a vital subject.)</p> - -<p>Inmates of prisons may be regarded as -a composite man, for in any collection -of human beings, from a family to a -nation, there is the larger man, which -organizes itself in human form—with -head, trunk, limbs, and organs. One -group represents the brains, another the -physical powers; the stomach is figured -by the purveyors of food, and these analogies -may be followed indefinitely; they -are not fanciful, but actual. He is all -here, but is prevented from functioning -freely. His reaction against this repression -of free action—a repression far more -physical than mental—gives unnatural -energy to the faculties and tends to lead -into certain special channels, such as the -falsity of human justice, the overpowering -desire to be at liberty; emotions of -resentment, resignation, hope, despair,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -impulses for antagonism or of good-will -toward others; moods or irony, cynicism, -and even humor; good or evil preoccupation -of all kinds. In this way large reservoirs -of human force are collected, which -can get no relief from expression, and -therefore corrode and distort the mind.</p> - -<p>But prisoners at that are no different -clay from other folks. They are, if anything, -different in that they are more -sensitive, more sympathetic, more appreciative, -and more trustful, once their confidence -is gained, than the average person. -They love the world and wish it well. -The average prisoner—even the “old -timer” serving a third or fourth sentence—will -advise against a life of crime with -all the earnestness and logic he is capable -of commanding. But the prisoner, with -his good qualities, has his faults—many -of them. He is always looking for the -best of it, and, from his standpoint, why -shouldn’t he get it? He is a convict (the -word is not pleasant to hear). It carries -a stigma of shame and disgrace. It is -lasting. He is declared unfit to live -among his people; his movements are restricted; -he cannot move or speak without -the consent of an official; he is -stripped of his citizenship; his home a -narrow cell; he is helpless; has lost all—everything -a man values in this world. -The prisoner knows this full well. To -him the best of it is the worst that the -free man can imagine.</p> - -<p>This is the body corporate and the proposition -the man or men charged with the -care, keeping and discipline of prisoners -have to contend with. The problems to -be solved are difficult, and a gigantic task -confronts the warden of any penitentiary. -While the power of most wardens is as -nearly absolute as mortal power can be, -it is necessary, if he is expected to accomplish -anything. The demands of his position -are great—greater than any other -person in the whole community. Upon -his say-so depends the hope or despair of -the prisoners, but we are convinced that -the average warden is anxious for the -uplift, and untiring in promoting the welfare -of the men under him.</p> - -<p>A great honor is due the prison official -who voluntarily treats the prisoner with -justice and mercy, whose radius of human -action is circumscribed only by the -book of regulations. Harsh traditional -usages are gradually being eliminated and -there are but few who new persist in delaying -the realization of advanced ideas -in the handling of law-breakers. But no -intelligent reform of abuses can be effected -until they have been authoritatively -acknowledged, and the remedies necessary -to relieve and cure evils understood. -Improvement is slow, and gross anachronisms -are found side by side with advanced -conditions. Prisoners often distrust -their officials when the latter’s only -fault may be the oath and obligation to -obey regulations long out of date. The -prisoner sees the better way and, as a -rule, will not listen to reason. The official -knows it too, but is not free to walk -in it. From this condition of affairs -comes that great antagonism between -the prisoner and the officials which -exists in all prisons. The warden to do -good must bridge the gulf which separates -the prisoner and himself. He must -be the example and precept of right. He -will not delay action until all difficulties -are removed, but is prompt to seize every -opportunity as it offers itself. He walks -where others creep, and sees the end -where others grope. While sedulous to -avoid favoritism, he takes into consideration -the “personal equation” of each man, -and gives him the interpretation of the -law best suited to the case as it may be. -In his system of discipline, there is as -little as possible of the merely mechanical -and whatever may be allowable of individual -consideration. This is not more -human than expedient; for most of the -men are quick to perceive the proper -means to deserve good treatment, and, -instead of sinking into lethargy and indifference, -are aroused to do what in them -lies to meet the warden half-way. Frequently, -though, regardless of the work -of such officials, in this great human body, -there are developed ideas unfair, and we -will find prisoners who will resist all -efforts of the officials in this direction. -They do not mean to, but the world has -treated them badly, and they cannot help -it. Kindness is winning them, though, -where cruelty would never affect them.</p> - -<p>Punishment and abuse may stir and -arouse a man so that he will fight with a -desperation born of despair, but more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -often he sinks into a state of mind, sullen, -revengeful and heartless—a condition -fatal to reformation, and dangerous to -Society. Method, discipline, authority, -are fine things and will accomplish much, -but with a prisoner you can not force his -soul against itself. You must lead him -up and out of himself; you can not curse -him into a better man. The supreme object -of imprisonment should be to inspire -the prisoner to do his best when more -than his best is needed.</p> - -<p>The fight to extirpate the old system -is steadily going on, and will eventually -succeed. The evils of the contract-labor -system are already becoming known, and -it will be blotted out of existence, and -when that system has become a thing of -the past, an immense step in all other -features of jail amelioration will have -been taken. The next step will involve -the entire principle of prison punishments -as a deterrent of crime and a means of -making better men of prisoners. The -State will then not take revenge upon the -criminal, will not annihilate his self-respect -or crush out whatever manhood he -has in him.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - - - - -<h2><a name="PAROLE_WORK_IN_PENNSYLVANIA" id="PAROLE_WORK_IN_PENNSYLVANIA"></a>PAROLE WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA</h2> - - -<p class="articleauthor"><span class="smcap">By Albert H. Votaw, Secretary, The Pennsylvania Prison Society</span></p> - -<p>In the year 1909, the legislature enacted -our first law providing for the indeterminate -sentence and for the parole of -prisoners at the expiration of their minimum -sentence. The minimum sentence -was not to exceed one fourth of the maximum, -and the privilege of parole was -to be granted according to the decision -of the board of inspectors who were constituted -the board of parole.</p> - -<p>In the year 1911, the legislature -amended this act because of the objections -of several judges in the State who -were not ready to endorse the 1909 law. -The length of sentence is now at the -option of the court. The judges are to -impose both a maximum and a minimum -sentence with no restriction except -the maximum is not to exceed the maximum -time now imposed by law for any -offence. A sentence may read “Maximum, -25 years; minimum, 24 years”; or -“Maximum, 25 years; minimum, one -year.”</p> - -<p>In 1913 the privilege of parole was -extended to all confined in the penitentiaries -of the State, who were sentenced -prior to July, 1911, provided they had -served one third of the sentence imposed. -Under the operation of this act, -several hundred prisoners in the State -prisons were entitled to parole provided -they could comply with the conditions of -the board of parole. These conditions, -as a rule, include good behavior while -in prison, suitable employment and a -sponsor.