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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2effc55 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54238 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54238) diff --git a/old/54238-0.txt b/old/54238-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b785bb5..0000000 --- a/old/54238-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1523 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 14, -October 3, 1840, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 14, October 3, 1840 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: February 26, 2017 [EBook #54238] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, OCTOBER 3, 1840 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 14. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1840. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: PADDY CONEELY, THE GALWAY PIPER.] - -We need hardly have acquainted our Irish readers that in the prefixed -sketch, which our admirable friend _the_ Burton has made for us, they -are presented with the genuine portrait of a piper, and an Irish -piper too--for the face of the man, and the instrument on which he is -playing, are equally national and characteristic--both genuine Irish: in -that well-proportioned oval countenance, so expressive of good sense, -gentleness, and kindly sentiments, we have a good example of a form -of face very commonly found among the peasantry of the west and south -of Ireland--a form of face which Spurzheim distinguished as the true -Phœnician physiognomy, and which at all events marks with certainty a -race of southern or Semitic origin, and quite distinct from the Scythic -or northern Indo-European race so numerous in Ireland, and characterized -by their lighter hair and rounder faces. And as to the bagpipes, they -are of the most approved Irish kind, beautifully finished, and the very -instrument made for Crump, the greatest of all the Munster pipers, or, we -might say, Irish of modern times, and from which he drew his singularly -delicious music. Musical reader! do not laugh at the epithet we have -applied to the sounds of the bagpipe: the music of Crump, which we have -often heard from himself on these very pipes, was truly delicious even to -the most refined musical ears. These pipes after Crump’s death were saved -as a national relic by our friend the worthy and patriotic historian of -Galway--need we say, James Hardiman--who, in his characteristic spirit -of generosity and kindness, presented them to their present possessor, -as a person likely to take good care of them, and not incompetent to -do justice to their powers; and the gift was nobly and well bestowed! -Yet, truth to tell, Paddy Coneely is not to be compared with John Crump, -who, according to the recollections of him which cling to our memory, -was a Paganini in his way--a man never to be rivalled--and who produced -effects on his instrument previously unthought of, and which could not -be expected. Paddy is simply an excellent Irish piper--inimitable as a -performer of Irish jigs and reels, with all their characteristic fire -and buoyant gaiety of spirit--admirable indeed as a player of the music -composed for and adapted to the instrument; but in his performance of -the plaintive or sentimental melodies of his country, he is not able, as -Crump was, to conquer its imperfections: he plays them not as they are -sung, but--like a piper. - -Yet we do not think this want of power attributable to any deficiency -of feeling or genius in Paddy--far indeed from it:--he is a creature of -genuine musical soul; but he has had no opportunities of hearing any -great performer, like that one to whom we have alluded, or of otherwise -improving, to any considerable extent, his musical education generally: -the best of his predecessors whom he has heard he can imitate and rival -successfully; but still Paddy is merely an Irish piper--_the_ piper of -Galway _par excellence_: for in every great town in the west and south -of Ireland there is always one musician of this kind more eminent than -the rest, with whose name is justly joined as a cognomen the name of his -locality. - -But we are not going to write an article on Irish pipers, or to sketch -their general characteristics--we have no such presumption as to attempt -any thing of the kind, which we feel would be altogether abortive, and -which we are sure will be so perfectly done for us by our own Carleton. -We only desire to present a few traits in the character of an individual -of the species; and these after all are more relating to the man than -the musician. We are anxious, moreover, to let our English, Continental, -American, and Indian readers understand that all our pipers are not like -“Tim Callaghan” with his three tunes, of whom a sketch has been given -by a fair and ingenious contributor in our last number. Tim with his -three party tunes may do very well for the comfortable farmers in the -rich lands of the baronies of Forth and Bargie--Lord! what sort of ears -have they?--but he would not be “the man,” nor the piper either, “for -Galway!” Paddy can play not three tunes, but three thousand: in fact, -we have often wished his skill more circumscribed, or his memory less -retentive, particularly when, instead of firing away with some lively -reel, or still more animated Irish jig, he has pestered us, in spite of -our nationality, with a set of quadrilles or a galloppe, such as he is -called on to play by the ladies and gentlemen at the balls in Galway. But -what a monstrosity--to dance quadrilles in Galway! Dance indeed: no, but -a drowsy walk, and a look as if they were going to their grandmothers’ -funerals. Fair Galwegians, for assuredly you are fair, put aside this -sickly affectation of refinement, which is equally inconsistent with your -natural excitability, and with the healthy atmospheric influences by -which you are surrounded. Be yourselves, and let your limbs play freely, -and your spirits rise into joyousness to the animating strains of the -Irish jig, the reel, and the country dance; so it was with your fathers, -and so it should be with you. - -But we are wandering, perhaps, from our subject, forgetful of our friend -Paddy, of whose character, not as a piper but as a man we have yet to -speak; and a more interesting character in his way we have rarely met -with--a man deprived by fate of eyesight, yet by the light of his mind -tracking his journey through life in one continued stream of sunshine, -beloved by many, and respected by all whose respect is worth possessing. -We had heard enough of his possession of the qualities which had procured -him this respect, independently of his musical renown, before we had met -with him, to make us desire his acquaintance; and on a visit with some -friends to Galway last year, we made an endeavour for two or three days -to get him to our hotel for an evening, but in vain. He was from home on -his professional avocations, and could not be found, till, on taking our -way towards Connemara, we encountered a blind man coming along the road, -who we at once concluded must be the Galway piper; and we were right. It -was Paddy Coneely himself, who had returned home for a change of clothes, -and was on his way back to Galway to spend the evening with a party of -gentlemen by whom he was engaged to play during the Regatta. We could -not, however, conveniently return with him, and so we determined very -wisely to carry him off with us; and this we were easily able to do by -first making a seizure of his pipes, after which we soon had him, a quiet -though for a while a repining captive. “Oh! murdher, what will Mr K---- -and the gentlemen think of me at all at all?” exclaimed Paddy. “Never -mind, Paddy,” we replied, “they can hear you often, but we may never -have another opportunity of doing so; so come along, and depend upon it -you will be as happy with us as with the gentlemen at the Regatta;” and -so we trust he was. In a few minutes after, we had Paddy crooning old -Irish songs for us, and pointing out all the objects of any interest -or beauty on either side of the road, and this with a correctness and -accuracy which perfectly astounded us. “Is not that a beautiful view of -Lough Corrib there now, Sir? That’s St Oran’s Well, Sir, at the other -side of the road we are now passing. Is not that a very purty place of Mr -Burke’s?” and so on with every feature on either side to the end of our -day’s journey at Oughterard. - -We kept Paddy with us for a fortnight, when we brought him safely back -to Galway; and during that time, as well as since, we had frequent -opportunities of observing his accurate knowledge of topographical -objects, and his modes of acquiring it. Ask any questions respecting -an old church or castle in his hearing, and ten to one he will give a -more correct description of its locality, and a more accurate account -of its size, height, and general features, than any one else. Speak of -a mountain, and he will break out with some such remark as this--“I -discovered a beautiful spring well on the top of that mountain, Sir, that -no one before ever heard of.” His knowledge of atmospheric appearances -and influences is equally if not still more remarkable. He can always -tell with the nicest accuracy the point from which the wind blows, and -predict with a degree of certainty we never saw excelled, the probable -steadiness of the weather, or any approaching change likely to take place -in it. He is a perfect barometer in this way, for his conclusions are -chiefly drawn from a delicate perception of the state of the atmospheric -air imperceptible to others, and are rarely erroneous. On a fine sunny -morning when the lakes are smooth, the mountains clear, and the sky -without a cloud, we remark to him that it is a fine morning. “It is, Sir, -a beautiful morning.” “And we are sure of having a fine day, Paddy,” -we continue. “Indeed I fear not, Sir; the wind is coming round to the -south-east, and the air is thickening. We’ll have heavy rain in some -hours,” or “before long.” Again, on a rainy morning, when everything -around looks hopelessly dreary, and we feel ourselves booked for a day -in our inn, we observe to him, “There’s no chance of this day taking up, -Paddy.” But Paddy knows better, and he cheers us up with the answer, “Oh, -this will be a fine day, Sir, by and bye. The wind is getting a point to -the north, the clouds are rising, and the air is getting drier. We’ll -have a fine day soon.” - -The power thus exhibited of acquiring such accurate knowledge of -localities, and of atmospheric appearances and influences, without the -aid of sight, affords a striking example of the capabilities beneficently -vested in us, of supplying the want created by the accidental loss of one -organ, by an increase of activity and acuteness in some other, or others. -These capabilities are equally observable in the lower animals as in man; -but their degree is very various in individuals of both species, being -dependent on the delicacy of organization and amount of intellectuality -which the individual may happen to possess. Thus the power to supply the -want of vision by the exercise of other organs, is not given to every -blind man in any thing like the degree enjoyed by the Galway piper, -who is a creature of the most delicate nervous organization, and a -man of a high degree of intellectuality. Paddy is a genuine inductive -philosopher, never indolent or idle, always in quest of knowledge either -by inquiry or experimental observation, and drawing his own conclusions -accordingly. To observe his processes in this way is not only amusing but -instructive, and has often afforded us a high enjoyment. When Paddy comes -to a place with which he has no previous acquaintance, he commences his -topographical researches with as little delay as possible, first about -the exterior of the house, which he examines all round, measuring with -his stick its length and breadth, and calculates its height; ascertains -the situation of its doors and the number of its windows, and makes -himself acquainted with the peculiarities of their form and material: he -next proceeds to the out-offices, which he surveys in a similar manner, -feeling even any stray cart, car, or wheel-barrow, which may be lying -in the courtyard or barn, and determining whether they are well made -or not. If a cow or horse come in his way, he will subject them to a -similar examination, and, if asked, pronounce accurately on their points, -condition, and value. Having satisfied himself with an examination of all -these nearer objects, if time permit he then extends his researches to -those more distant--as the roads, ascertaining their breadth, &c.; the -neighbouring bridges, streams, rivers, and even mountains; the nature -of the soil too, and state of the crops, are attended to. While we were -sojourning at the hotel at Maam last year, we found him one sunny morning -standing on the very brink of a deep river, about a quarter of a mile -distant, and examining the construction of the arch of a bridge which -crossed it. How he had got there we could not possibly imagine, for there -was no other mode of reaching it than by a descent from the road of a -bank nearly perpendicular, and eighteen or twenty feet in height. But -our friend Paddy made light of it, and remarked that there was not the -slightest danger of him in such explorings. - -On another occasion, being about to visit the island castle on Lough -Corrib, called Caislean-na-Circe, Paddy expressed to us his desire to -accompany us, as he said he never had an opportunity of _seeing_ it. -We took him with us accordingly; and there was not a spot on the rocky -island that with the aid of his stick he did not examine, or a crumbling -wall that he did not scale, even to places that we should have supposed -only accessible to jackdaws. “Dear me, Sir,” he exclaimed on our return, -“but that’s a mighty curious castle, and must be very ancient. I never -_saw_ walls in a castle so thick before, and how beautiful and smooth -the arches were! I think they were a kind of grit-stone?” This was added -inquiringly; and so they were--red sandstone chiselled. - -But we are dwelling too long on these characteristics, forgetting that -we have others to notice of greater interest; and of these perhaps the -most eminent is his habitual, and, as we might say, constitutional -benevolence. Of this trait in his character we heard many interesting -instances, but our space will only allow us to notice one or two which -we artfully extracted from himself. Having heard of his kindnesses to -some of his neighbours who are poorer than himself, we had determined -to make himself speak on the matter; and, accordingly, when passing -through the village in which he resides, about two miles and a half from -Galway, we remarked to him that some of those neighbours seemed very -poor. “Indeed they are, Sir, very,” he replied; “they have been very -badly off this year in consequence of the wet, the want of firing, and -the dearness of potatoes.” “And how,” I rejoined, “have they contrived -to keep body and soul together?” “Why, Sir, just by the assistance of -those a little better off than themselves.” Paddy would not name himself -as their benefactor, so we had to ask him if he had been able to give -them any aid, and then his ingenuousness obliged him to confess that he -had: he had lent thirty shillings to one family to buy seed for their -bit of ground, ten shillings to another to buy meal, and so on. “And -will they ever pay you, Paddy?” we inquired. “Och! the creatures, they -will, to be sure, Sir,” Paddy replied in a tone expressive of surprise -at the imputation on their honesty; but added in a lower voice, “if they -can; and if they can’t, Sir, why, please God, I’ll get over it; sure one -couldn’t see the creatures starve!” This was last year. In the present -summer we had heard that Paddy’s turf was all stolen from him shortly -after--perhaps by some of the very persons whom he had assisted--and we -were curious to ascertain how he took his loss. So we inquired, “How -were you off, Paddy, for firing last winter?” “Very badly, Sir. I had no -turf of my own, and was obliged to buy turf in Galway at four shillings -the kish. It would have been cheaper to buy coal, only I don’t like a -grate, for the children burn themselves at it.” “And how did it happen -that you had no turf of your own?” “Because, Sir, it was all stolen from -me, after I had paid two pounds for cutting and drying it.” “Did you -ever,” I inquired, “discover who were the robbers?” “Oh, yes, Sir,” he -replied. “And could you prove the theft against them?” “I could, to be -sure.” “Did you prosecute them?” “Tut, tut, Sir, what good would that do -me?” and Paddy added, in a tone of pity, “the creatures! sure they were -poor rogues, or they would not have taken every bit away.” “Well, then, -Paddy,” I inquired, “did you ever speak to them about it?” “I did, Sir.” -“And what answer or apology did they make?” “They said, Sir, that they -wouldn’t have touched it if they knew it was mine.” “Did they ever return -any of it?” Paddy replied with a laugh, “Oh, no!” - -Reader, are you richer in a worldly sense than Paddy Coneely? And if, -as it is probable, you are so, let us ask you, do you just now feel an -unusual warmth in your cheeks? If so, you need not be greatly ashamed of -it, for believe