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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 28,
-January 9, 1841, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 28, January 9, 1841
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: April 28, 2017 [EBook #54624]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JAN 9, 1841 ***
-
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-
-Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org)
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-
-                        THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.
-
-        NUMBER 28.      SATURDAY, JANUARY 9, 1841.      VOLUME I.
-
-[Illustration: CASTLE-CAULFIELD, COUNTY OF TYRONE.]
-
-The subject of our prefixed illustration is one of no small interest,
-whether considered as a fine example--for Ireland--of the domestic
-architecture of the reign of James I, or as an historical memorial of the
-fortunes of the illustrious family whose name it bears--the noble house
-of Charlemont, of which it was the original residence. It is situated
-near the village of the same name, in the parish of Donaghmore, barony of
-Dungannon, and about three miles west of Dungannon, the county town.
-
-Castle-Caulfield owes its erection to Sir Toby Caulfield, afterwards
-Lord Charlemont--a distinguished English soldier who had fought in Spain
-and the Low Countries in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and commanded a
-company of one hundred and fifty men in Ireland in the war with O’Neill,
-Earl of Tyrone, at the close of her reign. For these services he was
-rewarded by the Queen with a grant of part of Tyrone’s estate, and other
-lands in the province of Ulster; and on King James’s accession to the
-British crown, was honoured with knighthood, and made governor of the
-fort of Charlemont, and of the counties of Tyrone and Armagh. At the
-plantation of Ulster he received further grants of lands, and among them
-1000 acres called Ballydonnelly, or O’Donnelly’s town, in the barony of
-Dungannon, on which, in 1614, he commenced the erection of the mansion
-subsequently called Castle-Caulfield. This mansion is described by Pynnar
-in his Survey of Ulster in 1618-19, in the following words:--
-
-“Sir Toby Caulfield hath one thousand acres called Ballydonnell [_recte_
-Ballydonnelly], whereunto is added beside what was certified by Sir
-Josias Bodley, a fair house or castle, the front whereof is eighty feet
-in length and twenty-eight feet in breadth from outside to outside, two
-cross ends fifty feet in length and twenty-eight feet in breadth: the
-walls are five feet thick at the bottom, and four at the top, very good
-cellars under ground, and all the windows are of hewn stone. Between
-the two cross ends there goeth a wall, which is eighteen feet high, and
-maketh a small court within the building. This work at this time is but
-thirteen feet high, and a number of men at work for the sudden finishing
-of it. There is also a strong bridge over the river, which is of lime and
-stone, with strong buttresses for the supporting of it. And to this is
-joined a good water-mill for corn, all built of lime and stone. This is
-at this time the fairest building I have seen. Near unto this Bawne there
-is built a town, in which there is fifteen English families, who are able
-to make twenty men with arms.”
-
-The ruins of this celebrated mansion seem to justify the opinion
-expressed by Pynnar, that it was the fairest building he had seen, that
-is, in the counties of the plantation, for there are no existing remains
-of any house erected by the English or Scottish undertakers equal to
-it in architectural style. It received, however, from the second Lord
-Charlemont, the addition of a large gate-house with towers, and also of a
-strong keep or donjon.
-
-From the ancient maps of Ulster of Queen Elizabeth’s time, preserved in
-the State Paper Office, Castle-Caulfield appears to have been erected
-on the site of a more ancient castle or fort, called Fort O’Donallie,
-from the chief of the ancient Irish family of O’Donghaile or O’Donnelly,
-whose residence it was, previously to the confiscation of the northern
-counties; and the small lake in its vicinity was called Lough O’Donallie.
-This family of O’Donnelly were a distinguished branch of the Kinel-Owen,
-or northern Hy-Niall race, of which the O’Neills were the chiefs in the
-sixteenth century; and it was by one of the former that the celebrated
-Shane or John O’Neill, surnamed the proud, and who also bore the cognomen
-of Donghailach, or the Donnellian, was fostered, as appears from the
-following entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, at the year 1531:--
-
-“Ballydonnelly was assaulted by Niall Oge, the son of Art, who was the
-son of Con O’Neill. He demolished the castle, and having made a prisoner
-of the son of O’Neill, who was the foster-son of O’Donnelly, he carried
-him off, together with several horses and the other spoils of the place.”
-
-We have felt it necessary to state the preceding facts relative to the
-ancient history of Ballydonnelly, or Castle-Caulfield, as it is now
-denominated, because an error of Pynnar’s, in writing the ancient name as
-Ballydonnell--not Ballydonnelly, as it should have been--has been copied
-by Lodge, Archdall, and all subsequent writers; some of whom have fallen
-into a still more serious mistake, by translating the name as “the town
-of O’Donnell,” thus attributing the ancient possession of the locality
-to a family to whom it never belonged. That Ballydonnelly was truly,
-as we have stated, the ancient name of the place, and that it was the
-patrimonial residence of the chief of that ancient family, previously
-to the plantation of Ulster, must be sufficiently indicated by the
-authorities we have already adduced; but if any doubt on this fact could
-exist, it would be removed by the following passage in an unpublished
-Irish MS. Journal of the Rebellion of 1641, in our own possession,
-from which it appears that, as usual with the representatives of the
-dispossessed Irish families on the breaking out of that unhappy conflict,
-the chief of the O’Donnellys seized upon the Castle-Caulfield mansion as
-of right his own:--
-
-“October 1641. Lord Caulfield’s castle in Ballydonnelly (_Baile I
-Donghoile_) was taken by Patrick Moder (the gloomy) O’Donnelly.”
-
-The Lord Charlemont, with his family, was at this time absent from
-his home in command of the garrison of Charlemont, and it was not his
-fate ever to see it afterwards; he was treacherously captured in his
-fortress about the same period by the cruel Sir Phelim O’Neill, and was
-barbarously murdered while under his protection, if not, as seems the
-fact, by his direction, on the 1st of March following. Nor was this
-costly and fairest house of its kind in “the north” ever after inhabited
-by any of his family; it was burned in those unhappy “troubles,” and left
-the melancholy, though picturesque memorial of sad events which we now
-see it.
-
-                                                                       P.
-
-
-
-
-THE LAKE OF THE LOVERS, A LEGEND OF LEITRIM.