</p> - -<p>Some editors in the State have rather -severely criticised what they have termed -a general jail delivery. A few of those -released have violated the terms of their -parole and have been returned to the -penitentiary. These instances are widely -published, thus creating in the minds of -some who are not thoroughly cognizant -of all the facts in the case that a lot of -desperadoes are being turned loose in -the community.</p> - -<p>Close observation of the statistics -seem to show that about eighty-five to -ninety of the paroled men make good. -Of those who return the number who -have again committed crime is a very -small percentage. A man who is out -on parole is liable to be returned for intemperance, -idleness or failure to report. -If we may estimate the number -who have returned as fifteen per cent. -of the entire number released on parole, -a comparatively small number of this -percentage are brought back on account -of actual crimes committed. It is too -early to decide with reference to the -four or five hundred recently paroled. -But a comparison with our general experience -during the last three years -would indicate that not more than two -or three out of a hundred will be brought -back on account of crime.</p> - -<p>Probably the community is not in as -much danger from the paroled men as -from those who are regularly dismissed -after serving their full time. It must -not be forgotten that many hundreds of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -prisoners every year are released from -the penitentiaries and from the county -jails who have served the full sentence -imposed by the court. Whatever their -state of mind or of morals, their time is -up and they go forth without any restraints -such as assist the paroled prisoner -to lead a life of rectitude. The prison -authorities are often quite well convinced -that a prisoner is far from “healed,” but -there is no recourse. The authorities of -a hospital would receive just condemnation -if they allowed a patient to be discharged -who was uncured of his typhoid -fever or of his small pox, but the officers -of a penitentiary often turn loose a -scoundrel to prey upon the community -simply because the time of confinement -deemed right by the lawmakers and by -the court has expired.</p> - -<p>The men who make application for the -privilege of parole are carefully studied. -That some mistakes have been made is -readily admitted. With larger experience -these errors may largely be eliminated. -The work is a growth and the -efficient officers who are giving careful -study to the practical workings of the -matter are confident of higher results -than they have hitherto attained.</p> - -<p>A purely economic side of the question -was somewhat discussed in a recent report -of the Pennsylvania Prison Society. -The annual saving at that time by allowing -the paroled prisoners to earn their -own living instead of being maintained -in institutions supported by the State -was estimated last year at about $50,000. -The cost of the parole management for -the same time did not exceed $8,000.</p> - -<p>There may come a time when the sentence -imposed by the court will be wholly -indeterminate. The judge may impose -a sentence of one year, with the additional -restriction that he is not to be discharged -until penological experts shall -have pronounced him ready for citizenship.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - - - -<h2><a name="ENGLISH_PRISONS" id="ENGLISH_PRISONS"></a>ENGLISH PRISONS</h2> - - -<p class="articleauthor">[Reprinted from Boston Transcript of December 5, 1913]</p> - -<p>There has been a steady decline in the -prison population in England and Wales -in the last ten years. During the year -which ended on March 31 last there were -fewer commitments in those parts of -Great Britain than in any previous year -covered by statistical records. According -to the deductions made by the editor of -The Lancet from the annual reports of -the Commissioners of Prisons and Directors -of Convict Prisons, this condition of -affairs is to be attributed to several -causes: The present higher standard of -conduct, a more humane tendency in -society, general prosperity, and a wider -choice of alternative penalties.</p> - -<p>“In any moral inquisition,” says the -editor, “such as is generally regarded as -one of the most important functions of -statistical inquiry in the modern state, it -is natural that a special degree of interest -should attach to the statistics of criminality. -These statistics seem at first sight -to offer a direct and positive measure of -the moral health of the community: and -the assumption that they have this significance -is in fact so commonly made by -popular opinion that any considerable -oscillation in their movement is usually -interpreted without further question as -an index of a corresponding change in -public morals.</p> - -<p>“In connection with criminality, however, -there is even more need than in the -case of other social phenomena to bear in -mind the proverbial limitations of statistical -evidence, especially when drawn -from a limited area or when they refer -wholly to some single one among the -many aspects of this complex question.</p> - -<p>“It may be useful to recall these qualifying -considerations in judging of the -real significance of the remarkable decline -in the prison population, to which attention -is specially drawn in the latest annual -report of the Commissioners of Prisons -and Directors of Prisons. From that report -it appears that during the year ended -March 31, 1913, the number of commitments -to prison in England and Wales -was lower than in any year of which there -is statistical record. Moreover, as the -commissioners show by a comparative -table giving the numbers of the prison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -population over a series of years, this -shrinkage is not due to any sudden and -exceptional causes operative within the -last twelve months, but is, on the contrary, -a continuation of a downward -movement which has been evident -throughout the last decade.</p> - -<p>“Obviously, this steady diminution in -the number of persons sent to jail is in -itself an extremely gratifying fact, and -it would, of course, be still more satisfactory -if we could infer from it that the -moral tone of the community has been -improving in anything like the same -measure.</p> - -<p>“There are, fortunately, good reasons -for thinking that in many respects the -standard of conduct prevalent nowadays -is very probably higher than it was even -in the memory of the present generation, -and we may perhaps in an indirect way -find support for this view in the falling -numbers of the prison population, in the -sense that this phenomena is doubtless -evidence of a humaner tendency in society, -of a more careful discrimination -in its way of dealing with those who fail -to conform to its laws.</p> - -<p>“To go further, and to assume that -these statistics are proof of a real decrease -in delinquency, is, however, a very -different matter, and is much more than -the evidence will warrant. The statistics -of imprisonment, it must be remembered, -are peculiarly misleading.</p> - -<p>“To a greater extent even than is the -case with other statistics of criminality, -the oscillations in the numbers of the -prison population are affected by fluctuations -in economic conditions; for the -rise or fall in general prosperity influences -not merely the number of offenses -committed, but also the proportion of -these offenses which will be compensated -by the payment of fines. A year, therefore, -of booming trade, such as last year -was in so conspicuous a degree, will -ordinarily be a year in which the forms -of illegality that are numerically of most -importance, such as crimes of acquisitiveness -and parasite offences generally, will -be fewest, and in which also the proportion -of petty offenders who pay fines will -be highest.