us, there are many nobles in our land who might well feel -a similar sensation on reading these anecdotes of the benevolence of -Paddy Coneely. - -Paddy, like all or most genuine Irishmen, has a dash of quiet Irish -humour and much excitability in his character, of which we must venture -to give an instance or two. - -On a certain day, while Paddy was stopping at Mr O’Flaherty’s of -Knock-ban, the coachman, who was blind of one eye, was airing two horses, -one of which was similarly wanting in a visual organ, and the other stone -blind. A gentleman present remarking that here were four animals, two men -and two horses, that had but two eyes among them, proposed a race, to -which Paddy and the coachman assented. Paddy was placed upon the horse -which could see a little, and the coachman got up on the blind one. Off -they started with whip and spur, and to his great delight, Paddy won. -This is one of the feats of which Paddy is most proud. - -Again--We were standing in the kitchen at Maam one day, listening to -Paddy telling his stories to a happy group of young people, when he was -addressed by a middle-aged woman, who, from her imperfect knowledge of -English, misunderstood him, and imagined that he was paying court to -a blooming girl, and representing himself as an unmarried man. To his -great surprise, therefore, Paddy heard himself attacked with terrific -vituperation, in whole Irish and broken English, on the heinousness of -his conduct. Before, however, she had got to the end of her oration, -Paddy’s face had assumed an expression which announced that he was -determined to lend himself to her mistake, and carry on the joke. -Accordingly, when he was allowed to reply, he rated her in turn upon her -silly stupidity in supposing that she knew him--denied having ever _seen_ -her before--declared that he was not Paddy Coneely at all, and never had -heard of or seen such a person; and added, that “it was a shame for a -woman with her two eyes to be so foolish.” The woman looked at him for a -while in mute bewilderment, and actually seemed to doubt the evidences -of her own senses. But she gradually became satisfied of his identity, -and, excited into a virtuous rage, she rushed out of the house, declaring -that she would never stop till she told his wife--poor woman--of his -misconduct! And she kept her word, for we actually met her at Oughterard -in a couple of days after, on her return from Paddy’s residence. - -We would gladly record some other instances of Paddy’s humour, but our -limits will not permit us; and we can only add a few words on one or two -other traits in his character. - -We have already stated that Paddy, despite of his humble condition, and -that loss of sight which would be deemed by most persons as one of the -greatest of human calamities, is a happy man--a happier one we never saw. -He is always singing--in sunny weather, sprightly airs, and in gloomy -weather, pathetic ones; but he never looks or is sad, except when a tale -of sorrow excites his pity, or when he is about to separate from friends. -The calamity of want of sight he thinks of little moment, and inferior -to the loss of any other organ--that of hearing, in particular, which he -considers as the greatest of all possible bodily afflictions. “I don’t -remember,” said Paddy, “ever wishing for sight but once in my life; ’twas -when I went to a horse race. I went with two friends, and somehow we got -parted in the throng, and I could not make them out. There was a great -deal of bustle and confusion, and I knew that the race would soon begin; -and I was a long way from the starting-post, and had not any one to lead -me to it. Dear, dear, said I, if I had my _sight_ now, I might be able -to _hear_ the horses starting. Just then I heard some one calling Paddy, -Paddy! It was one of my friends looking for me; and I think I never -seen men so distressed when they found they had lost me. It was mighty -pleasant; they never let me go all day after, and we were just in time to -hear the horses start.” - -We are, indeed, reluctantly constrained to confess that Paddy, -notwithstanding his humanity, is, like many other benevolent men of -higher grade, who are equally blind in this respect, an ardent lover -of field sports, as an instance will show. We were seated at our -breakfast in the hotel at Maam one morning, when our ears were assailed -by a strange din, composed of the barking of dogs and the shouting of -men. We started to the oriel window which commands a view of the road -beyond the bridge for a mile or more, and the reader may judge of our -astonishment when we saw Paddy Coneely hand in hand with Paddy Lee, one -of our car-drivers from Clifden, racing at their utmost speed--Paddy -throwing his heels twice as high in the air as the other--both shouting -joyously, and attended by a number of greyhounds and terriers, who barked -in chorus--and so they raced till they were out of sight. “What in -the world,” we inquired of our host, Rourke, “is the meaning of that?” -“It’s Paddy and Lee, Sir, who have borrowed my dogs, and are gone off to -course!” - -But we must pull up in our own course, and not run Paddy down. Let us -however add, for he is a favourite with us, that Paddy is a temperate as -he is a prudent man. We came to this conclusion, from the healthiness of -his appearance and the equanimity of his manner, in five minutes after we -first saw him. “You don’t drink hard, Paddy,” we remarked to him. “No, -Sir,” he replied; “I did once, but I found it was destroying my health, -and that if I continued to do so, I would soon leave my family after me -to beg; so I left it off three years ago, and I have never tasted raw -spirits since, or taken more than a tumbler, or, on an odd occasion, a -tumbler and a half of punch, in an evening since.” - -We only desire to add to this slight sketch, that Paddy appears to be in -tolerably comfortable circumstances--he farms a bit of ground, and his -cottage is neat and cleanly kept for one in his rank in Galway. He has a -great love of approbation, a high opinion of his musical talents, and a -strong feeling of decent pride. He will only play for the gentry or the -comfortable farmers. He will not lower the dignity of his professional -character by playing in a tap-room or for the commonalty--except on rare -occasions, when he will do it gratuitously, and for the sole pleasure of -making them happy. We have ourselves been spectators on some of these -occasions, and may probably give a sketch of them in a future number. - - P. - - - - -A BIT OF PHILOSOPHY. - - -Disappointment--pho! What is disappointment, I should like to know? -Why should any body feel it? I don’t. I did so at one time, however, -certainly, and have a vague recollection of it being a rather unpleasant -sort of feeling; but I am a total stranger to it now, and have been so -for the last twenty years. - -“Lucky fellow!” say you; “then you succeed in every thing?” - -Quite the reverse, my dear sir; I succeed in nothing. I have not the -faintest recollection of having ever succeeded in any single thing, where -success was of the least moment, in the whole course of my life. I have -invariably failed in every thing I have tried. But what has been the -consequence? Why, the consequence has been, that I now never _expect_ -success in any thing I aim at; and this again has produced one of the -most delightful states of feeling that can well be conceived. In fact, -the reader can not conceive how delicious is the repose, the placidity of -mind, the equanimity of temper, the coolness, the calmness, the comfort, -arising from this independence of results--this delightful quiescence -of the aspirations. It is a perfect paradise, an elysium. You recline -on it so softly, so easily. It is like a down pillow; a bed of roses; -an English blanket. I recollect the time when I used to fret and fume -when I attempted any thing. How I used to be worried and tortured with -hopes and fears, when I commenced any new undertaking, or applied for -any situation! What folly! what absurdity!--all proceeding from the -ridiculous notion that I had some chance of success! - -Grown wiser, I save myself a world of trouble now. I know that I need not -look for success in any thing I attempt, and therefore never expect it. -It would do you good, gentle reader, to see with what calmness, with what -philosophy, I now wait the result of any effort to better myself in life. -It is truly edifying to behold. - -Notwithstanding, however, this certain foreknowledge of consequences as -regards the point in question, I deem it my bounden duty, both to myself -and family, to make every effort I can for their and my own advancement; -to try for every situation to which I think myself competent, and, -therefore, I do so; but it is merely in compliance with this moral -obligation, and from no hope whatever of succeeding; and the result -has invariably shown, that to have given myself any uneasiness on the -subject, to have entertained the most remote idea of success, would have -been one of the most ridiculous things conceivable. - -What a triumph is mine in such cases! I suffer nothing--no distress of -mind, no uneasiness, not the least of either: I am calm and cool, and -quite prepared for the result, and sure as fate it comes--“Dear Sir, I am -sorry to say,” &c., &c. I never read a word beyond this. - -Perhaps it would amuse the reader to give him one of those instances--I -could give him five hundred--of what the generality of people call -disappointments, which has induced the happy state of mind I now enjoy, -which enables me to contemplate such crises as would throw any other -person into the utmost agitation, with the most perfect equanimity. - -About four or five years ago, a very intimate and dear friend suddenly -burst in upon me while at breakfast one morning. He was almost -breathless, and his look was big with intelligence. - -“Well, Bob,” said he, with a gleeful smile, “here’s something at last -that will do you good.” - -I smiled, and shook my head. - -“Well, well, so you always say,” said my friend, who perfectly understood -me; “but you cannot miss this time. I have just heard from a confidential -friend that Mr Bowman is about to retire from business, and that he is -on the lookout for a respectable person to purchase his stock in trade, -and the good will of his shop, privately. Now, Bob, that’s just the thing -for you. You know the trade; you know, too, that Mr Bowman has realised a -handsome fortune in it, and that his shop, where that fortune was made, -has the best business in town.” - -Now, all this that my friend said was true, perfectly true. Mr Bowman -had made a fortune in the shop alluded to. It had by far the best run in -town: it was crowded with customers from morning till night. But I felt -quite confident that the moment _I_ took the shop there would be an end -of its prosperity. However, my friends prevailed. To please them, and -to show that I was willing to do any thing to better my circumstances, -I took the shop. I bought the stock and good will of the business, and -entered on possession. My friends all congratulated me, and declared that -my fortune was made. I knew better. - -However, to give the speculation fair play, a thing I thought due to it, -I prevailed on Mr Bowman to forego the usual proceeding in such cases of -advertising his retirement from business and recommending _me_ as his -successor, because I knew that if he did so, all chance of my doing any -good would be instantly knocked on the head. Recommend me! Why, the bare -mention of my name--any allusion to it--would be certain and immediate -destruction to me. I knew that if the public was made aware that _I_ had -succeeded to the business, it would instantly desert the shop. - -Impressed with this conviction, I had the whole matter and manner of the -transfer of property and interest in the shop managed with the utmost -privacy and secrecy, my object being to slip unperceived and unobserved, -as it were, into my predecessor’s place, that the public might not have -the slightest hint of the change. - -In order further to secure this important secret, I would not permit the -slightest alteration to be made, either on the shop itself, or on any of -its multifarious contents. I would not allow a box, or an article of any -kind, not even a nail, to be removed or shifted from its place, for fear -of giving the public the slightest clue to the fact of the shop’s being -now mine. As to my own appearance in it, which of course could not be -avoided, I hoped that I might pass for a shopman of Mr Bowman’s. - -All, however, as I expected, was in vain. The public by some intuitive -instinct, as it seemed to me, discovered that I was now proprietor of -the shop, and took its measures accordingly. On the very first day that -I took my place behind the counter, I thought it looked shy at me. I was -not mistaken. Day after day my customers became fewer and fewer, until -hardly one would enter the shop. - -Being quite prepared for this result, I felt neither surprise nor -disappointment, but shortly after coolly disposed of the shop, and all -that was in it, to another party, who, as I wish every body well, I am -glad to say, did, according to his own account, amazingly well in it, he -declaring to me himself that it fulfilled his most sanguine expectations. - -It could not be otherwise, for, as I well knew would be the case, the -moment _I_ quitted the counter, and this person took my place, the stream -of public patronage returned; customers came thronging in faster than he -and two stout active shopmen could serve them. - -Now, in this affair, as in all others of a similar kind, my friends -confessed that I had given the spec fair play, and that there was nothing -on my part to which they could attribute the blame of failure. Unable to -account for it, therefore, they merely shrugged their shoulders and said, -“It was odd; they didn’t understand it.” Neither did I, good reader; but -so it was. - -One rather odd feature in my case I may mention. Although I never -actually succeed in anything, I am always _very near_ doing so--very -near getting every thing--within an ace, in almost every instance, -of obtaining all I want. My friends are frequently _bitten_ by this -will-o’-the-wisp in my fortunes, and have fifty times congratulated me on -the strength of its deceptive promises or successes, which of course are -never realised. - -In reply to their congratulations on such occasions, I merely smile and -shake my head; adding, perhaps, “Not so fast, my good friends; wait a bit -and you’ll see. I have been as _near_ my mark a hundred times before.” - -Perhaps the reader would like to glance at a case in point. I will -present it to him: it is not yet three weeks old. I applied for a certain -appointment in the gift of a certain board. Here is the reply of the -secretary, who was my personal friend:--“My dear Sir, I am exceedingly -happy to inform you that your application, which was this day read at the -board, has been _most favourably received_. Indeed, from what has passed -on the subject, I may assure you of success, and beg to congratulate you -accordingly. Your success would not perhaps have been quite so certain -had Mr S-- been at home, as he would probably support his friend B., who -is the only person you had to fear. But Mr S--, who is on the continent -(at Carlsbad), is not expected for a fortnight, and _cannot_ be here for -a week at the soonest; so you are safe.” - -“Well, then, _now_ surely, Bob,” said my friends to whom I showed this -letter, “you cannot doubt of your success in this instance.” - -“No, indeed!” exclaimed I, with the usual shake of the head and -accompanying smile of incredulity; “never had less expectation from any -thing in my life. Don’t you see, Mr S-- _will_ be home in time, and -_will_ give his powerful interest to my rival?” - -“Impossible, my dear sir; Mr S-- is at Carlsbad, and _cannot_ be home in -less than a week. Neither steam-boat nor rail-road could enable him to -accomplish such a feat.” - -“No, but a balloon might; and depend upon it a balloon he will take, -rather than I should get the situation. This he’ll certainly do, although -he knows nothing of what is going on.” - - * * * * * - -“There’s the postman, my dear,” said I with gentleness and equanimity to -my wife, on the morning of the third day after the conversation above -alluded to had taken place. “It is a letter from my friend Secretary -Wilkins, to inform me that I have lost the situation of ----; that Mr -S--, performing miracles in the way of expedition, although not impelled -by any particular motive, came home just in time to support his friend -and, of course, to cut me out.” - -It was precisely so. “My dear Sir,” began my friend’s letter, “I am truly -sorry to inform you”----I read no more; not another word. It was quite -unnecessary; I knew it all before. So, laying the letter gently on the -table, I said with my wonted smile, “Exactly; all right!” - -Now, does the reader think that, in this, or in any other similar case, I -gave myself the smallest uneasiness about the result? Not I, indeed--not -the smallest. I expected no success, and was not therefore disappointed. - - C. - - - - -OLD TIMES. - -BY J. U. U. - - “My soul is full of other times!” - - - Where is that spirit of our prime, - The good old day! - Have the life and power of that honoured time - All passed away! - When old friendship breathed, and old kindness wreathed - The cot and castle in kindred claim, - And the tie was holy of service lowly, - And Neighbour was a brother’s name, - - And the streams of love and charity - Flowed far and wide, - And kind welcome held the portal free - To none denied, - And blessed from far rose that kindly star - The high roof o’er the well-known hall, - The cordial hearth, the genial mirth-- - Has Time the tyrant stilled them all! - - Ay, some are fallen--their courts are green; - The cold calm sky - Looks in on many a once-loved scene - Of days gone by. - And some stand on, but their lights are gone, - Their manners are new and their masters strange; - They know no trace of that frank old race - Swept off by the tide of time and change. - - These would’st thou mourn, go, trace the path, - The far wild road, - To some old hill where ruin hath - Its lone abode-- - Where morn is sleeping, and dank dews weeping-- - Where the grey moss grows on the lintel stone-- - Where the raven haunts, and the wild weed flaunts, - And old remembrance broods alone: - - There weep--for generous hearts dwelt there, - To pity true-- - Each light and shade of joy and care - These old walls knew. - With weary ray the eye of day - Looks lifeless on their mouldering mound: - Their pride is blighted!