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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Instructions for Officers and Non-Commissioned Officer of Cavalry on Outpost Duty - -Author: Lt-Col Arentschildt - -Release Date: April 9, 2017 [EBook #54515] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="ph1"> -INSTRUCTIONS</p> - -<p class="ph2">FOR OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED<br /> -OFFICERS OF CAVALRY,</p> - -<p class="ph6">ON</p> - -<p class="ph3">OUTPOST DUTY;</p> - -<p class="ph6">BY</p> - -<p class="ph4">LIEUT.-COLONEL VON ARENTSCHILDT,<br /> -<small>First Hussars King's German Legion:</small></p> - -<p class="ph6">WITH</p> - -<p class="ph5">AN ABRIDGMENT OF THEM</p> - -<p class="ph6">BY</p> - -<p class="ph4">LIEUT.-COLONEL THE HON. F. PONSONBY,<br /> -<small>Twelfth Light Dragoons.</small></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph6" style="margin-top: 5em;">J.W. RANDOLPH:<br /> -121 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, VA.<br /> -1861. -</p> - - - - - -<p class="ph3" style="margin-top: 10em;"> -THIS<br /> -VALUABLE DIGEST</p> -<p class="ph5">OF</p> -<p class="ph4">INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED<br /> -OFFICERS OF CAVALRY ON OUTPOST DUTY,</p> - -<p class="ph5">IS REPRINTED FROM THE LONDON EDITION<br /> -BY ORDER OF</p> -<p class="ph3">BRIG'R GENERAL PHILIP ST. GEO. COCKE,<br /> - -WHILST COMMANDING POTOMAC MILITARY DEPARTMENT<br /> -OF VIRGINIA,</p> -<p class="ph5">AND DEDICATED BY HIM TO</p> - -<p class="ph3">CAPTAIN LAY AND HIS "POWHATAN TROOP"<br /> -OF CAVALRY.</p> - - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="ph5">THIS DIGEST IS EARNESTLY COMMENDED TO THE ATTENTION<br /> -OF THE OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS<br /> -OF CAVALRY OF VIRGINIA, AND OF THE<br /> -CONFEDERATE STATES. -</p> - - - - -<p class="ph3" style="margin-top: 10em;"> -OUTPOST DUTY.<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -I.<br /> -INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED<br /> -OFFICERS:</p> - -<p class="ph5">BY LIEUT.-COLONEL VON ARENTSCHILDT.</p> - -<p class="ph3">II.<br /> -AN ABRIDGMENT OF THE SAME:</p> -<p class="ph5">BY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL THE HON. F. PONSONBY. -</p> - - - - -<p class="ph2" style="margin-top: 10em;"> -LIEUTENANT-COLONEL VON ARENTSCHILDT'S<br /> -INSTRUCTIONS ON</p> -<p class="ph1">OUTPOST DUTY. -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2">INSTRUCTIONS</p> <p class="ph5">FOR </p> -<p class="ph3">OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS<br /> ON OUTPOST DUTY.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center">I. ON THE CONDUCT TO BE HELD BY AN OFFICER, OR NON-COMMISSIONED -OFFICER, ON PICQUET.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Section</span> I. PARADING THE PICQUET.</p> - -<p>The Commanding Officer of a Picquet, as soon as the same has been -given up to him, should take care to have the names of his men written -down, as well as the Regiment and Troop they belong to; inspect their -ammunition and fire arms; and order them to load. He likewise should -inquire if the men are provided with provisions and forage, and in -case they are not, it must be reported to the Regiment, in order that -supplies may be sent after them. Inquiries are likewise to be made -where the reports are to be sent to.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION II.</p> - -<p class="center">MARCHING FOR HIS DESTINATION.</p> - -<p>On the march to the spot where the Picquet is to be placed, the Officer -must pay great attention in examining the country, and particularly -observe the places where he would make a stand in case the Picquet -should be attacked by the Enemy: for instance, behind a bridge, a -ravine, between bogs, &c., in order to keep off the enemy as long as -possible. This is of the utmost importance to give the Corps time to -turn out. The Commander of a Picquet who retires with his men at full -speed, and the Enemy at his heels, deserves the severest punishment; he -must retire as slow as possible, and constantly skirmish.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION III.</p> - -<p class="center">IF NO PICQUET WAS ON THE SPOT BEFORE.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Day.</i></p> - -<p>Being arrived at the spot chosen by himself, or pointed out to him, -he forms his Picquet, and takes out as many men as he thinks he has -occasion for as Videttes. To fix upon the number of Videttes, is -much facilitated by riding on the top of a hill, and observing the -number of roads and hills in front. With these Videttes he goes on, -and places them in such a manner that every one of them is able to -see individually what is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> coming towards the Picquet, as well as the -neighbouring Videttes. The remainder of the Picquet dismounts in the -mean time, with the exception of one Sentry, who is to be placed a -little in advance. The bridles are not to be taken off. In placing the -Videttes the Officer will have acquired a sufficient knowledge of the -country to be able to judge whether any of them are superfluous, (which -is much to be avoided, as men and horses are unnecessarily fatigued by -it,) or whether there ought to be more. Two-thirds of the Picquet now -unbridle: it is to be recollected that the whole of a Picquet should -never unbridle. The Officer then reconnoitres the country. Every one -ambitious to do his duty well will make a little sketch, in which the -following are to be marked;</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>1. Roads; 2. Rivers; 3. Bridges and Fords; 4. Morasses, cavities, -hollow roads, and mountains; 5. Wood; 6. Towns, Villages and their -distances.</p></blockquote> - -<p>If the Officer does not acquire such an exact knowledge of the country, -he cannot be responsible for the security of his Picquet, and of the -corps to which he belongs.</p> - -<p>By this time he will have had opportunity to fix upon the spot where -his Picquet and Videttes ought to be placed at night.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Night.</i></p> - -<p>It is impossible to lay down any fixed, principles on this subject; -but the general rules are, to advance the Picquet at least two or -three English miles in front of the main body: to place it behind a -bridge, ravine, wood, or bog through which the road passes, in order -to be enabled to make a stand immediately on being attacked, and to -place Videttes in front and flanks. Small Patrols of two or three men -in front, and flanks at half an hour's interval, and constantly kept -in motion, will give perfect security, particularly if one of the -men sometimes dismounts, and listens with his ear on the ground: he -will hear the march of troops at a great distance. This precaution is -indispensable in stormy weather. Upon coming by night to a new spot, -particularly in a mountainous or woody country, small Patrols must be -pushed forward immediately in all the roads, &c., to secure in the -first instance the placing of Videttes, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>If the enemy is near, no fire is to be lighted, and the spot where the -Picquet stands should be changed very often; one-half of the Picquet -should be mounted, the other stand with the bridles in their hands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION IV.</p> - -<p class="center">RELIEVING ANOTHER PICQUET.</p> - -<p>Great part of what is said in sections I. and II. is likewise to be -applied here. As soon as the Officer is arrived at the Picquet that -is to be relieved, he forms at its left flank, or behind it, as the -nature of the ground requires, draws out a non-commissioned officer, -and as many Videttes as he has to relieve, (the remainder dismounts,) -and proceeds with the Officer commanding the old Picquet and his own -non-commissioned Officer to relieve the Videttes. The Officers should -be very particular in delivering the detail of their duties, and the -following is to be observed on such occasions.</p> - -<p>1. All written orders or instructions must be delivered, and the verbal -orders written down and signed by the Officer who is relieved.</p> - -<p>2. The outlines of the sketch belonging to the Officer commanding the -old Picquet are to be copied and filled up afterwards—</p> - -<p>3. To whom the reports are to be sent.</p> - -<p>4. Where the Picquets on the flanks are stationed; what roads lead to -them; how often Patrols are exchanged between them in the night. In -case the roads to them are little known, or difficult to be found, the -Non-commissioned Officer of the old Picquet must show them to that of -the new one, who takes another man with him.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> - -<p>5. Inquiries must be made as to the knowledge the Officer has of the -enemy, particularly where he patrols to; whether he thinks that the -Picquet has been well posted, at night as well as in the day, or -whether improvements can be made. If such an improvement is found to be -necessary by placing one or two more Videttes, they ought to be posted -immediately, but the same is to be reported without delay.</p> - -<p>At the relief of the Videttes, both the officers of the old and new -Picquets should be present. They must listen to the delivery of -instructions from the old Vidette to the new one, and the latter is to -be desired to repeat what has been delivered to him, to prevent any -mistake. The principal points of these instructions should be: on what -roads and from what part of the country the enemy may be expected to -advance; where the neighbouring Videttes are stationed, in order to be -able to repeat their signals, which they may have particular orders to -make. The new Vidette must be very particular in occupying the same -spot that the old one did, as sometimes the difference of one yard -may be of great consequence in observing or being observed at a great -distance.</p> - -<p>If the relief is not made with the above-mentioned exactness, all -orders that have been issued may be misunderstood or quite forgotten in -the course of two or three days.</p> - -<p>After all the Videttes have been relieved in this manner, the spot -where the Picquet and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> Videttes have been stationed in the night are to -be pointed out to the Officer of the new Picquet.</p> - -<p>The old Picquet now marches off, and the new one takes its place. The -horses may be then unbridled, except one-third or one-fourth.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION V.</p> - -<p class="center">DURING HIS STAY ON PICQUET.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Day.</i></p> - -<p>A Dismounted Sentry who is able to see the movements of the several -Videttes, and who can acquaint the Picquet with them, is a measure so -necessary for the safety of the Picquet, that it never ought to be -omitted.</p> - -<p>One-third or one-fourth of the horses are always bridled up and ready -to advance; the men must never take off their swords and belts; -one-half of them may sleep in the middle of the day, the other in the -afternoon, that they may be all perfectly alert at night.</p> - -<p>The men must not be allowed to go into houses or villages in the -neighbourhood; such straggling leads to irregularities, and on being -rapidly attacked by the enemy the horses will be lost.</p> - -<p>When the men water their horses, they must bridle them up, and take -everything with them; none but inexperienced and negligent Officers -will allow the men to water their horses at any distance with merely -the halter on, and leaving the bridle with the Picquet.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> - -<p>In short, a Picquet must at all times be ready for an attack in half a -minute.</p> - -<p>How often the Picquets are to patrol, where to and how far, is -generally ordered by the Officer commanding the outposts. If there are -no orders upon these subjects, the following Patrols will be sent:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The first at half an hour before daybreak, or so early that it has -time to arrive at the place of its destination at daylight; here it -will remain until it is full daylight. Whoever leads the Patrol is to -go up on the top of a hill, where he can look about to a considerable -distance, and then he returns, the second Patrol at ten o'clock; -the third at two o'clock; the fourth towards evening; the fifth at -midnight.</p></blockquote> - -<p>This arrangement, however, depends upon the distance of the enemy, -except the morning Patrol before daylight, which is to go under all -circumstances.</p> - -<p>It cannot be too frequently told to all Patrols, that they are often to -look to the rear when they return. The Enemy very frequently succeeds -in following a negligent Patrol of this kind, and surprising the -Picquet, which thinks itself perfectly secure. In a close country it is -very advisable after the return of a patrol, to send forward again a -few men at the distance of a mile, to be certain that the Enemy did not -follow the Patrol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Night.</i></p> - -<p>The proper time for the Picquet to go to the night post is when it gets -too dark for the day Videttes to see at any distance; they are then -called in, and the position for the night is taken up.</p> - -<p>If there are any apprehensions of being betrayed to the enemy by spies -or inhabitants of the country, it is advisable to change the spot -again, but the Videttes will remain.</p> - -<p>In case the enemy is very near, the Picquet must be mounted; this is, -however, very fatiguing for men and horses; it is, therefore, better -to cause one-third or one-half to mount and to advance about a hundred -yards; the remainder is to stand by their horses.</p> - -<p>At night the Videttes may be relieved every hour. The Relief should -ride along the chain of Videttes; this may be considered, at the same -time, as a visiting Patrol. Besides this Patrol, the Videttes are to -be visited every half hour to be quite sure that none of them have -deserted or fallen asleep. If the enemy is near, the Videttes should be -all double; which is at all times to be recommended in preference to -single Videttes, if the strength of the Picquet will allow it.</p> - -<p>In case a man deserts, the spot where the Picquet is stationed ought -to be instantly changed to some hundred yards' distance, and the fire -to be extinguished; the Videttes are to be made acquainted with this -change, and double attention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> paid. In such cases double Videttes -patrol among themselves in the following manner:</p> - -<p class="center"> - -<i>Fig.</i> 1.</p> -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="figure" /> -</p> - - -<p>No. 1 patrols to his left, and when returned No. 2 proceeds to No. 3, -and returns to his station: No. 3 patrols to No. 2, and when returned, -No. 4 will go to No. 5 and return; 5 and 6, and all the other Videttes -do the same. If this is done it is impossible that anything can pass -unperceived. The desertion of any man must be reported without delay.</p> - -<p>When the Enemy is close, the following measures not only contributes to -insure security, but is the best way to learn when the Enemy is on the -move. A few men are to patrol during the night every hour beyond the -chain of Videttes, in different directions, and to go as close to the -Enemy as they can, unperceived. As soon as they are far enough, one man -dismounts and listens with his ear on the ground; he will be enabled -to hear at a considerable distance when Troops march. This undoubtedly -gives security to the outpost; but it is particularly recommended, -being the only means to ascertain the secret movements of the enemy in -the night, to discover which the greatest exertions ought to be made, -as it is of the utmost importance to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> Commander-in-chief to be -immediately acquainted with them.</p> - -<p>The Picquets have frequently no orders to detain people that pass -through the line of outposts towards the enemy; but in the evening -and during the night every one attempting to do so must remain with -the Picquet until daylight. Persons suspected of carrying any papers -with them are to be searched, and sent to the Commanding Officer, with -a written statement why they appear suspicious. Half an hour before -daylight the morning Patrols will be sent on the roads in front, and -as soon as it is quite light the Picquet and Videttes take up their -position for the day.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION VI.</p> - -<p class="center">PLACING OF VIDETTES.