</p> - -<p>“These two influences, both tending in -the same direction, have probably been -the most important factors in bringing -about the decline in imprisonment. But -their effect has certainly been helped by -another tendency which the student of -sociology will note with interest and approval—the -tendency, that is to say, to -be more sparing than formerly in the -use of this particular mode of punishment. -Public opinion has changed considerably -within the last few years with -regard to the value of imprisonment, -more particularly in its application to -certain categories of offenders, and in -harmony with these newer and better -views the law has provided a wider choice -of alternative penalties.</p> - -<p>“As a consequence, some classes of offenders -have already ceased to be sent to -jail, and in the case of several other -classes imprisonment is merely retained -as a violent remedy to be tried only when -milder and more appropriate methods -have proved unsuccessful. The increasing -use of the probation act and the establishment -of Juvenile Courts under the -children’s act may be specially instanced -to illustrate this point; these changes in -the law have operated powerfully to decrease -the number of commitments to -prison. And it may be presumed that if -the provisions of the mental deficiency -act are used as they ought to be in dealing -with weak-minded delinquents and -drunkards, there will be a further decrease -in the population of our jails, in -which these troublesome recidivists have -hitherto bulked so largely.</p> - -<p>“In the main, then, we may take it that -the diminution in the prison population, -in so far as it is not accounted for by -temporary variations in the economic -factors of crime, is due to a changed -public opinion which no longer regards -the jail as a social panacea. Among the -influences which have contributed to -bring about this saner attitude, one of -the most important has been the clearer -perception of what should be the true -function of imprisonment, a perception -which necessarily leads to closer scrutiny -of the conditions that determine the -effective performance of that function; -and on these points our knowledge has -been considerably widened of recent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -years, thanks to the more scientific spirit -which has been introduced into the penal -administration of this country.</p> - -<p>“The record of Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise -and his colleagues in this work of -reform should therefore entitle them to -speak authoritatively regarding the application -of this method of treatment -which they have done so much to render -really corrective and reformatory. And -they will certainly demand that the present -abuse of imprisonment shall be -amended, and that an end shall be made -of the futile and pernicious system of -repeated short sentences for petty offences.</p> - -<p>“How great is the extent of this evil -may be gathered from the commissioners’ -statement that of the prisoners received -from the ordinary courts during -last year no less than 121,126 or 80.6 per -cent. of the total number committed were -sentenced to terms of one month or -under. These amazing figures are certainly -sufficient proof that there is need -of some statutory alteration of the existing -laws to prevent the continuance of -the useless and mischievous practice; and -it is satisfactory to learn from the commissioners -that there is a prospect of -legislative action on the matter in the -near future.”</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - - - -<h2><a name="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF" id="EVENTS_IN_BRIEF"></a>EVENTS IN BRIEF</h2> - - -<p>[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison field -and the treatment of the delinquent.]</p> - -<p><em>A Correction.</em>—The <cite>Delinquent</cite> is -convinced that after all there is a “printer’s -devil” in every office. For in the -January <cite>Delinquent</cite> there appeared directly -following our notice of Miss Davis’s -well-deserved appointment to the -commissionership of correction in New -York, a little joke, running about eight -lines in length and serving the printer -simply as “filler” on the last page. Unfortunately -the dash that should have -separated the two items was omitted. -However, we know that Miss Davis will -forgive us, and, after all, we have had -to find fault very seldom with our -printer, who from the beginning has -given us a very low rate and good service.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>For a National Prison Commission.</em>—Rev. -Samuel G. Smith, of St. Paul, president -of the American Prison Association, -has announced the members of the committee -authorized by the Association at -its last annual session in Indianapolis to -wait upon President Wilson and Attorney-General -McReynolds in an effort to -have the Federal Government establish a -national prison commission.</p> - -<p>The members of the commission are -Professor Charles R. Henderson, of the -University of Chicago, and United States -Commissioner on the International Prison -Commission; Frank L. Randall, chairman, -Massachusetts Prison Commission; -Henry Wolfer, warden of the State -Prison at Stillwater, Minn.; W. H. -Moyer, warden of the Federal prison at -Atlanta, and Joseph P. Byers, secretary -of the Association and Commissioner of -Charities and Corrections of New Jersey.</p> - -<p>The Association in adopting the resolution -for the naming of the committee -thought that a national prison commission -would be of great service to the -Federal and all the State governments. -It is part of the scheme to establish a -school for the training of prison officials.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Payments to Prisoners.</em>—Dependents -of prisoners now serving in the Ohio -penitentiary received in January the first -payments of money earned by the inmates -of the State prison. Under the prison -pay system, only those who are employed -each day and whose deportment record -is good receive any compensation for -their labors. Men occupied at trades are -paid the highest.</p> - -<p>The prison pay system was installed -at the penitentiary in the latter part of -September, and under its ruling no prisoner -can earn more than $2.20 each week. -The highest amount sent out Thursday -by the penitentiary chief clerk amounted -to $30. This sum went to a woman -whose husband is serving a long sentence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -The woman has three children which she -is supporting by being employed as a -domestic.</p> - -<p>A total of $774.72 was mailed out from -the prison Thursday, and Friday an additional -$867.15 was sent out.</p> - -<p>In Oregon four wives whose husbands -are serving time on the rockpile, following -convictions of non-support of their -families, collected $126.25 from the county -for their husband’s work during December. -The law provides that the county -shall allow the wife $1 and each child -up to three 25 cents a day for the convict’s -labors. During December two -wives received an allowance of $1 a day -each, and two received the maximum -allowance of $1.75 a day. Three of those -serving the county for non-support and -whose families were reimbursed by the -county are in for six months and the -fourth is serving a year.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Booher-Hughes Bill in Congress.</em>—“The -development of convict road -work in practically every State of the -union will be the natural outcome of the -passage of the Booher-Hughes bill, now -pending before Congress,” says L. H. -Speare, president of the Massachusetts -Automobile State Association.</p> - -<p>“The bill, which will limit interstate -commerce in convict-made goods by subjecting -such goods to the laws of the -State into which they come, will strike a -fatal blow at the contract system. Under -this pernicious system great quantities of -prison-made goods are annually thrown -on the open market, and because of the -cheapness of their manufacture are sold -at prices far below those at which similar -goods manufactured under fair conditions -can be sold. A cutting of the selling-price -of goods manufactured in free factories -and a consequent lowering of the -wage paid free workingmen is the consequence.