-
-
-How many lovely spots in this our beautiful country are never embraced
-within those pilgrimages after the picturesque, which numbers
-periodically undertake, rather to see what is known to many, and
-therefore should be so to them, than to visit nature, for her own sweet
-sake, in her more devious and undistinguished haunts! For my part, I
-am well pleased that the case stands thus. I love to think that I am
-treading upon ground unsullied by the footsteps of the now numerous
-tribe of mere professional peripatetics--that my eyes are wandering over
-scenery, the freshness of which has been impaired by no transfer to the
-portfolio of the artist or the tablets of the poetaster: that, save
-the scattered rustic residents, there is no human link to connect its
-memorials with the days of old, and, save their traditionary legends, no
-story to tell of its fortunes in ancient times. The sentiment is no doubt
-selfish as well as anti-utilitarian; but then I must add that it is only
-occasional, and will so far be pardoned by all who know how delightful
-it is to take refuge in the indulgent twilight of tradition from the
-rugged realities of recorded story. At all events, a rambler in any of
-our old, and especially mountainous tracts, will rarely lack abundant
-aliment for his thus modified sense of beauty, sublimity, or antiquarian
-fascination; and scenes have unexpectedly opened upon me in the solitudes
-of the hills and lakes of some almost untrodden and altogether unwritten
-districts, that have had more power to stir my spirit than the lauded and
-typographed, the versified and pictured magnificence of Killarney or of
-Cumberland, of Glendalough or of Lomond. It may have been perverseness
-of taste, or the fitness of mood, or the influence of circumstance, but
-I have been filled with a feeling of the beautiful when wandering among
-noteless and almost nameless localities to which I have been a stranger,
-when standing amid the most boasted beauties with the appliances of
-hand-book and of guide, with appetite prepared, and sensibilities on the
-alert. It is I suppose partly because the power of beauty being relative,
-a high pitch of expectancy requires a proportionate augmentation of
-excellence, and partly because the tincture of contrariety in our
-nature ever inclines us to enact the perverse critic, when called on to
-be the implicit votary. This in common with most others I have often
-felt, but rarely more so than during a casual residence some short
-time since among the little celebrated, and therefore perhaps a little
-more charming, mountain scenery of the county, which either has been,
-or might be, called Leitrim of the Lakes; for a tract more pleasantly
-diversified with well-set sheets of water, it would I think be difficult
-to name. Almost every hill you top has its still and solitary tarn, and
-almost every amphitheatre you enter, encompasses its wild and secluded
-lake--not seldom bearing on its placid bosom some little islet, linked
-with the generations past, by monastic or castellated ruins, as its
-seclusion or its strength may have invited the world-wearied anchorite to
-contemplation, or the predatory chieftain to defence.
-
-On such a remote and lonely spot I lately chanced to alight, in the
-course of a long summer day’s ramble among the heights and hollows of
-that lofty range which for a considerable space abuts upon the borders
-of Sligo and Roscommon. The ground was previously unknown to me, and
-with all the zest which novelty and indefiniteness can impart, I started
-staff in hand with the early sun, and ere the mists had melted from the
-purple heather of their cloud-like summits, was drawing pure and balmy
-breath within the lonely magnificence of the hills. About noon, as I was
-casting about for some pre-eminently happy spot to fling my length for
-an hour or two’s repose, I reached the crest of a long gradual ascent
-that had been some time tempting me to look what lay beyond; and surely
-enough I found beauty sufficient to dissolve my weariness, had it been
-tenfold multiplied, and to allay my pulse, had it throbbed with the
-vehemence of fever. An oblong valley girdled a lovely lake on every side;
-here with precipitous impending cliffs, and there with grassy slopes of
-freshest emerald that seemed to woo the dimpling waters to lave their
-loving margins, and, as if moved with a like impulse, the little wavelets
-met the call with the gentle dalliance of their ebb and flow. A small
-wooded island, with its fringe of willows trailing in the water, stood
-about a furlong from the hither side, and in the centre of its tangled
-brake, my elevation enabled me to descry what I may call the remnants of
-a ruin--for so far had it gone in its decay--here green, there grey, as
-the moss, the ivy, or the pallid stains of time, had happened to prevail.
-A wild duck, with its half-fledged clutch, floated fearless from its
-sedgy shore. More remote, a fishing heron stood motionless on a stone,
-intent on its expected prey; and the only other animated feature in the
-quiet scene was a fisherman who had just moored his little boat, and
-having settled his tackle, was slinging his basket on his arm and turning
-upward in the direction where I lay. I watched the old man toiling up
-the steep, and as he drew nigh, hailed him, as I could not suffer him to
-pass without learning at least the name, if it had one, of this miniature
-Amhara. He readily complied, and placing his fish-basket on the ground,
-seated himself beside it, not unwilling to recover his breath and recruit
-his scanty stock of strength almost expended in the ascent. “We call it,”
-said he in answer to my query, “the Lake of the Ruin, or sometimes, to
-such as know the story, the Lake of the Lovers, after the two over whom
-the tombstone is placed inside yon mouldering walls. It is an old story.
-My grandfather told me, when a child, that he minded his grandfather
-telling it to him, and for anything he could say, it might have come down
-much farther. Had I time, I’d be proud to tell it to your honour, who
-seems a stranger in these parts, for it’s not over long; but I have to go
-to the Hall, and that’s five long miles off, with my fish for dinner, and
-little time you’ll say I have to spare, though it be down hill nearly all
-the way.” It would have been too bad to allow such a well-met chronicler
-to pass unpumped, and, putting more faith in the attractions of my pocket
-than of my person, I produced on the instant my luncheon-case and
-flask, and handing him a handsome half of the contents of the former,
-made pretty sure of his company for a time, by keeping the latter in my
-own possession till I got him regularly launched in the story, when, to
-quicken at once his recollection and his elocution, I treated him to an
-inspiring draught. When he had told his tale, he left me with many thanks
-for the refection; and I descending to his boat, entered it, and with the
-aid of a broken oar contrived to scull myself over to the island, the
-scene of the final fortunes of Connor O’Rourke and Norah M’Diarmod, the
-faithful-hearted but evil-fated pair who were in some sort perpetuated in
-its name. There, in sooth, within the crumbled walls, was the gravestone
-which covered the dust of him the brave and her the beautiful; and
-seating myself on the fragment of a sculptured capital, that showed
-how elaborately reared the ruined edifice had been, I bethought me how
-poorly man’s existence shows even beside the work of his own hands, and
-endeavoured for a time to make my thoughts run parallel with the history
-of this once-venerated but now forsaken, and, save by a few, forgotten
-structure; but finding myself fail in the attempt, settled my retrospect
-on that brief period wherein it was identified with the two departed
-lovers whose story I had just heard, and which, as I sat by their lowly
-sepulchre, I again repeated to myself.
-
-This lake, as my informant told me, once formed a part of the boundary
-between the possessions of O’Rourke the Left-handed and M’Diarmod the
-Dark-faced, as they were respectively distinguished, two small rival
-chiefs, petty in property but pre-eminent in passion, to whom a most
-magnificent mutual hatred had been from generations back “bequeathed from
-bleeding sire to son”--a legacy constantly swelled by accruing outrages,
-for their paramount pursuits were plotting each other’s detriment or
-destruction, planning or parrying plundering inroads, inflicting or
-avenging injuries by open violence or secret subtlety, as seemed more
-likely to promote their purposes. At the name of an O’Rourke, M’Diarmod
-would clutch his battle-axe, and brandish it as if one of the detested
-clan were within its sweep: and his rival, nothing behind in hatred,
-would make the air echo to his deep-drawn imprecation on M’Diarmod
-and all his abominated breed when any thing like an opportunity was
-afforded him. Their retainers of course shared the same spirit of mutual
-abhorrence, exaggerated indeed, if that were possible, by their more
-frequent exposure to loss in cattle and in crops, for, as is wont to be
-the case, the cottage was incontinently ravaged when the stronghold was
-prudentially respected. O’Rourke had a son, an only one, who promised
-to sustain or even raise the reputation of the clan, for the youth knew
-not what it was to blench before flesh and blood--his feet were over
-foremost, in the wolf-hunt or the foray, and in agility, in valour, or
-in vigour, none within the compass of a long day’s travel could stand
-in comparison with young Connor O’Rourke. Detestation of the M’Diarmods
-had been studiously instilled from infancy, of course; but although the
-youth’s cheek would flush and his heart beat high when any perilous
-adventure was the theme, yet, so far at least, it sprang more from
-the love of prowess and applause than from the deadly hostility that
-thrilled in the pulses of his father and his followers. In the necessary
-intervals of forbearance, as in seed-time, harvest, or other brief
-breathing-spaces, he would follow the somewhat analogous and bracing
-pleasures of the chase; and often would the wolf or the stag--for shaggy
-forests then clothed these bare and desert hills--fall before his spear
-or his dogs, as he fleetly urged the sport afoot. It chanced one evening
-that in the ardour of pursuit he had followed a tough, long-winded stag
-into the dangerous territory of M’Diarmod. The chase had taken to the
-water of the lake, and he with his dogs had plunged in after in the
-hope of heading it; but having failed in this, and in the hot flush of
-a hunter’s blood scorning to turn back, he pressed it till brought down
-within a few spear-casts of the M’Diarmod’s dwelling. Proud of having
-killed his venison under the very nose of the latter, he turned homeward
-with rapid steps; for, the fire of the chase abated, he felt how fatal
-would be the discovery of his presence, and was thinking with complacency
-upon the wrath of the old chief on hearing of the contemptuous feat, when
-his eye was arrested by a white figure moving slowly in the shimmering
-mists of nightfall by the margin of the lake. Though insensible to the
-fear of what was carnal and of the earth, he was very far from being so
-to what savoured of the supernatural, and, with a slight ejaculation half
-of surprise and half of prayer, he was about changing his course to give
-it a wider berth, when his dogs espied it, and, recking little of the
-spiritual in its appearance, bounded after it in pursuit. With a slight
-scream that proclaimed it feminine as well as human, the figure fled, and
-the youth had much to do both with legs and lungs to reach her in time to
-preserve her from the rough respects of his ungallant escort. Beautiful
-indignation lightened from the dark eyes and sat on the pouting lip of
-Norah M’Diarmod--for it was the chieftain’s daughter--as she turned
-disdainfully towards him.
