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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..085a886 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54233 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54233) diff --git a/old/54233-0.txt b/old/54233-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 47ecdeb..0000000 --- a/old/54233-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8091 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vivisectors' Directory - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Vivisectors' Directory - Being a list of the licensed vivisectors in the United - Kingdom, together with the leading physiologists in foreign - laboratories - -Commentator: Frances Power Cobbe - -Editor: Benjamin Bryan - -Release Date: February 25, 2017 [EBook #54233] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note: Each vivisector’s name was given in =bold= in the -original. This is purely for decorative emphasis, and the = signs may -safely be removed if the reader finds them distracting. - - - - - - THE - VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY; - - BEING A LIST OF THE - LICENSED VIVISECTORS IN THE UNITED - KINGDOM, - TOGETHER WITH THE - LEADING PHYSIOLOGISTS IN FOREIGN - LABORATORIES. - - _COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES._ - - EDITED BY - BENJAMIN BRYAN, - WITH A PREFACE BY - FRANCES POWER COBBE. - - LONDON: - Published by the VICTORIA STREET SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF - ANIMALS FROM VIVISECTION, - UNITED WITH THE - INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE TOTAL SUPPRESSION OF VIVISECTION. - 1884. - - Price, 1s. 6d.; Cloth, 2s. - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY PEWTRESS & CO., - _Steam Printing Works_, - 28, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS, W.C. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -It was reported at the time of the Franco-German war that the Prussian -soldiers profited much by their general acquaintance with the geography -of France, and by the possession of convenient pocket maps furnished to -them of the invaded districts. - -To supply the combatants in the Anti-Vivisection Crusade with some such -knowledge, and such _cartes du pays_ of the physiologists’ ground, was -the original purpose of the _Vivisectors’ Directory_, as prepared for THE -ZOOPHILIST. It was recognised by those engaged in the thick of the fight -against scientific cruelty that it was impossible to retain in the memory -the names of all, even of the most notorious Vivisectors, or to attach to -them their particular class of experiments; nor, in the case of English -physiologists, was it practicable to recall without continual reference -to the whole series of Parliamentary Returns what were the Licenses and -Certificates wherewith they have been annually provided. These facts,--so -often needed in controversy,--it was proposed to marshal in the -compendious form of a _Directory_, so that each Zoophilist possessed of -a copy should be enabled at a moment’s notice to tell in which province -of the “_doloroso regno_” of Research each Vivisector might be found, -what were his titles and address, and the books he had published; and -(if he were a British subject) how many Licenses and Certificates he had -received. - -It is hoped that this original purpose of the _Directory_ has been fairly -fulfilled, and that Anti-vivisectionists will universally find it to be -a very serviceable book of reference. It is not pretended that it is a -perfect work, that the names of all the Vivisectors in Europe have been -ascertained, or their worst deeds always ferreted out. Great pains have -been taken to make the list thus complete, and several able agents have -been employed for the purpose abroad as well as at home, under the -editor’s supervision. But years would have been needed for the exhaustive -completion of the task, and the publication would have been indefinitely -delayed. As it now appears, the _Directory_ presents (it is confidently -believed) a mass of reliable information in a convenient form, and at a -moment when it is urgently needed for use in our sorrowful controversy. - -But even while this first purpose of the _Directory_ was being patiently -carried out, it became obvious to those concerned that the work would -fulfil at the same time another and still more important end. As name -after name appeared for registration, and cruel experiment followed -cruel experiment in endless variety, the utility of the _Directory_ as -affording evidence of the extent to which Vivisection is now carried on -in Europe, became revealed. No doubt or dispute, it was obvious, could -possibly attach to _this_ testimony. There can be no question here -of that “exaggeration” or those “sensational appeals” wherewith our -opponents are wont to charge us. There can be no “sensational appeal” -in a Dictionary; nay, care has been taken that there should not be one -single epithet editorially applied to any experiment recorded from first -to last. The _Directory_ is a mere dry Register, like an ordinary Medical -or Clerical Directory of names, dates, places, degrees, books, pamphlets, -licenses, and certificates. Only some _verbatim_ quotations are added, -with exact references to chapter and verse. If these should happen to -convey most damning accusations, it is the Vivisectors themselves who -have registered their own offences. - -But it is a sickening revelation, even to those who have for years back -been steeped to the lips in this Dead Sea literature. Few or none will -have realized, we believe, till they look into this Directory as a whole, -how infinitely varied have been the devices of the tormentors of animals, -how relentless the diligence of these explorers of living tissues, these -harpists whose instruments are quivering nerves, these diggers into -living brains who leave them “like lately-hoed potato fields.” Not the -poor humble frogs alone, of which we are wont to hear, but every class -of sensitive and intelligent animal seems to be in turn the victim of -pitiless experiment,--the commonest of all being the most loving servants -of mankind. Not one organ of their beautiful frames but has been chosen -for the explorations of a dozen enquirers, and mangled, burned, torn -out, or inoculated with some horrible disease. The well-known maladies -which result from human drunkenness and vice have been cunningly conveyed -to dogs and apes. The breasts of mother brutes nursing their young have -been cut off, and the mutilated creatures dropped back to die among their -little ones whom they can no longer feed. Pregnant animals have been -continually cut open. An Italian physiologist (Mosso) injects putrified -human brains into animals. The eyes are chosen as the special seats -for inoculation, because, through the transparent body the processes -of disease can be most easily watched. Balbiani varnished the skins of -dogs, so that after long hours in which all exudation was stopped, the -creatures expired--stewed, as it were, in their own blackened blood. -Claude Bernard and Alfred Richet baked them alive in stoves constructed -for that hideous purpose. Paul Bert and Cyon place them under atmospheric -pressures till a dog comes out stiffened all over “like a piece of wood.” -Brown-Séquard and Brondgeest cut the spinal cords of guinea-pigs and -rabbits, and Chauveau opens the spinal canal of horses and irritates -the roots of the nerves. Nasse injects salt into the veins, and Watson -Cheyne injects micrococci into the eyes. Blondlot and Heidenhain -establish fistulas. Aufrecht endeavours to create kidney disease, and -Köbner leprosy. Bacchi and Donders pour acetic acid on the nerves of the -eyes. Audigé, Colin, Miss Adams, Gréhaut, and Gscheidlen, experiment on -various animals with mineral and vegetable poisons; and Fayrer, Brunton, -and Lacerda with that of snakes. The bile ducts of dogs and cats are -ligatured by Wickham Legg and Rutherford. Skulls of monkeys and dogs -are opened and the brains mutilated and stimulated with electricity by -Ferrier, Yeo, Horsley, Schäfer, Goltz, Hitzig, Fritsch, Golgi, Grützner, -Günther Leyden, Hermann, Lovèn, Munk, Longet, Luchsinger, Ott, and -Vulpian; and the stomach, heart, liver and spleen, are cut into and -diversely dissected alive by a whole host of physiologists, Roy, Gaskell, -Lépine, Pellacani, Cohnheim, Marey, Martin, Colasanti, Panum, Moleschott, -and Flint. - -When it is remembered that, according to Claude Bernard in his latest -work, we may “take for granted that experiments, when not otherwise -described, are performed on curarized dogs”--that is, on highly -sensitive creatures, placed in a condition which he himself describes -as “accompanied by the most atrocious suffering which the imagination -of man can conceive,”--we have before us in this small _Directory_ a -record of agonies before which the brain grows dizzy and the heart sick. -That any man not utterly science-hardened can contemplate them with -indifference, and refuse to lift his voice against them, is difficult to -understand. He who will look through this little book and then “pass by -on the other side,” might, one would think, have strolled round Nero’s -martyr-lighted gardens and turned unmoved away. - - F. P. C. - - - - -THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY. - - -=Abraham, Phineas S.=, 5, Clare Street, Dublin. M.A.T.C. Dub.; B. Sc. -Loud.; F.R.C.S.E. 1880; (St. Barthol. Lond.; T.C. Dub. and Paris); 1st -Sen. Mod. and Large Gold Medallist in Nat. Sci. and Mod. in Exper. Sci., -T.C. Dub., 1871; Hon. Sec. Dub. Biol. Club., Contrib. to Proc. Zool. -Socs., Lond. and Paris, &c. - -_Held a License for Vivisection in Physiological Lecture Room of Royal -College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1880._ - - -=Adams, Hope Bridges= (Miss), Student Bedford College, studied medicine -at Leipzig under Professors Ludwig and W. His. Graduated L.K.Q.C.P. -Ireland and M.D. Zurich. Married to Dr. Walthers. Settled in practice at -Frankfort. Leipzig Pathological Institute. - -“Miss Bridges Adams made a number of experiments on the secretion of -hæmoglobin in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig, on rabbits and dogs, -which she poisoned slowly with chlorate of potassium and other similar -substances, by which the kidneys, bladder, and spleen were morbidly -affected. The animals vomited, a deposit collected in the bladder, and -they died after sufferings more or less prolonged. Dr. Lebedoff (of St. -Petersburg), who is continuing the investigations, affirms that she -attained no definite result and that the experiments do not give one the -impression of having been carried out with thoroughness.”--_Thier u. -Menschen Freund_, No. 7, 1883. - - -=Albertoni= (Prof.), Materia Medica R. Univ. Genoa. Substitute in Chair -of Physiology in absence of Prof. Cerradini, Senior Physician Hospital -for Chronic Diseases. - -Author of “Influenza del cervello nella produzione dell’ epilessia; che -cosa avvenga del sangue nella trasfusione;” and joint author with Dr. -Bufalini: “Sull’ aumento delle pulsazioni cardiache dietro l’eccitazione -delle prime radici dorsali;” and with Dr. F. Lussana, of “Sull’ alcool, -ricerche sperimentali”; 3rd art. in “Lo sperimentale,” 1874. - -Experiments in transfusion of blood, tried successfully on dogs, -subsequently on three human patients who died, the transfusion having -“hastened the fatal issue.”--_Archiv. Ital._, Tome 2, p. 180. Repeated -experiments of Chirone and Curci on apes, arriving at opposite -conclusions. - - -=Albini, Commendatore Giuseppe,= Palazzo Dini, Via Museo Nazionale, -Naples. Oculist. Prof. Histology, Anatomy and Physiology. Director of -the Institute of Physiology in Royal University, Naples. Vice-President -of the Academy of Physical and Mathematical Science. President of the -Neapolitan Branch of Italian Alpine Club. - -Author of “Ueber das Gift der Salamander Maculata,” Vienna, 1858; -“Sull’ azione aspirante del cuore,” Naples, 1862; “Sul mecanismo della -deglutizione,” 1863; “Guarigione di una Fistola gastrica in un cane,” -1867; “Guida allo studio della Fisiologia normale e sperimentale,” -1870; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Parma,” Parma, 1860; -“Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Napoli,” 1860-64. - - -=Anderson, Richard John=, 58, Wellington Park, Belfast. M.A. Qu. Univ. -Irel. (1st Hons. in Exper. Science, Gold Medal and Prize), 1870; B.A. -(2nd Hons. and Prize in Exper. Science), 1869; M.D. (1st Hons., Gold -Medal and Prize) 1872; M.R.C.S. (Eng., and L.M.) 1872; (Belfast, St. -Barthol. London, Leipzig, Paris, and Heidelberg); Demonstrator of Anat. -Qu. Coll. Belfast; Prof. of Zoology, Galway, 1884. - -Contributed “Abnormal Arrangement of Peritoneum,” Journ. Anat. and -Physiol., 1878; “The Presence of an Astragalo-schapoid Bone in Man,” -_Ibid._, 1880; “Respiratory Excitation and Depression,” Dub. Journ. Med. -Science, 1880; and other Contributions to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Dub. -Journ. Med. Science, Virchow’s Archiv., and Brit. Med. Journ. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, Queen’s -College, Belfast, in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in -1882-83._ - - -=Arloing=, (Prof.) Prof. Anat. and Physiol, and of practical experiments -in the École Nationale Vétérinaire of Lyons. - - -=Aufrecht=, (Dr.), Magdeburg. - -“Experiments in the artificial induction of diseases of the kidneys. -Used formerly to tie the ureter, has now injected _Cantharides_ under -the skin of rabbits, and produced the disease in all its forms.”--_Med. -Centralblatt_, No. 47, 1882. - - -=Aubert, Hermann.= Prof. Rostock University. - -Author of “Physiologie der Netzhaut,” Breslau, 1865; jointly with Gustav -Roever, of Rostock, of “Ueber de Vasomotorischen Wirkungen des nervus -vagus, laryngicus und sympathicus,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. II., p. -211. This essay describes experiments on dogs, cats, rabbits, and lambs. - -“Constructor of a ‘handy apparatus’ for bringing animals into a state of -asphyxia in air attenuated or deprived of oxygen.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, -27, p. 566. - - -=Audigé, R. H. T.=, 26, Avenue Bosquet, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1874. - -Author of Thèse “Recherches expérimentales sur le spasme des voies -biliaires,” Paris. - -“Alcohols administered in a slow and continuous manner were found to give -rise to various disorders. Vomiting of biliary matter and glairy mucus -together with more or less severe diarrhœa were observed. Difficulty of -breathing, muscular tremor, and even paresis of the hinder extremities -were also recorded. Examination after death revealed congestive changes -of the alimentary canal and of the liver, but no hepatic cirrhosis. -Well-marked hyperæmia of the lungs and atheroma of the large vessels, -especially the aorta were also detected.… Absinthe when given to the -animals gave rise to great excitement with muscular contracture and -cutaneous hyperæsthesia.”--_Lancet_, June 30th, 1883. - -“… We must not overlook the extreme sensitiveness of the mucous membrane -which lines the ducts; we have just seen that an injection into the -biliary ducts of water mixed with a small quantity of acetic acid -produces in dogs acute pain.”--_Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat_, -Paris, 1874, p. 27. - -The biliary ducts of a curarised dog dissected out and then excited by -electricity so as to produce spasms.--_Ibid._ - - -=Axenfeld, Alexandre=, Camerino, Italy. Prof. pathologie médicale, Med. -Faculty, Paris. - -Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,” -Paris, 1880. - - -=Bacchi, M. E.= M.D., Turin, Laureate Univ., Turin; M.D. Paris, 1874; -Prof. Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Paris. - -Author of “Contribution à l’étude de l’étiologie de la sclérochoroïdite -postérieure, Paris, 1874.” - -This Thesis also describes experiments in which neuralgic pains are -produced by the application of electricity to the orbital nerves of a -rabbit--the torture being continued for from half-an-hour to an hour -daily from September 14th to October 30th. - -Exper. IV. “I exposed the upper orbital nerve on the left side of another -rabbit, and then I poured on to it a few drops of a strong solution of -acetic acid. The pain was so violent that the animal emitted heartrending -shrieks and writhed in the throes of a violent agony.”--_Collection de -Thèse pour le Doctorat_, Paris, 1874, pp. 59 and 61. - - -=Baginsky, Benno.= M.D. Berlin, 1872. - -Contrib. “Über die Folgen der Drucksteigerung in der Paukenhöhle,” -Virchow’s Archiv., 1881. - -Made experiments on dogs in the Veterinary School of Berlin. - - -=Balbiani= (Prof.). Prof. Embryology, Coll. de France. - -Made experiments by varnishing the skins of animals, especially rabbits -and guinea-pigs.--_Traité de physiologie, Béclard_, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., -p. 495. Chiefly known as an Embryologist. - - -=Balfour, Francis Maitland.= B. 1851, d. 1882. (Killed by a fall on the -Glaciers of Courmayeur Alps). Educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where -he graduated subsequently; he studied at the Stazione Zoologica at -Naples, under Dr. Dohrn. Was Lecturer on Natural Science, Embryology, -and Comparative Anatomy at Trinity College, Cambridge. Fell. Roy. Soc. -1878; Mem. Counc. Roy. Soc.; Pres. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1881; LL.D. -Glasgow 1880. The Professorship of Animal Morphology at Cambridge was -created specially for him. Was for several years one of the editors of -the _Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science_. A Balfour Fund has been -raised to found memorial at Cambridge. - - -=Balfour, John Hutton=, Junr., East Brighton Crescent, Portobello, M.B., -Edin. and C.M., 1881. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, Materia -Medica Department, in 1882, and Certificate for Experiments without -Anæsthetics, same year._ - - -=Barker, John=, M.D. Deceased, 1879. M.D. Dublin, 1863; M.B. 1846, B.A.; -F.R.C.S.I. 1863; L. 1846; (T.C. Dublin); Exam. in Anat. and Surg. and -Cur. Mus. M.R.C.S.I.; M.R.I.A.; formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, Univ. -Dublin. - -Author of Cryptogamic Part in “Steel’s Handbook of Field Botany,” and -other papers. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin -Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, 1878-79. No experiments -returned._ - - -=Barlow, John=, 85, Kelvingrove Street, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1879; M.B. -and C.M. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1881; (Anderson -Univ., Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Prof. of Inst. of Med. Anderson’s Coll. -Glasg.; late Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol., Univ. Glasg.; House Surg. -Glasg. Roy. Infirm. - -Contributed “Mode of Demonstrating Pflüger’s Law of Contraction,” Jour. -Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XII.; “Physiological Action of Ozonised Air,” -_Ibid._, Vol. XIII. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Glasgow Physiological -Laboratory and Class Room in 1878-79-80-83. Certificate in 1878 and 1879 -for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and -for Testing previous Discoveries; in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures -and for Experiments without Anæsthetics; and in 1883 for Illustrations of -Lectures. No Experiments returned in 1883._ - - -=Bartholow, Robert.= Cincinnati. M.D. - -Author of “A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” New -York, 1878. - -Experiments on the action of Gelsemium sempervirens. - - -=Battistini, Attilio.= M.D. University of Rome. - - -=Beatson, George Thomas=, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. B.A. Cantab., -1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; C.M., 1874; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1874 (Edin. Univ.); -formerly Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin. - -Contributed “On the causes of Expense in the Antiseptic Treatment of -Wounds,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879; “Origin and Composition of Bodies -found in Compound Ganglia,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; -“Diagnosis of Malignant Abdominal Tumours,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological -Laboratory in 1879 and Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill -before recovery from Anæsthetics._ - - -=Beaunis, Henri Etienne.= Prof, of Physiology, Med. Faculty, Nancy. - -Author of “Nouveaux éléments de Physiologie humaine,” Paris, 1876; -joint author with M. Bouchard of “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive et -d’Embryologie,” 1873. - -Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to a detail of the -necessary arrangements of the physiological laboratory, and particularly -recommends students to study physiology by vivisecting frogs, as being -more readily procured than other animals, and easily held by pinning them -on a piece of cork. - - -=Béclard, Jules=, au Siége de l’Académie, 39, Rue des Saints-Pères. B. -1818; M.D. Paris, 1842; Professor of Physiology Med. Faculty, Paris; -Perpetual Sec. Acad. of Medicine, &c. - -Author of “Traité élémentaire de Physiologie,” Paris, 1880; “Expériences -constatant l’électricité du sang chez les animaux vivants,” Metz, 1863. -Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,” -Paris, 1880. - -“When by the aid of appropriate means, we suppress in animals the -cutaneous evaporation, and thus absolutely prevent the discharge of -water, vapour, and carbonic acid, grave disorders are set up little by -little, terminating in death. In order thus to suppress the functions of -the skin, it is advisable to lay bare, by means of shaving closely, the -whole of the skin of a dog, sheep, rabbit, or horse, and to cover the -exposed surface with a thick drying varnish. Animals thus treated succumb -at the expiration of various periods, but they rarely survive twelve -hours. After death the tissues and organs are found gorged with black -blood. It is probable that the accumulated carbonic acid has brought on -slow asphyxia. When the pulmonary outlet is sealed up, the asphyxia is -rapid.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495. - - -=Béclard, Pierre Augustin.= B. 1785, d. 1825. Assistant to M. Roux, 1809; -Prosector Med. Faculty Paris, 1811; Prof. Anat., 1818; Mem. Acad. of -Med., 1820. - -Made experiments jointly with Legallois on the Act of Vomiting.--_Traité -de Physiologie_, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62. - -Author of “Additions à l’Anatomie générale de X. Bichat,” Paris, 1821; -“Éléments d’Anatomie générale,” Paris, 1823; Traité Élémentaire de -Physiologie, Septième Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; Part II., 1884. - - -=Bégin, Louis Jaques.= B. at Liège, 1793; d. 1859. Prof. Physiol., -Military Gymnasium, Metz, 1821; M.D. Strasbourg, 1823; Prof. Anat., -Physiol. and Surgery, Med. Faculty, Strasbourg; Pres. Acad. of Med., -Paris, 1847; Mem. of numerous foreign learned societies. - -Author of “Traité de Physiologie pathologique,” 1828, &c.; contributed -Art. “Vomissement,” “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.” - - -=Behrend, F.= Student, Berlin. - -Experiments on rabbits under Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect of uva ursi -leaves and arbutin.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol.. 92, Pt. III. - - -=Bell, Sir Charles.= B. 1778, d. 1842. M.E.C.S., Surg. Roy. Infirm., -Edin., 1797; M.R.C.S., Lond., Surg. Middlesex Hosp., 1812; Sen. Prof. -Anat. Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg., Lond., and M.C., 1824; Lect. Physiol., -Univ. Coll., Lond., 1826; knighted, 1831; Prof. Surg. Univ. Edin., 1831. - -Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, 1793 -(by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A System of -Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition of the Natural -System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” London, 1824; “The Nervous -System of the Human Body,” London, 1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and -Vital Endowments,” London, 1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical -Transactions,” “Institute of Surgery,” &c., &c. The discoverer of the -double function of the spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector -on record. Among the published accounts of his experiments is the -following:-- - -“After delaying long on account of the unpleasant nature of the -operation, I opened the spinal canal of a rabbit and cut the posterior -roots of the nerves of the lower extremity--the creature still -crawled--but I was deterred from repeating the experiment by the -protracted cruelty of the dissection. I reflected that the experiment -would be satisfactory if done on an animal recently knocked down and -insensible--that whilst I experimented on a living animal, there -might be a trembling or action excited in the muscles by touching a -sensitive nerve, which motion it would be difficult to distinguish -from that produced more immediately through the influence of the motor -nerves.”--_Nervous System of the Human Body_ (Longman and Co.), 1830, p. -31. - -The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir Charles -Bell respecting the utility of Vivisection and its moral aspect:-- - -“In concluding these papers, I hope I may be permitted to offer a -few words in favour of Anatomy, as better adapted for discovery than -experiment. Anatomy is already looked upon with prejudice by the -thoughtless and ignorant--let not its professors unnecessarily incur -the censures of the humane. Experiments have never been the means of -discovery--and a survey of what has been attempted of late years in -physiology, will prove that the opening of living animals has done -more to perpetuate error than to confirm the just views taken from the -study of anatomy and natural motions. In a foreign review of my former -papers the results have been considered as a further proof in favour of -experiments. They are, on the contrary, deductions from anatomy, and I -have had recourse to experiments not to form my own opinions, but to -impress them upon others. It must be my apology that my utmost efforts -of persuasion were lost, while I urged my statements on the grounds -of anatomy alone. For my own part I cannot believe that Providence -should intend that the secrets of nature are to be discovered by the -means of cruelty, and I am sure that those who are guilty of protracted -cruelties do not possess minds capable of appreciating the laws of -Nature.”--_Ibid._, p. 217. - -Similar sentiments are expressed in his “Essay on the Forces which -Circulate the Blood,” Part II., p. 25. - - -=Bellesme, Jousset de.= School of Physiology, Nantes. - -Author of “Physiologie Comparée Recherches expérimentelles sur les -fonctions du balancier chez les insectes,” Paris, 1879; “Recherches sur -la digestion chez les mollusques céphalopodes,” Comptes rendus Vol. -LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 428; “Recherches sur l’action physiologique du -grenat ou résidu de fabrication de la fuchsine,” Comptes rendus, Vol. -LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 187. - - -=Belli, Aristide= (Prof.), Director of the School of Veterinary Medicine, -Urbino. - - -=Bennet, Alex. Hughes=, 13, Old Cavendish Street, W. M.D., Edin. (Gold -Medallist), 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869, M.R.C.P., Lond. 1876 (Edin., -Lond. and Paris); Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Ext. Mem. and Emer. Sen. Pres. -Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Physician Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, St. -John’s Wood, and to the Westminster Hospital, &c., &c. - -Author of “An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological Actions -of Theine, Caffeine, Quaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine,” 1873; “A -Practical Treatise on Electro-Diagnosis in Diseases of the Nervous -System;” “Illustrations of the Superficial Nerves and Muscles, with their -Motor Points,” &c. - - -=Bennett, John Hughes=, M.D. Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in -the University of Edinburgh; died 1875. - -President of the Committee which performed the experiments on the effect -of mercury, &c., on the livers of dogs. He was accustomed to lecture to -his class on the benefit of vivisection, and advised his students to -resist every attempt to interfere with it. Originator and suggestor of -Rutherford’s experiments on the bile ducts. - - -=Béraud, J. B.= Author of “Manuel de physiologie,” Paris, 1853. -Experiments on generative organs. - - -=Bergeron, E. J.=, 75, Rue St. Lazare, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1866; Prof. -Med. Fac. and Insp. of Lunatic Asylums for the Department of Seine, -Knight of the Legion of Honour. - -Author of “Les Réactions physiologiques des Poisons,” Paris, 1836; -“Sur l’existence normale du cuivre dans l’organisme,” Paris, 1873; -“L’empoisonnement par la strychnine,” Paris, 1877, &c. - -At the age of 26, M. Bergeron was commissioned to undertake a long series -of experiments in several poisoning cases. - - -=Berlin, W.= (Dr.), Amsterdam University. - - -=Bernard, Claude.= B. at St. Julien, Rhone, France, 1813; d. 1878. M.D. -Paris, 1843; Pupil and Assistant to M. Majendie; Prof. of Medicine at -Faculty of Science, Paris; Member of the Academy of Science; succeeded -Majendie as Professor of Experimental Physiology at the College of France -in 1855; Prof. Gen. Physiol. at Museum, 1868; Mem. Acad. Med., 1861; -Pres. Biological Soc., 1867; Member of French Academy, 1869; Commander of -the Legion of Honour, 1867. Member of the Institute of France. - -Author of “Leçons de physiologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1854-1855, 2 -vols.; “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine expérimentale,” Paris, -1855; “Leçons sur les effets des Substances toxiques et Médicamenteuses,” -Paris, 1857; “Leçons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système -nerveux,” Paris, 1858; “Leçons sur les propriétés physiologiques et -les altérations pathologiques des liquides de la l’organisme,” Paris, -1859; “Leçons de pathologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1871; “Leçons sur les -anæsthétiques et sur l’asphyxie,” Paris, 1875; “Leçons sur la chaleur -animale,” Paris, 1876; “Leçons sur le diabète et la glycogenèse animale,” -Paris, 1877; “Leçons sur les phénomènes de la vie, etc.,” Paris, 1878; -“La science expérimentale,” Paris, 1878. - -“A physiologist” (Bernard wrote) “is no ordinary man. He is a learned -man, a man possessed and absorbed by a scientific idea. He does not hear -the animals’ cries of pain. He is blind to the blood that flows. He sees -nothing but his idea, and organisms which conceal from him the secrets he -is resolved to discover.”--_Introd. à l’étude_, p. 180. - -Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These animals, -Bernard tells us (_Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale_, p. 347), survived -respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four minutes, and so on, -according to the heat of the stove and according to the position of their -heads within it, or outside of it. “It became impossible,” he says of -them, “to count the pantings. At last the creature falls into convulsions -and dies--uttering a cry.” - -“Our hands without doubt are empty at present, but our mouths may be full -of legitimate promises for the future.”--_Sur le Diabète_, p. 43. - - -=Bernstein, Jules= (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University. M.D. -Berlin; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine, University of Berlin, 1871; -Prof. extraordinary of Medicine at Halle, 1873. - -Author of works on the Nervous System; “Herzstillstand durch -Sympathicusreizung;” “Die fuenf Sinne des Menschen,” in “Internationale -Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek,” Vol. XII., 1875; “Untersuchungen ueber den -Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem.” Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871. - -Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the -nerves, and his work entitled “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang -im Nerven und Muskelsystem,” is well known to physiologists. - - -=Berruti, Giuseppe.= - -Author of “La Crania tornia nella practica ostretica,” Turin, 1876; -with Perosini of “De l’ablation des capsules surrenales,” in _Gazette -Hebdomadaire de Méd._, 1856, p. 863 et 924. - -Performed numerous experiments on Horses. - - -=Bert, Paul=, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863; Prof. -Physiol. Fac. Sci. at Bordeaux, 1869; obtained the Prize of 20,000 francs -from the Academy of Science for his work on “La Pression Barométrique” in -1875; President Biol. Soc.; Senator and Minister of Public Worship for -France, under the Presidency of M. Gambetta. - -Author of “Notes d’Anatomie et de Physiologie comparées,” 1867; “La -Pression Barométrique,” 1877; Contrib. Scientific Articles to “La -République Française.” - -“He thought it would be interesting to experiment upon newborn animals -(cats), which, it is well known, he tells us, resist asphyxia much longer -than full grown ones. (P. 571.) From his apparatus for keeping animals -in compressed oxygen he draws a dog in full convulsions, strong enough -to enable him to carry it by one paw, like a bit of wood. (P. 784.) The -attacks of convulsions, under strong tension of oxygen, are, he says, -really curious and startling.” (P. 799.)--_Pression Barométrique._ - -“In this experiment a dog was first rendered helpless and incapable -of any movement, even of breathing, which function was performed by a -machine blowing through a hole in its windpipe.” All this time, however, -“its intelligence, its sensitiveness, and its will, remained intact,” -“a condition accompanied by the most atrocious sufferings that the -imagination of man can conceive.” (_Vide_ Claude Bernard in _Revue des -Deux Mondes_, 1st September, 1864, pp. 173, 182, 183, &c.) “In this -condition, the side of the face, the side of the neck, the side of the -fore-leg, interior of the belly and the hip, were dissected out in order -to lay bare respectively the sciatic, the splanchnics, the median, the -pneumo-gastric and sympathetic, and the infra-orbital nerves. These were -excited by electricity for ten consecutive hours, during which time the -animal must have suffered unutterable torment, unrelieved even by a cry. -The inquisitors then left for their homes, leaving the tortured victim -alone with the engine working upon it, till death came in the silence of -the night and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. 4,111.)--_Archives -de Physiologie_, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650. - - -=Betz, Fr. Hugo.= M.D.; Surgeon in practice in Schönan, Silesia, 1877. - -Contrib. “Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra,” Centralblatt f. d. -Med. Wiss., 1874. - -Made experiments on the brains of dogs. - - -=Bezold, Albert Von.= B. 1836, at Ansbach, d. 1868 at Wurzburg. After -studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went to Berlin to study -physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there he became the friend of Isidor -Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In addition to the study of physiology, -Bezold followed Virchow’s lectures on pathological anatomy and worked -in the laboratory of Hoppe-Seyler, now Prof. of Physiological Chemistry -at Tübingen. He became assistant to Du Bois Reymond, but was soon after -called to the Chair of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the -nervus vagus produced results opposed to the theories of Schiff and -Moleschott. Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg, 1865, where he extended -the laboratory to be one of the most complete in Germany. While at Jena -he had already enlarged the laboratory there, and had taken a journey to -Edinburgh to superintend the arrangement of Dr. Bennett’s laboratory. - -Author of “Untersuchungen über die Innervation des Herzens,” Leipsig, -1863; “Untersuchungen über die electrische Erregung der Nerven und -Muskeln” Leipsig, 1861. - - -=Bianchi=, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples. Electrotherapist. -Prof. Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples. - - -=Bichat, Marie François Xavier.= B. 1771; d. 1802. Studied at Nantes, -Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of Desault, whose works -he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished surgery to devote himself -entirely to physiology. Physician to the Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he -experimented with various drugs. - -Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses Membranes en -particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques sur la vie et la -mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée à la Physiologie et à -la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,” Paris, 1802-1803, 5 -vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, 5th Vol. by Roux. - -“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, -Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11. - -“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living animals, -which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with a turn-cock -is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an artery is -subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration is allowed -free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby -suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The blood -which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; it becomes -analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is again opened, the blood -once more takes a bright hue.”--_Ibid._, p. 336. - - -=Bidder, Alfred Von.= M.D. Berlin. - -Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte -Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint author with -M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,” 1852; Contrib. -to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1883; Arch f. Anat. u. Physiol., -1867. - -Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.--_Traité de -Physiologie_, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662. - - -=Billroth, Theodor.= B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. Surgeon, -Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen, Berlin, and -Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery, Zurich, 1860; -Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867. - -Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und accidentelle -Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine Chirurgische Pathologie -und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der allgemeinen und speciellen -Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das Lehren und Lernen der -Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der deutschen -Nation, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” Vienna, -1876; “Untersuchungen ueber die Entwickelung der Blutgefässe, nebst -Beobachtungen aus der Klinischen Chirurgischen Universitäts-Klinik zu -Berlin,” Berlin, 1876, &c. - - -=Binz, Carl.= Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; studied Med. at -Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 (Bonn); Private Prof. of -Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; Prof. extraordinary and founder of -Institute of Pharmacology University of Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary, -1873. Staff-Surgeon during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71. - -Author of “Beobachtungen zur inneren Klinik,” Bonn, 1864; “Grinidzüge der -Arznei Mittel Lehre,” “Experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der -Chininwirkung,” Berlin, 1868; “Ueber den Traum,” Bonn, 1878, etc. - -Experiments with nitrite of sodium on frogs, rabbits, and -dogs.--_Lancet_, Nov. 3, 1883. - -“Binz produced fever in dogs artificially by injecting infusion of -hay or putrid animal matter into their veins, and then tested the -action of quinine by injecting it either at the same time or shortly -afterwards.”--_Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines_, -T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20. - - -=Biondi, Adolfo=, Strada Nuova, Monteoliveto 6. Prof. Pathological -Medicine, Royal University, Naples. - -“I cannot imagine that any man in his senses would attempt to remove a -human lung with a tumour in it. It would not be resection of parts of -four ribs which would permit the removal of a tumour sufficiently large -to admit of accurate diagnosis; and I cannot observe, in the literature -just at the moment accessible, that any other kinds of tumours occur in -the lung, save those of hydatid origin, and those of a cancerous nature. -If the tumour were hydatid, the removal of lung would be unnecessary. If -the tumour proved to be an aneurysm, the disaster would be awful.… The -facility with which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs, and parts of lungs, -from dogs, guinea-pigs, cats, fowls, pigeons, and sheep, and the absence -of mortality from such operations, is likely to be a snare rather than -a help. It does not need saying, that the removal of a healthy lung, -collapsed by the introduction of air into the pleura, would be a very -easy matter, and very different from the removal of a diseased and -adherent organ. There would be as much difference as there is between -normal ovariotomy and removal of a pyosalpinx. It is perfectly clear -that these animals, with their deep and narrow chests, differ very much -from us with our wide and shallow cavities, in their power of enduring -the accident of acute pneumothorax; certainly they would differ from us -immensely in the facility with which pneumonotomy may be performed. Their -chests are built for the endurance of the special efforts of great speed, -and we have lost those physical characters; and I venture to say that, if -acute pneumothorax were suddenly inflicted upon sixty-three healthy adult -human beings, death would be the immediate result in the great majority -of the experiments.”--_Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. Med. Journ., June 20, -1884._ - - -=Birch, J. de Burgh=, Barnard Castle, Durham. M.D. Edin. (Gold -Medallist), 1880, M.B. and C.M., 1877; (Bristol and Edin. Univ.); -F.R.S.E.; late Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Edin. - -Contributed “Constitution and Relations of Bone Lamellæ, Lacunæ, and -Canaliculi, and some effects of Trypsin Digestion on Bone,” Journ. -Physiol. Vol. II.; also contrib. to Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. and Centralb. -d. Med. Wiss. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Lecture Room -and Physiological Laboratory 1878 and in 1879. Certificate in 1879 for -Illustrations of Lectures; no experiments returned._ - - -=Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig W.= M.D. (Deceased.) Late Prof. Anat. and -Physiol. Munich. - -Author of “Commentatio de nervi accessorii Willissii anatomia et -physiologia,” Darmstadt, 1832; “Commentatio de novis quibusdam -experimentis chemico-physiologicus ad illustrandam doctrinam de -respiratione institutis. Praemissae sunt literae L. Gmelin,” -Heidelberg, 1837; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Hundeeiess,” Brunswick, -1845; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Meerschweinschens,” Giessen, 1852; -“Entwickelungsgeschicte des Rehes,” Giessen, 1854; “Das Hirngewicht -des Menschen,” Bonn, 1880; and joint author with Carl Voit of “Die -Gesetze der Ernährung des Fleischfressers durch neue Untersuchungen -festgestellt,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Das Studium und die -Ausübung der Medicino durch Frauem,” Munich, 1872; Contrib. to -Encyclopédie Anatomique. - -Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, on the accessory -and vagus nerves, which he cut through between the cranium and first -vertebra, with the result that the sound of the voice became changed. -“Was most successful with a goat, in which he succeeded in cutting both -accessory nerves, when it could no longer be said to have a voice at all.” - - -=Bizzozero, Giulio.= B. at Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D. Pavia, 1866; -Prof. of Histology, Pavia; Prof. of General Pathology, 1872; Professor of -General Pathology, Royal Univ. Turin; Free Prof. Microscopy applied to -clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza at the experimental Laboratory -of the University of Pavia. Has founded a Laboratory at Turin. Knight of -the Order of the Crown of Italy. - -Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia vibratili,” -1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e sulle cettule -sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici del cervello -e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” 1868-69; “Sui -rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874; “Sui linfatici -e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; “Recherches sur la -physiopathologie du sang” (for which the Acad. of Turin has lately -awarded him the prix Riberi of 20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element -morphologique du sang et de son importance dans la thrombose et la -coagulation,” dans Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of -“L’Archivio delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates the -results of his experiments. - -Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and omentum or -mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but “to avoid objection -to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also performed a great -number of experiments on animals not under anæsthetics, but tied to the -table.--_Archiv. Ital._, Tom. II. - - -=Blix, Magnus Gustaf.= B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory of -Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala, 1882. - -Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society, Upsala,” -principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, viz., “Bidrag till -laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: Ophthalmometriska -studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; Till Melysning affragan, -Muravida varmenomfattes till mekaniskt arbete vid Muskelcontractioner,” -1881; “Mya midsag till ophthalmometriens utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande -perimeter,” 1882. - - -=Block, Carl Otto=, Dantzig. M.D., 1876. - -Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found they did not die if -a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he became desirous of making the -same experiment on men. His first victim was a girl of fourteen, who died -a few hours after the operation (resection of a piece of the lung). - - -=Blondlot, Nicolas.= B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof. Chemistry and -Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy. - -Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; “Essai sur -les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; “Recherches sur la -digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, 1855. - -In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of experiments -on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is generally spoken -of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment of a fistula -into the stomach of the lower animals. (His method is given in detail in -“Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, another vivisector, mentions in his -Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial -Society of Naturalists, in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account -of a number of successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula. - - -=Boccardo, Giuseppe.= Assistant, Physiological Institute, R. University, -Naples. - - -=Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore.= Prof. Experimental Pathology, Medical -Faculty, Paris. - -Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai de -critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873. - -“All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been made -on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentioned were made on -rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results obtained amount to little -or nothing. We must say once for all that our experiments with strychnine -and quinine have also given no exact result.”--_Collection de Thèses pour -le Doctorat_, Paris, 1873, p. 25. - -“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters act -under identical conditions, the results obtained are not always the -same.”--_Ibid._, p. 33. - - -=Böhm, R.= Prof. in Marburg. - -Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the exfoliation -of intestinal epithelium.--Virchow’s _Archiv_, Vol. XCII., part 3. - - -=Bohr= (Dr.). Prof. of Physiology, Copenhagen. - - -=Bornhardt, A.= Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. Med., St. -Petersburg. - -Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der Bogengänge des -Ohrlabyrinths.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XII, p. 471. - -Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains had -been extirpated.--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471. - - -=Bouchard, Charles.= Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris. - -Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.” -Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris, 1869; “Recherches -nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive -et d’Embryologie,” 1873. - - -=Bousfield, Edward Collins=, Wellesley House, Ashley Road, Bristol. -L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St. Barthol.); Physiol. -Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed “On a hitherto unnoted -feature of the blood in Leucocythaemiæ,” Lancet 1879; “Effects of the -Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880; “Case illustrating the Pathology -of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical School 1880 -and 1881. No experiments returned._ - - -=Bowditch, H. P.= Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School, Boston, U.S. - -Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the extremities. - - -=Brachet, Jean Louis.= B. at Eivors (France), 1789, d. at Lyons, 1858. -Hosp. Surg., Physician to Prisons, Professor of Physiology School of -Medicine, Physician to Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Chev. de la Leg. d’Honn., -Prof. Materia Med. and Therap., Mem. Acads. of Med. Paris, Vienna, -Madrid, Turin; Mem. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Belles Lettres of Lyons, Dijon, -Toulouse, Genoa; Mem. Med. Socs. of Paris, Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen, -Toulouse, Marseilles, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans, -Besançon, &c., &c. - -Author of “Dissertation Physiologique sur la cause des mouvement de -dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches Expérimentales -sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Paris, 1830; -“Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,” Lyons, 1844; “Considérations sur le -Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de -l’Homme,” Lyons, 1855; “De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made -numerous researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary system. - - -=Braidwood, Peter Murray=, 17, Rodney Street, Liverpool, and 2, Delamere -Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist) 1863; F.R.C.S. -Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, and Vienna); Astley Cooper -Prizem. 1868; Honourable mention from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from -Imp. Council of Russia 1872; Fothergillian Medallist 1877; F.R.M.S.; -Ext. Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Exam. in Med. Jurisp. Univ. -Edin.; Co-Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Med. and Surg. Reports. -Author “On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the Domestic -Management of Children.” Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of -Dajaksch,” Edin. Med. Journ. 1864; “First and Second Reports on the Life -History of Contagion,” Brit. Med. Journ. 1875-76-77-78, &c. - -_Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing -with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. No -experiments returned._ - - -=Brailey, William Arthur=, 16, Orchard Street, Portman Square, W. M.A.; -M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond. -1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fell. Down. Coll. Camb. and late Inter. -Coll. Lect. in Nat. Sci.; 1st Class Nat. Sci. Tripos 1867; Exhib. in -Biol. Prelim. Sci. Exam. M.B. Lond. 1865; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Comm. -Ophth. Soc.; Lect. on Comp. Anat. Guy’s and St. George’s Hosp. Med. -Schs.; Curator and Regist. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Ophth. Surg. Evelina -Hosp.; late House Phys. Addenbrooke’s Hosp. Camb. Contributed “On -Pathology of Increased Tension,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Reps. 1877 and -1879; “A Theory of Elancoma,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Reps. 1880, &c. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and Lecture Room -in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 and 1880._ - - -=Brewer= (Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A. - -Dr. Brewer published in the _Detroit Therapeutic Gazette_ for September, -1882, an account of fifty experiments made by him on frogs, kittens, -cats, and dogs, with the liquid extract of _Manaca_ (a Brazilian plant) -which he either exhibited “_per oram_” (to quote literally) or injected -subcutaneously. The experiments were evidently made with great care, -and entailed a good many difficult vivisectional operations, such as -the cutting of the crural and sciatic nerves, the tying of the femoral -artery, the cutting of the spinal cord, and the ablation of the cerebrum. -Great pains were taken, and no fewer than eight experiments were -instituted, for the sole purpose of ascertaining whether Manaca affected -the nerves directly or through the intermediation of the blood, as most -poisons do, prussic acid not excepted. - - -=Brodie, Sir Benjamin.= B. 1783, d. 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805; Asst. to Mr. -Wilson as Demonst. of Anat.; Asst. Surg. St. George’s 1810; Croonian -Lecturer to Roy. Soc.; Prof. Anat. and Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg. 1819; -Sergeant Surgeon to William IV. 1832; was created a Baronet 1834; Mem. -Court of Exam. Coll. Surg. 1835; President Roy. Coll. Surg. 1844; -President Roy. Soc. 1858. - -Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes in which -Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.” _Edin. Review_, Vol. -XVIII., p. 370, 1811. - -As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in observations -and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.--_Quar. Jour. Science and -the Arts_, Jan., 1823, p. 341. - - -=Brondgeest, P. J.= - -Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” Mueller’s Archiv., -1860. - -The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:--“Cut the spinal -cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each posterior -limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the creature by the -head. If we then observe the situation of the two limbs, a difference -is perceived, which has been shown to be invariable in sixty-two -experiments. The foot of which the nerve is cut is limp and pendant; that -of which the nerve is intact is slightly bent in all its articulations. -M. Brondgeest made similar experiments on rabbits and birds.… If we -detach by one of its extremities a muscle newly prepared on a living -animal, taking care to preserve its nerve, and attach to the extremity -of this muscle a certain weight, … we shall see that it will augment in -weight.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41. - - -=Brouardel, Paul.= M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s Hosp. 1873; -Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879. - -Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées contre le -diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène publique et de -médecine légale.” - - -=Browne, James Crichton.= M.D.; Medical officer of the West Riding -Lunatic Asylum. - -“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed -two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life, -to ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to -pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 animals in -all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in discovering an -antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of testing it on human -beings has yet occurred; witness has been denounced for this cruelty, -although pycrotoxine is much used for poisoned wheat; in each case the -animal dies in convulsions.”--_Dig. Ev. Roy. Com._, London, 1876, p. 25. - - -=Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard=, Laboratory of Exper. Med., Collége de -France, Paris. B. at Mauritius, 1818. M.D. Paris, 1840; Prof. Med. Fac., -Paris, 1869; Suc. Claude Bernard as Prof. Exper. Med. at College of -France. - -Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures, Smithsonian -Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System of Surgery, Vol. -III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and Practical Med., New York; -“Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical -Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology -of the Central Nervous System, Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures -on Diagnosis and Treatment of functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c., -Philadelphia, Cambridge, U.S., &c. - -“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to the -action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or diminution -of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed by a marked -increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which are behind the -place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuries to the posterior columns -of the spinal cord are always followed by a degree of hyperæsthesia -greater than after the laying bare of the nervous centres--hyperæsthesia -which appeared in all parts of the body behind the place injured.… Before -the operation in rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces -agitation but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the -least pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes -the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure upon the -skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is performed on the -lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena are always -the same--that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia in the various parts -of the body which receive their nerves from the part of the spinal cord -which is behind the section. It has been so in all the animals I have -operated upon, and I have already made this experiment upon animals -belonging to more than twenty species. As long as the animals live after -the section of the posterior columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist, -except in the cases where re-union takes place between the two surfaces -of the section; but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after -the operation than it is after a month or many months.”--_Brown-Séquard_, -“_Lancet_” 1,823 and 1,819. - -M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation almost -exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological topics, -especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the sympathetic -nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal of the supra-renal -capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and Papers giving details of his -Experiments. - - -=Bruns, Paul Victor.= B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, 1833; M.D., -1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840. - -Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1854-60; -“Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung der -Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung schlechtgeheilte -Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung eines Polypen in der -Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” Tübingen, 1862; -“Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,” -Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1870. - - -=Brunton, Thomas Lauder=, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D., -Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866; -B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., Lond., 1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., -Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ. -Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med. -Soc., London; Mem. (late Sen. Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat. -Med. and Therap., and Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med., -Univ. Edin., and R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London; -Member of the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research. - -Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize -Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” -“Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological -Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations -to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes Mellitus,” -Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,” _Ibid._; “The Bible -and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of “Nature and -Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes,” Proc. -Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris,” -_Lancet_, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition of the Nuclei of Blood -Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of -Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian Heart and over the -Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos. -Trans., &c. - -“The number of animals required in experiments for research varies -enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of different kinds, -chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and cheaper than -rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to how the cats are -obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series of investigations with -regard to cholera, describes the method pursued, and gives reasons for -it. No beneficial discovery has yet been arrived at; the experiments are -still proceeding.”--_Dig. Ev. Roy. Com._, London, 1876, pp. 38-9. - -“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise a frog and lay -it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another piece -of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix the body of the frog to -the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors, draw out -the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins over the -hole. In an hour and a half, or two hours afterwards, white corpuscles -come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field. We may -then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to the -mesentery.”