</p> - -<p>“Against this unfair competition organized -labor has waged unceasing warfare, -striving to overcome it by limiting -the output of the prisons. Laws requiring -the branding of convict-made goods -and also a license for their sale have been -written on the statute books of New York -and a dozen other States. These laws, -when tested by the courts, have invariably -been held unconstitutional on the ground -that they interfered with interstate commerce. -The Booher-Hughes bill has -therefore been introduced into Congress -and is supported by the American Federation -of Labor and the national committee -on prison labor. This bill is modelled -after the Wilson liquor law, which restricts -interstate commerce in spirituous -liquors, and it is hoped in the event of its -passage that the State branding and licensing -laws will be possible of enforcement.</p> - -<p>“New York City has long been the -dumping ground for convict-made goods, -and once it is possible to enforce the -New York branding laws the profits to -be derived from prison contracts will be -reduced to a minimum. So great is the -contractor’s fear of the effect of such -legislation as the Booher-Hughes bill that -many contracts contain the proviso that -on its passage they shall immediately become -null and void.</p> - -<p>“The destruction of the contract system -would necessitate the building up of -other systems for the employment of convicts. -In the constructive programme -which will be worked out in each of the -States, road work, endorsed as it is by -the national committee on prison labor -and other agencies for prison reform, -would play a large part. The passage of -the Booher-Hughes convict labor bill is -therefore of definite importance to all -interested in the movement for placing -convicts on the public roads.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Federal Prison Superintendent Appointed.</em>—Francis -H. Duehay, of Washington, -has been appointed superintendent -of prisons by the Attorney-General, displacing -Robert V. La Dow, who has held -that post through several administrations -during the past eight or ten years. Mr. -La Dow becomes assistant superintendent -of prisons.</p> - -<p>In appointing a new man to this office -and displacing Mr. La Dow, Attorney-General -McReynolds gave as his reason -the desire to have a man of his own -selection at the head of prison affairs. He -found no fault with the administration -of Mr. La Dow, and indicated that his -appreciation of his work was shown by -the retention of Mr. La Dow’s services<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -and experience in the subordinate position.</p> - -<p>The Attorney-General has displayed -considerable anxiety to bring about better -conditions in the administration of -prisons. He has made it known that he -is working on a plan for adequate inspection -and improvement in the parole -system. He considers the care of Federal -prisoners as one of the important -duties placed in his charge, and has expressed -his desire that the best conditions -possible shall prevail.</p> - -<p>The problem of what employment to -provide for prisoners is one that is giving -the Attorney-General deep concern. With -the objection to competition between -prison-made goods and the products of -free labor in mind, he is weighing the -possibilities of providing occupation not -subject to such objection. The necessity -of finding some employment to fill in the -life of the man in prison he appears -thoroughly to subscribe to. (Washington -Star, Jan. 25.)</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Record of “Camp Hope,” Illinois.</em>—In -September, 1913, Warden E. M. -Allen established a camp at Dixon, Ill., -the road workers being State prisoners.</p> - -<p>Of the sixty-five men who have been -at the camp in the last four or five -months, Harry West, who is now clerk -of the camp and has ten months yet to -serve, said:</p> - -<p>“The boys are all on the square yet -and there isn’t a man who hasn’t kept his -word of honor with the warden given at -Joliet before we started for camp.”</p> - -<p>The men have worked eight hours -every day since they started on road -building, except Saturday afternoon, -Sundays and holidays. The work accomplished -has been highly satisfactory to -the local commissioners and the people.</p> - -<p>Fifteen of the original party of forty-five -men have been released by pardon -or otherwise. One convict was returned -to Joliet because of his failure to make -good.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Another Step in the Honor System.</em>—Warden -Tynan, of Colorado, who has -been a prominent user of the honor system, -plans now a six-acre baseball and -athletic field, built for and by convicts, -with accommodations for the general -public as well as convicts as spectators, -to be opened this spring.</p> - -<p>“To build up a man mentally and -morally,” said Tynan in announcing the -innovation, “I know from experience you -have to build him up physically.”</p> - -<p>The ballplayers and athletes who are -to be allowed to use the field are those -who cannot be trusted to work in the -road gangs, at the prison ranches, or to -join the fishing parties the warden allows -his honor men.</p> - -<p>Permission to use the field must be -earned by good conduct, which will be -marked by the presentation of an honor -button. The button admits the bearer to -the field or to the grandstand.</p> - -<p>The public will be admitted through -one gate and the convict-spectators -through another. Provision will be made -to prevent breaks for liberty.</p> - -<p>After the baseball season closes, a football -team will use the field, and a basketball -season will follow.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The “Movies” and Portland Prison.</em>—A -London (Eng.) dispatch to the Washington -(D. C.) Post on January 16 states -that the English Government has, in the -opinion of most observers, gone to ridiculous -lengths in its opposition to certain -moving picture films, showing a thrilling -escape from Portland prison. “The film -has been banned by the Home Office -after the board had passed it. The company -producing the film, which is called -‘Five Hundred Pounds Reward,’ has been -curtly informed that it must not be shown -publicly. The pictures were taken in a -private quarry at Portland.</p> - -<p>“It is a well-known fact that no convict -ever has escaped from Portland, but, in -spite of this, the Home Office has threatened -to confiscate the entire film, which -has cost a good deal to produce, unless -the greater portion of it is cut out.</p> - -<p>“It is stated at the office of the British -board of film censors that all houses, -other than government property, in the -neighborhood of Portland prison and -quarries are to be cleared away, and the -wall surrounding the quarries to be raised -twenty feet, the authorities being apparently -under the impression that the film -was taken with the aid of a telephoto -lens.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>Shackles in Tennessee.</em>—A Nashville -newspaper states that, “as a result of -revolting conditions said to have been -found on the county roads in a tour of -inspection, a majority of the members of -the workhouse board has declared that -use of shackles on prisoners must be -abolished.</p> - -<p>“According to the statement of one -of the members who inspected the camps, -the use of shackles on human beings is -barbarous, and the suffering and inconvenience -caused the prisoners by being -forced to wear the irons could only be -realized by seeing a prisoner who wore -chains which reached from knee to ankle -and a cross chain connecting each leg.