-
-“Is it the bravery of an O’Rourke to hunt a woman with his dogs? Young
-chief, you stand upon the ground of M’Diarmod, and your name from the
-lips of her”--she stopped, for she had time to glance again upon his
-features, and had no longer heart to upbraid one who owned a countenance
-so handsome and so gallant, so eloquent of embarrassment as well as
-admiration.
-
-Her tone of asperity and wounded pride declined into a murmur of
-acquiescence as she hearkened to the apologies and deprecations of the
-youth, whose gallantry and feats had so often rung in her ears, though
-his person she had but casually seen, and his voice she had never before
-heard. The case stood similar with Connor. He had often listened to the
-praises of Norah’s beauty; he had occasionally caught distant glimpses of
-her graceful figure; and the present sight, or after recollection, often
-mitigated his feelings to her hostile clan, and, to his advantage, the
-rugged old chief was generally associated with the lovely dark-eyed girl
-who was his only child.
-
-Such being their respective feelings, what could be the result of
-their romantic rencounter? They were both young, generous children
-of nature, with hearts fraught with the unhacknied feelings of youth
-and inexperience: they had drunk in sentiment with the sublimities
-of their mountain homes, and were fitted for higher things than the
-vulgar interchange of animosity and contempt. Of this they soon were
-conscious, and they did not separate until the stars began to burn above
-them, and not even then, before they had made arrangements for at least
-another--one more secret interview. The islet possessed a beautiful
-fitness for their trysting place, as being accessible from either side,
-and little obnoxious to observation; and many a moonlight meeting--for
-the _one_ was inevitably multiplied--had these children of hostile
-fathers, perchance on the very spot on which my eyes now rested, and
-the unbroken stillness around had echoed to their gladsome greetings or
-their faltering farewells. Neither dared to divulge an intercourse that
-would have stirred to frenzy the treasured rancour of their respective
-parents, each of whom would doubtless have preferred a connexion with
-a blackamoor--if such were then in circulation--to their doing such
-grievous despite to that ancient feud which as an heirloom had been
-transmitted from ancestors whose very names they scarcely knew. M’Diarmod
-the Dark-faced was at best but a gentle tiger even to his only child; and
-though his stern cast-iron countenance would now and then relax beneath
-her artless blandishments, yet even with the lovely vision at his side,
-he would often grimly deplore that she had not been a son, to uphold the
-name and inherit the headship of the clan, which on his demise would
-probably pass from its lineal course; and when he heard of the bold
-bearing of the heir of O’Rourke, he thought he read therein the downfall
-of the M’Diarmods when he their chief was gone. With such ill-smothered
-feelings of discontent he could not but in some measure repulse the
-filial regards of Norah, and thus the confiding submission that would
-have sprung to meet the endearments of his love, was gradually refused
-to the inconsistencies of his caprice; and the maiden in her intercourse
-with her proscribed lover rarely thought of her father, except as one
-from whom it should be diligently concealed.
-
-But unfortunately this was not to be. One of the night marauders of his
-clan chanced in an evil hour to see Connor O’Rourke guiding his coracle
-to the island, and at the same time a cloaked female push cautiously
-from the opposite shore for the same spot. Surprised, he crouched among
-the fern till their landing and joyous greeting put all doubt of their
-friendly understanding to flight; and then, thinking only of revenge or
-ransom, the unsentimental scoundrel hurried round the lake to M’Diarmod,
-and informed him that the son of his mortal foe was within his reach.
-The old man leaped from his couch of rushes at the thrilling news, and,
-standing on his threshold, uttered a low gathering-cry, which speedily
-brought a dozen of his more immediate retainers to his presence. As he
-passed his daughter’s apartment, he for the first time asked himself who
-can the woman be? and at the same moment almost casually glanced at
-Norah’s chamber, to see that all there was quiet for the night. A shudder
-of vague terror ran through his sturdy frame as his eye fell on the low
-open window. He thrust in his head, but no sleeper drew breath within; he
-re-entered the house and called aloud upon his daughter, but the echo of
-her name was the only answer. A kern coming up put an end to the search,
-by telling that he had seen his young mistress walking down to the
-water’s edge about an hour before, but that, as she had been in the habit
-of doing so by night for some time past, he had thought but little of it.
-The odious truth was now revealed, and, trembling with the sudden gust of
-fury, the old chief with difficulty rushed to the lake, and, filling a
-couple of boats with his men, told them to pull for the honour of their
-name and for the head of the O’Rourke’s first-born.
-
-During this stormy prelude to a bloody drama, the doomed but unconscious
-Connor was sitting secure within the dilapidated chapel by the side
-of her whom he had won. Her quickened ear first caught the dip of an
-oar, and she told her lover; but he said it was the moaning of the
-night-breeze through the willows, or the ripple of the water among the
-stones, and went on with his gentle dalliance. A few minutes, however,
-and the shock of the keels upon the ground, the tread of many feet, and
-the no longer suppressed cries of the M’Diarmods, warned him to stand on
-his defence; and as he sprang from his seat to meet the call, the soft
-illumination of love was changed with fearful suddenness into the baleful
-fire of fierce hostility.
-
-“My Norah, leave me; you may by chance be rudely handled in the scuffle.”
-
-The terrified but faithful girl fell upon his breast.
-
-“Connor, your fate is mine; hasten to your boat, if it be not yet too
-late.”
-
-An iron-shod hunting pole was his only weapon; and using it with his
-right arm, while Norah hung upon his left, he sprang without further
-parley through an aperture in the wall, and made for the water. But his
-assailants were upon him, the M’Diarmod himself with upraised battle-axe
-at their head.