--_Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines_, -T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical -School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations -of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Experiments -on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics -(this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. -No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in either year._ - - -=Budge, Julius= (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. Marburg, -Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ. Bonn, 1855; -Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856. - -Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine, -1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; “Allgemeine Pathologie als -Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda -der Speciellen Physiologie des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke -des Athems,” Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” -Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866. - -“From observations on human patients we have already learnt that pain -causes movements of the bladder. But we can also demonstrate this fact -experimentally. Not always, but in many instances I have seen that in -curarised animals in whom it is well known the sensibility of the nerves -long outlasts their mobility, that the pressure of the water rose when I -galvanized the trigeminal nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on -the eye or on the mucous membrane of the nose, or when I irritated the -central end of a nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. -1865, II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements of -the bladder,”--“_Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge._” -Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. II., p. 515. - - -=Bufalini, Giovanni.= Prof. Siena University. - -Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche -Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338. - -Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation of -dogs.--_Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche_, Vol V., p. 338. - -“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of inanition. The -authors present a graphic table, indicating the quantity of hæmoglobin -in the blood, the temperature, and, according to daily observations on -a bitch subjected for 43 days to an absolute fast with the exception of -one ration of water. At the last there were quick oscillations in the -temperature … an interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by -further experiments, which the authors engage to make. A second series -of experiments was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days was -practised the transfusion of blood.”--_Archives Italiennes_, Tom. II., p. -253. - - -=Burkart, Rudolph.= M.D. Bonn, 1869. - -Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,” -Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus auf die -Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. I., p. 107; “Studien ueber -die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und ueber die Beziehungen -derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. -427. - -The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, such -as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with electricity -on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the abdomen cut -open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In Exp. VII., after a -continuation of the electrical excitement for 2h. 20m., the action of the -diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on frogs are also recorded. - - -=Cadiat= (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical Courses. - - -=Capparelli, A.=, M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin. - -Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under -chloroform; others curarized.--Communicated to Academy of Medicine, -Turin, June, 1882. - - -=Cash, John Theodore.= M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. and C.M., -1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipsig); Lab. -St. Barthol., London. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical -School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in -1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash can also perform -experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King’s College, London, and -at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road._ - - -=Cerradini, Giulio.= Prof. Univ. of Genoa. - - -=Chambard= (Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp. Mental Dis. - - -=Charcot, Jean Martin=, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; Phys. to La -Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of Med., Director of -“Archives de Physiologie.” - -Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la Pneumonie -chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la Médecine -scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des -vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; “Leçons sur les -maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons sur les maladies du foie; -des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; Joint Editor of “Archives de -Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ. - - -=Charles, T. W. Cranstoun=, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. M.D. and -M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869 -(Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; -Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Lect. on Pract. Physiol. -St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; late Med. Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol. -St. Thomas’ Hosp.; formerly Demonst. and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll., -Belfast. Contrib. “Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc. - -_Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological -Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned in 1879._ - - -=Chauveau, A.=, 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des Travaux -d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons. - -Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf -pneumogastrique,” &c. - -Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s _Journal de -Physiologie_. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the spinal -marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.” -His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and asses, who “lend -themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of their spinal -marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to his purpose.” “The animal -is fixed on a table; an incision is made on its back of from thirty -to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ are opened with the help of -chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow exposed.” No mention -of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous mule. “When one pricks the marrow -near the line of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests -the most violent pain.… Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the -line of emergence--_douleur intense_. Case 20. Old white horse lying on -the litter, unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever -point I scratch the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent -suffering.”--_Journal de Physiologie_, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48. - - -=Cheyne, Wm. Watson=, 6, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, London, -W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) -1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston -Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell. -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.; -Demonst. of Surg. King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.; -Demonst. Anat., Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s -Coll. Hosp., London. - -Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History and -Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,” -_Internat. Encyl. Surg._ Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and Lond. Med. -Record, &c. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological -Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in -1880-81-82-83._ - -“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M. -Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. -Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing -serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals; -and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by the -injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained -from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, -one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals six were under -observation for a sufficient length of time for the development at -least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. -(In all the experiments detailed in this report inoculation was made -into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable; -syringes purified by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations -of these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, and -three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs were -under observation for a considerable time without the development of -tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that thirteen animals -were inoculated with the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and -obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis -occur.”--_Lancet_, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5. - -“_Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882._--Experiment with pus from the -wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick and foul -smelling. - -“1. One minim was injected _into the left eye_ of a rabbit. Panophthalmos -[inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted and the -animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, and in -December was apparently well. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64 -days.” (P. 267.) - -“_Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882._--The bacilli were rubbed up -with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material was -injected _into the right eyes_ of three rabbits. Into the _left eyes_ the -following materials were injected:-- - -“No. 1.--One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part -of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture -was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left -eye of No. 1. - -“_Result in No. 1._--On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was a -well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris--the coloured -part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently -nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye was beginning -to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye become converted -into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883. -Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)--“Report to the Association for the Advancement -of Medicine by Research.”--_Practitioner_, April, 1883. - - -=Chirone, Vincenzo.= Prof. at Palermo. - -Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of pirotoxine and -cinchonidine. - -Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio, -Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia, -compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, -1871--Presso V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo -della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con -medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”--Presso -l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore avvenga durante -la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; -“L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del Prf. Cantani. -Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “Meccanismo di azione -della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla fibra muscolare in -generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del Prof. A. Bernard nel -Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima (Lo Sperimentale), 1874; -parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Mécanisme de l’action de la -quinine sur la circulation. Recherches expérimentales, executées au -Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, 1875--Masson éditeurs; “Due parole -sul nesso naturale tra le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore. -Lettera al Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’ -iniezione nelle vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo -Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione -biologica della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; -“Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. -Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e redatta da -Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia attivitá muscolare -e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta ai Dott. A. -Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” 1876; “Due parole -di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (L’Osservatore, -Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ -azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto della R. Accademia delle -Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione -fisiologica della chinina sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte -nel laboratorio di Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876), -dal Dott. Leone Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; -“La Scienza e l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti, -pei medici e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10; -Collaborazione all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, -Bezoardo, Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), -Calaguala, Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, Cerato, -Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China (monografia), -Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), Cioccolatte -medicinali, Cloralio (monografia). - - -=Chossat, Charles Etienne.= B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. Prof. Univ. -Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva. - -Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, 1843; “De -l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1823. - -“… During all the operations, and in a great number of thermometrical -observations, the animal has been placed upon its back, the fore and hind -feet secured to make certain that the body should remain motionless. -This position, which is extremely convenient for the experimenter, is -no doubt far less so for the animal experimented upon.… As Legallois -had affirmed, probably from the results of his own experiments on -rabbits, ‘that by tying an animal down on its back its temperature may -be sufficiently lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long -enough in that position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by -prolonging its duration.”--_Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux -sur la Chaleur Animale_, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12. - -“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded that the -sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in animals. But if, -after having cut the brain transversely in front of the pons varolis, -after having suppressed all nervous action by a cerebral shock violent -enough to cause death, after having cut both the pneumo-gastric nerves, -after having made various sections of the spinal cord, after having -dissected out the sympathetic nerve above the solary plexus, after having -practised ligature of the aorta below the diaphragm; if after all this, -the temperature of the animals submitted to these mutilations has been -lowered and they have died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep -up artificial breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, -it cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects of -cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased temperature -was evidently the consequence and not the cause of death.”--Gavarret, -Art. “_Chaleur Animale_” _Dict. des Sciences Médicales_, Vol. XV., 1874, -p. 27. - -“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments on -pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, and have -arrived at this result--that the animals die when they have lost in -weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their original -weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals to complete deprivation -of food and drink, and abandoned them thus until they died. He examined -them all every twenty-four hours at noon and at midnight.”--Gavarret’s -“_Animal Heat_” p. 394. - - -=Chudzinski= (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of Anthropology. - - -=Ciaccio= (Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria. - - -=Ciniselli, Giuseppe.= Prof. Pavia University. - - -=Cleland, John=, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856; L.R.C.S. -Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; formerly Prof. of -Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. Galway. - -Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection of the -Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and various other papers. - - -=Coats, Joseph=, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasgow, 1870; -M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; (Univ. Glasg., Leipsig, and -Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. -Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lect. on Path. -and Pathologist Glasg. Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.; -Editor of Glasg. Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s -Arb., 1869; “Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” -Glas. Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate -dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in 1882._ - - -=Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo.= Prof. Sassari University. - - -=Cohnheim, Julius.= B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d. Aug. 14, 1884. -Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs. Berlin, Wurzburg, -Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow at Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864; -Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. Path. Anat. at Breslau, 1872, -where was founded under his direction a new Pathological Institute. -Accepted the Professorship of Gen. Path. and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876. - -Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on General -Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis Rechberg, -of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung für das -Herz.” - -Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (_whom see_) “to -elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which exists -between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.” - -“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably -accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude from -the outset that they are the result of the closing of the coronary -artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the heart, and -even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, and certainly -without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who has made frequent -experiments on dogs in which the pressure of the blood has been noted -down during a long period, knows very well that intermittent pulsation, -and even greater irregularities, are not unfrequent occurrences in -narcotised and bound or curarised animals--irregularities which disappear -or re-appear, as the case may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic -beating of the heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose -coronary arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens -spontaneously (according to our experience) in dogs which have already -been used for a long succession of experiments, which have resulted -in the natural alteration of the action of the heart, and in whom the -arterial pressure has been lowered to a great degree, more especially -when for hours the thorax has been open, and experiments have been made -on the greater vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial -pressure, etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations -of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be the -cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes this naif remark), “Many -observers have expressed surprise at the amount of pain which a dog’s -heart can bear!”--“_Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für -das Herz_,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21. - -“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs under curari -with artificial respiration, but several were under morphia; with -rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing with all -narcotics.”--Virchow’s _Archiv._ - - -=Colasanti, Joseph.= M.D. Univ. Rome. - -Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di Roma, -1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” “Zur Kenntniss der -Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. -XVI., pp. 157-8, &c. - -Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at Bonn. “… -For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, with well developed -muscles and little fat. The method of preparing them for the desired -experiments was as follows:--The dog was fastened on to the vivisection -table. The abdomen was opened by a long cut in the linea alba from the -sternum to the symphysis oss. pub.; to the right and left of the linea -alba the muscles of the skin and abdomen were cut across and separated, -so as to leave space for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and -the vena cava ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their -sheaths, and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the -artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended to -supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”--“_Zur Kenntniss -der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes._”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, -Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8. - - -=Colin, Gabriel Constant.= B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. Prof. -Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris. - -Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les grands -ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux,” 1854-56; -“Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des moutons, due à la présence -d’une linguitale dans les ganglions mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a -number of articles to the “Receuil de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des -Sciences Naturelles,” “Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.” - -“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay and -Colin:--Starve a horse, make an open wound in the æsophagus, and inject -thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or from three to four -grains of strychnine. At the end of a quarter of an hour the horse will -die in characteristic convulsions.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, p. -155. - - -=Cornil, André Victor=, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. M.D. Paris, -1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the Hospital de Lourcine. - -Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons -élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des -Connaisances Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel -d’Histologie Pathologique.” - - -=Corona, Augusto= (Prof.) Director of Sassari University. - - -=Corrado= (Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological Pathology -Hospital of San Spirito. - - -=Couty= (Mons.), Rio Janeiro. - - -=Coyne, Paul,= M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. Prof. -Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of Histology of the -Hospital La Charité, Paris. - -Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse des larynx et -sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés de la rougeole,” -Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris. - - -=Cryan, Robert,= 54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1873; -L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., Carm. Sch. Dub. and -Univ. Glasg.); Phys. St. Vincent’s Hosp.; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Cath. -Univ.; M.R.T.A. Mem. Med. Soc., Coll. Phys. Irel., Surg. Soc. Irel. and -Path. and Obst. Socs. Dub.; late Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. Carm. Sch. - -Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.; _Dub. Quart. Journ., -and Med. Press and Circular_. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory of -Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations -of Lectures._ - - -=Cunningham, Daniel John=, University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Gold -Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, Edin.; F.R.S., -Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anat. (late Asst. and Junior Demonst. of -Anat.), Univ. Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Roy. Vet. Coll., Edin. - -Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several Articles -to _Journ. Anat. and Physiology_, etc. - -_Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street, -Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates for -Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No experiments in -1878, 1880, and 1882._ - - -=Curci= (Signor). - -Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and -cinchonidine.--_Archiv. Ital._ - - -=Currie, Andrew Stark=, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. Edin., 1874; -M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874. - -_Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological -Laboratory, 1878._ - - -=Cyon, Elias de=, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. Physiology Univ. -St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. Petersburg. - -Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und experimentelle -erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” Paris, 1867; -“Methodik der physiologischen Experimente und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,” -Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; “Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des -canaux semi-circulaires et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion -de l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section -des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1--(Experiments on pigeons, dogs, -rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude Bernard.) - -Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in 1874; also in -Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, and that of Claude -Bernard, at Paris. To observe the action excited by barometrical pressure -upon the organism, he placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by -Paul Bert, but improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries -of the animal were brought into communication with a manometer placed -outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by an electric -current. - -… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular canals is -appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact idea of the unceasing -movements of the pigeon; it can neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly, -nor perform any systematic movements whatever, nor retain for an instant -even any position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons -which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a napkin, so -as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus pinioned I placed -them in a hammock, specially constructed for pigeons having had the -semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding these precautions, it has -frequently happened that I have found the pigeons dead in a corner of -the laboratory.… So violent were the muscular contractions, that though -enfolded in a napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out -of the hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the -brain ended their sufferings.”--“Functions des canaux,” etc.; _Bibl. de -l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles_, Vol. XVIII., -pp. 45-46. - -“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of animals in -physiological experiments, will do well to remember how often he has -prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe treatment for a patient, -in order to obtain some insight into how it was likely to act. Many a -surgical operation is performed, _less for the benefit of the patient -than for the service of science;_ and the utility of the knowledge -aimed at thereby is often _much more trifling_ than that attained by -Vivisection of an animal.”--_Methodik_, p. 8. - -“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with the -same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a surgeon -undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects extraordinary -consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a living animal, he who -approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable necessity, may very likely be -able to repeat one or two vivisections, but will never become an artist -in vivisection. He who cannot follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely -visible to the naked eye, into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing -it to a new branching, with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he -who feels no enjoyment when at last, parted from its surroundings and -isolated, he can subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or -when, in some deep cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his -finger-ends, he ligatures and divides an invisible vessel--to such a -one there is wanting that which is most necessary for a successful -vivisector. The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto -insuperable is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector. -And the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full -of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch, -and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished--this -sensation has much in common with that which inspires a sculptor, -when he shapes forth fair living forms from a shapeless mass of -marble.”--_Methodik_, 1876, p. 15. - -“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation (_Methodik_, -p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to the ordinary -vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Then the rabbit’s -head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that hand rests on -the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as a _point d’appui_ for -the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of the temple the -instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus avoiding the hard -portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife directly into the -cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes under the knife. Now holding -the head of the animal very firmly, the blade of the knife is directed -backwards and downwards, and pressed hard in this direction against the -base of the skull. The nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian -ganglion, which is announced by a violent cry of agony (_einen heftigen -Schmerzensschrei_) of the animal.’” - -“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and the art of -vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of the English -Universities entreated me not to announce my work in any of the English -newspapers, as they feared that public opinion might be still more -aroused.”--Letter to the _Gaulois_, December, 1881. - - -=Czermak, Johann Nepomuk.= B. at Prague in Bohemia, 1828; Med. and Chir. -Doct.; formerly Prof. Univs. Cracow and Pesth; Prof. Univ. Prague, 1860; -Prof. Physiol. Univ. Jena, 1865; Prof. Univ. Leipsig, 1870; founded -Physiological Laboratories in each of the above Universities; inventor of -the laryngoscope, and also of several instruments for securing animals -during vivisection. - -Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen -Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der sogenannten -Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe wahrzunehmen,” -Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge gehalten im akademischen -Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die Physiologie als allgemeines -Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; “Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der -Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871; -“Ueber das Herz u. den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig, -1871; “Nachweiss echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,” -Vienna, 1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische -Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, 1873. - - -=Dareste, Camille,= 37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1847; Prof. -Nat. Hist., Lyceum of Versailles; Prof. Zool., Fac. Sci. Lille, 1864; -Direct. of Lab. of Teratology Med. Fac., Paris. - -Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités ou -Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. Dareste has -made a special study of Animal Monstrosities, and articles by him on this -subject have appeared in several journals, including the “Comptes Rendus -of the Académie des Sciences.” - - -=Dastre= (Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Prof. Nat. Hist. Lycée Louis le Grand; -Prof. (Suppléant) of Physiol. Fac. Sci.; Prof. of Physiol., La Sorbonne, -Paris. - -Has translated from the English “Des lésions des nerfs et leurs -conséquences,” by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited “Chaleur Animale,” by Claude -Bernard. - - -=Davidson, Alex. Dyce=, 224, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.A. Aberd., 1863; -M.D. 1870; M.B. and C.M. (both with highest Honours), 1866; M.R.C.S. -Eng., 1866; (Univ. Aberd. and Paris); Lect. on Opth. Surg. and -Ophthalmoscopy Univ. Aberd.; Opth. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Aberdeen; Surg. -Aberd. Opth. Inst. Blind Asyl., and Female Orphan Inst.; Professor of -Materia Medica Univ. Aberdeen; Phys. Hosp. for Incurables. Contrib. -several Papers, etc., to Annales d’Oculietique and other journals. - -_Held License for Vivisection unrestricted as to place in 1878, also in -1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878; -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83._ - - -=Davison, James=, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, Dublin. M.D. -Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin). - -_Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal College of -Surgeons, Ireland, and 45, Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, 1881, and at the -Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, 1883._ - - -=Deahna, Dr. A.= Prof. Physiol. at Freiburg, in Bresgau; Phys. on Staff -of Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879. - -Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Beiträge zur Lehre von -der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässemuskeln,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, -Vol. XII., p. 157. - -Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all curarised, -and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity. - - -=De Paoli, Giovanni.= Prof. Genoa University. - - -=Descoust= (Dr.), 16, Rue Hérold, Paris. Prof, of Pract. Med. Jurisp. -Med. Faculty. - - -=Desfossez= (Dr.), Boulogne-sur-Seine. Phys. Hosp. Ophthalmology. - - -=Desgranges= (Dr.), 55, Place de la République, Lyons. Prof. of Surgery -Med. Faculty. - - -=Dittmar, Carl.= M.D. 1867, Phys. at Hildesheim; Mem. of Acad. of Sci. of -Saxony. - -Author of “Ueber die Lage der sogenannten Gefässnervencentrums in -der Medulla oblongata;” “Ein neuer Beweiss für die Reizbarkeit der -centripetalen Fasern des Rückenmarks” (Ber. der. Sächs. Gessellschaft d. -Wiss., 1870). - - -=Donders, Frans-Cornelius.= B. 1818. Studied at the Military Medical -School of Utrecht. Was Military Surgeon at the Hospital of Hague. -Professor of Physiol., Histol., and Ophthalmol. at the University of -Utrecht, 1847. In 1863 received from his Government a grant of money -for the construction of a modern Physiological Laboratory, which was -inaugurated 1867. Corr. Mem. Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1873, and -Institute of France, 1879. - -Author of “Lehre von den Augenbewegungen,” 1847; “Onder Zockingen gedaan -in het physiologisch laboratorium,” etc., Utrecht, 1849, 1857, 1867, -etc.; and of several articles in Graefe’s “Archiv. für Ophthalmologie.” - -“MM. Snellon and Donders took a rabbit, cut the nerve on the right side -of the cervical region, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a fragment -of glass into the sore, which was then sewn up. At the end of six days a -tumour was set up in the left ear. At the end of twelve days the wound -on the right ear was opened by tearing its borders.… In the other ear -meanwhile the swelling had considerably increased, and a vast purulent -abscess was formed in its interior.… Here are some more curious results. -Cut the right nerve in the neck of a rabbit, and when the vessels of -the globe of the eye are dilated pour concentrated acetic acid on both -eyes. The sight is instantly violently distressed; the epithelium being -cauterised soon becomes detached, … and at the end of four weeks the -pupil of the eye can no longer be seen.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, -Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019. - - -=Dowdeswell, George Francis=, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, Oxford. M.A., -F.C.S., F.R.S., &c. - -Contrib. “On the structural changes which are produced in the liver under -the influence of the Salts of Vanadium,” “Journal of Physiology,” Vol. -I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257. - -_Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, and University -College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; also at Cambridge -University Physiological Laboratory, besides former places in 1881-82-83. -Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879; -Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates -for Experiments without anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, -Horses, Mules, and Asses in 1881-83, and Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses -in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1878, 1879, and 1880. No Experiments -on Horses, Mules, or Asses._ - - -=Du Bois Reymond, Emil.= B. Berlin, 1818. Studied Geology at Bonn; -Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin under J. Müller; Ph. D. 1843 (Bonn and -Berlin); Prof. Physiol. Univ. Berlin (successor to J. Müller), 1858; Mem. -and Perpetual Sec. of Imp. Acad. of Science, Berlin, 1867. - -Author of “Untersuchungen ueber thierische Elektricität,” Berlin, 1848, -etc.; “Ueber Thierische Bewegung,” Berlin, 1851; “Ueber die Grenzen des -Naturerkennens,” Leipsig, 1872; “Abhandlungen über allgemeine Muskel und -Nervenphysik,” 1877; “Der physiologische Unterricht sonst und jetzt,” -Berlin, 1878; “Culturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft,” Leipsig, 1878. -Since 1857, co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy. - -In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the results -in “Poggendorf’s Annals” (1843). - -It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the loftiest summit of -Doubt, the man of science bravely disdains to fill the yawning desert -around him with phantoms of his imagination. He looks without terror into -the merciless machinery of Nature, utterly devoid as it is of any spark -of Deity.”--_Dr. Nordwall’s Address to Scandinavian League_, 1883. - - -=Du Castel= (Dr.), 14, Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Phys. Hospital, Teuon. - - -=Durham, Arthur Edward=, 82, Brook Street, W. F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), -1860; M. 1858 (Guy’s) 1st M.B. 1857; Prizem. 1854, Univ. Lond.; F.L.S., -F.Z.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Chairm. Bd. of Exam. R.C.S. Eng.; -Mem. Path. Clin. and Hunt. Socs.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg.; late Lect. on -Anat. and Lect. on Use of Microscope, Guy’s Hosp.; Con. Surg. St. Alban’s -Hosp. and Disp.; late Demonst. of Anat., Lect. on Nat. Philos., and Surg. -Regist. Guy’s Hosp.; late Pres. Quekett Micros. Club. - -Late Editor Guy’s Hosp. Reps.; Author of “Sleeping and Dreaming,” an -Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of Sleep,” etc. - -“… It occurred to me that the artificial exposure of the brains of -living animals might afford opportunity for more definite observation -and further inquiry. With this idea I made numerous experiments and -observations.… It was suggested to me that the perforation of the skull -placed its contents in an unusual condition with regard to atmospheric -pressure, and that thus an unnatural state of the circulation might be -induced.… To obviate this and other possible objections, I replaced -the portions of bone removed by accurately fitting watch glasses, and -rendered the junction of their edges with the bone air-tight, by means -of inspissated Canada balsam.… I satisfied myself of the accuracy of -these observations by repeated experiments upon different animals. My -experiments upon dogs were the most satisfactory; those upon rabbits -least so.”--From “_Physiology of Sleep_” Guy’s Hospital Reports, Vol. -VI., 1860, p. 153, &c. - -“The method employed by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as that -employed by Durham in the experiments he made upon animals to verify the -observations of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and others, on human patients.”… -“The results obtained by physiological experimentation, to prove that -sleep is accompanied by cerebral congestion, according to some, and -according to others by cerebral anemia, are not more valuable than the -results of clinical observation. Firstly, the animals upon which the -experiments have been made have been wounded more or less severely, and -thereby both excitement and pain have been caused; all have, therefore, -necessarily been placed under pathological conditions. It is impossible -to wound the head and open the skull without causing a severe shock to -the system of the animals, and a more or less violent irritation of the -brain; that is to say, not without producing a certain amount of pain. -And we know the influence that pain can have, not only on the functions -of the great organic apparatus (circulation, respiration, animal heat), -but also on the anatomical and physiological state of the nerve centres. -Another influence which, according to our idea, very considerably -diminishes the value of the results of physiological investigation, is -that sleep has always been produced by narcotics and anæsthetics in the -animals submitted to experimental observations.”… “We conclude from -this study that the real state of cerebral circulation, during natural -sleep, does not seem to have been arrived at, notwithstanding the great -number of observations and experiments lately made on this interesting -subject.”--DR. MARVAUD, _Gazette Médicale de Paris_, 1878 (p. 81-2). - - -=Eckhard, C.= M.D. Prof. Univ., Giessen. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie,” Giessen; “Die Bildung -und Prüfung des Arztes;” “Experimental physiologie des Nervensystems;” -“Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen.” - -“It is known that there is no unity of opinion amongst the observers -of the phenomena which occur during artificial respiration in animals -poisoned by strychnine, and that furthermore those who agree about -the facts insist upon giving these different meanings.”--“_Ueber den -Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration_,” “Beiträge,” p. -37. - -“Expansion of the walls of the chest and abdomen by injection of gas into -the lungs. First I cut away so much of the larynx through the open mouth -of a frog that the animal can no longer close it at will. Then I sew the -under jaw firmly to the upper jaw. I stop up the one nostril by forcing -into it a short thick piece of wire. Then a similarly short and thick -canula which is in communication with the gasometer is fixed into the -other nostril. As soon as the frog shows symptoms of strychnine cramps, -its lungs are set in communication with the gasometer by opening the tap; -a side offshoot of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.”--“_Strychnine, -&c._” p. 48. - - -=Eichhorst, Hermann.= M.D.; Prof. Clin. Med., Univ. of Göttingen. - -Author of “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie für practishe -Aertzte und Studirende;” “Die trophischen Beziehungen der Nervi vagi -zum Herzmuskel,” in Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1879; “Lehrbuch der -Physikalischen Untersuchungs-Methoden innerer Krankheiten,” Brunswick, -1881; “Ueber Nervendegeneration und Nervenregeneration,” Archiv. für -path. Anat., Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7. - -Made experiments on birds. - - -=Ellenberger= (Prof.) Prosector Veterinary Sch., Berlin. - -“Professor Ellenberger, of Dresden, cut through the facial nerves of five -old and emaciated horses. In the fifth it is stated ‘that it showed signs -of considerable pain during the operation.’ The others were apparently -so exhausted that even this operation made little impression on them. -Claude Bernard once made the same operation on a horse, and gave as -the result that the nostrils are no more capable of opening, and thus -the animals die of suffocation, since they breathe only through the -nostrils. This explanation has been hitherto accepted but is now disputed -by Ellenberger, who maintains that there is no danger for animals so -operated on if kept quiet, but only if they exert themselves, and he -recommends if paralysis of these nerves occurs, as is not unfrequently -the case, that one shall leave the cure to natural means.”--_Archiv. f. -Thierheilkunde_, vii., 4. - - -=Emery, C.= Prof. of Zoo., Univ. Bologna. - -Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” Paris, -1882, &c. - -Studies on the kidneys of fishes. - - -=Engelhardt, Gustav= (Dr.) Prof. at Nuremberg. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen der Iris,” in -“Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” 1869, -p. 308. - -Experiments on the eyes of rabbits. - - -=Engelmann, Theodor W.= Prof. at Utrecht. - -Author of “Physiologie des Ureters,” “Beiträge zur Physiologie des -Protoplasma,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., “Beiträge zur allgemeinen -Muskel und Nerven Physiologie,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. III.; “Zur -Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. -XXIII., 1880; “Ueber Reizung Contractilen Protoplasmas durch plötzliche -Beleuchtung,” Onderzack, Physiol. Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “Ueber die -Bewegungen der Oscillarien und Diatomeen,” Ibid; “Ueber Degeneration -von Nervensfasern, Ein Beitrag zur cellular physiologie,” Pflüger, Vol. -XIII., p. 474. - -Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; also on -curarized frogs. - - -=Ercolani, Count Giovanbattista.= B. at Bologna, 1819. Prof. at the -Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna. Perpetual Secretary -of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute. Member of many learned -Societies, and of the Institute of France. Exiled from Florence for -political causes he repaired to Turin, where he devoted himself to -scientific studies and experiments, Director of the Veterinary School of -San Salvario. Rector of the Univ. of Bologna from 1868 to 1871, &c., &c. -Mem. Inst. of Rome, and of Acad. of Berlin and St. Petersburg. - -Author of “Sulla Transformazione degli Elementi Istologico Nell’ -Organismo Animale,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorfosi delle Piante,” Bologna, -1878, &c., &c. - - -=Erichsen, John Eric=, 6, Cavendish Place, W. F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.), -1845, and Mem. Council (Univ. College); F.R.S.; Mem. various Socs. home -and foreign; Surg. Extraordinary to H.M. the Queen; Emerit. Prof. of -Surg. and Clinical Surg., Univ. Coll.; Cons. Surg., Univ. Coll. Hosp.; -late Exam. in Surg., Univ. Lond., Roy. Coll. Phys., Lond. Roy. Coll. -Surg., and Univ. Durham; late Pres. R.C.S., Eng., and Roy. Med. and Chir. -Soc. - -Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edit.; “Pathology and -Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edit. for which the Roy. Humane Soc. awarded -the Fothergill Gold Medal, value 50 guineas; “A Practical Treatise on -the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on Aneurism, &c.” (Sydney -Society); “Railway Injuries of the Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism -and the Causes of Death after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874; -“Concussion of the Spine,” 2nd Edit., 1882. Contrib. various papers on -surgical subjects to Lancet, Med. and Chir. Trans., Med. Gaz., and Edin. -Med. Surg. Journal. - -“‘Experiment 9. Three mongrel terriers, A, B, C, were properly secured.… -One of the jugular veins of the centre dog was then exposed, and a -ligature was passed under it, so that it might be punctured so as to -avoid the occurrence of plethora and apoplexy when the carotid arteries -of the two lateral dogs were connected with the corresponding vessels of -the central one.… The central dog began to struggle.… The lateral dogs -were both alive, but evidently enfeebled by loss of blood.’”--_Edinburgh -Medical and Surgical Journal_, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental -Inquiry into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E. -Erichsen. - - -=Esbach=, Dr., 6, Place de Valois, Paris. Lab. Hosp. de Necker. - - -=Ewart, J. Cossar=, Univ., Edin. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1878; M.B. -and C.M. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; Regius Prof. of Nat. -Hist. Univ. Edin.; Director Scott. Zool. Station; formerly Demonstrator -of Anat. Univ. Edin.: Conserv. Mus. Univ. Coll. London, and Lecturer on -Anat., Edin. Sch. of Med. - -Author of “Manual of Pract. Anat.,” Part 1, 1879. Contrib. Journ. Anat. -and Physiol. Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc. - -_Held License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiological -Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881 and -1882. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics 1881 and 1882. No -Experiments returned in 1882._ - - -=Exner, Sigismund.= Asst. Prof. at the Physiol. Inst. Vienna. - -Author of “Zur Lehre von den Gehörsempfindungen,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, -Vol. XIII., p. 228. - - -=Falchi= (Dr.) Chef de Clinique Ophthalmogique, Turin. - -Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the eyes of -animals. - - -=Fano, J.=, M.D., Free Prof. and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Florence. - -Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique -dans le tractus bulbo spinal,” “Arch. Ital. de Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III., -p. 365. - -Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes. - -“On turtles alone I have made more than fifty experiments. The -experiments on fishes I have only just commenced, and they do not allow -me to draw from them any valid conclusions on the subject. My attempts -to extend my researches to the superior vertebrates--that is to say, to -mammals and birds--are limited to two experiments on unweaned puppies and -one experiment on a pigeon.”--_Arch. Ital. de Biol._, Vol. III., 1833, p. -367. - - -=Fayrer, Sir Joseph=, K.C.S.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W. -M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1858; F.R.C.S. -Eng., 1878; M. 1847; LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S. -Lond.; Vice-Pres. Zool. Soc., Lond.; Pres. Epidem. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Med. -Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med Chir. and Obst. Socs., etc.; Mem. (late Pres.) -Asiat. Soc. Bengal; Fell. Acad. Sci. Philadelph.; Hon. Phys. to H.M. the -Queen and to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of -Edinburgh; Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council; Pres. Med. Board, -India Office; Mem. Army Sanit. Commiss.; Mem. Senate Army Med. Sch., -Netley; late Prof. Med. Coll. and Sen. Surg. Med. Coll. Hosp. Calcutta; -late Pres. Med. Fac. Univ. Calcutta; Member of the Association for the -Advancement of Medicine by Research. - -Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and Pathological -Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological Action of the Poison -of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (conjointly with Dr. L. -Brunton),” etc. etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical -School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates for -Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, -Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or -Asses._ - -“The experiments, of which this is a summary, were commenced in October, -1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at such intervals as -time and other and more important avocations permitted.… The living -creatures experimented on have been the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, -civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat, fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent -snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, snails.”--“_Summary of -Experiments on Snake Poison_,” by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times, -April 1st, 1871, p. 374. - -“After careful consideration, fully admitting that in permanganate of -potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralize snake-poison, -I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention to a local -remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the value of which -depends on its efficient application to the contaminated part (which Dr. -Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be reliable). We are still, -then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the remarks made by me in 1868 -are as applicable now as they were then. They were as follows:--‘To -conceive of an antidote, as that term is usually understood, we must -imagine a substance so subtle as to follow, overtake, and neutralise -the venom in the blood, and that shall have the power of counteracting -or neutralising the poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on -the vital force. Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our -experience of drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find -it.’”--_Sir J. Fayrer_, “_Address to Medical Society of London_,” -_British Medical Journal_, Feb. 2, 1884. - - -=Fede, Francesco.= Prof. Naples University. - - -=Fehleisen, F.= M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute Berlin, 1877. - -Author of “Die Aetiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883. - -“The beautiful experiments of Fehleisen, on erysipelas, have definitely -established the fact that this disease is due to the growth of micrococci -in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He succeeded in cultivating these -organisms in gelatinised meat-infusion, and inducing the disease by the -cultivated micrococcus in rabbits, and also in man.”--_British Medical -Journal_, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208. - - -=Feltz= (Prof.) Nancy Med. Faculty; Prof. Path. Anat. and Physiol. Med. -Fac., Nancy. - - -=Ferrari, Italo.= Assist. Prof. at the Physiol. Lab. Univ., Parma. - - -=Ferrier, David=, 16, Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. M.D. -Edin., 1870; M.B. and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1868; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; -M. 1872; M.A. Aberd. (Double First), 1863; LL.D. (Edin. and Heidelberg); -F.R.S.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Clin., Paris; Accad. Reale de Med., Turin; -Lauréat de l’Institut de France, 1878; Prof. Forensic Med. King’s Coll.; -Asst. Phys. King’s Coll. Hosp.; Marshall Hall Prizem., 1883; Prof. of -For. Med. King’s Coll.; Phys. Nat. Hosp. for Paralysed and Epileptic, -etc.; Lecturer on Physiol. Middlx. Hosp. Med. Sch. and Exam. For. Med. -Univ. Edin. and Univ. Lond. - -Author of Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora -Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and -Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; “The Localisation of Function in -the Brain;” “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture), -Phil. Trans., Part II., 1875, etc., etc. Joint Author of “Guy’s Forensic -Medicine;” “The Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of -Cerebral Disease; Joint Editor of “Brain,” and author of various Papers -therein. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological -Laboratory, in 1882-83, with Certificate dispensing with obligation to -kill in same years._ - -Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of various -parts of the skull.--_Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 169. - -(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments -in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the -country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that would -entirely prevent them from carrying on research.--(3327.) Do you think -that there are many such persons? Yes.--(3328.) And who are practising in -their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean? -I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. -Edmunds. I performed experiments there for my own purposes of research.” - -… - -(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at King’s -College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional work -if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to perform my -experiments.”--_Ibid._, p. 173. - -(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you express -yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is possible to -avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to experiments, the -means should be adopted either by chloroform or ether, or opium or other -anæsthetic; but that where the administration of an anæsthetic would -prejudice the object for which the experiment was conceived, that the -experiment is still justifiable, notwithstanding the fact that it might -inflict a certain amount of pain on the animal.”--_Ibid._, p. 170. - -“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the -fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he -had operated upon some months previously.… In striking contrast to the -dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been -operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been -destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia” -(paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation of -the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial paralysis -was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first -there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to -lift it up. The arm it never had been able to use. Lately, rigidity of -the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been coming on. The other monkey, -as a consequence of paralysis of all auditory centres, was apparently -entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps -in close proximity to the head.”--_Lancet’s_ Report of the Proceedings at -the International Medical Congress, Oct. 8, 1881. - -“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.--The right hemisphere of a monkey had been -partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the -region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending -parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and -the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After -having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered -sufficiently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the -animal placed in its cage. - -“June 19th.--The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and -drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was -perceptible during the whole of this day. - -“June 20th.--The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; but -there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely -watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch -them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of -the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss -of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic -actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding -its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms -frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic -nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. -This state continued till.… - -“June 23rd.--… - -“June 24th.--Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and -face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right -after it. - -“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”--_Croonian Lecture_, -“_Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys_,” Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42. - -“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.--This, though not successful as regards -the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left -occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior -extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires, -which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of the -temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the sinus. During -the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The -operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor -for more than an hour, only making slight movements when disturbed, and -then with its left limbs. - -“7 p.m.--The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by grunting -discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, chiefly the left, -but occasionally with the right. On testing the cutaneous sensibility -with the hot iron, reaction was decisive over the whole of the left -side, but quite abolished in the right. The animal occasionally opened -its right eye, but the left remained permanently closed. The animal -passed into a state of coma, and was found dead at 11.30 p.m. The -following experiment is a repetition of the last, and was only partially -successful.”--_Ibid._, p. 464. - -“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation -in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIII., -with the results:-- - -“V. In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as the -exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death occurred -before a more careful exploration could be made. The application of -the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side, caused the animal to -utter various barking, howling, or screaming sounds of an incongruous -character. The head was drawn back and to the right, and the right -angle of the mouth was strongly retracted while the stimulation -was kept up. The tail was raised and the limbs were thrown into -contortions, but nothing further was ascertained as the animal died from -hæmorrhage.”--_Ibid._, p. 429. - -“Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead to -conclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of clinical -and pathological observation.… The decisive settlement of such points -must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological research.… -Experiments have led to different views in different hands.”