--but the sun ne’er lighted - A happier home in his bright round. - - There smiles, whose light hath passed away, - Bound young hearts fast; - And hope gilt many a coming day - Now long, long past. - There was beauty’s flower and manhood’s power-- - The frail, proud things in which mortals trust; - And yon hall was loud with a merry crowd - Of breasts long mingled in the dust. - - There too the poor and weary sought - Relief and rest; - His song the wandering harper brought, - A welcome guest; - There lay rose lightly, and young eyes shone brightly, - And in sunshine ever life’s stream rolled on: - And no thought came hither how time could wither-- - Yet time stole by, and they are gone. - - And there--the breast were cold indeed - That would not feel, - How with the same relentless speed - Our seasons steal. - The princely towers and pleasant bowers - May scoff the hours with gallant show, - In vain--they are what once these were, - And in their turn must lie as low. - - * * * * * - -THE BEAUTIFUL IN NATURE AND ART.--In looking at our nature, we discover -among its admirable endowments the sense or perception of beauty. We -see the germ of this in every human being; and there is no power which -admits greater cultivation: and why should it not be cherished in all? It -deserves remark, that the provision for this principle of the creation -which we can turn into food and clothes, or gratification for the body; -but the whole creation may be used to minister to the sense of beauty. -Beauty is an all-pervading presence; it unfolds the numberless flowers -of the spring; it waves in the branches of the trees and the green -blades of grass; it haunts the depth of the earth and sea, and gleams -out in the hues of the shell and the precious stone; and not only these -minute objects, but the ocean, the mountains, the clouds, the heavens, -the stars, the rising and setting sun, all overflow with beauty. The -universe is its temple, and those men who are alive to it cannot lift -their eyes without feeling themselves encompassed with it on every side. -Now, this beauty is so precious, the enjoyments it gives are so refined -and so akin to worship, that it is painful to think of the multitude of -men as living in the midst of it, and living almost as blind to it, as -if, instead of this fair earth and glorious sky, they were tenants of a -dungeon. An infinite joy is lost to the world by the want of culture of -this spiritual endowment. Suppose that I were to visit a cottage, and -to see its walls lined with the choicest picture of Raphael, and every -spare nook filled with statues of the most exquisite workmanship, and -that I were to learn that neither man, woman, nor child, ever cast an -eye at these miracles of art, how should I regret their privation; how -should I want to open their eyes; and to help them to comprehend and -feel the loveliness and grandeur which in vain courted their notice? -But every husbandman is living in sight of the works of a diviner -artist; and how much would his existence be elevated, could he see the -glory which shines forth in their forms, hues, proportions, and moral -expression! I have spoken only of the beauty of nature; but how much of -this mysterious charm is found in the elegant arts, and especially in -literature? The best books have most beauty. The greatest truths are -wronged if not linked with beauty, and they win their way most surely and -deeply into the soul when arrayed in this their natural and fit attire. -Now no man receives the true culture of a man in whom the sensibility -to the beautiful is not cherished; and I know of no condition in life -from which it should be excluded. Of all luxuries, this is the cheapest -and most at hand; and it seems to be most important to those conditions -where coarse labour tends to give a grossness to the mind. From the -diffusion of the sense of beauty in ancient Greece, and of the taste for -music in modern Germany, we learn that the people at large may partake of -refined gratifications which have hitherto been thought to be necessarily -restricted to a few.--_Channing._ - - - - -A COMMON FROG! - - -“Come along; don’t stay poking in that ditch; it’s nothing but a common -frog,” said a lively-looking fellow to his companion; who replied, -“True, it is only a common frog, but give me a few minutes, and I will -endeavour to show you that it better deserves attention than many a -creature called rare and curious. The fact is, that the history of what -we call common animals, and see every day, is often very imperfectly -known, though possessing much to astonish and instruct us. Come, sit you -down on this bank for a few minutes, instead of pursuing your idle walk, -and I will endeavour to excite your curiosity and powers of observation. -If I do so by means of so humble an instrument as a common frog, I do -better service than if I were to fix your attention by accounts of the -mightiest monsters of fossil or existing Herpetology, as the part of -natural history which treats of reptiles is called. See! I have caught -him, and a fine stout fellow he is, for I perceive from his swelling -chops he is a male. Let us now consider his place in the creation: -it is in the tailless section of the fourth order of reptiles called -Batrachians, and distinguished from the other three orders by the absence -of scales on the skin, and by the young undergoing the most extensive -changes of form, organic structure, and habits of life. You know, I -presume, that frogs are hatched from eggs, or as they are called in mass, -spawn, which is laid early in the year in shallow pools, and resembles -boiled sago. The peasantry believe that as it is laid in more or less -deep water, so will the coming season be dry or wet. This, however, like -many other instances of supposed prescience in animals, does not stand -the test of observation, for spawn is frequently laid where, when the -weather proves fine, the water is dried up. Nevertheless, its position -does in some degree indicate the state of the atmosphere, as, under the -low pressure of air which precedes and attends rain, the spawn, owing -to bubbles of air entangled in it, floats more buoyantly, and is fitted -for shallower water than it could swim in under other circumstances. -But to our subject. The product of this spawn is in every thing unlike -the perfect frog we now behold. He commenced life with some twelve -hundred in family, a tiny, fish-formed creature, with curious external -gills, which in a short time became covered with skin; and he then -breathed by taking in water at the mouth, passing it over the gills, -and out at orifices on each side, just as we see in ordinary fishes. -The circulation of his blood was also similar to that of those animals. -His head and body were then confounded in one globular mass, to which -was appended a long, flattened, and powerful tail; his mouth was small, -his jaws suited to his food, which was vegetable, and his intestines -were four times longer in proportion than they are now. After some time -of this fish-like life, two limbs began to bud near to the junction of -his body and tail--then another pair under the skin near his gills. His -tail absorbed in proportion as his limbs developed, until, casting away -the last of his many tadpole skins, and with it his jaws and gills, he -emerged from the water a ‘gaping, wide-mouthed, waddling frog,’ to seek -on land his prey, in future to consist exclusively of worms, insects, -and other small living beings; still retaining his power of swimming -and diving, but accomplishing it by powerful exertions of his hinder -legs, which serve him on land to effect his prodigious jumps, of which we -may form an estimate by knowing that a man exerting as great a power in -proportion could jump upwards of one hundred yards. He cannot, however, -breathe under water; and though his skin, which possesses enormous -absorbing powers, may contribute a portion of the necessary stimulus to -his blood, yet he must breathe as we do by getting air into his lungs, -and therefore, except when he is torpid from cold, he cannot continue any -great length of time under water. Observe now his mode of breathing--see -with what regularity his nostrils open and shut, while the skin under -his throat falls and rises in the same order, for as he is without ribs -or diaphragm, his mode of inspiration is not effected as ours is; but -he takes air into his closely shut mouth through his nostrils, which he -then closes, and by a muscular exertion presses the air into his lungs. -Were you to keep his mouth open, he would be infallibly smothered. His -tongue is one of his most striking peculiarities, for instead of being -rooted, as in other animals, at the throat, it is fastened to his under -lip, and its point is directed to his stomach. Nevertheless, this strange -arrangement is well suited to his purposes, and his tongue as an organ of -prehension is very effective. It is flat, soft, and long, and is covered -with a very viscid fluid. When he wishes to use it, he lowers his under -jaw suddenly, and ejects and retracts his tongue with the rapidity of a -flash of light, snatching away a luckless worm or beetle attached, by -the secretion before alluded to, to its tip. The insertion of the tongue -in front of the lower jaw serves not only to aid mechanically in its -ejection and retraction, just as we manage the lash of a whip, but it -saves material in its construction, for it would require much greater -volume of muscle to accomplish the same end posited as tongues usually -are; and it has also the advantage of bringing the food into the proper -place for being swallowed, without further exertion than that of its -retraction. - -Look now at the splendour of the golden iris of his eyes, and his -triple eyelids; see, notwithstanding the meagre developement of his -head, as a phrenologist would say, his great look of vivacity; though -his brain is small, his nerves are particularly large, and his muscles -are accordingly possessed of more than ordinary excitability, which -property has subjected his race to very many cruel experiments, at the -hands of physiologists, galvanists, &c. A favourite experiment was, by -the galvanic action of a silver coin and a small plate of zinc, on the -leg of a dead frog, to make it jump with more than the force of life. -Should you be inclined to study his anatomy, you will find ample stores -in the ponderous folios of old writers, who have so laboriously wrought -out his story as to leave little to be accomplished by us. The frog, now -abundantly dispersed over Ireland, was introduced into this country not -much more than a century since by Doctor Gwythers of Trinity College; and -in thus naturalizing this pretty creature, cold and clammy though it be, -he did a service, for it contributes materially to check the increase of -slugs and worms. I have often vindicated the frog from charges brought -against him by gardeners. I have been shown a strawberry, and desired -to look at the mischief he has done. I have pointed out, that the edge -where he was accused of biting out a piece was not only dry, but smaller -than the interior of the cavity, and it therefore could not be formed -by a bite. I have then shown other strawberries with similar wounds, in -which small black slugs were feeding; and I have cut up the supposed -strawberry-devouring frog slain by the gardener, and shown in his -stomach, with several earthworms, a number of little black slugs of the -species alluded to, but not one bit of fruit: thus proving, I hope, that -the cultivator of strawberries ought for his own sake to be the protector -of frogs. - -The frog is a good instance of the confusion that constantly arises from -applying the same words to designate different animals in different -countries. The common frog of the continent is the green frog (_Rana -esculenta_), while our common frog is their red frog (_Rana temporaria_). -The former is of much more aquatic habits than the latter, and is not -known in Ireland. I once made an attempt to introduce it here, and when -in Paris directed a basket of 100 frogs to be made up for me, giving -special instructions that no _common_ frogs were to be amongst them, -which order I found on returning was obeyed as understood in that -country, and not a single green frog was in my lot, though I intended to -have none other. As articles of food there seems to be little difference, -but the preference is given to the green frog. The vulgar opinion that -Frenchmen eat frogs for want of better food is quite erroneous; the -contrary is the fact; for a fricassee of these animals is an expensive -dish in France, and is considered a delicacy. Its chief merit appears -to me to be its freedom from strong flavour of any kind; a delicate -stomach may indulge in it without fear of a feeling of repletion. -In this country the foolish prejudices which forbid the use of many -attainable articles of wholesome food, applies with force to frogs. Our -starving peasants loath what princes of other nations would banquet -on, and leave to badgers, hedgehogs, buzzards, herons, pike and trout, -sole possession of a very nutritive and pleasant article of food. When -devoured by the heron, it is in part converted into a source of wonder to -the unenlightened; for the curious masses of whitish jelly found on the -banks of rivers and other moist places, and said by the country people to -be fallen stars, are, so far as I have been able to observe, masses of -immature frog spawn in a semi-digested state; and they seemed to me to -have been rejected by herons, just as we see hawks and owls reject balls -of hair, feathers, or other indigestible portions of their prey. - -While on the subject of eating frogs, one of many of my adventures with -the animal comes upon me with something like a feeling of compunction. -When I was at school, it happened on a great occasion that a party -of the ‘big boys’ were allowed to sit up much beyond the ordinary -time of retiring. Finding it cold, it was proposed to adjourn to the -kitchen, poke up the fire, and make warm before going to bed. Proceeding -accordingly, we were startled by the repetition of some heavy sounds on -the floor, and on getting up a blaze we discovered a frog of gigantic -proportions jumping across the room. He was seized, and a council being -held upon him, it was resolved that he should be killed, roasted, and -eaten; and this awful sentence was at once put into execution--the -curious for curiosity, the braggarts for bravado, and the cowards, -lest they be thought so, partaking of the repast. We discovered next -day that the unfortunate devoured had been for three years a settled -denizen of the kitchen, where he dealt nightly havoc on the hordes of -crickets and cockroaches it contained. I have had for three years a frog -in confinement where his food is not very abundant, and he has grown -proportionally slowly, being still of a very diminutive size. Linnæus and -others distinguished ours as the mute frog, believing it did not possess -a voice. They were mistaken: you hear our captive, when I press his back, -give utterance to his woes; but if you desire to attend his concert, get -up some bright night in spring, seek out his spawning place about the -witching hour, and you will then hear sounds, of strange power, which -seem to make the earth on which you stand to tremble. On investigation -you will find it to proceed from an assembled congregation of frogs, -each pronouncing the word _Croak_, but dwelling, as a musician would -say, with a thrill on the letter _r_. When speaking of the tadpole, I -forgot to allude to the fact, that recent experimenters find that by -placing them in covered jars, the developement of the frog is arrested. -The tadpole will continue to grow until it reaches a size as great as -that of an adult frog. This has been attributed by the discoverer to -a withdrawal of the agency of light; but it strikes me he has, in his -anxiety to prop a theory, lost sight of the true reason, which appears to -be, that while he excluded the young animal from light, he also put it -in such a situation as to compel it to breathe alone by its gills, and -afford it no opportunity for the developement of its lungs, and so it -retained of necessity its fish-like functions. As you are probably more -of a sportsman than a naturalist, you have observed in rail shooting, -your pointer, after a show of setting, roll on the ground: if you had -examined, the chances are you would have found a dead frog of no very -pleasing perfume. Why the dog so rolled, I cannot say, unless it be, that -he like other puppies wished to smear his hair with nasty animal odours. -I have now I think worked out your patience; and though I could dwell -much longer on the subject, and eke out much from ancient lore, I will -end by a less pompous quotation of part of a well-known song-- - - ‘A frog he would a-wooing go, - Whether his mother would let him or no.’ - -And the catastrophe, - - ‘A lily white duck came and gobbled him up.’ - -Pray apply the moral. Had the said frog had his mind cultivated, and -had he been acquainted with nature, he would not have engaged in a -thoughtless courtship, that could have no good end, nor have disobeyed -the voice of experience, and so met with the fate that awaited him. You -may now go on your walk; and if a common frog cannot interest you, take -care of the lily white duck.” - - B. - - - - -GARDENS FOR THE LABOURING CLASSES. - -BY MARTIN DOYLE. - - -The advantage which the working man, possessed of a little patch of land -at a moderate rent, has over him who is without any, or holds it at a -rate greatly above its value (a common case with the Irish labourer), can -only be fully understood by those who have narrowly observed in England -the respective conditions of the field labourer, with his allotment of -a rood or half a rood of garden, and the workman in a town factory. -It is very obvious that the garden gives healthful recreation to the -family, young and old, who have always some little matter to perform -in it, and if they really like the light work of cultivating kitchen -vegetables, fruits and flowers, they combine pleasure with profit. Here -is something on which they can always fall back as a resource if a day’s -work for hire is interrupted--they can make up at home for so much lost -time--the children have something rational and useful to do, instead of -_blackguarding_ about roads and streets--they help to raise the potatoes -and cabbages, &c., which with prudent management materially assist their -housekeeping. - -The benefits which have arisen to the labourer and all the rural poor -in England who have obtained from ten to forty perches of garden -from land-proprietors or farmers, or those who have the privilege of -encroaching upon commons for the purpose, is truly surprising. Much of -this is attributable to the exertions of the London Labourers’ Friend -Society, who, in an age when party violence divides man from his fellows, -and excites from some quarter or other opposition to every system -designed for the common good, have quietly but steadily pursued their own -way. - -I have had occasion more than once to press upon the attention of those -who have the disposal of land in Ireland, the great benefits which would -result to our poor if they would act upon the principle which actuates -this benevolent society; and strange though it be, the fact is, that some -landlords possessing estates both in England and Ireland are at pains to -secure to the English labourer advantages which they take no trouble to -provide for the labourer on the soil of Ireland. - -I have referred to the _principle_ which guides the society. It is, that -the labouring classes should have such allotment of land as will not -interfere with their general course of fixed labour, nor render them at -all independent of it, but merely give them employment during those hours -which they have at command in the intervals of their more profitable -occupations. I have myself seen innumerable instances of the happy -effects of giving to the labourer or _little_ mechanic even half a rood -of land, which he generally has in the highest state of productiveness, -and from it his table is frequently supplied; while gooseberry and -currant trees, in luxuriant bearing, and flowers _close to the road_, and -without a higher fence than a paling or hedge three feet high, attest -the high degree of honesty and decorum which the habit of having such -productions in this unprotected way undoubtedly generates. - -The local poor-rates have in all instances been greatly lessened by this -mode of enabling labourers to help themselves; and if in this country -the compulsory system of providing food or employment for the sick or -hungry poor had prevailed long ago as in England, the landlords would -have found means to guard against those dreadful realities of destitution -with which we have been familiarized. Not that it is desirable to give a -very open invitation to the parish manger, for this destroys the feeling -of self-dependence and weakens the motives to economy and industry. But -there should have long since been more _practical_ exertion to place the -labourer within reach of reasonable comforts. - -What are the circumstances of tens of thousands of working people in the -great manufacturing towns of Great Britain, in which no land can be given -to them? Families so circumstanced wear out their health and existence -in unvarying labour--not requiring much immediate exertion of strength, -it is true; but wearisome from its continued sameness, which gives no -exercise whatever to the mind. - -The many pictures presented to us of the mental and physical condition -of a great portion of our fellow-creatures kept at the slave-like -labour of the factory, are appalling, and I fear they are true: _this_ -is unquestionably so, that children from nine to twelve years of age -(and many _have_ been worked from the age of _five_) are locked up for -six days in the week, for twelve hours every day, in a warm artificial -temperature, instead of breathing the free air of heaven; they are -looked upon as parts of the machinery, and must move accordingly; with -this difference, that while human genius is always at work to devise -improvements in inanimate complications, and to keep them in the highest -state of order, the condition of the living soul and body is in too many -instances neglected altogether. There is a wear and tear of human life, -and an accumulation of moral corruption, which it is frightful to think -of. - -When work is in good demand, the joint labours of the parent and their -children earn considerable weekly wages. There is then plenty of bread -and butter and some bacon for the children, and beer and gin besides for -their parents; but nothing is saved for less prosperous times, and the -family is not eventually the better for the short run of high earnings. - -The want of a bit of land is more serious than many will believe, not -only in its effect upon health, but upon moral conduct also. - -Among some facts published by the London Labourers’ Friend Society, are -the details of the complete reformation of twelve men, who had been -severally committed to gaol for different offences of a very serious -nature, in consequence of their obtaining portions of land, varying from -two acres and a half to one rood; and I may add, that out of eighty -occupants of land-allotments in the same neighbourhood, there has been -only one case of robbery within seven years. - -Some of the foregoing remarks tend to show that the Irish poor would not -gain in happiness by the establishment of the modern British factory -system among them, unless the advantage of a _little_ land could be -afforded them at the same time. A proof of this exists in the altered -circumstances of the people who were once employed in the domestic -manufacture of linen in Ulster. These had a patch of land, to which they -could at pleasure turn from the loom and the reel; and as the labour of -their children was not prematurely demanded, they could enjoy the green -fields or the garden, and be employed in school, with a certainty of -substantial food (instead of bad coffee and adulterated tea), until they -attained the age of thirteen or fourteen, when they could take an active -part in the labour of the loom. - -When field or garden labour can be combined with factory work, the -miseries of the manufacturing system are much removed, and manufactures -in such a case become serviceable under judicious and moral management: -the present state of the town of Lancaster affords some illustration -of this. It verges on a purely agricultural district, and now contains -both manufacturing and farm labourers. Upon the introduction of cotton -manufactures (and half the few mills now existing there were established -only seven years ago), the wages of each individual workman were rendered -less than they had been before, _but_ the earnings of his _whole family_ -increased considerably. Children before that period were burdensome to -their parents, who when making application for parish aid pleaded the -number of their family. Now children are sources of increased comfort -to such parents; and even step-children, grand-children, nephews, and -nieces, who were formerly pressed into the list of mouths to be fed from -the parish rates, are now studiously kept out of sight, because they -earn wages, and contribute to the support of those who would otherwise -shift them off their hands. On the _whole_, those with families are -better off than if without them; and the children themselves, except -in times of very hurried work, and allowing for occasional abuses by -employers and parents over-working them, are better off than formerly. -The comparatively good state of the Lancaster operatives arises front -the circumstance, that in times of difficulty in the factories many of -the work people have farm work to turn to, and numbers of them have -allotments of their own. - -In proportion as the labouring poor of any community are deprived of -the advantage of gardens, is a decrease in their health, happiness, and -moral state. Of this, as regards another nation, I have a proof before me -in the letter of Mr T. Bastard, who in a communication from Germany (I -shall only give a portion of it) to the editor of the Labourers’ Friend -Magazine, says, “In regard to the allotment system in particular, as a -mode of giving the labourer ‘a stake in the hedge,’ I have learnt nothing -here which induces me to change my opinion of its value: on the contrary, -I feel rather confirmed in the belief, that where population and capital -exist in a high degree, no other practicable mode has yet been proposed, -so calculated to prevent the labouring classes from falling into the -degraded position, with all its train of ill consequences, of being mere -machines in the hands of the capitalists; or if they have already so -fallen, so adapted to restore them to a higher moral state. - -I believe that a much greater proportion of the labouring classes of -Saxony possess some ‘stake in the hedge’ than those of England. … I -am sorry, however, to add, that Saxony appears to me, by the increase -that is taking place in her population, and by her efforts to push her -manufactures, to be approaching the evil which we have long suffered -under in England, that of having the sole interest of a great portion of -her people dependent entirely on the amount of weekly wages that they can -obtain. - -During three months of last year I resided in a village at some distance -from Dresden, and in every sense a rural one, the occupations of the -inhabitants, of which there were between seven and eight hundred living -in about one hundred houses, being confined to agriculture, with -the exception of some handicraftsmen, such as shoemakers, tailors, -blacksmiths, &c. and a few who worked in some stone quarries. Besides -two considerable estates belonging to two persons who stood in the -position of esquires, and shared the manorial privileges, the land was -much divided, two or three persons having as much as 140 acres, but -the greater part only from one to five acres, which were held under -a sort of feudal tenure; and all the cottages had at least gardens. -The appearance of general comfort and happiness certainly exceeded -that which I have ever seen in an English village of the same kind and -size. The inhabitants were healthy-looking: their houses were all good -substantial ones, provided (at least several that I entered) with decent -furniture, and they were invariably well clothed. The two latter points -are remarkable in Saxony. I have never seen a row of cottages, or rather -_huts_ here, and very rarely a raggedly-dressed person. I will here -add, also, that the Saxons who visit _rich_ England are particularly -struck with the numbers of persons they see in rags and tatters. I -found, however, that there were several persons, and even families, who -had merely lodgings in the cottages without any land, and these were -invariably in bad circumstances. In fact, they were dependent solely on -wages; and here was the commencement of that evil to which I have before -adverted, and for which I can think of no other effectual remedy than the -allotment system.” - - * * * * * - -IRISH BRAVERY AND HONOUR.--On the surprise of Cremona by Prince Eugene in -1702, when Villeroy, the French general, most of the officers, military -chests, &c. were taken, and the German horse and foot in possession of -the town, excepting one place only, the Po Gate, which was guarded by -two Irish regiments commanded by O’Mahony and Bourk, before the Prince -commenced the attack there, he sent to expostulate with them, and show -them the rashness of sacrificing their lives where they could have no -probability of relief, and to assure them if they would enter into the -imperial service, they should be directly and honourably promoted. The -first part of this proposal they heard with impatience, the second with -disdain. “Tell the Prince,” said they, “that we have hitherto preserved -the honour of our country, and that we hope this day to convince him -that we are worthy of his esteem. While one of us exists, the German -eagle shall not be displayed upon these walls. This is our deliberate -resolution, and we will not admit of further capitulation.” The attack -was commenced by a large body of foot, supported by five thousand -cuirassiers, and after a bloody conflict of two hours the Germans -retreated: the Irish pursued their advantage, and attacked them in the -streets. Before evening the enemy were expelled the town, and the general -and the military chests recovered. - - * * * * * - - Printed and Published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London. SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester. C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool. J. DRAKE, - Birmingham. M. BINGHAM, Broad Street, Bristol. FRASER and - CRAWFORD, George Street, Edinburgh. DAVID ROBERTSON, Trongate, - Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -14, October 3, 1840, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, OCTOBER 3, 1840 *** - -***** This file should be named 54238-0.txt or 54238-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/3/54238/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 14, October 3, 1840 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: February 26, 2017 [EBook #54238] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, OCTOBER 3, 1840 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 14.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1840.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 400px;"> -<img src="images/paddy.jpg" width="400" height="500" alt="Paddy Coneely and his pipes" /> -</div> - -<h2>PADDY CONEELY, THE GALWAY PIPER.</h2> - -<p>We need hardly have acquainted our Irish readers that in the -prefixed sketch, which our admirable friend <em>the</em> Burton has -made for us, they are presented with the genuine portrait of a -piper, and an Irish piper too—for the face of the man, and -the instrument on which he is playing, are equally national -and characteristic—both genuine Irish: in that well-proportioned -oval countenance, so expressive of good sense, gentleness, -and kindly sentiments, we have a good example of a -form of face very commonly found among the peasantry of the -west and south of Ireland—a form of face which Spurzheim -distinguished as the true Phœnician physiognomy, and which -at all events marks with certainty a race of southern or -Semitic origin, and quite distinct from the Scythic or northern -Indo-European race so numerous in Ireland, and characterized -by their lighter hair and rounder faces. And as to the -bagpipes, they are of the most approved Irish kind, beautifully -finished, and the very instrument made for Crump, the -greatest of all the Munster pipers, or, we might say, Irish of -modern times, and from which he drew his singularly delicious -music. Musical reader! do not laugh at the epithet we -have applied to the sounds of the bagpipe: the music of -Crump, which we have often heard from himself on these very -pipes, was truly delicious even to the most refined musical ears. -These pipes after Crump’s death were saved as a national -relic by our friend the worthy and patriotic historian of Galway—need -we say, James Hardiman—who, in his characteristic -spirit of generosity and kindness, presented them to their present -possessor, as a person likely to take good care of them, -and not incompetent to do justice to their powers; and the -gift was nobly and well bestowed! Yet, truth to tell, Paddy -Coneely is not to be compared with John Crump, who, according -to the recollections of him which cling to our memory,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> -was a Paganini in his way—a man never to be rivalled—and -who produced effects on his instrument previously unthought -of, and which could not be expected. Paddy is simply an -excellent Irish piper—inimitable as a performer of Irish jigs -and reels, with all their characteristic fire and buoyant -gaiety of spirit—admirable indeed as a player of the music -composed for and adapted to the instrument; but in his performance -of the plaintive or sentimental melodies of his country, -he is not able, as Crump was, to conquer its imperfections: -he plays them not as they are sung, but—like a piper.