</p> - -<p>Although little can be said upon this subject, (everything depending -upon the nature of the country,) the following rules may be applicable:</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Day.</i></p> - -<p>They are generally placed upon hills, to enable them to have a good -view of everything in front. In a mountainous country the ravines and -narrow valleys now and then cannot be observed at the top of a hill; in -this case a Vidette is to be placed in the bottom. It is desirable to -place the Videttes on the top of hills, near a tree<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> or large stone, -to prevent the enemy from seeing them, as he may conclude, by seeing -one of them, what position the whole line of Videttes and Picquets, and -even sometimes the corps to which they belong, have taken up.</p> - -<p>When the Videttes are placed in such a manner that they can overlook -their front, see each other and the ground between them, so that -nothing can pass unperceived, they are placed as they ought to be.</p> - -<p>In order to spare men and horses, no more Videttes than necessary are -to be out.</p> - -<p>In a thick fog the Videttes stationed at a considerable distance on the -flanks are taken off the hills and placed on more suitable spots. The -country may require that the position fixed upon for the night should -be taken up during the day, in which case the country in front must be -continually scoured in all directions by small Patrols; which measure -always gives sufficient security.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Night.</i></p> - -<p>The Videttes are taken off the hills, and placed on the roads, behind -fords, bridges, ravines, &c., by which the enemy may approach the -Picquet. At a clear moonshine they ought to be near a tree or bush, to -prevent their being seen by the enemy, as in a close country it may -happen that he approaches them unperceived, notwithstanding all their -attention. They should be placed at the bottom of a hill, so that any -object moving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> on the top would be easily perceived even in the darkest -night.</p> - -<p>They are by no means to be advanced further than that, their firing can -be distinctly heard by the Picquet, even in a stormy night.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION VII.</p> - -<p class="center">INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE VIDETTES,</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>And what the Officer Commanding the Picquet has to observe on their -making Signals.</p></blockquote> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Day.</i></p> - -<p>1. When a Vidette discovers anything suspicious on the side of the -enemy, should it be a rising dust or the glittering of arms, he should -move his horse in a circle at a walk. The Officer should instantly -proceed to the Vidette, accompanied by a corporal and four men, and -if he cannot distinctly discover by his spy-glass the cause of the -dust, he should send off the men that accompanied him, as a Patrol, -or go himself; so far that he can report in case he sees Troops, how -strong they are, whether consisting of Cavalry, Infantry, or Artillery, -but particularly in which direction they march. This report must be -dispatched in writing, without the least delay.</p> - -<p>The Commander of a Picquet should never omit to report occurrences of -this kind, although they may have no connexion with the security of his -Picquet. Patrols and Picquets must always<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> report the movements of any -body of Troops, even of a small number.</p> - -<p>2. If the Videttes observe Troops marching towards them, but yet at a -great distance, they will ride the circle in a trot. The Officer's duty -is, as in 1.</p> - -<p>3. If the enemy's Troops come towards the Picquet, and are at only -one English mile distance from it, the Videttes circle in a gallop. -The Officer immediately advances with his whole Picquet. His duty is -prescribed in the paragraph on the Attack of a Picquet.</p> - -<p>If the enemy is so near that the Videttes are obliged to gallop to -their Picquets for their own security, they fire their carbines and -pistols in case the Picquet should not have advanced.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Night.</i></p> - -<p>1. As soon as the Videttes hear a suspicious noise, even at a great -distance, such as the rattling of carriages or artillery, the barking -of dogs in the villages in front, or if they observe any fire, one of -the Videttes must instantly report it to the Officer of the Picquet, in -order that the circumstances may be inquired into by a Patrol.</p> - -<p>2. Should any person approach the Vidette, he must be challenged with -"Who comes there?" so loud that the Picquet and the next Videttes are -able to hear it. If those that approach do not halt upon this, the -Vidette should challenge a second time; if they do not halt, he should -fire, and retire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> on the road pointed out to him, &c., &c. But if -those that he challenged halt, he cries out "One man dismount!" and at -the same time, "Sergeant advance!" The dismounted man he desires to -approach, but not nearer than three yards, and holds the cocked pistol -directed against him. The Officer of the Picquet must be instantly -there, and examine carefully where the person or persons came from, who -sent them, and what for, (when the enemy has the intention to surprise -a Picquet, he sometimes pretends to be a friendly Patrol,) to what -regiment they belong, the name of their Brigadier, Commanding Officer -and Captains—where their regiment is encamped, &c., &c.; if they -are able readily and justly to answer these questions, they may pass -unmolested, as in that case one may consider it a certainty that they -are no enemies.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION VIII.</p> - -<p class="center">ON THE ARRIVAL OF A FLAG OF TRUCE.</p> - -<p>Any person coming from the enemy with a Flag of Truce, must never be -allowed to advance further than the chain of Videttes. When a Vidette -makes the signal, the Officer of the Picquet meets the Flag of Truce -with four men, and desires the bearer of it to halt, if possible in -a bottom, or makes him face towards the side he came from, as it may -be only the intention of the enemy to make observations respecting -our position, or to see how the Picquet is placed, in order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> to -surprise it in the night. Does the bearer of the Flag of Truce only -bring letters, they are to be taken from him, and a receipt given for -them; if he insists upon being allowed to proceed, permission must be -asked, which being obtained, the person proceeding is blindfolded; -a Non-commissioned Officer leads his horse, and brings him to the -General's quarter. Should there be more persons than one, the remainder -must stay where they are, until the other returns. A Flag of Truce -ought to be treated with the utmost politeness; if refreshments can be -given, it is desirable to do so; but no conversation relative to our -position and to the army is to be permitted.</p> - -<p>After a Flag of Truce has left the Videttes, the Picquet must be very -attentive.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION IX.</p> - -<p class="center">DESERTERS COMING FROM THE ENEMY.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>At Daytime.</i></p> - -<p>As they are discernable at a distance, but cannot be known to be -deserters, a proportionate number from the Picquet must already -have advanced to the line of Videttes when they approach. Deserters -generally make themselves known by flourishing the cap about their -head, and calling out "Deserter!" But this is not to be depended -upon; their further behaviour must be previously observed. They are -to be told that it is an order in the army to take their arms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> from -them—that is to say, their swords: the flints are only taken off the -fire-arms. In proportion to their number they are then to be brought -to the General's quarter by one, two, or three men, and their swords -returned to them.</p> - -<p>Whenever any property is taken from a deserter, the act is always to be -severely punished.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>At Night.</i></p> - -<p>Great caution is to be used in this instance. The Videttes must order -them to halt at some distance, and by no means allow them to come too -near. The Picquet advances, and the Deserters are to come towards it -one by one, and be disarmed immediately. After all this is done, they -are brought to the rear. Deserters must be examined respecting the -movements, &c., of the Enemy.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION X.</p> - -<p class="center">WHEN THE PICQUET IS ATTACKED.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Day.</i></p> - -<p>The first to be done is to report what is going on, and in a -mountainous and woody country at the same time to acquaint the Picquets -on the flanks with it. After this the Picquet advances, but in such -a manner that it cannot be cut off, and begins to skirmish. It will -seldom be practicable or suitable to advance farther than the chain of -Videttes. Is the Officer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> obliged to retire, it must be done as slow -as possible, to gain time for the Corps to turn out. If the Commander -of the Picquet has previously fixed upon places where to make a stand, -as prescribed in Section II., it is now time to make use of them, when -he has retired so far. The best way for cavalry to defend a bridge, -ravine, or ford, is the following (fig. 2):</p> - - - -<p class="center"> <i>Fig. 2.</i></p> -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus02.jpg" alt="figure" /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> - -<p>When the Picquet has been obliged to retire three or four hundred yards -to the bridge, the Officer is to gallop over it with the same, and to -post himself in A, as close as possible, with his right flank on it, -leaving the passage open. As soon as his skirmishers see that he has -taken up his position, and that the passage over the bridge is open, -they likewise gallop over it, and face about again in B. The Enemy -will certainly halt, and if he pushes on, those in A have only to cut -him down as he is not in a state of defence, being obliged to expose -his left flank: those in B charge likewise, or fire upon him at eight -yards' distance. In this manner the Enemy must halt, and is obliged -to retire a little, in order to throw skirmishers in C, to drive away -the Picquet by their fire. However, time is gained by this, on which -sometimes the honor and welfare of the Corps depend. This consideration -only could induce me to be so circumstantial upon this subject.</p> - -<p>When the Picquets on the flanks are not attacked at the same time, they -can be sometimes of service in acting upon the Enemy's flanks; yet the -nature of the ground must not endanger them to be cut off. But however -favorable the ground may often be, it appears sometimes surprising to -see that the nearest Picquets frequently do not undertake anything on -such occasions, and behave exactly as if the whole business did not -concern them at all.</p> - -<p>In general, it is a rule that the Picquets that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> are not attacked, -retire in a line with those engaged.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Night.</i></p> - -<p>It is mentioned in Section VII. that when the Videttes have fired their -fire-arms, they must gallop back by the road pointed out to them. It -is of the highest importance to instruct the night Videttes, that, -in case the Enemy should rapidly attack them, they are not to retire -towards the Picquet, but a hundred and fifty yards to the right or -left of it, firing constantly in the meantime, and trying by these -means to mislead the Enemy, and draw him after them. The Picquet hereby -gains time to mount, and to fall in the Enemy's flank and rear, with a -great noise, who will certainly suspect to have fallen in an ambush, -be puzzled, and perhaps lose some prisoners. Immediately after this -attack is made, it will be best to fall back again on the road fixed -upon for a retreat. It is therefore necessary to show the men in the -day the road which the Videttes are to take, when they are attacked -in the night, and likewise whereabout they are to rejoin the Picquet. -The other part of the retreat is nearly the same as in the day, with -this difference only, that there cannot be skirmishers in front, but -only two or three men at the head. It is necessary to fire as much as -possible, but wherever a stand can be made, an obstinate defence is -desirable. It is unnecessary to remark that a report is to be sent as -soon as attacked.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">II. ADVANCED GUARD.</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Day.</i></p> - -<p>Suppose the same consists of one Officer, two Non-commissioned -officers, and twenty-four men, the officer commanding tells them off as -in fig. 3.</p> - -<p class="center"> <i>Fig. 3.</i></p> -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus03.jpg" alt="figure" /> -</p> - -<p>This gives an extension of 1,500 yards, which is sufficient for -twenty-four men. If the column is larger, the Advanced Guard is -likewise stronger and more extended. A rule is, that the Advanced Guard -should take up so much ground, that when it discovers the enemy, the -column has sufficient time to form and make dispositions, either for -attacking or retiring. The several divisions of the Advanced Guard must -always keep their support in sight, and be careful to preserve the same -distances. When the column halts, the Advanced Guard does the same, but -the three men at the head instantly occupy the neighbouring heights, in -case the enemy should be within four or five hundred yards.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> - -<p>If the Advanced Guard comes to a wood which is supposed to be 2,000 -yards broad, the Sergeant reinforces the three men at the head with six -more, who extend themselves so far to the right and left as to be in -line with the first three, that they can see each other, and what is -concealed between them, and he follows with the two men left him, the -three men in advance on the road. Should the wood be too large, the -Officer must send two men to the right, and as many to the left, round -it, who are carefully to examine whether they can see the traces of -troops marched into the wood, which is to be immediately reported. The -column halts until this is ascertained.</p> - -<p>Generally only two men march at the heads, but this is wrong; there -ought to be three, whose duty is the following: Is a height in front, -the centre man of the three trots on until he can look over it; if -there is one to the right or left of the road, one of the other two men -does the same. Near an enemy this must always be done, supposed even -that the hill is 1500 or 2000 yards distance. Men that go on the top of -a hill to reconnoitre in this manner, (they may belong to an Advanced -Guard or a Patrol,) must proceed more carefully than is generally done. -As a great deal depends upon seeing the Enemy, and not to be seen by -him, they must, when nearly on the top of the hill, take off the cap, -and only go as high as just to be able to look over; this produces the -great advantage, that the Com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>manding Officer may observe the marching -Enemy, and make his arrangements accordingly for a retreat, an attack, -or an ambuscade. All these advantages are lost when the Enemy discovers -us.</p> - -<p>Should the march be directed towards a village, one man goes round -it to the right, the other to the left, and the third through it, if -the situation of the village permits to do so. The Non-Commissioned -Officer of the Advanced Guard also trots on until he arrives near the -village, and reinforces the men going through it with three more; one -of these four men goes to the right, the other to the left, through the -bye-roads; two men proceed through the middle of it, at such a distance -from each other, that the hindmost always keep in sight the one before -him. Should these men in patrolling the village find no inhabitants, -they are to look into the windows, ride into the yards, and examine -carefully if perhaps the Enemy concealed himself; those going round -the village look at the entrances to see if Troops marched into the -village. The Sergeant, with his men, follows slowly; when he has passed -through the village he collects his men, sends three men again at the -head, and reports to his Officer, who has halted behind the village, -that the same is patrolled, &c.