--Ferrier -(_Functions of the Brain_, Preface). - -“Physiological experiments conducted in these regions are most -indefinite. The usual plan of investigation, viz., that of applying -stimuli to the brain substance, leads either to negative results, or, -if electrical stimulation is used, to results which, owing to the -unavoidable dispersal of the currents in numerous directions, are not -sufficiently localised to form the basis for trustworthy conclusions. In -place of exact observations after section and stimulation of different -regions, we have here the far less refined method of observation after -lesions--lesions induced in the most delicate and complicated organ -of the body by means so absurdly rough that, as Ludwig has forcibly -put it, they may be compared to injuries to a watch by means of a -pistol-shot. The results obtained in this way are attributable to the -most diverse causes; for, apart from the fact that it is impossible to -localise the lesion itself, the results may be due to irritation of -centres, paralysis of centres, stimulation of conducting apparatus, or -paralysis of conducting apparatus, without our being able to say which. -Hence the interpretation of even those phenomena which are constant -in their occurrence is always uncertain. The third and best method of -investigation which is possible is the observation of cases of disease -in which the exact nature of the lesions is accurately ascertained after -death.”--_Hermann’s Human Physiology_, translated by Professor Gamgee, -London, 1878. (Chapter on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444. - - -=Fick, Adolf.= B. at Cassel, 1829. M.D., 1852, Extraordinary Prof., 1856, -and later, Prof. of Physiology in ordinary Univ. Zurich; Prof. Physiol. -at Wurzburg, 1868. - -Author of “Die medicinische Physik,” Brunswick, 1857; “Compendium der -Physiologie des Menschen mit Einschluss der Entwickelungageschichte,” -Vienna, 1860; “Anatomie und Physiologie der Sinne,” Lahr, 1862; and -numerous papers on physiology which have appeared under the title -of “Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium der Würzburger -Hochschule,” Wurzburg, 1874. - -Made experiments on the influence of mechanical stimulation of the -cerebro-spinal organs described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., 1867,” p. -198. - - -=Filehne, Wilhelm=, M.D. Prof. Extraordinary Univ. of Erlangen. - -Author of “Die Wirkungen des Amylnitrites,” Mueller’s Archives, 1879, -Physiol. Abtheil; “Ueber Apnoë und die Wirkung eines energischen -Kohlensäurestromes auf die Schleimhäute des Respirationsapparats und -ueber den Einfluss beider auf verschiedene Krampfformen,” Reichert u. du -Bois Reymond, Archiv für Anat. u. s. w. Jahrg. 1873, p. 361. - -Made experiments in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen. - - -=Fiori, Andrea=, M.D. Assistant Prof. University, Modena. - - -=Fleming, William James=, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1879; -M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; (Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); -Lect. on Physiol. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. School of Med.; Ext. Disp. Surg. -Roy. Infirm.; Exam. in Physiol. F.P.S. Glasg. - -Contrib. “Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among Living Tissues,” -Lancet, 1876; “The Motions of the Brain” (with illust. graphic tracings), -Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. -and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical -School in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures -in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to Kill -in 1880, Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1882. No -Experiments returned in 1883._ - - -=Flint, Austin.= B. Northampton, Mass., U.S., 1836; M.D., Jeff. Med. -Coll., 1857; Prof. Phys. Univ.; Buffalo, 1858; Professor of Physiology -and Microscopy, Bellevue Hosp.; Medical College, New York, and Long -Island College Hospital; Fell. New York Acad. of Med.; Resident Mem. of -Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, &c. - -Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; Essay on -“The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which received the French Inst. -prize of 1,500 fr.; contrib. to “American Journ. of Med. Science,” etc. - -“… For some years the author has been in the habit of employing -vivisections in public teachings.”--Preface to “_Physiology of Man_,” -Vol. I., p. 8. - -“We have long been in the habit, in class demonstrations, of removing the -optic lobe on one side from a pigeon.… The experiment of dividing the -sympathetic in the neck, especially in rabbits, is so easily performed -that the phenomena observed by Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been -repeatedly verified. We have often done this in class demonstrations.” -“The cerebral lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, -an operation … which we practice yearly as a class demonstration.” “Our -own experiments, which have been very numerous during the last fifteen -years, are simply repetitions of those of Flourens, and the results have -been the same without exception.” We have frequently removed both kidneys -from dogs and when the operation is carefully performed the animals live -from three to five days.“--Dr. Flint’s _Report to the Medical Congress_, -August, 1881. - -“It is not desirable to administer an anæsthetic, and it is much -more satisfactory to divide the nerve without etherising the animal, -as the evidence of pain is an important guide in this delicate -operation.”--_Text-Book_, p. 641. - -Speaking of an experiment by which an animal was caused to vomit from a -pig’s bladder which had been substituted for a stomach, Dr. Flint says in -his “_Physiology of Man_,” Vol II., p. 300:--“These experiments were made -simply for class demonstrations, and have never before been published.” - - -=Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie.= B. at Thezan (Hérault), 1794, D. at -Mougeron, near Paris, 1867; M.D., Montpellier, 1813, pupil of De Candolle -and Cuvier; Prof. at the Jardin des Plantes; Mem. of Inst. of France; -Perpetual Sec. Acad. des Sciences; Mem. Academy of France; Commander Leg. -of Hon.; Mem. of principal Litt. and Scient. Socs. of Europe. - -Author of “Analyse de la Philosophie Anatomique, où l’on considère plus -particulièrement l’influence qu’aura cet ouvrage sur l’état actuel de -la Physiologie,” Paris, 1819; “Recherches sur les fonctions du grand -sympathique,” 1823; “Recherches expérir mentales sur les propriétés et -les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés,” Paris, -1824; “Expériences sur le système nerveux,” Paris, 1825; “Expériences -sur l’action de la moëlle épinière sur la circulation,” Paris, 1829; “De -l’instinct et de l’intelligence des animaux,” Paris, 1841; “Recherches -sur le développement des os et des dents,” Paris, 1842; “Mécanisme -de la respiration des poissons,” Paris, 1843; “Anatomie Générale -de la peau et des membranes Muqueuses,” Paris, 1843; “Examen de la -Phrénologie, réfutation des doctrines matérialistes de Gall, Spurzheim, -et Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Théorie expérimentale de la formation -des os,” Paris, 1847; “Nouvelles recherches touchant l’histoire de la -circulation du sang,” Journal des Savants, 1849; “De la longévité humaine -et de la quantité de vie sur la terre,” Paris, 1856; “De la vie et de -l’intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “De la raison du génie et de la folie,” -Paris, 1861; “Psychologie comparée,” Paris, 1864, and a great number of -contributions to the “Comptes rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.” - -Made numerous experiments on ruminating animals, on rabbits, on the -brains of fishes, and on the semi-circular canals of the brains of ducks, -fowls, and pigeons. - -“The description given by Flourens of the phenomena resulting from the -section of the semi-circular canals in rabbits, is almost entirely -inaccurate.”--Cyon, “_Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires_,” Bibl. de -l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2. - -“Flourens supported his bold hypothesis almost solely by experiments on -pigeons and other inferior animals. The few experiments on mammals, which -he mentions, are very meagrely described and of trifling value.”--Goltz, -“_Verrichtungen des Grosshirns_, p. 3. - -“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, state the -following:--‘Majendie sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the distinctions -of the sensory and the motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he -sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove that he had made a mistake. I,’ added -M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have proved that -Majendie’s first opinion was correct; the reflex motions, which he did -not quite understand, had caused his doubts. To arrive at this result, -I also have had to sacrifice a great number of dogs.’”--Blatin, _Nos -Cruautés_, pp. 201-202. - - -=Foderholm, A.= M.D., Stockholm. - -Made experiments on dogs and rabbits with carbon oxide.--_Scandinavian -Med. Archives_, 1874. - - -=Fortunatow, A.= Physiol. Inst., St. Petersburg. - -Author of “Ueber die Fettresorption und histologische Structur der -Dünndarmzotten,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 285. - -Experiments on the bile of frogs and lampreys. - - -=Foster, Michael=, Shelford, Cambridge. M.D. Lond., 1859; M.B., 1858; -B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. (Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. -(Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S.; Fell. Univ. Coll., Lond.; Prof, -of Physiol. Univ. Camb.; Fell, and late Praelect. of Physiol. Trin. -Coll., Camb.; late Fuller Prof. Physiol. Roy. Inst., Great Britain; and -Prof. of Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll., Lond. Member of the Assoc. for -Advancement of Medicine by Research. - -Author of “Text Book of Physiology;” “Primer of Physiology;” joint author -of “Elements of Embryology;” “Handbook of Physiological Laboratory.” -Editor “Journ. of Physiol.” Contrib. Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Proc. -Roy. Soc., etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological -Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82. -Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, also Two Certificates -dispensing with obligation to kill in 1878. No experiments returned._ - - -=Fothergill, John Milner=, 110, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. M.D. -Edin., 1865; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1865; L.R.C.S. Edin., -1865; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Com. Univ. Edin.; -Assoc. Fell. Coll. Phys. Philadelphia; Phy. City of Lond. Hosp. for Dis. -of Chest; late Asst. Phys. W. Lond. Hosp.; formerly Sen. Res. Med. Off. -Leeds Dispensary. - -Author of “Digitalis: its Mode of Action and its Use” (Hastings Prize -Essay British Med. Assoc.), 1870; “The Heart and its Diseases, with -their Treatment, including the Gouty Heart,” 2nd edit., 1879; “The -Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment; or the Principles of Therapeutics,” -2nd edit., 1880; “The Antagonism of Therapeutic Agents, and what it -Teaches” (Fothergill Prize Essay, Med. Soc.), London, 1878; “Animal -Physiology,” 1881, etc., and numerous contribs. to _Lancet_, _Brit. Med. -Journal_, _Brain_, _Practitioner_, etc. - -“Our object was to verify the assertions of several authors, but more -especially those of Fothergill, who asserts that digitalis occasions a -contraction of the small arteries; which he has noticed occurs in the -web of a frog’s foot. The experiments which I have made in connexion -with this fact have given negative results. With a view to observe this -action, I have often examined the webs of frogs’ feet for hours under -the microscope without succeeding in observing any change in the small -arteries.”--_Pflüger’s Archiv._, Vol. V., p. 168. - - -=Foulis, D.=, Glasgow. Lect. Path. Roy. Inf. Med. School; M.D. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical -School in 1881. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, 1881. No -experiments returned._ - - -=Fox, Wilson=, 67, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1855; B.A., 1850; -F.R.C.P. Lond., 1866; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Phys. Extraordinary to H. -M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to their R. I. H. the Duke and Duchess of -Edinburgh; Fell. of Univ. Coll.; Holme Prof. Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; and -Phys. Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Corr. Mem. Phys. Med. Gesellschaft, Warzburg. - -Author of “Diseases of the Stomach;” “On the Artificial Production of -Tubercle” (Lect. R.C.P.), and various contrib. to Med. Chir. Trans., -Phil. Trans., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New -Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory and Curator’s -Rooms, in 1882 and 1883; also same years a Certificate dispensing with -obligation to kill. No Experiments returned._ - -“It is not without historical interest that Dr. Wilson Fox has formally -confessed his belief in the fallacies of his former experiments, and -basing this opinion upon the results of a careful series of similar -investigations carried out, at his request, by Dr. Dawson Williams, in -Dr. Burdon-Sanderson’s laboratory, he has expressed his belief in the -specific nature of the tubercular virus. Dr. Fox has found, on repetition -of his former experiments, that any injury to rodents does not cause -tubercle, but that it is only produced by the inoculation of tubercular -material.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1298. - -“Wilson Fox operated on a considerable number of animals (117 guinea-pigs -and 12 rabbits), and he experimented with every variety of matter whether -tuberculous or not.”--_Arch. de Méd._, 1883, Vol. XI., p. 48. - - -=Fraenkel, Albert.= M.D.; Assistant at the Medical School and Private -Lecturer at the University, Berlin. - -Contrib. to “Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift,” 1883, No. 37, and to -Allgem. Med. Central-Zeitung, 1883, Nos. 11 and 62. - -Verified the experiments published by Paul Bert in his “Pression -barométrique.” - - -=Franck, François=, 5, Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris. Prof. Nat. -Hist. of Organic Bodies and Physiol., Coll. France. - -Author of “Effet des excitations des nerfs sensibles sur le cœur et -la circulation artérielle, dans Travaux du Lab. de M. Marcy,” 1876; -“Recherches, expérimentales sur les effets cardiaques, vasculaires et -respiratoires des excitations douloureuses,” “Comptes rendus” l’Acad. -des Sci., 1876-1878. Contrib. Art. “De la Dissociation des filets irido -dilatateurs et des nerfs vasculaires au dessus du ganglion cervical -supérieur;” to Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 378, “experiments on dogs.” -Contrib. “Physiologie expérimentale: innervation du cœur,” Gaz. Hebdom. -No. 15, (1879), p. 230; No. 16, p. 246; No. 18, p. 277; No. 19, p. 295; -No. 21, p. 326; “Système Nerveux physiologie générale,” Dict. encyclop. -des Sciences Médicales, Paris, 1879; also various articles to Gazette -Médicale de Paris; Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biol., and Journal de -l’Anat. et de Physiologie. - -Inventor of an apparatus for submitting animals to rapid or slow -variations of temperature.--_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_, June 7th, 1879. - - -=Fraser, J. L.=, Edinburgh. M.D.; Lab. Vet. College, Clyde, Street; -Physiol. Class Room. - - -=Fraser, Thomas Richard=, 37, Melville Street, and University, Edinburgh. -M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1869; M. 1868; -(Edin.) F.R.S. Lond. & Edin.; Corr. Mem. Therap. Soc. Paris, etc. Prof. -of Mat. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin. - -Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean:” Trans. Roy. -Soc. Edin. Vol. XXIV.; “An Investigation into some previously undescribed -Tetanic Systems produced by Atropia in cold blooded Animals,” etc., and -various other papers to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Practitioner, etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Materia -Medica Department, in 1878-79-81-82. Certificates for Experiments without -Anæsthetics, in 1878-79-81-82. Two Certificates for the same purpose in -1878. No experiments returned in 1878-81-82._ - -[In Return for 1881 entered as J. L. Fraser.] - - -=Fredericq, Léon.= M.D., Prof. in Ord. Univ. of Liège, Belgium. - -Author of “Expériences sur l’innervation respiratoire;” Supp. Du Bois -Raymond’s Arch., 1883, p. 51; Contrib. to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives, -1883. - -Experiments on the innervation of respiratory centres; also on the -effects of ice on the exposed spinal cord of rabbits. Has used dogs, -rabbits, and ducks for his experiments. - - -=Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor.= Born 1819, at Aurich. In 1838 studied -at Göttingen; 1842, practised medicine at Aurich, where he acquired -some renown as an oculist. Studied also at the Institutions of Prague, -Vienna, Holland, Belgium, and France. Private Prof. of Med. in Göttingen. -Director of the Academical Hospital, Kiel. Conducted two ambulance -hospitals during the Schleswig-Holstein War. Prof. of Pathology and -Therapeutics, Breslau, 1851. Professor of clinical medicine and director -of La Charité, Berlin, 1859; councillor and member of the Scientific -Deputation for medical affairs. - -Author of “Ueber Gallert oder Colloidgeschwülste,” Göttingen, 1847; -“Ueber die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit,” Brunswick, 1857; “Klinik der -Leberkrankheiten,” Brunswick, 1859-62 (translated into French, English, -and Italian). Contrib. numerous articles to Liebig’s, Poggendorf’s, and -Wöhler’s Dictionaries of Chemistry, etc. - - -=Fritsch, Gustav Theodor.= M.D. B. at Kottbus, 1838. Studied in Berlin, -Breslau, and Heidelberg. Anat. Inst. Berlin, 1867. Extraordinary Prof. -same Univ., 1874. - -Author of “Drei Jahre in Süd Afrika,” Breslau, 1868; “Ueber das -stereoskopische Sehen im Mikroskop,” Berlin, 1873; “Untersuchungen ueber -den feineren Bau des Fischgehirns mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der -Homologien bei anderen Wirbelthierklassen,” Berlin, 1878. Joint author -with E. Hitzig of “Ueber elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns,” in -Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Wissensch. III., 1870, p. 300-332. - -“By means of perfected electric apparatus G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig were -enabled to satisfy themselves that the surface of the brain in the rabbit -reacted under the influence of the electric current. They then made -a series of experiments on dogs, and published results which did not -perhaps attract sufficient attention, and which were in opposition to the -opinions till then accepted.”--_Art. “Cerveau,” Encyclopédie des Sciences -Médicales_, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 210. - - -=Fubini, Simon.= B. 1841. M.D. Turin; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Turin; -Prof. Univ. Palermo. - -Author of “Sulla Condrina, Osservazioni di Moleschott e Fubini, -Annotazione sopra la saliva parotidea e sopra il sudore;” “Gemelli -xiphoide juncti,” Giornale della R. Accademia di medicina, No. 1 e 2, -1878, &c. Editor of Turin Medical Gazette. - - -=Funke, Otto.= B. at Chemnitz, 1828. Studied Univ. Leipsig, 1846; Prof. -Physiol. Leipsig, 1854; Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Breslau, 1860; Mem. -Academy of Saxony. - -Author of “Atlas der physiologischen Chemie,” Leipsig, 1858; last part -of “Günther’s Lehrbuch der Physiologie für Akademische Vorlesungen,” -Leipsig, 1870; “Lehrbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1880. - - -=Gamgee, Arthur=, Owen’s Coll., Manchester, and Oaklands, Bowdon, -Cheshire. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; -M. 1871 (Edin.); F.R.S. London; Brackenbury Professor of Physiol. and -Histol. and Dean of Med. Department Owen’s College, Manchester; Exam. in -Physiol. Univ. London; late Lecturer on Physiol. Surg. Hall; Physician -Roy. Hosp. for Sick Children, and Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. -Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research. - -Author of “A Text Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal -Body,” 1880; Translator and Editor “Hermann’s Elementary Human -Physiology;” Joint Editor Journ. of Physiol., Cambridge; also of numerous -Papers in various Journs. and Trans. of Learned Socs. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, in -1878-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83. -Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on -Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1878. No Experiments returned in -1881. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses._ - -“(Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) You are of opinion that in inflicting -operations, in themselves very painful, upon living animals, curare ought -not to be trusted as taking away sensibility to pain? I should think -not. I would add this: I do not believe that physiologists use it for -that purpose. It is used in order to eliminate a series of fallacies -which obtrude themselves in physiological experiments.”--_Ev. Roy. Com._, -London, 1876. - -“Nor was I guilty of the want of taste and judgment with which she -(Miss Cobbe) taunts me and English physiologists in general, of -exonerating themselves at the expense of their continental confrères. -‘Unquestionably’ I said ‘there have been brutal things done by -physiologists, _never_ as far as I am aware by English and _very rarely_ -by continental physiologists.’”--_Manchester Guardian_, Feb. 13, 1883. - - -=Gaskell, W. H.=, Cambridge. M.A., M.D. - -Author of “On the Vasomotor Nerves of Striated Muscles,” Studies of the -Physiol. Lab. Univ. Cambridge, p. 132. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological -Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in -1880-81 and 1882._ - -“15th February, 1878.--Terrier bitch, quite young, weighs 7½ kilogrammes -(about 16½ lbs.). Extensor vein prepared on both sides; ligature -placed under left crural nerve. Morphia and curare given. Artificial -respiration.” &c. - -“31st January, 1878.--Dog, weight 8 kilogrammes (about 17⅔ lbs.). Morphia -and curare. Artificial respiration. Right extensor vein and right crural -nerve prepared.” &c. - -“20th February, 1878.--Terrier bitch, weight 6¼ kilo (about 13¾ lbs.). -Morphia given. Left extensor vein prepared, and left crural nerve cut -and ligatured at 4.2 p.m. Between 3.40 and 4.7 p.m., 0·015 grms. curare -were injected into jugular vein; artificial respiration.” &c. - -“February 18, 1878.--Large sheep dog, weight 20·5 kilo, (about 45¼ lbs.). -Morphia given, 0·075 grms. curare, injected into jugular vein. Abdomen -opened in middle line, and left abdominal sympathetic trunk cut and -ligatured about the fourth lumbar ganglion.” &c. - -“March 4, 1878.--Spaniel bitch, weight 13¾ kilo, (about 30¼ lbs.). After -the termination of the curve given in Fig. 3, 0·06 grms. curare were -injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration was performed, -and the left crural nerve was laid free.” &c.--“Further Researches on -the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary Muscles,” by W. H. Gaskell, M.A., Trin. -Coll. Camb., “_Journ. Physiol._” Vol. I., pp. 265-6, 276, 228, 295. - - -=Gautier, E. J. Armand=, 72, Rue d’Assas, Paris. B. at Narbonne. M.D., -1862; Agrégé de Clinic., Med. Fac.; Member Acad. de Méd. - -Author of “Études sur les fermentations proprement dites et les -fermentations physiologiques et pathologiques,” Paris, 1869; “Chimie -appliquée à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à l’hygiène et les -méthodes de recherches les plus nouvelles,” Paris, 1874. - -“Made experiments with the venom of snakes (_Naja -tripudians_).”--_Archiv. de med._, Vol. 2, 1881, p. 360. - - -=Gavarret, Louis-Denis Jules=, 73, Rue de Grenelle, Paris. B. 1809. M.D., -1843; Prof. Med. Physics at Med. Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Medicine, 1858; -Inspector-General of Public Instruction for Medicine, 1879. - -Author jointly with M. Andral of “Investigations sur la nature du -sang et l’organisation physique de l’homme,” 1840-43; “Sur la chaleur -produite par les corps vivants,” 1853. “Des Images par reflexion et par -refraction,” Paris, 1856. “Physique biologique, les phénomènes physiques -de la Vie,” Paris, 1869, etc., etc. - - -=Gergens, E.= M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg. - -Author of “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. -340; “Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung mit dem Influenz-Apparat,” -Pflüger, Vol. XIV., p. 65. Joint author (with E. Baumann) of “Ueber das -Verhalten des Guanidin, Dicyanidin, und Cyandin im Organismus,” Pflüger, -Vol. XII., p. 205. Assisted Prof. Goltz in his work, “Ueber Verrichtungen -des Grosshirns.” - -Made experiments jointly with E. Baumann on dogs and rabbits, also on the -brains of the former. - -“… I dissected out the above-mentioned nerves in some of the animals I -had used before, and tried direct stimulation. Naturally even a weak -current must have a powerful effect, when in immediate contact with the -nerve, and the result was as I had anticipated. The animals croaked -once and made the wildest efforts to escape.…”--“_Einige Versuche ueber -Reflexbewegung_,” pp. 67-68. - - -=Gerlach, Leo.= M.D., Erlangen. - -Author of “Ueber die Beziehungen der N. Vagi zu den glatten Muskelfasern -der Lunge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII., p. 491. - -Made experiments on curarised dogs and rabbits in the Laboratory of Prof. -Kühne, in Heidelberg, also in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen. - - -=Gibbes, Heneage=, 94, Gower Street, W.C. M.D., Aberd., 1881, M.B. and -C.M., 1879; L.R.C.P., Lond. 1879; (Univ. Aberd. and St. Barthol.); Mem. -Gen. Counc. Univ. Aberd.; Fell. Roy. Micros., Med., and Zool. Socs.; Mem. -Path. Soc., Phys. Met. Disp.; Lect. on Physiol. and Histol. West. Hosp.; -late Curator Anat. Mus., King’s Coll. - -Author of “Practical Histology and Pathology,” 2nd edit. Contrib. various -papers to Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Lancet, etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory and Outhouse in the -garden, 94, Gower Street, W.C., 1883. Certificate dispensing with -obligation to kill same year. Dr. Gibbes could also perform experiments -at the Physiological Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre, King’s College, -London._ - - -=Gibson, George Alexander=, 1 Randolph Cliff, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., -1881; M.B. Edin., and C.M. 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879 (Edin. -Dub. and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Edin.; F.R.S.E.; F.G.S. Lond.; -Hon. Mem. (late Pres.) Dialec. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Brit. Association for -Adv. of Sci.; and British Med. Assoc.; Lect. on Med. Anat. and Phys. -Diagnosis, Edin. Sch. Med.; formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin. - -Contrib. to _Lancet_, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Nature, Journ. -Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Veterinary College, Clyde Street, -Edinburgh Laboratory and Physiological Class Room in 1879, and at -University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1880. Certificates for -Testing previous Discoveries in 1879 and 1880. No experiments returned in -1879._ - - -=Gierke= (Dr.) Asst. Prof. Physiol. Inst., Breslau University. - - -=Glaevecke, Ludwig Christian H. J.= M.D. First Asst. Clin. Hosp. at Kiel, -1881. - -Author of “Ueber die Ausscheidung und Vertheilung des Eisens im -thierischen Organismus,” Kiel, 1883. - -Made experiments on animals to ascertain the effects of subcutaneous -injections of iron. - - -=Gluck, Theodor.= M.D. Asst. Inst. Clinic. Surg. Univ. of Berlin. - -Extirpated sections of lungs in rabbits and dogs, and hopes to persuade -the medical profession to sanction extirpation and resection of the lungs -as a method of operative surgery.--_Archiv. fuer Klinische Chirurgie von -Langenbeck, Billroth, Gurlt_, Vol. 26, p. 916, Berlin, 1881. (See Block.) - - -=Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton=, 13, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E. B.A. -Lon. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold Medal in For. Med.), 1873; -F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P. Lond., 1872 (Guy’s and Paris); -Prizem. 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist in Chir. Med., and in Chir. Surg., -1873; Mem. Path. and Chir. Socs.; Assistant Surg. and Demonst. of Pract. -Physiol., Guy’s Hosp. Contribs. to _Lancet_, _Brit. Med. Journ._, _Guy’s -Hosp. Reps._, &c. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital School Buildings -in 1881; also Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1881. No -Experiments returned._ - - -=Golgi, M. C.= Prof., Pavia. - -Experiments on cerebral localization.--_Archiv. Ital._ - -Author of “Di una reazione apparamente nera delle cellule nervose -ottenuta col bicloruro di mercurio.”--_Arch. p. l. scienze mediche_, Vol. -III., 1879, N. 11. - - -=Goltz, Friedrich.= Direct. of Inst. for Exper. Physiol., Strasburg; -formerly prosector Univ. Königsberg, Prussia. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des -Frosches,” Berlin, 1869; “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns,” 1881; “Wider die -Humanaster,” 1883; “Ueber die physiologische Bedeutung der Bogengänge des -Ohrlabyrinths,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 172. - -“I owe the fundamental idea of my method of experimentation to the memory -of my experience as prosector at Königsberg. I have often dissected out -the arteries of the brain filled with torpid matter.… I resolved to try -whether it would be possible to rinse out the living brain and spare the -larger veins. The very first effort was so successful that it encouraged -me to proceed, and that was the origin of this work.… All my experiments -were made on dogs which I chloroformed before the operation. To bare -the skull, I generally made first a cut in the centre and separated the -skin on one side, so that the muscles of the temples were visible. Then -according to the experiment I wished to make, a portion of the muscle was -cut away to expose the place in the bone where the hole was to be bored. -According to the requirements of the case, one, two, or still more holes -were bored, and after making a cut in the head skin, the brain matter -was rinsed out. I generally used spring water, heated to the temperature -of the blood.… At all events till now, as far as my knowledge of the -literature of this subject goes, no one has succeeded in making such -extensive destruction of the brain and still preserving life. I have -succeeded in a series of experiments made at different intervals, in so -seriously injuring one hemisphere, that all the circumvolutions that -touched the skull had disappeared. The animal lived for weeks with its -crippled brain, and served for many observations.”--_Verrichtungen des -Grosshirns_, pp. 3-8. (A work dedicated to his “English Friends.”) - -“It is not often that two physiologists agree in matters relating to the -physiology of the brain.”--_Ibid._, p. 9. - -“I do not by any means claim that my researches can be of any value in -themselves for the pathology of the human brain. Let the pathologists -continue steadily to collect facts, then the apparent contradictions -between the experiments on animals and the observations at the bedside -will soon be reconciled.”--_Ibid._, p. 176. - -“The fact that both in tortoises and in toads, the extirpation of the -cerebellum and the superior two-thirds of the bulbus _does not abolish_ -the sense of equilibrium, proves that the too widely generalised theory -of Goltz which localises this sense in the cerebellum, as also that of -Vulpian, who in the inferior vertebrates, places the seat of this sense -in the part corresponding to the annular protuberance of the superior -vertebrates, are both equally inexact.--Florence, June, 1883.”--FANO, -“_Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique dans le -tractus bulbo-spinal._”--_Arch. ital. de Biol._, Vol. III., p. 368. - -“It is self evident, that Goltz’s experience, when quoted against -the localizations of functions in the cortex of the brain is of no -worth.”… (p. 11). “Professor Goltz’s assumption that irritation sets up -inhibitory processes, having their seat in the cerebrum, which cause, -through paralysis of certain centres situated in the cerebellum and its -connections, all the non-permanent disturbances,--this assumption is -inadmissible” (p. 13).--Munk, _Ueber die Functionen der Grosshirn-Rinde._ - -“After I had laid bare the bone behind the ear of the pigeon, I bored -out, bit by bit, with the help of a sharp hollow chisel, the ear -labyrinths on both sides of the head. The bleeding caused by this -operation is very considerable. In those cases where I endeavoured -to destroy entirely both labyrinths, the birds died soon after the -operation with violent rolling movements or somersaults. For this reason -I afterwards contented myself with breaking out pieces of the superficial -canals. Many of the thus injured birds I have kept alive a long time, and -especially two which I had operated upon half a year ago, and which I -exhibited at the Congress of Naturalists at Innspruck on 21st September, -1869.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. III., pp. 177-78. - -“The sanguinary part of the operation begins with the insertion of the -cannula to supply artificial respiration. Then the right carotid artery -is dissected out. Afterwards, while artificial respiration is being -set up, a square opening is made in the left wall of the chest with a -knife and the bone scissors. The opening is extended far into the right -pleural cavity, and widened downwards till it reaches the diaphragm -which is severed from the ribs. It is best to make the opening in the -chest large enough to avoid any pressure on the heart from the lungs or -other neighbouring parts. The pericardium is opened wide so that the -greatest possible surface of the heart may be exposed to the action of -the atmospheric air. After this sanguinary preparation the catheter is -introduced from the right carotis into the aorta, and from thence to -the left ventricle of the heart. As soon as it has reached this point -(which fact can be ascertained by feeling the exposed heart) the stopper -(of the instrument previously described) is withdrawn. The next systole -sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is immediately -checked by fixing the gutta percha end of the previously set manometer -on this conducting catheter. Now begins the observation which richly -repays the tedious and bloody preparation. The heart pumps out the -manometer with surprising rapidity.… We have repeated this experiment six -times.”--“_Ueber die Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens_,” Pflüger’s -_Archiv._, Vol. XVII., p. 113. - - -=Gombault= (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Prof. Path. Anat. -Practical Courses. - - -=Greenfield, William Smith=, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Lond., 1874; -F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; (Univ. -Coll.); Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. and Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. -and Clin. Socs.; Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Prof. of Gen. Path. and Clin. -Med. Univ. Edin.; late Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Path. Anat. St. Thomas’s -Hosp.; Prof. Superint. Brown Inst.; Phys. Roy. Infirm. for Childr. and -Wom., Waterloo Road; Phys. Roy. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest, and Med. Regist. -St. Thomas’s Hosp. - -Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological -Anatomy.” Author of Sect. on “Renal Pathology,” new Syd. Soc. Atlas -of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Allied Diseases” (for Path. -Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Contrib. “Lectures on the Pathology -of Anthrax and Allied Diseases,” Lancet and Brit. Med. Journ., 1880 and -1881; various papers in Trans. Path. and Clin. Socs. and elsewhere. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory Stables -and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for Experiments without -anæsthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments returned in 1881._ - - -=Gréhant, Louis François Nestor=, 17, Rue de Berthollet, Paris. B. at -Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Asst. curator at the Museum of Nat. -Hist., Paris; formerly Mem. Biol. Soc., Paris; _préparateur_ of the -Course of Physiol. at Fac. of Sci. - -Author of “Tableau d’analyse chimique conduisant à la détermination de -la base et de l’acide d’un sel inorganique isolé, avec les couleurs -caracteristiques des precipités,” Paris, 1862; “Recherches physiques sur -la respiration de l’homme,” Paris, 1864; “Manuel de physique médicale,” -Paris, 1869; “Sur l’endomose des gaz à travers les poumous détachés,” -Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “Sur l’activité physiologique des reins,” -_Ibid._, 1879; “Recherches quantitatives sur l’èlimination de l’oxyde -de carbone,” _Ibid._; “Recherches comparatives sur l’exhalation de -l’acide carbonique par les poumons,” Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; -“Influence de la section des pneumogastriques sur l’exhalation d’acide -carbonique par les poumons” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882. - -“Dr. Gréhant recently made an interesting communication to the Biological -Society, on the quantity of alcohol that would be necessary to produce -fatal effect. With this view he performed a series of experiments, the -results of which were always identical. By means of an œsophagal tube, -Dr. Gréhant injected into the stomach of a dog thirty grammes of alcohol -every half hour until the animal died. At the post-mortem examination, he -found that the blood of the animal contained a proportion of one part of -absolute alcohol to 100 parts of blood.”--_Lancet_, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. -125. - -“I prepared in a large gutta percha balloon a mixture of 100 litres of -air and 255 cubic centimetres of pure oxide of carbon, which made 1/392 -of poisonous gas; I then opened the jugular vein in a dog of 9 kilos., -and with a long india-rubber catheter introduced into the vena cava -inferior, drew out 30 centimetres of blood, put it into a flask and -defibrinised it by agitating it a few minutes. The animal’s head was then -placed in a gutta percha muzzle communicating with the top of the balloon -containing the oxide of carbon, and the animal was allowed to breathe -into it for half-an-hour. During the last two minutes a second quantity -of blood was taken from the vena cava and defibrinised; then the animal -was allowed to breathe in the air, and half-an-hour later a third sample -of blood was taken.…”--_On the absorption of Oxide of Carbon_ (Note -presented to the Acad. of Sc. by M. Gréhant, April 8, 1878,) _Archives de -Méd._, 1878, Vol. I., p. 750. - - -=Griffini, L.= Prof. Path. Anat. Lab. Univ. of Messina. - -Author of “Sur l’action toxique de la salive humane,” Arch. ital. de -Biol., Paris, 1882. - -“After the experiments of Vulpian showing that the saliva of a healthy -man has a poisonous effect on rabbits, it was necessary to seek for an -explanation of this unforeseen result. Therefore, the author of this -essay determined to make a series of experiments to explain the malady -which is produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of human -saliva.”--_Arch. ital. de Biol._, Vol. II., Part I., p. 106. - - -=Groves, J. W.=, King’s College, London. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological -Laboratory in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned._ - - -=Gruber, A.= Prof. Zool. and Zoot., Freiburg, in Baden University. - - -=Grützner, P.= Prof. Animal Physiol., Berne University. - -Author of “Ueber Verschiedene Arten der Nervenerregung.” Pflüger’s -Archiv, Vol. XVII., p. 215; “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Harnsecretion,” -Ibid., Vol. II. - -Made experiments on dogs and rabbits in the Physiological Institute at -Breslau. - -“Exp. II. Dog not curarised: spinal marrow cut through at the beginning -of the operation; also the vagi severed, nitrate of soda injected. - -“Exp. III. Dog strongly curarised, and the medulla stimulated repeatedly -by galvanic currents. Injections of nitrate of soda. - -“Exp. VII. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, medulla -subjected to electric stimulation. The vagi cut through. - -“Exp. XI. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, -digitalis and strychnine injected. Result cramps.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._ -Vol. II., p. 370. - - -=Gscheidlen, Richard.= M.D.; Prof. Physiol.; Direct. Physiol. Lab., -Wurzburg. - -Author of “Ueber einige Physiologische Wirkungen der Calabarbohne,” -in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” -Leipsig, 1869; “Physiologische Methodik,” 4th edit., Brunswick, 1879. - -Forty-one experiments on rabbits and cats. - -“… Large doses cause violent cramps and convulsions. The animal struggles -for breath, and writhes on the board to which it is fastened, and all the -symptoms of the most violent dyspnœa set in. If the skin of the animal -is slightly raised, it can be observed that the venous blood-vessels are -puffed and swollen and contain dark blood. It soon becomes impossible to -see how the animal breathes, and death follows.”--_Untersuchungen aus dem -Physiologischen Lab. in Wurzburg_, 1869, p. 275. - - -=Guareschi, I.= Univ. Turin. - -Extract of putrified human brains injected into frogs, results resembling -those of curare. Communicated to R. Academy Sciences, Turin, May, 1882. - - -=Gubler, Adolphe Goblet.= B. at Metz, 1822, d. 1879. Studied Med. Paris; -Silver Medallist, 1847; M.D. Paris, 1849; Chef de Clinique of Prof. -Bouillaud, 1850; Mem. Acad. Med., 1865; succeeded Prof. G. See, Prof. -Therapeutics, 1868. - -Founded “Journal de Thérapeutique,” 1874; Author of “Commentaires -Thérapeutiques du Codex,” 1867. - - -=Guébhart= (Mons.), Paris. Prof. Physics Medical Faculty. - - -=Günther, Albert=, Surbiton, Surrey. M.A. and Ph.D. Tübingen, 1853; M.D. -1862; Diploma in Med. and Surg. Stuttgart, 1857; F.R.S.; F.Z. S.; Mem. -Royal Soc. Sc. Upsala; Corr. Mem. Bristol Nat. Soc. and Liverpool Lit. -and Phil. Soc.; Assist. Keeper Zool. Dept. British Museum. - -Author of “Medical Zoology,” Stuttgart, 1858; Catalogue “Fish,” British -Museum, 1859-70, &c.; late Editor “The Record of Zoological Literature.” - -Made experiments jointly with L. Brück on the influence of lesions of -certain portions of the brain on animal heat.--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, 1870, -p. 578. - -“… I requested the students, Messrs. Brück and Günther, to repeat the -experiments of Tscheschichin and Sewitzky.… The animals were, as in -previous experiments, rabbits. The lesions were invariably made through -the unopened skull.… Out of 23 experiments, 11 gave positive, and 12 -negative results. These experiments have given us the following facts -for further study:--The division of the brain between the pons varolis -and the medulla oblongata may produce heightened temperature. Seven -experiments of this section were made; in two only the results were -as above; but in these two cases the evidence was in a high degree -satisfactory. In four cases the temperature sank after the operation; -in one the action was so positive that the temperature of the animal -which had been bound for seven hours did not sink any lower after the -operation, which it is well known generally happens.”--Heidenhain, -Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. III., pp. 579-80. - -_Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Also -Certificate for Experiments without anæsthetics same year._ - - -=Hall, Marshall.= B. at Basford, Notts., 1790; d. 1857. M.D., Edin., -1812; M. 1827; F.R.C.P., 1841; Lect. on the Theory and Practice of -Medicine at St. Thomas’ Hosp.; Consulting Phys. to Moorcroft Lunatic -Asylum, Uxbridge; Gulstonian Lecturer Roy. Coll. Physicians, 1842; -F.R.S.L., and E. - -Author of “The Principles of Diagnosis,” London and Nottingham, 1817; -“Medical Essays,” London and Nottingham, 1825; “Diseases of Females,” -1826; “Effects of Loss of Blood,” 1828; “Researches principally relative -to the morbid and curative effects of loss of blood,” London, 1830; “An -essay on the circulation of the Blood, especially as observed in the -minute and capillary vessels of the Batrachia and of Fishes,” London, -1831; “Lectures on the nervous system and its diseases,” London, 1836; -“Memoirs on the nervous system,” London, 1837; “Practical observations -and suggestions in medicine,” London, 1846; “Essay on the theory of -convulsive diseases,” London, 1848. - - -=Hällsten, K.= Prof. Physiol. in Helsingfors, Finland. - -Author of “Handledning för nybegynnare vid histologiska öfningar” (Manual -of practical histology for beginners), Helsingfors, 1878. Contrib. to -Scandinavian Med. Archives. - -Made experimental researches on the irritability of various parts of the -same nerve. - - -=Harley, George=, 25, Harley Street. M.D. Edin., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., -1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1858; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1850; F.R.S.; F.C.S.; Corr. -Mem. Roy. Acad. Med. Madrid; Roy. Acad. Sci. Bavaria; Phys. and Med. -Soc. Wurzburg; Med. Soc. Halle, and Micros. Soc. Giessen; Mem. Path. Soc. -Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin., etc., -etc., formerly Prof. Med. Jurisprudence and Lect. on Histology and Pract. -Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Pres. Paris Med. Soc. - -Editor of “A Year Book of Medicine, Surgery and their allied Sciences,” -London, 1860, etc.; author of “On Digestion,” 1859; “Action of Chem. and -Phys. Agents on the Blood,” Phil. Trans. 1865; “Jaundice, its pathology -and treatment,” London, 1863; “Albuminaria, with and without Dropsy, its -different forms and treatment,” London, 1866; “Diabetes, its different -forms and different treatments,” London, 1866, etc. - -Made experiments on the physiological action of animal poisons, on dogs, -cats, and frogs. - -“The experiments were performed at University College, in the presence of -my colleagues, Professors Sharpey, Ellis, and Williamson.… A large dog -was bitten by one of the snakes over the right eye.… In three minutes -the dog became very restless, and gave a low whine as if of pain. After -moving about the room for ten minutes searching for a comfortable place -to lie down on, he placed himself in the coolest part of the chamber, and -laid his head on the cold stones, as if to relieve headache. He moaned -as if in distress.… As the effects of the poison passed away, the pulse -gradually recovered.… The serpent was once more allowed to bite him. The -same train of symptoms again appeared, but in a more intense degree, and -within twenty-five minutes he had become insensible.… Half an hour after -being bitten the second time, convulsive twitchings began to appear in -the fore limbs and muscles of the neck. In ten minutes more the whole -body became convulsed. The limbs were stretched out and the head jerked -backwards.… In two hours and a quarter the animal appeared to be dead, -but on making an incision into the thorax, he gave a gasp. After waiting -some time without observing any further sign of life, another incision -was made, when he again gasped, but only once.”--“_On the influence of -physical and chemical agents upon the blood_,” _Trans. Roy. Soc._, Vol. -155, p. 700. - - -=Harris, Vincent Dormer=, 39, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, London, -W. M.D. Lond., 1876; M.B. (Honours), 1874; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. -Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and Vienna); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. -Path. Soc.; Sen. Phys. Met. Disp.; Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. -Hosp.; Asst. Phys. Victoria Pk. Hosp.; late Assist. Phys. W. London -Hosp.; Casualty Phys., House Phys., Ophth. House Surg. and Regist. St. -Barthol. Hosp. - -Joint Author of “The Manual for the Physiological Laboratory;” Author of -“Remarks on Angina Pectoris,” “Tufnell’s Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm,” -“The Diagnostic value of Cardiac Murmurs,” and other papers in St. -Barthol. Hosp. Reps.; “Condition of the Spinal Cord in Tetanus;” Path. -Soc. Trans.; Contrib. to Lancet, Med. Times Gaz., Path. Soc. Trans., -Quart. Micros. Journ., Journ. Anat. and Physiol., &c. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical -School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, -1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880 and 1882._ - - -=Harting= (Prof.), Utrecht University. - - -=Harvey, Reuben J.= D. 1882. B.A. Dublin, 1866; M.D., 1873; M.B. and -M. Ch., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879; L. 1876 (T.C. Dublin, Vienna and -Wurzburg); M.R.T.A.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub.; Lect. Physiol. Carm. Sch. of -Med.; Asst. Phys. and Pathol. House of Indust. Hosps.; Phys. Cork Street -Fever Hosp.; late Exam. Anat. Univ. Dub.; Phys. for Dis. of Throat; Nat. -Eye and Ear Infirm.; Ex-Schol. and Sen. Moderator T.C. Dub.; Ex. Med. -and Schol. and Demonstrator of Anatomy Univ. Dub. Contrib. “Histology of -Tendon,” Irish Hosp. Gaz. 1873; “Ueber die Zwischensubstanz der Hoden,” -Centralblatt, 1875. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Carmichael School of Medicine, Dublin -Physiological Laboratory, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in -1878-79-80-81. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-81; -also, Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881, and -Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1880._ - - -=Haughton, Edward=, Spring Grove House, Upper Norwood. M.D. Edin., 1856; -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1855; B.A.T.C.D., 1858; L.M. Combe Lying-in Hosp. Gold -Medal in Exper. and Nat. Sci.; Lect. on Med. Jurisprudence Steeven’s -Hosp. Med. Sch. Dub., 1859. - -Author of “The Laws of Vital Force,” 1869; “Practical Biopathy,” 1881, -etc. - - -=Hay, Matthew=, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), -1881; M.B. and C.M. (First Class Honours), 1878 (Univs. Glasg., Edin., -and Strasbourg); Ettles Prizem. 1878; Goodsir Prizem. 1881; Sanitary -Research, Sch., 1883; Fell. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin.; Vice-Pres. Chem. Soc. -Edin,; Mem. Nat. Sci. Club; Prof. Med. Logic and Med. Jurisp. Univ. -Aberd.; formerly Asst. to Prof. of Mat. Med. and Demonstrator of Pract. -Mat. Med. Univ. Edin.; Phys. New Town Disp. Edin. - -Contrib. “Action of Saline Cathartics,” from Anal. and Physiol. Vol. XVI. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Materia Medica -Department in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to -kill in 1880-81-82-83._ - - -=Haycraft, John Berry.= M.B. - -Author of “On some Physiological Results of Temperature Variation,” -Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Physiological -Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department of Medical -Jurisprudence in 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned in 1881._ - - -=Hayem, Georges=, Rue de l’échelle 9, Paris. B. Paris, 1841. M.D. 1868; -Prof. Med. Fac. Paris; Hospital Physician; Sub-Director of the Lab. of -Path. Anat. (école des Hautes études); Editor of the Revue des Sciences -Médicales. - -Author of “Études sur les diverses formes d’encéphalite,” Paris, 1868; -“Des Bronchites, Pathologie générale et classification,” Paris, 1869; -“Des Hémorrhagies intra rachidiennes,” Ibid., 1872. - - -=Heger, Paul.= Prof. Physiol. Univ. Brussels. - -Author of “Étude critique et expérimentale sur l’émigration des lobules -blancs, envisagée dans ses rapports avec l’inflammation.” - - -=Heiberg, H.= Prof. Path. Anat. Christiania, Norway. - -Author of “Om Hvirvelsöjlen hos nyfödte og dens Forhold til chorda -dorsalis” (The spinal chord at birth and its relation to the chorda -dorsalis) Norsk Magas. for Lägevidens-Kab., Vol. VIII. (1879), p. 292. - -Made experiments on the cornea of rabbits, rats, cats, fowls, toads, -&c.--_Vide_ _Appen. Rep. Roy. Com._ - - -=Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Heinrich.= B. at Marienwerder, West Prussia, -1834. Prof. of Physiol, and Microscopic Anat. Med. Fac. Breslau; Lect. -Physiol. Institute. - -Author of “Physiologische Studien,” Berlin, 1856; “Die Vivisection im -Dienste der Heilkunde,” Leipsig, 1879; “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des -Pancreas,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. X., p. 557; “Ueber die Absonderung -der Fundusdrüsen des Magens,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XIX., p. 148. - -“The following observations, in so far as they relate to temporary -fistula, were made in the summer of 1872; … those relating to permanent -fistula belong principally to a series of experiments made with the -students, Messrs. Jastrow, Langondorff and Körner. The principal results -of both series proved that the secretion of the pancreas if arrested -may be made to _continue_; or if present may be rendered more active. -However, I must at once observe that the disturbances, the causes of -which are still unknown to us, which almost invariably render useless all -experiments on the pancreas, were also often present in those I am about -to describe.… - -“The experiments were invariably made on curarised animals. In such -cases we have noticed the striking fact when the rapidity of secretion -had been measured before and after curarisation, there was always -a diminution during the curare anæsthesia, in contradiction to the -result of Bernstein’s experiments; in which the secretion increased -under the influence of the poison.” “_Beiträge zur Kenntniss der -Pancreas._”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. X., pp. 606-607. - -Permanent fistula of the stomach established in dogs, then they were -curarised and the spinal marrow stimulated with electrodes to cause -secretion from the pancreas. These experiments were undertaken with the -aid of students. - - -=Heinsius von A.=, M.D., Prof. Physiol., Leyden University. - -Author of “Ueber die Eiweisskörper des Blutes,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. -II., p. 1; “Ueber Serumalbumin und Eieralbumin und ihre Verbindungen,” -Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 549. - - -=Helmholtz-Hermann, Ludwig Ferdinand von.= B. Potsdam, 1821; studied med. -La Charité, Berlin; Military Surgeon, Potsdam; Prof. Anat. Acad., 1848; -Prof. Physiol., Königsberg, 1849; Prof. Physiol., Bonn, 1855; Heidelberg, -1858; Prof. of Experimental Physics, Med. Fac., Berlin Univ., 1871; Corr. -French Acad. of Sciences, 1870; Privy Councillor. - -Author of “Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft,” Berlin, 1847; “Handbuch der -Phys. Optik.,” Leipsig, 1856-1866; “Lehre von den Tonempfindungen,” -Brunswick, 1862, etc. - - -=Henderson, Thomas Beath=, 239, Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D., Glasgow, -1878; M.B. and C.M., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.); Mem. Med. Chir. Path. and Clin. -Socs. Glasg., and Brit. Med. Assoc. - -Contrib. “On the Inhalation of Phosphuretted Hydrogen,” Journ. Anat. and -Physiol., Vol. XIII. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical -School, 1878-79-80. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill, -1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1879 and 1880._ - - -=Henle, Frederick Gustav Charles. B.= at Furth, Franconia, 1809. Studied -med. at Heidelberg and Bonn; M.D., 1832; Prosector Anat. Museum, Berlin, -1837; Prof. of Micros. Anat. and Gen. Path., 1840; Prof. Anat. and -Physiol. Univ. Zurich, 1844; Prof. Anat. Physiol. Path. and Anthrop., -Heidelberg, 1852; Prof. at Göttingen. - -Founder of “Journal der rationelle Medizin;” Author of “Ueber Schleim u. -Eiterbildung,” Berlin, 1838; “Vergleichende Anatomie des Kehlkopfes,” -Leipsig, 1839; “Pathologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1840; “Rationelle -Pathologie,” Brunswick, 1846; “Handbuch der Allgemeinen Anatomie,” -Berlin, 1841; “Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen,” -Brunswick, 1855; etc. - - -=Henry, Arthur.= Student at Physiol. Instit., Breslau. - -Made experiments with Paul Wollheim at the instigation of Prof. -Heidenhain on the pancreatic secretion of herbivorous animals, sheep, and -rabbits--during two semesters--by creating biliary fistulas.--Pflüger’s -_Archiv._, Vol. XIV., p. 457, etc. - - -=Hensen, V.= Prof. experimental Physiol., Kiel University. - -Author of “Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Beobachtung der Tonhöhe eines -gesungenen Tones,” Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879, p. 155. - - -=Hering, E.= Prof. of experimental Physiol., Prague University. - -Author of “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Nerven-und-Muskelphysiologie,” -Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien) Vol. LXXIX., 1879; “Ueber -Muskelgeräusche des Auges,” _Ibid._; “Zur Erklärung der Farbenblindheit -der Theorie der Gegenfarben,” Prag., 1880; “Kritik einer Abhandlung von -Donders,” Prag., 1882. - - -=Hermann, Ludimar.= Prof. Physiol. and Med. Physics, Zurich Univ. - -Author of “Grundriss der Physiolgie des Menschen,” Berlin, 1863; -“Untersuchungen ueber den Stoffwechsel der Muskeln,” Berlin, 1867; -“Ein Beitrag zum Verständniss der Verdanung und Ernährens,” Zurich, -1869; “Lehrbuch der experimentellen Toxicologie,” Berlin, 1874; “Ueber -schiefen Durchgang von Strahlenbündeln, etc.,” Zurich, 1874; “Die -Vivisectionsfrage für das grössere Publicum beleuchtet,” Leipsig, 1877. -Editor of “Centralblatt f. die Medicinischen Wissenschaften,” Berlin, -1863, etc. - -“Our experiments were intended to decide how far the objection raised on -several sides was justified, that the results of the experiments made by -Fritsch and Hitzig on the cortex of the cerebrum did not arise from the -excitation of the cortex itself, but of the more internal parts.… The -experiments were made during the summer term of 1874, all on middle-sized -dogs, and were carried out successfully.… There were only six; as the -results were all the same, there was no reason to make more of these -cruel experiments.… I conclude with the remark that the experiments of -Fritsch and Hitzig, however interesting and precious they may be, do not -justify any conclusions concerning the functions of the cortex.”--“_Ueber -electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, -Vol. X., pp. 78-84. - -“The advancement of our knowledge, and not utility to medicine, is the -true and straightforward object of all vivisection. No true investigator -in his researches thinks of the practical utilization. Science can afford -to despise this justification with which vivisection has been defended in -England.”--_Die Vivisectionsfrage._ - - -=Herzen, Alex.= B. Russia, 1839. Prof. Physiol., Lausanne University. -Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and Switzerland; joined -Schiff at Florence, and became one of the promoters of the new scientific -and philosophical movement in Italy. He afterwards retired to Sienna, -where he pursued in solitude his studies on experimental Physiology. -Prof. Physiol. at the Instituto superiore at Florence, 1877. - -Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,” London, -1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” Turin, 1864; “Sul -l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi fisiologica del -libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri i loro prottettori e -la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione di Psicologia Sociale,” -1871; “Cos ’è la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1877; “Lezione sulla digestione,” -Florence, 1877; “Il Moto psichico e la Coscienza,” Florence, 1877; and in -French a volume of “Récits et Nouvelles.” - - -=Hifberg= (Dr.), Christiania University. - - -=His, Wilhelm.= B. at Bâle, 1831; studied med. at Bâle and Berlin, under -J. Müller; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Bâle, 1857; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, -1872. - -Author of “Crania Helvetica,” Bâle, 1864; “Ueber die erste Anlage des -Wirbelthierliebs,” Leipsig, 1868; “Unser Körperform und das phys. -Problem ihrer Einstehung,” Leipzig, 1875. Contrib. to “Archiv. für -Anthropologie” and “Archiv. f. Anatomie;” “Ueber die Anfänge des -peripherischem Nervensystems” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., 1879, p. -456; “Abbildungen ueber das Gefässsystem der menschlischen Netzhaut und -derjenigen des Kaninchens,” Ibid., Vol. f., 1880, p. 224; “Die Lehre vom -Bindesubstanzkeim,” Ibid., 1882, p. 62. - - -=Hitzig, Eduard.= B. Berlin, 1838. Studied Berlin and Wurzburg. M.D., -Berlin, 1862. Private Instructor in Internal Medicine Univ. Berlin, 1872. -Prof. Mental Diseases, Zurich, and Director of the Lunatic Asylum of the -Canton, 1875. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics of the brain, Med. -Fac., Halle University. - -Author of “Krankheiten des Nervensystems,” in “Handbuch der speciellen -Pathologie in Therapie;” “Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn,” Berlin, 1874; -“Ziele und Zwecke der Psychiatrie,” Zurich, 1876. - -“Experiments on the extirpation of the cerebrum, furnished the material -of a work in which Goltz imagines he has refuted the opinions expressed -by me on the functions of this organ. I had already made jointly with -Herr Fritsch a small number of analogous experiments, concerning the -portion named by me, gyrus E; but later I carried out the experiments -in a systematic manner on the whole convexity of the cerebrum. In the -last series some observations are published in which I thought to have -given the last and most uncontestable proof of the localisation of the -brain.”--“_Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn_,” _neue Folger, Reichert und -Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv._, 1876, p. 692. - - -=Holmgrén, F.= Prof. Physiol., Upsala University. - -Contrib. “Ueber die wirkliche Natur der positiven Stromschwankungen bei -der einzelnen Muskelzuckung” to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives for 1871; -“Ueber den Augenabstand der Farbenblinden,” Arch. f. Ophthalmol., Vol. -XXV., p. 135; “Ueber die Retinaströme,” Untersuch. a. d. Physiol. Inst. -3d. Heidelberg, 1880. - -“There is a poison (curare) which lames every spontaneous movement, -leaving all other functions untouched. This venom is therefore the most -cruel of all poisons. It changes us instantly into a living corpse, -which hears and sees and knows everything, but is unable to move a -single muscle, and under its influence no creature can give the faintest -indication of its hopeless condition. The heart alone continues to -beat.”--_Holmgrén, Physiology of present Times_. _Future_, 1868, p. 231. - - -=Hoppe-Seyler, F.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Strasburg Univ.; Director -of Physiol. Chem. Lab. - -Author of “Med. Chem. Untersuchungen,” Tübingen, 1871; “Physiologische -Chemie,” Berlin, 1879; “Ueber die Ursache der Athembewegungen,” Centralb. -f. d. Med. Weis., No. 51; “Ueber das Methämoglobin,” Zeitschr. f. -physiol. Chemic, 1882. - - -=Hoppe, I.= Prof. extraord. Clin. Med., Med. Fac. Bâle University. - - -=Horsley, Victor Alex. Haden.= 129, Gower Street, W.C. Prof. Supt. of -Brown Institution, 1884. M.B. Lond. and B.S. (Univ. Schol. and Gold -Medallist in Surg.), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1883; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. -Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Surg. Regist. (late House Surgeon) -Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Asst. to Prof. of Path. Univ. Coll. - -Author of “Report on Septic Bacteria,” Rep. Med. Off. Loc. Govt. Bd.; -(with Dr. Mott) “On the Existence of Organisms in Living Tissues,” Journ. -Physiol., Vol. III; (with Dr. Bastian) “Arrest of Development of Left -Upper Limb associated with an Extremely Small Right Ascending Parietal -Convolution,” “Brain,” Vol. III. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; New -Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory with Curator’s Rooms -in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, and for -dispensing with obligation to kill in 1882. No experiments returned in -1881._ - - -=Horvath, Alexis.= M.D., Kieff. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Respiration,” Pflüger’s Archiv., -Vol. XIII.; “Zur Abkühlung der Warmblüter, Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 278. - -Dogs and rabbits plunged up to the neck in freezing water. - - -=Houckgeest, van Braam.= Military surgeon, Amsterdam. - -Author of “Untersuchungen über Peristaltik des Magens und Darmencanals,” -Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. VI., p. 266, 1872. - -Cut away the abdominal walls of rabbits, substituting glass, in order to -observe the peristaltic action of the intestines. Also placed rabbits in -a bath, then cut open the abdomen, keeping the head above water, so as -to allow the N. splanchnicus to be dissected out. This nerve, he states, -is easier to find in a small, thin male rabbit after it has been kept -fasting for 24 hours. Subsequent to this the nerve was acted upon by a Du -Bois Reymond’s apparatus. The animals invariably died after a period of -from one to five hours. - - -=Hughes, Jas. Stannus=, 1, Merrion Square West, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. -Irel., 1864; F.R.C.S.T., 1844; L. 1838; L.M. Dub. Lying-in Hosp.; -Vice-Pres. Path. Soc. Dub.; Mem. Counc. Surg. and Zool. Socs., Irel.; -Corr. Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Lord-Lieut.’s Household, Dub. Castle; -Prof. of Surg. R.C.S.T.; Exam. in Surg. Queen’s Univ. Irel.; Surg. Jervis -St. Hosp.; Cons. Surg. Coombe Lying-in Hosp.; Surg. Convalescent Home, -Stillorgan; formerly Surg. Gen. Disp. - -Author of “A Treatise on Diseases of the Prostrate Gland,” 1860; Contrib. -“On Diseases of the Spinal Column,” Dub. Med. Press, 1850; “Ulcers of -the Lower Extremities, etc.,” Ibid., 1851; “Opium in Peritonitis, with -Cases,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz., 1856. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons Dublin -Physiological Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments -returned in 1881-82-83._ - - -=Huiziga= (Dr.), Groningen University. - -Author of “Ueber die Unerregbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge,” -Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 81. - - -=Huxley, Thomas Hy.=, 4, Marlborough Place, St. John’s Wood, N.W. B. -Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Char. Cross); Ph. D. Breslau; LL.D. -Edin., Dub. and Cantab.; Knt. of the Order of the North Star (Sweden), -Pres. R.S.; Fell. Linn., Geol. and Roy. Med. Chir. Socs.; Mem. Anthrop. -Inst. of Haarlem; Corr. Mem. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Roy. Soc. of -Sci. Göttingen, Inst. of France, and Acads. of Berlin and St. Petersburg, -etc., etc. Prof. Biol. Normal Sch. of Sci. and Roy. Sch. of Mines; late -Exam. in Phys. and Comp. Anat. Univ. Lond.; F.R.C.S. 1883. - -_Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Certificate for -experiments without Anæsthetics, 1882._ - -Author of “The Oceanic Hydrozoa,” 1857; “Evidence as to Man’s Place in -Nature,” 1863; “Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy,” 1864; -“Elementary Lessons in Physiology,” 1866-67; “An Introduction to the -Classification of Animals,” 1869; “Lay Sermons,” 1870; “Manual of the -Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,” 1871; “Critiques and Addresses,” 1873; -“Elementary Biology,” 1875; “Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated -Animals,” 1877; “American Addresses,” 1877; “Physiography,” 1878; “The -Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology,” 1880; “Science and -Culture,” 1881; numerous Memoirs in Trans. Roy., Linn., Zool., and Geol. -Socs., etc. - -“The following ‘Lessons in Elementary Physiology’ are primarily intended -to serve the purpose of a text book for teachers and learners in boys’ -and girls’ schools.”--“_Lessons in Elementary Physiology_,” London, 1866, -Preface, p. 1. - -“If the vessels of a limb of a living animal be tied in such a manner as -to cut off the supply of blood from the limb, without affecting it in any -other way, all the symptoms of death will set in. The limb will grow pale -and cold, it will lose its sensibility and volition, the animal will no -longer have power over it; it will stiffen, and eventually mortify and -decompose.”--_Ibid._, p. 74. - -“If in a living animal, the anterior roots of a spinal nerve be cut, -the animal loses all control over the muscles to which that nerve is -distributed, though the sensibility of the region of the skin supplied by -the nerve is perfect.… On the other hand, if the end of the sensory root -connected with the trunk be irritated, no apparent effect is produced, -while, if the end connected with the cord be thus served, violent pain -immediately follows.”--_Ibid._, p. 268. - - -=Israel, James.= M.D.; Chief Phys., Jewish Hosp., Berlin. - -“On the 26th of March this year (1883), I inserted a small portion of -infected tissue out of the peripleural abscess of a patient suffering -from primary aktinomykosis of the lungs through an incision into the -abdomen. The rabbit showed no symptoms of illness during life; the -patient died.… The rabbit was killed June 12th, 1883. In the abdomen -were found a number of swellings from the size of a cherry to that of -a grain of hemp seed.… This gives the first proof of the possibility -of transmitting aktinomykosis from man to animals.… Evidently the -rabbit is not a very favourable subject for the development of this -disease.”--_Centralblatt für die Med. Wiss._, No. 27, July 7th, 1883, p. -481-82. - - -=Jacobson, H.= Prof. Med. Fac. Berlin Univ. Lect. Dis. of Heart and Exp. -Path., 1883. - - -=Jäger, S. de.= Prof. Vet. Coll., Utrecht; formerly Asst. Physiol. Inst., -Leyden. - -Author of “Over de bloedsbeweging in de Longen,” Leiden, 1879; “Die -Lungen circulation und der arterielle Blutdruck,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, -Vol. XXVII., p. 163, &c. - - -=James, Alexander=, 11, Albyn Place, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1876; M.B. -and C.M., 1872; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877; (Univ. Edin.) Mem. (late Pres.) -Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Med. Chir. Soc. Edin.; Lect. on Insts. of Med. -and Clin. Med.; Edin. Sch. of Med.; late Med. Off. New Town Disp., House -Surgeon Liverp. Infirm. for Childr., Res. Phys. Clin. Wards and Res. -Surg. Roy. Infirm. Edin. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh, Dr. James’ -Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures 1879 -and 1880._ - - -=Jankowski, K. W.=, Moscow, M.D. - -Author of “Ueber die Bedeutung der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des -Oedems.”--Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. 93, Part II., Aug., 1883. - -“Experiment I., July 24, 1882. Morphium injected into the vein in the -front paw of a large dog. Complete narcosis followed immediately. Both -hind feet were bound tightly together with an india-rubber band and -immersed in water warmed to 70 degrees. The feet were held under the -water about two minutes till the hair could be easily pulled out of the -skin; then they were taken out of the water and untied. After this, the -Nervus ischiadicus on the right side was cut through. About half-an-hour -afterwards both feet showed signs of inflammation. They began to swell -rapidly, and pustules filled with transparent matter appeared between -the toes. On both sides the lymph vessels were now dissected out, and -armed with cannulæ. To excite the flow of lymph the legs were pumped up -and down every ten minutes for about five minutes at a time.… Two hours -after this experiment the dog died, probably from the excessive dose -of morphium injected.”--“_Ueber die Beudetung der Gefässnerven für die -Entstehung des Oedems_,” Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XCIII., p. 269. - -Nineteen similar experiments on dogs were made in the Pathological -Institute at Leipzig. - - -=Jennings, Chas. Egerton=, London Hospital, E.; and Abbey House, -Malmesbury, Wilts. L.R.C.P., London, 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., -1881 (Lond. Hosp.); Obst. Schol. 1880; Fell. Obst. Soc.; Mem. Brit. Med. -Assoc.; Res. Acc. (formerly House Phys.), Lond. Hospital; late Clin. -Asst. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp. - -Author of “Transfusion; its History, Indications, and Modes of -Application.” Contrib. “Treatment of Hydrophobia by Curara,” “Lancet,” -1881; “The Intravenous Injection of Fluid for Severe Hæmorrhage,” Ibid., -1882; “The Morbid Anatomy and Pathology of Hydrophobia,” Ibid., 1882. - -_Held a License for Vivisection, and performed experiments at the Museum, -Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy’s Hospital, up to 2nd December; also, -at Physiological Laboratory and Museum of the University of the Durham -College of Medicine, 1883. Certificate dispensing with the obligation to -kill, same year._ - -Experiments on transfusion.--_Lancet_, Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6. - - -=Jolyet, F.= Prof. Med. Fac. Bordeaux, Exper. Med. 1877. - -Author of “Nouvelles recherches sur le nerf pneumogastrique, démontrant -que les filets originaires de ce nerf, avant tout anastomoses, possèdent, -chez le chien une fonction motrice propre sur l’œsophage et sur -l’estomac.”--_Gaz. Med. de Paris_, 1879, No. 6, p. 72. - - -=Kaess, C.= M.D. Prosector, Giessen. - -Articles in Eckhard’s Beiträge, X., 1883. - -Experiments on dogs. - - -=Kahler, O.= Prof. extraor. Univ. Prague; Lect. Dis. of Spine. - -Author of “Weitere Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie -des Central nervensystems” (jointly with Pick) Arch. f. Psychiat., -Vol. X., p. 179, 1879; “Ueber die Noë’sche Thermosäule,” Prag. Med. -Wochenschr. 1882, No. 47. - -Injected wax into the spinal column of dogs to study the effects of -pressure on the spine.--_Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde_ (Prague and Leipsig), -Vol. III., 1882, p. 187. - - -=Kelsch= (Prof.) Prof. Path. Anat. Lille Med. Faculty. - - -=Kinberg, J. G. H.=, Stockholm. Prof. Med. and Chir. Inst. - - -=Klebs, Edwin.= B. 1834, Königsberg. Studied univs. Königsberg, Wurzberg, -Jena, and Berlin; Asst. Physiol. Lab. Königsberg; assistant to Virchow, -1861; Prof. Path. Anat., Berne, 1866; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1871; Prof. at -Prague, 1873; Lect. on Path. Anat., Path. Histology and Path. Chemistry -Med. Fac. Univ. Zurich, 1883. - -Author of “Ueber die Aufgaben und die Bedeutung der experimentellen -Pathologie” (Inaugural Discourse Univ. Zurich), Leipsig, 1882; “Ueber -Symbiose Ungleichartiger Organismen,” Biol. Centrabl., Vol. II., Nos. 10, -11, 13. - - -=Klein, Emanuel,= M.D., F.R.S. Assist. Prof. Lab. Brown Instit., -Wandsworth Road; Lect. Histol. at Med. Sch. St. Bartholomew’s Hosp.; -formerly Prof. Histology Univ. of Vienna. - -Author of first section of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory;” -“Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Structur des Zellkernes und der -Lebererscheinungen der Drüsenzellen” in Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 17 -(1879), p. 289; “Observations on the Glandular Epithelium and Division -of Nuclei in the skin of the newt,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci., No. LXXV. -(1879), pp. 261-404; “On the termination of the nerves in the mammalian -cornea,” _Ibid._, Oct., 1880, p. 459; “The organ of Jacobson in the dog,” -_Ibid._, July, 1882, p. 299; “The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System,” 1883, -London; “Atlas of Histology” (jointly with Dr. Noble Smith), London, 1879. - -(_Chairman_) (3,538): What is your own practice with regard to the -use of anæsthetics in experiments that are otherwise painful? (_Dr. -Klein_): Except for teaching purposes, for demonstration, I never use -anæsthetics where it is not necessary for convenience. If I demonstrate, -I use anæsthetics. If I do experiments for my inquiries in pathological -research, except for convenience sake, as for instance on dogs and cats, -I do not use them. On frogs and the lower animals I never use them. -(3,539). When you say that you only use them for convenience sake, do you -mean that you have no regard at all to the sufferings of the animals?--No -regard at all. (3,540.) You are prepared to establish that as a principle -which you approve?--I think that with regard to an experimenter, a man -who conducts special research, and performs an experiment, he has no -time, so to speak, for thinking what will the animal feel or suffer. -His only purpose is to perform the experiment, to learn as much from -it as possible, and to do it as quickly as possible. (3,541.) Then for -your own purposes you disregard entirely the question of the suffering -of the animal in performing a painful experiment.--I do. (3,542.) Why -do you regard it then when it is for a demonstration?--Because I know -that there is a great deal of feeling against it in this country, and -when it is not necessary, one should not perhaps act against the opinion -or the belief of certain individuals of the auditorium. One must take -regard of the feelings and opinions of those people before whom one does -the experiment. (3,543.) Then am I wrong in attributing to you that you -separate yourself entirely from the feeling which you observe to prevail -in this country in regard to humanity to animals?--I separate myself -as an investigator from myself as a teacher. (3,544.) But in regard to -your proceedings as an investigator, you are prepared to acknowledge -that you hold as entirely indifferent the sufferings of the animal which -is subjected to your investigation?--Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that -that is a general practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the -feelings of the animals?--I believe so. (3,547.) But you believe that, -generally speaking, there is a very different feeling in England?--Not -among the physiologists; I do not think there is. (3553.)--_Min. of Ev. -R. Com._, London, 1876. - - -=Köbner, Heinrich.= Prof. in Berlin. - -Author of “Uebertragungsversuche von Lepra auf Thiere.” - -Experiments to give leprosy to animals.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, 88 vol., p. -282. - -“One monkey, two guinea-pigs, two young white rats, one white mouse, -two rabbits, one pigeon, three eels, one mud-fish, and one frog were -inoculated in several parts of the body with leprous matter, and also -small portions of tissue impregnated with bacilli were engrafted. -Leprosy did not break out in any of the animals.”--_Note by O. Israel_, -_Centralbl. f. Wiss. Med. No. 5_, 1883, p. 79. - - -=Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert.= M.D. Geheimrath. Direct. of the Pathol. -Instit. of Sanit. Med. Berlin. - -“You saw the dog which was injected with a minimum quantity of tubercle -bacilli. The injection was made in the abdominal cavity, and produced an -exquisite tubercular peritonitis. Nevertheless, the dog finally recovered -entirely, and seemed perfectly well. Then the same dog was used again, -and a large number of bacilli were introduced into the abdominal cavity. -You will see that the dog is fatally ill. Now, if one attack conferred -immunity, it ought to have been impossible to produce this second attack. -Hence I do not think it possible to prevent the disease in that way, nor -do I think it necessary to try it.”--“_Dr. Robert Koch interviewed_,” -_Med. Times_, Aug. 26th, 1882, p. 255. - -“The result of Koch’s inoculation experiments he (Dr. Formad) -discredited, because the successful ones had been made only on animals -that have a very strong predisposition to tuberculosis, and contract it -from inoculation of non-specific substances, while others, which were -claimed to be successful, he regarded as cases of pseudotuberculosis. -The view in regard to the bacilli tuberculosis to which Dr. Formad -inclined, was that they do not cause the disease, while it is likely that -they do ‘condition the fatal disease.’ The remarks were received with -marked interest, and were followed by a brief discussion, participated -in by Drs. Wood, Gross, Tyson, Bartholow, Cohen, and others. Some of -the speakers seem to have adopted Koch’s views, and it was spoken of -as a matter of congratulation that one so well fitted as Dr. Formad -should have presented the arguments against them, since the truth -would be arrived at all the more surely if the new doctrine were put -upon its defence, and not allowed to establish itself without due -scrutiny.”--_Philadelphia Med. News_, Oct. 28, 1882. (Reprinted in _Med. -Times_, Dec. 2, 1882.) - -“Dr. Koch’s conclusions enjoy a very considerable _succès d’estime_, but -that esteem would perhaps be less were it clearly understood that the -original intention, and indeed the justification, of the method of dry -cultivation has been quietly dropped, while the method itself has been -put to a use for which it is not at all suited.”--_Med. Times_, July 15, -1882, p. 78. - -“As yet we have no certain instance of animals falling spontaneously -ill of cholera in periods of cholera. All experiments also, which have -hitherto been made on animals with cholera substances, have either given -a negative result, or, if they were said to give a positive result, -they were not sufficiently supported by evidence, or were disputed by -other experimenters. We occupied ourselves, nevertheless, in the most -careful and detailed manner, with experiments on animals. Because great -value must be laid on the results on white-mice obtained by Thiersch. I -took fifty mice with me from Berlin, and made all kinds of experiments -on them,” but … “our mice remained healthy. We then made experiments -on monkeys, cats, poultry, dogs, and various other animals that we -were able to get hold of; but we were never able to arrive at anything -in animals similar to the cholera-process.… Hence, I think, that all -the animals on which we can make experiments, and all those, too, -which come into contact with human beings, are not liable to cholera.… -We must, therefore, dispense with them as a material for affording -proofs.”--_Koch’s_ “_Address to the German Board of Health_,” “_Brit. -Med. Journ.,”_ Sept. 6, 1884, p. 454. - - -=Kölliker, Rudolph Albrecht.= B. 1817, at Zurich; Studied Univs. Zurich, -Bonn, and Berlin; For. Asst. to Henle, M.D., Zurich, 1843; Prof. Physiol. -and Comp. Anat., Zurich, 1845; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1847. - -Author “Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, für Aertzte und -Studirende,” Leipsig, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen und -der Höheren Thiere,” Leipsig, 1861; “Untersuchungen ueber die Letzten -Endigungen der Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862 (in progress). - - -=Krabbe, H.= M.D.; Prof. of Physiol. and Anat. at Roy. Vet. Coll., -Copenhagen. - - -=Kraft= (Dr.), Breslau. Asst. Prof. at the Path. Institute. - - -=Kries, J. Von.= Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Baden; Lec. Physiol. Movement -and Sensation, Physiol. Inst. - -Author of “Untersuchungen zur Mechanik des quergestreiften Muskels,” -Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., Vol. for 1880; “Die Gesichtsempfindungen und -ihre Analyse,” Arch. f. Physiol., 1882 (Supplement). - - -=Krivoratow, M.=, Moscow. Medical Student Strasburg; pupil of Prof. Goltz. - - -=Kronecker, H.=, 35, Dorotheenstrasse, Berlin. Prof. Extraor. Physiol. -Univ. Berlin; Lect. Exper. Physiol. - -Author of “Die Unfähigkeit der Froschherzspitze, elektrische Reize -zu summiren,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu, Berlin, May 16, -1879; Co-editor (with Senator) of “Centralblat für die medicinischen -Wissenschaften.” - -Made experiments jointly with Dr. Theodore Cash in the Physiological -Institute in Berlin. - - -=Kueltz, E.= Prof. Med. Fac. Marburg University; Exam. in Physiol. Lect. -on Physiol. of Sensory Organs, 1883. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der Glycogenbildung in der Leber,” -Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXIV., 1880; “Ueber die Schicksale des -Chloralhydrates und Butychloralhydrates im Thierkörper,” _Ibid._, Vol. -XXVIII., 1882. - -Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab. Univ. of Marburg. - - -=Kühne, W.= Prof. of Experimental Physiol. Med. Fac., Heidelberg -University. - -Author of “Ueber künstlichen Diabetes bei Fröschen,” Göttingen, 1856; -“Myologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1860; “Ueber die peripherische -Endorgane der motorischen Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862; “Untersuchungen -ueber das Protoplasma und die Contractilität,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber -das Verhalten des Muskels zum Nerven;” Untersuchungen aus dem physiol. -Institute d. Universität, Heidelberg, Vol. III., 1879; “Notiz ueber die -Netzhautfarbe belichteter menschlichen Augen,” _Ibid._, Vol. III., 1879; -“Beobachtungen ueber die Absonderung des Pancreas” (jointly with Lea), -_Ibid._, Vol. II., 1882. - - -=Kussmaul, Adolf.= B. 1822, at Graben, near Carlsruhe; studied at -Heidelberg and Wurzburg; Military surgeon in Baden, 1848; Prof. extraord. -Univ. of Heidelberg, 1857; Prof. Med. Erlangen, 1859; Prof. Freiburg, -1863; Prof. Strasburg, 1876. - -Author of “Die Entwickelungs--Phasen der exacten Medicin,” “Ueber die -Ursachen und den Gang unseres Ablebens,” Freiburg, 1866; “Zwanzig Briefe -über Menschenpocken und Kuhpockenimpfung,” Freiburg, 1870; jointly (with -Tenner); “Untersuchungen zur Natur-Lehre des Menschen und der Thiere,” -1856; “Untersuchungen ueber Ursprung und Wesen der fallsuchtartigen -Zuckungen bei der Verblutung so wie der Fallsucht überhaupt,” Frankfort, -1857. - -“For all those who do not hold the view that words and thoughts originate -from sources above and outside the nerve substance, the localization of -the functions of speech in portions of the cortex follows as a necessary -postulate of logic.… Physiological Experiment, as we might expect, leaves -us here in the lurch.”--Art. “Disturbances of speech,” _Ziemssen’s -Cyclopedia of Medicine_, Vol. XIV., p. 720. - - -=Laborde, J. V.=, 15, Rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. Prof. Pract. -Physiol., Pract. Courses. - -Chief Editor of the “Tribune Médicale.” - -Experimented (30th April, 1884), with the head of the decapitated -criminal, Campi, by transfusing the blood of a living dog into it, -bringing back a hideous semblance of lifelike motions. - - -=Lacerda (M.) de=, Rio de Janeiro. - -Injected snake poison under the skin of dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and -guinea-pigs to try the effect of permanganate of potash as an antidote. - - -=Landois, Leonard.= B. Munster, 1837; Stud. and Asst. at Physiol. Inst., -Greifswald; Prof. extraord., 1868; Prof. in ord. Physiol. and Dir. -Physiol. Inst., 1872; Prof. Micros. Anat., Histol., and Exper. Physiol. -Med. Fac., same place, 1883. - -Author of: “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Vienna, 1879-80; -“Ueber tönende Vocal-flammen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 18, 1880, -p. 321. - - -=Lankester, Edwin Ray=, M.A., F.R.S. B. 1847, London; Educated St. Paul’s -School, and Christ Ch., Oxon; Fell. and Lect. Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1872; -Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. Univ. Coll., Lon., 1875; Fellow Roy. Soc., -1875. - -Author of: “A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the old red Sandstone of -Britain,” Part I., 1870; “Comparative Longevity,” 1871; “Contributions to -the Developmental History of the Mollusca,” 1875; and the English Edition -of Haekel’s “History of Creation.” Contrib. to “Athenæum, Academy, -Nature,” Chief Editor of “Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science.” - -“… He has taken a prominent part in the defence of Scientific Experiment -on live animals.”--_Men of the Time_, 10th Edit., p. 604. - -“If you allow experiment at all, you must admit the more of it the -better, since it is certain that for many years to come the problems of -physiology demanding experimental solution will increase in something -like geometrical ratio instead of decreasing.”--E. Ray Lankester, -_Spectator_, Jan. 10, 1874. - - -=Lange, O.= B. 1834. Path. Lect. Univ. Copenhagen, 1877; formerly Asst. -to Prof. Schiff, Physiol. Lab., Florence. - -Editor of “Hospital Journal.” - - -=Langendorff, Oscar.= Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Königsberg. - -Author of “Versuche ueber die Pancreas-Verdauung der Vögel,” Mueller’s -Archiv., 1879; Contrib. to Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., Archiv. fuer Anat. -u. Physiol., etc. - -Found by experiment that after frogs had been immersed for several hours -in oil or water, or after they had been suffocated by ligature of the -aortic bulb, their muscles had an acid reaction.--_Med. Centralb._, 1882, -No. 50. - - -=Langley, J. N.= M.A., St. John’s Coll., Camb. - -Author of “The action of Pilocarpin on the sub-maxillary gland of the -dog,” Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part III., 1877, p. 42. “On -the changes in serous glands during secretion,” Journ. of Physiol., -Vol. II. (1879), p. 261; “On the structure of serous glands in rest and -activity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 377; “Preliminary account of -the structure of the cells of the liver and the changes which take place -in them under various conditions,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., 1882, p. -20. - -“The sub-maxillary gland of the dog was chosen for experiment, owing to -its exposed condition, and the comparative ease with which its nerves can -be isolated; a few experiments were made on the parotid, but these were -not increased in number, since there seems little reason to doubt that -that which is true for one salivary gland is also true for the rest.… -In observing the flow of blood all the veins going to the jugular were -tied, except the veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular -was tied and cut across on the peripheral side of the ligature, and the -blood allowed to run into a narrow test tube…; or a cut was made just -at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself clamped, and the -blood collected as before.… The pilocarpin was injected sometimes into -the saphena vein, and sometimes through the facial artery direct into -the gland, in the manner described by Heidenhain.… In every case the -stimulus used was a Daniell’s Cell with a Du Bois Reymond’s induction -apparatus.”--_Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb._, Part III. (1877), -pp. 44, 45, 46. - -Also experiments on dogs, rabbits, frogs, and toads. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological -Laboratory New Museum in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificate dispensing -with obligation to kill in 1879._ - - -=Lannegrace= (Dr.), Montpelier. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., Montpelier. - - -=Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, Nicola.= B. Ferrandina, 1846; Studied Salerno -and Naples; Chir. Asst. Milan, 1871; Prof. 1873; Phys. and Vet. Sur. -Basilicate; Direct. Chirurg. Clinic and Prof. of Surg. and Exper. -Physiol. High School for Vet. Med., Milan. - -Author of “Sulla struttura dei tendini, ricerche istologische,” Milan, -1871; “Manuale di Ostetricia Veterinaria,” Milan, 1872; “Trattato -di Patologia e Terapia chirurgica generale e speciale degli animali -domestici,” Milan, 1873; “La Medicina sperimentale e le Scuole -Veterinaria,” Milan, 1873, &c. Founded, 1878, the journal “La Clinica -Veterinaria, Rivista di Medicina e Chirurgia practica degli Animali -domestici.” - - -=Lapper, Edwin=, 36, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin. L.K.Q.C.P. -Irel., 1876 (Ledw. Sch. Dub.); Fell. Chem. Soc. Lond.; Lect. on Chem. -Ledw. Sch. of Med. - -Contrib. to Dub. Journ. Med. Sci. 1876. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, -Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No experiments -returned._ - - -=Lassègue, Jean Louis.= B. Paris, 1800. - -Author of “Recherches Physiologiques et Chimiques pour servir à -l’histoire de la digestion,” Paris, 1825. - -Bound the thoracic duct of dogs, death following 50 days after the -operation. - - -=Latschenberger, Joh.= M.D.; Prof. extraord. Physiol. Chem. Univ. -Freiburg. - -Joint Author, with Deahna, of “Beiträge zur lehre von der reflectorischen -Erregung der Gefässmuskeln,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, Vol. XII., p. 157. - -Made experiments jointly with Deahna. - -“We first set ourselves the task of studying the effects of blood -pressure in long continued stimulation of the ends of sensory nerves. -The animals experimented upon were rabbits, dogs and cats.… The -nerves experimented upon were the N. vagus, N. depressores, and N. -ischiadicus. After the nerve was cut through, the central end was -stimulated. The nerves in the neck were in most cases drawn outwards and -laid upon the electrodes in such a manner that the stimulated portion -should be completely surrounded by air.”--_Beiträge zur Lehre von der -reflectorischen Erregung, &c._, pp. 159, 160. - - -=Lautenbach, B. F.= M.D.; Ph. D. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Geneva. - -Author of “On absorption without circulation,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. -II. (1879), p. 110; “The physiological action of heat,” _Ibid._, pp. 1 -and 302; “Saponin in its relation to Physiology,” Journ. of Nerv. and -Mental Diseases, Vol. IV. (1879), No. 3 (N. Series), p. 393. - -Made experiments, with the assistance of Prof. Schiff, by tying the -portal veins of dogs, &c., which caused death in one or two hours in the -dog, and less in cats and rabbits.--_Philadelphia Med. Times_, May 26th, -1877. - - -=Lazarus, Moritz.= B. Filehne, in Posen, 1824. Prof. Philos. Bern; Prof. -Milit. Acad. Berlin, 1868. - -Contrib. to “Zeitschrift für Klinische Medicin.” - -Made experiments on dogs and sheep. - - -=Lea, A. Sheridan=, Trin. College, Cambridge. Physiol. Lab. New Museum. - -Joint Author (with J. R. Green) of “Some Notes on the Fibrine Ferment,” -Journ. Physiol., Vol. IV., p. 380. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological -Laboratory New Museum, 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned -in 1878._ - - -=Lebedeff, Alexander.= Physician, Moscow, Russia. - -Made experiments in the Physiol. Institute, Leipsig, 1882. - - -=Lebedoff, S. A.= Asst. Phys., St. Petersburg. - -Made experiments in the Pathological Institute, Giessen, on the secretion -of hæmoglobin by the kidneys.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. XCI., p. 2. - - -=Legg, John Wickham=, 47, Green Street, Park Lane, W. M.D. Lond., 1868; -M.B., 1867; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1869; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. -Soc.; Casualty Phys. and Demonstrator Morbid Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp. - -Author of “On the Changes of the Liver which follow Ligature of the -Bile Ducts;” and various Papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., Brit. Med. -Journal, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc. - -“During the past winter, I have made several observations upon the -changes which follow ligature of the bile ducts in animals. The animals -used were cats; these seem to survive the operation better than dogs. -Most observers find that dogs live only five to ten days after. The -way in which the ligature was applied was as follows:--The animal was -first secured in a Czermak’s holder, and chloroform given largely, so as -to secure a deep narcosis.… A cut is then made through the linea alba -from the xiphoid cartilage downwards for about two inches.… Pushing -aside to the left the stomach and duodenum, and raising the free edge -of the liver, the bile ducts are seen coming from the liver and gall -bladder.… A ligature is then put around the common duct and tied close -to the duodenum; another is tied tightly on the duct, about half an inch -nearer to the liver, and the duct between the two ligatures divided by -a pair of scissors, the vessel being held out from the portal vein for -that purpose. In two of the cats the bile found its way again into the -intestine; in the later operations, therefore, I removed altogether about -half an inch of the common duct as is done in making biliary fistulæ. -The belly walls were then brought together with ordinary sutures. It is -well to place these close together, as I lost three of the cats from the -giving way of the sutures and consequent prolapse of the bowels. All -the operations recorded in this paper were done in the pharmacological -laboratory of my friend and colleague, Dr. Brunton.… - -“Exper. I., Jan. 24, 1873.--Large tabby cat, weighing 8½ lb.; very -fat; bile ducts tied double and cut. The cat died probably on Jan. 26. -Examined on Jan. 27. Weather frosty.… - -“Exper. II., Jan. 24, 1873.--Black she cat, weighing 6 lb. 6¾ oz. Bile -duct tied double but not cut. Animal pregnant. The cat died on Jan. 26. -Examined on Jan. 28.… - -“Exper. III., Feb. 3, 1873.--Large tabby cat, weighing immediately after -operation 7 lb. 3½ oz. Animal very fat; bile duct tied, but not cut. -Feb. 6.--Cat seems to be dying; it is unable to stand, but lies on side -mewing. Feb. 7.--Found dead at 11 a.m. in the same place where left -yesterday.… - -“Exper. VI., Feb. 3.--A cat not fully grown, very wild, scarcely any fat -on body, weighing immediately after the operation 3 lb. 5 oz. Bile ducts -tied double, but not cut. The animal nearly died under the chloroform, -but recovered with artificial respiration. Cat last seen alive on Feb. -7.… Found dead on morning of February 12, and already much decomposed. -Cause of death, prolapse of bowels.… - -“Exper. XVI., June 27.--Black and white cat, well nourished, full grown. -Bile duct tied double and piece cut out. July 3.--As the cat was now very -weak, and seemed about to die, it was determined to make the diabetic -puncture. The cat was therefore laid prone, a cut made through the skin -over the occipital protuberance, and the chisel applied immediately -underneath this. After dividing the occipital bone, the chisel was -passed in a direction downwards and forwards, so as to cut the line made -by joining the two auditory meatus. The chisel was pushed on until it -met with the basilar bone, and was then withdrawn. Operation was over -at 12.30. Before the operation the cat had languidly taken a little -milk.”--“_On the changes in the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile -Ducts_,” _Barth. Hosp. Reps._, Vol. IX., p. 161, etc. - - -=Lemoigne= (Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società Zoophila. - -Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882. - - -=Leopold, G.= Prof. Univ. Leipsig. - -“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some experiments -of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to summarise, -seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish legislation from -making any such researches themselves.… Dr. Leopold therefore proceeded -thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus of a pregnant animal, and then -the abdomen of one not pregnant, and transferred in some experiments the -embryo only, in others the embryo and its membranes and placenta, from -the uterus of one animal to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he -closed the wound and observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.… -As to the result, the experiments fall into two groups--one in which -peritonitis followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in -which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became encapsuled.… In -the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, the animals were killed at -periods varying from three to seventy days after the operation.”--_Med. -Times and Gazette_, Jan. 14, 1882, pp. 41, 42. - - -=Lépine, R.=, Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. Faculty. - -Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” Paris, 1875; -jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente dont se comportent -les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin grèle au point de vue -de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. -1883, p. 93. - -“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, which -were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the linea alba, -a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and ligatures which -at first were not closed were applied to the upper and lower part; -above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut open with very fine -scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. solution of salt. Then -the lower ligature was closed, and the solution injected into the upper -opening, the reabsorption of which is to be tested. While the syringe -was being withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of -the lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same -process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate -as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end of the -intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the wound was sewn up, -and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain time--generally an hour -or an hour and a-half--killed, and the contents of the tied loops were -examined.”--_Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss._, 1883, p. 679. - - -=Lesser, A.= Prof. of Toxicology, Med. Fac., Berlin University. - - -=Lesser, Baron Von L. L.= Prof. at Private Policlinic, Med. Fac., Leipsig -University. Path. Institute. - - -=Leube, Wilhelm Olivier.= B. Ulm, Wurtemberg, 1842; studied Med. -Tübingen; M.D. 1866; Univs. Munich and Berlin; studied Physiol. under Du -Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and Physiol. Chem. under Kühne; First Asst. -Ziemssen’s Clinic, Erlangen, 1868; Prof. extraord., 1872; Prof. Med. -Clinic, Jena, same year; Prof. Erlangen, 1874. - -Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und deren -Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, -1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du -Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c. - -Made experiments with strychnine on various animals. - - -=Lewaschew= (Dr.), St. Petersburg. - -“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on -the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of -the vessels has been contributed to the current number of Virchow’s -_Archiv._, by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… The method of -investigation is worthy of mention. Generally the chief nerve trunks of -the hinder extremities of dogs were the parts subject to irritation by -means of a solution of muriatic or sulphuric acid; it was found that -rabbits and cats were unfit for this continuous form of stimulation, -because the action of the acid on the exposed nerve trunk brought about -gangrene; as a strong stimulus was wanted milder means could not be -employed.”--_Lancet_, June 2nd, 1883, p. 962. - -Dr. Lewaschew drew a thread moistened with acid through the nervus -ischiadicus of the one leg to set up an irritation in the nerve. At -intervals of from three to six days a thread was sewn nearer the -peripheric end of the nerve. This was continued till the death of the -animals. Some died rapidly of gangrene of the extremities and septicemia, -others at the end of two to four weeks only of putrid infection and -dysentery; many, however, supported the operation for two or four months. -Some of the animals became seized with epileptic fits, which increased -till life ended.--_Petersburg Med. Wochenschrift_, Vol. XXXI., 1880. - - -=Lewes, George Henry.= B. London, 1817; d. 1878. - -Studied med., anat., and physiol. - -Author of “On the spinal cord,” 1858; “The nervous system,” 1859; -“Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; “Problems of Life -and Mind,” etc. - -“A triton whose cord had been divided some weeks was completely cut in -two. The head-half immediately began crawling away with great activity, -which, as this half contained the heart, and almost all the viscera, -was not surprising. The tail half remained for some time in a standing -posture, and then began to crawl forward. After three steps it paused, -remaining quiet during five minutes, and began again, but feebly. The -tail moved spontaneously, but with great slowness; when it was touched -both tail and legs moved. I then placed it under a glass, with a -moistened sponge inside to prevent evaporation from the skin, and left -it there for two hours, watching its spontaneous, though very languid -movements. If any reader remains still unconvinced, I can only recommend -him to divide the spinal chord of a frog a little below the shoulders, -and keep the animal for some days or weeks (care must be taken to prevent -water getting to the cord, as that soon kills the animal), watching it, -and testing its sensibility.”--_Physiol. Com. Life_, Vol. II., pp. 255-6. - -“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man in whom accident had destroyed -all sensation and voluntary motion, yet who drew up his legs when they -were tickled, without once feeling the sensation of tickling.… This case -is constantly cited, and is, indeed, very striking. It seems to have a -far greater value than any experiments on animals can have, because we -cannot question animals as to their sensations; we do not _know_ whether -they feel or not. We can only infer: whereas we can interrogate the human -patient.”--_Ibid._, p. 861. - -“Has performed a great many experiments (6,354), nearly all relating -to the nerves, (6,365), mostly on frogs and other cold-blooded animals -(6,357), and not more than a dozen rabbits and pigeons in a dozen years -under anæsthetics (6,361-4).… Could not himself bear to experiment on -dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), rabbits would nearly always do instead -(6,413-7).”--_Digest Ev. R. Com._, p. 41. - - -=Lewin, L.= M.D. Asst. at the Pharmacol. Instit., Berlin. - -Author of “Untersuchungen ueber Wirkung and Verhalten des Tannins -im Thierkörper.”--Virchow’s “_Archiv._,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880; -“Untersuchungen ueber das chemische Verhalten der Folia Uvae Ursi im -Thierkörper.”--Virchow’s “_Archiv._” Vol. XCII., 1883. - -Made experiments on rabbits with tannin and other substances. - - -=Leyden, Ernst Victor.= B. Danzig, 1832. Studied Med. Chir., Inst. -Friedrich Wilhelm, Berlin; Milit. Surg. Dusseldorf, Danzig, Gumbinnen -and Königsberg; Battaillon Surg. Berlin, 1862-65; then Prof. and Direct. -Med. Clin. Polyclin. Königsberg; Prof. Strasburg, 1872; succeeded Traube, -Berlin, 1876; Privy Councillor in Med. affairs; Prof. Path. and Therap., -Direct. Med. Clinic, Berlin. - -Author of “Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pathologie des -Gehirns,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; Editor “Zeitschrift -fuer Klinische Medecin.” - -Inventor of an instrument which can be screwed into an opening made in -the skull of dogs to facilitate the study of the movements of the then -exposed brain. Injected blood of patients suffering from pneumonia into -guinea-pigs. - -“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had, a few years ago, -studied the effects of pressure and agitation on the functions of the -brain mass. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride between -the skull and dura mater. A more extended series of experimental -investigations was subsequently undertaken by Dr. F. Pagenstecher. -Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and tallow heated to 50° C. -between the skull and dura mater of dogs. As regards the sensibility of -the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher differ.”--Bartholow’s “_Functions -of the Human Brain_,” _Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci._, April, 1874, pp. -305-306. - - -=Lindgren, H. O.= Prof. Med. Fac. Lund University. - - -=Lingard, Alfred=, 91, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W., M.R.C.S. -Eng., 1873; L.S.A., 1874 (St. Thos.’s, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris); Fell. -Roy. Micros. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc., Lond., Brit. Med. Ass., Anthrop. -Inst. Great Brit. and Irel., and Soc. Anthrop. Paris; late House Phys. -St. Thos.’s Hosp.; Transl. of Fournier’s “Syphilis and Marriage;” -Contrib. “Ueber den Bau der Symphgefässe in pathologisch veränderter -Haut;” Allge. Wien. Med. Zeit. 1876; “On an Infectious Ulcerative -Disease of Skin and Mucous Membrane caused by a Specific Bacillus,” -_Lancet_, 1883. - -_Held a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. George -Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the Stag Yard, -opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above address in 1883. -Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments returned -1883._ - - -=Liouville, Henri.= B. Paris, 1837; D. 1882. M.D. 1870; Chief Direct. -Lab. Hôtel Dieu, 1872. - -Author of “De la Généralisation des Anéurismes Miliaires,” 1871; “De -l’abus en thérapeutique,” 1875; Contrib. to various Med. Journals. - - -=Lister, Sir Joseph=, Bt., 12, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. M.B. -Lond., 1852; B.A., 1847; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1852; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1855; -F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1860; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; LL.D. Edin., 1878; M.D. -Dub., 1879; LL.D. Glasg., 1879; D.C.L. Oxon., 1880; LL.D. Cantab., 1880; -Knt. Comm. 1st Class, Danebrog; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond.; Cothenius -Medallist German Soc. of Naturalists, 1877; Roy. Medallist Roy. Soc. -Lond., 1880; Laureate French Acad. Sci., 1881; Hon. Mem. numerous Foreign -Societies; Mem. of Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research; Surg. -Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Prof. Chir. Surgery, King’s Coll. - -Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anæsthetics” in Holmes’s System -of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Coagulation of the Blood,” Proc. -Roy. Soc.; “On Ligatures of Arteries on the Antiseptic System;” “De -l’influence qu’exerce la position du corps sur la circulation sanguine,” -paper read before Acad. de Méd., Paris, June, 1878. - -Made experiments on horses and calves. - -“Considers that experiments on living animals is one of the most -important means of increasing knowledge (4,291-2). Attaches very great -importance to demonstration as a means of instruction (4,339-43).” Thinks -that “demonstrations should be performed under anæsthetics, but that not -so much for the purpose of avoiding pain to the animals as for the sake -of avoiding a demoralising influence on the students” (4,328).--_Digest -Ev. R. Com._ pp. 30-31. - - -=Livon, Charles Marie=, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. Exper. Physiol. -Sch. Med. - -Author of “Nouveau Manuel de Vivisections,” Paris, 1882; “Du Traitement -des Polypes Laryngiens,” 1873. - - -=Loewenfeld, L.= Prof., Munich. - -Author of “Experimentelle und Kritische Untersuchungen zur -Electrotherapie des Gehirns,” Munich, 1881. - -“Dr. Loewenfeld, of Munich … also made an experimental inquiry into the -effects of both currents, when applied to the brains of rabbits and -kittens, on intercranial circulation.… We cannot, however, help remarking -on an important discrepancy in the results of his experiments on animals, -of which the author himself does not appear to be aware.”--_Med. Times -and Gaz._, March 4th, 1882, p. 238. - - -=Loewenthal, N.= Asst. to Schiff Physiol. Lab. Geneva. - -Author of “Ueber den Unterschied Zwischen der Secundären Degeneration -des Seitenstrangs nach Hirn und Rückenmarks verletzungen.”--Pflüger’s -_Archiv._, Vol. XXXI., p. 350. - - -=Lombardini= (Prof.), Pisa. Scuola Veterinaria. - - -=Longet, François Achille.= B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; d. Bordeaux, -1871. Mem. Acad. Med. Paris, late Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Paris. - -Author of “Mouvement Circulaire de la Matière dans les trois règnes,” -1866; “Traité de Physiologie,” 1850; “Recherches Expérimentales sur -les fonctions de l’epiglotte et sur les agents de l’occlusion de la -glotte dans la deglutition, le vomissement, etc.,” 1841; “Recherches -Expérimentales sur les fonctions des nerfs, des muscles, du larynx,” -1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur l’irritabilité musculaire,” 1841; -“Anatomie et Physiologie du systéme nerveux de Phomme et des animaux -vertébrés,” 1846; “Expériences relatives aux effets de l’inhalation de -l’ether sulfurique sur le systéme nerveux,” 1847; “Du Sulfocyanure de -potassium consideré comme un des éléments normaux de la salive,” 1856; -“Fragments sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion,” 1857. - -“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie, led him to -conclusions completely opposed to those of Flourens.”--Art. “Brain,” -_Encyclopédie des Sci. Med._, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204. - -“Experiments on animals of a different species, so far from leading to -useful results as regarded human beings, had a tendency to mislead us. -In seeking to benefit mankind by vivisections, it would be necessary to -have recourse to pathological facts founded on experiments on _human_ -beings.”--_Longet, quoted in Fleming’s Essay_, p. 42. - - -=Lovèn, Christian.= M.D., Prof. Med. Chir. Inst. Stockholm. - -Author of “Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung,” Ludwig’s -Arbeiten, 1866, p. 1. - -“I now come to the results of stimulation of the central nerves. When -a powerful unnarcotised animal was submitted to the experiment, I -observed that in most cases, the arteria auricularis became smaller -at the commencement of the stimulation. This occurred more surely and -quickly as the animal expressed its sufferings more violently by cries -and struggles. This narrowing of the artery lasted for different, but -always very short periods of time, and then gave place to an enlargement -even during continued stimulation.… This is, however, not always the case -when a great number of experiments are made.… Once it happened that in an -unnarcotised animal, immediately at the commencement of the stimulation -without any signs of narrowing a very powerful distention occurred. -This result appeared in the same animal as long as the sensitiveness -of the nerves remained sufficient to allow the experiment to be -continued.”--_Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s -Arbeiten_, 1866, pp. 9-10. - - -=Luchsinger, B.= Prof. Physiology Vet. School, Berne, formerly Asst. -Physiol. Lab. Zurich; Prof. Exper. Pharmacol. Gen. Physiol. Med. Fac. -Univ. Berne. - -Author of: “Zur Kenntniss der Functionen des Rückenmarkes,” Pflüger’s -_Archiv._, Vol. XVI.; “Neue Versuche zu einer Lehre von der Schweiss -secretion, ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der Nervencentren,” _Ibid._, -Vol. XIV., p. 869; “Zur Physiologie der Schweiss secretion,” Virchow’s -_Arch._, Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “Zur Allgemeinen Physiologie der irritabeln -Substanzen,” Bonn, 1879; “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, -Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc. - -Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich (jointly with -Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on electrical stimulation of -the cerebral cortex. Also experiments on dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen, -and goats. Cut the nervus ischiadicus to study the action of muscarin and -pilocarpin on the excretory glands. Also experiments on cats and kittens -with Miss J. A. Kendall. - -“At the sight of a strange dog, still more so on being bound to the -vivisecting table, the cat often breaks out in a violent perspiration -on all four feet. It strikes us naturally that the first thing to do is -to remove totally all these psychical influences, if it is wished to -study thoroughly other causes which may have the effect of stimulating -the perspiratory centres. A method frequently employed--narcosis--I -have purposely never used; indeed, I _never_ make use of it except for -preliminary operations. If the brain is really narcotised, the other -nerve centres must also have lost much of their excitability, lesser -degrees of narcotisation seem to me to offer very little advantage for -the purpose we have in view.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XIII., p. 375. - -“By the following experiments Luchsinger believes himself to have found -the most irrefutable proof of the existence of a really antagonistic -action of atropin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands, and to have -finally disposed of my thesis on physiological antagonism. When he had -fully convinced himself of the functions performed by the sweat glands -on the hind feet of chloroformed cats, by cutting both hip nerves, -and stimulating their peripheral ends, and also by injecting 0·01 -grs. of pilocarpin under the skin of the back; when he had succeeded -in completely arresting all secretion of sweat by the injection of -0·001-0·003 grs. of atropin under the skin of the back, so that the -very strongest stimulation of the hip nerves remained entirely without -effect, he always succeeded in causing a spontaneous secretion of sweat -in the balls of the toes by the injection of 0·301 grs. of pilocarpin -either into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less -than 0·001 grains of pilocarpin, the natural secretion of sweat might -not result, but could be excited by stimulation of the nerves which had -been without effect before. The feet into which no pilocarpin had been -injected remained dry and could not be brought to perspire by electrical -stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these experiments to be -practically the most simple and theoretically the most explicit, and -hence he believes that I shall also allow myself to be convinced by them -of the fallacy of my third thesis. Our experiments on the same subject -have shown us however on the contrary that Luchsinger’s theories are only -partially founded on correct observation, also that the conclusiveness of -his experiments only appears to him so simple and clear because he has -not thoroughly worked out the whole question, and has allowed himself -to be duped too rapidly by the surprising results which happened at -first.”--Rossbach, “_Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus -der Gifte_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3. - - -=Luciani, Luigi=, 3, Via San Sebastiani, Florence. B. 1842 at Ascoli, -Piceno. Studied Univs. Bologna and Naples. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Univ. -Bologna, 1868; sent to Leipsig to study Exper. Physiol. under Ludwig, -1872; Prof. Gen. Path. Univ. Parma, 1875; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Siena, -1879. - -Author of “Sulla fisiologica degli organi centrali del cuore,” Bologna, -1873; “Nacoro pretodo per la trasfusione diretta del sangue,” 1874; -“Sulla natura frenzionale del centro respiratorio” (experimental -researches made jointly with Prof. Prattili) 1874; “Sulle funzioni del -cervello,” ricerche sperimentali (with Prof. Tamburini), 1878-79, &c. - -Experiments on starving dogs.--_Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche_, Vol. V., -p. 338. - - -=Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm.= B. Witzenhausen, 1816. Studied Med. at -Marburg and Erlangen; Prof. extraord. Comp. Anat. Marburg, 1846; Prof. -Anat. and Physiol., Zurich, 1849; Prof. Physiol. and Physics, Josephinum -at Vienna, 1855; Prof. Leipsig, 1865; Privy Court Councillor; Prof. at -Physiol. Inst.; Vice-President Leipsic Thierschutzverein (Society for the -Protection of Animals). - -Author of “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Heidelberg, 1852; “Die -physiologischen Leitungen des Blutdruckes,” Leipsig, 1865. - -Inventor of an apparatus for cutting through the spinal marrow of living -mammalia, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of an engine for measuring the -rapidity of the circulation of the blood. - - -=Lussana Filippo.= B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, Bergamo and -Pavia; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Padua; Direct. Univ. Padua. - -Author of “Osservazioni fisio-patologiche sul sistema nervoso,” 1856; -“Il Pancreas,” 1852: “Atropine e Belladonna,” 1852; “Patologia del -Cervelletto,” 1856; “Sperienze sul gran-simpatico,” 1857; “Fisiologia -del dolore,” 1859; “Sur la fibrine du sang,” 1866; “Fisiologia della -donna,” 1867; “Sui processi digestivi” 1868-69; “Fisiologia dei centri -nervosi encefalici,” 1871; “Sui canali semicircolari, Richerche -fisio-patologiche,” 1872; “Des centres moteurs encéphaliques,” 1877; “I -movimenti del dolore,” 1878, &c. - - -=Lyon= (Dr.), St. Petersburg. - - -=Macewen, William=, 73, Bath Street, and 5, Ure Place, Montrose Street, -Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1874; -(Glasg.); Mem. Nat. Hist., Path. and Chir., and Med. and Chir. Socs., -Glasg.; Lect. on Chir. Surg., and Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.; Casualty -Surg. Glasg. City; late Disp. Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm., and Western -Infirm., Glasg.; House Phys. Roy. Infirm. and Asst. Phys. City Asyl., -Glasg. - -Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments which produce them;” -“Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, with an Inquiry -into the Ætiology and Pathology of Knock Knee, Bow Legs, and other -Osseous Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” 1880; “Observations concerning -Transplantation of Bone,” 1881; “On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,” -1881; “Chromic Gut and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contrib. to -“Glasg. Med. Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med. -Journ.,” 1880. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School -1881 and 1882. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881 -and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882._ - - -=Mackay, J. Yule.= M.B. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class-room, 1883._ - - -=Maclagan, Douglas=, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1833; F.R.C.P. -Edin., 1864.; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833; Vice-Pres. F.R.S. (Edin.); -Prof. of Med. Jurisp., Police and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; Surg. Gen. -Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland; Surg.-Maj. Q.E.R.V.B.; Hon. Mem. Pharm. -Soc. Gt. Brit., etc., etc. - -Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. and Med. -Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical -Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for Experiments -without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned._ - - -=MacLeod, Neil=, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney Down, -Walthamstow, 1883._ - - -=Maier, Rudolf.= B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Freiburg. - -Author of “Experimentelle Studien ueber Bleivergiftung,” Virchow’s -_Archiv._, Vol XC. (1882), p. 435. - -Fed rabbits and guinea-pigs with lead. - - -=Majendie, François.= B. at Bordeaux, 1783; d. at Paris 1855. M.D. Paris, -1808; Mem. Acad. Science and Med. 1821; held a Professorship of Medicine -at the College of France, which he converted in 1830 into a Professorship -of Experimental Physiology. - -Author of “Traité élémentaire de la Physiologie,” 1816. - -Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental Physiology, -and was so indifferent to the sufferings of the animals experimented -upon that he has been called cruel by his fellow workers, and was even -accused of having performed experiments on human beings. On the occasion -of his first visit to England he was openly accused in Parliament, but -was so warmly defended by James Mackintosh and a strong party, that the -accusation led to no result. - -“I recall to mind a poor dog, the roots of whose vertebral nerves -Majendie desired to lay bare. The dog, already mutilated and bleeding, -twice escaped from under the implacable knife, and threw his front paws -around Majendie’s neck, licking him, as if to soften his murderer and beg -for mercy. Vivisectors may laugh, but I confess I was unable to endure -the heartrending spectacle.”--Dr. Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5. - - -=Malassez=, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. Asst. Direc. -Lab. Histol., College of France; formerly Res. Hosp. Phys. - -Author of “De la Numération des globules rouges du sang, &c.” Paris, -1873. “Sur les perfectionnements les plus récents apportés aux méthodes -et aux appareils de numération des globules sanguines, et sur un nouveau -compte-gouttes,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. 1880, p. 377; “Sur la -digestion pancréatique,” _Gaz. Méd. de Paris_ No. 51, p. 1880, &c. - -Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments being that -the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.--_Gaz. Méd. Paris_, 1878, p. -317. - - -=Mantegazza, Paolo.= B. at Monza, 1831. Stud. Med. Pisa, Milan, and -Pavia; Prof. Chem. Tech. Sch., Milan; Prof. Path. Univ. Pavia; Prof. -Anthrop. Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence; Senator; Practised Med. -in South America. On returning to Italy founded Lab. of Exper. Path. at -Pavia, the first in Europe; founder Mus. Anthrop., Florence. - -Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, 1859; -“Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,” _Ibid._, 1867; “Dell’azione del dolore -sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; “Profili e -paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle Scienze -medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero). _Ibid._, 1869, -etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,” _Ibid._, 1870; “Fisiologia dell’ -Amore,” _Ibid._, 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,” _Ibid._, 1874; “Il bene -ed il male,” _Ibid._, 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia -del dolore,” 1880. - -Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of inflicting -“intense,” “cruel,” “most atrocious” agony. - -“The _Gazzetta Italiana di Milano_ contains an essay of Prof. Mantegazza -on experiments carried on under his direction at the laboratory of -experimental pathology of the University of Pavia. It will suffice to -state that the experiments were intended to study the action of pain on -digestion and nutrition. They were, as the Professor himself confesses, -agonising to the animals subjected to them, and distressing to the -experimenters, and simply proved that loss of appetite, great weakness, -and a peculiar imbibition of moisture were the result of the pain -inflicted. It is added that no alteration of the spinal marrow could be -detected after the agony had been protracted for _one month_. Very meagre -results of unpardonable cruelty.”--_Lancet_, March 25th, 1871, p. 415. - - -=Mapother, Edward Dillon=, 6, Merrion Square North, Dublin. M.D. Qu. -Univ. Irel. (with 1st Honour and Gold Medal), 1857; F.R.C.S.I. 1862; L. -1854 (Richm. Hosp., Qu. Univ. and R.C.S. Irel.); Pres. Stat. Soc. Dub.; -Prof. Physiol. and Ex.-Pres. R.C.S.I.; late Exam. Surg. Qu. Univ. Irel. - -Author of “A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease,” 3rd -edit. 