</p> - -<p>“Squire Allen, in speaking of the conditions -which he found to be caused -from the use of shackles, said that several -of the prisoners’ legs were almost decayed -under the clamps which held the -chains. Squire Allen said that especially -in the cases of long-term men—those -who were sent up for eleven -months and twenty-nine days—the wearing -of the chains was a horrible thing to -think about. He said abolishing the custom -of wearing the irons would be a -great reform in the modern method of -caring for the county prisoners.</p> - -<p>“The shackles are riveted on the legs -of the prisoners the day they are received -at the camps, and the irons are -never removed for any purpose until -the day the prisoner is given his liberty. -The prisoner is forced to sleep in the -chains, it is said, and it is impossible to -remove the shackles without the aid of -a skillful blacksmith.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Moyamensing Prison Investigation.</em>—Philadelphia’s -old prison is now being -investigated. The January grand jury -made, among other statements, the following:</p> - -<p>“No bond of humane feeling existed -between the keepers and the prisoners.</p> - -<p>“The closets in the cells are foul-smelling, -germ-breeding holes of sickness.</p> - -<p>“The old straw mattresses upon which -the prisoners sleep are really filled with -vermin.</p> - -<p>“The conditions of the cells of the untried -prisoners are worse than the cells -of those serving a sentence.</p> - -<p>“He deserves all he gets, let him have -it, is apparently the motto at Moyamensing.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Missouri State Prison.</em>—“The -Missouri penitentiary at Jefferson City -is twenty-five years behind the times. -It is a source of shame to all Missourians.” -That is the substance of a statement -on the Missouri penitentiary by -Dr. C. A. Ellwood, professor of sociology -in the University of Missouri.</p> - -<p>Dr. Ellwood says the blame does not -rest on individuals so much as the system. -For fifteen years he has been -working to secure an industrial reformatory -for the State. He also thinks the -“contract system” is a great force for -evil. It makes easier the smuggling of -opium, the worst curse of a prison. Seventy -per cent. of the long term prisoners -are slaves of the drug, according to a -former warden.</p> - -<p>Professor Ellwood blames the present -and former officials for thinking every -attack on the system was a personal attack. -They resist and make impossible -every effort which is made to ascertain -the real state of affairs. This is in contrast -with the Kansas officials, where -the conditions in the penitentiary are -just as bad. There the warden and his -helpers are doing all they can to reform -the prison system and conditions.</p> - -<p>Dr. Ellwood points out that the general -knowledge of these conditions has -done much to defeat the whole aim of -criminal law in Missouri. Judges and -juries are inclined to show undue leniency -toward accused and convicted persons. -They hesitate to send them into -such a place.</p> - -<p>Yet with this general knowledge, it -is hard to arouse the people of the State -to action because the institution turns -thousands of dollars into the State treasury -every year. The only large opposition -has come from labor unions. Several -years ago a law was passed abolishing -the convict labor system. It was -never enforced and in the last legislature -it was virtually repealed. The authorities -were authorized to renew contracts -for labor at 75 cents a day for -each prisoner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<p>Thus the system was continued which -made it possible to continue the traffic -in drugs. Also they continue to punish -individuals for crimes for which the system -is responsible. With more than a -hundred contractors’ agents within the -walls, it is clearly impossible to stop the -smuggling.</p> - -<p>The existence of contract labor is not -the most serious fault, according to Dr. -Ellwood. In the Missouri penitentiary, -first offenders and hardened criminals -intermingle. No school exists in the -prison. Punishment, not reformation, is -its dominant note. Several of the cell-houses -are antiquated in their arrangements.</p> - -<p>A warden once said he never knew a -man who was benefited by his confinement -there. A penitentiary physician told -Dr. Ellwood there was as much dissipation -within as outside the walls. The -only separation of prisoners is for punishment.</p> - -<p>A full and thorough investigation of -conditions is the remedy. An industrial -reformatory is a necessity. These are -the two things which should be done at -once by Missouri, says Prof. Ellwood.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>A New Prison for Kansas.</em>—According -to the Kansas City Star, the commission -to investigate and suggest plans -for a new Kansas Penitentiary at Lansing -is to go to work at once.</p> - -<p>The commission is to visit all of the -new prisons in the country and study -the plans worked out in those institutions -for the humane, sanitary and convenient -housing of the prisoners. The -State architect is to accompany the commission -to gather ideas for the rebuilding.</p> - -<p>The first proposition the commission -must decide is whether or not it will rebuild -the prison on its present site or -build on a new site adjacent to the prison -walls. If that is done it will be a complete -new prison as far as housing conditions -are concerned and the present -prison will be used entirely as a workshop. -If it is decided that the new prison -should be built on the present site -then the commission must first decide -what is the most pressing need and urge -the legislature to provide for the most -urgent building at once.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Progress in Nebraska.</em>—According to -the Lincoln (Neb.) Journal, “one year -ago Warden Fenton took up his duties -at the Nebraska penitentiary. During -the year he has organized the work at -the prison in many ways. The honor -system has been used among the convicts -both in and out of the prison. At some -times fifty men have been working in -various parts of Lancaster county, unattended -by guards and making no effort -to escape. Not one prisoner has escaped -from the penitentiary itself during the -year. Baron von Werner was one man -who broke his word to the prison authorities -and since he was recaptured at -Woodstock, Ill., has been deprived of -the privileges which he previously enjoyed. -He had been taken to the home -of Chaplain Johnson at Tecumseh for a -visit and escaped from that town. Warden -Fenton is pleased with the spirit of -co-operation which exists between the -prison officials and the convicts. He -says that most of the prisoners are assisting -in maintaining order and that -they realize that every effort to help -them is being made. The suppression -of the dope traffic is one of the reforms -which Warden Fenton feels has been the -most important act of his administration.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Commissioner Randall on the Training -of Judges.</em>—At the Twentieth Century -Club in Boston recently, Commissioner -Randall urged that the great law -institutions should have special courses -in penology. “The law students of to-day -become your district attorneys and -judges of tomorrow. They should have -some knowledge of the science which -treats on public punishments in respect -to the public and the sufferer.</p> - -<p>“Most lawyers,” he added, “know little -or nothing of penology. There are -100,000 persons in prison today for felony. -More than 12,000 defectives are -freed each year who cannot care for -themselves. Thus we have an army of -defence (meaning soldiers) and an army -of offence of about equal numbers.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> - -<p><em>A Sad Commentary on Prison Labor.</em>—Pieces -of wood from almost every interesting -spot in history, and from practically -all of the countries of the globe, -are contained in a table constructed by -John H. Abraham, of Percy, while he -was a prisoner in the Western Penitentiary.