</p> - -<p>It is unnecessary to observe, that these and other precautionary -measures are not requisite when the Enemy cannot be expected.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center"><i>By Night.</i></p> - -<p>The Advanced Guard is told off as by day, but the distances between -the several divisions must not be as large. The Officer's Division -is a hundred yards from the column, the Sergeant a hundred from the -Officer's, and the head fifty from the Sergeant's party. Between these -Divisions, single men are to ride, who can see each other, to prevent -the communication being lost.</p> - -<p>If an Advanced Guard is unexpectedly attacked during the night, or -meets with the Enemy, it has no other choice but instantly to fall upon -him. The Non-Commissioned Officer must be instructed to disperse, in -such a case, to the right and left, and to fire as much as possible; -but the Officer advances rapidly with his Division, and charges. This -is the only way to give time to the column to prepare for an attack. It -is an unpardonable fault in an Advanced Guard to be frightened, and to -retire upon the column, every thing will then be in confusion, and it -would have been better, if there had been no Advanced Guard at all; but -if it advanced with intrepidity the column has time.</p> - -<p>Should the Advanced Guard be obliged, by a superior force, to retire, -after having fought bravely, this retreat ought to be made on either -side of the Column, but never on the Column, because the latter would -be fired upon, and the confusion increased.</p> - -<p>On all these subjects the men should be previ<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>ously well instructed. -Every Commanding Officer of a detached party must consider it as one of -his first duties to give clear and circumstantial instructions to his -men, without which they will frequently act contrary to his ideas, even -with the best intention.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">III. REAR GUARD</p> - -<p>Is told off in separate divisions, the same as an Advance Guard, only -in reverse order (fig. 4.)</p> - -<p class="center"> <i>Fig. 4.</i></p> -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="figure" /> -</p> - -<p>The object of a Rear Guard is to prevent the enemy's approaching the -column unperceived; two men in the Rear are sufficient, but these must -be picked men. When the march is undisturbed, they often halt on the -heights so as just to be able to look over to the rear, to discover the -enemy. When a mountain is near, the Officer will do well to ride on the -top of it, and to look about the country with his spy-glass.</p> - -<p>If the enemy follows closely with a few men, to see the strength of -our column, it is to be tried to lead them into an ambuscade, and -to make prisoners, or to drive them off. But in case the Rear is -attacked, it is instantly to be supported by the Serjeant's Troop, -and this by the Officer's Troop, which both immediately advance for -that purpose, in order not to allow the enemy to come too near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> the -Column. The Commanding Officer of the Column will then support him, -or give directions to retire slowly. If the enemy follows with a more -considerable force, suppose one squadron, <i>without</i> attacking, the Rear -Guard will follow the Column in the subsequent manner. When the Column -is a thousand yards distant from the Officer's Troop, he trots on to -the ordinary distance of five hundred yards, halts, and fronts; as soon -as the Serjeant sees that the Officer has fronted, he trots on to five -hundred yards' distance from the Officer, and fronts likewise, the two -men in the rear trot on to the same distance from the Serjeant's Troop. -In this manner the Rear alternately follows the Column, which prevents -the enemy from coming too near; at the same time an engagement is -avoided, and the horses saved. Whenever the Column halts, the different -parties face towards the enemy.</p> - -<p>At night, the Rear Guard behaves in the same manner as prescribed for -the Advanced Guard; that is to say, the intervals between the several -Troops are to be shorter, and a sufficient number of single men placed -in them not to lose sight of the Column and each other.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">IV. PATROLS.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION I.</p> - -<p class="center">SIDE PATROLS.</p> - -<p>Patrols are detached on the Flanks, when the enemy can disturb the -Flanks of the column. They are placed in the following manner (fig. 5):</p> - -<p class="center"> <i>Fig. 5.</i></p> -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus5a.jpg" alt="figure" /> -</p> - -<p>The two men in A must not only from time to time communicate with the -Advanced Guard—that is to say, one of them incline to the left until -he can see<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> it—but the other, when there is a height near, even at a -thousand yards' distance, must ride so far on the top of it that he -can look over. When attacked, Side Patrols behave as Advanced and Rear -Guards. They meet the enemy, and do not suffer him to come too near the -Column.</p> - -<p>When a Side Patrol meets with a wood in the direction of its march, the -disposition is altered (fig. 6).</p> - - - -<p class="center"> <i>Fig. 6.</i></p> -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="figure" /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> - -<p>The officer detaches the Serjeant's Troop to the right, the Corporal's -and four men to the left, and himself remains with his men in the -centre. The Serjeant sends two men to the skirts of the wood; these -must look at the tracks, and one of them ride on a height, if any is -near; the remainder divide themselves to the left of these two men, at -such a distance that they can keep each other in sight. The Corporal -divides his men in the same manner from the Right Flank of the Column -to the Officer's Troop. If the Officer perceives that these two lines -are not extensive enough to cover the ground towards his Troop, he -detaches a sufficient number of men to the right and left to form a -perfect line, which line must be careful never to get at the head of -the Column. The Non-commissioned officers endeavor to keep their men in -the same line with the Officer's Division.</p> - -<p>It sometimes excites pity to see the men unnecessarily gallop and -fatigue their horses on such occasions, only from want of instructions, -without doing more good than they would have done at a walk.</p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION II.</p> - -<p class="center">PATROLLING A WOOD.</p> - -<p>This is done in the same manner as if (Section I.,) a Side Patrol meets -with a wood, with the difference that two men are likewise sent round -to the left extremity of the wood.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION III.</p> - -<p class="center">PATROLS OF DISCOVERY</p> - -<p>Consists generally of a pretty considerable force, to be enabled to -defend themselves against a small hostile party or patrol, and are -sent for the purpose of ascertaining whether a certain place is in the -Enemy's possession, whether he is on the move against us, or whether -a certain district is occupied by him. Such a Patrol marches, after -having passed the chain of Videttes, with the ordinary precautions of -having three men for Advanced, and two for Rear Guard, and sends, in -case the country requires it, one man to the right, and another to the -left, on the heights.</p> - -<p>As not unfrequently the safety, but also the attainment of the object -for which the Patrol was sent out, depends upon its not being seen by -the Enemy, before the Patrol has discovered him, it is of the utmost -importance to instruct the men at the head very accurately, they must -not merely be satisfied with looking before them, but look at the -tracks of the cross-roads very minutely, and mount every hill with -caution, &c.</p> - -<p>If this is done, the Patrol will sometimes have opportunities to make -prisoners. When a Patrol sees the Enemy advance towards it with not -too strong a force, it must try to conceal itself and rapidly attack -the unsuspecting enemy: he will get into confusion, fly, and perhaps -lose some prisoners. If the Enemy has been discovered before,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> but is -too strong, the Patrol retires: is perhaps not seen by him at all; and -circumstances may allow that it is able to continue its march, and to -obtain the object of its first destination. All these advantages are -lost when the Enemy discovers it.</p> - -<p>A Patrol must never enter a village or wood until it has been explored; -but this is to be managed in such a way that the Patrol is not delayed: -for the leader of it must not forget that the Officer who sent him out -calculates the time of his return: if he does not come back near that -time, he that sent him will get apprehensive, and send another Patrol -after him, whereby men and horses are fatigued, which would have been -avoided had the Leader of the Patrol been active in the performance of -his duty.</p> - -<p>If a village is to be passed at night, which the Enemy can be expected -to have occupied, the Patrol is to halt (about five or six hundred -yards) on the side of it. When no Videttes of the Enemy are visible, -a few men are sent to the right and left, who approach gradually -to ascertain whether the entrances of the village are occupied by -Infantry, and to try to find an inhabitant, whom they bring to the -Patrol, or listen whether they can hear anything. If nothing can be -learned by these means, the Patrol proceeds with the same precautions -as mentioned in a former Section.</p> - -<p>If a Patrol is ordered to ascertain by night, whether and how a village -is occupied, three of the best horses are to be picked out for the -head, eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> men are to follow at twenty-four yards' distance, and the -remainder of the Patrol follows at a hundred yards' distance: in this -manner the Enemy's Vidette must be approached, without the least noise; -as soon as the Vidette challenges, the advance of the Patrol must go -on at full speed to take him prisoner. Should they be unsuccessful in -this, the eleven men, together rapidly attack the Picquet, to bring -off a prisoner, with whom they retire. The alarm will be given in the -village, to a certainty, and the sounding of a trumpet or the beating -of drums will enable us to judge by what Troops it is occupied. If a -Patrol goes so far that it is obliged to feed the horses, it should -never be done in a village, but in an open country under some trees, -and Videttes are to be placed during the time.</p> - -<p>If it is necessary to get provisions and forage out of villages, they -are to be brought out.</p> - -<p>On such occasions, as on all others, the inhabitants are to be treated -with politeness, and to rob them of anything deserves the severest -punishment, and it is but natural if they betray such unpleasant guests -to the Enemy.</p> - -<p>If guides are required, or inquiries made after a road, more than one -must be inquired after, to leave the people in uncertainty which road -the Patrol means to take. Guides that are sent home are best to be led -astray, by marching a wrong way until they are out of sight.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">SECTION IV.</p> - -<p class="center">SECRET PATROLS.</p> - -<p>These only consist of a few men, six or eight, and are generally sent -on the flanks, and sometimes in the rear of the Enemy's Army, without -the knowledge of the Enemy; are to go now and then at a great distance; -and are to remain for a considerable time, to make the necessary -observations; therefore this is the most difficult duty for Light -Cavalry.</p> - -<p>Many rules laid down for other Patrols are likewise here applicable.</p> - -<p>A Patrol of this kind marches without Advanced and Rear Guard, and, -if the country should require it, only one man rides on the heights -without showing himself. If the Patrol proceeds so far, that it is -obliged to march with great precaution, it must quit the great roads -wherever it is possible, and take its march by bye-roads, deep valleys, -&c., &c., to reach unseen the place of its destination. A Guide on -horseback will be of great service to such a Patrol; but he is to be -paid for it, and treated well. When feeding the horses, it must go off -the road into a bush or wood, and one man climbs up a tree to keep a -look-out. If anything hostile approaches, the Patrol escapes without -noise, and chooses another place of concealment until it can proceed by -roundabout ways without danger. A fire can only be lighted with great -caution, but it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> is better to avoid that entirely. If an inhabitant -accidentally meets with the Patrol at night, he must remain with it -until the march is continued. Should a Secret Patrol be discovered by -the Enemy, notwithstanding all precautions, it must fly; as soon as the -enemy gives up the pursuit, it must make attempts, by roundabout ways, -to get notwithstanding, to the spot where its commission can be carried -into execution.</p> - -<p>This sometimes succeeds beyond expectation. A well-informed and clever -officer is particularly required for this kind of duty; who speaks the -language of the country, and has a knowledge of the customs, habits, -hopes, and fears of the inhabitants. Such a one will be secure close to -the Enemy, and be able to give the most certain and best intelligence.</p> - -<p>It is to be remarked, that if the Leader of a Patrol, when returned, -cannot answer the following questions about the roads he passed, viz:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Are they rocky, sandy, or boggy?</p> - -<p>How many rivers and rivulets he passed; and the distances from one to -the other?</p> - -<p>Are the banks of them bold, or only an impediment, &c.?</p> - -<p>How many bridges lead over them? wooden or massive?</p> - -<p>Are fords beside those bridges, passable at every season for Cavalry, -Infantry, or Artillery, &c.?</p> - -<p>How many villages are on the road, and what are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> their names, and the -distances from one to the other?</p> -<p>Does the road go through wood; or is it at some distance; apparently -how large, and what kind?</p></blockquote> - -<p>he has lost sight of a principal point of his duty.</p> - -<p>The foregoing Instructions can only be considered as a sketch of the -duties of the Light Cavalry. The young, yet inexperienced soldier may -look upon it as an introduction to his duties; he can only expect to -acquire accomplishments by his own reflections and exertions.</p> - - -<p class="ph3" style="margin-top: 5em;"> -AN ABRIDGMENT</p> - -<p class="ph5">OF</p> - -<p class="ph3">COLONEL ARENTSCHILDT'S</p> - -<p class="ph4">INSTRUCTIONS TO OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED<br /> -OFFICERS OF LIGHT CAVALRY;</p> - -<p class="ph5">BY</p> - -<p class="ph3">LIEUT.-COLONEL THE HON. F. PONSONBY,</p> - -<p class="ph5">Twelfth Light Dragoons. -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> - - - - - - - -<p class="ph2">INSTRUCTIONS</p> - -<p class="ph5">FOR</p> - -<p class="ph3">OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF CAVALRY, ON OUTPOST DUTY.</p> - - -<p class="center">PICQUET.</p> - -<p>1. The Officer commanding a Picquet should have the Names and Regiments -of the men written down: he should inspect their arms and Ammunition; -he should see that they are provided with Provisions and Forage, and -should thoroughly understand the Orders which he receives.</p> - -<p>2. On the march to where the Picquet is to be stationed, the country -should be examined, and the places where a stand could be made in case -the Picquet should be attacked, ought to be particularly observed. It -is of the utmost importance to give the corps time to turn out, and the -Commander of a Picquet who retires at full speed, with the Enemy at his -heels, deserves the severest punishment. He must retire as slowly as -possible, and constantly skirmish.</p> - -<p>3. Upon arriving at the spot chosen for the Picquet, the Officer should -ascertain the number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> of Videttes necessary, by observing the roads -and hills in front; he should then place them in such a manner that -they can each see what is coming towards the Picquet, and at the same -time observe one another. In the mean time the Picquet should dismount, -placing one Sentry a little in advance; and as soon as the Videttes -are placed, two-thirds of the Picquet may unbridle. The Officer should -make a little sketch, marking the roads, rivers, bridges, or fords, -morasses, cavities, hollow roads, mountains, woods, towns, villages, -and their distances. An officer cannot feel confident for the security -of his post, unless he has acquired an exact knowledge of the country.