</p> - -<p>Yet we do not think this want of power attributable to any -deficiency of feeling or genius in Paddy—far indeed from it:—he -is a creature of genuine musical soul; but he has had no opportunities -of hearing any great performer, like that one to whom -we have alluded, or of otherwise improving, to any considerable -extent, his musical education generally: the best of his -predecessors whom he has heard he can imitate and rival successfully; -but still Paddy is merely an Irish piper—<em>the</em> piper -of Galway <i lang="fr">par excellence</i>: for in every great town in the west -and south of Ireland there is always one musician of this -kind more eminent than the rest, with whose name is justly -joined as a cognomen the name of his locality.</p> - -<p>But we are not going to write an article on Irish pipers, or -to sketch their general characteristics—we have no such -presumption as to attempt any thing of the kind, which we -feel would be altogether abortive, and which we are sure will -be so perfectly done for us by our own Carleton. We only -desire to present a few traits in the character of an individual -of the species; and these after all are more relating to the -man than the musician. We are anxious, moreover, to let -our English, Continental, American, and Indian readers -understand that all our pipers are not like “Tim Callaghan” -with his three tunes, of whom a sketch has been given by a -fair and ingenious contributor in our last number. Tim with -his three party tunes may do very well for the comfortable -farmers in the rich lands of the baronies of Forth and Bargie—Lord! -what sort of ears have they?—but he would not be -“the man,” nor the piper either, “for Galway!” Paddy can -play not three tunes, but three thousand: in fact, we have -often wished his skill more circumscribed, or his memory less -retentive, particularly when, instead of firing away with some -lively reel, or still more animated Irish jig, he has pestered -us, in spite of our nationality, with a set of quadrilles or a -galloppe, such as he is called on to play by the ladies and -gentlemen at the balls in Galway. But what a monstrosity—to -dance quadrilles in Galway! Dance indeed: no, but -a drowsy walk, and a look as if they were going to their -grandmothers’ funerals. Fair Galwegians, for assuredly you -are fair, put aside this sickly affectation of refinement, which -is equally inconsistent with your natural excitability, and with -the healthy atmospheric influences by which you are surrounded. -Be yourselves, and let your limbs play freely, and -your spirits rise into joyousness to the animating strains of -the Irish jig, the reel, and the country dance; so it was with -your fathers, and so it should be with you.</p> - -<p>But we are wandering, perhaps, from our subject, forgetful -of our friend Paddy, of whose character, not as a piper -but as a man we have yet to speak; and a more interesting -character in his way we have rarely met with—a man deprived -by fate of eyesight, yet by the light of his mind tracking -his journey through life in one continued stream of sunshine, -beloved by many, and respected by all whose respect is -worth possessing. We had heard enough of his possession -of the qualities which had procured him this respect, independently -of his musical renown, before we had met with him, -to make us desire his acquaintance; and on a visit with some -friends to Galway last year, we made an endeavour for two or -three days to get him to our hotel for an evening, but in vain. -He was from home on his professional avocations, and could -not be found, till, on taking our way towards Connemara, we -encountered a blind man coming along the road, who we at -once concluded must be the Galway piper; and we were right. -It was Paddy Coneely himself, who had returned home for a -change of clothes, and was on his way back to Galway to -spend the evening with a party of gentlemen by whom he was -engaged to play during the Regatta. We could not, however, -conveniently return with him, and so we determined -very wisely to carry him off with us; and this we were easily -able to do by first making a seizure of his pipes, after which -we soon had him, a quiet though for a while a repining captive. -“Oh! murdher, what will Mr K—— and the gentlemen -think of me at all at all?” exclaimed Paddy. “Never -mind, Paddy,” we replied, “they can hear you often, but we -may never have another opportunity of doing so; so come -along, and depend upon it you will be as happy with us as -with the gentlemen at the Regatta;” and so we trust he was. -In a few minutes after, we had Paddy crooning old Irish songs -for us, and pointing out all the objects of any interest or -beauty on either side of the road, and this with a correctness -and accuracy which perfectly astounded us. “Is not that a -beautiful view of Lough Corrib there now, Sir? That’s St -Oran’s Well, Sir, at the other side of the road we are now -passing. Is not that a very purty place of Mr Burke’s?” and -so on with every feature on either side to the end of our day’s -journey at Oughterard.</p> - -<p>We kept Paddy with us for a fortnight, when we brought -him safely back to Galway; and during that time, as well as -since, we had frequent opportunities of observing his accurate -knowledge of topographical objects, and his modes of acquiring -it. Ask any questions respecting an old church or castle -in his hearing, and ten to one he will give a more correct description -of its locality, and a more accurate account of its -size, height, and general features, than any one else. Speak -of a mountain, and he will break out with some such remark -as this—“I discovered a beautiful spring well on the top of -that mountain, Sir, that no one before ever heard of.” His -knowledge of atmospheric appearances and influences is equally -if not still more remarkable. He can always tell with the -nicest accuracy the point from which the wind blows, and predict -with a degree of certainty we never saw excelled, the probable -steadiness of the weather, or any approaching change -likely to take place in it. He is a perfect barometer in this -way, for his conclusions are chiefly drawn from a delicate perception -of the state of the atmospheric air imperceptible to -others, and are rarely erroneous. On a fine sunny morning -when the lakes are smooth, the mountains clear, and the sky -without a cloud, we remark to him that it is a fine morning. -“It is, Sir, a beautiful morning.” “And we are sure of having -a fine day, Paddy,” we continue. “Indeed I fear not, Sir; -the wind is coming round to the south-east, and the air is -thickening. We’ll have heavy rain in some hours,” or “before -long.” Again, on a rainy morning, when everything -around looks hopelessly dreary, and we feel ourselves booked -for a day in our inn, we observe to him, “There’s no chance -of this day taking up, Paddy.” But Paddy knows better, and -he cheers us up with the answer, “Oh, this will be a fine day, -Sir, by and bye. The wind is getting a point to the north, -the clouds are rising, and the air is getting drier. We’ll have -a fine day soon.”</p> - -<p>The power thus exhibited of acquiring such accurate knowledge -of localities, and of atmospheric appearances and influences, -without the aid of sight, affords a striking example of -the capabilities beneficently vested in us, of supplying the -want created by the accidental loss of one organ, by an -increase of activity and acuteness in some other, or others. -These capabilities are equally observable in the lower animals -as in man; but their degree is very various in individuals -of both species, being dependent on the delicacy of organization -and amount of intellectuality which the individual may -happen to possess. Thus the power to supply the want of vision -by the exercise of other organs, is not given to every blind -man in any thing like the degree enjoyed by the Galway -piper, who is a creature of the most delicate nervous organization, -and a man of a high degree of intellectuality. Paddy -is a genuine inductive philosopher, never indolent or idle, -always in quest of knowledge either by inquiry or experimental -observation, and drawing his own conclusions accordingly. -To observe his processes in this way is not only amusing but -instructive, and has often afforded us a high enjoyment. -When Paddy comes to a place with which he has no previous -acquaintance, he commences his topographical researches with -as little delay as possible, first about the exterior of the house, -which he examines all round, measuring with his stick its -length and breadth, and calculates its height; ascertains the -situation of its doors and the number of its windows, and -makes himself acquainted with the peculiarities of their form -and material: he next proceeds to the out-offices, which he -surveys in a similar manner, feeling even any stray cart, car, -or wheel-barrow, which may be lying in the courtyard or barn, -and determining whether they are well made or not. If a cow -or horse come in his way, he will subject them to a similar -examination, and, if asked, pronounce accurately on their -points, condition, and value. Having satisfied himself with -an examination of all these nearer objects, if time permit he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> -then extends his researches to those more distant—as the -roads, ascertaining their breadth, &c.; the neighbouring -bridges, streams, rivers, and even mountains; the nature of the -soil too, and state of the crops, are attended to. While we were -sojourning at the hotel at Maam last year, we found him one -sunny morning standing on the very brink of a deep river, -about a quarter of a mile distant, and examining the construction -of the arch of a bridge which crossed it. How he had -got there we could not possibly imagine, for there was no -other mode of reaching it than by a descent from the road of a -bank nearly perpendicular, and eighteen or twenty feet in -height. But our friend Paddy made light of it, and remarked -that there was not the slightest danger of him in such explorings.</p> - -<p>On another occasion, being about to visit the island castle -on Lough Corrib, called Caislean-na-Circe, Paddy expressed -to us his desire to accompany us, as he said he never had an -opportunity of <em>seeing</em> it. We took him with us accordingly; -and there was not a spot on the rocky island that with the aid -of his stick he did not examine, or a crumbling wall that he -did not scale, even to places that we should have supposed -only accessible to jackdaws. “Dear me, Sir,” he exclaimed -on our return, “but that’s a mighty curious castle, and must -be very ancient. I never <em>saw</em> walls in a castle so thick before, -and how beautiful and smooth the arches were! I think they -were a kind of grit-stone?” This was added inquiringly; and -so they were—red sandstone chiselled.</p> - -<p>But we are dwelling too long on these characteristics, forgetting -that we have others to notice of greater interest; and -of these perhaps the most eminent is his habitual, and, as we -might say, constitutional benevolence. Of this trait in his -character we heard many interesting instances, but our space -will only allow us to notice one or two which we artfully extracted -from himself. Having heard of his kindnesses to some -of his neighbours who are poorer than himself, we had determined -to make himself speak on the matter; and, accordingly, -when passing through the village in which he resides, -about two miles and a half from Galway, we remarked to him -that some of those neighbours seemed very poor. “Indeed -they are, Sir, very,” he replied; “they have been very badly -off this year in consequence of the wet, the want of firing, and -the dearness of potatoes.” “And how,” I rejoined, “have -they contrived to keep body and soul together?” “Why, -Sir, just by the assistance of those a little better off than themselves.” -Paddy would not name himself as their benefactor, -so we had to ask him if he had been able to give them any aid, -and then his ingenuousness obliged him to confess that he had: -he had lent thirty shillings to one family to buy seed for their -bit of ground, ten shillings to another to buy meal, and so on. -“And will they ever pay you, Paddy?” we inquired. “Och! -the creatures, they will, to be sure, Sir,” Paddy replied in a -tone expressive of surprise at the imputation on their honesty; -but added in a lower voice, “if they can; and if they can’t, -Sir, why, please God, I’ll get over it; sure one couldn’t see -the creatures starve!” This was last year. In the present -summer we had heard that Paddy’s turf was all stolen from -him shortly after—perhaps by some of the very persons whom -he had assisted—and we were curious to ascertain how he took -his loss. So we inquired, “How were you off, Paddy, for -firing last winter?” “Very badly, Sir. I had no turf of my -own, and was obliged to buy turf in Galway at four shillings -the kish. It would have been cheaper to buy coal, only I -don’t like a grate, for the children burn themselves at it.” -“And how did it happen that you had no turf of your own?” -“Because, Sir, it was all stolen from me, after I had paid -two pounds for cutting and drying it.” “Did you ever,” I -inquired, “discover who were the robbers?” “Oh, yes, Sir,” -he replied. “And could you prove the theft against them?” -“I could, to be sure.” “Did you prosecute them?” “Tut, -tut, Sir, what good would that do me?” and Paddy added, -in a tone of pity, “the creatures! sure they were poor -rogues, or they would not have taken every bit away.” “Well, -then, Paddy,” I inquired, “did you ever speak to them about -it?” “I did, Sir.” “And what answer or apology did they -make?” “They said, Sir, that they wouldn’t have touched -it if they knew it was mine.” “Did they ever return any of -it?” Paddy replied with a laugh, “Oh, no!”</p> - -<p>Reader, are you richer in a worldly sense than Paddy -Coneely? And if, as it is probable, you are so, let us ask -you, do you just now feel an unusual warmth in your cheeks? -If so, you need not be greatly ashamed of it, for believe us, -there are many nobles in our land who might well feel a similar -sensation on reading these anecdotes of the benevolence of -Paddy Coneely.</p> - -<p>Paddy, like all or most genuine Irishmen, has a dash of -quiet Irish humour and much excitability in his character, of -which we must venture to give an instance or two.</p> - -<p>On a certain day, while Paddy was stopping at Mr O’Flaherty’s -of Knock-ban, the coachman, who was blind of one -eye, was airing two horses, one of which was similarly wanting -in a visual organ, and the other stone blind. A gentleman -present remarking that here were four animals, two men -and two horses, that had but two eyes among them, proposed -a race, to which Paddy and the coachman assented. Paddy -was placed upon the horse which could see a little, and the -coachman got up on the blind one. Off they started with whip -and spur, and to his great delight, Paddy won. This is one of -the feats of which Paddy is most proud.</p> - -<p>Again—We were standing in the kitchen at Maam one day, -listening to Paddy telling his stories to a happy group of -young people, when he was addressed by a middle-aged -woman, who, from her imperfect knowledge of English, misunderstood -him, and imagined that he was paying court to a -blooming girl, and representing himself as an unmarried man. -To his great surprise, therefore, Paddy heard himself attacked -with terrific vituperation, in whole Irish and broken English, -on the heinousness of his conduct. Before, however, she had -got to the end of her oration, Paddy’s face had assumed an -expression which announced that he was determined to lend -himself to her mistake, and carry on the joke. Accordingly, -when he was allowed to reply, he rated her in turn upon her -silly stupidity in supposing that she knew him—denied having -ever <em>seen</em> her before—declared that he was not Paddy Coneely -at all, and never had heard of or seen such a person; and -added, that “it was a shame for a woman with her two eyes -to be so foolish.” The woman looked at him for a while in -mute bewilderment, and actually seemed to doubt the evidences -of her own senses. But she gradually became satisfied -of his identity, and, excited into a virtuous rage, she rushed -out of the house, declaring that she would never stop till she -told his wife—poor woman—of his misconduct! And she -kept her word, for we actually met her at Oughterard in a -couple of days after, on her return from Paddy’s residence.