</p> - -<p>The table consists of 25,497 pieces -and is 56 inches in diameter. In the -center is a star representing King Solomon, -from which radiate 1,000 pieces of -wood, representing his wives. Six Masonic -emblems also surround the center -panel; in another panel is an exact copy -of the log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln -was born, the wood used having -been taken from the original cabin in -Kentucky. Surrounding the Masonic -emblems are 48 stars to represent the -number of States in the Union.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>A Prison Car for Montreal.</em>—The <cite>Delinquent</cite> -has from time to time published -accounts of the indignities heaped upon -prisoners by public transportation in -handcuffs or chains in this country. -Some European countries spare prisoners -this humiliation, which is no part of -a prison sentence.</p> - -<p>Now we learn that the Montreal street -railway has recently completed for the -Province of Quebec a 54-passenger car -for transportation of prisoners twice a -day between Montreal and the new prison -at Bordeaux, 7 miles distant.</p> - -<p>According to the Electric Railway -Journal the car is divided into two compartments -for the purpose of separating -convicted from accused persons. The -front platform is provided with a cab for -the motorman, while the rear platform -is arranged as a compartment for the -prison officials who may be required to -accompany the prisoners. The guard’s -place is in front of this compartment on -a seat which is elevated so as to give -him a better view of the prisoners.</p> - -<p>The sides of the car are of sheet steel. -The windows, of course, are placed -above the line of vision. The car is run -directly into the prison yard.</p> - -<p>The Montreal Tramways Company is -the first in America to build a car of this -kind. Prison cars have been built by the -Great Berlin Street Railway. This -method of conveying prisoners is cheaper -than the use of the ordinary patrol wagons, -and, furthermore, the inmates are -saved a great deal of needless humiliation. -“The adoption of the trolley-car -service by the Montreal penal authorities -is in harmony with the many humane -features of the Bordeaux institution, -which is a splendid example of a modern -prison.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>What the New Ohio Penitentiary Will -Be.</em>—From the Louisville (Ky.) Herald -we learn that “the new penitentiary of -Ohio is going to be a great 1,600-acre -farm, modeled after the Cooley farm at -Warrensville, which is used by Cleveland -instead of the orthodox workhouses -of other cities.</p> - -<p>“In this new kind of penitentiary the -prisoners will sleep in white iron beds—not -in cells!</p> - -<p>“They will work outdoors without -guard!</p> - -<p>“They will go to school to learn the -interesting things they have never heard -of!</p> - -<p>“They will be taught trades so when -they leave they can earn an honest living -out in the world!</p> - -<p>“They will get exercise, medical attention -and the best of foods.</p> - -<p>“They will get the benefit of all the -latest discoveries in scientific penology.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Good Doctrine.</em>—The New Bedford -Standard says that “no amount of kindly -sympathy for prisoners can obliterate -the truth that in too many instances they -are in prison because they would not -heed their own moral responsibilities. -They are to be pitied, certainly, and -helped, of course. But all the pity and -all the help will be ineffectual unless it -leads up to a practical recognition of the -truth that to be truly free, they must -strike the blow themselves.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Women of the Civic Federation -and Prison Reform.</em>—The American -Clubwoman comments upon the growing -activity of club women in prison reform, -a subject in which women always -have been especially interested. It says:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Prison reform is occupying the attention -of several large organizations of -women. The women’s department of -the National Civic Federation, Miss -Maude Wetmore, national chairman, will -make this one of its most important topics -during the coming year. This powerful -organization will not only act as a -clearing house to classify and prevent -duplication of effort, but it will also embrace -county almshouses and city jails -in the scope of its constructive work.</p> - -<p>“At its last biennial meeting the General -Federation of Women’s Clubs -adopted resolutions protesting against -the contract and convict lease system of -exploiting the labor of prisoners for the -benefit of private contractors. It endorsed -the plan of paying the prisoner -wages that he might contribute to the -support of his family and have a little -fund to start life anew when restored to -freedom.</p> - -<p>“The women of the National Civic Federation -also take this advanced stand, -but the first prison work that women find -at hand is the investigation of actual -conditions in penal institutions. If political -graft is eliminated from prison -management, many reforms may at once -be carried into effect.</p> - -<p>“Good sanitary conditions should be -imperative in every public institution. -Already it is found that Federal prisons, -being practically free from graft, are -the best from a hygienic point of view. -County almshouses and jails nearly always -reveal ghastly abuses. The reason -is not far to seek. The latter class of -institutions are at the mercy of the lowest -type of political manipulators.</p> - -<p>“The moment women begin to investigate, -reforms are forthcoming. Already -the women of the Civic Federation have -immensely improved the deplorable state -of the jail of the District of Columbia. -An awful condition of affairs had existed -there for years, right under the eye of -the legislators of the Nation. They simply -did not take the trouble to acquaint -themselves with the facts. That, as -usual, was left for the women to do.</p> - -<p>“In a score of States club women -have succeeded in improving conditions -of prisons and in some cases they have -secured the appointment of women on -the visiting boards of prisons and reformatories.</p> - -<p>“With the intelligent women of the -Nation working together we may expect -to see great advances in prison management -in the next two years.</p> - -<p>“This is not sentimentalism. It is -good, practical logic. It is literally an -economy to reform our prisoners and -send them back to freedom as useful -citizens.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Charge Against the Atlanta Federal -Prison.</em>—Grave charges have been, -in recent months, brought against the -United States Federal Penitentiary at -Atlanta by Julian Hawthorne, who was -released in October, 1913. The Washington -(D. C.) Herald of January 22d, -1914, prints the following:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The report of Dr. A. J. McKelway, special -agent of the Department of Justice, who -investigated the charges against the administration -of the Federal prison at Atlanta -gathered by Representative W. Schley Howard, -of Georgia, and submitted to Attorney -General McReynolds, exonerates Warden -Moyer and his subordinates and concludes -with the declaration that a satisfactory condition -exists at the penitentiary.</p> - -<p>As far as the Attorney General is concerned -the receipt of the report from Dr. -McKelway ends the situation created by the -submission of the Howard data. No change -in the personnel of the present administration -of the affairs of the prison will be made. No -change will be ordered immediately in the -management of the institution.</p> - -<p>Mr. McKelway began his investigation -soon after the publication of the charges -made by Julian Hawthorne. He was instructed -to look into these as well as other -charges and statements that had been made -from time to time with regard to the prison. -He was in the midst of this investigation -when the Howard data was submitted to the -department. Summaries of the charges included -in this data were forwarded to him -by the Attorney General with instructions -that they be inquired into carefully.