</p> - -<p>4. The principal rules for posting a Picquet at night, are to advance -it two or three miles in front of the main body, behind a bridge, -ravine, wood, or bog, through which the road may pass, to place -Videttes in front, and on the flanks, and to send out Patrols of two -or three men each at half an hour's interval. Sometimes a man should -dismount and listen with his ear to the ground, by which means he -will hear the march of Troops at a great distance. This precaution -is necessary in stormy weather. Upon coming by night to a new spot, -Patrols should be sent out in every direction before the Videttes are -placed.</p> - -<p>5. If the Enemy is near, no fire should be lighted, the post should -be frequently changed, one-half of the Picquet should be mounted, one -hundred yards in advance, and the other half should keep the bridles in -their hands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> - -<p>6. Upon relieving a Picquet, the new one should form in the rear of the -old, the Videttes should be relieved, and the detail of duties should -be thoroughly explained to the non-commissioned Officers and Privates. -The Commander of the old Picquet should deliver over to the new one -all written Orders, and the verbal Orders should be written down and -signed by the Officer relieved: he should likewise inform him to whom -reports are to be made, and give him every information he has relative -to the Enemy, the Patrols, the Country, &c., and the night posts should -be pointed out. At the relief of the Videttes, both officers of the -old and new Picquet should be present, and listen to the instructions -given by the old Vidette to the new one. These instructions should be -from what part of the country the Enemy may be expected, where the -neighbouring Videttes are stationed, in order to be able to repeat -their signals. A Vidette should never move from the spot upon which he -is placed, as the difference of a yard may prevent his observing, or -being observed, at a great distance.</p> - -<p>7. A dismounted Sentry should be placed in front of the Picquet, where -he can observe the movements of the different Videttes. One-third of -the horses must always be bridled up, and be ready to advance; the men -must not take off their swords or belts; one-half may sleep in the -middle of the day, the other half in the afternoon, so that they may be -all perfectly alert at night. The men must not be allowed to leave the -Picquet, or to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> go into the villages, or houses, in the neighborhood. -When the men water their horses, they must bridle them up, and take -everything with them; in short, a Picquet must be always ready for an -attack in half a minute.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">PATROLS.</p> - -<p>8. In sending out Patrols, the following Rules should be observed: The -First should go out in the morning in time for it to arrive at its -destination before daybreak, where it should remain until the Officer -who commands it has had time to go to some rising ground and look over -the country. The Second at Ten. The Third at Two. The Fourth towards -Evening. And the Fifth at midnight. This arrangement, however, depends -upon the distance of the Enemy, except the morning Patrol, which is to -go under all circumstances. A Patrol, in returning, should look often -to the rear, as the Enemy frequently succeeds in following a negligent -Patrol. The Non-commissioned Officer should be particularly careful not -to allow the men to fatigue their horses; if it should be necessary to -feed, it should never be done in a village, but in an open country, and -a Vidette should be placed during the time. No man should be permitted -to leave his horse for a moment, and any man who attempts to use an -inhabitant of the country ill, or to take anything from the town by -force, must be severely punished.</p> - -<p>9. The time for the Picquet to go to the Night Post is when it becomes -too dark for the Videttes to see at any distance. They are then called -in, and the position for the night taken up. In case of any desertion, -or that there are apprehensions of being betrayed to the enemy, by the -inhabitants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> or spies, the Picquet should change its ground, but the -Videttes remain.</p> - -<p>At night the Videttes must be relieved every hour and visited every -half hour. The Videttes should at all times be double if possible. In -foggy weather, and when it is very dark, the double Videttes should -patrol among themselves, and communicate with one another. When the -Enemy is near, the following measure contributes not only to security, -but is the best method of knowing when the enemy is on the move: A few -men should patrol during the night beyond the chain of Videttes in -different directions, and as near the enemy as they can unperceived; -they should then dismount and listen with the ear to the ground.</p> - -<p>10. Every person attempting to pass the Outpost must be detained till -the morning. After the morning Patrol has returned, or has reported -that all is well, the Picquet should take up its position for the day.</p> - -<p>11. Videttes should be placed by day on a high ground, so as to have an -extensive view, but if possible near a rock or tree, so as not to be -perceived by the Enemy; when the Videttes are placed in such a manner -that they can overlook their front, see each other and the ground -between them, so that nothing can pass unperceived, they are placed as -they ought to be.</p> - -<p>12. By night, Videttes are taken off the hills and placed on the roads, -behind fords, bridges, ravines, &c.; they should be placed at the -bot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>tom of hills, so that any object moving at the top would be easily -perceived. They should by no means be advanced further than that their -firing can be distinctly heard by the Picquet.</p> - -<p>13. When a Vidette observes anything suspicious on the side of the -Enemy, such as the glittering of arms, rising of dust, &c., he is -to move his horse round in a circle at a walk; the Officer should -instantly proceed with a Corporal and four men to the Vidette; and -examine with his glass, or by a Patrol, thoroughly into the cause, -after which he must make his report. If the Vidette observes Troops -marching towards him, but at a great distance, he is to ride the circle -in a trot; the officer acts as in the former case. If the Enemy should -approach the Vidette at no great distance, he is to ride the circle -at a gallop. The Officer should advance with his whole Picquet; his -further duty is prescribed in Par. 15. If the Enemy is so near the -Videttes that they are obliged to gallop to the Picquets for their own -security, they should fire their Carbines or Pistols. By night, if the -Videttes hear a suspicious noise, even at a great distance, such as the -rattling of Carriages, barking of dogs, or if they observe any fire, -one of them should instantly report the circumstances to the officer -of the Picquet, in order that it may be inquired into by a Patrol. If -any one should approach the Videttes, they must challenge, and desire -the person or persons to halt till the Officer is informed. Should -the person refuse to halt, being twice challenged in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> loud voice, -the Vidette is to fire. Great caution must be observed by night if a -Deserter should come from the Enemy, the Videttes must not let him -approach too near; they must make him halt till the Officer comes up. -By day, the Vidette is to make a signal to the sentry of the Picquet, -should a Deserter approach, and a party will be immediately sent to -receive him.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">FLAG OF TRUCE.</p> - -<p>14. No person coming from the Enemy with a Flag of Truce, is to be -allowed to advance farther than the chain of Videttes. When the Vidette -makes the signal, the Officer of the Picquet should meet the Flag of -Truce with four more, and desire the bearer to halt, if possible, in -a bottom, as the intention is frequently only to make observations on -the position of the Picquet, in order to attack it at night. If the -bearer only brings Letters, a receipt is to be given to the bearer and -sent back; but if he insists upon being allowed to proceed, further -instructions must be obtained from the Officer commanding the Outposts. -A Flag of Truce ought to be treated with the utmost civility, but no -conversation relative to the Army is to be permitted.</p> - -<p>15. When a Picquet is attacked, the Officer is immediately to -communicate with the Picquets on his flank, and with the main body; he -is then to throw out his skirmishers, and if obliged to retire, it must -be done as slowly as possible, to gain time for the corps to turn out. -If the commander of the Picquet should have fixed upon places where to -make a stand, (as recommended in Par. 2,) he will find the advantage; -if it be a bridge, ford, or ravine, he should act in the following -manner: upon approaching the place, suppose a bridge, he should gallop -over it with his Picquet, and form with his right flank to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> Enemy, -taking care to leave the passage open. The skirmishers immediately -after gallop over, and form directly fronting the passage of the -bridge, and to the rear of the Picquet; the Enemy must necessarily -halt, in order to drive the Picquet away by their fire; consequently, -time is given to the main body, which is the grand object. If the -Picquets on the flanks should not be attacked at the same time, they -should endeavour, without exposing themselves to be cut off, to act -upon the Enemy's flanks. In general, it is a rule for the Picquets not -attacked to retire in a line with those engaged.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">ADVANCED GUARD.</p> - -<p>16. If an Officer, two non-commissioned Officers, and twenty-four -Privates, form the Advanced Guard, the Officer should post himself -about five hundred yards in front of the columns, with thirteen men, -a serjeant and eight should be detached five hundred yards in advance -of him, and three men five hundred yards in advance of the whole. The -principle upon which an Advanced Guard, Rear Guard, or Side Patrol is -sent out, is to give time to the column to make dispositions to attack -or retreat, should an Enemy be discovered. The several divisions of the -Advanced Guard must keep their support constantly in view, and if a -wood, village, or ravine appear upon their front or flank, it must be -carefully examined before the column proceeds: at night, the interval -between the divisions of an Advance or Rear Guard, should be much less -than during the day, and a communication should be kept up between the -divisions, by two or three single men placed at such distances that -they can see each other.</p> - -<p>17. A great deal of responsibility is left to a non-commissioned -Officer on outpost duty: he has frequently the command of Patrols, -Picquets, &c.; it is therefore necessary for him to obtain a thorough -knowledge of his duty. Unless he has authority to keep up the strictest -discipline, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> to make the men under him pay the greatest attention -to all Orders, he is not fit for his situation, and he is to recollect -that the safety and honor of his Regiment may frequently depend upon -the manner in which he executes his duty.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="center">REPORTS.</p> - -<p>18. All Officers in command of Picquets, Patrols, &c., must make -written reports of any thing which occurs. There are few occasions when -it is necessary to send a verbal report, and it should, if possible, -be avoided, as it is very difficult to find Non-commissioned Officers, -and Soldiers, who will deliver it correctly. A commander of a Post or -Patrol, must be very cautious not to create unnecessary alarms; he -must report as fully and as correctly as possible. If he reports the -movements of the Enemy, he must recollect that considerable confusion -may arise from saying "to the right," or "to the left;" he must say, to -<i>our</i> right, or to <i>our</i> left, or to "the <span class="smcap">Enemy's</span> right," or -to "the <span class="smcap">Enemy's</span> left." If a Non-commissioned Officer cannot -send a written report, he must explain the message thoroughly to the -Private, and should the latter deliver it incorrectly, he must expect -to be punished.</p> - - -<p class="center">FINIS.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2">CONTENTS.</p> - -<table summary="toc" width="60%"> -<tr> -<td colspan="3" align="center">I. ON THE CONDUCT TO BE HELD BY AN OFFICER, OR<br /> -NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER, ON PICQUET. -</td> -<td> -</td> -<td> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdd">SECT. I. -</td> -<td> —Parading the Picquet, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">II. -</td> -<td> —Marching for his destination, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">III. -</td> -<td> —If no Picquet was on the spot before, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Day, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Night, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">IV. -</td> -<td> —Relieving another Picquet, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">V. -</td> -<td> —During his stay on Picquet, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Day, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Night, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">VI. -</td> -<td> —Placing of Videttes, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Day, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Night, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdd">VII. -</td> -<td> —Instructions for the Videttes, and what the Officer -commanding the Picquet has to Observe on their making signals, -</td> -<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Day, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Night, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">VIII. -</td> -<td> —On the arrival of a Flag of truce, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">IX. -</td> -<td> —Deserters coming from the Enemy, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> At Daytime, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> At Night, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">X. -</td> -<td> —When the Picquet is attacked, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Day, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Night, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left:35%;">II. ADVANCED GUARD.</span> -</td> -<td> -</td> -<td> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Day, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> By Night, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left:35%;">III. REAR GUARD.</span> -</td> -<td> -</td> -<td align="right"> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> Its Object and duties, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left:35%;">IV. PATROLS.</span> -</td> -<td> -</td> -<td align="right"> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">SECT. I. -</td> -<td> —Side Patrols, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">II. -</td> -<td> —Patrolling a wood, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">III. -</td> -<td> —Patrols of Discovery, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right">IV. -</td> -<td> —Secret Patrols, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td> -</td> -<td colspan="3">ABRIDGMENT BY LIEUT. COLONEL, THE HON. F. PONSONBY. -</td> -<td> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> Picquet, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> Patrols, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> Flag of Truce, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> Advanced Guard, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td align="right"> -</td> -<td> Reports, -</td> -<td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a> -</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<p class="ph2" style="margin-top: 10em;"> -SCIENCE OF WAR!</p> - -<p class="ph3">TACTICS</p> -<p class="ph5">FOR</p> -<p class="ph3">OFFICERS</p> -<p class="ph5">OF</p> -<p class="ph3">INFANTRY, CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY.</p> - -<p class="ph4">ARRANGED AND COMPILED BY<br /> -<br /> -L. v. BUCKHOLTZ.</p> - -<p class="ph6">One Volume, 12mo, Price 75 cts. by mail, post paid. -</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ARMORY, RICHMOND, VA., <span class="smcap">Jan'y</span> 8, 1861.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">J.W. Randolph</span>—<i>Dear Sir</i>:—I have only had time to look over -the Military work of Capt. <i>Buckholtz</i>, because of my pressing duties, -yet I am satisfied that, if printed, much valuable information to our -citizen soldiery will be furnished.</p> - -<p>The popular works upon military matters, now before the public, are -confined to ordinary drills and parades. What is now wanted, is a -treatise going to show when the various movements of Artillery, -Cavalry, Infantry and Rifle, as taught in their respective drills, -should be used in presence of an enemy,—what grounds should be -selected for battle and encampment—what precautions to be taking when -advancing or retreating—when to act in column—when in line, how -to post the different arms to act most favorably—information most -essential to success, and without which, no matter how personally brave -troops may be, they are exposed to almost certain disaster in presence -of an equal number of well drilled and well manœuvered troops, and -this information Capt. Buckholtz furnishes in his work.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I have no hesitation in recommending it.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Very respectfully yours,</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">CHARLES DIMMOCK, Capt., &c., &c.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Published and for sale by</p> - -<p>J.W. RANDOLPH, <span class="smcap">Richmond, Va.</span></p> - -<p>Also for sale by Booksellers generally.</p> - - - - - -<p class="ph2" style="margin-top: 5em;">NEW MILITARY WORK.</p> - -<p class="ph5">ON</p> -<p class="ph3">INFANTRY CAMP DUTY, FIELD FORTIFICATION, AND -COAST DEFENSE.</p> - -<p class="ph4">Prepared and arranged by <span class="smcap">Capt. L. v. Buckholtz,</span> with plates,</p> -<p class="ph5">16mo. muslin. Price 50 cts. by mail, post paid.</p> - - -<p>RECOMMENDATIONS.</p> - -<p>"This is a mere pocket-book in size, but it is crowded with instruction -for military men—instruction gathered and condensed from the great -bulk of works on military science. It encloses grains of wheat, -threshed, as it were, out of the great stack—is simple, convenient and -comprehensive. It is from the pen of Captain Buckholtz, of this city, a -gentleman who has seen service on the continent of Europe, and who is -an accomplished officer."—<i>Richmond Dispatch.</i></p> - -<p>"We are always pleased to meet with a Southern Book, one written, -printed and bound in our own section by our own people, and we -therefore greet with pleasure two military works now before us, by -Captain Buckholtz, and published by J.W. Randolph, Richmond."</p> - -<p>The first is "<i>On Infantry Camp Duty, Field Fortification, and Coast -Defense</i>." Under the head of Infantry Camp Duty we are instructed in -out guards, patrols, vanguard, side-guard, rear guard, ambuscade, -surprise, and transports. In Field Fortification we have instructions -on fortifications, regularly constructed forts, attack and defense, -fortresses, and a description of the principal parts of fortified works.</p> - -<p>The chapter on Coast Defense is most excellent.</p> - -<p>As an elementary work on the subjects treated, this book has no -superior, and we commend it to our military.</p> - -<p>The second book is, "<i>Tactics for Officers of Infantry, Cavalry, -and Artillery</i>." This is a most complete military work, comprising -instruction in the three departments of the army, and contains much -information which we have never met with in the popular military works -of the day."—<i>Norfolk Southern Argus.</i></p> - -<p>Published and for sale by</p> - -<p>J.W. RANDOLPH, <span class="smcap">Richmond, Va.</span></p> - -<p>Also for sale by Booksellers generally.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Instructions for Officers and -Non-Commissioned Officer of Cavalry on Outpost Duty, by Lt-Col Arentschildt - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS *** - -***** This file should be named 54515-h.htm or 54515-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/5/1/54515/ - -Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Instructions for Officers and Non-Commissioned Officer of Cavalry on Outpost Duty - -Author: Lt-Col Arentschildt - -Release Date: April 9, 2017 [EBook #54515] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - - - - - - INSTRUCTIONS - - FOR OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED - OFFICERS OF CAVALRY, - - ON - - OUTPOST DUTY; - - BY - - LIEUT.-COLONEL VON ARENTSCHILDT, - First Hussars King's German Legion: - - WITH - - AN ABRIDGMENT OF THEM - - BY - - LIEUT.-COLONEL THE HON. F. PONSONBY, - Twelfth Light Dragoons. - - - J.W. RANDOLPH: - 121 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND, VA. - 1861. - - - - - THIS - VALUABLE DIGEST - OF - INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED - OFFICERS OF CAVALRY ON OUTPOST DUTY, - - IS REPRINTED FROM THE LONDON EDITION - BY ORDER OF - BRIG'R GENERAL PHILIP ST. GEO. COCKE, - - WHILST COMMANDING POTOMAC MILITARY DEPARTMENT - OF VIRGINIA, - AND DEDICATED BY HIM TO - - CAPTAIN LAY AND HIS "POWHATAN TROOP" - OF CAVALRY. - - * * * * * - - THIS DIGEST IS EARNESTLY COMMENDED TO THE ATTENTION - OF THE OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS - OF CAVALRY OF VIRGINIA, AND OF THE - CONFEDERATE STATES. - - - - - OUTPOST DUTY. - - - I. - - INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED - OFFICERS: - - BY LIEUT.-COLONEL VON ARENTSCHILDT. - - - II. - - AN ABRIDGMENT OF THE SAME: - - BY LIEUTENANT-COLONEL THE HON. F. PONSONBY. - - - - - LIEUTENANT-COLONEL VON ARENTSCHILDT'S - INSTRUCTIONS ON - OUTPOST DUTY. - - - - - INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS ON OUTPOST - DUTY. - - - I. ON THE CONDUCT TO BE HELD BY AN OFFICER, OR NON-COMMISSIONED - OFFICER, ON PICQUET. - - - SECTION I. PARADING THE PICQUET. - - The Commanding Officer of a Picquet, as soon as the same has been - given up to him, should take care to have the names of his men written - down, as well as the Regiment and Troop they belong to; inspect their - ammunition and fire arms; and order them to load. He likewise should - inquire if the men are provided with provisions and forage, and in - case they are not, it must be reported to the Regiment, in order that - supplies may be sent after them. Inquiries are likewise to be made - where the reports are to be sent to. - - - SECTION II. - - MARCHING FOR HIS DESTINATION. - - On the march to the spot where the Picquet is to be placed, the - Officer must pay great attention in examining the country, and - particularly observe the places where he would make a stand in case - the Picquet should be attacked by the Enemy: for instance, behind a - bridge, a ravine, between bogs, &c., in order to keep off the enemy as - long as possible. This is of the utmost importance to give the Corps - time to turn out. The Commander of a Picquet who retires with his - men at full speed, and the Enemy at his heels, deserves the severest - punishment; he must retire as slow as possible, and constantly - skirmish. - - - SECTION III. - - IF NO PICQUET WAS ON THE SPOT BEFORE. - - - _By Day._ - - Being arrived at the spot chosen by himself, or pointed out to him, - he forms his Picquet, and takes out as many men as he thinks he has - occasion for as Videttes. To fix upon the number of Videttes, is - much facilitated by riding on the top of a hill, and observing the - number of roads and hills in front. With these Videttes he goes on, - and places them in such a manner that every one of them is able to - see individually what is coming towards the Picquet, as well as the - neighbouring Videttes. The remainder of the Picquet dismounts in the - mean time, with the exception of one Sentry, who is to be placed a - little in advance. The bridles are not to be taken off. In placing - the Videttes the Officer will have acquired a sufficient knowledge of - the country to be able to judge whether any of them are superfluous, - (which is much to be avoided, as men and horses are unnecessarily - fatigued by it,) or whether there ought to be more. Two-thirds of - the Picquet now unbridle: it is to be recollected that the whole of - a Picquet should never unbridle. The Officer then reconnoitres the - country. Every one ambitious to do his duty well will make a little - sketch, in which the following are to be marked; - - 1. Roads; 2. Rivers; 3. Bridges and Fords; 4. Morasses, cavities, - hollow roads, and mountains; 5. Wood; 6. Towns, Villages and their - distances. - - If the Officer does not acquire such an exact knowledge of the - country, he cannot be responsible for the security of his Picquet, and - of the corps to which he belongs. - - By this time he will have had opportunity to fix upon the spot where - his Picquet and Videttes ought to be placed at night. - - - _By Night._ - - It is impossible to lay down any fixed, principles on this subject; - but the general rules are, to advance the Picquet at least two or - three English miles in front of the main body: to place it behind a - bridge, ravine, wood, or bog through which the road passes, in order - to be enabled to make a stand immediately on being attacked, and to - place Videttes in front and flanks. Small Patrols of two or three men - in front, and flanks at half an hour's interval, and constantly kept - in motion, will give perfect security, particularly if one of the - men sometimes dismounts, and listens with his ear on the ground: he - will hear the march of troops at a great distance. This precaution is - indispensable in stormy weather. Upon coming by night to a new spot, - particularly in a mountainous or woody country, small Patrols must be - pushed forward immediately in all the roads, &c., to secure in the - first instance the placing of Videttes, &c., &c. - - If the enemy is near, no fire is to be lighted, and the spot where the - Picquet stands should be changed very often; one-half of the Picquet - should be mounted, the other stand with the bridles in their hands. - - - SECTION IV. - - RELIEVING ANOTHER PICQUET. - - Great part of what is said in sections I. and II. is likewise to be - applied here. As soon as the Officer is arrived at the Picquet that - is to be relieved, he forms at its left flank, or behind it, as the - nature of the ground requires, draws out a non-commissioned officer, - and as many Videttes as he has to relieve, (the remainder dismounts,) - and proceeds with the Officer commanding the old Picquet and his own - non-commissioned Officer to relieve the Videttes. The Officers should - be very particular in delivering the detail of their duties, and the - following is to be observed on such occasions. - - 1. All written orders or instructions must be delivered, and the - verbal orders written down and signed by the Officer who is relieved. - - 2. The outlines of the sketch belonging to the Officer commanding the - old Picquet are to be copied and filled up afterwards-- - - 3. To whom the reports are to be sent. - - 4. Where the Picquets on the flanks are stationed; what roads lead to - them; how often Patrols are exchanged between them in the night. In - case the roads to them are little known, or difficult to be found, the - Non-commissioned Officer of the old Picquet must show them to that of - the new one, who takes another man with him. - - 5. Inquiries must be made as to the knowledge the Officer has of the - enemy, particularly where he patrols to; whether he thinks that the - Picquet has been well posted, at night as well as in the day, or - whether improvements can be made. If such an improvement is found to - be necessary by placing one or two more Videttes, they ought to be - posted immediately, but the same is to be reported without delay. - - At the relief of the Videttes, both the officers of the old and new - Picquets should be present. They must listen to the delivery of - instructions from the old Vidette to the new one, and the latter is to - be desired to repeat what has been delivered to him, to prevent any - mistake. The principal points of these instructions should be: on what - roads and from what part of the country the enemy may be expected to - advance; where the neighbouring Videttes are stationed, in order to be - able to repeat their signals, which they may have particular orders to - make. The new Vidette must be very particular in occupying the same - spot that the old one did, as sometimes the difference of one yard - may be of great consequence in observing or being observed at a great - distance. - - If the relief is not made with the above-mentioned exactness, all - orders that have been issued may be misunderstood or quite forgotten - in the course of two or three days. - - After all the Videttes have been relieved in this manner, the spot - where the Picquet and Videttes have been stationed in the night are - to be pointed out to the Officer of the new Picquet. - - The old Picquet now marches off, and the new one takes its place. The - horses may be then unbridled, except one-third or one-fourth. - - - SECTION V. - - DURING HIS STAY ON PICQUET. - - - _By Day._ - - A Dismounted Sentry who is able to see the movements of the several - Videttes, and who can acquaint the Picquet with them, is a measure so - necessary for the safety of the Picquet, that it never ought to be - omitted. - - One-third or one-fourth of the horses are always bridled up and ready - to advance; the men must never take off their swords and belts; - one-half of them may sleep in the middle of the day, the other in the - afternoon, that they may be all perfectly alert at night. - - The men must not be allowed to go into houses or villages in the - neighbourhood; such straggling leads to irregularities, and on being - rapidly attacked by the enemy the horses will be lost. - - When the men water their horses, they must bridle them up, and take - everything with them; none but inexperienced and negligent Officers - will allow the men to water their horses at any distance with merely - the halter on, and leaving the bridle with the Picquet. - - In short, a Picquet must at all times be ready for an attack in half a - minute. - - How often the Picquets are to patrol, where to and how far, is - generally ordered by the Officer commanding the outposts. If there are - no orders upon these subjects, the following Patrols will be sent: - - The first at half an hour before daybreak, or so early that it has - time to arrive at the place of its destination at daylight; here it - will remain until it is full daylight. Whoever leads the Patrol is to - go up on the top of a hill, where he can look about to a considerable - distance, and then he returns, the second Patrol at ten o'clock; - the third at two o'clock; the fourth towards evening; the fifth at - midnight. - - This arrangement, however, depends upon the distance of the enemy, - except the morning Patrol before daylight, which is to go under all - circumstances. - - It cannot be too frequently told to all Patrols, that they are often - to look to the rear when they return. The Enemy very frequently - succeeds in following a negligent Patrol of this kind, and surprising - the Picquet, which thinks itself perfectly secure. In a close country - it is very advisable after the return of a patrol, to send forward - again a few men at the distance of a mile, to be certain that the - Enemy did not follow the Patrol. - - - _By Night._ - - The proper time for the Picquet to go to the night post is when it - gets too dark for the day Videttes to see at any distance; they are - then called in, and the position for the night is taken up. - - If there are any apprehensions of being betrayed to the enemy by spies - or inhabitants of the country, it is advisable to change the spot - again, but the Videttes will remain. - - In case the enemy is very near, the Picquet must be mounted; this is, - however, very fatiguing for men and horses; it is, therefore, better - to cause one-third or one-half to mount and to advance about a hundred - yards; the remainder is to stand by their horses. - - At night the Videttes may be relieved every hour. The Relief should - ride along the chain of Videttes; this may be considered, at the same - time, as a visiting Patrol. Besides this Patrol, the Videttes are to - be visited every half hour to be quite sure that none of them have - deserted or fallen asleep. If the enemy is near, the Videttes should - be all double; which is at all times to be recommended in preference - to single Videttes, if the strength of the Picquet will allow it. - - In case a man deserts, the spot where the Picquet is stationed ought - to be instantly changed to some hundred yards' distance, and the fire - to be extinguished; the Videttes are to be made acquainted with this - change, and double attention paid. In such cases double Videttes - patrol among themselves in the following manner: - - _Fig._ 1. - - 1 2 3 4 5 6 - ....0 0 .... 