-
-“Spare my father,” faltered Norah; and Connor, with a mercifully
-directed stroke, only dashed the weapon from the old man’s hand, and
-then, clearing a passage with a vigorous sweep, accompanied with the
-well-known charging cry, before which they had so often quailed, bounded
-through it to the water’s brink. An instant, and with her who was now
-more than his second self, he was once more in his little boat; but,
-alas! it was aground, and so quickly fell the blows against him, that he
-dare not adventure to shove it off. Letting Norah slip from his hold,
-she sank backwards to the bottom of the boat; and then, with both arms
-free, he redoubled his efforts, and after a short but furious struggle
-succeeded in getting the little skiff afloat. Maddened at the sight, the
-old chief rushed breast-deep into the water; but his right arm had been
-disabled by a casual blow, and his disheartened followers feared, under
-the circumstances, to come within range of that well-wielded club. But
-a crafty one among them had already seized on a safer and surer plan.
-He had clambered up an adjacent tree, armed with a heavy stone, and now
-stood on one of the branches above the devoted boat, and summoned him to
-yield, if he would not perish. The young chief’s renewed exertions were
-his only answer.
-
-“Let him escape, and your head shall pay for it,” shouted the infuriated
-father.
-
-The fellow hesitated. “My young mistress?”
-
-“There are enough here to save her, if I will it. Down with the stone, or
-by the blood----”
-
-He needed not to finish the sentence, for down at the word it came,
-striking helpless the youth’s right arm, and shivering the frail timber
-of the boat, which filled at once, and all went down. For an instant
-an arm re-appeared, feebly beating the water in vain--it was the young
-chief’s broken one: the other held his Norah in its embrace, as was seen
-by her white dress flaunting for a few moments on and above the troubled
-surface. The lake at this point was deep, and though there was a rush of
-the M’Diarmods towards it, yet in their confusion they were but awkward
-aids, and the fluttering ensign that marked the fatal spot had sunk
-before they reached it. The strength of Connor, disabled as he was by
-his broken limb, and trammelled by her from whom even the final struggle
-could not dissever him, had failed; and with her he loved locked in his
-last embrace, they were after a time recovered from the water, and laid
-side by side upon the bank, in all their touching, though, alas, lifeless
-beauty! Remorse reached the rugged hearts even of those who had so
-ruthlessly dealt by them; and as they looked on their goodly forms, thus
-cold and senseless by a common fate, the rudest felt that it would be
-an impious and unpardonable deed to do violence to their memory, by the
-separation of that union which death itself had sanctified. Thus were
-they laid in one grave; and, strange as it may appear, their fathers,
-crushed and subdued, exhausted even of resentment by the overwhelming
-stroke--for nothing can quell the stubborn spirit like the extremity of
-sorrow--crossed their arms in amity over their remains, and grief wrought
-the reconciliation which even centuries of time, that great pacificator,
-had failed to do.
-
-The westering sun now warning me that the day was on the wane, I gave but
-another look to the time-worn tombstone, another sigh to the early doom
-of those whom it enclosed, and then, with a feeling of regret, again left
-the little island to its still, unshared, and pensive loneliness.
-
-
-
-
-ANCIENT IRISH LITERATURE--No. IV.
-
-
-The composition which we have selected as our fourth specimen of the
-ancient literature of Ireland, is a poem, more remarkable, perhaps,
-for its antiquity and historical interest, than for its poetic merits,
-though we do not think it altogether deficient in those. It is ascribed,
-apparently with truth, to the celebrated poet Mac Liag, the secretary of
-the renowned monarch Brian Boru, who, as our readers are aware, fell at
-the battle of Clontarf in 1014; and the subject of it is a lamentation
-for the fallen condition of Kincora, the palace of that monarch,
-consequent on his death.
-
-The decease of Mac Liag, whose proper name was Muircheartach, is thus
-recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters, at the year 1015:--
-
-“Mac Liag, i. e. Muirkeartach, son of Conkeartach, at this time laureate
-of Ireland, died.”
-
-A great number of his productions are still in existence; but none of
-them have obtained a popularity so widely extended as the poem before us.
-
-Of the palace of Kincora, which was situated on the banks of the Shannon,
-near Killaloe, there are at present no vestiges.
-
-
-LAMENTATION OF MAC LIAG FOR KINCORA.
-
-A Chinn-copath carthi Brian?
-
-    Oh, where, Kincora! is Brian the Great?
-    And where is the beauty that once was thine?
-    Oh, where are the princes and nobles that sate
-    At the feast in thy halls, and drank the red wine?
-                            Where, oh, Kincora?
-
-    Oh, where, Kincora! are thy valorous lords?
-    Oh, whither, thou Hospitable! are they gone?
-    Oh, where are the Dalcassians of the Golden Swords?[1]
-    And where are the warriors that Brian led on?
-                            Where, oh, Kincora?
-
-    And where is Morogh, the descendant of kings--
-    The defeater of a hundred--the daringly brave--
-    Who set but slight store by jewels and rings--
-    Who swam down the torrent and laughed at its wave?
-                            Where, oh, Kincora?
-
-    And where is Donogh, King Brian’s worthy son?
-    And where is Conaing, the Beautiful Chief?
-    And Kian, and Corc? Alas! they are gone--
-    They have left me this night alone with my grief!
-                            Left me, Kincora!
-
-    And where are the chiefs with whom Brian went forth,
-    The never-vanquished son of Evin the Brave,
-    The great King of Onaght, renowned for his worth,
-    And the hosts of Baskinn, from the western wave?
-                            Where, oh, Kincora?
-
-    Oh, where is Duvlann of the Swiftfooted Steeds?
-    And where is Kian, who was son of Molloy?
-    And where is King Lonergan, the fame of whose deeds
-    In the red battle-field no time can destroy?
-                            Where, oh, Kincora?
-
-    And where is that youth of majestic height,
-    The faith-keeping Prince of the Scots?--Even he,
-    As wide as his fame was, as great as was his might,
-    Was tributary, oh, Kincora, to me!
-                            Me, oh, Kincora!
-
-    They are gone, those heroes of royal birth,
-    Who plundered no churches, and broke no trust,
-    ’Tis weary for me to be living on the earth
-    When they, oh, Kincora, lie low in the dust!
-                            Low, oh, Kincora!
-
-    Oh, never again will Princes appear,
-    To rival the Dalcassians of the Cleaving Swords!
-    I can never dream of meeting afar or anear,
-    In the east or the west, such heroes and lords!
-                            Never, Kincora!
-
-    Oh, dear are the images my memory calls up
-    Of Brian Boru!--how he never would miss
-    To give me at the banquet the first bright cup!
-    Ah! why did he heap on me honour like this?
-                            Why, oh, Kincora?
-
-    I am Mac Liag, and my home is on the Lake:
-    Thither often, to that palace whose beauty is fled,
-    Came Brian to ask me, and I went for his sake.
-    Oh, my grief! that I should live, and Brian be dead!
-                            Dead, oh, Kincora!
-
-                                                         M.
-
-[1] _Coolg n-or_, of the swords _of gold_, i. e. of the _gold-hilted_
-swords.
-
-
-
-
-COLUMN FOR THE YOUNG.
-
-Biography of a mouse.
-
-
-“Biography of a mouse!” cries the reader; “well, what shall we have
-next?--what can the writer mean by offering such nonsense for our
-perusal?” There is no creature, reader, however insignificant and
-unimportant in the great scale of creation it may appear to us,
-short-sighted mortals that we are, which is forgotten in the care of
-our own common Creator; not a sparrow falls to the ground unknown and
-unpermitted by Him; and whether or not you may derive interest from the
-biography even of a mouse, you will be able to form a better judgment,
-after, than before, having read my paper.