</p> - -<p>We would gladly record some other instances of Paddy’s -humour, but our limits will not permit us; and we can only -add a few words on one or two other traits in his character.</p> - -<p>We have already stated that Paddy, despite of his humble -condition, and that loss of sight which would be deemed -by most persons as one of the greatest of human calamities, -is a happy man—a happier one we never saw. He is always -singing—in sunny weather, sprightly airs, and in gloomy weather, -pathetic ones; but he never looks or is sad, except when -a tale of sorrow excites his pity, or when he is about to separate -from friends. The calamity of want of sight he thinks -of little moment, and inferior to the loss of any other organ—that -of hearing, in particular, which he considers as the greatest -of all possible bodily afflictions. “I don’t remember,” -said Paddy, “ever wishing for sight but once in my life; -’twas when I went to a horse race. I went with two friends, -and somehow we got parted in the throng, and I could not -make them out. There was a great deal of bustle and confusion, -and I knew that the race would soon begin; and I was -a long way from the starting-post, and had not any one to -lead me to it. Dear, dear, said I, if I had my <em>sight</em> now, I -might be able to <em>hear</em> the horses starting. Just then I heard -some one calling Paddy, Paddy! It was one of my friends -looking for me; and I think I never seen men so distressed -when they found they had lost me. It was mighty pleasant; -they never let me go all day after, and we were just in time -to hear the horses start.”</p> - -<p>We are, indeed, reluctantly constrained to confess that -Paddy, notwithstanding his humanity, is, like many other -benevolent men of higher grade, who are equally blind in this respect, -an ardent lover of field sports, as an instance will show. -We were seated at our breakfast in the hotel at Maam one morning, -when our ears were assailed by a strange din, composed of -the barking of dogs and the shouting of men. We started to -the oriel window which commands a view of the road beyond -the bridge for a mile or more, and the reader may judge of -our astonishment when we saw Paddy Coneely hand in hand -with Paddy Lee, one of our car-drivers from Clifden, racing -at their utmost speed—Paddy throwing his heels twice as high -in the air as the other—both shouting joyously, and attended -by a number of greyhounds and terriers, who barked in chorus—and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> -so they raced till they were out of sight. “What in -the world,” we inquired of our host, Rourke, “is the meaning -of that?” “It’s Paddy and Lee, Sir, who have borrowed my -dogs, and are gone off to course!”</p> - -<p>But we must pull up in our own course, and not run Paddy -down. Let us however add, for he is a favourite with us, that -Paddy is a temperate as he is a prudent man. We came to -this conclusion, from the healthiness of his appearance and the -equanimity of his manner, in five minutes after we first saw -him. “You don’t drink hard, Paddy,” we remarked to him. -“No, Sir,” he replied; “I did once, but I found it was destroying -my health, and that if I continued to do so, I would soon -leave my family after me to beg; so I left it off three years -ago, and I have never tasted raw spirits since, or taken more -than a tumbler, or, on an odd occasion, a tumbler and a half -of punch, in an evening since.”</p> - -<p>We only desire to add to this slight sketch, that Paddy appears -to be in tolerably comfortable circumstances—he farms -a bit of ground, and his cottage is neat and cleanly kept -for one in his rank in Galway. He has a great love of approbation, -a high opinion of his musical talents, and a strong -feeling of decent pride. He will only play for the gentry or -the comfortable farmers. He will not lower the dignity of his -professional character by playing in a tap-room or for the -commonalty—except on rare occasions, when he will do it gratuitously, -and for the sole pleasure of making them happy. -We have ourselves been spectators on some of these occasions, -and may probably give a sketch of them in a future number.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">A BIT OF PHILOSOPHY.</h2> - -<p>Disappointment—pho! What is disappointment, I should -like to know? Why should any body feel it? I don’t. I did -so at one time, however, certainly, and have a vague recollection -of it being a rather unpleasant sort of feeling; but I am -a total stranger to it now, and have been so for the last twenty -years.</p> - -<p>“Lucky fellow!” say you; “then you succeed in every -thing?”</p> - -<p>Quite the reverse, my dear sir; I succeed in nothing. I -have not the faintest recollection of having ever succeeded in -any single thing, where success was of the least moment, in -the whole course of my life. I have invariably failed in every -thing I have tried. But what has been the consequence? -Why, the consequence has been, that I now never <em>expect</em> success -in any thing I aim at; and this again has produced one of -the most delightful states of feeling that can well be conceived. -In fact, the reader can not conceive how delicious is the repose, -the placidity of mind, the equanimity of temper, the -coolness, the calmness, the comfort, arising from this independence -of results—this delightful quiescence of the aspirations. -It is a perfect paradise, an elysium. You recline on it so softly, -so easily. It is like a down pillow; a bed of roses; an English -blanket. I recollect the time when I used to fret and fume -when I attempted any thing. How I used to be worried and -tortured with hopes and fears, when I commenced any new -undertaking, or applied for any situation! What folly! what -absurdity!—all proceeding from the ridiculous notion that I -had some chance of success!</p> - -<p>Grown wiser, I save myself a world of trouble now. I -know that I need not look for success in any thing I attempt, -and therefore never expect it. It would do you good, gentle -reader, to see with what calmness, with what philosophy, I -now wait the result of any effort to better myself in life. It is -truly edifying to behold.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding, however, this certain foreknowledge of -consequences as regards the point in question, I deem it my -bounden duty, both to myself and family, to make every effort -I can for their and my own advancement; to try for every -situation to which I think myself competent, and, therefore, -I do so; but it is merely in compliance with this moral obligation, -and from no hope whatever of succeeding; and the -result has invariably shown, that to have given myself any -uneasiness on the subject, to have entertained the most remote -idea of success, would have been one of the most ridiculous -things conceivable.</p> - -<p>What a triumph is mine in such cases! I suffer nothing—no -distress of mind, no uneasiness, not the least of either: I -am calm and cool, and quite prepared for the result, and sure -as fate it comes—“Dear Sir, I am sorry to say,” &c., &c. I -never read a word beyond this.</p> - -<p>Perhaps it would amuse the reader to give him one of those -instances—I could give him five hundred—of what the generality -of people call disappointments, which has induced the -happy state of mind I now enjoy, which enables me to contemplate -such crises as would throw any other person into -the utmost agitation, with the most perfect equanimity.</p> - -<p>About four or five years ago, a very intimate and dear -friend suddenly burst in upon me while at breakfast one morning. -He was almost breathless, and his look was big with -intelligence.</p> - -<p>“Well, Bob,” said he, with a gleeful smile, “here’s something -at last that will do you good.”</p> - -<p>I smiled, and shook my head.</p> - -<p>“Well, well, so you always say,” said my friend, who perfectly -understood me; “but you cannot miss this time. I -have just heard from a confidential friend that Mr Bowman -is about to retire from business, and that he is on the lookout -for a respectable person to purchase his stock in trade, -and the good will of his shop, privately. Now, Bob, that’s -just the thing for you. You know the trade; you know, too, -that Mr Bowman has realised a handsome fortune in it, and -that his shop, where that fortune was made, has the best -business in town.”</p> - -<p>Now, all this that my friend said was true, perfectly true. -Mr Bowman had made a fortune in the shop alluded to. It -had by far the best run in town: it was crowded with customers -from morning till night. But I felt quite confident that -the moment <em>I</em> took the shop there would be an end of its prosperity. -However, my friends prevailed. To please them, -and to show that I was willing to do any thing to better my -circumstances, I took the shop. I bought the stock and good -will of the business, and entered on possession. My friends -all congratulated me, and declared that my fortune was -made. I knew better.</p> - -<p>However, to give the speculation fair play, a thing I -thought due to it, I prevailed on Mr Bowman to forego the -usual proceeding in such cases of advertising his retirement -from business and recommending <em>me</em> as his successor, because -I knew that if he did so, all chance of my doing any good -would be instantly knocked on the head. Recommend me! -Why, the bare mention of my name—any allusion to it—would -be certain and immediate destruction to me. I knew -that if the public was made aware that <em>I</em> had succeeded to the -business, it would instantly desert the shop.</p> - -<p>Impressed with this conviction, I had the whole matter and -manner of the transfer of property and interest in the shop -managed with the utmost privacy and secrecy, my object -being to slip unperceived and unobserved, as it were, into -my predecessor’s place, that the public might not have the -slightest hint of the change.</p> - -<p>In order further to secure this important secret, I would not -permit the slightest alteration to be made, either on the shop -itself, or on any of its multifarious contents. I would not -allow a box, or an article of any kind, not even a nail, to be -removed or shifted from its place, for fear of giving the public -the slightest clue to the fact of the shop’s being now mine. -As to my own appearance in it, which of course could not be -avoided, I hoped that I might pass for a shopman of Mr -Bowman’s.</p> - -<p>All, however, as I expected, was in vain. The public by -some intuitive instinct, as it seemed to me, discovered that I -was now proprietor of the shop, and took its measures accordingly. -On the very first day that I took my place behind the -counter, I thought it looked shy at me. I was not mistaken. -Day after day my customers became fewer and fewer, until -hardly one would enter the shop.</p> - -<p>Being quite prepared for this result, I felt neither surprise -nor disappointment, but shortly after coolly disposed of the -shop, and all that was in it, to another party, who, as I wish -every body well, I am glad to say, did, according to his own -account, amazingly well in it, he declaring to me himself that -it fulfilled his most sanguine expectations.</p> - -<p>It could not be otherwise, for, as I well knew would be the -case, the moment <em>I</em> quitted the counter, and this person took -my place, the stream of public patronage returned; customers -came thronging in faster than he and two stout active shopmen -could serve them.</p> - -<p>Now, in this affair, as in all others of a similar kind, my -friends confessed that I had given the spec fair play, and that -there was nothing on my part to which they could attribute -the blame of failure. Unable to account for it, therefore, -they merely shrugged their shoulders and said, “It was odd;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> -they didn’t understand it.” Neither did I, good reader; but so -it was.</p> - -<p>One rather odd feature in my case I may mention. Although -I never actually succeed in anything, I am always -<em>very near</em> doing so—very near getting every thing—within an -ace, in almost every instance, of obtaining all I want. My -friends are frequently <em>bitten</em> by this will-o’-the-wisp in my fortunes, -and have fifty times congratulated me on the strength -of its deceptive promises or successes, which of course are -never realised.</p> - -<p>In reply to their congratulations on such occasions, I merely -smile and shake my head; adding, perhaps, “Not so fast, my -good friends; wait a bit and you’ll see. I have been as <em>near</em> -my mark a hundred times before.”</p> - -<p>Perhaps the reader would like to glance at a case in point. -I will present it to him: it is not yet three weeks old. I applied -for a certain appointment in the gift of a certain board. -Here is the reply of the secretary, who was my personal -friend:—“My dear Sir, I am exceedingly happy to inform -you that your application, which was this day read at the board, -has been <em>most favourably received</em>. Indeed, from what has -passed on the subject, I may assure you of success, and beg to -congratulate you accordingly. Your success would not perhaps -have been quite so certain had Mr S— been at home, as -he would probably support his friend B., who is the only person -you had to fear. But Mr S—, who is on the continent -(at Carlsbad), is not expected for a fortnight, and <em>cannot</em> be -here for a week at the soonest; so you are safe.”</p> - -<p>“Well, then, <em>now</em> surely, Bob,” said my friends to whom I -showed this letter, “you cannot doubt of your success in this -instance.”</p> - -<p>“No, indeed!” exclaimed I, with the usual shake of the head -and accompanying smile of incredulity; “never had less expectation -from any thing in my life. Don’t you see, Mr S— -<em>will</em> be home in time, and <em>will</em> give his powerful interest to my -rival?”</p> - -<p>“Impossible, my dear sir; Mr S— is at Carlsbad, and <em>cannot</em> -be home in less than a week. Neither steam-boat nor rail-road -could enable him to accomplish such a feat.”</p> - -<p>“No, but a balloon might; and depend upon it a balloon he -will take, rather than I should get the situation. This he’ll -certainly do, although he knows nothing of what is going on.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>“There’s the postman, my dear,” said I with gentleness and -equanimity to my wife, on the morning of the third day after -the conversation above alluded to had taken place. “It is a -letter from my friend Secretary Wilkins, to inform me that I -have lost the situation of ——; that Mr S—, performing -miracles in the way of expedition, although not impelled by any -particular motive, came home just in time to support his friend -and, of course, to cut me out.”</p> - -<p>It was precisely so. “My dear Sir,” began my friend’s -letter, “I am truly sorry to inform you”——I read no -more; not another word. It was quite unnecessary; I knew -it all before. So, laying the letter gently on the table, I said -with my wonted smile, “Exactly; all right!”</p> - -<p>Now, does the reader think that, in this, or in any other -similar case, I gave myself the smallest uneasiness about the -result? Not I, indeed—not the smallest. I expected no success, -and was not therefore disappointed.</p> - -<p class="right">C.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">OLD TIMES.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY J. U. U.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry-container smaller"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“My soul is full of other times!”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Where is that spirit of our prime,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">The good old day!</div> -<div class="verse">Have the life and power of that honoured time</div> -<div class="verse indent3">All passed away!</div> -<div class="verse">When old friendship breathed, and old kindness wreathed</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The cot and castle in kindred claim,</div> -<div class="verse">And the tie was holy of service lowly,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And Neighbour was a brother’s name,</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And the streams of love and charity</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Flowed far and wide,</div> -<div class="verse">And kind welcome held the portal free</div> -<div class="verse indent3">To none denied,</div> -<div class="verse">And blessed from far rose that kindly star</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The high roof o’er the well-known hall,</div> -<div class="verse">The cordial hearth, the genial mirth—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Has Time the tyrant stilled them all!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Ay, some are fallen—their courts are green;</div> -<div class="verse indent3">The cold calm sky</div> -<div class="verse">Looks in on many a once-loved scene</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Of days gone by.