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational and Licensing -Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on Public Health,” 2nd -edit., 1867; “The Body and its Health, a Book for Primary Schools,” 4th -edit.; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” “Hip Joint,” 1853 (obtained Gold -Medal of Path. Soc.) Contrib. to _Dublin Med. Journ._ and _Brit. Med. -Press_, etc. - -_Held a License far Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons Dublin -Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No Experiments -returned._ - - -=Marey, Etienne Jules=, 11, Boulevard Delessert, Paris. B. at Beaune -(Côte d’Or), 1830; stud. Med. at Paris; M.D. 1859; Prof. Nat. History -College of France, 1869; Mem. of the Acad. of Med., 1872; and Mem. Acad. -of Sci. 1878, in the place of Claude Bernard. - -“To meet the views of M. Marey a physiological station is being -established in the Bois de Boulogne. In his Laboratory at the College -of France M. Marey has been able to make a number of researches on -the physiology of the nerves and muscles; but from want of space, he -has encountered difficulties when he required to study the functional -movements of the various animals. The new physiological station of -the Bois de Boulogne, which will have a roadway of 3,500 yards in -length, will enable M. Marey to make interesting experiments on this -subject.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, 19 Nov., 1881, p. 826. - -Dr. Marey devoted himself to scientific Research, and founded a Free Lab. -of Physiology, which was for some time the only one in France. - -Author of “Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l’état physiologique -et dans les maladies,” Paris, 1859; “Physiologie Médicale de la -circulation du sang,” 1863; “Études physiologiques sur les caracterès -graphiques des battements du cœur,” 1863; “Du mouvement dans les -fonctions de la vie,” Paris, 1868; “Physiologie médicale de la -circulation du sang basée sur l’étude graphique des mouvements du cœur,” -Paris, 1868; “Expériences sur la résistance de l’air pour servir à la -physiologie du vol des oiseaux,” Paris, 1869; “Mémoire sur le vol des -insectes et des oiseaux,” 1869; “Mémoire sur le Torpille,” 1873; “La -machine animale,” 1873; “Physiologie expérimentale,” 1875 (being an -account of the works carried on in his laboratory); “La méthode graphique -dans les Sciences expérimentales,” 1878. - -“If it is necessary to register the movements of the heart a small -instrument invented by M. Marey is very useful. The animal is fastened on -its back to a wooden table, and its heart being laid bare, can be held -level with the abdominal region by a pair of bent tongs.”--_Traité de -Physiologie_, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37. - - -=Martin, H. Newell.= M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., John Hopkins’ University, -Baltimore, U.S. - -Author of “The normal respiratory movements of the frog, and the -influence upon its respiratory centre of stimulation of the optic lobes,” -_Journ. of Physiol._, 1878, p. 131; “On the respiratory function of the -internal intercostal muscles,” jointly with E. Murray Hartwell, M.A., -_Ibid._, Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24. - -“After dividing the skin in the middle line, I have always removed a -piece of the skull with a small trephine applied in a lozenge-shaped -area which is seen to be bounded on the sides by four small vessels. The -posterior edge of the opening thus made extends back to about opposite -the posterior margin of the cerebral hemispheres, and the aperture was -enlarged with scissors until the front edges of the optic lobes came into -view. These were carefully and completely separated by a cataract knife -from the parts of the brain in front of them, and the latter were removed -from the cranial cavity; the incision in the skull being usually carried -forwards to facilitate this removal. The edges of the skin were then -brought carefully in contact, without sutures, and the animal placed -in a dish containing a little water and left until the wound healed up -… they were not fed, as experience showed me that for the week or two -during which I desired to keep them, they did better without food; or at -least without the exhausting struggle which the attempt to open their -mouths called forth.”--_Journ. Physiol._, Vol. I., p. 155. - -“Dogs and cats were employed in our experiments.”--_Journ. Physiol._, -Vol. II., p. 25. - - -=Martin, Hippolyte=, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. Phys. Hos. -Dis. Children. - -“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of Paris, -specimens of artificially excited tuberculosis in rabbits, resulting from -the injection of apparently inert powders (lycopodium, etc.), into the -peritoneal cavity.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, April, 2, 1881. - - -=Martini, Adolfo.= M.D. Asst. Prof. Pisa Univ. - - -=Matthias-Duval=, 11, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. Agrégé de la Faculté. - - -=Mayer, Sigmund.= Prof. Histol. Med. Fac. Univ. Prague. - -Author of “Speciellen Nerven Physiologie” in “Hermann’s Handbuch der -Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1879; “Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und -der Blutgefässe;” “Ueber die Erscheinungen im Kreislaufsapparate nach -zeitweiliger Verschliessung der Aorta,” Sitzber d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. -(Wien), Vol. 79, part III., 1879; “Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen ueber die -Hemmung und Wiederherstellung des Blutstroms im Kopfe,” (11) Centralb. f. -d. med. Wiss. No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “Zur Lehre von der Herzthätigkeit,” -Prag. Med. Wockenschr., No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “Ueber ein Gesetz der -Erregung terminaler Nerven-Substanzen,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. -(Wien), Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111. - - -=McBride, Peter=, 16, Chester Street, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; -M.B. and C.M., 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879; L. 1876 (Edin. and -Vienna); Mem. Edin. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Lect. on Dis. of Ear Edin. Sch. -of Med., etc. - -Contrib. to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. Times and -Gazette,” etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University, Edinburgh Materia Medica -Department, in 1879 and 1880; Certificates for Experiments without -Anæsthetics in 1879 and 1880._ - - -=McDonnell, Robert=, 89, Merrion Square, W. Dublin. A.B. and M.D. Dub., -1857; F.R.C.S.I. (Exam.), 1853; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub.; (Carm. Sch. and -T.C. Dub.); F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Mem. Counc. Univ. Dub.; Mem. Path. Soc. -Dub., Roy. Zool. Soc. and Stat. Soc. Irel.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. -Lond.; Surg. Dr. Steeven’s and Jervis St. Hosps.; late Med. Supt. -Mountjoy Govt. Prison; Asst. Surg. Brit. Civ. Hosp. Smyrna and Civ. Surg. -Med. Staff, Crimea; Ex.-Pres. R.C.S., Irel. - -Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of Surgery;” -“Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz.; -“Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of the Lepidosiren Annecteus,” -Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib. -“Physiology of Diabetic Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.; -“Observs. on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,” -_Ibid._, 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gas., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal of -Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; Editor of -“Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.) - -_Held a License far Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, -Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory Medical -College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, -in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned._ - -Those who desire to advance science should begin as soon as they have -passed their final examination to experiment independently in the -laboratory; did so himself, and has also made a very few experiments at -his own house, 4, 514-7.--_Digest Ev. R. Com._, p. 33. - - -=McKendrick, John Gray=, University, Glasgow. M.D. Aberd. and C.M., 1864; -F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; LL.D., 1882; (Univs. Aberd. and Edin.); F.R.S. -Edin.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ., Glasg.; Fuller Prof. of Physiol. -Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit.; formerly Thomson Lect. on Nat. Sci. Free Church -Coll., Aberd., 1879-80; Lect. on Insts. of Med. Extra. Acad. Sch., Edin.; -Lect. on Physiol. Dick Vet. Coll., etc., etc. - -Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various Papers on Physiological -Subjects in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University, Glasgow, Physiological -Laboratory and Physiological Class Room; also unrestricted as to place in -1878-79-80. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80._ - -Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals. - -Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4); and -fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a private -laboratory himself (3960-5); and disapproves of licensing places as -likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men.…--_Digest Ev. R. -Com._, p. 30. - -“On an etherized animal, the degree of reflex stimulation produced by an -electric current of predetermined intensity in immediate contact with -the skin was noted. Afterwards the exposed cerebral hemispheres were -simultaneously stimulated, to observe whether the reflex action produced -by the first stimulation increased or diminished. This method only led to -uncertain results.”--Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action -which the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” by -John McKendrick (_Edin. Med. Journ._, Feb., 1874, p. 733), “_Revue des -Sciences Médicales_,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64. - -“At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on the eyes -of living animals.… We accordingly instituted a series of experiments -which were practically very troublesome. We examined the eyes--(1) of the -living cat; (2) of the living pigeon; and (3) of the living owl. In all -cases the animals were deeply under the influence of chloroform during -the experiments. - -“1. The Cat.--The animal was securely fixed in Czermak’s rabbit-holder. -The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomatic arch was snipped -through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much as possible of the side -of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit was then pushed aside -along the superior and the lateral aspect of the eyeball, so as to reach -the optic nerve with as little disturbance as possible to the vascular -arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing clearly the optic nerve, and -staunching hæmorrhage, the nerve was cut through transversely with -sharp scissors. When this was done the globe could be pulled downwards, -inwards, and forwards, so as to expose a clear transverse section of -the nerve. With the head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now -placed on the cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse -section of the nerve.”--“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr. -McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.--_Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin._, 1876, p. 160. - - -=McReddie, George.= M.D. India. - -“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of the British -Medical Ass., 1883), after injecting strychnine into dogs, has tried the -effects of antidotes on the animals, using inhalations of chloroform, -amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He finds that all these remedies -are inefficacious, neither preventing the fatal result nor arresting the -convulsions.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, May 19th, 1883, p. 973. - - -=McWilliam, John Alexander=, Univ. Coll., Gower Street, W. M.D. Aberd. -(highest Honours for Thesis), 1882; M.B. and C.M. (highest Acad. Honours -and John Murray Medal and Schol.), 1880; Univs. Aberd. and Edin., Univ. -Coll. Lond., and Univ. Leipsig; Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll. Lond.; -late Teacher of Exper. Physics and Asst. Demonst. of Anat., Char. Cross -Hosp. Med. Schl., and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Aberd. - -Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College New Physiological -Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological Laboratory, together with -Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate for Experiments in Illustration -to Lectures. No experiments returned._ - - -=Meissner, G.= Prof. Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Göttingen Univ.; Lec. -Physiol. Instit. - - -=Meren, Giovanni.= M.D., Asst. Prof. Cagliari University. - - -=Metzdorf, R.= Prof. Lab. Vet. School, Breslau. - - -=Miescher, F.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Bâle Univ. - - -=Milne-Murray, Robt.=, 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. M.A. St. And., 1875; -M.B. Edin. and C.M. (Honours) 1879; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1881 (Univ. Edin.); -Mem. Edin. Obst. Soc., late Res. Phys. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin. - -Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contrib. to _Edin. Med. -Journ._, 1881 and 1882. - -_Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and 1883; also -Special Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics same years._ - - -=Moleschott, Giacomo.= Rome Univ. Prof. B. 1822 at Herzogenbusch. M.D. -Heidelberg (Univ. Heidelberg and Haarlem); Practised Med. Utrecht; -Private Prof. of Physiol. Chem. and Anthropol. Heidelberg, 1847; later -Prof. Physiol. Zurich; Univ. Turin 1861; naturalised Italian and Senator, -1876; Prof. Physiology Univ. Rome 1878. - -Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of Transformation of -Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological Sketches,” 1861; -and joint author (with Donders and Van Deen) of “Holländische Beiträge zu -den anatomischen und physiologischen Wissenschaften.” - -Founded a Physiol. Lab. at Heidelberg in 1853. - -“M. Moleschott’s experiments consisted in taking the liver out of animals -capable of resisting this mutilation (frogs, for instance, may survive -from eight to fifteen days). More than one hundred frogs have been thus -prepared by M. Moleschott.”--Note, Béclard’s _Traité de Physiologie_, p. -716, Vol. I., 1880. - - -=Mollière, Daniel.= Paris. - -Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163. - -Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to produce artificial -deformity of the spine. - - -=Morgan, C. Lloyd,= Prof. Geol. and Biol. Univ. Coll., Bristol; formerly -of Rondibosch, South Africa. - -“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:-- - -1. Condensing a sunbeam on various parts of the scorpion’s body.… - -2. Heating in a glass bottle, as this admits of most careful watching. I -have killed some twenty or thirty individuals in this way.… - -3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.… - -4. Placing in burning alcohol.… - -5. Placing in concentrated sulphuric acid.… The creature died in about -ten minutes.… - -6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I placed a small pellet of -phosphorus near the root of the scorpion’s tail, and lit the phosphorus -with the touch of a heated wire.… - -7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether. - -8. Placing in a bottle with a piece of cotton-wool moistened with benzine. - -9. Exposing to sudden light.… - -10. Treating with a series of electric shocks. - -11. General and exasperating courses of worry.” - -“I think it will be admitted that some of these experiments were -sufficiently barbarous (the sixth is positively sickening) to induce -any scorpion who had the slightest suicidal tendency to find relief in -self-destruction. I have in all cases repeated the experiments on several -individuals.”--C. Morgan Lloyd, in _Nature_, Feb. 1st, 1883. - - -=Moriggia= (Prof.), Rome University. - - -=Mosso, Angelo.= Prof. Physiol. Univ. Turin. B. at Turin, 1846. For two -years Mosso assiduously attended Schiff’s Laboratory, afterwards he -studied two years at Leipsig under Ludwig. Then he studied at Paris. -From thence he returned to accept the chair of Materia Medica at Turin, -and soon after with a subsidy from the Government and his University, -he founded the first Laboratory of experimental Chemistry in Italy. When -the Professorship of Physiology became vacant by the translation of -Moleschott to Rome, Mosso accepted it. - -Author of “Movimenti dell’œsofago,” Experimental Researches (Turin, -1872); “Sopra alcune nuovæ proprieta delle pareti dei vasi sanguini,” -1873; “Sull’ azione dell’ emetico,” 1874; “Sui movimenti dell’ iridi,” -1874; “Critica sperimentale della diastole attiva del cuore,” 1874; -“Sopra un nuovo metodo per iscrivere i movimenti dei vasi sanguigni nell’ -uomo,” 1875; “Sull’ azione fisiologica dell’ aria compressa,” 1875; -“Sopra Palternarsi del campo della visione,” 1875; “Sull’ azione del -cloralio,” 1875; “Tre memorie intorno alla circolazione del sangue nel -cervello dell’ nomo,” etc. - -Made experiments with nitrite of amyl in the Lab. of experimental -Pharmacology of the Univ. of Turin (_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_, 1878, p. 174); -also jointly with Guarechi injected extract of putrified human brain into -animals. - - -=Mott, Frederick Walker=, 65, Grove Street, Liverpool. M.B., London -(Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in For. Med., 1st Honours in Med.) and -B.S., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1880 (Univ. Coll. and Vienna); Demonst. of -Physiol. Univ. Coll., Liverpool; late House Phys. and Opht. Asst. Univ. -Coll. Hosp., Lond. - -Contrib. “Bacteria, or their Antecedents in Healthy Tissues,” Journ. of -Physiol. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, -Liverpool School of Medicine in 1883; also Certificate dispensing with -obligation to kill._ - - -=Munk, Immanuel.= B. 1839. Assist. Demonst. Chem. Micros. Physiol. and -Histol. Med. Fac. Univ.; Assist. Vet. School, Berlin. - -Author of “Ueber die Resorption der Fettsäuren, ihre Schicksale und ihre -Verwerthung im Organismus,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu Berlin, Vol. -XIII., 18 Ap., 1879; “Die physiologische Bedeutung und das Verhalten des -Glycerins im Organismus,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. LXXVI. (1879), p. -119; “Ueber den Einfluss sensibler Reizung a. d. Gallenausscheidung;” -Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. VIII.; “Physiologie des Menschen und der -Säugethiere,” Berlin, 1881. - -Experiments on rabbits. Biliary fistula established. The animals then -submitted to electric stimulations. - - -=Munk, Hermann.= Prof. exper. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berlin. - -Author of “Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Nervenerregung,” Leipsig, -1868; “Ueber die Sehsphäre und die Riechsphäre der Grosshirnrinde,” -Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1880, p. 449; “Ueber die Functionen der -Grosshirnrinde,” Berlin, 1880. - -Made experiments on dogs and monkeys. After the destruction of their -frontal lobes, dogs showed no signs of impaired intellect, but -disturbances were produced in their hind quarters. They turned round in -the direction of the lesion, and a cat-like bending of the spine took -place. Sometimes during the first weeks the dogs held their heads down, -could scarcely seize their meat; monkeys lost their power of springing, -but their intelligence remained unimpaired. Also experimented with -electricity on the exposed muscles.--_Berl. Akad. Sitzungsber_, 1882, p. -36. - - -=Murrell, William=, 38, Weymouth Street, Portland Place, W. M.D., -Brussels, 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; L. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1875; -L.S.A. 1874 (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Lect. on -Mat. Med. and Therap. (late Lect. on Pract. Physiol. and Med. Regist.), -Westm. Hosp.; formerly Sharpey Physiol. Schol. and Demonst. of Physiol. -Univ. Coll.; Obst. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp. and Res. Clin. Asst. Consump. -Hosp. Brompton. - -Author of “Nitro Glycerine as a remedy for Angina Pectoris,” 1880; -“What to do in cases of Poisoning,” 1882 (jointly with Dr. Ringer); -“Action of Atropia on the Nervous System”; “Journ. Anat. Physiol.,” -1877; “Physiological Action of Aconitia,” Ibid., 1877, etc. Contrib. to -“Lancet,” “Practitioner,” etc. - -Has made numerous experiments jointly with Dr. Sydney Ringer to test the -actions of various drugs on cats and frogs. - -“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations -clinically. To eighteen adults--fourteen men and four women--we ordered -ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of -these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it.… One man, -a burly, strong fellow, suffering from a little rheumatism only, said -that after taking the first dose he ‘felt giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off -insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lie -down for an hour and a half before he dared move. His heart fluttered, -and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. _He was urged to take -another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a wife and family._ -Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said -that it ‘took all his strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the -medicine did not agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more -than the men.… One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first -dose--she did not try a second--she felt a trembling sensation all over -her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there, she perspired -profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until -she thought they would burst.… Another woman said she thought she would -have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, -and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed -for hours; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never get -over it. The only one of the fourteen patients _who made no complaint_ -after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect -on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to -increase the dose.”--Drs. Ringer and Murrell in _Lancet_, Nov. 3, 1883. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -Physiological Theatre in 1878._ - - -=Nasse, Hermann.= Prof. Med. Fac., Univ. Marburg. - -Author of “Ueber die Ausfluss geschwindigkeit des Blutes aus den -Halsgefässen der Hunde und über die modification derselben durch Infusion -von Kochsalz in die Gefässe,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XXII., p. 513. - -“Exper. No. 121, was made on a dog of about 14 kgr. weight, very thin, -whose blood was particularly poor. Blood was drawn from the carotid -artery, the jugular vein, and the vena cava superior at the same -time, the last drops of which already thickened in the glass cannula. -Respiration had ceased. Only once after a long rest, did the dog draw -a deep breath with open mouth as usually happens immediately before -death. The pulsations of the heart were scarcely perceptible. I then -tried electric stimulation of the nervus vagus, after dissecting it -out, but without causing any pulsation of the heart or breathing, -either during the stimulation or when it ceased. Death was undoubtedly -near. I then injected into the jugular vein a solution of common salt. -Tetanus followed each injection--immediately afterwards the heart began -to beat again and the blood streamed out of the arteries. When the -bleeding ceased, I again injected the solution rather weaker than at -first. No cramps followed but the flow of blood continued. The third -injection produced the same result, but death followed soon after. -The whole experiment had lasted an hour and a-half.”--“_Ueber die -Ausflussgeschwindigkeit d. Blutes_,” _etc._, Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. -XXII., pp. 547-8. - - -=Naunyn, Bernhardt.= B. in Berlin, 1839. Studied at Bonn and Berlin. -Asst. Med. Clin., Berlin, under Prof. Frerichs, 1863; Prof. Med. Clinic. -Dorpat, 1869; Prof. Berne, 1871; Prof. Med. Fac. Univ., Königsberg, 1872. - -Co-editor with Klebs and Schmiedeberg of “Archiv für experimentelle -Pathologie.” Author of “Handbuch der Intoxicationen” and “Handbuch der -speciellen Pathologie,” jointly with R. Boehm, 1874; jointly (with -Schreiber) of “Experiments on compression of the brain,” Arch. f. exper. -Pathol. u. Pharmak., Vol. XIV., No. 2, p. 1. Contrib. various articles to -“Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv.”; also to Ziemssen’s “Cyclopædia of Medicine.” - -“The authors [B. Naunyn and Schreiber] have experimented upon dogs. -A trephine is applied to the parietal bone. A tube is inserted into -the opening thus made. Besides this another tube is brought into -communication with the cerebro-spinal cavity on a level with the swelling -formed by the meninges round the cauda equina. For this purpose it is -sufficient to take out a few of the spinal apophyses of the corresponding -vertebræ. One obtains thus, as it were, two receptacles communicating -by the intermediary of the cephalo-spinal liquid, and it becomes easy -to augment the pressure of this liquid.… Pain is one of the very first -results produced, and it is the more intense, if the pressure be -immediately brought to its greatest height. Soon, convulsions follow. -These seldom are epileptiform.… Breathing becomes slower, then irregular, -then disappears.”--_Archives Générales de Médecine_, VIIᵉᵐ. Série, Vol. -I., 1882, p. 743. - - -=Nepveu, G.= Surgeon, Paris; form. Res. Hosp. Sur., La Pitié Mem. Chir. -Soc. Paris. - - -=Newman, David=, 18, Woodside Place, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasg. (with -high commendations), 1883; M.B. Glasg. and C.M. 1878; F.F.P.S. Glasg. -1881 (Univs. Glasg. and Leipsig); Mem. Philos. Path. and Clin. and Med. -and Chir. Socs. Glasg.; Exam. in Physiol. and Path. Univ. Glasg.; Extra. -Disp. Surg. Western Infirm. - -Contrib. “Some Physical Experiments relating to the functions of the -Kidneys,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological -Laboratory in 1879-81-82-83. Certificates dispensing with obligation to -kill in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned at the above place. Mr. -Newman might also perform experiments at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical -School, and under his Certificates was not limited to a registered place._ - - -=Nicolaides, R.= M.D.; Prof. of Physiol., Athens Univ. Contrib. to Du -Bois Reymond’s Archiv, for 1882. Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab., -Athens. - - -=Nothnagel, Herrmann.= B. 1841 in Alt, Lietzgöricke, Brandenburg. Studied -at Berlin; Asst. of Leyden at Königsberg, and Instruct. at Univ., 1863; -Prof. Univ. Berlin, 1868; Prof. Breslau, 1870; Prof. Freiburg, in Baden, -1872; Prof. Clin. Med. and Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena, 1874. - -Author of “Ueber den epsileptischen Anfall,” 1870; “Ueber Neuritis in -diagnostischer und pathologischer Beziehung,” 1870; “Die symptomologie -der Darmgeschwüre,” 1881. Contrib. to “Handbuch der Krankheiten des -Nerven systems,” 1874; and to “Ziemssen’s Cyclopædia of Medicine.” - -“Nothnagel considers himself justified in concluding from his experiments -on rabbits that all the will fibres, without exception, traverse the -lenticular nucleus. This is denied by the French investigators, who -attribute the complete annihilation of voluntary movement, which -Nothnagel achieved by the injection of caustic solutions into both -lenticular nuclei, to a simultaneous destruction of the internal capsule -which, owing to the small size of the lenticular nuclei in the rabbit, -might easily have been overlooked on dissection. Nothnagel, however, has -lately published a brief statement, in which he adheres to his original -assertion.”--Kussmaul, “_On Disturbances of Speech_,” _Ziemssen’s Cyclop. -of the Pract. of Med._, Vol. XIV., London, 1878, p. 680. - -“Unfortunately, the results of experiments upon animals, as respects the -exact localisation of lesions, cannot be transferred directly to the -case of man, except that we have reason to believe, through an important -experiment of Hitzig’s upon an ape, that the motor centres for the nerves -of the extremities and the cranial nerves lie in the gyrus præcentralis, -or centralis anterior (Huschke, Ecker), in other words, that affections -of the cortical substance of this convolution may produce motor -paralysis.”--Nothnagel, “_Anemia of the Brain_,” _Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of -the Pract. of Med._, Vol. XII., London, 1877, p. 152. - - -=Oehl, Eusebio.= B. 1827, at Lodi. Laureate in Med., Pavia, 1850; studied -Vienna, Paris, and Berlin; Prof. extraord. of Histol., Pavia, 1860; Prof. -of Exper. Physiol., 1864. - -Author of “Indagini di anatomia miscroscopica per servire allo studio -della cute e dell’ epidermide palmare della mano,” Milan, 1856; “Sui -cristalli di emoglobina,” Florence, 1862; “Contribuzione allo Fisiologia -del pneumogastrico,” Naples, 1863; “Della influenza che il 5ᵒ pajo -cerebrale dispiega sulla pupilla,” Florence, 1863; “Sull’ ormento di -temperatura dei nervi eccitati,” Milan, 1865; “Manuale di Fisiologia per -Medici e studenti,” Milan, 1868-77, &c. - - -=Ogston, Alexander=, 252, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Aberd. 1866; M.B. -and C.M. 1865; Surg. Aberdeen Roy. Infirm.; Regius Prof. of Surg. Univ. -Aberdeen. - -Author of “On the functions of the semi-circular canals, &c.,” 1869. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at 252, Union Street, Aberdeen, -1880-81-82. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in -1880-81-82. No Experiments returned in 1882. At the expiration of Dr. -Ogston’s License the above address ceased to be registered for the -performance of Experiments._ - -“To ascertain the influence of pus alone, injections were first of all -made with that from cold abscesses, which contained no organisms.… -Introduced under spray into a pure subcutaneous syringe, quantities -varying from one to ten minims were injected into the subcutaneous tissue -of the back in chloroformed guinea-pigs, white mice, and wild mice. In -all twenty such injections were made, with the invariable result that -no illness or abscess ensued.… But a very different effect was produced -when similar injections were made with pus containing micrococci. In -every instance, with the qualifications to be presently made, well-marked -disease was set up. Quantities varying from one to three minims produced -in the animals already mentioned symptoms of blood-poisoning, lasting -from two to five days. The animals refused food, sat cowering in a -retired place in their cage, were listless and apathetic, their coat -was disordered and sometimes wet, their eyes were kept closed save -when startled; and the mice showed the purulent conjunctivitis and -glueing together of the eyelids described by Koch in his experiments on -septicæmia.”--_Report on “Micro-Organisms in Surgical Diseases,” Brit. -Med. Journ._, March 12, 1881, p. 371. - - -=Ollier, Louis Navier Edouard Léopold=, Lyons. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1856; -Chief Surgeon Hôtel Dieu, and Prof. Clin. Chir. Med. Faculty Lyons, 1850; -Corr. Mem. Acad. Med., 1874; Corr. Mem. Institute of France. - -Author of “Des moyens chirurgicaux de favoriser la reproduction des os,” -1859; “Recherches expérimentales sur la production artificielle des os,” -1859; “Des résections des grandes articulations,” 1870; “De l’occlusion -inamovible comme méthode générale de pausement des plaies,” 1874; “De -l’éléphantiasis du nez et de son traitement,” 1876; “Traité expérimental -et clinique de la régénération des os et de la production artificielle du -tissu osseuse,” 1867; “Recherches expérimentales sur la greffe osseuse” -in Journal de Physiologie de Brown-Séquard, Vol. III., 1867. - - -=Oreste, Cavaliere Pietro=, Naples. Scuola Veterinaria. - - -=Orfila, Matthieu Joseph Bonaventure.= B. at Mahon (Minorca), 1787. D. at -Paris, 1853. - -Studied the effects of narcotine on animals. - -“Orfila poisoned 6,000 dogs.”--Blatin, _Nos. Cruantés_, p. 206. - - -=Osawa, K.=, Tokio, Japan. - -Author of “Untersuchungen über die Leitungsbahnen in Rückenmarke des -Hundes.” Jointly (with E. Tiegel) of “Beobachtungen über die Functionen -des Rückenmarks d. Schlangen.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XVI., p. 90. - -Made experiments in physiological laboratory at Strasburg; also in the -physiological laboratory of Tokio, on the spinal marrow of serpents; -spinal marrow cut through, and burning coals afterwards applied to the -skin of the animals. - - -=Ott, Isaac.= Fell. in Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, U.S.A. Late -Lect. on Exper. Physiol., Univ. Pennsylvania. - -Author of “Observations on the physiology of the spinal cord,” Journ. of -Physiol., Vol. II., p. 42; “On crossed hyperæsthesia,” Ibid., Vol. III., -160; “Notes on Inhibition,” Ibid., p. 163. - -“Method.--The animals employed were young cats with unpigmented feet: -These not only bear the operations better than older animals, but sweat -more easily, and the secretion is more readily observed. In cases where -the cord was to be exposed, the animal was placed belly downwards, with -a block of wood under its abdominal surface to elevate the vertebræ, and -make them more accessible. The muscles having been separated from the -vertebral arches, and held at a distance by means of weighted hooks, the -spinous processes were cut off, and a small trephine employed to make -openings, about half an inch apart through the arches. The intervals -between these openings were subsequently broken through by means of -strong cutting forceps.… To stimulate the nerves, or the central nervous -systems, a Du Bois coil was used, with Helmholtz’s arrangement to -prevent unipolar action. Tetanizing currents were employed.”--_Journ. of -Physiol._, Vol. II., p. 42. - - -=Paladino, Giovanni.= B. 1842, at Potenza. Studied at Naples and in all -the principal physiological laboratories of Europe, under Ludwig, Du Bois -Reymond, and Leukart. Prof. Physiol. Univ. Naples, 1867; Prof. Anat. and -Exper. Physiol. Vet. School, same place. - -Author of “Istituzioni di Fisiologia,” Naples, 1878; “Lezioni d’Istologia -e Fisiologia Generale,” 1871; joint author (with Lanzilotti Buonsanti) -of “Sulla minuta struttura e sulla fisiologia dei peli tattili,” in -“Bulletino dell’ Assosazione dei Medici e Naturalisti di Napoli,” 1871, -No. 7. - -“Paladino and Lanzilotti Buonsanti have studied the tactile hairs of -the various domestic animals, and of the mouse.… Section of the nervous -facialis (in the horse) and stimulation of its peripheral end produces -action of the tactile hairs. Simultaneous section of the trigeminus -reduces considerably the energy of the action caused by stimulation of -the facialis.”--_Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissensch._, 1874, p. 116. - - -=Panum, P. L.= B. 1820. Prof. Physiol. and Direct. Physiol. Lab. -Copenhagen, 1863; formerly Direct. Phys. Lab. at Kiel. - -Author of “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Veränderungen -der Mengenverhältnisse des Blutes und seine Bestandtheile durch -die Inanition,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, 1861; “Haandbog i Menneskels -Physiologie,” Copenhagen, 1872; “Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der -Misbildungen zunächst in den Eiern der Vögel,” Kiel, 1860. - -Has principally experimented on transfusion, feeding, and starvation. Has -starved dogs four weeks till death occurred. A whelp was bled till death -convulsions set in and then revived by transfusion; then again bled till -even reflex movements could no longer be excited by touching the cornea, -and again revived by transfusion. This was repeated four times; but the -dog died half an hour after the last transfusion.--_Scandinavian Med. -Archives_, 1875. - -“On a dog of middle size I opened the trachea and inserted into it a -glass tube.… Then I dissected out and isolated the nervi vagi; the -animal was laid on its back and the thorax opened by cutting through the -cartilage of the ribs and entirely removing the sternum. The pericardium -was now opened … and artificial respiration introduced. Partly through -the suffocation and partly through pain and terror, the movements of the -heart grew very slow, small, and irregular … but after the artificial -respiration had commenced, they got more vigorous.… Five minutes after -I cut asunder both nervi vagi, at which operation the animal uttered no -sign of pain. A minute after the movements of the heart were so greatly -accelerated that it became difficult to count them.… It struck us that -the heart seemed to have grown smaller than before we cut asunder the -nervi vagi.… Then I stimulated (irritated) the peripheric ends of the -cut nervi vagi with Neif’s electric apparatus. Almost immediately the -heart stood still in diastole.… The movements of the heart recommenced -and grew more rapid and vigorous than ever, but this soon passed away. -The ends of the nervi vagi were for a second time stimulated … and this -proceeding was repeated six times, always with the same result.… The -pain, which otherwise results from the nervi vagi being cut asunder, was -eliminated, because the far greater pain, occasioned by the opening of -the thorax, had, as every very painful operation will do, diminished the -sensitiveness of the animal so much that it gave no evidence of pain at -the cutting asunder of the nervi vagi. Without introducing artificial -respiration at the opening of the thorax, I have repeated this experiment -scores of times, and always with the same result.”--Panum, _Scand. -Medical Bibl._, 1857. - -“26th Ex.: I had opened the thorax of a dog and kept its life up by -artificial respiration, having also cut the nervi vagi. Everything -had gone as we desired. The heart worked vigorously and regularly, -and the animal had full consciousness and sensitiveness. On applying -the electrodes of Neif to the heart, its regular movements ceased -immediately.”--_Ibid._, p. 134. - -Prof. Panum states that he has “employed” a great number of animals -in experiments of transfusion and injections of putrid humours. For -experiments on death by embolism he has employed some eighty dogs and -rabbits.--“_Experimental Observations_,” _Virchow’s Archiv._, Vol. XXIX., -1864. - - -=Pasteur, Louis.= B. at Dole (Jura), 1822. Studied at Besançon; M.D., -1847; Prof. Physics, Lyceum, Dijon, 1848; Prof. Strasburg, 1852; Dean -Fac. Sciences, Lille, 1854; Scien. Dir. Norm. Sch., Paris, 1857-1867; -Prof. Geol. Physics and Chem. École des Beaux Arts, 1863; Prof. Chem. -Sorbonne, 1867; Mem. Acad. Sci., 1862; Direct. Lab. of Chem. Research, -Fac. Sci., Paris; Med. (2) Roy. Soc. of Gt. Brit.; received Prize of -10,000 fls. from Austria, and another of 12,000 frs., and a State annuity -for his works on silk-worms, beer, wines and vinegar. - -Author of “Nouvel exemple de fermentation déterminé par des animalcules -infusoires, pouvant vivre sans oxygène libre,” 1863; “Études sur le vin, -ses maladies, causes qui les provoquent, etc.,” 1866; “Études sur le -vinaigre, ses maladies, moyens de les prévenir, etc.,” 1868; “Études sur -la maladie des vers à soie,” 1870; “Études sur la bière,” 1878; “Les -Microbes,” 1878, jointly with M. Tyndall, etc. Contrib. paper on “The -attenuation of the virus of rabies,” Académie des Sciences, May 19, 1884. - -“M. Vulpian injected under the skin of rabbits saliva collected at the -very moment of the experiment, from perfectly healthy individuals, and -this injection killed the rabbit so inoculated in forty-eight hours. -The blood of these rabbits was found to be filled with microscopic -organisms; among which was a special organism discovered by M. Pasteur in -the course of his experiments with inoculation of the saliva of a child -who had died of rabies. One drop of this blood, diluted in ten grammes -of distilled water, and injected under the skin of other rabbits, also -brought on the death of these animals; the blood of which was similarly -filled with microscopic organisms. These singular results, of which the -interpretation is by no means easy, present also the no less singular -peculiarity of not being stable. Rabbits placed in identical conditions, -and inoculated with the same saliva, experienced no ill effects from -their inoculation, and continued in excellent health. It would therefore -appear that experimental microbiology is not yet on the way to become -either an easy or clear science, notwithstanding M. Pasteur’s _fiat -lux_.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, April 9, 1881, p. 571. - -“The question of spontaneous generation I will not attempt to treat here -as it would require special discussion. The experiments of M. Pasteur -have only shown that under the experimental conditions with which he -surrounded himself, conditions which were far from natural, he did not -detect any spontaneous organisation of matter. Moreover, all those who -have devoted themselves to science, with the sole aim of seeking the -truth, as G. Bernard, Huxley, Häckel, etc., while admitting that M. -Pasteur’s experiments had been properly conducted within the very narrow -circle they occupied, have unanimously rejected the assertions and -generalisations drawn from them by that savant himself.”--Dr. Jousset de -Bellesme, _Progrès Médical_, Vol. X., 1882, p. 340. - -“It is now four years since the study of rabies was first commenced in my -laboratory, and it has been continued without any other interruption than -the enforced cessations which depend on the conditions of the enquiry, -conditions which are very unfavourable. The incubation of the disease is -always of long duration. There are never sufficient facilities to enable -one at a given moment to multiply experiments. In spite of these material -hindrances, which however the French Government, in its care for the -great scientific interests involved, has done everything in its power to -remove, the experiments which we, my fellow-workers and I, have carried -out, have nevertheless passed beyond the possibility of numbering them.… -If you take any street-dog you please and inoculate rabies in this manner -by trephining, using as inoculating-material a portion of the bulb of an -animal which has died of the disease, you will invariably convey rabies. -The dogs to which the disease has been communicated in this manner are to -be counted by hundreds. The method has never failed. The same operation -has been performed on hundreds of guinea-pigs and on a yet greater number -of rabbits, without a single failure.”--_Pasteur’s_ “_Address Delivered -at the International Med. Congress at Copenhagen_,” Aug. 11th, “_Med. -Times and Gazette_,” Aug. 23rd, 1884. - -“In the case where rabies is produced by a bite, or by hypodermic -injection, interference with the length of the incubation period must be -chiefly ascribed to the great variation which is possible in the amount, -always indefinite, of inoculated poison which reaches the central nervous -system. If then we wish to determine the intensity of the virus from the -length of the incubation period, it is unavoidably necessary to have -recourse to inoculation by trephining, which is absolutely certain in its -effects, and to employ larger quantities than such as would be necessary -simply to produce rabies. When we operate in this way, irregularities -in the length of incubation with the same virus will show a tendency to -entirely disappear, because we always obtain the maximum of effect which -the virus can produce; that maximum corresponding to the minimum duration -of incubation. Thus we have at length obtained a method which has -enabled us to enquire into the possible existence of varying degrees of -virulence, and to mutually compare them. The only secrets in this method, -I repeat, are to inoculate by trephining, and to use a quantity of virus, -which, although very weak, is more than sufficient to produce rabies in -and by itself.”--_Ibid._ - -“As he says substantially in his published report on the subject of -canine madness, which he read before a meeting of the Academy of Sciences -on May 19, the first experiments he has made give him almost certain hope -of success. But, notwithstanding his sanguine views as to the finally -favourable results of his investigations, and their unqualified benefit -to mankind, he has to ‘multiply the proofs _ad infinitum_ on different -species of the brute creation.’ When this shall have been done he will -then try the remedy on man.”--_Report of a Conversation with M. Pasteur_, -“_Daily Telegraph_,” June 6, 1884. - - -=Pavy, Frederick Wm.=, 36, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1853; -F.R.C.P. Lond., 1860; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. -Soc.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Anat. Paris, and Med. Chir. Soc. Edin.; Mem. -(formerly Vice-Pres.) Paris Med. Soc.; Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Phys. and -Lect. on Med. (formerly Lect. on Physiol. and on Comp. Anat.) Guy’s -Hosp.; Goulston Lect. R.C.P. Lond., 1862 and 1863; Croonian Lect., 1878; -Lettsom Lect. on Physiol. Med. Soc., 1859. - -Author of “Researches on Sugar Formation in the Liver,” Philos. Trans., -1861; “Immunity of Stomach from being Digested by its own Secretion -during Life,” Ibid., 1863; “Remarks on Physiological Effects of Strychnia -and the Woorali Poison,” Guy’s Hosp. Reps., 1856; “Lesion of the Nervous -System producing Diabetes,” Ibid., 1859; “Lettsom Lectures on certain -points connected with Diabetes,” “Lancet,” 1860; etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre and -Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1878._ - -“Has always illustrated his lectures by experiments (2108); but believes -he was the first physiological lecturer in London who did so (2033).… -For purposes of experiment uses dogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and frogs -(2089-90); which are bought in the ordinary way at Leadenhall Market -(2101-4); during the season about 20 dogs and 10 rabbits are used -(2096).”--_Digest Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 19. - -“Through an opening in the stomach of a dog, Bernard introduced, while -digestion was going on, the hind legs of a living frog. The legs were -dissolved away, the animal continuing all the while alive.… I have -repeated this experiment myself, and obtained a similar result.”… “I -performed an experiment, substituting the ear of a rabbit for the legs -of a frog.…. At the end of two hours the ear was withdrawn, and several -spots of erosion were observed on its surface, but nowhere was it eaten -through. On being replaced for another two-and-a-half hours, the tip -to the extent of about half or three-quarters of an inch was almost -completely removed, a small remnant of it only being left attached by a -narrow shred to the remainder of the ear.”--_Lancet_, No. 2,070. - - -=Pawlow, S.=, St. Petersburg. - -Author of “Folgen der Unterbindung des Pancreasganges bei Kaninchen;” -“Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. -XX., p. 210, etc. - -Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory at Breslau; also in the -Laboratory of Prof. Ustimowitsch at St. Petersburg. - -“The _Journal of Anat. and Physiol._ for May, 1869, contains a short -communication by Prof. Rutherford relating to the action of the -section of the vagus on the blood pressure. According to Rutherford’s -experiments the results of section of the vagus depend upon the condition -of the alimentary canal; when the canal is full, the section of the -nerves occasions heightened pressure, whereas in starving animals -this operation causes no alteration in the blood pressure. Rutherford -thinks this phenomenon is caused by the depressory distention of the -intestinal vessels by the food contained in them. He supposes that the -sensory nerves ending in the vagus root are stimulated by the food. The -division of these ducts occasions a reflex narrowing of the vessels and -hence heightened pressure. This important hypothesis of Rutherford’s -(neither the amount nor the duration of blood pressure has been given, -nor the time of feeding, etc.), has, as far as we know, not been tested -experimentally, although the fact is often brought forward. This was the -chief incentive which prompted me to make the following experiments:--All -the experiments (twenty in all) were made exclusively on dogs, the -directions given by Rutherford being carefully followed. The animals were -immediately placed under the effects of curare.… The nervus vagi were cut -through one after the other … other sensory nerves (mostly the Nervus -dorsalis pedis) were cut.… The results of the experiments made by me in -this manner were, excepting in two cases, diametrically opposed to the -results described by Rutherford.”--_Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der -Blutbahn_, Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XX., p. 210. - - -=Pekelharing, C. A.= Prof. of Physiol., Utrecht Veterinary School, -formerly Prof. at Leyden Univ. - -Author of “Ueber die Harnstoffbestimmung,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., p. -602; “Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Peptons,” Ibid., Vol. XXII., p. 185. - - -=Pellacani Paolo.= Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Turin; formerly Prof. Univ. -Libera, Ferrara, and Modena. - -Author of “De l’action physiologique de quelques substances sur les -muscles de la vessie des animaux et de l’homme,” Archives Ital. de Biol., -Vol II., 1882. - -Made experiments in the Pharm. Lab., Strasburg, also at Physiol. Lab., -Turin, on the exposed bladders of dogs. The bladders were _sometimes_ -“left in the abdominal cavity.”--_Arch. Ital._, Vol. II., p. 303. Also -experimented on the effects of curare and strychnine. - - -=Perroncito= (Prof.), Turin. Scuola Veterinaria. - -Made experiments with the virus of anthrax on sheep and oxen. - - -=Peyrani= (Prof.), Parma University. - - -=Pflüger, Emil.= B. at Hanau, 1829. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Bonn -University, Geheim. Med. Rath. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre der Respiration” in “Archiv für die -gesammte Physiologie, 1875;” Editor of “Archiv für die gesammte -Physiologie des Menschen und des Thiers,” Bonn, 1868, etc. - - -=Picard, P.=, Lyons. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Faculty. - -Made experiments on the action of morphine in dogs.--_Gaz. Med. de -Paris_, No. 12, p. 143. - - -=Pierret= (Mons.), Lyons. Prof. of Path. Anat. Med. Faculty. - - -=Pitres, A.=, Paris. - -Author (jointly with M. F. Franck) of “Recherches graphiques sur les -mouvements simples et sur les convulsions provoquées par les excitations -du cerveau,” Travaux du lab. de M. Marey, 1878-79, p. 413. - -Dogs trepanned, the brain stimulated, muscles of the paw dissected out, -eyelids hooked back to study the change of the diameter of the pupil -during electric stimulation of the brain. - - -=Platt, W. B.=, Baltimore. M.D. (Harvard), M.R.C.S. (Eng.). - -Made experiments on the action of Resorcin on dogs, rabbits, and frogs. - -“Exp. 3.--A black and tan male dog, weight 4,675 grammes, injected at -5.08 p.m. April 10th, 1882, with 1·5 grammes dissolved in distilled -water.… This is injected in 5 places beneath skin of abdomen.… Up to 5.24 -very restless.… 5.29. Same, seems very unhappy, tremor of hind legs. -5.30. Back arched as he moves about; holds up left fore-paw high in -the air, quivering.… 5.44. Staggers, tumbles, steps about constantly.… -11th--Dog of yesterday seen at 3.20 p.m.… Drags hind legs after him, as -if paraplegic, with much difficulty manages to stand. A viscid saliva -drops from mouth.…. 3.40. Froths copiously at mouth; lies down as if -to sleep.… 6.14. Gasps, barks, foams at mouth, eyes glare, jaws snap.… -6.36. Struggles further, a violent spasm, head drawn back at right -angles to body, intermittent jerking of limbs.… 7.22. Dog appears almost -normal, with slightly rapid respiration. Still does notice noises or -objects; greatly exhausted; animal _now left_.” “12th.--At 6 a.m. animal -found dead after at least 26 hours.”--“_Observations on the Action of -Resorcin_,” _Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci._, Jan., 1883, p. 100. - - -=Piso-Borme= (Prof.), Cagliari University. - - -=Popoff, Leo.= Phys. and Prof. Univ. St. Petersburg. - -Author of “Ueber die naturliche pathologische Injection der Gallengänge -und einige andere, nach der Unterbindung des Ductes choledochus bei -Thieren beobachtete pathologische Erscheinungen,” Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. -LXXXI. (1880), p. 524; “Ueber die Folgen der Unterbindung der Ureteren -und der Nierenarterien bei Thieren, im Zusammenhang mit einigen anderen -pathologischen Prozessen,” Ibid., Vol. LXXXII., p. 40. - -Made experiments on rabbits and dogs. - - -=Pouchet, Félix Archimède.= Born at Rouen, 1800. Died at Rouen, 1872. -M.D. Paris, 1827; Prof. Nat. Hist. Museum of Rouen; Prof. Med. Sch. -Rouen, 1838; Member of several Learned Socs. - -Author of “Histoire naturelle de la famille des Solanées,” Rouen, -1829; “Zoologie classique, ou Histoire naturelle du règne animal,” -1841; “Recherches sur l’anatomie et la physiologie des mollusques,” -1842; “Théorie positive de l’ovulation spontanée, et de la fécondation -des mammiferès et de l’espèce humaine, basée sur l’observation de -toute la série animale,” 1847; “Monographie des genre hérite,” 1847; -“Traité élémentaire de Botanique appliquée,” 1835; “Recherches sur les -organes de la circulation, de la digestion, et de la respiration des -animaux infusoires,” 1849; “Histoire naturelle et agricole du hanneton -et de sa larve,” Rouen, 1853; “Histoire des Sciences naturelles an -Moyen-Age,” 1853; “Hétérogénie, on Traité de la génération spontanée,” -1859; “Recherches et expériences sur les animaux ressuscitants,” 1859; -“Nouvelles expériences sur la génération spontanée et la résistance -vitale,” 1863; “L’Univers, les infiniment grands et les infiniments -petits,” 1865. - - -=Pouchet, Henri Ch. Georges=, Paris. (Son of the preceding.) B. at Rouen, -1833. M.D. Paris, 1864; Replaced Paul Bert at the Sorbonne in 1875; Prof. -Comp. Anat. Museum Nat. Hist., 1879; Prof. of Biological Chemistry, -Medical Faculty. - -Author of “De la Pluralité des Races Humaines,” 1858; “Histologie -Humaine,” 1863, etc., etc. - -Made experiments on the extirpation of the spleen in animals, fishes, and -pigeons; also with electricity on fishes. - - -=Power, D’Arcy=, 27, Gt. Cumberland Place, Hyde Park, W. B.A. Oxon. -(Exhib. in Nat. Sci. Exeter Coll., 1st class in Nat. Sci.), 1878; M.A., -1881; M.B., 1882; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882; (Oxon., St. Bartholomew, Vienna, -and Dub.); House Surg. (late Ophth. House Surg.) St. Barthol. Hosp.; -Asst. Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. Hosp. Med. Sch., 1878-81. - -Author of various articles in Quart. Micros. Journ., St. Barthol. Hosp. -Reps. &c.; joint author (with Dr. V. D. Harris) of “Handbook for the -Physiological Laboratory,” 1882. - - -=Power, Henry=, 37A, Great Cumberland Place, W. M.B. Lond. (Univ. Med. -Schol. in Surg. and Comp. Anat.), 1855: F.R.C.S. Eng., 1854; M., 1851 -(St. Barthol.); Exhib. in Anat. and Physiol. Univ. Lond., 1852; Fell. -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Counc. (late Arris and Gale -Lect. on Anat. and Physiol.) R.C.S. Eng.; Sen. Opth. Surg. and Lect. on -Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Cons. Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. Hosp., -Chatham; Exam. in Anat. and Phys. R.C.S. Eng. - -Editor of 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th edit. of Dr. Carpenter’s “Principles -of Human Physiology,” 1864-69-76; “Illustrations of the Principle -Diseases of the Eye,” 1869; Transl. of “Stricker’s Manual of Human and -Comparative Histology,” New Syd. Soc. 1870; and of “Erb on the Diseases -of the Nervous System,” Ziemssen’s Cyclop.; Editor (with Dr. Sedgwick) of -“Mayne’s Expository Lexicon.” - -Made experiments with Dr. Lauder Brunton on the diuretic action of -Digitalis. - - -=Preyer, Thierry William=, Jena University. Born at Manchester, 1841; -M.D. 1866 (Univs. Bonn, Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna, and Paris); Prof. -Physiol. Jena, 1869, and Direct. of the Physiol. Instit. - -Author of “Die Blausauere,” Bonn, 1868-70, “Reise nach Island im Sommer,” -1860; “Ueber die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaft,” Jena, 1866; “Die -Empfindungen,” Berlin, 1867; “Der Kampf um das Dasein,” Bonn, 1868; “Die -Blutkrystalle,” Jena, 1871; “Ueber die Ursache des Schlafs,” Stuttgart, -1877; “Ueber die Grenzen der Tonwahrnehmung,” Jena, 1876; “Elemente der -reinen Empfindungslehre,” Jena, 1877; “Die Kataplexie und der thierische -hypnotismus,” Jena, 1878; “Akustische Untersuchungen,” Jena, 1879. - - -=Priestley, John.= Asst. Lect. in Physiol. Owen’s Coll., Manchester. - -Author of “An Account of the Anatomy and Physiology of Batrachian -Lymph-Hearts,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. I., No. 1, p. 1. - -Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Owen’s College, -Manchester; also jointly with Prof. A. Gamgee, on dogs, rabbits, and -frogs. - - -=Prudden, T. Mitchell.= M.D. Direct. of the Physiol. and Pathol. Lab. of -the Alumni Association of the Coll. Phys. and Surg., New York; Lect. on -Normal Hist. in Yale Med. Coll. Pathol. to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hosp. - -Author of “Action of Salicylic Acid upon Blood Cells,” Amer. Journ. of -Med. Sci. 1882, p. 64; “Rhabdomyoma of the Parotid Gland,” Ibid., 1883, p. -438; “Experimental Studies on the Transplantation of cartilage,” Ibid., -1881, p. 360. - -“Action (of Salicylic Acid) on the Circulation and Emigration.--This -was studied in the bladder and mesentery of the living curarized frog, -Thorm’s frog-plate being used as in the former experiments.”--_Amer. -Journ. of Med. Sci._, 1882, p. 67. - - -=Puglia, Guiseppe.= Prof. Classe Zoojatrice, Modena. - - -=Pugliatti, Guiseppe.= Prof. Messina University. - - -=Purser, John Mallet=, 3, Wilton Terrace, Dublin. M.D.T.C.D., 1874; M.B., -1863; F.R.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876; L. and L.M., 1865; L.R.C.S.T., 1863; L.M. -Rot. Hosp. Dub., 1863; (Univ. Dub. and Carm. Sch.); Mem. Path.; Soc. -Dub., and Med. Soc. Coll. Phys.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Sch. of Physic. -T.C. Dub.; Lect. on Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med. - -Contrib. papers to various journals. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Laboratory Medical College, Dr. -Steeven’s Hospital, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory, Carmichael School -of Medicine, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878 and -1879; also in 1888, at Physiological Workroom, 3, Wilton Terrace. No -Experiments returned in 1878 and 1879._ - -“Considers that experiments on live animals are necessary for -demonstration, the greater number would be under anæsthetics (4793-99A), -but some painful ones on the sensitive nerves of warm-blooded animals are -desirable (4793-99A).”--_Digest Ev. Roy. Com._, London, 1876, p. 35. - - -=Putnam, James J.= M.D. Boston, United States. - -Author of “Contribution to the Physiology of the Cortex Cerebri,” “Boston -Surgical and Med. Journ.,” 1874, No. 16. - - -=Pütz, H.= Prof. Extraord. Halle Univ. - -Injected human tuberculous matter into horses. Results negative. Also fed -a calf on 3½ lbs. of tuberculous human lung, and kept it alive 170 days. -Results equally negative. Tuberculous matter injected into the lungs and -abdomen of calves.--_Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift_, 1882, No. 48, p. 652. - - -=Putzeys, Felix.= M.D. Liège. - -Joint author (with Aug. Swan) of “Ueber die physiologische Wirkung des -Schefelsauren Guanidins,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XII., p. 597. - -Experiments on frogs with guanidin. Spinal narrow cut, nervus ischiadicus -cut and stimulated, then guanidin injected. Frogs hung up by a string -through the chin and hind members dipped into guanidin. Heart exposed, -nervus vagus cut, and guanidin injected. - - -=Pye, Walter=, 4, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W., and Thatched House -Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1876 (St. -Barthol.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. and Med. Soc. Lond.; Mem. Harv. and -Ophth. Socs.; Lect. on Physiol. St. Mary’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; Asst. Surg. -Victoria Hosp. for Children; Anat. Asst. Mus. R.C.S. Eng., House Surg. -and House Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Lect. on Physiol. St. Mary’s Hosp. -Med. Sch. - -Contrib. to Philos. Trans., Practitioner, 1877, and other Med. Journs. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical -School, 1878 and 1879. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics -conjointly with Dr. Lauder Brunton in 1879. This Certificate not acted -upon. No experiments returned in 1878._ - - -=Pye-Smith, Philip Henry=, 54, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. B.A. -Lond. (Hon.) 1858; M.D. (Gold Medal), 1864; M.B. (Hon.) 1863; F.R.C.P. -Lond., 1870; M. 1865 (Guy’s and Continental Schools); Exam. in Physiol. -Univ. Lond.; Sen. Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Physiology Guy’s Hosp.; -Secretary of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research. - -Author of “Address to the Department of Anatomy and Physiology,” Brit. -Ass., 1879; Report (with Dr. Brunton) on “Intestinal Secretion,” etc., -etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre and -Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation -to kill in 1878-79-80-82-83. Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, -Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878. No experiments on Horses, Mules, or -Asses returned._ - -“Considers that the study of Physiology in its full sense is impossible -without vivisection.”--_Digest Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 19. - - -=Quincke, H.= B. 1834, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Prof. Wurzburg, 1878; -afterwards Med. Councillor, Direct. of Clinic. at Kiel. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre vom Icterus,” Virchow’s Archiv, 1884, Vol. -V., Book i., p. 125. - -Made experiments on dogs, rabbits, mice, and pigeons. - - -=Radcliffe, Chas. Bland=, 25, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. Lond., 1861; -M.B., 1845; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1858; L., 1848; Goulston Lect. 1860; Croon. -Lect. 1873; Censor. 1875-76; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Cons. Phys. -Westm. Hosp. - -Author of “Proteus, or the Law of Nature;” “On Epilepsy, Pain, Paralysis, -and certain other Disorders of the Nervous System,” 1883; etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College London, 1878. -Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878._ - - -=Rambaud= (Prof.), Rue de l’Hôtel-de-Ville, 77, Lyons. Prof. of Medicine -Med. Faculty. - - -=Ranvier, L.=, Boulevard Saint Michel, 105, Paris. Prof. of Anatomy Med. -Fac., College of France. - -Author of “Recherches sur les éléments du sang,” Travaux du Laboratoire -d’histologie, 1875; “Leçons d’anatomie générale,” Paris, 1880. - - -=Ravaglia, Giuseppe= (Prof.), Bologna University. - - -=Raynaud, Maurice.= B. 1834; d. 1881; late Phys. at La Charité, Paris; -Agrégé of the Fac. of Med.; Mem. of Section of Med. Path. Acad. of Med.; -and Officer of the Legion of Honour. - -Author of “De la transmissibilité de la rage de l’homme au lapin,” Compt. -Rend., Vol. LXXXIX. (1879), p. 714. - -“M. Raynaud has communicated the results of experimental researches he -has made with M. Lannelongue on the transmission of rabies from man to -rabbits.