-
-The mouse belongs to the class _Mammalia_, or the animals which rear
-their young by suckling them; to the order _Rodentia_, or animals whose
-teeth are adapted for _gnawing_; to the genus _Mus_, or Rat kind, and the
-family of _Mus musculus_, or domestic mouse. The mouse is a singularly
-beautiful little animal, as no one who examines it attentively, and
-without prejudice, can fail to discover. Its little body is plump and
-sleek; its neck short; its head tapering and graceful; and its eyes
-large, prominent, and sparkling. Its manners are lively and interesting,
-its agility surprising, and its habits extremely cleanly. There are
-several varieties of this little creature, amongst which the best known
-is the common brown mouse of our granaries and store-rooms; the Albino,
-or white mouse, with red eyes; and the black and white mouse, which is
-more rare and very delicate. I mention these as _varieties_, for I think
-we may safely regard them as such, from the fact of their propagating
-unchanged, preserving their difference of hue to the fiftieth generation,
-and never accidentally occurring amongst the offspring of differently
-coloured parents.
-
-It is of the white mouse that I am now about to treat, and it is an
-account of a tame individual of that extremely pretty variety that is
-designed to form the subject of my present paper.
-
-When I was a boy of about sixteen, I got possession of a white mouse; the
-little creature was very wild and unsocial at first, but by dint of care
-and discipline I succeeded in rendering it familiar. The principal agent
-I employed towards effecting its domestication was a singular one, and
-which, though I can assure the reader its effects are speedy and certain,
-still remains to me inexplicable: this was, ducking in cold water; and by
-resorting to this simple expedient, I have since succeeded in rendering
-even the rat as tame and as playful as a kitten. It is out of my power to
-explain the manner in which _ducking_ operates on the animal subjected to
-it, but I wish that some physiologist more experienced than I am would
-give his attention to the subject, and favour the public with the result
-of his reflections.
-
-At the time that I obtained possession of this mouse, I was residing at
-Olney, in Buckinghamshire, a village which I presume my readers will
-recollect as connected with the names of Newton and Cowper; but shortly
-after having succeeded in rendering it pretty tame, circumstances
-required my removal to Gloucester, whither I carried my little favourite
-with me. During the journey I kept the mouse confined in a small wire
-cage; but while resting at the inn where I passed the night, I adopted
-the precaution of enveloping the cage in a handkerchief, lest by some
-untoward circumstance its active little inmate might make its escape.
-Having thus, as I thought, made all safe, I retired to rest. The moment
-I awoke in the morning, I sprang from my bed, and went to examine the
-cage, when, to my infinite consternation, I found it empty! I searched
-the bed, the room, raised the carpet, examined every nook and corner, but
-all to no purpose. I dressed myself as hastily as I could, and summoning
-one of the waiters, an intelligent, good-natured man, I informed
-him of my loss, and got him to search every room in the house. His
-investigations, however, proved equally unavailing, and I gave my poor
-little pet completely up, inwardly hoping, despite of its ingratitude
-in leaving me, that it might meet with some agreeable mate amongst its
-brown congeners, and might lead a long and happy life, unchequered by
-the terrors of the prowling cat, and unendangered by the more insidious
-artifices of the fatal trap. With these reflections I was just getting
-into the coach which was to convey me upon my road, when a waiter came
-running to the door, out of breath, exclaiming, “Mr R., Mr R., I declare
-your little mouse is in the kitchen.” Begging the coachman to wait an
-instant, I followed the man to the kitchen, and there, on the hob,
-seated contentedly in a pudding dish, and devouring its contents with
-considerable _gout_, was my truant protegé. Once more secured within
-its cage, and the latter carefully enveloped in a sheet of strong brown
-paper, upon my knee, I reached Gloucester.
-
-I was here soon subjected to a similar alarm, for one morning the cage
-was again empty, and my efforts to discover the retreat of the wanderer
-unavailing as before. This time I had lost him for a week, when one
-night, in getting into bed, I heard a scrambling in the curtains, and on
-relighting my candle found the noise to have been occasioned by my mouse,
-who seemed equally pleased with myself at our reunion. After having thus
-lost and found my little friend a number of times, I gave up the idea
-of confining him; and, accordingly, leaving the door of his cage open,
-I placed it in a corner of my bedroom, and allowed him to go in and out
-as he pleased. Of this permission he gladly availed himself, but would
-regularly return to me at intervals of a week or a fortnight, and at such
-periods of return he was usually much thinner than ordinary; and it was
-pretty clear that during his visits to his brown acquaintances he fared
-by no means so well as he did at home.
-
-Sometimes, when he happened to return, as he often did, in the
-night-time, on which occasions his general custom was to come into bed to
-me, I used, in order to induce him to remain with me until morning, to
-immerse him in a basin of water, and then let him lie in my bosom, the
-warmth of which, after his cold bath, commonly ensured his stay.
-
-Frequently, while absent on one of his excursions, I would hear an
-unusual noise in the wainscot, as I lay in bed, of dozens of mice
-running backwards and forwards in all directions, and squeaking in much
-apparent glee. For some time I was puzzled to know whether this unusual
-disturbance was the result of merriment or quarrelling, and I often
-trembled for the safety of my pet, alone and unaided, among so many
-strangers. But a very interesting circumstance occurred one morning,
-which perfectly reassured me. It was a bright summer morning, about four
-o’clock, and I was lying awake, reflecting as to the propriety of turning
-on my pillow to take another sleep, or at once rising, and going forth to
-enjoy the beauties of awakening nature. While thus meditating, I heard a
-slight scratching in the wainscot, and looking towards the spot whence
-the noise proceeded, perceived the head of a mouse peering from a hole.
-It was instantly withdrawn, but a second was thrust forth. This latter I
-at once recognised as my own white friend, but so begrimed by soot and
-dirt that it required an experienced eye to distinguish him from his
-darker-coated entertainers. He emerged from the hole, and running over
-to his cage, entered it, and remained for a couple of seconds within
-it; he then returned to the wainscot, and, re-entering the hole, some
-scrambling and squeaking took place. A second time he came forth, and on
-this occasion was followed closely, to my no small astonishment, by a
-brown mouse, who followed him, with much apparent timidity and caution,
-to his box, and entered it along with him. More astonished at this
-singular proceeding than I can well express, I lay fixed in mute and
-breathless attention, to see what would follow next. In about a minute
-the two mice came forth from the cage, each bearing in its mouth a large
-piece of bread, which they dragged towards the hole they had previously
-left. On arriving at it, they entered, but speedily re-appeared, having
-deposited their burden; and repairing once more to the cage, again loaded
-themselves with provision, and conveyed it away. This second time they
-remained within the hole for a much longer period than the first time;
-and when they again made their appearance, they were attended by three
-other mice, who, following their leaders to the cage, loaded themselves
-with bread as did they, and carried away their burdens to the hole. After
-this I saw them no more that morning, and on rising I discovered that
-they had carried away every particle of food that the cage contained. Nor
-was this an isolated instance of their white guest leading them forth to
-where he knew they should find provender. Day after day, whatever bread
-or grain I left in the cage was regularly removed, and the duration of my
-pet’s absence was proportionately long. Wishing to learn whether hunger
-was the actual cause of his return, I no longer left food in his box; and
-in about a week afterwards, on awaking one morning, I found him sleeping
-upon the pillow, close to my face, having partly wormed his way under my
-cheek.