</p> - -<p>The Attorney General did not think it wise -to give publicity to the entire report for the -reason that many sections of it contained information -which he thought should be withheld -in the interest of the efficient administration -of the prison.</p> - -<p>Dr. McKelway, Mr. McReynolds said, had -made an extended series of observations upon -the treatment of the prisoners in the penitentiary. -He had examined the food served -them; had sought to inform himself upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -whether they are treated humanely, and -whether the guards and prisoners have been -subjected to a system of favoritism as had -been charged. Efforts had been made to ascertain -if the business affairs of the prison -were administered by the authorities conscientiously -and honestly.</p> - -<p>The investigator finally was convinced that -Warden Moyer’s administration should be -praised instead of blamed. He believes the -prison is operated in a manner creditable to -the government.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Subsequently Representative Howard -expressed himself as satisfied with the -results of Dr. McKelway’s investigation.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>A Deadly Battle at the Oklahoma -Penitentiary.</em>—On January 19, seven -men were shot to death and three persons -wounded when three convicts attempted -to escape from the State penitentiary -of Oklahoma and were slain by -guards.</p> - -<p>No general attempt was made by other -convicts to join in the delivery, but -the three mutineers were encouraged by -their less desperate followers who -cheered the onslaught of the armed prisoners.</p> - -<p>Before the escaping convicts fell, however, -they had killed four men, a guard, -a deputy warden, the superintendent of -the Bertillon department and a visitor, -who was formerly a member of Congress -and a judge. No more desperate -break for liberty has ever occurred in -an American place of confinement, says -the Washington (D. C.) Star. How -the men obtained the weapons with -which they were enabled to fight their -way to the doors and to brief liberty is -a mystery, but obviously they were -smuggled to them by friends. All three -of these were “bad” men, but only one -of them was serving a long sentence. -One had two years to serve in all and -one five years, the third man having been -sentenced for forty years for manslaughter, -probably covering the remainder of -his life. Doubtless they thought that -they could get away, although, of course, -the chances were heavily against them. -Even if they had distanced their immediate -pursuers they would have been -trailed without mercy after having taken -life so recklessly in their escape.</p> - -<p>Such tragedies give pause to the tendency -toward a more lenient system of -punishments, and may discourage those -who believe in paroles and probations -rather than imprisonments. “Men of the -type who broke from the McAlester -prison seem to be absolutely incorrigible. -One of them, he who was serving -the shortest term, had a long record of -law violations and punishments. Under -an habitual criminal’s act he would probably -have been sentenced for his last -offense to a very long term, but, of -course, this would not have altered his -disposition. There would still have remained -the desire to escape and the willingness -to kill if necessary to accomplish -that end. The shocking slaughter points -plainly to the necessity of a more rigid -watchfulness over the desperadoes confined -in prison to prevent them from obtaining -weapons and using them.”</p> - -<p>The St. Louis Republic observes that, -“to make the better ways of prison discipline -effective a man is needed in whom -are combined enthusiasm, sympathy, -firmness and knowledge. It happens -that the Oklahoma penitentiary at this -time is the storm center of a political -quarrel, and the real lesson of the riot -and murders is not one of reaction, but -merely that partisan politics does not -lead to the discovery of such men.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Responsibility of the Church.</em>—Dr. -Frank Moore, superintendent of the -New Jersey State Reformatory at Rahway, -and a clergyman himself, in an address -before the Y. M. C. A. at Atlantic -City declared “crime is on the increase -in America, and the churches and the -ministers are in a large measure to blame -because they do not get the boys and the -men who are unfortunate before they -are gotten by the police and hauled into -court and consigned to the reformatories -or prisons.” Dr. Moore said that in -1910 statistics showed there were 125 arrests -in the United States for every -100,000 of population. In New Jersey -alone there were 53,000 arrests for -crime, exclusive of 9,700 arrests for -drunkenness. In 12 counties in New -Jersey there were 44 murders.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>Socrates on Missouri Prisons.</em>—Here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -is something in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch -which is trying to reform prison -conditions in Missouri:</p> - -<p>Socrates: Very well. Now this is -enough of that light topic. What about -the Missouri prison?</p> - -<p>Thrasymachus: We hoped to talk to -you about that.</p> - -<p>Socrates: Good! It is becoming so -easy to get into prison these days that -one should have some concern for what -may become at any time his own future -state.</p> - -<p>Glaucon: Certainly.</p> - -<p>Socrates: You will recall how unexpectedly -Julian Hawthorne got into prison, -and how he became interested in -prison then for the first time.</p> - -<p>Glaucon: Yes.</p> - -<p>Socrates: Indeed, none of us has -much concern for how other people are -treated in prison.</p> - -<p>Glaucon: It seems not.</p> - -<p>Socrates: The thing to do, then, is -always to view a penitentiary in the humane -light of what we would ourselves -require if we got into it.</p> - -<p>Glaucon: Certainly.</p> - -<p>Socrates: Very well. Viewing it, -then, in the humane light of what we -would require for ourselves if we got -into it, the average prison is unworthy -of our present-day civilization.</p> - -<p>Thrasymachus: Absolutely.</p> - -<p>Socrates: The Missouri prison is so -bad that one must question the advisability -of living in Missouri and running -the usual risk of prison at all.</p> - -<p>Glaucon: Undoubtedly.</p> - -<p>Socrates: Probably that is what is -the matter with Missouri.</p> - -<p>Glaucon: As like as not.</p> - -<p>Socrates: Other things being equal, -people would rather live in some State -where the prison facilities are more up-to-date.</p> - -<p>Thrasymachus: Of course they -would.</p> - -<p>Socrates: Good, Thrasymachus! -Now let us get up in the stand and see -if we can’t help our own courage to do -some of the things that ought to be done.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Construction of a Death House.</em>—The -State of Pennsylvania is -building, at the new Central Prison at -Bellefonte, a separate building for the -housing of condemned prisoners and for -executions. In view of a movement in -a number of States to segregate similarly -the condemned men, the following detailed -description is timely:</p> - -<p>The death house, where is to be -placed the first electric chair in Pennsylvania -for the execution of criminals -since the passage of the law providing -for the substitution of electrocution for -hanging, is to be a long two-story building, -136 feet in length by 29 feet 4 -inches wide. A cellar under the central -portion will contain the heating apparatus, -and on the first floor will be the -gasoline engine for generating the electric -current.</p> - -<p>But it is on the second story of the -severely plain structure of reinforced -concrete and of simple Renaissance type -that interest centers, for here are the -cells for the condemned prisoners, rooms -for visitors and the sinister death chamber -and post mortem room.