0 0 .... 0 0.... - Videttes. - - No. 1 patrols to his left, and when returned No. 2 proceeds to No. 3, - and returns to his station: No. 3 patrols to No. 2, and when returned, - No. 4 will go to No. 5 and return; 5 and 6, and all the other Videttes - do the same. If this is done it is impossible that anything can pass - unperceived. The desertion of any man must be reported without delay. - - When the Enemy is close, the following measures not only contributes - to insure security, but is the best way to learn when the Enemy is - on the move. A few men are to patrol during the night every hour - beyond the chain of Videttes, in different directions, and to go as - close to the Enemy as they can, unperceived. As soon as they are far - enough, one man dismounts and listens with his ear on the ground; - he will be enabled to hear at a considerable distance when Troops - march. This undoubtedly gives security to the outpost; but it is - particularly recommended, being the only means to ascertain the secret - movements of the enemy in the night, to discover which the greatest - exertions ought to be made, as it is of the utmost importance to the - Commander-in-chief to be immediately acquainted with them. - - The Picquets have frequently no orders to detain people that pass - through the line of outposts towards the enemy; but in the evening - and during the night every one attempting to do so must remain with - the Picquet until daylight. Persons suspected of carrying any papers - with them are to be searched, and sent to the Commanding Officer, with - a written statement why they appear suspicious. Half an hour before - daylight the morning Patrols will be sent on the roads in front, and - as soon as it is quite light the Picquet and Videttes take up their - position for the day. - - - SECTION VI. - - PLACING OF VIDETTES. - - Although little can be said upon this subject, (everything depending - upon the nature of the country,) the following rules may be applicable: - - - _By Day._ - - They are generally placed upon hills, to enable them to have a good - view of everything in front. In a mountainous country the ravines and - narrow valleys now and then cannot be observed at the top of a hill; - in this case a Vidette is to be placed in the bottom. It is desirable - to place the Videttes on the top of hills, near a tree or large - stone, to prevent the enemy from seeing them, as he may conclude, - by seeing one of them, what position the whole line of Videttes and - Picquets, and even sometimes the corps to which they belong, have - taken up. - - When the Videttes are placed in such a manner that they can overlook - their front, see each other and the ground between them, so that - nothing can pass unperceived, they are placed as they ought to be. - - In order to spare men and horses, no more Videttes than necessary are - to be out. - - In a thick fog the Videttes stationed at a considerable distance on - the flanks are taken off the hills and placed on more suitable spots. - The country may require that the position fixed upon for the night - should be taken up during the day, in which case the country in front - must be continually scoured in all directions by small Patrols; which - measure always gives sufficient security. - - - _By Night._ - - The Videttes are taken off the hills, and placed on the roads, behind - fords, bridges, ravines, &c., by which the enemy may approach the - Picquet. At a clear moonshine they ought to be near a tree or bush, to - prevent their being seen by the enemy, as in a close country it may - happen that he approaches them unperceived, notwithstanding all their - attention. They should be placed at the bottom of a hill, so that - any object moving on the top would be easily perceived even in the - darkest night. - - They are by no means to be advanced further than that, their firing - can be distinctly heard by the Picquet, even in a stormy night. - - - SECTION VII. - - INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE VIDETTES, - - And what the Officer Commanding the Picquet has to observe on their - making Signals. - - - _By Day._ - - 1. When a Vidette discovers anything suspicious on the side of the - enemy, should it be a rising dust or the glittering of arms, he should - move his horse in a circle at a walk. The Officer should instantly - proceed to the Vidette, accompanied by a corporal and four men, and if - he cannot distinctly discover by his spy-glass the cause of the dust, - he should send off the men that accompanied him, as a Patrol, or go - himself; so far that he can report in case he sees Troops, how strong - they are, whether consisting of Cavalry, Infantry, or Artillery, - but particularly in which direction they march. This report must be - dispatched in writing, without the least delay. - - The Commander of a Picquet should never omit to report occurrences of - this kind, although they may have no connexion with the security of - his Picquet. Patrols and Picquets must always report the movements of - any body of Troops, even of a small number. - - 2. If the Videttes observe Troops marching towards them, but yet at - a great distance, they will ride the circle in a trot. The Officer's - duty is, as in 1. - - 3. If the enemy's Troops come towards the Picquet, and are at only - one English mile distance from it, the Videttes circle in a gallop. - The Officer immediately advances with his whole Picquet. His duty is - prescribed in the paragraph on the Attack of a Picquet. - - If the enemy is so near that the Videttes are obliged to gallop to - their Picquets for their own security, they fire their carbines and - pistols in case the Picquet should not have advanced. - - - _By Night._ - - 1. As soon as the Videttes hear a suspicious noise, even at a great - distance, such as the rattling of carriages or artillery, the barking - of dogs in the villages in front, or if they observe any fire, one of - the Videttes must instantly report it to the Officer of the Picquet, - in order that the circumstances may be inquired into by a Patrol. - - 2. Should any person approach the Vidette, he must be challenged with - "Who comes there?" so loud that the Picquet and the next Videttes are - able to hear it. If those that approach do not halt upon this, the - Vidette should challenge a second time; if they do not halt, he should - fire, and retire on the road pointed out to him, &c., &c. But if - those that he challenged halt, he cries out "One man dismount!" and at - the same time, "Sergeant advance!" The dismounted man he desires to - approach, but not nearer than three yards, and holds the cocked pistol - directed against him. The Officer of the Picquet must be instantly - there, and examine carefully where the person or persons came from, - who sent them, and what for, (when the enemy has the intention to - surprise a Picquet, he sometimes pretends to be a friendly Patrol,) - to what regiment they belong, the name of their Brigadier, Commanding - Officer and Captains--where their regiment is encamped, &c., &c.; if - they are able readily and justly to answer these questions, they may - pass unmolested, as in that case one may consider it a certainty that - they are no enemies. - - - SECTION VIII. - - ON THE ARRIVAL OF A FLAG OF TRUCE. - - Any person coming from the enemy with a Flag of Truce, must never be - allowed to advance further than the chain of Videttes. When a Vidette - makes the signal, the Officer of the Picquet meets the Flag of Truce - with four men, and desires the bearer of it to halt, if possible in - a bottom, or makes him face towards the side he came from, as it may - be only the intention of the enemy to make observations respecting - our position, or to see how the Picquet is placed, in order to - surprise it in the night. Does the bearer of the Flag of Truce only - bring letters, they are to be taken from him, and a receipt given for - them; if he insists upon being allowed to proceed, permission must be - asked, which being obtained, the person proceeding is blindfolded; - a Non-commissioned Officer leads his horse, and brings him to the - General's quarter. Should there be more persons than one, the - remainder must stay where they are, until the other returns. A Flag of - Truce ought to be treated with the utmost politeness; if refreshments - can be given, it is desirable to do so; but no conversation relative - to our position and to the army is to be permitted. - - After a Flag of Truce has left the Videttes, the Picquet must be very - attentive. - - - SECTION IX. - - DESERTERS COMING FROM THE ENEMY. - - - _At Daytime._ - - As they are discernable at a distance, but cannot be known to be - deserters, a proportionate number from the Picquet must already - have advanced to the line of Videttes when they approach. Deserters - generally make themselves known by flourishing the cap about their - head, and calling out "Deserter!" But this is not to be depended - upon; their further behaviour must be previously observed. They are - to be told that it is an order in the army to take their arms from - them--that is to say, their swords: the flints are only taken off the - fire-arms. In proportion to their number they are then to be brought - to the General's quarter by one, two, or three men, and their swords - returned to them. - - Whenever any property is taken from a deserter, the act is always to - be severely punished. - - - _At Night._ - - Great caution is to be used in this instance. The Videttes must order - them to halt at some distance, and by no means allow them to come too - near. The Picquet advances, and the Deserters are to come towards it - one by one, and be disarmed immediately. After all this is done, they - are brought to the rear. Deserters must be examined respecting the - movements, &c., of the Enemy. - - - SECTION X. - - WHEN THE PICQUET IS ATTACKED. - - - _By Day._ - - The first to be done is to report what is going on, and in a - mountainous and woody country at the same time to acquaint the - Picquets on the flanks with it. After this the Picquet advances, but - in such a manner that it cannot be cut off, and begins to skirmish. - It will seldom be practicable or suitable to advance farther than the - chain of Videttes. Is the Officer obliged to retire, it must be done - as slow as possible, to gain time for the Corps to turn out. If the - Commander of the Picquet has previously fixed upon places where to - make a stand, as prescribed in Section II., it is now time to make - use of them, when he has retired so far. The best way for cavalry to - defend a bridge, ravine, or ford, is the following (fig. 2): - - [Illustration: _Fig. 2._] - - When the Picquet has been obliged to retire three or four hundred - yards to the bridge, the Officer is to gallop over it with the same, - and to post himself in A, as close as possible, with his right flank - on it, leaving the passage open. As soon as his skirmishers see that - he has taken up his position, and that the passage over the bridge is - open, they likewise gallop over it, and face about again in B. The - Enemy will certainly halt, and if he pushes on, those in A have only - to cut him down as he is not in a state of defence, being obliged to - expose his left flank: those in B charge likewise, or fire upon him - at eight yards' distance. In this manner the Enemy must halt, and is - obliged to retire a little, in order to throw skirmishers in C, to - drive away the Picquet by their fire. However, time is gained by this, - on which sometimes the honor and welfare of the Corps depend. This - consideration only could induce me to be so circumstantial upon this - subject. - - When the Picquets on the flanks are not attacked at the same time, - they can be sometimes of service in acting upon the Enemy's flanks; - yet the nature of the ground must not endanger them to be cut off. - But however favorable the ground may often be, it appears sometimes - surprising to see that the nearest Picquets frequently do not - undertake anything on such occasions, and behave exactly as if the - whole business did not concern them at all. - - In general, it is a rule that the Picquets that are not attacked, - retire in a line with those engaged. - - - _By Night._ - - It is mentioned in Section VII. that when the Videttes have fired - their fire-arms, they must gallop back by the road pointed out to - them. It is of the highest importance to instruct the night Videttes, - that, in case the Enemy should rapidly attack them, they are not to - retire towards the Picquet, but a hundred and fifty yards to the right - or left of it, firing constantly in the meantime, and trying by these - means to mislead the Enemy, and draw him after them. The Picquet - hereby gains time to mount, and to fall in the Enemy's flank and rear, - with a great noise, who will certainly suspect to have fallen in an - ambush, be puzzled, and perhaps lose some prisoners. Immediately after - this attack is made, it will be best to fall back again on the road - fixed upon for a retreat. It is therefore necessary to show the men - in the day the road which the Videttes are to take, when they are - attacked in the night, and likewise whereabout they are to rejoin the - Picquet. The other part of the retreat is nearly the same as in the - day, with this difference only, that there cannot be skirmishers in - front, but only two or three men at the head. It is necessary to fire - as much as possible, but wherever a stand can be made, an obstinate - defence is desirable. It is unnecessary to remark that a report is to - be sent as soon as attacked. - - - II. ADVANCED GUARD. - - - _By Day._ - - Suppose the same consists of one Officer, two Non-commissioned - officers, and twenty-four men, the officer commanding tells them off - as in fig. 3. - - [Illustration: _Fig. 3._] - - This gives an extension of 1,500 yards, which is sufficient for - twenty-four men. If the column is larger, the Advanced Guard is - likewise stronger and more extended. A rule is, that the Advanced - Guard should take up so much ground, that when it discovers the enemy, - the column has sufficient time to form and make dispositions, either - for attacking or retiring. The several divisions of the Advanced Guard - must always keep their support in sight, and be careful to preserve - the same distances. When the column halts, the Advanced Guard does the - same, but the three men at the head instantly occupy the neighbouring - heights, in case the enemy should be within four or five hundred - yards. - - If the Advanced Guard comes to a wood which is supposed to be 2,000 - yards broad, the Sergeant reinforces the three men at the head with - six more, who extend themselves so far to the right and left as to be - in line with the first three, that they can see each other, and what - is concealed between them, and he follows with the two men left him, - the three men in advance on the road. Should the wood be too large, - the Officer must send two men to the right, and as many to the left, - round it, who are carefully to examine whether they can see the traces - of troops marched into the wood, which is to be immediately reported. - The column halts until this is ascertained. - - Generally only two men march at the heads, but this is wrong; there - ought to be three, whose duty is the following: Is a height in front, - the centre man of the three trots on until he can look over it; if - there is one to the right or left of the road, one of the other two - men does the same. Near an enemy this must always be done, supposed - even that the hill is 1500 or 2000 yards distance. Men that go on - the top of a hill to reconnoitre in this manner, (they may belong to - an Advanced Guard or a Patrol,) must proceed more carefully than is - generally done. As a great deal depends upon seeing the Enemy, and - not to be seen by him, they must, when nearly on the top of the hill, - take off the cap, and only go as high as just to be able to look over; - this produces the great advantage, that the Commanding Officer may - observe the marching Enemy, and make his arrangements accordingly for - a retreat, an attack, or an ambuscade. All these advantages are lost - when the Enemy discovers us. - - Should the march be directed towards a village, one man goes round - it to the right, the other to the left, and the third through it, if - the situation of the village permits to do so. The Non-Commissioned - Officer of the Advanced Guard also trots on until he arrives near the - village, and reinforces