… In a second series of experiments, inoculations have been made -with different liquids extracted from the tissues of the dead body.… -Finally, inoculations were made from rabbit to rabbit under the most -varied conditions; with the salivary glands, and the lymphatic ganglions; -death was the result. It remains to be seen whether the disease thus -communicated was really hydrophobia. MM. Colin, Dejardin-Baumetz, and -Pasteur think it was not. M. Raynaud, himself, only asserts the fact -weakly, as he draws attention to the absence of the period of excitement, -the short time of incubation, the extreme rapidity with which death -ensues; lastly, he mentions cases where inoculated animals have recovered -after a few days’ illness.… M. Gosselin thinks the surest method of -recognizing the disease would be by retransmission from the rabbit to the -dog.”--_Archives générales de Médecine_, Vol. I. (1881), p. 369. - - -=Redfern, Peter=, 4, Lower Orescent, Belfast, and Templepatrick House, -Donaghdee. M.B. Lond., 1844; M.D., 1847; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1843; F. (exam.) -1851; L.S.A., 1844; Corr. Mem. Soc. de Biol. Paris; Hon. Mem. Acad. Roy. -de Méd. de Belgique; Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Mem. -Senate and Exam. in Anat. and Physiol. Qu. Univ. Irel.; Exam. Anat. Univ. -Ireland; Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. and Exam. King’s Coll. Aberdeen. - -Author of “Abnormal Nutrition in Articular Cartilages, with Experimental -Researches on the Lower Animals,” 1850, etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Queen’s College Belfast Physiological -Laboratory in 1879-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1882 and 1883._ - - -=Régnault, Henri Victor.= B. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1810; D. 1878. Studied -at the École Polytechnique; Engineer-in-Chief of Mines, 1847; Director -of the Porcelain Manufactory of Sèvres, 1854; Prof. of Physics, Collége -de France, and of Chemistry at the École Polytechnique, 1840; Member of -French Acad., 1840. - -Author of “Cours élémentaire de Chimie.” - - -=Regnard, Paul=, Boulevard St. Michel, 46, Paris. Prof. of Physiol. La -Sorbonne. - -Inventor (with Félix Jolyet) of a machine to study the modifications of -the products of respiration.--_Gaz. Med. de Paris_ (1877), p. 190-199. - - -=Reichert, C. B.= Prof. of Theoretical Hist. and Anat. Med. Fac. Univ. -Berlin. - -Co-editor (with Du Bois-Reymond) of “Archiv. für Anatomie und -Physiologie.” - - -=Rémy, Charles=, Avenue Victoria, 18, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1878. Phys. La -Charité, formerly prosector of Med. Sch., Reims; Mem. Société Anatomique. - -Author of “Développement des tissus cartilagineux et osseux,” Paris, 1880. - - -=Retzius, G.= Prof. of Med. at Stockholm. - -Made experiments with chromacid, chromacid ammonia, etc., on the retina -of various animals--toads, hens, rabbits, oxen. - - -=Reymond.= (See Du Bois Reymond.) - - -=Richards, Vincent=, Goalundo, Bengal. F.R.C.S., Edin., 1882; M.R.C.S., -Eng., 1863 (Guy’s); Mem. Asiat. Soc., Bengal; Civil Surg.; Superint. -Emigr., Calcutta Port; Surg. E.B.R.V.; Late Mem. Comm. for Investigat. of -Snake Poisoning. - -Joint Author of “Report on Indian and Australian Snake Poisoning.” -Contrib. of “Cholera amongst Emigrants,” Ind. Med. Gaz., 1881, -“Experiments with Permanganate of Potash in Cobra Poisoning.”--_Ibid._, -1882, etc. - -Has made experiments on pigs with cholera virus.--_Lancet_, May 3rd, -1884, p. 814. - - -=Richet, L. Alfred=, Laboratory of the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. M.D., 1844; -Res. Surg. Hosp. St. Louis, 1858; La Pitié, 1863; Hôtel Dieu, 1872; Prof. -Clin. Surg. Medical Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Med. 1865. - -Author of “Traité pratique d’Anatomie Médico chirurgicale” 1850 and 1873; -Contrib. of numerous Articles to “Archives Générales de Médicine;” also -“Le Roi des Animaux,” “Revue des Deux Mondes, Tom. 55.” - -M. Richet has found that strong and repeated electrical stimulation, will -cause, in rabbits and dogs, a tetanus comparable in its results to the -traumatic form. - -“In the dogs the electricity employed was not sufficiently powerful to -arrest respiration, and death was due to the elevation of temperature. -The ascent of the thermometer was extremely rapid, so that after the -tetanus had lasted for half-an-hour, the lethal temperature of 111 or 112 -F. was reached.… The proof that the increased body heat was the cause -of death was furnished by the fact that if the animal is kept cool by -artificial means it may bear for more than two hours extremely strong -currents, which cause severe tetanus without dying for some days. The -capacity for generating this great temperature under electrisation does -not disappear even after prolonged application, and it is not influenced -by previous fasting for two or three days.… Usually death occurs when -a temperature of 112° is attained, but in some cases it reached 112·5 -and even 113·3. If the temperature did not rise above 110° death did -not ensue on the same or the following day; after this point however, -although death may not be immediate, it occurs within 24 hours.… At 111° -the breathing is so frequent that it is hardly possible to count it and -so feeble that scarcely any air enters the thorax.”--_Lancet_, September -17th, 1881, p. 515. - - -=Richet, Charles=, Rue Bonaparte, 5, Paris. B. at Paris 1850. M.D., -Paris, 1877. - -Author of “Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la sensibilité,” -Paris, 1877. - -Made experiments on fishes reported to the Acad. de Sciences, Oct. 24, -1881. - -“Pain is a purely central phenomenon. It is a sensation that may exist, -even to intensity, without manifesting its presence by any external sign, -and consequently it is impossible to gauge it. All physiologists know -that during vivisection there is an entire dissimilarity in the manner -in which animals seem to suffer. Some remain motionless, the eyes fixed, -neither struggling nor moaning; they appear as if struck by stupor. -Others on the contrary groan and howl, never remaining a moment without -struggling or endeavouring to escape. Every incision that is made, every -laceration, every pull is instantly followed by a shock which interferes -with the result of the experiment.… I will point out, moreover, the fact -observed by the physiologists at Alport. The blood of the animals used -for operations is almost devoid of fibrine, like the blood of animals -that have been overworked. As regards dyspepsia and disorders of the -digestive functions which prolonged pain brings on, the phenomenon is -rather psychical than physiological, and pain acts similarly to grief -and privation.”--“_Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la -sensibilité_,” _Collection de Thèses École de Médicine_, Paris, 1877, p. -255. - -“When it is a question of scientific research one must act resolutely, -without considering the pain.”--Revue des deux Mondes, Feb. 15, 1883. - -“I do not believe that a single experimenter says to himself when he -gives curari to a rabbit, or cuts the spinal marrow of a dog, or poisons -a frog: ‘Here is an experiment which will relieve or will cure the -disease of some men.’ No, in truth, he does not think of that! He says to -himself ‘I shall clear up an obscure point, I will seek out a new fact.’ -And this scientific curiosity which alone animates him, is explained by -the high idea he has formed of Science. This is why we pass our days -in fœtid laboratories (_dans les salles nauséabondes_), surrounded by -groaning creatures, in the midst of blood and suffering, bent over -palpitating entrails.”--_Ibid._ - -“Science has nothing to do with utility, or rather the true utilitarians -are those who have hope in the science of the future.”--_Ibid._ - - -=Ringer, Sydney=, 15, Cavendish Place, W., M.D. Lond., 1863; M.B., 1860; -F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870, M. 1863; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1859 (Univ. -Coll.); Prof. of Med. Univ. Coll.; Phys. and Prof. of Clin. Med. (late -Res. Med. Off.) Univ. Coll. Hosp.; late Asst. Phys. Childr. Hosp. Great -Ormond Street and Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton. - -Author of “Ringer’s Handbook of Therapeutics,” 10th Edit., London, 1883; -“On the Temperature of the Body,” &c., London, 1883. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College London -Physiological Theatre in 1878 and 1879._ - -“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations -clinically. To eighteen adults--fourteen men and four women--we ordered -ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of -these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it. They came -back, protesting loudly, and required no questioning as to the symptoms -produced. They seemed to be pretty unanimous on one point--that it was -about the worst medicine (!) they had ever taken. They said if they ever -took another dose they would expect to drop down dead, and it would serve -them right. One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering a little from -rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt giddy,’ -as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands turned -blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before he dared move. -His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. He -was urged to take another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a -wife and family. Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the -dose, and said that it ‘took all his strength away.’ He, too, seemed to -think that the medicine did not agree with him.… The women appear to have -suffered more than the men! at all events, they expressed their opinions -more forcibly. One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first -dose--she did not try a second--she felt a trembling sensation all over -her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there she perspired -profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until -she thought they would burst.… Another woman said she thought she would -have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, -and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed -for hours; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never get -over it. The only one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint -after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect -on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to -increase the dose.”--_Lancet_, Nov. 3, 1883. - -“In addition to these observations on patients, I made six temperature -experiments on rabbits, but the results obtained were simply nil. I soon -found--a fact with which I was previously acquainted--that, in those -animals, fright exerts a marked influence on the temperature.”--_Handbook -of Therapeutics_, p. 516. - -“Dr. Rickards and I gave to an habitual drunkard, making him ‘dead -drunk,’ twelve ounces of good brandy in a single dose, without the -slightest reduction of temperature.” - -“In a boy aged ten, who had never in his life before taken alcohol in any -form, I found, through a large number of observations, a constant and -decided reduction of temperature.”--_Ibid._, pp. 340-1. - - -=Roberty, O.=, 4, Place de la Corderie, Marseilles. Prof. of Exper. -Physiol. School of Medicine. - - -=Robin, Ch. Phil.=, 94, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1846; -Prof. Histol. Med. Faculty Paris, 1862; Mem. Acad. Med., 1858; Mem. -Biol. Entomological Anatomical Socs. of Paris; Corr. Acad. Med. Chir. -Stockholm; Mem. Institute of France; Senator. - -Author of “Fermentation” 1848; “Microscopical Anatomy;” 1868-69; -“Cellular Anatomy and Physiology,” 1873, and numerous other works; -“Journal de l’Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et Pathologiques de -l’homme et des animaux” Paris, 1864-1880. - - -=Röhmann, F.= M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Breslau. - -Author of “Beobachtungen an Hunden mit Gallenfistel,” Pflüger’s Archiv., -Vol. XXIX., p. 509. - - -=Rolleston, George=, M.D. Oxon., 1857; M.B., 1854; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1859, -M. 1856, (St. Barthol.); late F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Mem. Gen. Med. -Counc. Linacre Prof. of Anat.; Hon. Phys. Radcliffe Infirmary; late Lee’s -Reader in Anat., etc., etc. - -Contrib. “The Brain of Man, and the Brains of Certain Animals,” “Medical -Times and Gazette,” 1862, etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Anatomical -Department of Museum in 1878._ - -“Vivisection is specially likely to tempt a man into certain -carelessness; the passive impressions produced by the sight of suffering -growing as is the law of our nature, weaker, while the habit of, and the -pleasure in experimenting grows stronger by repetition.”--Evid. Roy. -Com., Q. 1287. - -“It is not so easy a thing to know when you have an animal thoroughly -anæsthetised; and what is more, some animals recover with much greater -rapidity than others of the same species from the same doses of -anæsthetics.”--_Ibid._, Q. 1349. - - -=Rollet= (Prof.), Gratz University. - - -=Rosenthal, Isidor=, B. 1836, Erlangen. M.D. Berlin Univ.; Prof. Physiol. -and Hygiene at Med. Fac. Univ. of Erlangen. - -Author of “Athembewegungen u. Innervation derselben, thierische Wärme,” -in Hermann’s “Handbuch der Physiologie;” “Allgemeine Physiologie der -Muskeln u. Nerven,” in “Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek;” -“Bier u. Branntwein u. ihre Bedeutung für die Volksgesundheit,” 1881. - - -=Rossbach, Michael Joseph.= Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena; Director of the -Clinic and Policlinic. - -Author of “Pharmakologische Untersuchungen,” Wurzburg, 1876; “Ueber -den Einfluss der Künstlichen Respiration auf Strychnin-vergiftung,” -Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1873, No. 24; “Neue Studien ueber den -Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger, Vol. XXII., p. 1. - -Experiments on curarised dogs and cats: Nerves dissected out and -stimulated, drugs injected. (_See_ Luchsinger.) - -“At the same time Rossbach also studied the influence of artificial -respiration on the cramps induced by strychnine. He totally contradicts -the results observed by Leube. Artificial respiration, he finds, does not -alter the effects of poison, whether it be given in doses sufficient to -produce cramps only or in fatal doses.”--Eckhart’s _Beiträge_, Vol. X. -(1883), p. 40. - - -=Roth, Wladimir.= M.D.; ex-Chef de Clin. at Univ. of Moscow. - -Made experiments with the Venom of Salamanders on frogs.--Rep. in _Gaz. -Med. de Paris_, 1877, p. 409. - - -=Roy, Charles Smart=, Cambridge. M.B. Edin. and C.M. 1875 (Univ. Edin.) -M.D. Edin. 1878, (Edin.) G. H. Lewes, Scholar; late Brown, Prof. of -Pathol. Univ., of London; Prof. of Pathol. Univ. of Cam., 1884; formerly -Asstn. to Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Strasburg. - -Contrib. to Journ. of Physiol., Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv. and Virchow’s -Archiv. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University New Museum -Physiological Laboratory and at Brown Institution, London, in -1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for -Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses, in 1882. Special -Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics and Certificate -permitting Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1883. No -Experiments returned on Horses, Mules or Asses._ - -“Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly in -the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the Leipsic -Philological Institute, the experiments being carried out on rabbits, -cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial -respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down the animal’s -windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in order to keep the -blood oxygenated. Then the back, skull, chest, and abdomen were opened. -I don’t suppose these were always opened in one animal, as in many cases -the animal would have died. No doubt sometimes part of the experiment -took place on one, and sometimes on another. The various organs were -dissected out. The principal nerves such as the sciatic nerve and so -on, were tied in two places and cut. This lasted for many hours. It is -stated the animal was under the influence of anæsthetics, but the use -of curare is admitted. In the most scientific opinion, when curare is -used, it neutralizes the use of the anæsthetic. I feel myself at a great -disadvantage in treating of these matters as compared with the gentlemen -beside me; but if I am making a mistake, I trust I may be corrected. In -this instance, however, I believe I am right. Curare creates paralysis, -it paralyses the muscles and prevents the animal resisting or showing the -symptoms by which alone the existence of anæsthesia can be tested.”--_Mr. -Reid’s Speech in House of Commons_, April 4th, 1883. - -“It was first sought to obtain information upon this subject by -investigating the manner and extent to which the action of the heart -is affected by obstruction of the renal arteries and the other large -branches of the aorta; the facts obtained by taking this line of inquiry -were not however of a kind fitted to throw light upon the problem which -it was specially desired to solve. It soon became evident that an -investigation of the manner in which the renal secretion and circulation -are nominally regulated, and the relation which these bear to the -regulating mechanism of the systemic circulation, would be best fitted -to supply information of the kind required. The method employed, was to -record graphically the changes in volume of one or both kidneys, while -at the same time the changes in the blood-pressure in the aorta and the -rapidity with which the urine was secreted were also recorded on the same -revolving cylinder or, as continuous tracings, upon the paper of Ludwig’s -kymograph. The method used for recording the changes in volume of the -kidney is the same in principle as that of the plethysmograph. The kidney -is enclosed in a rigid metal box, the arrangement being such that while -the organ can freely expand or contract, and while the changes in volume -are recorded by a lever writing with a light glass pen upon the kymograph -paper, no obstruction is offered to the entrance and exit of blood by -the renal vessels nor to the outflow of urine by the ureter. The kidney -is surrounded by warm olive oil, which, however, is not in immediate -contact with its surface, but is separated from it by a delicate flexible -membrane of a kind which has already been referred to by the author in -several of his published papers, and which prevents any escape of the oil -by the side of the blood-vessels and other structures entering the hilus -of the gland.… When the instrument is in use, the kidney lies between -two delicate, exceedingly flexible membranes, which apply themselves -closely to its surface and to the surface of the structures entering the -hilus of the organ, and each of these membranes forms with each of the -symmetrical halves of the box a chamber which is filled with oil and -which communicates by a relatively wide flexible tube with the recording -instrument.” - -Experiment “4. After the immediate effect of the operation has passed -off, the volume of the kidney will usually remain unchanged (with -exception of the changes due to the pulse and respiration) for many hours -unless some change in the conditions of the experiment be intentionally -introduced. - -“5. When the _Traube-Hering_ curves of the blood-pressure present -themselves, the volume of the kidney does not expand with the rhythmic -rise in the blood-pressure. With each rise of the blood-pressure the -kidney _contracts_, expanding with each fall of the blood-pressure. The -renal vessels are, therefore, amongst those to the rhythmic contraction -and expansion of which the _Traube-Hering_ waves are due. - -“6. Arrest for 3 or 4 minutes of the artificial respiration, where that -is employed, and where curare has been previously injected, causes a -contraction of the renal vessels (which may reach 12 per cent of the -post-mortem volume of the kidney) simultaneously with the rise of aortic -blood pressure which is produced by the asphyxia. - -“7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced currents causes -a powerful contraction of the renal vessels. - -“8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, _e.g._, sciatic, -brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal -vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood-pressure. -Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of the -kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to eliminate -reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vessels _contract_ whether -the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause a rise or a fall of -the aortic blood-pressure. - -“9. Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the thorax, -and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve-trunks causes contraction -of the kidney of the _opposite_ side. The extent to which the kidney -contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is usually very considerable. -In one case the kidney contracted on stimulating with a strong induced -current for three minutes to an extent which was equal to 63 per cent. of -the post-mortem volume of the organ. - -“10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut -splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm causes -contraction of _both_ kidneys; the kidney of the side opposite to the -nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one on the same -side as the stimulated nerve. - -“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the medulla -oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction of the -renal vessels after _both_ splanchnics have been cut at their point of -entrance into the abdominal cavity. Vaso-constrictor influences may -therefore pass from the spinal cord to the kidney by some other path than -the two splanchnics. - -“12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion of the -renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful whether a vascular -tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the vaso motor centre or -centres in the spinal cord is normally present. - -“13. Stimulation of the _central_ ends of the majority of the fine nerves -which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction of the -vessels of the kidney. - -“14. Stimulation of the _peripheral_ end of each and all of the renal -nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction of the organ. - -“15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) nerves -accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of the peripheral end of -the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction of the -kidney which differs but little in amount from that produced by the same -stimulation when all the renal nerves were intact, but which takes -longer time to show itself after the stimulation.”--Extracts from paper -“_On the Mechanism of the Renal Secretion_,” by C. S. Roy, M.D.; read -before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, May 23, 1881. - - -=Russo, Antonio.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Palermo University. - - -=Rutherford, William=, University, and 14, Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh. -M.D. Edin., 1863 (Thesis Gold Medallist); M.R.C.S. Eng.; (Univs. Edin., -Berlin, Vienna, Paris); F.R.S.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Edin.; -formerly Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. and Roy. Inst. Lond.; Annual -Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin. and King’s Coll. Med. Soc. - -Author of “Outlines of Practical Histology,” 1877; “A Text Book of -Physiology,” 1880; “Influence of the Vagus upon the Vascular System;” -Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870; “On the Physiological Action of Drugs -on the Secretion of Bile;” _Ibid._, 1879; “Lectures on Experimental -Physiology;” _Lancet_, 1871-72; etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh, Physiological -Lecture Room and Laboratory in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83; also a Certificate for -Experiments without Anæsthetics; two Certificates dispensing with -obligation to kill; and two Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, -Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878; No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or -Asses._ - -“I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by Professor -Rutherford, and reported in the _British Medical Journal_. I refer to -the series of experiments commenced December the 14th, 1878. These -experiments were 31 in number; no doubt there were hundreds of dogs -sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but now I am only referring -to one set beginning as I say on the 14th of December, 1878. There were -in this set 31 experiments, but no doubt many more than 31 dogs were -sacrificed. All were performed on dogs, and the nature of them was this: -The dogs were starved for many hours. They were then fastened down; the -abdomen was cut open; the bile duct was dissected out and cut; a glass -tube was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct -leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various drugs -was placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of these -experiments was simply nothing at all--I mean it led to no increase of -knowledge whatever, and no one can be astonished at that, because these -wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances--their condition was -so abnormal--that the ordinary and universally recognised effect of -well-known drugs was not produced. These experiments were performed -without anæsthetics--the animals were experimented upon under the -influence of a drug called curari.”--_Mr. Reid’s Speech in the House of -Commons, April 4th, 1883._ - -“In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that -description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the effect -would be on the human being?--Certainly not, but merely as suggesting -what the action would be; that is all. The experiment must also be tried -upon man before a conclusion can be drawn.”--_Evid. Roy. Com._ Q. 2966. - -“What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining whether -animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?--When the mode of -rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with the due result -being obtained from the experiment, we do not so render them. Is that -any large proportion of the experiments?--I should say a considerable -proportion. Would it be more than half the experiments?--I should have -a difficulty in saying how many, but I should think about half the -experiments that I have done.”--_Ibid._, 2841-3. - -“Where did you study physiology yourself?--I studied it in Berlin -chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experiments -performed for my special benefit; there was a great expenditure of time -and teaching power, and also of animals, to teach me alone.”--_Ibid._, Q. -2867. - - -=Sanderson, John Burdon=, Physiol. Lab. Univ. Mus. Oxford, M.D. Edin., -1851; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1863, M. (Exam.) 1855 (Edin.); LL.D., F.R.S.; Fell. -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; late Jodrell Prof. of Physiol., Univ. College; -Waynflete Prof. of Physiol., Oxford; late Phys. Consump. Hosp. Brompton; -Asst. Phys. and Lect. Middlesex Hosp.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of -Medicine by Research. - -Author of Various Papers and Reports. Editor of “Handbook for the -Physiological Laboratory,” 1872. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution, and University -College, London; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without -Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures -in 1879-80-81-83._ - -“For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must be fixed air tight -in the trachea.… The phenomena as they present themselves in the dog, -may be enumerated as follows:--_First minute_--Excessive respiratory -movements.… Towards the close of the first minute the animal becomes -convulsed.… _Second minute_.… The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye -does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil react -to light; all reflex action to stimuli has ceased.… _Third and fourth -minutes._--As death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements, -which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as -shallower.… In these spasms which accompany the final gasps of an -asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk straightened or -arched backwards, and the limbs are extended, while the mouth gapes and -the nostrils dilate.”--_Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory_, p. -320. - -“In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is maintained in -the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, extending from -the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of the trachea. The -external jugular vein of one side is then brought into view, tied in two -places, and divided between ligatures.… Both ganglia having been thus -prepared with as little loss of time as possible, the sympathetic and -vagus nerves are divided, and the medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then -divided.”--_Ibid._, p. 278. - -“Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a -rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone, -moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to -assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the -skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards -through the cerebellum.… In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards test for -sugar.”--_Ibid._, p. 515. - -“The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quantities.… When the -bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty-four hours; but -when it is not tied they will live for a week.”--_Ibid._, p. 505. - - -=Savory, Wm. Scovell=, 66, Brook Street, W. M.B. Lond. (Univ. Med. -Schl.), 1848; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.) 1852; M. 1847; F.R.S.; Mem. Comt. -Exam. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg. St. Bath. Hosp.; -Exam. Surg. Univ. Coll.; Surg. Christ’s Hosp.; late Prof. Comp. Anat. and -Physiol. R.C.S. Eng. - -Author of “Life and Death;” “Essays on Pyæmia, &c.;” St. Bart. Hosp. -Reps. and Various Essays in Philos. and Med. and Chir. Trans. and Med. -Journ. - -Made experiments on dogs--to study the relative temperature of arterial -and venous blood.--_Lancet_, Vol. I., 1857, pp. 371-398. - - -=Schäfer, Edw. Albert=, University College, Gower Street, W.C. M.R.C.S. -Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Jodrell Prof. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; -formerly Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst. - -Author of “A Course of Practical Histology,” London, 1883; Contrib. Proc. -Roy. Soc. and Journ. Anat. and Phys., &c. &c.; Editor of Microscopic Part -of Quain’s Anatomy, 8th Edition. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -Physiological Theatre, Microscope Room with Ante Room, the Jodrell -Laboratory, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator’s Rooms in -1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and -Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-83._ - -“Then may I take it there are a great number of experiments which, -supposing a frog to be a sensitive animal, must cause a vast deal of -pain, which are not done under chloroform?--There is no doubt of it. And -there is no precaution taken to diminish pain, if it suffers pain?--I -think I may say no special precaution.”--_Evid. Roy. Com._, Q. 3,801-2. - - -=Schiff, Moritz.= B. at Frankfort, O.M., 1823; Studied at Univs. -Heidelberg, Göttingen, and Berlin; Laureate in Med., Gott., 1844; Pupil -of Majendie and Longet; formerly Curator of Ornithological Museum, -Frankfort; Prof. of Ornith. and Path. Anat., Bern, 1855; Prof. Physiol., -Florence, 1872; Prof. Physiol. at Geneva, 1876. - -Author of “De vi motoria bascos encephali,” Frankfort, 1845; -“Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des Nervensystems,” 1854; “Nerven und -Muskel-Physiologie,” Lahr, 1838; “Ueber Zuckerbildung in der Leber,” -Wurzburg, 1859; “Sul sistema nervoso encefalico,” Florence, 1865; “Sur -la Physiologie de la Digestion,” Turin, 1867; “Sulla Misura della -Sensazione,” Florence, 1869; “De l’Inflammation et de la Circulation,” -Paris, 1873; “La pupille comme esthesiomètre,” Paris, 1875, etc. - -“In Professor Schiff’s work, almost every lecture is accompanied by the -sacrifice of some animal; 700 a year, it is stated, thus perish (1343). -Calls attention to a discrepancy between two statements of Professor -Schiff: one stating that the dogs made no noise because they were not -in pain; the other stating that their nerves of vocalisation had been -cut “pour les empêcher.… de discréditer ainsi les études physiologiques -auprês des habitants du quartier” (1287).”--_Digest Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 11. - -“A number of rabbits were deprived of food until they ate dead frogs -thrown into their hutch. The object of this experiment was to show that -herbivorous animals could live on animal food (See Schiff, _Physiologie -de la Digestive_, Vol. I., p. 67). What use this information may be put -to I leave to the judgment of unbiassed minds to determine. I know that -the rabbits suffered very much before they were induced to eat the dead -frogs.”--_Evid. Roy. Com._, Q. 4,888, p. 244. - -“After the thousands of experiments made by these gentlemen, by which -they are enabled to contradict each other, and after all this fiendish -massacre, the latest writer on the nervous system, Moritz Schiff, a man -who has gained some notoriety as a vivisector, concludes, from numberless -other experiments he has made, that the functions of the cerebellum are -altogether unknown.”--_Fleming’s Essay_, p. 33. - - -=Schmidt, Albrecht.= Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Dorpat. - - -=Scott, John Alfred=, 25, Idrone Terrace, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. -L.K.Q.C.P. Irel. and L.M., 1882; L.R.C.S.I., 1881; L.M. Rot. Hosp., Dub., -1880; (Ledw. and Carm. Schs. and Mercer’s and Adelaide Hosps., Dub.); -Fell. Acad. Med. Irel.; Mem. Photog. Soc. Irel.; Lect. on Anat. Physiol. -Carm. Coll. of Med. Dub. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Rooms and -Laboratory, Carmichael College, Dublin, in 1882 and 1883. Certificate -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883. No Experiments returned, -1882._ - - -=Sedgwick, Wm. T.= Ph.B.; Fellow of the Johns Hopkins University, -Baltimore, U.S.A. - -Contrib. “The influence of quinine upon the reflex excitability of the -spinal cord.”--“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 22. - -Experiments on frogs. - - -=Senator, Hermann=, 7, Bauhofstrasse, Berlin. B. Gnesen, 1834; M.D., -Berlin, 1858; Pupil of Johannes Müller, 1875; Direct. Inner Dept. of -Augusta Hosp.; and Prof. extraord. Med. Faculty, Berlin. - -Co-editor (with Prof. H. Kronecker) of “Centralblatt für die -medicinischen Wissenschaften.” - - -=Sertoli, Enrico=, Prof. Univ., Milan. Scuola Sup. di Veterinaria. - - -=Severini, Luigi=, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera, Corso di Zoojatrice. - - -=Sewall, Henry.= B. Sc.; Ph. D.; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Michigan, Ann -Arbor, U.S.A.; Assoc. in Biol. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore. - -Contrib. “Experiments upon the ears of fishes with reference to the -function of equilibrium.”--“_Journ. of Physiol._,” Vol. IV., p. 339, &c. - -“The experiments to be described were carried on by means of the -facilities offered at the Marine Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins -University during the summer of 1881, at Beaufort, N.C., and again in -1883, on the Chesapeake Bay.… Records were made of experiments performed -upon more than ninety individuals (sharks and skate).… The experiments -… were performed under unusually favourable anatomical conditions, but -it must be confessed that the results obtained are far from forming a -solution of the problem investigated.”--_Journ. of Physiol._, Vol. IV., -pp. 338, etc. - - -=Sharpey, William.= B. at Arbroath, Forfarshire, 1802; d. 1881. Studied -at Edinburgh and Paris; M.D. Edinburgh, 1823; LL.D. Edin.; F.R.C.S. -Edin., 1830; F.R.S., F.R.S.E.; a Trustee Hunt. Mus.; Mem. Gen. Med. -Counc.; Mem. Senate Univ. Lond.; Emerit. Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. -of London, 1836; F.R.S., 1839. - -“Has performed experiments on living animals, and sometimes exhibited -them (389-91), and considers such experiments absolutely necessary for -the progress of physiology (393), and that scientific investigation -by competent persons is important for the development of medical and -surgical improvement (398-401).”--_Digest. Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 4. - -“The chief use of employing curari is to render the animal quite still; -that is the great purpose of it. What Mr. Hutton says is quite true, that -it is not generally recognised as an anæsthetic, and, therefore, not used -as an anæsthetic.--Then it is a contrivance to save to the operator the -trouble which the manifestation of pain by the animal might occasion him? -It facilitates the operation at any rate.”--_Evid. Roy. Com._, Q. 462-3. - - -=Sibson, Francis=, 59, Brook Street, W. M.D. Lond. 1848; M.D. Dub. (Hon.) -1867; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Hon. D.C.L. Durh.; F.R.S.; Mem. Senate -(formerly Exam. in Med.) Univ. Lond.; Vice-Pres. (late Pres. Council) -Brit. Med. Assoc.; late Sen. Phys. and Lect. on Clin. Med. St. Mary’s -Hosp.; Goulst. Lect. R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Croon. Lect., 1870. - -Author of “Medical Anatomy;” “The Causes which excite Respiration in -Health and Disease;” Physiol. Address, 1851, etc., etc. - - -=Sieveking, Ed. Henry=, 17, Manchester Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1841; -F.R.C.P. Lond., 1852 (Univ. Coll. and Edin.); Pres. Harv. Soc., 1861; -Vice-Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Phys. Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; -Phys. in Ord. to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to St. Mary’s Hosp.; -Phys. Hosp. for Paralysis and Epilepsy, etc. - -Formerly Editor “Medico-Chirurgical Review;” Author of “Manual of -Pathological Anatomy” (with Dr. H. Jones), 1854, etc. - - -=Sihler, Christian=, M.D., Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, -U.S.A. - -Author of “On the so-called Heat Dyspnœa,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. II, -p. 192. - -Placed some dogs with cervical cord cut, in a heated chamber to test -experiments made previously by Goldstein. - - -=Silvestri, Luigi=, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera Corso di Zoojatrice. - - -=Solera, Luigi.= Prof. Catania University. - - -=Soloweitschyk, Isaac=, St. Petersburg. - -Made experiments on the action of the different combinations of Antimony -in the Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Strasburg. Exper. VIII., -on a cat weighing about 7¾ lbs. The nervi vagi cut, the animal curarised, -and artificial respiration established, electrodes inserted into the -spinal marrow and an electric current sent through the nerves.-_-Archiv. -für Exper. Pathol._, 12, 5, 6. - - -=Soltmann, O.= Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Breslau. - -“With reference to the published works of Fritsch and Hitzig on the -motor centres of the cortex, and also (while I am engaged in the same -studies) concerning the experiments of Hermann on electrical stimulation -in Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. X., I feel called upon to make the following -communication:--(1) In newly-born dogs no muscular movements were -observed during electrical stimulation of the cortex cerebri; (2) These -movements were only observed some days (9-11 days) after birth; (3) The -extent and form of the motor centres of the cortex vary; in young animals -they differ from those of fully grown animals. The necessary subjects for -further experimentation (pregnant bitches and young dogs of all ages) are -difficult to obtain so that the experiments only proceed slowly. Breslau, -10 March, 1875.”--_Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss._, 1875, p. 210. - - -=Stefani, Aristide=, Ferrara. Università Libera, Corso di Zoojatrice. - -Author (jointly with Weiss) of “Ricerche anatomiche intorno al -cervelletto di Comlombi sani ed operati nei Canali Semicircolari,” Com. -to Acad. Ferrara, 24 Nov., 1877. - - -=Sternberg, George M.= M.D., Surgeon and Major, U.S.A. - -Contrib. “Induced Septicæmia in the Rabbit,” Amer. Journ. of Med. -Sciences, July, 1882; “Experiments to determine the germicide value of -certain Therapeutic Agents,” _Ibid._, April, 1883. - -“The object of the present paper is to compare the results obtained in -some recently reported experiments upon rabbits (Report to the Scientific -Grants Committee of the British Medical Association, by Peter Murray -Braidwood, M.D., F.R.M.S., and Francis Vacher, F.R.C.S., Ed., _British -Med. Journ._, Nos. 1,100 and 1,101, 1882) with the writers experiments -made last year, under the auspices of the National Board of Health (a -fatal form of septicæmia in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous -injection of human saliva).--_National Board of Health Bulletin, April -30, 1881._ - -“I have demonstrated by repeated experiments that my saliva in doses of -1·25 c.c. to 1·75 c.c. injected into the subcutaneous connective tissue -of a rabbit, _infallibly produces death_, usually within forty-eight -hours.”… “The saliva of four students, residents of Baltimore gave -negative results; eleven rabbits injected with the saliva of six -individuals in Philadelphia gave eight deaths and three negative results; -but in the fatal cases a less degree of virulence was shown in six cases -by a more prolonged period between the date of injection and the date of -death.”--_Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences_, July, 1882, pp. 71, &c. - - -=Stevenson, Thomas=, Guy’s Hosp., S.E., and 45, Gresham Road, S.W. M.D. -Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1871; M. 1864; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Guy’s); -Lect. on Chem. and Med. Jurisp. Guy’s Hosp.; Analyst Surrey, Bedfordsh., -St. Pancras, Shoreditch, etc.; Exam. in Forensic Med. Univ. Lond. - -Joint Author “On the Application of Physiological tests for certain -Organic Poisons, especially Digitaline;” Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, and -various Papers in Guy’s Hosp. Reps., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre -and Lecture Room in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without -Anæsthetics in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1883._ - - -=Stirling, William=, Marischal College, Aberdeen. B. Sc. Edin. (1st Class -Honours), 1870; D. Sc. (1st Class Honours in Physiol.) 1872; M.B. and -C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1872; M.D. (Gold Medallist), 1875; (Edin., -Leipsig, Berlin and Paris); Regius Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Aberdeen. - -Author of “Text Book of Practical Histology” (plates), 1881; “Outlines of -Physiological Chemistry,” 1881; “Effects of Division of the Sympathetic -Nerve in the Neck of Young Animals,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., -etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological -Department in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1881._ - - -=Strauss, J.=, 10, Rue Madame, Paris. M.D.; Agrégé at Med. Fac.; -Physician at the Tenon Hospital. - -Author of “Des lésions rénales dans leur rapport avec l’hyperthropethie -cardiaque,” Arch. Gén. de Méd., Jan., 1882. - - -=Stroganow, N.=, St. Petersburg. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Oxydations processes im normalen -und Erstickungs-blute.”--Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII., p. 18. - -Made experiments in the Laboratory of Prof. Hoppe-Seyler in Strasburg. - -Dogs asphyxiated with an apparatus constructed by direction of Prof. -Hoppe-Seyler after the model of that of Régnault and Reiset. - - -=Studiati, Cesare.= Prof. Pisa University. - - -=Suchard= (Prof.), 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris. M.D.; Prof. of -Gen. Anat., College of France. - - -=Talma, G.= Prof. Utrecht University. - -Author of: “Ueber die Folgen Arterienverschlusses in den verschiedenen -Organen,” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissenschaften, No. 46 (1879), p. 817; -“Zur Genese der Herztöne,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XVIII. (1880), p. 275; -“Nog. eens over hart en arterietonen,” Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Geneesk, -1880, p. 661; “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Einflusses der Respiration auf -die Circulation des Blutes,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XXIX. (1882), p. 311. - -Experiments on dogs and rabbits to study the effect of respiration on the -circulation of the blood. - - -=Tamburini= (Sig.). Prof. at Institut. Psychiatrique of Reggio. - -Joint author (with Seppilli) of “Contribuzione allo studio sperimentale -del ipnotismo;” “Rivist. sper. di Psichiat.,” 1882, p. 268; and “Arch. -ital. de Biologie,” Vol. II., 1882. - -Experiments on hypnotism in the human subject. - - -=Teissier, Junr.= (Prof.), 16, Quai Tilsitt, Lyons. Prof. of Clin. Med., -Med. Fac. Univ. Lyons. - -“Made a series of experiments at the Collége de France to prove the -dangers attending the introduction of the negative pole of the battery -into the aneurismal sac (M. Ciniselli’s method). These researches were -made on dogs.”--_Gaz. Med. de Paris_, 1878, p. 129. - - -=Thin, George=, 22, Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D., St. -And., 1860; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1858 (Edin.), Contrib. on Histological, -Pathological, and Dermatological subjects in various Journs. and Trans. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; the New -Physiological Theatre and the Rooms comprised in the Physiological -Laboratory, together with the Curator’s Room, in 1883. Certificate -Dispensing with obligation to kill same year._ - - -=Tiegel, E.= Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg, and Private Prof. - -Author of “Notizen über Schlangenblut,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XXIII. -(1880), p. 278. - - -=Tigerstetd, R. A. A.= Prof. Stockholm University. - -Author of “Studien ueber mechanische Nervenreigung,” 1 Abth. Helsingfors, -1880; “Die durch einen Konstanten Strom in den Nerven hervorgerufenen -Veränderungen der Erregbarkeit mittels mechanischer Reizung -untersucht.”--_Mittheil vom physiol. Laborat., Stockholm, Bk. I._, 1882, -etc. - - -=Tommasi-Crudeli, Corrado.= B. at Piere, Santo Stefano, 1834; Prof. -extraord. of Path. Hist. at Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence, 1863; -Prof. of Path. Anat. Univ. of Palermo, 1865; Founded Physiol. and Pathol. -Inst. at Rome, 1870. - - -=Topinard= (Mons.), 103, Rue de Rennes, Paris. M.D.; Prof. at the -Institute of Anthropology. - - -=Toussaint, H.= Prof. at the Veterinary School, Toulouse; Prof. Physiol. -Fac. Sci., Toulouse, 1880. - -Author of “Identité de la septicémie expérimentale aiguë et du choléra -des poules.”--Compt. Rend., Vol. XCI. (1880), p. 301; “Note contenne dans -un pli cacheté et relative à un procédé pour la vaccination du mouton et -du jeune chien.”--_Ibid._, p. 303. - - -=Traube, Ludwig.= B. at Ratibon, 1818; d. at Berlin, 1876. Geheimrath. - - -=Trojanow= (Dr.), St. Petersburg. - -Author of “The influence of extended scalds on the animal organism” (In -Russian), St. Petersburg, 1882. - - -=Truman, Edgar Beckit=, 31, Derby Road, Nottingham. M.D. St. And., 1861; -M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1860 (Guy’s); Sen. Exhib. and Gold Medallist in -Med., Guy’s; Prizem. Phys. Soc.; F.C.S.; Pub. Analyst, Nottingh. Boro’ -and Co. - -Contrib. Pop. Sci. Rev., 1863, &c. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at 31, Derby Road, Nottingham, in 1882 -and 1883. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics, 1882 and -1883. No Experiments returned._ - - -=Turner, George=, High Street, Hoddesdon, Herts. L.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; Sanit. Sci. Cert., Cambridge, 1875; (Guy’s and -Montpellier); Prizem. Guy’s Hosp. 1869, 1871; F.C.S.; late Med. Off. -Health and Analyst, Portsmouth Boro’; Sanit. Med. Off. Portsmouth; Res. -Med. Off. Lond. Fever Hosp. and Chef de Clinique intérimaire, Hôpital St. -Eloi, Montpellier. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Portsmouth Borough Laboratory in 1878 -and 1879. No Experiments returned._ - - -=Vacher, Francis=, 36, Hamilton Square, and 49, Shrewsbury Road, -Birkenhead. F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1867 (Edin.); Hon. Sec. -N. Western Ass.; Med. Off. Health; House Surg. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin. -Contrib. Liverp. and Manch. Med. Surg. Reps. etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at [1]35, Park Road, South Birkenhead in -1878. Certificates dispensing with obligations to kill, and for testing -previous discoveries. No Experiments returned._ - - [1] This place has been withdrawn from the Register at the request - of Mr. Vacher. - - -=Valentin, Gabriel Gustav.= B. at Breslau, 1810; d. at Geneva, 1883. -M.D., Breslau, 1832; Prof. Physiol., Univ. of Berne, 1836 to 1881. - -Author of “De functionibus nervorum cerebralium et nervi sympathici,” -Berne, 1839; “Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen,” Brunswick, 1846; -“Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie des nerven u. des Muskelsystems,” -Leipsig, 1863; “Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie der Nerven,” -Leipsig, 1864; “Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie des Herzens und -der Blutgefässe,” Leipsig u. Heidelberg, 1866, etc. - -Made experiments with strychnine on frogs.--Arch. f. exper. Pathologie, -p. 337. - - -=Vallon= (Mons.), No. 1, Rue Cabanio, Paris. Phys. Hosp. for Mental -Disease. - - -=Valmont= (Prof.), 90, Rue de la Boëtie, Paris. Med. Fac.; Prof. of -Pharmacol. - - -=Veltà= (Prof.), Bologna University. - - -=Verderi= (Prof.), Parma University. - - -=Vierordt, K. von.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Tübingen University. - -Author of “Physiologie des Athmens,” Karlsruhe, 1845; “Die Lehre vom -Arterienpuls in gesunden und kranken Zuständen,” 1855; “Grundriss der -Physiologie des Menschen,” Tübingen, 1861; “Ueber Stehen und Gehen,” -_Ibid._, 1865; “Die Einheit der Wissenschaft,” Ibid., 1865; “Der Zeitsinn -nach Versuchen,” _Ibid._, 1868. - - -=Vincent, E.= M.D.; Prof. Med. Fac., Lyons; Chief Surg. La Charité, Lyons. - -Contrib. “Plaies pénétrantes intrapéritonéales de la Vessie;” “Revue de -Chirurgie,” Vol. I., 1881, p. 556. - -Made 29 experiments on dogs. Exp. VII.: Abdominal walls of dog cut open -with scissors, bladder drawn out, shot at with revolver. Bladder sewn -together; the wound healed, the dog was again used for an experiment on -the ossification of the marrow, and at the end of a month killed. - - -=Vintschgau, M. von.= Prof. of Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Innspruck -University. - -Contrib. to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. Hermann of -Zurich, Leipsig, 1879. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Geschmacksinnes,” Pflüger’s -Archiv., Vols. XIX and XX. (1879); “Die Physiologische Reactionzeit und -der Ortsinn der Haut,” _Ibid._, Vol. XXII. (1880); “Untersuchungen ueber -die Frage ob die Geschwindigkeit der Fortpflanzung der Nervenerregung von -Reizstärke abhängig ist,” _Ibid._, Vol. XXX. (1882). - - -=Virchow, Rudolf.= Born at Schivelbein, Pomerania, 1821. M.D. (Berlin) -1843; Prosect. Univ. Berlin, 1847; Public Prof. in Ordinary of Path. -Anat., Gen. Path, and Therapeutics Univ. Berlin; Director Path. Inst.; -Hon. Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. London, 1850; Corr. Mem. French Acad. of Med., -1859. - -Author of “Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medicin,” -Frankfort, 1856; “Die cellular Pathologie in ihrer Begründung auf -physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre,” Berlin, 1859; “Ueber -die Erziehung des Weibes für seinen Beruf,” Berlin, 1865; “Menschen -und Affenschädel,” 1866; “Die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaften in den -neuen nationalen Leben Deutschlands,” Berlin, 1871; “Die Freiheit der -Wissenschaft im modernen Staat,” Berlin, 1877, &c., &c. Editor of -“Virchow’s Archiv.” - - -=Vogt, Carl.= B. at Giessen, 1817; Studied Giessen and Bern; M.D. 1839; -Found. Scient. Soc. of German Doctors in Paris; Prof. Univ. Giessen, -1847; Prof. Comp. Anat. Med. Fac. Univ. Geneva, 1852. - -Author of “Im Gebirge und auf den Gletschern,” Soleure, 1843; “Lehrbuch -der Geologie und Petrefacktenkunde,” Brunswick, 1846; “Physiologische -Briefe,” Stuttgard, 1845-46; Ibid., Paris, 1875; “Ocean und Mittelmeer,” -Frankfort, 1848; “Untersuchungen ueber Thierstaaten,” 1851; “Bilder -aus dem Thierleben,” 1852; “Koehlerglaube und Wissenschaft,” 1833; -“Vorlesungen ueber den Menschen,” 1864; “Vorlesungen ueber nützliche und -schädliche Thiere,” 1856; “Die Mikrocephalen oder Affenmenschen,” 1866, -&c. - - -=Voit, Carl von.= B. at Amborga, Bavaria, 1831. Studied Med. at Monaco -and Wurzburg, and in the Labs. of Pettenkofer, Wächter, and Bischoff. -Prof. of Med. Univ. Monaco, 1863; Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., Univ. of -Munich, 1883. - -Joint author with Prof. Bischoff of “Die Gesetze der Ernährung des -Fleischfressers,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Untersuchungen ueber -den Einfluss des Kochsalzes, des Kaffees und der Muskelbewegungen auf -den Stoffwechsel,” Munich, 1860; Editor of “Zeitschrift fuer Biologie,” -Munich and Leipsig. Contrib. to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by L. -Herrmann of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879. - - -=Vulpian, A.=, 24, Rue Soufflot, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1854; Prof. Path. -Anat. Med. Faculty, 1867; Prof. Comp. and Exper. Path., 1872; Mem. Acad. -of Sciences, 1876. - -Author of “Leçon sur la Physiologie générale et comparée du système -nerveux,” 1866; “Leçons sur l’appareil vaso-moteur,” 1874; “Maladies du -système nerveux,” 1879. - -“M. Vulpian has recently made a large number of experiments to ascertain -the degree and character of the mechanical excitability of the grey -cortex of the brain. In mammals, dog, cat, and rabbit, in the normal -condition, he could never produce in this way the slightest movement -either in the limbs of the opposite side, or in those of the same side. -The mechanical stimulation was produced by rubbing the surface of -the cortex with a small sponge, or a fragment of amadou, or with the -points of dissection forceps.… If therefore movement resulted from such -stimulation in the experiments of Couty, the effect must have been purely -accidental or the consequence of some experimental error. The results -were also negative when Vulpian repeated the experiments after having -produced inflammation of the surface of the sigmoid gyrus by tincture of -cantharides, by essence of mustard or by nicotine.”--_Lancet_, Sept. 16, -1882, p. 453. - -“I have made the section of the facial nerve at its entrance into the -internal auditory meatus, in several dogs, … in other dogs I succeeded -in dividing the facial nerve near its real origin, below the floor of -the fourth ventricle. The results were absolutely identical … I had to -undertake other experiments to find out what would be the effect of the -inter cranian section of the trigeminal nerve on the chorda tympani. -These experiments were made on rabbits. Although numerous, they gave -but few significant results, because several of the animals did not -live long enough after the operation for the divided nerves to show any -very decided changes; or else because in several of them, the section -of the nerve was far from being complete.”--Acad. des Sciences, April, -1878.--_Archives Gen. de Méd._, 1878, p. 751. - - -=Wagner, Rudolf.= B. at Bayreuth, 1805. Geheimrath and Prof. Physiol. and -Zool., Univ. of Göttingen; Mem. Roy. Soc. of Sciences, Gott. - - -=Walker, James.= 214, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.B. Aberd. and C.M. -(Highest Honours), 1873 (Univ. Aberd.). - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological -Laboratory and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881. -Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1881. No Experiments -returned._ - - -=Walton, George L.= M.D. Boston, U.S.A. Contrib. of “Reflex movements of -the frog under the influence of strychnia,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. -III., p. 308; “The physiological action of Methylkyanethine,” _Ibid._, p. -349. - -Experiments on frogs, dogs, and rabbits, made in the Leipsig Physiol. -Laboratory. - - -=Waters, William Horscroft=, B.A. Camb. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, -Physiological Laboratory in 1883, also at University Cambridge -Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures in 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in -1882 and 1883._ - - -=Weber, Arthur=, 33, Boulevard des Batignolles, Paris. Prof. Gen. Anat. -College of France. - - -=Weir-Mitchell=, S. M.D.; Mem. Nat. Acad. of Sciences, U.S.A. - - -=Weisman= (Dr.), Prof. of Physiol. and Prosector of Univ., Freiburg in -Baden. - - -=Wells, Sir T. Spencer=, Bart., 3, Upper Grosvenor Street, W. F.R.C.S. -Eng. (Hon.), 1844; M. 1841; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel. (Hon.), 1867; Dub. and St. -Thos.’s; Mem. Counc. (Vice-Pres. 1880); R.C.S. Eng.; Fell. Roy. Med. -Chir. Soc.; Mem. Roy. Inst., Path. Soc.; Imp. Soc. Surg. Paris; Soc. of -Med. Paris, and Soc. of Phys. Sweden; Hon. Mem. several foreign learned -Societies; Surg. to Queen’s Household; Cons. Surg. Samarit. Hosp. for -Women and Children; late Prof. of Surg. and Path. R.C.S. Eng.; formerly -Surg. Roy. Navy. - -Author of “Diseases of the Ovaries, their Diagnosis and Treatment,” 1865 -and 1872; “Ten Series of 100 cases of Ovariotomy;” Med. Chir. Trans. -1859-80, and numerous contributions to Medical Papers. - -“If we could hope in diseased women for the same series of changes as -have been observed in healthy dogs and rabbits, we might agree more -completely with the conclusions of the German experimenters. But it -is one thing to remove a piece of a uterine horn, or a healthy ovary, -or a bit of omentum or mesentery, from a dog or a rabbit, and a very -different thing to remove a large uterine or ovarian tumour from a woman -whose general health has been more or less affected by the growth of the -tumour.”--_Diseases of the Ovaries_, London, 1872, p. 372. - -“I made experiments upon animals for which I have been vilified, but for -which I do not reproach myself.… They corroborate what was known before, -that abdominal wounds well adjusted unite readily. This was not what I -wanted. They proved more, and were the visible standing evidence which I -did want--that, though the other tissues might be brought together, if -the cut edges of the peritoneum were left free, they retracted, direct -union did not take place, and secondary evil consequences resulted.… -Without this convincing demonstration in my hands, I might have gone on -for years, bowing to precepts and oblivious of principles, sometimes -taking up the peritoneum and sometimes leaving it loose, with perplexity -to myself and danger to my patients.”--_Ovarian and Uterine Tumours_, -London, 1882, pp. 197-98. - -“Fifteen years after my first operation (in 1842), T. S. Wells came -to Manchester to be present at one of my operations, and made many -inquiries, amongst which--‘Did I include the peritoneum in my interrupted -sutures?’ I replied, ‘Certainly;’ and gave as my reason, that in -two cases where the suture had not included the peritoneum hernial -protrusions had followed. I also added, that peritonitis could only -be set up _once_, whether the sutures included the peritoneum or not. -I was for some time after in correspondence with Mr. Wells, but never -heard of vivisection in connection with ovariotomy, nor can I perceive -any advantage that ovariotomy has received from such experiments. All -my operations from first to last have shown the same average amount of -success--about 75 per cent. I have never practised nor yet countenanced -vivisection. I have given up operating after 400 cases and about 100 -deaths.”--_Letter of Dr. Clay, dated April 6th, 1880._ - -“The whole progress of abdominal surgery dates from the first successful -case of ovariotomy performed by Robert Houston in 1701. Failing to see -the lesson taught by this, and led astray by vivisection, no further -success was achieved till 1809, by Ephraim McDowell, and it was not till -1867 that any substantial gain was made. Disregarding all the conclusions -of experiment, Baker Brown showed us how to bring our mortality of -ovariotomy down to 10 per cent., and again, in 1876, Keith proved that -it might be still further reduced. The methods of this reduction were -such as only experience on human patients could indicate; experiments on -animals could and did teach nothing, for operations have been performed -on thousands of animals every year for centuries, and nothing whatever -has been learnt from this wholesale vivisection.”--Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., -“_Uselessness of Vivisection_,” p. 27. - - -=Wertheim, G.= Prof. Med. Fac. Vienna University. - -Roasted 30 living dogs.--_Annual Report of Rudolph Institute_, Vienna, -1867, pp. 172, 183. - - -=Wilischanin, Paul.= M.D., St. Petersburg. - -Made experiments in the Clinical Lab. of Prof. Botkin. - -Produced fever in dogs and rabbits by injecting decomposed defibrinised -blood, to try the effect of warm water injections.--_Centralbl. f. d. -Med. Wiss._, Sept. 22, 1883, No. 38. - - -=Williams, C. J. B.=, 49, Upper Brook Street, W. M.D. Edin., 1824; -F.R.C.P. Lond. 1840; (Edin. Paris, and St. Georg.), F.R.S.; Pres. Roy. -Med. and Chir. Soc. Lond.; Phys. Extr. to H.M. the Queen; formerly Prof. -Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; Pres. (1st) Path. and New Syd. Socs. - -Author of “Principles of Medicine,” 1856; Several Courses of Lectures on -Physiol. and Clin. Med.; “Medical Gazette,” 1835-45, &c., &c. - - -=Williams, Dawson=, 4, Oxford and Cambridge Mansions, Marylebone Road, -N.W. M.D. (worthy of gold medal), 1881. M.B. Lond. (Gold Medal in Med.) -and B.S. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. (Univ. Coll.) - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New -Physiological Theatre and Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms in 1882 and -1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, 1882 and 1883. No -experiments returned in 1882._ - - -=Wirtz, S. H.= Prof. Utrecht University. - - -=Wittich, W. von.