-
-There was a cat in the house, an excellent mouser, and I dreaded lest she
-should one day meet with and destroy my poor mouse, and I accordingly
-used all my exertions with those in whose power it was, to obtain her
-dismissal. She was, however, regarded by those persons as infinitely
-better entitled to protection and patronage than a mouse, so I was
-compelled to put up with her presence. People are fond of imputing to
-cats a supernatural degree of sagacity: they will sometimes go so far
-as to pronounce them to be genuine _witches_; and really I am scarcely
-surprised at it, nor perhaps will the reader be, when I tell him the
-following anecdote.
-
-I was one day entering my apartment, when I was filled with horror at
-perceiving my mouse picking up some crumbs upon the carpet, beneath
-the table, and the terrible cat seated upon a chair watching him with
-what appeared to me to be an expression of sensual anticipation and
-concentrated desire. Before I had time to interfere, Puss sprang from
-her chair, and bounded towards the mouse, who, however, far from being
-terrified at the approach of his natural enemy, scarcely so much as
-favoured her with a single look. Puss raised her paw and dealt him a
-gentle tap, when, judge of my astonishment if you can, the little mouse,
-far from running away, or betraying any marks of fear, raised himself
-on his legs, cocked his tail, and with a shrill and angry squeak, with
-which any that have kept tame mice are well acquainted, sprang at and
-positively _bit_ the paw which had struck him. I was paralysed. I could
-not jump forward to the rescue. I was, as it were, petrified where I
-stood. But, stranger than all, the cat, instead of appearing irritated,
-or seeming to design mischief, merely stretched out her nose and smelt
-at her diminutive assailant, and then resuming her place upon the chair,
-purred herself to sleep. I need not say that I immediately secured the
-mouse within his cage. Whether the cat on this occasion knew the little
-animal to be a pet, and as such feared to meddle with it, or whether its
-boldness had disarmed her, I cannot pretend to explain: I merely state
-the fact; and I think the reader will allow that it is sufficiently
-extraordinary.
-
-In order to guard against such a dangerous encounter for the future,
-I got a more secure cage made, of which the bars were so close as to
-preclude the possibility of egress; and singularly enough, many a morning
-was I amused by beholding brown mice coming from their holes in the
-wainscot, and approaching the cage in which their friend was kept, as if
-in order to condole with him on the subject of his unwonted captivity.
-Secure, however, as I conceived this new cage to be, my industrious pet
-contrived to make his escape from it, and in doing so met his death. In
-my room was a large bureau, with deep, old-fashioned, capacious drawers.
-Being obliged to go from home for a day, I put the cage containing my
-little friend into one of these drawers, lest any one should attempt to
-meddle with it during my absence. On returning, I opened the drawer,
-and just as I did so, heard a faint squeak, and at the same instant my
-poor little pet fell from the back of the drawer--lifeless. I took up
-his body, and, placing it in my bosom, did my best to restore it to
-animation. Alas! it was to no purpose. His little body had been crushed
-in the crevice at the back part of the drawer, through which he had been
-endeavouring to escape, and he was really and irrecoverably gone.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-NOTE ON THE FEEDING, &C., OF WHITE MICE.--Such of my juvenile readers
-as may be disposed to make a pet of one of these interesting little
-animals, would do well to observe the following rules:--Clean the cage
-out daily, and keep it dry; do not keep it in too cold a place; in
-winter it should be kept in a room in which there is a fire. Feed the
-mice on bread steeped in milk, having first squeezed the milk out, as
-too moist food is bad for them. Never give them cheese, as it is apt to
-produce fatal disorders, though the more hardy brown mice eat it with
-impunity. If you want to give them a treat, give them grains of wheat
-or barley, or if these are not to be procured, oats or rice. A little
-tin box of water should be constantly left in their cage, but securely
-fixed, so that they cannot overturn it. Let the wires be not too slight,
-or too long, otherwise the little animals will easily squeeze themselves
-between them, and let them be of iron, never of copper, as the animals
-are fond of nibbling at them, and the rust of the latter, or _verdigris_,
-would quickly poison them. White mice are to be procured at most of the
-bird-shops in Patrick’s Close, Dublin; of the wire-workers and bird-cage
-makers in Edinburgh; and from all the animal fanciers in London,
-whose residences are to be found chiefly on the New Road and about
-Knightsbridge. Their prices vary from one shilling to two-and-sixpence
-per pair, according to their age and beauty.
-
-                                                                 H. D. R.
-
-
-
-
-THE PROFESSIONS.
-
-
-If what are called the liberal professions could speak, they would
-all utter the one cry, “we are overstocked;” and echo would reply
-“overstocked.” This has long been a subject of complaint, and yet nobody
-seems inclined to mend the matter by making any sacrifice on his own
-part--just as in a crowd, to use a familiar illustration, the man who is
-loudest in exclaiming “dear me, what pressing and jostling people do keep
-here!” never thinks of lightening the pressure by withdrawing his own
-person from the mass. There is, however, an advantage to be derived from
-the utterance and reiteration of the complaint, if not by those already
-in the press, at least by those who are still happily clear of it.
-
-There are many “vanities and vexations of spirit” under the sun, but this
-evil of professional redundancy seems to be one of very great magnitude.
-It involves not merely an outlay of much precious time and substance to
-no purpose, but in most cases unfits those who constitute the “excess”
-from applying themselves afterwards to other pursuits. Such persons are
-the primary sufferers; but the community at large participates in the
-loss.
-
-It cannot but be interesting to inquire to what this tendency may be
-owing, and what remedy it might be useful to apply to the evil. Now, it
-strikes me that the great cause is the exclusive attention which people
-pay to the great prizes, and their total inconsideration of the number of
-blanks which accompany them. Life itself has been compared to a lottery;
-but in some departments the scheme may be so particularly bad, that it is
-nothing short of absolute gambling to purchase a share in it. So it is in
-the professions. A few arrive at great eminence, and these few excite the
-envy and admiration of all beholders; but they are only a few compared
-with the number of those who linger in the shade, and, however anxious to
-enjoy the sport, never once get a rap at the ball.
-
-Again, parents are apt to look upon the mere name of a profession as a
-provision for their children. They calculate all the expenses of general
-education, professional education, and then of admission to “liberty to
-practise;” and finding all these items amount to a tolerably large sum,
-they conceive they have bestowed an ample portion on the son who has cost
-them “thus much monies.” But unfortunately they soon learn by experience
-that the elevation of a profession, great as it is, does not always
-possess that homely recommendation of causing the “pot to boil,” and that
-the individual for whom this costly provision has been made, cannot be so
-soon left to shift for himself. Here then is another cause of this evil,
-namely, that people do not adequately and fairly calculate the whole cost.
-
-Of our liberal professions, the army is the only one that yields a
-certain income as the produce of the purchase money, But in these “piping
-times of peace,” a private soldier in the ranks might as well attempt to
-verify the old song, and
-
-    “Spend half a crown out of sixpence a-day,”
-
-as an ensign to pay mess-money and band-money, and all other regulation
-monies, keep himself in dress coat and epaulettes, and all the other et
-ceteras, upon his mere pay. The thing cannot be done. To live in any
-comfort in the army, a subaltern should have an income from some other
-source, equal at least in amount to that which he receives through the
-hands of the paymaster. The army is, in fact, an expensive profession,
-and of all others the least agreeable to one who is prevented, by
-circumscribed means, from doing as his brother officers do. Yet the
-mistake of venturing to meet all these difficulties is not unfrequently
-admitted, with what vain expectation it is needless to inquire. The usual
-result is such as one would anticipate, namely, that the rash adventurer,
-after incurring debts, or putting his friends to unlooked-for charges, is
-obliged after a short time to sell out, and bid farewell for ever to the
-unprofitable profession of arms.