the men going through it with three more; one - of these four men goes to the right, the other to the left, through - the bye-roads; two men proceed through the middle of it, at such a - distance from each other, that the hindmost always keep in sight the - one before him. Should these men in patrolling the village find no - inhabitants, they are to look into the windows, ride into the yards, - and examine carefully if perhaps the Enemy concealed himself; those - going round the village look at the entrances to see if Troops marched - into the village. The Sergeant, with his men, follows slowly; when he - has passed through the village he collects his men, sends three men - again at the head, and reports to his Officer, who has halted behind - the village, that the same is patrolled, &c. - - It is unnecessary to observe, that these and other precautionary - measures are not requisite when the Enemy cannot be expected. - - - _By Night._ - - The Advanced Guard is told off as by day, but the distances between - the several divisions must not be as large. The Officer's Division - is a hundred yards from the column, the Sergeant a hundred from the - Officer's, and the head fifty from the Sergeant's party. Between these - Divisions, single men are to ride, who can see each other, to prevent - the communication being lost. - - If an Advanced Guard is unexpectedly attacked during the night, - or meets with the Enemy, it has no other choice but instantly to - fall upon him. The Non-Commissioned Officer must be instructed to - disperse, in such a case, to the right and left, and to fire as much - as possible; but the Officer advances rapidly with his Division, and - charges. This is the only way to give time to the column to prepare - for an attack. It is an unpardonable fault in an Advanced Guard to - be frightened, and to retire upon the column, every thing will then - be in confusion, and it would have been better, if there had been no - Advanced Guard at all; but if it advanced with intrepidity the column - has time. - - Should the Advanced Guard be obliged, by a superior force, to retire, - after having fought bravely, this retreat ought to be made on either - side of the Column, but never on the Column, because the latter would - be fired upon, and the confusion increased. - - On all these subjects the men should be previously well instructed. - Every Commanding Officer of a detached party must consider it as one - of his first duties to give clear and circumstantial instructions to - his men, without which they will frequently act contrary to his ideas, - even with the best intention. - - - III. REAR GUARD - - Is told off in separate divisions, the same as an Advance Guard, only - in reverse order (fig. 4.) - - [Illustration: _Fig. 4._] - - The object of a Rear Guard is to prevent the enemy's approaching the - column unperceived; two men in the Rear are sufficient, but these must - be picked men. When the march is undisturbed, they often halt on the - heights so as just to be able to look over to the rear, to discover - the enemy. When a mountain is near, the Officer will do well to ride - on the top of it, and to look about the country with his spy-glass. - - If the enemy follows closely with a few men, to see the strength of - our column, it is to be tried to lead them into an ambuscade, and - to make prisoners, or to drive them off. But in case the Rear is - attacked, it is instantly to be supported by the Serjeant's Troop, - and this by the Officer's Troop, which both immediately advance for - that purpose, in order not to allow the enemy to come too near the - Column. The Commanding Officer of the Column will then support him, - or give directions to retire slowly. If the enemy follows with a - more considerable force, suppose one squadron, _without_ attacking, - the Rear Guard will follow the Column in the subsequent manner. When - the Column is a thousand yards distant from the Officer's Troop, he - trots on to the ordinary distance of five hundred yards, halts, and - fronts; as soon as the Serjeant sees that the Officer has fronted, he - trots on to five hundred yards' distance from the Officer, and fronts - likewise, the two men in the rear trot on to the same distance from - the Serjeant's Troop. In this manner the Rear alternately follows the - Column, which prevents the enemy from coming too near; at the same - time an engagement is avoided, and the horses saved. Whenever the - Column halts, the different parties face towards the enemy. - - At night, the Rear Guard behaves in the same manner as prescribed for - the Advanced Guard; that is to say, the intervals between the several - Troops are to be shorter, and a sufficient number of single men placed - in them not to lose sight of the Column and each other. - - - IV. PATROLS. - - - SECTION I. - - SIDE PATROLS. - - Patrols are detached on the Flanks, when the enemy can disturb the - Flanks of the column. They are placed in the following manner (fig. 5): - - [Illustration: _Fig. 5._] - - The two men in A must not only from time to time communicate with the - Advanced Guard--that is to say, one of them incline to the left until - he can see it--but the other, when there is a height near, even at a - thousand yards' distance, must ride so far on the top of it that he - can look over. When attacked, Side Patrols behave as Advanced and Rear - Guards. They meet the enemy, and do not suffer him to come too near - the Column. - - When a Side Patrol meets with a wood in the direction of its march, - the disposition is altered (fig. 6). - - [Illustration: _Fig. 6._] - - The officer detaches the Serjeant's Troop to the right, the Corporal's - and four men to the left, and himself remains with his men in the - centre. The Serjeant sends two men to the skirts of the wood; these - must look at the tracks, and one of them ride on a height, if any is - near; the remainder divide themselves to the left of these two men, at - such a distance that they can keep each other in sight. The Corporal - divides his men in the same manner from the Right Flank of the Column - to the Officer's Troop. If the Officer perceives that these two lines - are not extensive enough to cover the ground towards his Troop, he - detaches a sufficient number of men to the right and left to form a - perfect line, which line must be careful never to get at the head of - the Column. The Non-commissioned officers endeavor to keep their men - in the same line with the Officer's Division. - - It sometimes excites pity to see the men unnecessarily gallop - and fatigue their horses on such occasions, only from want of - instructions, without doing more good than they would have done at a - walk. - - - SECTION II. - - PATROLLING A WOOD. - - This is done in the same manner as if (Section I.,) a Side Patrol - meets with a wood, with the difference that two men are likewise sent - round to the left extremity of the wood. - - - SECTION III. - - PATROLS OF DISCOVERY - - Consists generally of a pretty considerable force, to be enabled to - defend themselves against a small hostile party or patrol, and are - sent for the purpose of ascertaining whether a certain place is in the - Enemy's possession, whether he is on the move against us, or whether - a certain district is occupied by him. Such a Patrol marches, after - having passed the chain of Videttes, with the ordinary precautions of - having three men for Advanced, and two for Rear Guard, and sends, in - case the country requires it, one man to the right, and another to the - left, on the heights. - - As not unfrequently the safety, but also the attainment of the object - for which the Patrol was sent out, depends upon its not being seen by - the Enemy, before the Patrol has discovered him, it is of the utmost - importance to instruct the men at the head very accurately, they must - not merely be satisfied with looking before them, but look at the - tracks of the cross-roads very minutely, and mount every hill with - caution, &c. - - If this is done, the Patrol will sometimes have opportunities to make - prisoners. When a Patrol sees the Enemy advance towards it with not - too strong a force, it must try to conceal itself and rapidly attack - the unsuspecting enemy: he will get into confusion, fly, and perhaps - lose some prisoners. If the Enemy has been discovered before, but is - too strong, the Patrol retires: is perhaps not seen by him at all; and - circumstances may allow that it is able to continue its march, and to - obtain the object of its first destination. All these advantages are - lost when the Enemy discovers it. - - A Patrol must never enter a village or wood until it has been - explored; but this is to be managed in such a way that the Patrol is - not delayed: for the leader of it must not forget that the Officer who - sent him out calculates the time of his return: if he does not come - back near that time, he that sent him will get apprehensive, and send - another Patrol after him, whereby men and horses are fatigued, which - would have been avoided had the Leader of the Patrol been active in - the performance of his duty. - - If a village is to be passed at night, which the Enemy can be expected - to have occupied, the Patrol is to halt (about five or six hundred - yards) on the side of it. When no Videttes of the Enemy are visible, - a few men are sent to the right and left, who approach gradually - to ascertain whether the entrances of the village are occupied by - Infantry, and to try to find an inhabitant, whom they bring to the - Patrol, or listen whether they can hear anything. If nothing can be - learned by these means, the Patrol proceeds with the same precautions - as mentioned in a former Section. - - If a Patrol is ordered to ascertain by night, whether and how a - village is occupied, three of the best horses are to be picked out for - the head, eight men are to follow at twenty-four yards' distance, - and the remainder of the Patrol follows at a hundred yards' distance: - in this manner the Enemy's Vidette must be approached, without the - least noise; as soon as the Vidette challenges, the advance of the - Patrol must go on at full speed to take him prisoner. Should they be - unsuccessful in this, the eleven men, together rapidly attack the - Picquet, to bring off a prisoner, with whom they retire. The alarm - will be given in the village, to a certainty, and the sounding of a - trumpet or the beating of drums will enable us to judge by what Troops - it is occupied. If a Patrol goes so far that it is obliged to feed the - horses, it should never be done in a village, but in an open country - under some trees, and Videttes are to be placed during the time. - - If it is necessary to get provisions and forage out of villages, they - are to be brought out. - - On such occasions, as on all others, the inhabitants are to be treated - with politeness, and to rob them of anything deserves the severest - punishment, and it is but natural if they betray such unpleasant - guests to the Enemy. - - If guides are required, or inquiries made after a road, more than one - must be inquired after, to leave the people in uncertainty which road - the Patrol means to take. Guides that are sent home are best to be led - astray, by marching a wrong way until they are out of sight. - - - SECTION IV. - - SECRET PATROLS. - - These only consist of a few men, six or eight, and are generally - sent on the flanks, and sometimes in the rear of the Enemy's Army, - without the knowledge of the Enemy; are to go now and then at a great - distance; and are to remain for a considerable time, to make the - necessary observations; therefore this is the most difficult duty for - Light Cavalry. - - Many rules laid down for other Patrols are likewise here applicable. - - A Patrol of this kind marches without Advanced and Rear Guard, and, - if the country should require it, only one man rides on the heights - without showing himself. If the Patrol proceeds so far, that it - is obliged to march with great precaution, it must quit the great - roads wherever it is possible, and take its march by bye-roads, deep - valleys, &c., &c., to reach unseen the place of its destination. A - Guide on horseback will be of great service to such a Patrol; but he - is to be paid for it, and treated well. When feeding the horses, it - must go off the road into a bush or wood, and one man climbs up a - tree to keep a look-out. If anything hostile approaches, the Patrol - escapes without noise, and chooses another place of concealment until - it can proceed by roundabout ways without danger. A fire can only be - lighted with great caution, but it is better to avoid that entirely. - If an inhabitant accidentally meets with the Patrol at night, he must - remain with it until the march is continued. Should a Secret Patrol - be discovered by the Enemy, notwithstanding all precautions, it must - fly; as soon as the enemy gives up the pursuit, it must make attempts, - by roundabout ways, to get notwithstanding, to the spot where its - commission can be carried into execution. - - This sometimes succeeds beyond expectation. A well-informed and clever - officer is particularly required for this kind of duty; who speaks - the language of the country, and has a knowledge of the customs, - habits, hopes, and fears of the inhabitants. Such a one will be secure - close to the Enemy, and be able to give the most certain and best - intelligence. - - It is to be remarked, that if the Leader of a Patrol, when returned, - cannot answer the following questions about the roads he passed, viz: - - Are they rocky, sandy, or boggy? - - How many rivers and rivulets he passed; and the distances from one to - the other? - - Are the banks of them bold, or only an impediment, &c.? - - How many bridges lead over them? wooden or massive? - - Are fords beside those bridges, passable at every season for Cavalry, - Infantry, or Artillery, &c.? - - How many villages are on the road, and what are their names, and the - distances from one to the other? - - Does the road go through wood; or is it at some distance; apparently - how large, and what kind? - - he has lost sight of a principal point of his duty. - - The foregoing Instructions can only be considered as a sketch of the - duties of the Light Cavalry. The young, yet inexperienced soldier may - look upon it as an introduction to his duties; he can only expect to - acquire accomplishments by his own reflections and exertions. - - - AN ABRIDGMENT - - OF - - COLONEL ARENTSCHILDT'S - - INSTRUCTIONS TO OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED - OFFICERS OF LIGHT CAVALRY; - - BY - - LIEUT.