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Königsberg University. - -Contributor to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. Hermann, of -Zurich, Leipsig, 1879. - - -=Wolfenden, Richard Norris=, 64, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. B.A. -Camb. (Honours in Nat. Sci.) 1876; M.B. 1880 (Camb., St. Barthol. and -Char. Cross); Lect. on Pract. Physiol. Char. Cross Hosp.; late House -Phys. Lond. Hosp. - -Author of “Physiological Chemistry for the Laboratory,” 1880; Contrib. -“Med. Times and Gaz.,” etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Charing Cross Hospital Medical -School, No. 62 and 63, Chandos Street, in 1881 and 1882. Certificate for -Illustrations of Lectures in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in -1882._ - - -=Wooldridge, Leonard Charles=, 12, Querstrasse, Leipsic, Germany. M.D., -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1879; George Henry Lewes Student. - -Author of “Zur Gerinnung des Blutes,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, 1883, -p. 389 (Physiol. Abtheil); “Ueber die Function der Kammernerven des -Säugthierherzens,” _Ibid._, p. 522. - -Made experiments in the Physiol. Inst., Leipsig, on the exposed heart -nerves of dogs. - - -=Worm, Müller Jacob.= B. at Bergen, 1834. Studied Med. and Nat. Sci. -at Christiana; Practised Med. in Christiana from 1860-1865; studied -ophthalmology Vienna and Brun, 1866, and then dedicated himself to -Physiology; Private Prof. Christiana, 1870; Prof. Extraord., 1873; Prof. -in Ord., 1878; Pres. Norwegian Med. Soc. - -Contrib. various articles to Pflüger’s “Archiv,” “Untersuchungen aus dem -physiol. Lab. in Wurzburg,” “Poggendorff’s Annalen,” etc. - - -=Wurtz, Ch. Adolphe.= B. at Strasburg, 1817; d. in Paris, 1884. M.D. -Strasburg, 1843; Dean of Faculty of Med., Paris, 1865; Prof. Med. -Chemistry; Prof. Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, 1876. - -“Mémoires sur les ammoniaques composeés,” 1856; “Sur l’insalubrité -des résidus provenant des distilleries,” 1857; “Leçons de philosophie -chinique,” 1864; “Traité élémentaire de chimie médicale,” 1864; “Leçons -élémentaires de chimie moderne,” 1866; “Dictionnaire de chimie pure et -appliquée,” 1868-1878; etc. - - -=Wyatt, William Thomas=, 1, Shaftesbury Villas, Stamford Hill, N. M.A. -Oxon., 1880; B.A. (1st Class Honours in Nat. Sci.), 1876; M.B. 1880; -M.R.C.S., Eng., 1879 (Oxf. and St. Barthol.); Schol. in Anat. and -Physiol., 1877; Foster Prizem. in 1878; and Kirke’s Gold Medallist St. -Barthol.; formerly House Surgeon and House Phys. St. Barthol. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical -School in 1878. No experiments returned._ - - -=Yeo, Gerald Francis=, King’s College, Strand. W.C. M.D. Dub., 1871; -M.B. and M.Ch., 1867; Dipl. in State Med., 1871; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; -L.R.C.S.T. 1872 (T. C. Dub., Paris, Berlin, and Vienna); Prof. of -Physiol. King’s Coll. London; Lect. on and Exam. in Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.; -late. Asst. Surg. King’s Coll. Hosp.; and Lect. on Physiol. Carm. Sch. of -Med. Dub.; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by -Research. - -Author of “Diseases of the Kidney” (awarded Gold Medal of Path. Soc. -Dub.); Contrib. to Proc. Path. Soc. Dub., etc., etc. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London, Physiological -Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures and for Dispensing with obligation to Kill -in 1878-79-80-81. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and -1883._ - -“Why repeat the oft-told tale of horrors contained in the works of Claude -Bernard, Paul Bert, Brown-Séquard, and Richet, in France; of Goltz, in -Germany; and Flint, in America.”--G. F. Yeo, Fortnightly Review, March, -1882. - -“I am proud to call him (Goltz) my friend.”--G. F. Yeo, Contem. Review, -May, 1882. - -[It was reported in the _British Medical Journal_ and the _Lancet_ -that at a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International -Medical Congress, held in London in 1881, Professor Ferrier had shown -two monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed by himself. -As Professor Ferrier had no license for vivisection at the time, a -prosecution was instituted against him for a breach of the law. When the -case was brought into Court, the _onus_ was shifted on to Professor Yeo, -who was a licensed vivisector. Below is a comparison between the facts as -reported and the sworn evidence of the reporter of the one journal and -the editor of the other:--] - -_British Medical Journal._ - -PUBLISHED REPORT, 20th August, 1881. - -The members were shown two of the monkeys, a portion of whose cortex -had been removed by Professor Ferrier. Concerning the first of these, -Professor Ferrier said it had been his desire to remove as completely -as possible the whole of the psycho-motor region. Whether in this he -had succeeded perfectly could not be learnt for certainty until after a -_post-mortem_ examination had been made. - -REPORTER’S SWORN EVIDENCE. 17th November, 1881. - -Q. Did Professor Ferrier offer to exhibit two of the monkeys upon which -he had so operated? - -A. At the Congress, no. - -Q. Did he subsequently? - -A. No; he showed certain of the members of the Congress two monkeys at -King’s College. - -Q. What two monkeys? - -A. Two monkeys upon which an operation had been performed. - -Q. By whom? - -A. By Professor Yeo. - -_Lancet._ - -PUBLISHED REPORT, 8th October, 1881. - -“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the -fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he -had operated upon some months previously.”… - -“In startling contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor -Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, -the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the -operation right sided hemiplegia, with conjugate deviation of eyes and -of head. Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a -fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, -though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it had never been -able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralysed limbs had -been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of its -auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as -by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to its head.” - -COUNSEL’S STATEMENT. 17th November, 1881. - -Dr. WAKLEY, _sworn, examined by Mr. Waddy_:-- - -Q. Are you the editor of the _Lancet_? - -A. I am. - -Q. Can you tell me who it was furnished his Report? - -A. I have the permission of the gentleman to give his name, Professor -Gamgee, of Owen’s College, Manchester. - -Mr. WADDY: What I should ask is that one might have an opportunity of -calling Professor Gamgee. - -Mr. GULLY: I have my reasons for objecting to this. We have communicated -with Professor Gamgee and I know very well that he will say precisely -what was said by Dr. Roy. - -“At a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International Medical -Congress held in London in 1881, Professor Goltz exhibited a dog, and -Professors Ferrier and Yeo a monkey; from the brain of the dog a large -area of the cortex had been removed without producing any such effect as, -according to Professor Goltz, would necessarily result if the theory, as -usually held, of the localisation of function of the cortex were true; -from the brain of the monkey a definite part of the so-called motor area -had been removed, and a localised paralysis produced--a paralysis which, -according to Professors Ferrier and Yeo, could not result if that theory -were not true.”--“_On the Cortical Areas removed from the Brain of a Dog -and from the Brain of a Monkey_” _a Report by Dr. Klein, Mr. Langley, and -Professor Schäfer, Journal of Physiology_, Vol. IV., 1884, p. 231. - - -=Yule, C. J. F.= M.A.; Lecturer on Exper. Physiol., Magdalen Coll. Oxford. - -_Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Laboratory, Magdalen -College in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, -1878 and 1882._ - - -=Zander, Richard.= M.D.; Prosect. Anatom. Inst., Königsberg, Prussia. - -Contrib. to Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wissenchaften, 1879. - -“In the year 1878 I made a series of experiments on the results of -section of the vagus in birds, occasioned by the title of the Prize -Essay of the Medical Faculty of Königsberg,--According to Blainville -and Billroth section of the nervi vagi in birds has no influence on the -condition of the lungs. It is to be experimentally proved why birds -die after this operation.… As my experiments in many points contradict -those of Eichhorst, I will here shortly give the results of over eighty -experiments on birds principally pigeons. My completed work, which was -awarded the prize by the Medical Faculty on the 18th of Jan., will -shortly appear.”--_Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss._, 1879, p. 99. - - -=Zuntz, Nathan.= Prof. of Anim. Physiol. Univ., Berlin; form. Prof. at -Bonn; Direct. of the Agricul. Acad., Poppelsdorf. - -Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Blutes,” Bonn, 1868; “Innervation -der Athmung,” Biol. Centralbl., Vol. II., No. 6 (1882); “Ueber die -Bedeutung der Amidsubstanzen für die thierische Ernährung,” Arch. f. -Physiol. (1882); “Zur Theorie des Fiebers;” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., -No. 32, 1882, p. 561. - -Made experiments with curare on rabbits.--“_Ueber den Einfluss der -Curarevergiftung auf den thierischen Stoffwechsel_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, -Vol. XII., p. 522. - - - - -ADDENDUM. - - -=Sinéty, Louis de=, 10, Rue de la Chaise, Paris. M.D., 1873. Formerly -Prof. Gen. Anat. Med. Fac. - -Author of “De l’État du Foie chez les femelles en lactation” (Thèse), -Paris, 1873; “Traité pratique de Gynécologie,” Paris, 1879; second -edition, 1884. - -“On female guinea-pigs, which have only a single pair of mammæ, we have -made the ablation of these glands during lactation.”--“_Manuel Pratique -de Gynécologie_,” Paris, 1879, p. 778. - -“I wish to communicate to the Society the results that I have obtained -by the ablation of the mammæ in animals. Dogs and rabbits with their -six or eight mammæ were unable to survive these experiments. I chose in -preference guinea-pigs, which have, as is known, only two mammæ, and in -which the disposition of the ducts renders the operation easy, I might -almost say harmless, even during the period of lactation; for out of six -females operated on in the month of September not one died, and all of -them are still to-day subject to observation.”--_Report of the Meeting -of the Soc. de Biologie, December 20, 1873_, “_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_,” -1874, p. 36. - -“I have myself made a fair number of experiments relative to the -innervation of the mammary glands on female guinea-pigs.… Considering -the contradictory results, it would be well to describe the experiments -before arriving at any conclusions.… Experiment No. 1, June 10, -1874.--Guinea-pig in lactation. The mammary nerve on one side is laid -bare, and insulated by means of a thread. The animal exhibits signs -of acute pain, especially when the nerve is stimulated by an electric -current; but the stimulation, prolonged during 10 minutes, produces no -appreciable effect on the teats nor on the amount of milk secreted. I -divided the nerve, and on the following day, June 11, there was as much -milk in one gland as in the other; nor did the electric stimulation -re-applied to both ends of the divided nerve produce any apparent effect -on the glandular function.… I have selected these five experiments -from those I had noted down in my book, as I made them under varying -conditions. In all of them the results were negative.… Rochrig observed -that in the goat the effects were different--as M. Lafont had said--which -proves once more that the conclusions arrived at must not be generalized, -and that the phenomena may vary considerably according to the species -of animal.”--“_De l’Innervation de la Mamelle_,” _Report de la Soc. de -Biologie, October 25, 1879_, “_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_,” 1879, p. 593. - - -THE END. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vivisectors' Directory - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY *** - -***** This file should be named 54233-0.txt or 54233-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/3/54233/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Vivisectors' Directory - Being a list of the licensed vivisectors in the United - Kingdom, together with the leading physiologists in foreign - laboratories - -Commentator: Frances Power Cobbe - -Editor: Benjamin Bryan - -Release Date: February 25, 2017 [EBook #54233] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger"><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Vivisectors’ Directory</span>;</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BEING A LIST OF THE</span><br /> -LICENSED VIVISECTORS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM,<br /> -<span class="smaller">TOGETHER WITH THE</span><br /> -LEADING PHYSIOLOGISTS IN FOREIGN LABORATORIES.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES.</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Edited by</span><br /> -<span class="larger">BENJAMIN BRYAN,</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">WITH A PREFACE BY</span><br /> -FRANCES POWER COBBE.</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">LONDON:<br /> -Published by the <span class="smcap">Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection</span>,<br /> -UNITED WITH THE<br /> -<span class="smcap">International Association for the Total Suppression of Vivisection</span>.<br /> -1884.</p> - -<p class="center">Price, 1s. 6d.; Cloth, 2s.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">London:<br /> -Printed by PEWTRESS & Co.</span>,<br /> -<i>Steam Printing Works</i>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">28, Little Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE.</h2> - -<p>It was reported at the time of the Franco-German war that -the Prussian soldiers profited much by their general acquaintance -with the geography of France, and by the possession of -convenient pocket maps furnished to them of the invaded -districts.</p> - -<p>To supply the combatants in the Anti-Vivisection Crusade -with some such knowledge, and such <i lang="fr">cartes du pays</i> of the -physiologists’ ground, was the original purpose of the <cite>Vivisectors’ -Directory</cite>, as prepared for <span class="smcap">The Zoophilist</span>. It was -recognised by those engaged in the thick of the fight against -scientific cruelty that it was impossible to retain in the -memory the names of all, even of the most notorious Vivisectors, -or to attach to them their particular class of experiments; -nor, in the case of English physiologists, was it practicable -to recall without continual reference to the whole series -of Parliamentary Returns what were the Licenses and -Certificates wherewith they have been annually provided. These -facts,—so often needed in controversy,—it was proposed -to marshal in the compendious form of a <cite>Directory</cite>, so that -each Zoophilist possessed of a copy should be enabled -at a moment’s notice to tell in which province of the “<i lang="it">doloroso -regno</i>” of Research each Vivisector might be found, what were -his titles and address, and the books he had published; -and (if he were a British subject) how many Licenses and -Certificates he had received.</p> - -<p>It is hoped that this original purpose of the <cite>Directory</cite> -has been fairly fulfilled, and that Anti-vivisectionists will universally -find it to be a very serviceable book of reference. It is -not pretended that it is a perfect work, that the names of -all the Vivisectors in Europe have been ascertained, or their -worst deeds always ferreted out. Great pains have been -taken to make the list thus complete, and several able agents -have been employed for the purpose abroad as well as at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span> -home, under the editor’s supervision. But years would -have been needed for the exhaustive completion of the task, -and the publication would have been indefinitely delayed. -As it now appears, the <cite>Directory</cite> presents (it is confidently -believed) a mass of reliable information in a convenient form, -and at a moment when it is urgently needed for use in our -sorrowful controversy.</p> - -<p>But even while this first purpose of the <cite>Directory</cite> was being -patiently carried out, it became obvious to those concerned that -the work would fulfil at the same time another and still more important -end. As name after name appeared for registration, and -cruel experiment followed cruel experiment in endless variety, -the utility of the <cite>Directory</cite> as affording evidence of the extent -to which Vivisection is now carried on in Europe, became -revealed. No doubt or dispute, it was obvious, could possibly -attach to <em>this</em> testimony. There can be no question here of -that “exaggeration” or those “sensational appeals” wherewith -our opponents are wont to charge us. There can be no -“sensational appeal” in a Dictionary; nay, care has been -taken that there should not be one single epithet editorially -applied to any experiment recorded from first to last. The -<cite>Directory</cite> is a mere dry Register, like an ordinary Medical -or Clerical Directory of names, dates, places, degrees, -books, pamphlets, licenses, and certificates. Only some -<i lang="la">verbatim</i> quotations are added, with exact references to chapter -and verse. If these should happen to convey most damning -accusations, it is the Vivisectors themselves who have -registered their own offences.</p> - -<p>But it is a sickening revelation, even to those who have for -years back been steeped to the lips in this Dead Sea literature. -Few or none will have realized, we believe, till they look into -this Directory as a whole, how infinitely varied have been the -devices of the tormentors of animals, how relentless the -diligence of these explorers of living tissues, these harpists -whose instruments are quivering nerves, these diggers -into living brains who leave them “like lately-hoed -potato fields.” Not the poor humble frogs alone, of which -we are wont to hear, but every class of sensitive and -intelligent animal seems to be in turn the victim of -pitiless experiment,—the commonest of all being the -most loving servants of mankind. Not one organ of their -beautiful frames but has been chosen for the explorations of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span> -dozen enquirers, and mangled, burned, torn out, or inoculated -with some horrible disease. The well-known maladies which -result from human drunkenness and vice have been cunningly -conveyed to dogs and apes. The breasts of mother brutes -nursing their young have been cut off, and the mutilated -creatures dropped back to die among their little ones whom -they can no longer feed. Pregnant animals have been continually -cut open. An Italian physiologist (Mosso) injects putrified -human brains into animals. The eyes are chosen as the -special seats for inoculation, because, through the transparent -body the processes of disease can be most easily -watched. Balbiani varnished the skins of dogs, so that -after long hours in which all exudation was stopped, the -creatures expired—stewed, as it were, in their own blackened -blood. Claude Bernard and Alfred Richet baked them -alive in stoves constructed for that hideous purpose. Paul Bert -and Cyon place them under atmospheric pressures till a dog -comes out stiffened all over “like a piece of wood.” Brown-Séquard -and Brondgeest cut the spinal cords of guinea-pigs -and rabbits, and Chauveau opens the spinal canal of horses and -irritates the roots of the nerves. Nasse injects salt into the -veins, and Watson Cheyne injects micrococci into the eyes. -Blondlot and Heidenhain establish fistulas. Aufrecht endeavours -to create kidney disease, and Köbner leprosy. Bacchi -and Donders pour acetic acid on the nerves of the eyes. Audigé, -Colin, Miss Adams, Gréhaut, and Gscheidlen, experiment on -various animals with mineral and vegetable poisons; and -Fayrer, Brunton, and Lacerda with that of snakes. The bile -ducts of dogs and cats are ligatured by Wickham Legg and -Rutherford. Skulls of monkeys and dogs are opened and the -brains mutilated and stimulated with electricity by Ferrier, -Yeo, Horsley, Schäfer, Goltz, Hitzig, Fritsch, Golgi, Grützner, -Günther Leyden, Hermann, Lovèn, Munk, Longet, Luchsinger, -Ott, and Vulpian; and the stomach, heart, liver and spleen, are -cut into and diversely dissected alive by a whole host of -physiologists, Roy, Gaskell, Lépine, Pellacani, Cohnheim, -Marey, Martin, Colasanti, Panum, Moleschott, and Flint.</p> - -<p>When it is remembered that, according to Claude Bernard -in his latest work, we may “take for granted that experiments, -when not otherwise described, are performed on curarized -dogs”—that is, on highly sensitive creatures, placed in -a condition which he himself describes as “accompanied by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span> -the most atrocious suffering which the imagination of man -can conceive,”—we have before us in this small <cite>Directory</cite> -a record of agonies before which the brain grows dizzy and -the heart sick. That any man not utterly science-hardened -can contemplate them with indifference, and refuse to lift -his voice against them, is difficult to understand. He who -will look through this little book and then “pass by on the -other side,” might, one would think, have strolled round -Nero’s martyr-lighted gardens and turned unmoved away.</p> - -<p class="right">F. P. C.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY.</h1> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Abraham, Phineas S.</span>, 5, Clare Street, Dublin. M.A.T.C. -Dub.; B. Sc. Loud.; F.R.C.S.E. 1880; (St. Barthol. Lond.; T.C. -Dub. and Paris); 1st Sen. Mod. and Large Gold Medallist in Nat. -Sci. and Mod. in Exper. Sci., T.C. Dub., 1871; Hon. Sec. Dub. -Biol. Club., Contrib. to Proc. Zool. Socs., Lond. and Paris, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection in Physiological Lecture Room -of Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Adams, Hope Bridges</span> (Miss), Student Bedford College, -studied medicine at Leipzig under Professors Ludwig and W. His. -Graduated L.K.Q.C.P. Ireland and M.D. Zurich. Married to Dr. -Walthers. Settled in practice at Frankfort. Leipzig Pathological -Institute.</p> - -<p>“Miss Bridges Adams made a number of experiments on the -secretion of hæmoglobin in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig, -on rabbits and dogs, which she poisoned slowly with chlorate of -potassium and other similar substances, by which the kidneys, -bladder, and spleen were morbidly affected. The animals vomited, -a deposit collected in the bladder, and they died after sufferings -more or less prolonged. Dr. Lebedoff (of St. Petersburg), who is -continuing the investigations, affirms that she attained no definite -result and that the experiments do not give one the impression -of having been carried out with thoroughness.”—<cite>Thier u. Menschen -Freund</cite>, No. 7, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Albertoni</span> (Prof.), Materia Medica R. Univ. Genoa. Substitute -in Chair of Physiology in absence of Prof. Cerradini, Senior -Physician Hospital for Chronic Diseases.</p> - -<p>Author of “Influenza del cervello nella produzione dell’ epilessia; -che cosa avvenga del sangue nella trasfusione;” and joint author with -Dr. Bufalini: “Sull’ aumento delle pulsazioni cardiache dietro l’eccitazione -delle prime radici dorsali;” and with Dr. F. Lussana, of -“Sull’ alcool, ricerche sperimentali”; 3rd art. in “Lo sperimentale,” -1874.</p> - -<p>Experiments in transfusion of blood, tried successfully on dogs, -subsequently on three human patients who died, the transfusion -having “hastened the fatal issue.”—<cite>Archiv. Ital.</cite>, Tome 2, p. 180. -Repeated experiments of Chirone and Curci on apes, arriving at -opposite conclusions.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Albini, Commendatore Giuseppe,</span> Palazzo Dini, Via -Museo Nazionale, Naples. Oculist. Prof. Histology, Anatomy and -Physiology. Director of the Institute of Physiology in Royal -University, Naples. Vice-President of the Academy of Physical and -Mathematical Science. President of the Neapolitan Branch of -Italian Alpine Club.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber das Gift der Salamander Maculata,” Vienna, -1858; “Sull’ azione aspirante del cuore,” Naples, 1862; “Sul -mecanismo della deglutizione,” 1863; “Guarigione di una Fistola -gastrica in un cane,” 1867; “Guida allo studio della Fisiologia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> -normale e sperimentale,” 1870; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico -di Parma,” Parma, 1860; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico -di Napoli,” 1860-64.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Anderson, Richard John</span>, 58, Wellington Park, Belfast. M.A. -Qu. Univ. Irel. (1st Hons. in Exper. Science, Gold Medal and Prize), -1870; B.A. (2nd Hons. and Prize in Exper. Science), 1869; M.D. (1st -Hons., Gold Medal and Prize) 1872; M.R.C.S. (Eng., and L.M.) 1872; -(Belfast, St. Barthol. London, Leipzig, Paris, and Heidelberg); Demonstrator -of Anat. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Prof. of Zoology, Galway, 1884.</p> - -<p>Contributed “Abnormal Arrangement of Peritoneum,” Journ. -Anat. and Physiol., 1878; “The Presence of an Astragalo-schapoid -Bone in Man,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1880; “Respiratory Excitation and Depression,” -Dub. Journ. Med. Science, 1880; and other Contributions to -Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Dub. Journ. Med. Science, Virchow’s -Archiv., and Brit. Med. Journ.</p> - -<p><em>Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, -Queen’s College, Belfast, in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments -returned in 1882-83.</em></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Arloing</span>, (Prof.) Prof. Anat. and Physiol, and of practical -experiments in the École Nationale Vétérinaire of Lyons.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Aufrecht</span>, (Dr.), Magdeburg.</p> - -<p>“Experiments in the artificial induction of diseases of the kidneys. -Used formerly to tie the ureter, has now injected <i>Cantharides</i> under -the skin of rabbits, and produced the disease in all its forms.”—<cite>Med. -Centralblatt</cite>, No. 47, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Aubert, Hermann.</span> Prof. Rostock University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie der Netzhaut,” Breslau, 1865; jointly with -Gustav Roever, of Rostock, of “Ueber de Vasomotorischen -Wirkungen des nervus vagus, laryngicus und sympathicus,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 211. This essay describes experiments -on dogs, cats, rabbits, and lambs.</p> - -<p>“Constructor of a ‘handy apparatus’ for bringing animals into -a state of asphyxia in air attenuated or deprived of oxygen.”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, 27, p. 566.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Audigé, R. H. T.</span>, 26, Avenue Bosquet, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of Thèse “Recherches expérimentales sur le spasme des -voies biliaires,” Paris.</p> - -<p>“Alcohols administered in a slow and continuous manner were -found to give rise to various disorders. Vomiting of biliary matter -and glairy mucus together with more or less severe diarrhœa were -observed. Difficulty of breathing, muscular tremor, and even -paresis of the hinder extremities were also recorded. Examination -after death revealed congestive changes of the alimentary canal and -of the liver, but no hepatic cirrhosis. Well-marked hyperæmia of -the lungs and atheroma of the large vessels, especially the aorta -were also detected.… Absinthe when given to the animals gave -rise to great excitement with muscular contracture and cutaneous -hyperæsthesia.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, June 30th, 1883.</p> - -<p>“… We must not overlook the extreme sensitiveness of the -mucous membrane which lines the ducts; we have just seen that -an injection into the biliary ducts of water mixed with a small -quantity of acetic acid produces in dogs acute pain.”—<cite>Collection -de Thèses pour le Doctorat</cite>, Paris, 1874, p. 27.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<p>The biliary ducts of a curarised dog dissected out and then -excited by electricity so as to produce spasms.—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Axenfeld, Alexandre</span>, Camerino, Italy. Prof. pathologie -médicale, Med. Faculty, Paris.</p> - -<p>Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences -Médicales,” Paris, 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bacchi, M. E.</span> M.D., Turin, Laureate Univ., Turin; M.D. -Paris, 1874; Prof. Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Contribution à l’étude de l’étiologie de la sclérochoroïdite -postérieure, Paris, 1874.”</p> - -<p>This Thesis also describes experiments in which neuralgic pains -are produced by the application of electricity to the orbital nerves -of a rabbit—the torture being continued for from half-an-hour to -an hour daily from September 14th to October 30th.</p> - -<p>Exper. IV. “I exposed the upper orbital nerve on the left -side of another rabbit, and then I poured on to it a few drops of -a strong solution of acetic acid. The pain was so violent that the -animal emitted heartrending shrieks and writhed in the throes of a -violent agony.”—<cite>Collection de Thèse pour le Doctorat</cite>, Paris, 1874, -pp. 59 and 61.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Baginsky, Benno.</span> M.D. Berlin, 1872.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Über die Folgen der Drucksteigerung in der Paukenhöhle,” -Virchow’s Archiv., 1881.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs in the Veterinary School of Berlin.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Balbiani</span> (Prof.). Prof. Embryology, Coll. de France.</p> - -<p>Made experiments by varnishing the skins of animals, especially -rabbits and guinea-pigs.—<cite>Traité de physiologie, Béclard</cite>, Paris, 1880, -Vol. I., p. 495. Chiefly known as an Embryologist.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Balfour, Francis Maitland.</span> B. 1851, d. 1882. (Killed by -a fall on the Glaciers of Courmayeur Alps). Educated at Harrow -and Cambridge, where he graduated subsequently; he studied at -the Stazione Zoologica at Naples, under Dr. Dohrn. Was Lecturer -on Natural Science, Embryology, and Comparative Anatomy at -Trinity College, Cambridge. Fell. Roy. Soc. 1878; Mem. Counc. -Roy. Soc.; Pres. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1881; LL.D. Glasgow 1880. -The Professorship of Animal Morphology at Cambridge was created -specially for him. Was for several years one of the editors of the -<cite>Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science</cite>. A Balfour Fund has been -raised to found memorial at Cambridge.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Balfour, John Hutton</span>, Junr., East Brighton Crescent, -Portobello, M.B., Edin. and C.M., 1881.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, -Materia Medica Department, in 1882, and Certificate for Experiments -without Anæsthetics, same year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Barker, John</span>, M.D. Deceased, 1879. M.D. Dublin, 1863; -M.B. 1846, B.A.; F.R.C.S.I. 1863; L. 1846; (T.C. Dublin); -Exam. in Anat. and Surg. and Cur. Mus. M.R.C.S.I.; M.R.I.A.; -formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, Univ. Dublin.</p> - -<p>Author of Cryptogamic Part in “Steel’s Handbook of Field -Botany,” and other papers.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, -Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, 1878-79. -No experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Barlow, John</span>, 85, Kelvingrove Street, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., -1879; M.B. and C.M. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasg., -1881; (Anderson Univ., Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Prof. of Inst. of -Med. Anderson’s Coll. Glasg.; late Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol., -Univ. Glasg.; House Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.</p> - -<p>Contributed “Mode of Demonstrating Pflüger’s Law of Contraction,” -Jour. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XII.; “Physiological Action -of Ozonised Air,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XIII.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory and Class Room in 1878-79-80-83. -Certificate in 1878 and 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures, for -Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Testing previous Discoveries; -in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments -without Anæsthetics; and in 1883 for Illustrations of -Lectures. No Experiments returned in 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bartholow, Robert.</span> Cincinnati. M.D.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” -New York, 1878.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the action of Gelsemium sempervirens.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Battistini, Attilio.</span> M.D. University of Rome.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Beatson, George Thomas</span>, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. -B.A. Cantab., 1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; C.M., 1874; L.R.C.S. Edin., -1874 (Edin. Univ.); formerly Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contributed “On the causes of Expense in the Antiseptic Treatment -of Wounds,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879; “Origin and Composition -of Bodies found in Compound Ganglia,” Journ. Anat. and -Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Diagnosis of Malignant Abdominal Tumours,” -Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological -Laboratory in 1879 and Certificate dispensing with obligation -to kill before recovery from Anæsthetics.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Beaunis, Henri Etienne.</span> Prof, of Physiology, Med. Faculty, -Nancy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouveaux éléments de Physiologie humaine,” Paris, -1876; joint author with M. Bouchard of “Éléments d’Anatomie -descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.</p> - -<p>Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to a detail of -the necessary arrangements of the physiological laboratory, and -particularly recommends students to study physiology by vivisecting -frogs, as being more readily procured than other animals, and -easily held by pinning them on a piece of cork.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Béclard, Jules</span>, au Siége de l’Académie, 39, Rue des Saints-Pères. -B. 1818; M.D. Paris, 1842; Professor of Physiology Med. -Faculty, Paris; Perpetual Sec. Acad. of Medicine, &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité élémentaire de Physiologie,” Paris, 1880; -“Expériences constatant l’électricité du sang chez les animaux -vivants,” Metz, 1863. Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique -des Sciences Médicales,” Paris, 1880.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<p>“When by the aid of appropriate means, we suppress in animals -the cutaneous evaporation, and thus absolutely prevent -the discharge of water, vapour, and carbonic acid, grave -disorders are set up little by little, terminating in death. In order -thus to suppress the functions of the skin, it is advisable to lay -bare, by means of shaving closely, the whole of the skin of a dog, -sheep, rabbit, or horse, and to cover the exposed surface with a -thick drying varnish. Animals thus treated succumb at the expiration -of various periods, but they rarely survive twelve hours. -After death the tissues and organs are found gorged with black -blood. It is probable that the accumulated carbonic acid has -brought on slow asphyxia. When the pulmonary outlet is sealed up, -the asphyxia is rapid.”—<cite>Traité de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, Paris, 1880, -Vol. I., p. 495.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Béclard, Pierre Augustin.</span> B. 1785, d. 1825. Assistant -to M. Roux, 1809; Prosector Med. Faculty Paris, 1811; Prof. Anat., -1818; Mem. Acad. of Med., 1820.</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with Legallois on the Act of Vomiting.—<cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62.</p> - -<p>Author of “Additions à l’Anatomie générale de X. Bichat,” -Paris, 1821; “Éléments d’Anatomie générale,” Paris, 1823; Traité -Élémentaire de Physiologie, Septième Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; -Part II., 1884.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bégin, Louis Jaques.</span> B. at Liège, 1793; d. 1859. Prof. -Physiol., Military Gymnasium, Metz, 1821; M.D. Strasbourg, -1823; Prof. Anat., Physiol. and Surgery, Med. Faculty, Strasbourg; -Pres. Acad. of Med., Paris, 1847; Mem. of numerous -foreign learned societies.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité de Physiologie pathologique,” 1828, &c.; -contributed Art. “Vomissement,” “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique -des Sciences Médicales.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Behrend, F.</span> Student, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Experiments on rabbits under Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect -of uva ursi leaves and arbutin.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol.. 92, -Pt. III.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bell, Sir Charles.</span> B. 1778, d. 1842. M.E.C.S., Surg. -Roy. Infirm., Edin., 1797; M.R.C.S., Lond., Surg. Middlesex Hosp., -1812; Sen. Prof. Anat. Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg., Lond., and M.C., -1824; Lect. Physiol., Univ. Coll., Lond., 1826; knighted, 1831; -Prof. Surg. Univ. Edin., 1831.</p> - -<p>Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, -1793 (by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A -System of Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition -of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” -London, 1824; “The Nervous System of the Human Body,” London, -1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments,” London, -1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical Transactions,” “Institute -of Surgery,” &c., &c. The discoverer of the double function of the -spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector on record. Among -the published accounts of his experiments is the following:—</p> - -<p>“After delaying long on account of the unpleasant nature of the -operation, I opened the spinal canal of a rabbit and cut the posterior -roots of the nerves of the lower extremity—the creature still -crawled—but I was deterred from repeating the experiment by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -protracted cruelty of the dissection. I reflected that the experiment -would be satisfactory if done on an animal recently knocked -down and insensible—that whilst I experimented on a living animal, -there might be a trembling or action excited in the muscles by touching -a sensitive nerve, which motion it would be difficult to distinguish -from that produced more immediately through the influence of the -motor nerves.”—<cite>Nervous System of the Human Body</cite> (Longman -and Co.), 1830, p. 31.</p> - -<p>The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir -Charles Bell respecting the utility of Vivisection and its moral -aspect:—</p> - -<p>“In concluding these papers, I hope I may be permitted to offer -a few words in favour of Anatomy, as better adapted for discovery -than experiment. Anatomy is already looked upon with prejudice -by the thoughtless and ignorant—let not its professors -unnecessarily incur the censures of the humane. Experiments -have never been the means of discovery—and a survey of what -has been attempted of late years in physiology, will prove -that the opening of living animals has done more to perpetuate -error than to confirm the just views taken from the study -of anatomy and natural motions. In a foreign review of my -former papers the results have been considered as a further -proof in favour of experiments. They are, on the contrary, deductions -from anatomy, and I have had recourse to experiments not -to form my own opinions, but to impress them upon others. It -must be my apology that my utmost efforts of persuasion were lost, -while I urged my statements on the grounds of anatomy alone. -For my own part I cannot believe that Providence should intend -that the secrets of nature are to be discovered by the means of -cruelty, and I am sure that those who are guilty of protracted -cruelties do not possess minds capable of appreciating the laws of -Nature.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 217.</p> - -<p>Similar sentiments are expressed in his “Essay on the Forces -which Circulate the Blood,” Part II., p. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bellesme, Jousset de.</span> School of Physiology, Nantes.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie Comparée Recherches expérimentelles sur -les fonctions du balancier chez les insectes,” Paris, 1879; “Recherches -sur la digestion chez les mollusques céphalopodes,” Comptes -rendus Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 428; “Recherches sur l’action physiologique -du grenat ou résidu de fabrication de la fuchsine,” -Comptes rendus, Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 187.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Belli, Aristide</span> (Prof.), Director of the School of Veterinary -Medicine, Urbino.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bennet, Alex. Hughes</span>, 13, Old Cavendish Street, W. -M.D., Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869, -M.R.C.P., Lond. 1876 (Edin., Lond. and Paris); Mem. Path. -Soc. Lond.; Ext. Mem. and Emer. Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. -Edin.; Physician Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, St. John’s -Wood, and to the Westminster Hospital, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological -Actions of Theine, Caffeine, Quaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine,” -1873; “A Practical Treatise on Electro-Diagnosis in Diseases -of the Nervous System;” “Illustrations of the Superficial Nerves -and Muscles, with their Motor Points,” &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bennett, John Hughes</span>, M.D. Professor of the Institutes -of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh; died 1875.</p> - -<p>President of the Committee which performed the experiments on -the effect of mercury, &c., on the livers of dogs. He was -accustomed to lecture to his class on the benefit of vivisection, and -advised his students to resist every attempt to interfere with it. -Originator and suggestor of Rutherford’s experiments on the bile -ducts.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Béraud, J. B.</span> Author of “Manuel de physiologie,” Paris, 1853. -Experiments on generative organs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bergeron, E. J.</span>, 75, Rue St. Lazare, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1866; -Prof. Med. Fac. and Insp. of Lunatic Asylums for the Department of -Seine, Knight of the Legion of Honour.</p> - -<p>Author of “Les Réactions physiologiques des Poisons,” Paris, -1836; “Sur l’existence normale du cuivre dans l’organisme,” Paris, -1873; “L’empoisonnement par la strychnine,” Paris, 1877, &c.</p> - -<p>At the age of 26, M. Bergeron was commissioned to undertake a -long series of experiments in several poisoning cases.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Berlin, W.</span> (Dr.), Amsterdam University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bernard, Claude.</span> B. at St. Julien, Rhone, France, 1813; -d. 1878. M.D. Paris, 1843; Pupil and Assistant to M. Majendie; -Prof. of Medicine at Faculty of Science, Paris; Member of the -Academy of Science; succeeded Majendie as Professor of Experimental -Physiology at the College of France in 1855; Prof. -Gen. Physiol. at Museum, 1868; Mem. Acad. Med., 1861; Pres. -Biological Soc., 1867; Member of French Academy, 1869; Commander -of the Legion of Honour, 1867. Member of the Institute -of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Leçons de physiologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1854-1855, -2 vols.; “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine expérimentale,” -Paris, 1855; “Leçons sur les effets des Substances toxiques et -Médicamenteuses,” Paris, 1857; “Leçons sur la physiologie et la -pathologie du système nerveux,” Paris, 1858; “Leçons sur les propriétés -physiologiques et les altérations pathologiques des liquides -de la l’organisme,” Paris, 1859; “Leçons de pathologie expérimentale,” -Paris, 1871; “Leçons sur les anæsthétiques et sur l’asphyxie,” Paris, -1875; “Leçons sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1876; “Leçons sur le -diabète et la glycogenèse animale,” Paris, 1877; “Leçons sur les -phénomènes de la vie, etc.,” Paris, 1878; “La science expérimentale,” -Paris, 1878.</p> - -<p>“A physiologist” (Bernard wrote) “is no ordinary man. He is a -learned man, a man possessed and absorbed by a scientific idea. He -does not hear the animals’ cries of pain. He is blind to the blood that -flows. He sees nothing but his idea, and organisms which conceal -from him the secrets he is resolved to discover.”—<cite>Introd. à -l’étude</cite>, p. 180.</p> - -<p>Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These -animals, Bernard tells us (<cite>Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale</cite>, p. 347), -survived respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four -minutes, and so on, according to the heat of the stove and according -to the position of their heads within it, or outside of it. “It -became impossible,” he says of them, “to count the pantings. -At last the creature falls into convulsions and dies—uttering -a cry.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Our hands without doubt are empty at present, but our mouths -may be full of legitimate promises for the future.”—<cite>Sur le Diabète</cite>, -p. 43.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bernstein, Jules</span> (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University. -M.D. Berlin; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine, University of Berlin, -1871; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine at Halle, 1873.</p> - -<p>Author of works on the Nervous System; “Herzstillstand -durch Sympathicusreizung;” “Die fuenf Sinne des Menschen,” in -“Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek,” Vol. XII., 1875; -“Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem.” -Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871.</p> - -<p>Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the -nerves, and his work entitled “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang -im Nerven und Muskelsystem,” is well known to -physiologists.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Berruti, Giuseppe.</span></p> - -<p>Author of “La Crania tornia nella practica ostretica,” Turin, -1876; with Perosini of “De l’ablation des capsules surrenales,” in -<cite>Gazette Hebdomadaire de Méd.</cite>, 1856, p. 863 et 924.</p> - -<p>Performed numerous experiments on Horses.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bert, Paul</span>, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863; -Prof. Physiol. Fac. Sci. at Bordeaux, 1869; obtained the Prize of -20,000 francs from the Academy of Science for his work on “La -Pression Barométrique” in 1875; President Biol. Soc.; Senator and -Minister of Public Worship for France, under the Presidency of -M. Gambetta.</p> - -<p>Author of “Notes d’Anatomie et de Physiologie comparées,” -1867; “La Pression Barométrique,” 1877; Contrib. Scientific -Articles to “La République Française.”</p> - -<p>“He thought it would be interesting to experiment upon newborn -animals (cats), which, it is well known, he tells us, resist -asphyxia much longer than full grown ones. (P. 571.) From his -apparatus for keeping animals in compressed oxygen he draws -a dog in full convulsions, strong enough to enable him to carry -it by one paw, like a bit of wood. (P. 784.) The attacks of -convulsions, under strong tension of oxygen, are, he says, really -curious and startling.” (P. 799.)—<cite>Pression Barométrique.</cite></p> - -<p>“In this experiment a dog was first rendered helpless and incapable -of any movement, even of breathing, which function was -performed by a machine blowing through a hole in its windpipe.” -All this time, however, “its intelligence, its sensitiveness, and its -will, remained intact,” “a condition accompanied by the most -atrocious sufferings that the imagination of man can conceive.” (<i lang="la">Vide</i> -Claude Bernard in <cite>Revue des Deux Mondes</cite>, 1st September, 1864, pp. -173, 182, 183, &c.) “In this condition, the side of the face, the side -of the neck, the side of the fore-leg, interior of the belly and the -hip, were dissected out in order to lay bare respectively the sciatic, -the splanchnics, the median, the pneumo-gastric and sympathetic, -and the infra-orbital nerves. These were excited by electricity for -ten consecutive hours, during which time the animal must have -suffered unutterable torment, unrelieved even by a cry. The inquisitors -then left for their homes, leaving the tortured victim alone -with the engine working upon it, till death came in the -silence of the night and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. -4,111.)—<cite>Archives de Physiologie</cite>, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Betz, Fr. Hugo.</span> M.D.; Surgeon in practice in Schönan, -Silesia, 1877.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra,” Centralblatt -f. d. Med. Wiss., 1874.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the brains of dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bezold, Albert Von.</span> B. 1836, at Ansbach, d. 1868 at -Wurzburg. After studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went -to Berlin to study physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there he -became the friend of Isidor Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In -addition to the study of physiology, Bezold followed Virchow’s -lectures on pathological anatomy and worked in the laboratory of -Hoppe-Seyler, now Prof. of Physiological Chemistry at Tübingen. -He became assistant to Du Bois Reymond, but was soon after called -to the Chair of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the -nervus vagus produced results opposed to the theories of Schiff -and Moleschott. Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg, 1865, where -he extended the laboratory to be one of the most complete in -Germany. While at Jena he had already enlarged the laboratory -there, and had taken a journey to Edinburgh to superintend -the arrangement of Dr. Bennett’s laboratory.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über die Innervation des Herzens,” -Leipsig, 1863; “Untersuchungen über die electrische Erregung -der Nerven und Muskeln” Leipsig, 1861.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bianchi</span>, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples. Electrotherapist. -Prof. Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bichat, Marie François Xavier.</span> B. 1771; d. 1802. Studied -at Nantes, Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of -Desault, whose works he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished -surgery to devote himself entirely to physiology. Physician -to the Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he experimented with various -drugs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses Membranes -en particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques -sur la vie et la mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée -à la Physiologie et à la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,” -Paris, 1802-1803, 5 vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, -5th Vol. by Roux.</p> - -<p>“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”—<cite>Traité de -Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.</p> - -<p>“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living -animals, which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with -a turn-cock is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an -artery is subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration -is allowed free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby -suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The -blood which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; -it becomes analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is -again opened, the blood once more takes a bright hue.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, -p. 336.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bidder, Alfred Von.</span> M.D. Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte -Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint -author with M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -1852; Contrib. to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, -1883; Arch f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1867.</p> - -<p>Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.—<cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Billroth, Theodor.</span> B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. -Surgeon, Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen, -Berlin, and Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery, -Zurich, 1860; Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und accidentelle -Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine Chirurgische -Pathologie und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der allgemeinen -und speciellen Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das Lehren und -Lernen der Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der -deutschen Nation, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” -Vienna, 1876; “Untersuchungen ueber die Entwickelung -der Blutgefässe, nebst Beobachtungen aus der Klinischen Chirurgischen -Universitäts-Klinik zu Berlin,” Berlin, 1876, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Binz, Carl.</span> Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; -studied Med. at Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 -(Bonn); Private Prof. of Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; -Prof. extraordinary and founder of Institute of Pharmacology -University of Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary, 1873. Staff-Surgeon -during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beobachtungen zur inneren Klinik,” Bonn, 1864; -“Grinidzüge der Arznei Mittel Lehre,” “Experimentelle Untersuchungen -ueber das Wesen der Chininwirkung,” Berlin, 1868; -“Ueber den Traum,” Bonn, 1878, etc.</p> - -<p>Experiments with nitrite of sodium on frogs, rabbits, and dogs.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, -Nov. 3, 1883.</p> - -<p>“Binz produced fever in dogs artificially by injecting infusion of -hay or putrid animal matter into their veins, and then tested the -action of quinine by injecting it either at the same time or shortly -afterwards.”—<cite>Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines</cite>, -T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Biondi, Adolfo</span>, Strada Nuova, Monteoliveto 6. Prof. -Pathological Medicine, Royal University, Naples.</p> - -<p>“I cannot imagine that any man in his senses would attempt to -remove a human lung with a tumour in it. It would not be resection -of parts of four ribs which would permit the removal of a -tumour sufficiently large to admit of accurate diagnosis; and I -cannot observe, in the literature just at the moment accessible, that -any other kinds of tumours occur in the lung, save those of hydatid -origin, and those of a cancerous nature. If the tumour were hydatid, -the removal of lung would be unnecessary. If the tumour proved -to be an aneurysm, the disaster would be awful.… The facility -with which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs, and parts of lungs, from -dogs, guinea-pigs, cats, fowls, pigeons, and sheep, and the absence -of mortality from such operations, is likely to be a snare rather -than a help. It does not need saying, that the removal of a healthy -lung, collapsed by the introduction of air into the pleura, would be a -very easy matter, and very different from the removal of a diseased -and adherent organ. There would be as much difference as there is -between normal ovariotomy and removal of a pyosalpinx. It is -perfectly clear that these animals, with their deep and narrow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -chests, differ very much from us with our wide and shallow cavities, -in their power of enduring the accident of acute pneumothorax; -certainly they would differ from us immensely in the facility with -which pneumonotomy may be performed. Their chests are built -for the endurance of the special efforts of great speed, and we -have lost those physical characters; and I venture to say that, if -acute pneumothorax were suddenly inflicted upon sixty-three healthy -adult human beings, death would be the immediate result in the -great majority of the experiments.”—<cite>Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. -Med. Journ., June 20, 1884.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Birch, J. de Burgh</span>, Barnard Castle, Durham. M.D. Edin. (Gold -Medallist), 1880, M.B. and C.M., 1877; (Bristol and Edin. Univ.); -F.R.S.E.; late Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contributed “Constitution and Relations of Bone Lamellæ, -Lacunæ, and Canaliculi, and some effects of Trypsin Digestion on -Bone,” Journ. Physiol. Vol. II.; also contrib. to Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. -and Centralb. d. Med. Wiss.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, -Lecture Room and Physiological Laboratory 1878 and in 1879. -Certificate in 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures; no experiments -returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig W.</span> M.D. (Deceased.) Late -Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Munich.</p> - -<p>Author of “Commentatio de nervi accessorii Willissii anatomia -et physiologia,” Darmstadt, 1832; “Commentatio de novis quibusdam -experimentis chemico-physiologicus ad illustrandam -doctrinam de respiratione institutis. Praemissae sunt literae -L. Gmelin,” Heidelberg, 1837; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des -Hundeeiess,” Brunswick, 1845; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des -Meerschweinschens,” Giessen, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des -Rehes,” Giessen, 1854; “Das Hirngewicht des Menschen,” -Bonn, 1880; and joint author with Carl Voit of “Die Gesetze der -Ernährung des Fleischfressers durch neue Untersuchungen festgestellt,” -Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Das Studium und die -Ausübung der Medicino durch Frauem,” Munich, 1872; Contrib. -to Encyclopédie Anatomique.</p> - -<p>Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, on the -accessory and vagus nerves, which he cut through between the -cranium and first vertebra, with the result that the sound of the -voice became changed. “Was most successful with a goat, in which -he succeeded in cutting both accessory nerves, when it could no -longer be said to have a voice at all.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bizzozero, Giulio.</span> B. at Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D. Pavia, -1866; Prof. of Histology, Pavia; Prof. of General Pathology, 1872; -Professor of General Pathology, Royal Univ. Turin; Free Prof. -Microscopy applied to clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza -at the experimental Laboratory of the University of Pavia. Has -founded a Laboratory at Turin. Knight of the Order of the Crown -of Italy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia -vibratili,” 1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e -sulle cettule sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici -del cervello e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” -1868-69; “Sui rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -“Sui linfatici e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; -“Recherches sur la physiopathologie du sang” (for which the -Acad. of Turin has lately awarded him the prix Riberi of -20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element morphologique du sang et de -son importance dans la thrombose et la coagulation,” dans -Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of “L’Archivio -delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates the results -of his experiments.</p> - -<p>Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and -omentum or mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but -“to avoid objection to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also -performed a great number of experiments on animals not under -anæsthetics, but tied to the table.—<cite>Archiv. Ital.</cite>, Tom. II.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Blix, Magnus Gustaf.</span> B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory -of Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala, -1882.</p> - -<p>Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society, -Upsala,” principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, -viz., “Bidrag till laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: -Ophthalmometriska studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; -Till Melysning affragan, Muravida varmenomfattes till -mekaniskt arbete vid Muskelcontractioner,” 1881; “Mya midsag -till ophthalmometriens utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande perimeter,” -1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Block, Carl Otto</span>, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.</p> - -<p>Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found -they did not die if a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he -became desirous of making the same experiment on men. His first -victim was a girl of fourteen, who died a few hours after the -operation (resection of a piece of the lung).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Blondlot, Nicolas.</span> B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof. -Chemistry and Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; -“Essai sur les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; -“Recherches sur la digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, -1855.</p> - -<p>In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of experiments -on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is -generally spoken of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment -of a fistula into the stomach of the lower animals. (His -method is given in detail in “Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, -another vivisector, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a -Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists, -in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account of a number of -successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Boccardo, Giuseppe.</span> Assistant, Physiological Institute, -R. University, Naples.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore.</span> Prof. Experimental -Pathology, Medical Faculty, Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai -de critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873.</p> - -<p>“All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been -made on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -were made on rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results obtained -amount to little or nothing. We must say once for all that our -experiments with strychnine and quinine have also given no exact -result.”