-
-It would be painful to dwell upon the situation of those who enter other
-professions without being duly prepared to wait their turn of employment.
-It is recognised as a poignantly applicable truth in the profession of
-the bar, that “many are called but few are chosen;” but with very few and
-rare exceptions indeed, the necessity of _biding_ the time is certain.
-In the legal and medical professions there is no fixed income, however
-small, insured to the adventurer; and unless his circle of friends and
-connections be very wide and serviceable indeed, he should make up his
-mind for a procrastinated return and a late harvest. But how many from
-day to day, and from year to year, do launch their bark upon the ocean,
-without any such prudent foresight! The result therefore is, that vast
-proportion of disastrous voyages and shipwrecks of which we hear so
-constantly.
-
-Such is the admitted evil--it is granted on all sides. The question
-is, what is to be done?--what is the remedy? Now, the remedy for an
-overstocked profession very evidently is, that people should forbear to
-enter it. I am no Malthusian on the subject of population: I desire no
-unnatural checks upon the increase and multiplication of her Majesty’s
-subjects; but I should like to drain off a surplus from certain
-situations, and turn off the in-flowing stream into more profitable
-channels. I would advise parents, then, to leave the choice of a liberal
-profession to those who are able to live without one. Such parties can
-afford to wait for advancement, however long it may be in coming, or to
-bear up against disappointment, if such should be their lot. With such
-it is a safe speculation, and they may be left to indulge in it, if they
-think proper. With others it is not so. But it will be asked, what is to
-be done with the multitudes who would be diverted from the professions,
-if this advice were acted upon? I answer, that the money unprofitably
-spent upon their education, and in fees of admission to these expensive
-pursuits, would insure them a “good location” and a certain provision
-for life in Canada, or some of the colonies; and that any honourable
-occupation which would yield a competency ought to be preferred to
-“professions” which, however “liberal,” hold out to the many but a very
-doubtful prospect of that result.
-
-It is much to be regretted that there is a prevalent notion among
-certain of my countrymen that “trade” is not a “genteel” thing, and
-that it must be eschewed by those who have any pretensions to fashion.
-This unfortunate, and I must say unsound state of opinion, contributes
-also, I fear, in no small degree, to that professional redundancy of
-which we have been speaking. The supposed absolute necessity of a high
-classical education is a natural concomitant of this opinion. All our
-schools therefore are eminently classical. The University follows, as a
-matter of course, and then the University leads to a liberal profession,
-as surely as one step of a ladder conducts to another. Thus the evil is
-nourished at the very root. Now, I would take the liberty of advising
-those parents who may concur with me in the main point of over-supply in
-the professions, to begin at the beginning, and in the education of their
-children, to exchange this superabundance of Greek and Latin for the less
-elegant but more useful accomplishment of “ciphering.” I am disposed to
-concur with that facetious but shrewd fellow, Mr Samuel Slick, upon the
-inestimable advantages of that too much neglected art--neglected, I mean,
-in our country here, Ireland. He has demonstrated that they do every
-thing by it in the States, and that without it they could do nothing.
-With the most profound respect to my countrymen, then, I would earnestly
-recommend them to cultivate it. But it may perhaps be said that there is
-no encouragement to mercantile pursuits in Ireland, and that if there
-were, there would be no necessity for me to recommend “ciphering” and
-its virtues to the people. To this I answer, that merchandize offers
-its prizes to the ingenious and venturous much rather than to those who
-wait for a “highway” to be made for them. If people were resolved to
-live by trade, I think they would contrive to do so--many more, at least,
-than at present operate successfully in that department. If more of
-education, and more of mind, were turned in that direction, new sources
-of profitable industry, at present unthought of, would probably discover
-themselves. Much might be said on this subject, but I shall not enter
-further into the speculation, quite satisfied if I have thrown out a hint
-which may be found capable of improvement by others.
-
-                                                                       F.
-
-
-
-
-GEESE.
-
-BY MARTIN DOYLE.
-
-
-The rearing of geese might be more an object of attention to our small
-farmers and labourers in the vicinity of bogs and mountain tracts than it
-is.
-
-The general season for the consumption of fat geese is from Michaelmas to
-Christmas, and the high prices paid for them in the English markets--to
-which they can be so rapidly conveyed from many parts of Ireland--appear
-to offer sufficient temptation to the speculator who has the capital and
-accommodation necessary for fattening them.
-
-A well-organized system of feeding this hardy and nutritious species of
-poultry, in favourable localities, would give a considerable impulse to
-the rearing of them, and consequently promote the comforts of many poor
-Irish families, who under existing circumstances do not find it worth
-while to rear them except in very small numbers.
-
-I am led to offer a few suggestions on this subject from having
-ascertained that in the Fens of Lincolnshire, notwithstanding a great
-decrease there in the breeding of geese from extensive drainage, one
-individual, Mr Clarke of Boston, fattens every year, between Michaelmas
-and Christmas, the prodigious number of seven thousand geese, and that
-another dealer at Spalding prepares for the poultry butcher nearly as
-many: these they purchase in lots from the farmers’ wives.
-
-Perhaps a few details of the Lincolnshire practice may be acceptable to
-some of the readers of this Journal:--
-
-The farmers in the Fens keep breeding stocks proportioned to the extent
-of suitable land which they can command; and in order to insure the
-fertility of the eggs, they allow one gander to three geese, which is a
-higher proportion of males than is deemed necessary elsewhere. The number
-of goslings in each brood averages about ten, which, allowing for all
-casualties, is a considerable produce.
-
-There have been extraordinary instances of individual fecundity, on
-which, however, it would be as absurd for any goose-breeder to calculate,
-as it is proverbially unwise to reckon chickens before they are hatched;
-and this fruitfulness is only attainable by constant feeding with
-stimulating food through the preceding winter.
-
-A goose has been known to lay seventy eggs within twelve months,
-twenty-six in the spring, before the time of incubation, and (after
-bringing out seventeen goslings) the remainder by the end of the year.
-
-The white variety is preferred to the grey or party-coloured, as the
-birds of this colour feed more kindly, and their feathers are worth three
-shillings a stone more than the others: the quality of the land, however,
-on which the breeding stock is to be maintained, decides this matter,
-generally strong land being necessary for the support of the white or
-larger kind. Under all circumstances a white gander is preferred, in
-order to have a large progeny. It has been remarked, but I know not if
-with reason, that ganders are more frequently white than the females.
-
-To state all the particulars of hatching and rearing would be
-superfluous, and mere repetition of what is contained in the various
-works on poultry. I shall merely state some of the peculiarities of the
-practice in the county of Lincoln.
-
-When the young geese are brought up at different periods by the great
-dealers, they are put into pens together, according to their age, size,
-and condition, and fed on steamed potatoes and ground oats, in the ratio
-of one measure of oats to three of potatoes. By unremitting care as to
-cleanliness, pure water, and constant feeding, these geese are fattened
-in about three weeks, at an average cost of one penny per day each.
-
-The _cramming_ system, either by the fingers or the forcing pump,
-described by French writers, with the accompanying barbarities of
-blinding, nailing the feet to the floor, or confinement in perforated
-casks or earthen pots (as is said to be the case sometimes in Poland),
-are happily unknown in Lincolnshire, and I may add throughout England,
-with one exception--the nailing of the feet to boards. The unequivocal
-proofs of this may occasionally, but very rarely, be seen in the geese
-brought into the London markets: these, however, may possibly be imported
-ones, though I fear they are not so.