</div> -<div class="verse">And some stand on, but their lights are gone,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Their manners are new and their masters strange;</div> -<div class="verse">They know no trace of that frank old race</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Swept off by the tide of time and change.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">These would’st thou mourn, go, trace the path,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">The far wild road,</div> -<div class="verse">To some old hill where ruin hath</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Its lone abode—</div> -<div class="verse">Where morn is sleeping, and dank dews weeping—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Where the grey moss grows on the lintel stone—</div> -<div class="verse">Where the raven haunts, and the wild weed flaunts,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And old remembrance broods alone:</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There weep—for generous hearts dwelt there,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">To pity true—</div> -<div class="verse">Each light and shade of joy and care</div> -<div class="verse indent3">These old walls knew.</div> -<div class="verse">With weary ray the eye of day</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Looks lifeless on their mouldering mound:</div> -<div class="verse">Their pride is blighted!—but the sun ne’er lighted</div> -<div class="verse indent1">A happier home in his bright round.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There smiles, whose light hath passed away,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Bound young hearts fast;</div> -<div class="verse">And hope gilt many a coming day</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Now long, long past.</div> -<div class="verse">There was beauty’s flower and manhood’s power—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The frail, proud things in which mortals trust;</div> -<div class="verse">And yon hall was loud with a merry crowd</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Of breasts long mingled in the dust.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">There too the poor and weary sought</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Relief and rest;</div> -<div class="verse">His song the wandering harper brought,</div> -<div class="verse indent3">A welcome guest;</div> -<div class="verse">There lay rose lightly, and young eyes shone brightly,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And in sunshine ever life’s stream rolled on:</div> -<div class="verse">And no thought came hither how time could wither—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Yet time stole by, and they are gone.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And there—the breast were cold indeed</div> -<div class="verse indent3">That would not feel,</div> -<div class="verse">How with the same relentless speed</div> -<div class="verse indent3">Our seasons steal.</div> -<div class="verse">The princely towers and pleasant bowers</div> -<div class="verse indent1">May scoff the hours with gallant show,</div> -<div class="verse">In vain—they are what once these were,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">And in their turn must lie as low.</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">The Beautiful in Nature and Art.</span>—In looking at -our nature, we discover among its admirable endowments -the sense or perception of beauty. We see the germ of this -in every human being; and there is no power which admits -greater cultivation: and why should it not be cherished in -all? It deserves remark, that the provision for this principle -of the creation which we can turn into food and clothes, or -gratification for the body; but the whole creation may be used -to minister to the sense of beauty. Beauty is an all-pervading -presence; it unfolds the numberless flowers of the spring; -it waves in the branches of the trees and the green blades of -grass; it haunts the depth of the earth and sea, and gleams -out in the hues of the shell and the precious stone; and not -only these minute objects, but the ocean, the mountains, the -clouds, the heavens, the stars, the rising and setting sun, all -overflow with beauty. The universe is its temple, and those -men who are alive to it cannot lift their eyes without feeling -themselves encompassed with it on every side. Now, this -beauty is so precious, the enjoyments it gives are so refined -and so akin to worship, that it is painful to think of the multitude -of men as living in the midst of it, and living almost as -blind to it, as if, instead of this fair earth and glorious sky, -they were tenants of a dungeon. An infinite joy is lost to -the world by the want of culture of this spiritual endowment. -Suppose that I were to visit a cottage, and to see its walls -lined with the choicest picture of Raphael, and every spare -nook filled with statues of the most exquisite workmanship,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> -and that I were to learn that neither man, woman, nor child, -ever cast an eye at these miracles of art, how should I regret -their privation; how should I want to open their eyes; and to -help them to comprehend and feel the loveliness and grandeur -which in vain courted their notice? But every husbandman -is living in sight of the works of a diviner artist; and how -much would his existence be elevated, could he see the glory -which shines forth in their forms, hues, proportions, and moral -expression! I have spoken only of the beauty of nature; -but how much of this mysterious charm is found in the elegant -arts, and especially in literature? The best books have -most beauty. The greatest truths are wronged if not linked -with beauty, and they win their way most surely and deeply -into the soul when arrayed in this their natural and fit attire. -Now no man receives the true culture of a man in whom the -sensibility to the beautiful is not cherished; and I know of no -condition in life from which it should be excluded. Of all -luxuries, this is the cheapest and most at hand; and it seems -to be most important to those conditions where coarse labour -tends to give a grossness to the mind. From the diffusion of -the sense of beauty in ancient Greece, and of the taste for -music in modern Germany, we learn that the people at large -may partake of refined gratifications which have hitherto been -thought to be necessarily restricted to a few.—<cite>Channing.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">A COMMON FROG!</h2> - -<p>“Come along; don’t stay poking in that ditch; it’s nothing -but a common frog,” said a lively-looking fellow to his companion; -who replied, “True, it is only a common frog, but -give me a few minutes, and I will endeavour to show you that -it better deserves attention than many a creature called rare -and curious. The fact is, that the history of what we call -common animals, and see every day, is often very imperfectly -known, though possessing much to astonish and instruct us. -Come, sit you down on this bank for a few minutes, instead of -pursuing your idle walk, and I will endeavour to excite your -curiosity and powers of observation. If I do so by means of -so humble an instrument as a common frog, I do better service -than if I were to fix your attention by accounts of the -mightiest monsters of fossil or existing Herpetology, as the -part of natural history which treats of reptiles is called. See! -I have caught him, and a fine stout fellow he is, for I perceive -from his swelling chops he is a male. Let us now consider -his place in the creation: it is in the tailless section of the -fourth order of reptiles called Batrachians, and distinguished -from the other three orders by the absence of scales on the -skin, and by the young undergoing the most extensive changes -of form, organic structure, and habits of life. You know, I -presume, that frogs are hatched from eggs, or as they are -called in mass, spawn, which is laid early in the year in shallow -pools, and resembles boiled sago. The peasantry believe -that as it is laid in more or less deep water, so will the coming -season be dry or wet. This, however, like many other instances -of supposed prescience in animals, does not stand the -test of observation, for spawn is frequently laid where, when -the weather proves fine, the water is dried up. Nevertheless, -its position does in some degree indicate the state of -the atmosphere, as, under the low pressure of air which -precedes and attends rain, the spawn, owing to bubbles of -air entangled in it, floats more buoyantly, and is fitted for -shallower water than it could swim in under other circumstances. -But to our subject. The product of this spawn is -in every thing unlike the perfect frog we now behold. He -commenced life with some twelve hundred in family, a tiny, -fish-formed creature, with curious external gills, which in a -short time became covered with skin; and he then breathed -by taking in water at the mouth, passing it over the gills, and -out at orifices on each side, just as we see in ordinary fishes. -The circulation of his blood was also similar to that of those -animals. His head and body were then confounded in one -globular mass, to which was appended a long, flattened, and -powerful tail; his mouth was small, his jaws suited to his food, -which was vegetable, and his intestines were four times longer -in proportion than they are now. After some time of this -fish-like life, two limbs began to bud near to the junction of -his body and tail—then another pair under the skin near his -gills. His tail absorbed in proportion as his limbs developed, -until, casting away the last of his many tadpole skins, and -with it his jaws and gills, he emerged from the water a ‘gaping, -wide-mouthed, waddling frog,’ to seek on land his prey, -in future to consist exclusively of worms, insects, and other -small living beings; still retaining his power of swimming and -diving, but accomplishing it by powerful exertions of his hinder -legs, which serve him on land to effect his prodigious jumps, -of which we may form an estimate by knowing that a man -exerting as great a power in proportion could jump upwards -of one hundred yards. He cannot, however, breathe under -water; and though his skin, which possesses enormous absorbing -powers, may contribute a portion of the necessary -stimulus to his blood, yet he must breathe as we do by getting -air into his lungs, and therefore, except when he is torpid -from cold, he cannot continue any great length of time under -water. Observe now his mode of breathing—see with what -regularity his nostrils open and shut, while the skin under his -throat falls and rises in the same order, for as he is without -ribs or diaphragm, his mode of inspiration is not effected as -ours is; but he takes air into his closely shut mouth through -his nostrils, which he then closes, and by a muscular exertion -presses the air into his lungs. Were you to keep his mouth -open, he would be infallibly smothered. His tongue is one of -his most striking peculiarities, for instead of being rooted, as -in other animals, at the throat, it is fastened to his under lip, -and its point is directed to his stomach. Nevertheless, this -strange arrangement is well suited to his purposes, and his -tongue as an organ of prehension is very effective. It is flat, -soft, and long, and is covered with a very viscid fluid. When he -wishes to use it, he lowers his under jaw suddenly, and ejects -and retracts his tongue with the rapidity of a flash of light, -snatching away a luckless worm or beetle attached, by the secretion -before alluded to, to its tip. The insertion of the tongue -in front of the lower jaw serves not only to aid mechanically -in its ejection and retraction, just as we manage the lash of a -whip, but it saves material in its construction, for it would -require much greater volume of muscle to accomplish the -same end posited as tongues usually are; and it has also the -advantage of bringing the food into the proper place for being -swallowed, without further exertion than that of its retraction.</p> - -<p>Look now at the splendour of the golden iris of his eyes, -and his triple eyelids; see, notwithstanding the meagre developement -of his head, as a phrenologist would say, his great -look of vivacity; though his brain is small, his nerves are -particularly large, and his muscles are accordingly possessed -of more than ordinary excitability, which property has subjected -his race to very many cruel experiments, at the hands -of physiologists, galvanists, &c. A favourite experiment -was, by the galvanic action of a silver coin and a small plate -of zinc, on the leg of a dead frog, to make it jump with more -than the force of life. Should you be inclined to study his -anatomy, you will find ample stores in the ponderous folios of -old writers, who have so laboriously wrought out his story -as to leave little to be accomplished by us. The frog, now -abundantly dispersed over Ireland, was introduced into this -country not much more than a century since by Doctor -Gwythers of Trinity College; and in thus naturalizing this -pretty creature, cold and clammy though it be, he did a service, -for it contributes materially to check the increase of -slugs and worms. I have often vindicated the frog from -charges brought against him by gardeners. I have been -shown a strawberry, and desired to look at the mischief he -has done. I have pointed out, that the edge where he was -accused of biting out a piece was not only dry, but smaller -than the interior of the cavity, and it therefore could not be -formed by a bite. I have then shown other strawberries with -similar wounds, in which small black slugs were feeding; and -I have cut up the supposed strawberry-devouring frog slain -by the gardener, and shown in his stomach, with several earthworms, -a number of little black slugs of the species alluded to, -but not one bit of fruit: thus proving, I hope, that the cultivator -of strawberries ought for his own sake to be the -protector of frogs.</p> - -<p>The frog is a good instance of the confusion that constantly -arises from applying the same words to designate different -animals in different countries. The common frog of the continent -is the green frog (<i>Rana esculenta</i>), while our common -frog is their red frog (<i>Rana temporaria</i>). The former is of -much more aquatic habits than the latter, and is not known -in Ireland. I once made an attempt to introduce it here, and -when in Paris directed a basket of 100 frogs to be made up -for me, giving special instructions that no <em>common</em> frogs were -to be amongst them, which order I found on returning was -obeyed as understood in that country, and not a single green -frog was in my lot, though I intended to have none other. -As articles of food there seems to be little difference, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> -the preference is given to the green frog. The vulgar opinion -that Frenchmen eat frogs for want of better food is -quite erroneous; the contrary is the fact; for a fricassee of -these animals is an expensive dish in France, and is considered -a delicacy. Its chief merit appears to me to be its freedom -from strong flavour of any kind; a delicate stomach may -indulge in it without fear of a feeling of repletion. In this -country the foolish prejudices which forbid the use of many -attainable articles of wholesome food, applies with force to -frogs. Our starving peasants loath what princes of other -nations would banquet on, and leave to badgers, hedgehogs, -buzzards, herons, pike and trout, sole possession of a very nutritive -and pleasant article of food. When devoured by the -heron, it is in part converted into a source of wonder to the -unenlightened; for the curious masses of whitish jelly found -on the banks of rivers and other moist places, and said by the -country people to be fallen stars, are, so far as I have been -able to observe, masses of immature frog spawn in a semi-digested -state; and they seemed to me to have been rejected by -herons, just as we see hawks and owls reject balls of hair, -feathers, or other indigestible portions of their prey.