</p> - -<p>The arrangement is on the corridor -plan. To the right, and occupying nearly -half the floor space, are the cell room -and cells, six of the latter, 7 by 9 feet -in size, being arranged in a row at the -back of the building facing on a well-lighted -room and separated from the -rear wall by what is known as a “pipe -corridor.” At the end of the row is a -bath room, and beyond this a room for -visitors, opening into the cell room -through a gate protected by a grille.</p> - -<p>Beyond the visitors’ room is a room -known as the “Lock,” access to which -is had from the first floor by means of -a curved stairway, and opening into a -sort of antechamber to the cell room -through a gateway and steel door. It -may be said that all of the gates, grilles -and metal doors in the building are to -be of “tool-proof” steel.</p> - -<p>On the other side of the ante-chamber -is the apparatus room, where the rheostats -and other electrical devices will be -placed and where the assistants of the -chief electrician will be stationed during -executions.</p> - -<p>Through a solid wood door, in contradistinction -to the steel doors used -elsewhere, entrance is given into the -death chamber, which will be a spacious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -room, 26 by 29 feet, lighted by six windows, -three on each side, all, of course, -heavily barred. The door is near the -front wall of the building, and that sinister -piece of furniture, the death chair, -is close to the door on the right. Behind -and to the one side of it is the -electrical wall cabinet, at which the electrician -stands, watching the signals -given by the physician in charge of the -electrocution. Running nearly around -the other three sides of the room are -benches for the witnesses required by -law.</p> - -<p>The last room on the floor, into which -a door opens directly from the electrocution -chamber, is the post mortem -room, 19 by 26 feet 8 inches in size, and -equipped with two operating tables, one -of soapstone, the other covered with rubber.</p> - -<p>The execution chair will be constructed -of solid oak, with a high back, -from the top of which the head electrode, -or cap, will project. Attached to -one of the legs will be a connection for -the other electrode which is strapped to -the calf of the condemned person’s leg. -Heavy straps will be attached to appropriate -parts of the chair for securing the -body, arms and legs of the criminal.</p> - -<p>The design and arrangement of the -chair and of the electrical apparatus is -practically the same as used in all of the -States where electrocution is prescribed -as the death penalty.</p> - -<p>The necessity for the erection of the -death house as the first of the group of -the new penitentiary buildings is evident -when it is remembered that death by -hanging is now abolished by law, and -that at present no person condemned to -death can be executed until the facilities -for electrocution have been provided.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><em>The Crucial Period.</em>—A prisoner -writes, in “Good Words,” as follows: -“There is no other situation incident -to mortal life more powerfully conducive -to searching and even creative -thought than is enforced sojourn in a -great prison. This is true of every inmate -in his degree; but in all prisons -there are a number of prisoners who, in -the outer world, had been accustomed -to apply the energy of strong and able -intellects to dealing with the problems -of external life—chiefly, of course, such -are concerned with wresting wealth -and position from the world. When -these men are suddenly removed from -their activities and prevented from -further use of their faculties on the -lines they have been pursuing, a phenomenon -of singular psychological interest -takes place. The immense mental -energy which the man has hitherto -been applying to the management of material -things, is suddenly and violently -thrown back upon himself, and it generally -creates there, at first, a condition -of bewilderment and distress. In the -majority of cases, however, this chaotic -state will be of brief continuance: a reaction -occurs, and the man now directs -the force which had been used in the -ordering and subjugation of concrete -matters, to the region of the immaterial—that -is, of thought. He begins for the -first time—and he has time to spare—to -investigate and dissect the causes of -things; to determine what are the principles -and objects of existence, and of -his own part in it; to ask himself what -is worth doing, and avoiding, and why; -and to measure and weigh the scope and -value of his personal abilities and resources. -The result of such an investigation -must be worth; and the benefit of -it might be, and should be imparted to -others, instead of remaining shut up in -the man’s private breast.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC. of THE DELINQUENT.</p> - -<div class="smallfont boxmasthead"> -<p>Published monthly at New York, N. Y., required by the Act of August 24th, 1912.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Addresses"> -<tr><td class="tdc">NAME OF</td><td class="tdc">POST OFFICE ADDRESS</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Editor, O. F. Lewis,</td><td class="tdl">135 East 15th St., New York City.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Managing Editor, O. F Lewis,</td><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-left:0.75em; padding-right:1.55em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:1.45em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:2.5em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Business Manager, O. F. Lewis,</td><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-left:0.75em; padding-right:1.55em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:1.45em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:2.5em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Publisher, The National Prisoners’ Aid Association,</td><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-left:0.75em; padding-right:1.55em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:1.45em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:2.5em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Owners,<span style="padding-left:1.75em; padding-right:2.4em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:3.5em; padding-right:2.75em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:3em">“</span></td><td class="tdl"><span style="padding-left:0.75em; padding-right:1.55em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:1.45em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“<span style="padding-left:2.5em; padding-right:2em">“</span>“</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>There are no bondholders, mortgagees, or other security holders.<br /> -<span class="smcap" style="padding-left:15em">O. F. Lewis</span>, Editor and Business Manager.</p> - -<p>Sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th day of September, 1913.<br /> -<span class="smcap" style="padding-left:10em">Charles D. Immen, Jr.</span>, Notary Public No. 2, New York County.<br /> -<span style="padding-left:16em">My Commission expires March 31, 1914.</span></p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="chapter"></div><!--Page break for ePub--> - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2 style="margin-top: 0em">Transcriber’s Notes:</h2> - -<p>The Table of Contents was created by the transcriber and placed in the public domain.</p> - -<p>The one footnote has been moved to the end of its article and relabeled.</p> - -<p>Punctuation has been made consistent.</p> - -<p>Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in -the original publication, except that obvious typographical errors -have been corrected.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Delinquent (Vol. IV, No. 2), -February, 1914, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DELINQUENT, FEBRUARY 1914 *** - -***** This file should be named 55081-h.htm or 55081-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/0/8/55081/ - -Produced by Larry B. 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