-
-The Lincolnshire dealers do not give any of those rich greasy pellets
-of barley meal and hot liquor, which always spoil the flavour, to their
-geese, as they well know that oats is the best feeding for them; barley,
-besides being more expensive, renders the flesh loose and insipid, and
-rather _chickeny_ in flavour.
-
-Every point of economy on this subject is matter of great moment, on the
-vast scale pursued by Mr Clarke, who pays seven hundred pounds a-year
-for the mere conveyance of his birds to the London market; a fact which
-gives a tolerable notion of the great extent of capital employed in this
-business, the extent of which is scarcely conceivable by my agricultural
-countrymen.
-
-Little cost, however, is incurred by those who breed the geese, as the
-stock are left to provide for themselves, except in the laying season,
-and in feeding the goslings until they are old enough to eat grass or
-feed on the stubbles. I have no doubt, however, that the cramp would be
-less frequently experienced, if solid food were added to the grass, when
-the geese are turned out to graze, although Mr Clarke attributes the
-cramp, as well as gout and fever, to too close confinement alone. This
-opinion does not correspond with my far more limited observation, which
-leads me to believe that the cramp attacks goslings most frequently when
-they are at large, and left to shift for themselves on green food alone,
-and that of the poorest kind. I should think it good economy to give
-them, and the old stagers too, all spare garden vegetables, for loss of
-condition is prejudicial to them as well as to other animals. Mr Cobbett
-used to fatten his young geese, from June to October, on Swedish turnips,
-carrots, white cabbages, or lettuces, with some corn.
-
-Swedish turnips no doubt will answer very well, but not so well as
-farinaceous potatoes, when immediate profit is the object. The experience
-of such an extensive dealer as Mr Clarke is worth volumes of theory
-and conjecture as to the mode of feeding, and he decides in favour of
-potatoes and oats.
-
-The treatment for cramp and fever in Lincolnshire is bleeding--I know not
-if it be hazarded in gout--but as it is not successful in the cases of
-cramp in one instance out of twenty, it may be pronounced inefficacious.
-
-I have had occasion lately to remark in this Journal on the general
-disinclination in England to the barbarous custom of plucking geese
-alive. In Lincolnshire, however, they do so with the breeding stock three
-times in the year, beginning at midsummer, and repeating the operation
-twice afterwards, at intervals of six weeks between the operations.
-
-The practice is defended on the plea, that if the feathers be matured,
-the geese are better for it, while it is of course admitted that the
-birds must be injured more or less--according to the handling by the
-pluckers--if the feathers be not ripe. But as birds do not moult three
-times in the year, I do not understand how it should be correctly said
-that the feathers _can_ be ripe on these three occasions. How does nature
-suggest the propriety of stripping the feathers so often? Where great
-numbers are kept, the loss by allowing the feathers to drop on the ground
-would be serious, and on this account alone can even one stripping be
-justified.
-
-In proof of the general opinion that the goose is extremely long-lived,
-we have many recorded facts; among them the following:--“In 1824 there
-was a goose living in the possession of Mr Hewson of Glenham, near
-Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, which was then upwards of a century old. It
-had been throughout that term in the constant possession of Mr Hewson’s
-forefathers and himself, and on quitting his farm he would not suffer
-it to be sold with his other stock, but made a present of it to the
-in-coming tenant, that the venerable fowl might terminate its career on
-the spot where its useful life had been spent such a length of days.”
-
-The taste which has long prevailed among gourmands for the liver of a
-goose, and has led to the enormous cruelties exercised in order to cause
-its enlargement by rendering the bird diseased in that organ through high
-and forced feeding in a warm temperature and close confinement, is well
-known; but I doubt if many are aware of the influence of _charcoal_ in
-producing an unnatural state of the liver.
-
-I had read of charcoal being put into a trough of water to sweeten it for
-geese when cooped up; but from a passage in a recent work by Liebig it
-would appear that the charcoal acts not as a sweetener of the water, but
-in another way on the constitution of the goose.
-
-I am tempted to give the extract from its novelty:--“The production of
-flesh and fat may be artificially increased: all domestic animals, for
-example, contain much fat. We give food to animals which increases the
-activity of certain organs, and is itself capable of being transformed
-into fat. We add to the quantity of food, or we lessen the progress
-of respiration and perspiration by preventing motion. The conditions
-necessary to effect this purpose in birds are different from those in
-quadrupeds; and it is well known that charcoal powder produces such an
-excessive growth in the liver of a goose as at length causes the death of
-the animal.”
-
-We are much inferior to the English in the art of preparing poultry for
-the market; and this is the more to be regretted in the instance of
-geese, especially as we can supply potatoes--which I have shown to be
-the chief material of their fattening food--at half their cost in many
-parts of England. This advantage alone ought to render the friends of our
-agricultural poor earnest in promoting the rearing and fattening of geese
-in localities favourable for the purpose.
-
-
-
-
-IRISH MANUFACTURES.
-
-
-The encouragement of our native manufactures is now a general topic of
-conversation and interest, and we hope the present excitement of the
-public mind on this subject will be productive of permanent good. We also
-hope that the encouragement proposed to be given to articles of Irish
-manufacture will be extended to the productions of the head as well as to
-those of the hands; that the manufacturer of Irish wit and humour will be
-deemed worthy of support as well as those of silks, woollens, or felts;
-and, that Irishmen shall venture to estimate the value of Irish produce
-for themselves, without waiting as heretofore till they get “the London
-stamp” upon them, as our play-going people of old times used to do in the
-case of the eminent Irish actors.
-
-We are indeed greatly inclined to believe that our Irish manufactures
-are rising in estimation in England, from the fact which has come to
-our knowledge that many thousands of our Belfast hams are sold annually
-at the other side of the water as genuine Yorkshire, and also that many
-of those Belfast hams with the Yorkshire stamp find their way back into
-“Ould Ireland,” and are bought as English by those who would despise
-them as Irish. Now, we should like our countrymen not to be gulled in
-this way, but depend upon their own judgment in the matter of hams, and
-in like manner in the matter of articles of Irish literary manufacture,
-without waiting for the London stamp to be put on them. The necessity
-for such discrimination and confidence in their own judgment exists
-equally in hams and literature. Thus certain English editors approve so
-highly of our articles in the Irish Penny Journal, that they copy them
-by wholesale, not only without acknowledgment, but actually do us the
-favour to father them as their own! As an example of this patronage, we
-may refer to a recent number of the Court Gazette, in which its editor
-has been entertaining his aristocratic readers with a little piece of
-_badinage_ from our Journal, expressly written for us, and entitled “A
-short chapter on Bustles,” but which he gives as written for the said
-Court Gazette! Now, this is really very considerate and complimentary,
-and we of course feel grateful. But, better again, we find our able and
-kind friend the editor of the _Monitor_ and _Irishman_, presenting, no
-doubt inadvertently, this very article to his Irish readers a few weeks
-ago--not even as an Irish article that had got the London stamp upon it,
-but as actually one of true British manufacture--the produce of the Court
-Gazette.
-
-Now, in perfect good humour, we ask our friend, as such we have reason to
-consider him, could he not as well have copied this article from our own
-Journal, and given us the credit of it--and would it not be worthy of the
-consistency and patriotism of the _Irishman_, who writes so ably in the
-cause of Irish manufactures, to extend his support, as far as might be
-compatible with truth and honesty, to the native literature of Ireland?
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-    Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at
-    the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane,
-    College Green, Dublin.--Sold by all Booksellers.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No.
-28, January 9, 1841, by Various
-
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