</p> - -<p>While on the subject of eating frogs, one of many of my -adventures with the animal comes upon me with something like -a feeling of compunction. When I was at school, it happened -on a great occasion that a party of the ‘big boys’ were allowed -to sit up much beyond the ordinary time of retiring. -Finding it cold, it was proposed to adjourn to the kitchen, poke -up the fire, and make warm before going to bed. Proceeding -accordingly, we were startled by the repetition of some heavy sounds -on the floor, and on getting up a blaze we discovered -a frog of gigantic proportions jumping across the room. He -was seized, and a council being held upon him, it was resolved -that he should be killed, roasted, and eaten; and this awful -sentence was at once put into execution—the curious for curiosity, -the braggarts for bravado, and the cowards, lest they -be thought so, partaking of the repast. We discovered next -day that the unfortunate devoured had been for three years a -settled denizen of the kitchen, where he dealt nightly havoc -on the hordes of crickets and cockroaches it contained. I -have had for three years a frog in confinement where his food -is not very abundant, and he has grown proportionally slowly, -being still of a very diminutive size. Linnæus and others distinguished -ours as the mute frog, believing it did not possess -a voice. They were mistaken: you hear our captive, when I -press his back, give utterance to his woes; but if you desire -to attend his concert, get up some bright night in spring, seek -out his spawning place about the witching hour, and you -will then hear sounds, of strange power, which seem to make -the earth on which you stand to tremble. On investigation -you will find it to proceed from an assembled congregation of -frogs, each pronouncing the word <i>Croak</i>, but dwelling, as a -musician would say, with a thrill on the letter <i>r</i>. When -speaking of the tadpole, I forgot to allude to the fact, that -recent experimenters find that by placing them in covered jars, -the developement of the frog is arrested. The tadpole will -continue to grow until it reaches a size as great as that of an -adult frog. This has been attributed by the discoverer to a -withdrawal of the agency of light; but it strikes me he has, -in his anxiety to prop a theory, lost sight of the true reason, -which appears to be, that while he excluded the young animal -from light, he also put it in such a situation as to compel -it to breathe alone by its gills, and afford it no opportunity for -the developement of its lungs, and so it retained of necessity its -fish-like functions. As you are probably more of a sportsman -than a naturalist, you have observed in rail shooting, your -pointer, after a show of setting, roll on the ground: if you had -examined, the chances are you would have found a dead frog -of no very pleasing perfume. Why the dog so rolled, I cannot -say, unless it be, that he like other puppies wished to smear -his hair with nasty animal odours. I have now I think worked -out your patience; and though I could dwell much longer on -the subject, and eke out much from ancient lore, I will end -by a less pompous quotation of part of a well-known song—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">‘A frog he would a-wooing go,</div> -<div class="verse">Whether his mother would let him or no.’</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>And the catastrophe,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">‘A lily white duck came and gobbled him up.’</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Pray apply the moral. Had the said frog had his mind cultivated, -and had he been acquainted with nature, he would -not have engaged in a thoughtless courtship, that could have -no good end, nor have disobeyed the voice of experience, and -so met with the fate that awaited him. You may now go on -your walk; and if a common frog cannot interest you, take -care of the lily white duck.”</p> - -<p class="right">B.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">GARDENS FOR THE LABOURING CLASSES.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY MARTIN DOYLE.</span></h2> - -<p>The advantage which the working man, possessed of a little -patch of land at a moderate rent, has over him who is without -any, or holds it at a rate greatly above its value (a common -case with the Irish labourer), can only be fully understood by -those who have narrowly observed in England the respective -conditions of the field labourer, with his allotment of a rood or -half a rood of garden, and the workman in a town factory. It -is very obvious that the garden gives healthful recreation to -the family, young and old, who have always some little matter -to perform in it, and if they really like the light work of cultivating -kitchen vegetables, fruits and flowers, they combine -pleasure with profit. Here is something on which they can -always fall back as a resource if a day’s work for hire is interrupted—they -can make up at home for so much lost time—the -children have something rational and useful to do, instead of -<em>blackguarding</em> about roads and streets—they help to raise the -potatoes and cabbages, &c., which with prudent management -materially assist their housekeeping.</p> - -<p>The benefits which have arisen to the labourer and all the -rural poor in England who have obtained from ten to forty -perches of garden from land-proprietors or farmers, or those -who have the privilege of encroaching upon commons for the -purpose, is truly surprising. Much of this is attributable to the -exertions of the London Labourers’ Friend Society, who, in -an age when party violence divides man from his fellows, and -excites from some quarter or other opposition to every system -designed for the common good, have quietly but steadily -pursued their own way.</p> - -<p>I have had occasion more than once to press upon the attention -of those who have the disposal of land in Ireland, the -great benefits which would result to our poor if they would -act upon the principle which actuates this benevolent society; -and strange though it be, the fact is, that some landlords -possessing estates both in England and Ireland are at pains -to secure to the English labourer advantages which they take -no trouble to provide for the labourer on the soil of Ireland.</p> - -<p>I have referred to the <em>principle</em> which guides the society. -It is, that the labouring classes should have such allotment of -land as will not interfere with their general course of fixed -labour, nor render them at all independent of it, but merely -give them employment during those hours which they have at -command in the intervals of their more profitable occupations. -I have myself seen innumerable instances of the happy effects -of giving to the labourer or <em>little</em> mechanic even half a rood of -land, which he generally has in the highest state of productiveness, -and from it his table is frequently supplied; while -gooseberry and currant trees, in luxuriant bearing, and -flowers <em>close to the road</em>, and without a higher fence than a -paling or hedge three feet high, attest the high degree of honesty -and decorum which the habit of having such productions -in this unprotected way undoubtedly generates.</p> - -<p>The local poor-rates have in all instances been greatly lessened -by this mode of enabling labourers to help themselves; -and if in this country the compulsory system of providing -food or employment for the sick or hungry poor had prevailed -long ago as in England, the landlords would have found means -to guard against those dreadful realities of destitution with -which we have been familiarized. Not that it is desirable to -give a very open invitation to the parish manger, for this destroys -the feeling of self-dependence and weakens the motives -to economy and industry. But there should have long since -been more <em>practical</em> exertion to place the labourer within -reach of reasonable comforts.</p> - -<p>What are the circumstances of tens of thousands of working -people in the great manufacturing towns of Great Britain, -in which no land can be given to them? Families so circumstanced -wear out their health and existence in unvarying labour—not -requiring much immediate exertion of strength, it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> -true; but wearisome from its continued sameness, which gives -no exercise whatever to the mind.</p> - -<p>The many pictures presented to us of the mental and physical -condition of a great portion of our fellow-creatures kept -at the slave-like labour of the factory, are appalling, and I -fear they are true: <em>this</em> is unquestionably so, that children -from nine to twelve years of age (and many <em>have</em> been worked -from the age of <em>five</em>) are locked up for six days in the week, -for twelve hours every day, in a warm artificial temperature, -instead of breathing the free air of heaven; they are looked -upon as parts of the machinery, and must move accordingly; -with this difference, that while human genius is always at -work to devise improvements in inanimate complications, and -to keep them in the highest state of order, the condition of -the living soul and body is in too many instances neglected -altogether. There is a wear and tear of human life, and an -accumulation of moral corruption, which it is frightful to -think of.</p> - -<p>When work is in good demand, the joint labours of the -parent and their children earn considerable weekly wages. -There is then plenty of bread and butter and some bacon for -the children, and beer and gin besides for their parents; but -nothing is saved for less prosperous times, and the family is -not eventually the better for the short run of high earnings.</p> - -<p>The want of a bit of land is more serious than many will -believe, not only in its effect upon health, but upon moral -conduct also.</p> - -<p>Among some facts published by the London Labourers’ -Friend Society, are the details of the complete reformation of -twelve men, who had been severally committed to gaol for -different offences of a very serious nature, in consequence of -their obtaining portions of land, varying from two acres and -a half to one rood; and I may add, that out of eighty occupants -of land-allotments in the same neighbourhood, there has been -only one case of robbery within seven years.</p> - -<p>Some of the foregoing remarks tend to show that the Irish -poor would not gain in happiness by the establishment of the -modern British factory system among them, unless the advantage -of a <em>little</em> land could be afforded them at the same time. -A proof of this exists in the altered circumstances of the people -who were once employed in the domestic manufacture of linen -in Ulster. These had a patch of land, to which they could -at pleasure turn from the loom and the reel; and as the -labour of their children was not prematurely demanded, they -could enjoy the green fields or the garden, and be employed -in school, with a certainty of substantial food (instead of bad -coffee and adulterated tea), until they attained the age of -thirteen or fourteen, when they could take an active part in the -labour of the loom.</p> - -<p>When field or garden labour can be combined with factory -work, the miseries of the manufacturing system are much -removed, and manufactures in such a case become serviceable -under judicious and moral management: the present state of -the town of Lancaster affords some illustration of this. It -verges on a purely agricultural district, and now contains -both manufacturing and farm labourers. Upon the introduction -of cotton manufactures (and half the few mills now existing -there were established only seven years ago), the wages -of each individual workman were rendered less than they had -been before, <em>but</em> the earnings of his <em>whole family</em> increased -considerably. Children before that period were burdensome to -their parents, who when making application for parish aid -pleaded the number of their family. Now children are sources -of increased comfort to such parents; and even step-children, -grand-children, nephews, and nieces, who were formerly -pressed into the list of mouths to be fed from the parish rates, -are now studiously kept out of sight, because they earn wages, -and contribute to the support of those who would otherwise -shift them off their hands. On the <em>whole</em>, those with families -are better off than if without them; and the children themselves, -except in times of very hurried work, and allowing for -occasional abuses by employers and parents over-working -them, are better off than formerly. The comparatively good -state of the Lancaster operatives arises front the circumstance, -that in times of difficulty in the factories many of the -work people have farm work to turn to, and numbers of them -have allotments of their own.</p> - -<p>In proportion as the labouring poor of any community are -deprived of the advantage of gardens, is a decrease in their -health, happiness, and moral state. Of this, as regards another -nation, I have a proof before me in the letter of Mr T. -Bastard, who in a communication from Germany (I shall only -give a portion of it) to the editor of the Labourers’ Friend -Magazine, says, “In regard to the allotment system in particular, -as a mode of giving the labourer ‘a stake in the -hedge,’ I have learnt nothing here which induces me to change -my opinion of its value: on the contrary, I feel rather confirmed -in the belief, that where population and capital exist in -a high degree, no other practicable mode has yet been proposed, -so calculated to prevent the labouring classes from falling -into the degraded position, with all its train of ill consequences, -of being mere machines in the hands of the capitalists; -or if they have already so fallen, so adapted to restore -them to a higher moral state.</p> - -<p>I believe that a much greater proportion of the labouring -classes of Saxony possess some ‘stake in the hedge’ than -those of England. … I am sorry, however, to add, that -Saxony appears to me, by the increase that is taking place in -her population, and by her efforts to push her manufactures, -to be approaching the evil which we have long suffered under -in England, that of having the sole interest of a great portion -of her people dependent entirely on the amount of weekly -wages that they can obtain.</p> - -<p>During three months of last year I resided in a village at -some distance from Dresden, and in every sense a rural one, -the occupations of the inhabitants, of which there were between -seven and eight hundred living in about one hundred -houses, being confined to agriculture, with the exception of -some handicraftsmen, such as shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, -&c. and a few who worked in some stone quarries. Besides -two considerable estates belonging to two persons who stood -in the position of esquires, and shared the manorial privileges, -the land was much divided, two or three persons having as -much as 140 acres, but the greater part only from one to five -acres, which were held under a sort of feudal tenure; and all -the cottages had at least gardens. The appearance of general -comfort and happiness certainly exceeded that which I have -ever seen in an English village of the same kind and size. -The inhabitants were healthy-looking: their houses were all -good substantial ones, provided (at least several that I entered) -with decent furniture, and they were invariably well clothed. -The two latter points are remarkable in Saxony. I have -never seen a row of cottages, or rather <em>huts</em> here, and very -rarely a raggedly-dressed person. I will here add, also, that -the Saxons who visit <em>rich</em> England are particularly struck with -the numbers of persons they see in rags and tatters. I found, -however, that there were several persons, and even families, -who had merely lodgings in the cottages without any land, and -these were invariably in bad circumstances. In fact, they were -dependent solely on wages; and here was the commencement -of that evil to which I have before adverted, and for which I -can think of no other effectual remedy than the allotment -system.”</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Irish Bravery and Honour.</span>—On the surprise of Cremona -by Prince Eugene in 1702, when Villeroy, the French -general, most of the officers, military chests, &c. were taken, -and the German horse and foot in possession of the town, -excepting one place only, the Po Gate, which was guarded by -two Irish regiments commanded by O’Mahony and Bourk, -before the Prince commenced the attack there, he sent to expostulate -with them, and show them the rashness of sacrificing -their lives where they could have no probability of -relief, and to assure them if they would enter into the imperial -service, they should be directly and honourably promoted. -The first part of this proposal they heard with impatience, -the second with disdain. “Tell the Prince,” said they, “that -we have hitherto preserved the honour of our country, and that -we hope this day to convince him that we are worthy of his -esteem. While one of us exists, the German eagle shall not -be displayed upon these walls. This is our deliberate resolution, -and we will not admit of further capitulation.” The -attack was commenced by a large body of foot, supported -by five thousand cuirassiers, and after a bloody conflict of -two hours the Germans retreated: the Irish pursued their -advantage, and attacked them in the streets. Before evening -the enemy were expelled the town, and the general and -the military chests recovered.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and Published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London. -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester. <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, -North John Street, Liverpool. <span class="smcap">J. Drake</span>, Birmingham. <span class="smcap">M. Bingham</span>, -Broad Street, Bristol. <span class="smcap">Fraser</span> and <span class="smcap">Crawford</span>, George Street, Edinburgh. -<span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -14, October 3, 1840, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, OCTOBER 3, 1840 *** - -***** This file should be named 54238-h.htm or 54238-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/3/54238/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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