-COLONEL THE HON. F. PONSONBY, - - Twelfth Light Dragoons. - - - - - INSTRUCTIONS - - FOR - - OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF CAVALRY, ON OUTPOST DUTY. - - - PICQUET. - - 1. The Officer commanding a Picquet should have the Names and - Regiments of the men written down: he should inspect their arms and - Ammunition; he should see that they are provided with Provisions and - Forage, and should thoroughly understand the Orders which he receives. - - 2. On the march to where the Picquet is to be stationed, the country - should be examined, and the places where a stand could be made in case - the Picquet should be attacked, ought to be particularly observed. It - is of the utmost importance to give the corps time to turn out, and - the Commander of a Picquet who retires at full speed, with the Enemy - at his heels, deserves the severest punishment. He must retire as - slowly as possible, and constantly skirmish. - - 3. Upon arriving at the spot chosen for the Picquet, the Officer - should ascertain the number of Videttes necessary, by observing - the roads and hills in front; he should then place them in such a - manner that they can each see what is coming towards the Picquet, and - at the same time observe one another. In the mean time the Picquet - should dismount, placing one Sentry a little in advance; and as soon - as the Videttes are placed, two-thirds of the Picquet may unbridle. - The Officer should make a little sketch, marking the roads, rivers, - bridges, or fords, morasses, cavities, hollow roads, mountains, woods, - towns, villages, and their distances. An officer cannot feel confident - for the security of his post, unless he has acquired an exact - knowledge of the country. - - 4. The principal rules for posting a Picquet at night, are to advance - it two or three miles in front of the main body, behind a bridge, - ravine, wood, or bog, through which the road may pass, to place - Videttes in front, and on the flanks, and to send out Patrols of two - or three men each at half an hour's interval. Sometimes a man should - dismount and listen with his ear to the ground, by which means he - will hear the march of Troops at a great distance. This precaution - is necessary in stormy weather. Upon coming by night to a new spot, - Patrols should be sent out in every direction before the Videttes are - placed. - - 5. If the Enemy is near, no fire should be lighted, the post should - be frequently changed, one-half of the Picquet should be mounted, one - hundred yards in advance, and the other half should keep the bridles - in their hands. - - 6. Upon relieving a Picquet, the new one should form in the rear of - the old, the Videttes should be relieved, and the detail of duties - should be thoroughly explained to the non-commissioned Officers and - Privates. The Commander of the old Picquet should deliver over to the - new one all written Orders, and the verbal Orders should be written - down and signed by the Officer relieved: he should likewise inform - him to whom reports are to be made, and give him every information - he has relative to the Enemy, the Patrols, the Country, &c., and the - night posts should be pointed out. At the relief of the Videttes, both - officers of the old and new Picquet should be present, and listen - to the instructions given by the old Vidette to the new one. These - instructions should be from what part of the country the Enemy may be - expected, where the neighbouring Videttes are stationed, in order to - be able to repeat their signals. A Vidette should never move from the - spot upon which he is placed, as the difference of a yard may prevent - his observing, or being observed, at a great distance. - - 7. A dismounted Sentry should be placed in front of the Picquet, where - he can observe the movements of the different Videttes. One-third of - the horses must always be bridled up, and be ready to advance; the - men must not take off their swords or belts; one-half may sleep in - the middle of the day, the other half in the afternoon, so that they - may be all perfectly alert at night. The men must not be allowed to - leave the Picquet, or to go into the villages, or houses, in the - neighborhood. When the men water their horses, they must bridle them - up, and take everything with them; in short, a Picquet must be always - ready for an attack in half a minute. - - - PATROLS. - - 8. In sending out Patrols, the following Rules should be observed: The - First should go out in the morning in time for it to arrive at its - destination before daybreak, where it should remain until the Officer - who commands it has had time to go to some rising ground and look over - the country. The Second at Ten. The Third at Two. The Fourth towards - Evening. And the Fifth at midnight. This arrangement, however, depends - upon the distance of the Enemy, except the morning Patrol, which is - to go under all circumstances. A Patrol, in returning, should look - often to the rear, as the Enemy frequently succeeds in following a - negligent Patrol. The Non-commissioned Officer should be particularly - careful not to allow the men to fatigue their horses; if it should be - necessary to feed, it should never be done in a village, but in an - open country, and a Vidette should be placed during the time. No man - should be permitted to leave his horse for a moment, and any man who - attempts to use an inhabitant of the country ill, or to take anything - from the town by force, must be severely punished. - - 9. The time for the Picquet to go to the Night Post is when it becomes - too dark for the Videttes to see at any distance. They are then called - in, and the position for the night taken up. In case of any desertion, - or that there are apprehensions of being betrayed to the enemy, by the - inhabitants or spies, the Picquet should change its ground, but the - Videttes remain. - - At night the Videttes must be relieved every hour and visited every - half hour. The Videttes should at all times be double if possible. In - foggy weather, and when it is very dark, the double Videttes should - patrol among themselves, and communicate with one another. When the - Enemy is near, the following measure contributes not only to security, - but is the best method of knowing when the enemy is on the move: A few - men should patrol during the night beyond the chain of Videttes in - different directions, and as near the enemy as they can unperceived; - they should then dismount and listen with the ear to the ground. - - 10. Every person attempting to pass the Outpost must be detained till - the morning. After the morning Patrol has returned, or has reported - that all is well, the Picquet should take up its position for the day. - - 11. Videttes should be placed by day on a high ground, so as to have - an extensive view, but if possible near a rock or tree, so as not - to be perceived by the Enemy; when the Videttes are placed in such - a manner that they can overlook their front, see each other and the - ground between them, so that nothing can pass unperceived, they are - placed as they ought to be. - - 12. By night, Videttes are taken off the hills and placed on the - roads, behind fords, bridges, ravines, &c.; they should be placed at - the bottom of hills, so that any object moving at the top would be - easily perceived. They should by no means be advanced further than - that their firing can be distinctly heard by the Picquet. - - 13. When a Vidette observes anything suspicious on the side of the - Enemy, such as the glittering of arms, rising of dust, &c., he is - to move his horse round in a circle at a walk; the Officer should - instantly proceed with a Corporal and four men to the Vidette; and - examine with his glass, or by a Patrol, thoroughly into the cause, - after which he must make his report. If the Vidette observes Troops - marching towards him, but at a great distance, he is to ride the - circle in a trot; the officer acts as in the former case. If the Enemy - should approach the Vidette at no great distance, he is to ride the - circle at a gallop. The Officer should advance with his whole Picquet; - his further duty is prescribed in Par. 15. If the Enemy is so near the - Videttes that they are obliged to gallop to the Picquets for their own - security, they should fire their Carbines or Pistols. By night, if - the Videttes hear a suspicious noise, even at a great distance, such - as the rattling of Carriages, barking of dogs, or if they observe any - fire, one of them should instantly report the circumstances to the - officer of the Picquet, in order that it may be inquired into by a - Patrol. If any one should approach the Videttes, they must challenge, - and desire the person or persons to halt till the Officer is informed. - Should the person refuse to halt, being twice challenged in a loud - voice, the Vidette is to fire. Great caution must be observed by night - if a Deserter should come from the Enemy, the Videttes must not let - him approach too near; they must make him halt till the Officer comes - up. By day, the Vidette is to make a signal to the sentry of the - Picquet, should a Deserter approach, and a party will be immediately - sent to receive him. - - - FLAG OF TRUCE. - - 14. No person coming from the Enemy with a Flag of Truce, is to be - allowed to advance farther than the chain of Videttes. When the - Vidette makes the signal, the Officer of the Picquet should meet - the Flag of Truce with four more, and desire the bearer to halt, if - possible, in a bottom, as the intention is frequently only to make - observations on the position of the Picquet, in order to attack it at - night. If the bearer only brings Letters, a receipt is to be given - to the bearer and sent back; but if he insists upon being allowed - to proceed, further instructions must be obtained from the Officer - commanding the Outposts. A Flag of Truce ought to be treated with the - utmost civility, but no conversation relative to the Army is to be - permitted. - - 15. When a Picquet is attacked, the Officer is immediately to - communicate with the Picquets on his flank, and with the main body; - he is then to throw out his skirmishers, and if obliged to retire, - it must be done as slowly as possible, to gain time for the corps - to turn out. If the commander of the Picquet should have fixed upon - places where to make a stand, (as recommended in Par. 2,) he will - find the advantage; if it be a bridge, ford, or ravine, he should - act in the following manner: upon approaching the place, suppose a - bridge, he should gallop over it with his Picquet, and form with his - right flank to the Enemy, taking care to leave the passage open. The - skirmishers immediately after gallop over, and form directly fronting - the passage of the bridge, and to the rear of the Picquet; the Enemy - must necessarily halt, in order to drive the Picquet away by their - fire; consequently, time is given to the main body, which is the grand - object. If the Picquets on the flanks should not be attacked at the - same time, they should endeavour, without exposing themselves to be - cut off, to act upon the Enemy's flanks. In general, it is a rule for - the Picquets not attacked to retire in a line with those engaged. - - - ADVANCED GUARD. - - 16. If an Officer, two non-commissioned Officers, and twenty-four - Privates, form the Advanced Guard, the Officer should post himself - about five hundred yards in front of the columns, with thirteen men, - a serjeant and eight should be detached five hundred yards in advance - of him, and three men five hundred yards in advance of the whole. The - principle upon which an Advanced Guard, Rear Guard, or Side Patrol is - sent out, is to give time to the column to make dispositions to attack - or retreat, should an Enemy be discovered. The several divisions of - the Advanced Guard must keep their support constantly in view, and - if a wood, village, or ravine appear upon their front or flank, it - must be carefully examined before the column proceeds: at night, the - interval between the divisions of an Advance or Rear Guard, should - be much less than during the day, and a communication should be kept - up between the divisions, by two or three single men placed at such - distances that they can see each other. - - 17. A great deal of responsibility is left to a non-commissioned - Officer on outpost duty: he has frequently the command of Patrols, - Picquets, &c.; it is therefore necessary for him to obtain a thorough - knowledge of his duty. Unless he has authority to keep up the - strictest discipline, and to make the men under him pay the greatest - attention to all Orders, he is not fit for his situation, and he is - to recollect that the safety and honor of his Regiment may frequently - depend upon the manner in which he executes his duty. - - - REPORTS. - - 18. All Officers in command of Picquets, Patrols, &c., must make - written reports of any thing which occurs. There are few occasions - when it is necessary to send a verbal report, and it should, if - possible, be avoided, as it is very difficult to find Non-commissioned - Officers, and Soldiers, who will deliver it correctly. A commander - of a Post or Patrol, must be very cautious not to create unnecessary - alarms; he must report as fully and as correctly as possible. If - he reports the movements of the Enemy, he must recollect that - considerable confusion may arise from saying "to the right," or "to - the left;" he must say, to _our_ right, or to _our_ left, or to "the - ENEMY'S right," or to "the ENEMY'S left." If a Non-commissioned - Officer cannot send a written report, he must explain the message - thoroughly to the Private, and should the latter deliver it - incorrectly, he must expect to be punished. - - - FINIS. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - I. ON THE CONDUCT TO BE HELD BY AN OFFICER, OR - NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER, ON PICQUET. - - SECT. I.--Parading the Picquet, 11 - - II.--Marching for his destination, 12 - - III.--If no Picquet was on the spot before, 12 - - By Day, 12 - - By Night, 14 - - IV.--Relieving another Picquet, 15 - - V.--During his stay on Picquet, 17 - - By Day, 17 - - By Night, 19 - - VI.--Placing of Videttes, 21 - - By Day, 21 - - By Night, 22 - - VII.--Instructions for the Videttes, and what the Officer - commanding the Picquet has to Observe on - their making signals, 23 - - By Day, 23 - - By Night, 24 - - VIII.--On the arrival of a Flag of truce, 25 - - IX.--Deserters coming from the Enemy, 26 - - At Daytime, 26 - - At Night, 27 - - X.--When the Picquet is attacked, 27 - - By Day, 27 - - By Night, 32 - - - II. ADVANCED GUARD. - - By Day, 33 - - By Night, 36 - - - III. REAR GUARD. - - Its Object and duties, 39 - - - IV. PATROLS. - - SECT. I.--Side Patrols, 41 - - II.--Patrolling a wood, 45 - - III.--Patrols of Discovery, 46 - - IV.--Secret Patrols, 49 - - - ABRIDGMENT BY LIEUT. COLONEL, THE HON. F. PONSONBY. - - Picquet, 55 - - Patrols, 59 - - Flag of Truce, 63 - - Advanced Guard, 65 - - Reports, 67 - - - - - SCIENCE OF WAR! - - TACTICS - FOR - OFFICERS - OF - INFANTRY, CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY. - - ARRANGED AND COMPILED BY - - L. v. BUCKHOLTZ. - - One Volume, 12mo, Price 75 cts. by mail, post paid. - - ARMORY, RICHMOND, VA., JAN'Y 8, 1861. - - J.W. RANDOLPH--_Dear Sir_:--I have only had time to look over the - Military work of Capt. _Buckholtz_, because of my pressing duties, - yet I am satisfied that, if printed, much valuable information to our - citizen soldiery will be furnished. - - The popular works upon military matters, now before the public, are - confined to ordinary drills and parades. What is now wanted, is a - treatise going to show when the various movements of Artillery, - Cavalry, Infantry and Rifle, as taught in their respective drills, - should be used in presence of an enemy,--what grounds should be - selected for battle and encampment--what precautions to be taking when - advancing or retreating--when to act in column--when in line, how - to post the different arms to act most favorably--information most - essential to success, and without which, no matter how personally - brave troops may be, they are exposed to almost certain disaster in - presence of an equal number of well drilled and well manoeuvered - troops, and this information Capt. Buckholtz furnishes in his work. - - I have no hesitation in recommending it. - - Very respectfully yours, - - CHARLES DIMMOCK, Capt., &c., &c. - - Published and for sale by - - J.W. RANDOLPH, RICHMOND, VA. - - Also for sale by Booksellers generally. - - - - - NEW MILITARY WORK. - - ON - INFANTRY CAMP DUTY, FIELD FORTIFICATION, AND - COAST DEFENSE. - - Prepared and arranged by CAPT. L. V. BUCKHOLTZ, with plates, - 16mo. muslin. Price 50 cts. by mail, post paid. - - RECOMMENDATIONS. - - "This is a mere pocket-book in size, but it is crowded with - instruction for military men--instruction gathered and condensed - from the great bulk of works on military science. It encloses grains - of wheat, threshed, as it were, out of the great stack--is simple, - convenient and comprehensive. It is from the pen of Captain Buckholtz, - of this city, a gentleman who has seen service on the continent of - Europe, and who is an accomplished officer."--_Richmond Dispatch._ - - "We are always pleased to meet with a Southern Book, one written, - printed and bound in our own section by our own people, and we - therefore greet with pleasure two military works now before us, by - Captain Buckholtz, and published by J.W. Randolph, Richmond. - - The first is "_On Infantry Camp Duty, Field Fortification, and Coast - Defense_." Under the head of Infantry Camp Duty we are instructed in - out guards, patrols, vanguard, side-guard, rear guard, ambuscade, - surprise, and transports. In Field Fortification we have instructions - on fortifications, regularly constructed forts, attack and defense, - fortresses, and a description of the principal parts of fortified - works. - - The chapter on Coast Defense is most excellent. - - As an elementary work on the subjects treated, this book has no - superior, and we commend it to our military. - - The second book is, "_Tactics for Officers of Infantry, Cavalry, - and Artillery_." This is a most complete military work, comprising - instruction in the three departments of the army, and contains much - information which we have never met with in the popular military works - of the day."--_Norfolk Southern Argus._ - - Published and for sale by - - J.W. RANDOLPH, RICHMOND, VA. - - Also for sale by Booksellers generally. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Instructions for Officers and -Non-Commissioned Officer of Cavalry on Outpost Duty, by Lt-Col Arentschildt - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTIONS FOR OFFICERS *** - -***** This file should be named 54515.txt or 54515.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/5/1/54515/ - -Produced by Brian Coe, Graeme Mackreth and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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