—<cite>Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat</cite>, Paris, 1873, p. 25.</p> - -<p>“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters -act under identical conditions, the results obtained are not -always the same.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Böhm, R.</span> Prof. in Marburg.</p> - -<p>Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the -exfoliation of intestinal epithelium.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XCII., -part 3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bohr</span> (Dr.). Prof. of Physiology, Copenhagen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bornhardt, A.</span> Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. -Med., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der Bogengänge -des Ohrlabyrinths.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XII, p. 471.</p> - -<p>Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains -had been extirpated.—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bouchard, Charles.</span> Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris.</p> - -<p>Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.” -Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris, -1869; “Recherches nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments -d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bousfield, Edward Collins</span>, Wellesley House, Ashley Road, -Bristol. L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St. Barthol.); -Physiol. Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed “On -a hitherto unnoted feature of the blood in Leucocythaemiæ,” Lancet -1879; “Effects of the Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880; “Case -illustrating the Pathology of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical -School 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bowditch, H. P.</span> Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School, -Boston, U.S.</p> - -<p>Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the -extremities.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brachet, Jean Louis.</span> B. at Eivors (France), 1789, d. at -Lyons, 1858. Hosp. Surg., Physician to Prisons, Professor of Physiology -School of Medicine, Physician to Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Chev. de -la Leg. d’Honn., Prof. Materia Med. and Therap., Mem. Acads. of -Med. Paris, Vienna, Madrid, Turin; Mem. Acad. Sci., Arts, and -Belles Lettres of Lyons, Dijon, Toulouse, Genoa; Mem. Med. Socs. -of Paris, Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen, Toulouse, Marseilles, Copenhagen, -Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans, Besançon, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “Dissertation Physiologique sur la cause des mouvement -de dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches -Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” -Paris, 1830; “Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,” Lyons, -1844; “Considérations sur le Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” -Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de l’Homme,” Lyons, -1855; “De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made -numerous researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary -system.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Braidwood, Peter Murray</span>, 17, Rodney Street, Liverpool, and -2, Delamere Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist) -1863; F.R.C.S. Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, -and Vienna); Astley Cooper Prizem. 1868; Honourable mention -from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from Imp. Council of Russia -1872; Fothergillian Medallist 1877; F.R.M.S.; Ext. Mem. (late -Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Exam. in Med. Jurisp. Univ. Edin.; -Co-Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Med. and Surg. Reports. -Author “On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the -Domestic Management of Children.” Contrib. “On the Physiological -Action of Dajaksch,” Edin. Med. Journ. 1864; “First and -Second Reports on the Life History of Contagion,” Brit. Med. Journ. -1875-76-77-78, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing -with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. -No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brailey, William Arthur</span>, 16, Orchard Street, Portman -Square, W. M.A.; M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. -and L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond. 1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fell. -Down. Coll. Camb. and late Inter. Coll. Lect. in Nat. Sci.; 1st Class -Nat. Sci. Tripos 1867; Exhib. in Biol. Prelim. Sci. Exam. M.B. Lond. -1865; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Comm. Ophth. Soc.; Lect. on Comp. -Anat. Guy’s and St. George’s Hosp. Med. Schs.; Curator and Regist. -Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Ophth. Surg. Evelina Hosp.; late House -Phys. Addenbrooke’s Hosp. Camb. Contributed “On Pathology of -Increased Tension,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Reps. 1877 and 1879; -“A Theory of Elancoma,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Reps. 1880, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and -Lecture Room in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 -and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brewer</span> (Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Dr. Brewer published in the <cite>Detroit Therapeutic Gazette</cite> -for September, 1882, an account of fifty experiments made -by him on frogs, kittens, cats, and dogs, with the liquid -extract of <i>Manaca</i> (a Brazilian plant) which he either exhibited -“<i lang="la">per oram</i>” (to quote literally) or injected subcutaneously. The -experiments were evidently made with great care, and entailed a -good many difficult vivisectional operations, such as the cutting of -the crural and sciatic nerves, the tying of the femoral artery, the -cutting of the spinal cord, and the ablation of the cerebrum. Great -pains were taken, and no fewer than eight experiments were instituted, -for the sole purpose of ascertaining whether Manaca affected -the nerves directly or through the intermediation of the blood, as -most poisons do, prussic acid not excepted.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brodie, Sir Benjamin.</span> B. 1783, d. 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805; Asst. -to Mr. Wilson as Demonst. of Anat.; Asst. Surg. St. George’s 1810; -Croonian Lecturer to Roy. Soc.; Prof. Anat. and Surg. Roy. Coll. -Surg. 1819; Sergeant Surgeon to William IV. 1832; was created a -Baronet 1834; Mem. Court of Exam. Coll. Surg. 1835; President -Roy. Coll. Surg. 1844; President Roy. Soc. 1858.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes -in which Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.” <cite>Edin. -Review</cite>, Vol. XVIII., p. 370, 1811.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> - -<p>As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in -observations and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.—<cite>Quar. -Jour. Science and the Arts</cite>, Jan., 1823, p. 341.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brondgeest, P. J.</span></p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” -Mueller’s Archiv., 1860.</p> - -<p>The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:—“Cut the -spinal cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each -posterior limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the creature -by the head. If we then observe the situation of the two limbs, -a difference is perceived, which has been shown to be invariable in -sixty-two experiments. The foot of which the nerve is cut is limp -and pendant; that of which the nerve is intact is slightly bent in all -its articulations. M. Brondgeest made similar experiments on rabbits -and birds.… If we detach by one of its extremities a -muscle newly prepared on a living animal, taking care to preserve -its nerve, and attach to the extremity of this muscle a certain weight, -… we shall see that it will augment in weight.”—<cite>Traité de -Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brouardel, Paul.</span> M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s -Hosp. 1873; Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées -contre le diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène -publique et de médecine légale.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Browne, James Crichton.</span> M.D.; Medical officer of the West -Riding Lunatic Asylum.</p> - -<p>“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed -two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life, to -ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to -pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 -animals in all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in -discovering an antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of -testing it on human beings has yet occurred; witness has been -denounced for this cruelty, although pycrotoxine is much used for -poisoned wheat; in each case the animal dies in convulsions.”—<cite>Dig. -Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, London, 1876, p. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard</span>, Laboratory of -Exper. Med., Collége de France, Paris. B. at Mauritius, 1818. M.D. -Paris, 1840; Prof. Med. Fac., Paris, 1869; Suc. Claude Bernard as -Prof. Exper. Med. at College of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures, -Smithsonian Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System -of Surgery, Vol. III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and -Practical Med., New York; “Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered -at the opening of the Medical Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; -Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous -System, Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures on Diagnosis -and Treatment of functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c., Philadelphia, -Cambridge, U.S., &c.</p> - -<p>“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to -the action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or -diminution of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed -by a marked increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which -are behind the place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuries<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -to the posterior columns of the spinal cord are always followed by a -degree of hyperæsthesia greater than after the laying bare of -the nervous centres—hyperæsthesia which appeared in all parts of -the body behind the place injured.… Before the operation in -rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces agitation -but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the least -pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes -the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure -upon the skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is -performed on the lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena -are always the same—that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia -in the various parts of the body which receive their nerves -from the part of the spinal cord which is behind the section. It has -been so in all the animals I have operated upon, and I have already -made this experiment upon animals belonging to more than twenty -species. As long as the animals live after the section of the posterior -columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist, except in the cases -where re-union takes place between the two surfaces of the section; -but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after the operation -than it is after a month or many months.”—<cite>Brown-Séquard</cite>, -“<cite>Lancet</cite>” 1,823 and 1,819.</p> - -<p>M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation -almost exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological -topics, especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the -sympathetic nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal -of the supra-renal capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and -Papers giving details of his Experiments.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bruns, Paul Victor.</span> B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, -1833; M.D., 1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; -Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840.</p> - -<p>Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, -1854-60; “Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung -der Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung -schlechtgeheilte Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung -eines Polypen in der Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” -Tübingen, 1862; “Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, -1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,” Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” -Tübingen, 1870.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Brunton, Thomas Lauder</span>, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish -Square, W. M.D., Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours and Gold -Medal for Thesis), 1866; B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., Lond., -1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and -Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ. Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med. Soc., London; Mem. (late -Sen. Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap., -and Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. Edin., -and R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London; Member -of the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize -Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;” -“Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological -Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations -to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes -Mellitus,” Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>; “The -Bible and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -“Nature and Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous -Snakes,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl -in Angina Pectoris,” <cite>Lancet</cite>, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition -of the Nuclei of Blood Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; -“On the Influence of Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian -Heart and over the Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. -Reports, and Papers in Philos. Trans., &c.</p> - -<p>“The number of animals required in experiments for research -varies enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of -different kinds, chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and -cheaper than rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to -how the cats are obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series -of investigations with regard to cholera, describes the method -pursued, and gives reasons for it. No beneficial discovery has yet -been arrived at; the experiments are still proceeding.”—<cite>Dig. Ev. -Roy. Com.</cite>, London, 1876, pp. 38-9.</p> - -<p>“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise -a frog and lay it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, -and another piece of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix -the body of the frog to the raised piece, open its abdomen with a -pair of scissors, draw out the intestines, and fasten the mesentery -with very fine pins over the hole. In an hour and a half, or two -hours afterwards, white corpuscles come rapidly out of the vessels -and wander over the field. We may then inject our drug into the -circulation, or apply it locally to the mesentery.”—<cite>Experimental -Investigation into the action of Medicines</cite>, T. Lauder Brunton, London, -1875, p. 23.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 -for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without -Anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules -and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and -for Experiments without Anæsthetics (this Certificate not acted -upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures; -in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and -also for Experiments without Anæsthetics. No experiments on -Horses, Mules or Asses in either year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Budge, Julius</span> (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. -Marburg, Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology -Univ. Bonn, 1855; Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, -1856.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine, -1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; -“Allgemeine Pathologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf -Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda der Speciellen Physiologie -des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke des Athems,” -Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,” -Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.</p> - -<p>“From observations on human patients we have already learnt -that pain causes movements of the bladder. But we can also -demonstrate this fact experimentally. Not always, but in many -instances I have seen that in curarised animals in whom it is well -known the sensibility of the nerves long outlasts their mobility, that -the pressure of the water rose when I galvanized the trigeminal -nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on the eye or on the mucous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -membrane of the nose, or when I irritated the central end of a -nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r. 1865, -II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements -of the bladder,”—“<cite>Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge.</cite>” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 515.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Bufalini, Giovanni.</span> Prof. Siena University.</p> - -<p>Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche -Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., -p. 338.</p> - -<p>Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation -of dogs.—<cite>Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche</cite>, Vol V., p. 338.</p> - -<p>“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of -inanition. The authors present a graphic table, indicating the -quantity of hæmoglobin in the blood, the temperature, and, -according to daily observations on a bitch subjected for 43 days -to an absolute fast with the exception of one ration of water. At -the last there were quick oscillations in the temperature … an -interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by further experiments, -which the authors engage to make. A second series of experiments -was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days -was practised the transfusion of blood.”—<cite>Archives Italiennes</cite>, -Tom. II., p. 253.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Burkart, Rudolph.</span> M.D. Bonn, 1869.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,” -Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus -auf die Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. I., p. 107; -“Studien ueber die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und -ueber die Beziehungen derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen -athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p. 427.</p> - -<p>The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, -such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with -electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the -abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In -Exp. VII., after a continuation of the electrical excitement for -2h. 20m., the action of the diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on -frogs are also recorded.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cadiat</span> (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical -Courses.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Capparelli, A.</span>, M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.</p> - -<p>Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under -chloroform; others curarized.—Communicated to Academy of Medicine, -Turin, June, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cash, John Theodore.</span> M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. -and C.M., 1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and -Leipsig); Lab. St. Barthol., London.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital -Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of -Lectures in 1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash -can also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, -King’s College, London, and at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth -Road.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cerradini, Giulio.</span> Prof. Univ. of Genoa.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chambard</span> (Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp. -Mental Dis.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Charcot, Jean Martin</span>, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; -Phys. to La Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of -Med., Director of “Archives de Physiologie.”</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la -Pneumonie chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la -Médecine scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les -maladies des vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; -“Leçons sur les maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons -sur les maladies du foie; des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; -Joint Editor of “Archives de Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism -and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Charles, T. W. Cranstoun</span>, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. -M.D. and M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. -Univ. Irel., 1869 (Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. -Coll. Belfast, 1865-69; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; -Lect. on Pract. Physiol. St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; late Med. -Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol. St. Thomas’ Hosp.; formerly Demonst. -and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll., Belfast. Contrib. -“Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological -Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned -in 1879.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chauveau, A.</span>, 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des -Travaux d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf -pneumogastrique,” &c.</p> - -<p>Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s <cite>Journal de -Physiologie</cite>. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the -spinal marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.” -His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and -asses, who “lend themselves marvellously thereto by the large -volume of their spinal marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to -his purpose.” “The animal is fixed on a table; an incision is made -on its back of from thirty to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ -are opened with the help of chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal -marrow exposed.” No mention of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous -mule. “When one pricks the marrow near the line of emergence of -the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests the most violent pain.… -Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the line of emergence—<i lang="fr">douleur -intense</i>. Case 20. Old white horse lying on the litter, unable -to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever point I scratch -the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent suffering.”—<cite>Journal -de Physiologie</cite>, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cheyne, Wm. Watson</span>, 6, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish -Square, London, W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), -1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.) 1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); -Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, -1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; -Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. of Surg. -King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.; Demonst. Anat.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s Coll. -Hosp., London.</p> - -<p>Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History -and Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating -Wounds,” <cite>Internat. Encyl. Surg.</cite> Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and -Lond. Med. Record, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological -Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation -to Kill in 1880-81-82-83.</i></p> - -<p>“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from -M. Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease. -Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks -containing serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous -animals; and he has in some cases succeeded in producing -tuberculosis by the injection of these cultivations into other -animals. The material obtained from M. Toussaint was injected -into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs, one cat, and one mouse, and of -these seven animals six were under observation for a sufficient -length of time for the development at least of local tuberculosis. -In no instance did tuberculosis ensue. (In all the experiments -detailed in this report inoculation was made into the anterior -chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable; syringes purified -by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations of -these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, -and three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs -were under observation for a considerable time without the -development of tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that -thirteen animals were inoculated with the micrococci with which -Toussaint works, and obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no -case did tuberculosis occur.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.</p> - -<p>“<i>Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882.</i>—Experiment with pus from -the wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick -and foul smelling.</p> - -<p>“1. One minim was injected <em>into the left eye</em> of a rabbit. Panophthalmos -[inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted -and the animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, -and in December was apparently well. It died on January -10th, 1883. Lived 64 days.” (P. 267.)</p> - -<p>“<i>Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882.</i>—The bacilli were rubbed -up with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material -was injected <em>into the right eyes</em> of three rabbits. Into the <em>left eyes</em> -the following materials were injected:—</p> - -<p>“No. 1.—One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with -one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. -This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected -into the left eye of No. 1.</p> - -<p>“<i>Result in No. 1.</i>—On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was -a well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris—the -coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but -apparently nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left -eye was beginning to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right -eye become converted into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This -animal died on January 7th, 1883. Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)—“Report -to the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by -Research.”—<cite>Practitioner</cite>, April, 1883.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chirone, Vincenzo.</span> Prof. at Palermo.</p> - -<p>Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of -pirotoxine and cinchonidine.</p> - -<p>Author of “Contribuzione sperimentale alla storia del Gloralio, -Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia, -compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli, 1871—Presso -V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo -della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con -medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”—Presso -l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore -avvenga durante la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” -1873; “L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del -Prf. Cantani. Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; -“Meccanismo di azione della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla -fibra muscolare in generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del -Prof. A. Bernard nel Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima -(Lo Sperimentale), 1874; parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; -“Mécanisme de l’action de la quinine sur la circulation. Recherches -expérimentales, executées au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, -1875—Masson éditeurs; “Due parole sul nesso naturale tra -le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore. Lettera al Prof. F. -Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’ iniezione nelle -vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo Ghinozzi -(Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica -della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876; -“Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione. -Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e -redatta da Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia -attivitá muscolare e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta -ai Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” -1876; “Due parole di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. -Pagliani (L’Osservatore, Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; -“Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto -della R. Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche -di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione fisiologica della chinina -sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte nel laboratorio di -Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876), dal Dott. Leone -Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La Scienza e -l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti, pei medici -e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10; Collaborazione -all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica, Bezoardo, -Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del), Calaguala, -Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, -Cerato, Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China -(monografia), Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), -Cioccolatte medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chossat, Charles Etienne.</span> B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. -Prof. Univ. Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, -1843; “De l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” -Paris, 1823.</p> - -<p>“… During all the operations, and in a great number of -thermometrical observations, the animal has been placed upon its -back, the fore and hind feet secured to make certain that the -body should remain motionless. This position, which is extremely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -convenient for the experimenter, is no doubt far less so for the -animal experimented upon.… As Legallois had affirmed, probably -from the results of his own experiments on rabbits, ‘that by -tying an animal down on its back its temperature may be sufficiently -lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long enough in that -position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by prolonging -its duration.”—<cite>Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux sur la -Chaleur Animale</cite>, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.</p> - -<p>“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded -that the sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in -animals. But if, after having cut the brain transversely in front of -the pons varolis, after having suppressed all nervous action by a -cerebral shock violent enough to cause death, after having cut both -the pneumo-gastric nerves, after having made various sections of the -spinal cord, after having dissected out the sympathetic nerve above -the solary plexus, after having practised ligature of the aorta below -the diaphragm; if after all this, the temperature of the animals -submitted to these mutilations has been lowered and they have -died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep up artificial -breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible, it -cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects -of cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased -temperature was evidently the consequence and not the cause of -death.”—Gavarret, Art. “<cite>Chaleur Animale</cite>” <cite>Dict. des Sciences -Médicales</cite>, Vol. XV., 1874, p. 27.</p> - -<p>“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments -on pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, -and have arrived at this result—that the animals die when they -have lost in weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their -original weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals -to complete deprivation of food and drink, and abandoned them -thus until they died. He examined them all every twenty-four -hours at noon and at midnight.”—Gavarret’s “<cite>Animal Heat</cite>” p. 394.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Chudzinski</span> (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of -Anthropology.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ciaccio</span> (Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ciniselli, Giuseppe.</span> Prof. Pavia University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cleland, John</span>, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., -1856; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; -formerly Prof. of Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. -Galway.</p> - -<p>Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection -of the Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and -various other papers.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Coats, Joseph</span>, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. -Glasgow, 1870; M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; -(Univ. Glasg., Leipsig, and Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. -Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. -and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lect. on Path. and Pathologist Glasg. -Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.; Editor of Glasg. -Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s Arb., 1869;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -“Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,” Glas. -Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate -dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in -1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo.</span> Prof. Sassari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cohnheim, Julius.</span> B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d. Aug. -14, 1884. Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs. -Berlin, Wurzburg, Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow -at Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864; Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. -Path. Anat. at Breslau, 1872, where was founded under his -direction a new Pathological Institute. Accepted the Professorship -of Gen. Path. and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on -General Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis -Rechberg, of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung -für das Herz.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (<em>whom see</em>) “to -elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which -exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.”</p> - -<p>“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably -accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude -from the outset that they are the result of the closing of the -coronary artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the -heart, and even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, -and certainly without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who -has made frequent experiments on dogs in which the pressure of -the blood has been noted down during a long period, knows very -well that intermittent pulsation, and even greater irregularities, are -not unfrequent occurrences in narcotised and bound or curarised -animals—irregularities which disappear or re-appear, as the case -may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic beating of the -heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose coronary -arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens spontaneously -(according to our experience) in dogs which -have already been used for a long succession of experiments, -which have resulted in the natural alteration of the -action of the heart, and in whom the arterial pressure has been -lowered to a great degree, more especially when for hours the thorax -has been open, and experiments have been made on the greater -vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial pressure, -etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations -of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be -the cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes -this naif remark), “Many observers have expressed surprise at -the amount of pain which a dog’s heart can bear!”—“<cite>Ueber die -Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für das Herz</cite>,” Virchow’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.</p> - -<p>“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs -under curari with artificial respiration, but several were under -morphia; with rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing -with all narcotics.”—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Colasanti, Joseph.</span> M.D. Univ. Rome.</p> - -<p>Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di -Roma, 1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” -“Zur Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at -Bonn. “… For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, -with well developed muscles and little fat. The method of preparing -them for the desired experiments was as follows:—The dog was -fastened on to the vivisection table. The abdomen was opened by -a long cut in the linea alba from the sternum to the symphysis oss. -pub.; to the right and left of the linea alba the muscles of the skin -and abdomen were cut across and separated, so as to leave space -for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and the vena cava -ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their sheaths, -and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the -artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended -to supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”—“<cite>Zur -Kenntniss der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes.</cite>”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Colin, Gabriel Constant.</span> B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. -Prof. Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les -grands ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des -animaux,” 1854-56; “Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des -moutons, due à la présence d’une linguitale dans les ganglions -mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a number of articles to the “Receuil -de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” -“Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.”</p> - -<p>“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay -and Colin:—Starve a horse, make an open wound in the -æsophagus, and inject thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux -vomica, or from three to four grains of strychnine. At the end of -a quarter of an hour the horse will die in characteristic convulsions.”—<cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, p. 155.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cornil, André Victor</span>, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. -M.D. Paris, 1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the -Hospital de Lourcine.</p> - -<p>Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons -élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des Connaisances -Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel -d’Histologie Pathologique.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Corona, Augusto</span> (Prof.) Director of Sassari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Corrado</span> (Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological -Pathology Hospital of San Spirito.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Couty</span> (Mons.), Rio Janeiro.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Coyne, Paul,</span> M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. -Prof. Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of -Histology of the Hospital La Charité, Paris.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse -des larynx et sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés -de la rougeole,” Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cryan, Robert,</span> 54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. -Irel., 1873; L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., -Carm. Sch. Dub. and Univ. Glasg.); Phys. St. Vincent’s Hosp.; -Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Cath. Univ.; M.R.T.A. Mem. Med. Soc., -Coll. Phys. Irel., Surg. Soc. Irel. and Path. and Obst. Socs. Dub.; -late Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. Carm. Sch.</p> - -<p>Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.; <cite>Dub. Quart. -Journ., and Med. Press and Circular</cite>.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory -of Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations -of Lectures.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cunningham, Daniel John</span>, University, Edinburgh. M.D. -Edin. (Gold Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, -Edin.; F.R.S., Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anat. (late Asst. -and Junior Demonst. of Anat.), Univ. Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Roy. -Vet. Coll., Edin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several -Articles to <cite>Journ. Anat. and Physiology</cite>, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde -Street, Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates -for Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No -experiments in 1878, 1880, and 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Curci</span> (Signor).</p> - -<p>Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and cinchonidine.—<cite>Archiv. -Ital.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Currie, Andrew Stark</span>, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. -Edin., 1874; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological -Laboratory, 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Cyon, Elias de</span>, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. -Physiology Univ. St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. -Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und -experimentelle erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” -Paris, 1867; “Methodik der physiologischen Experimente -und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,” Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; -“Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires -et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion de -l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section -des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1—(Experiments on pigeons, -dogs, rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude -Bernard.)</p> - -<p>Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in -1874; also in Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, -and that of Claude Bernard, at Paris. To observe the -action excited by barometrical pressure upon the organism, he -placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but -improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -animal were brought into communication with a manometer placed -outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by -an electric current.</p> - -<p>… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular -canals is appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact -idea of the unceasing movements of the pigeon; it can -neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly, nor perform any systematic -movements whatever, nor retain for an instant even any -position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons -which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a -napkin, so as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus -pinioned I placed them in a hammock, specially constructed for -pigeons having had the semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding -these precautions, it has frequently happened that I have -found the pigeons dead in a corner of the laboratory.… So -violent were the muscular contractions, that though enfolded in a -napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out of the -hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the brain -ended their sufferings.”—“Functions des canaux,” etc.; <cite>Bibl. de -l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles</cite>, Vol. -XVIII., pp. 45-46.</p> - -<p>“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of -animals in physiological experiments, will do well to remember -how often he has prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe -treatment for a patient, in order to obtain some insight into how it -was likely to act. Many a surgical operation is performed, <em>less for -the benefit of the patient than for the service of science;</em> and the -utility of the knowledge aimed at thereby is often <em>much more -trifling</em> than that attained by Vivisection of an animal.”—<cite>Methodik</cite>, -p. 8.</p> - -<p>“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with -the same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a -surgeon undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects -extraordinary consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a -living animal, he who approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable -necessity, may very likely be able to repeat one or two vivisections, -but will never become an artist in vivisection. He who cannot -follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely visible to the naked eye, -into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing it to a new branching, -with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he who feels no enjoyment -when at last, parted from its surroundings and isolated, he can -subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or when, in some deep -cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his finger-ends, he -ligatures and divides an invisible vessel—to such a one there is -wanting that which is most necessary for a successful vivisector. -The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto insuperable -is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector. And -the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full -of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch, -and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished—this -sensation has much in common with that which -inspires a sculptor, when he shapes forth fair living forms from a -shapeless mass of marble.”—<cite>Methodik</cite>, 1876, p. 15.</p> - -<p>“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation -(<cite>Methodik</cite>, p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to -the ordinary vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> -the rabbit’s head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that -hand rests on the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as a <i lang="fr">point -d’appui</i> for the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of -the temple the instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus -avoiding the hard portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife -directly into the cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes -under the knife. Now holding the head of the animal very firmly, -the blade of the knife is directed backwards and downwards, and -pressed hard in this direction against the base of the skull. The -nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian ganglion, which is -announced by a violent cry of agony (<i lang="de">einen heftigen Schmerzensschrei</i>) -of the animal.’”</p> - -<p>“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and -the art of vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of -the English Universities entreated me not to announce my work -in any of the English newspapers, as they feared that public -opinion might be still more aroused.”—Letter to the <cite>Gaulois</cite>, -December, 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Czermak, Johann Nepomuk.</span> B. at Prague in Bohemia, -1828; Med. and Chir. Doct.; formerly Prof. Univs. Cracow and -Pesth; Prof. Univ. Prague, 1860; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Jena, 1865; -Prof. Univ. Leipsig, 1870; founded Physiological Laboratories in -each of the above Universities; inventor of the laryngoscope, and -also of several instruments for securing animals during vivisection.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen -Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der -sogenannten Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe -wahrzunehmen,” Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge -gehalten im akademischen Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die -Physiologie als allgemeines Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; -“Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der -electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871; “Ueber das Herz u. den -Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig, 1871; “Nachweiss -echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,” Vienna, -1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische -Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, -1873.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dareste, Camille,</span> 37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, -1847; Prof. Nat. Hist., Lyceum of Versailles; Prof. Zool., Fac. -Sci. Lille, 1864; Direct. of Lab. of Teratology Med. Fac., Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités -ou Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. -Dareste has made a special study of Animal Monstrosities, and articles -by him on this subject have appeared in several journals, including -the “Comptes Rendus of the Académie des Sciences.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dastre</span> (Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Prof. Nat. Hist. Lycée Louis -le Grand; Prof. (Suppléant) of Physiol. Fac. Sci.; Prof. of -Physiol., La Sorbonne, Paris.</p> - -<p>Has translated from the English “Des lésions des nerfs et leurs -conséquences,” by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited “Chaleur Animale,” -by Claude Bernard.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Davidson, Alex. Dyce</span>, 224, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.A. -Aberd., 1863; M.D. 1870; M.B. and C.M. (both with highest Honours), -1866; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1866; (Univ. Aberd. and Paris); Lect. on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -Opth. Surg. and Ophthalmoscopy Univ. Aberd.; Opth. Surg. Roy. -Infirm. Aberdeen; Surg. Aberd. Opth. Inst. Blind Asyl., and Female -Orphan Inst.; Professor of Materia Medica Univ. Aberdeen; Phys. -Hosp. for Incurables. Contrib. several Papers, etc., to Annales -d’Oculietique and other journals.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection unrestricted as to place in 1878, -also in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics -in 1878; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Davison, James</span>, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, -Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin).</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal -College of Surgeons, Ireland, and 45, Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, -1881, and at the Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, -1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Deahna, Dr. A.</span> Prof. Physiol. at Freiburg, in Bresgau; -Phys. on Staff of Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879.</p> - -<p>Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Beiträge zur -Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässemuskeln,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XII., p. 157.</p> - -<p>Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all -curarised, and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">De Paoli, Giovanni.</span> Prof. Genoa University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Descoust</span> (Dr.), 16, Rue Hérold, Paris. Prof, of Pract. Med. -Jurisp. Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Desfossez</span> (Dr.), Boulogne-sur-Seine. Phys. Hosp. Ophthalmology.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Desgranges</span> (Dr.), 55, Place de la République, Lyons. Prof. of -Surgery Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dittmar, Carl.</span> M.D. 1867, Phys. at Hildesheim; Mem. of -Acad. of Sci. of Saxony.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Lage der sogenannten Gefässnervencentrums -in der Medulla oblongata;” “Ein neuer Beweiss für die -Reizbarkeit der centripetalen Fasern des Rückenmarks” (Ber. der. -Sächs. Gessellschaft d. Wiss., 1870).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Donders, Frans-Cornelius.</span> B. 1818. Studied at the -Military Medical School of Utrecht. Was Military Surgeon at the -Hospital of Hague. Professor of Physiol., Histol., and Ophthalmol. -at the University of Utrecht, 1847. In 1863 received from -his Government a grant of money for the construction of a modern -Physiological Laboratory, which was inaugurated 1867. Corr. -Mem. Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1873, and Institute of France, -1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Lehre von den Augenbewegungen,” 1847; “Onder -Zockingen gedaan in het physiologisch laboratorium,” etc., Utrecht, -1849, 1857, 1867, etc.; and of several articles in Graefe’s “Archiv. -für Ophthalmologie.”</p> - -<p>“MM. Snellon and Donders took a rabbit, cut the nerve on the right -side of the cervical region, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a -fragment of glass into the sore, which was then sewn up. At the end of -six days a tumour was set up in the left ear. At the end of twelve days -the wound on the right ear was opened by tearing its borders.… -In the other ear meanwhile the swelling had considerably increased, -and a vast purulent abscess was formed in its interior.… Here are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -some more curious results. Cut the right nerve in the neck of a -rabbit, and when the vessels of the globe of the eye are dilated pour -concentrated acetic acid on both eyes. The sight is instantly violently -distressed; the epithelium being cauterised soon becomes detached, -… and at the end of four weeks the pupil of the eye can no longer -be seen.”—<cite>Traité de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Dowdeswell, George Francis</span>, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, -Oxford. M.A., F.C.S., F.R.S., &c.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “On the structural changes which are produced in the -liver under the influence of the Salts of Vanadium,” “Journal -of Physiology,” Vol. I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257.</p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, and University -College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; -also at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory, besides -former places in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments -without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879; Certificate Dispensing -with obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates for Experiments -without anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, -Mules, and Asses in 1881-83, and Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or -Asses in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1878, 1879, and 1880. -No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Du Bois Reymond, Emil.</span> B. Berlin, 1818. Studied -Geology at Bonn; Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin under J. Müller; -Ph. D. 1843 (Bonn and Berlin); Prof. Physiol. Univ. Berlin (successor -to J. Müller), 1858; Mem. and Perpetual Sec. of Imp. Acad. -of Science, Berlin, 1867.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen ueber thierische Elektricität,” -Berlin, 1848, etc.; “Ueber Thierische Bewegung,” Berlin, 1851; -“Ueber die Grenzen des Naturerkennens,” Leipsig, 1872; “Abhandlungen -über allgemeine Muskel und Nervenphysik,” 1877; “Der -physiologische Unterricht sonst und jetzt,” Berlin, 1878; “Culturgeschichte -und Naturwissenschaft,” Leipsig, 1878. Since 1857, -co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy.</p> - -<p>In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the -results in “Poggendorf’s Annals” (1843).</p> - -<p>It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the loftiest -summit of Doubt, the man of science bravely disdains to fill the -yawning desert around him with phantoms of his imagination. He -looks without terror into the merciless machinery of Nature, -utterly devoid as it is of any spark of Deity.”—<cite>Dr. Nordwall’s Address -to Scandinavian League</cite>, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Du Castel</span> (Dr.), 14, Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Phys. Hospital, -Teuon.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Durham, Arthur Edward</span>, 82, Brook Street, W. F.R.C.S. -Eng. (Exam.), 1860; M. 1858 (Guy’s) 1st M.B. 1857; Prizem. 1854, -Univ. Lond.; F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Chairm. -Bd. of Exam. R.C.S. Eng.; Mem. Path. Clin. and Hunt. Socs.; -Surg. and Lect. on Surg.; late Lect. on Anat. and Lect. on Use of -Microscope, Guy’s Hosp.; Con. Surg. St. Alban’s Hosp. and -Disp.; late Demonst. of Anat., Lect. on Nat. Philos., and Surg. -Regist. Guy’s Hosp.; late Pres. Quekett Micros. Club.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> - -<p>Late Editor Guy’s Hosp. Reps.; Author of “Sleeping and -Dreaming,” an Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of -Sleep,” etc.</p> - -<p>“… It occurred to me that the artificial exposure of the brains -of living animals might afford opportunity for more definite observation -and further inquiry. With this idea I made numerous -experiments and observations.… It was suggested to me that -the perforation of the skull placed its contents in an unusual condition -with regard to atmospheric pressure, and that thus an -unnatural state of the circulation might be induced.… To -obviate this and other possible objections, I replaced the portions of -bone removed by accurately fitting watch glasses, and rendered the -junction of their edges with the bone air-tight, by means of inspissated -Canada balsam.… I satisfied myself of the accuracy of -these observations by repeated experiments upon different animals. -My experiments upon dogs were the most satisfactory; those upon -rabbits least so.”—From “<cite>Physiology of Sleep</cite>” Guy’s Hospital -Reports, Vol. VI., 1860, p. 153, &c.</p> - -<p>“The method employed by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as -that employed by Durham in the experiments he made upon -animals to verify the observations of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and -others, on human patients.”… “The results obtained by -physiological experimentation, to prove that sleep is accompanied -by cerebral congestion, according to some, and according to others -by cerebral anemia, are not more valuable than the results of -clinical observation. Firstly, the animals upon which the experiments -have been made have been wounded more or less severely, -and thereby both excitement and pain have been caused; all have, -therefore, necessarily been placed under pathological conditions. It -is impossible to wound the head and open the skull without causing -a severe shock to the system of the animals, and a more or less -violent irritation of the brain; that is to say, not without producing -a certain amount of pain. And we know the influence that pain can -have, not only on the functions of the great organic apparatus (circulation, -respiration, animal heat), but also on the anatomical and -physiological state of the nerve centres. Another influence which, -according to our idea, very considerably diminishes the value of the -results of physiological investigation, is that sleep has always been -produced by narcotics and anæsthetics in the animals submitted to -experimental observations.”… “We conclude from this study -that the real state of cerebral circulation, during natural sleep, does -not seem to have been arrived at, notwithstanding the great number -of observations and experiments lately made on this interesting -subject.”—<span class="smcap">Dr. Marvaud</span>, <cite>Gazette Médicale de Paris</cite>, 1878 (p. 81-2).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Eckhard, C.</span> M.D. Prof. Univ., Giessen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie,” Giessen; -“Die Bildung und Prüfung des Arztes;” “Experimental physiologie -des Nervensystems;” “Lehrbuch der Anatomie des -Menschen.”</p> - -<p>“It is known that there is no unity of opinion amongst the -observers of the phenomena which occur during artificial respiration -in animals poisoned by strychnine, and that furthermore those who -agree about the facts insist upon giving these different meanings.”—“<cite>Ueber -den Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration</cite>,” -“Beiträge,” p. 37.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Expansion of the walls of the chest and abdomen by injection -of gas into the lungs. First I cut away so much of the larynx -through the open mouth of a frog that the animal can no longer -close it at will. Then I sew the under jaw firmly to the upper jaw. -I stop up the one nostril by forcing into it a short thick piece of -wire. Then a similarly short and thick canula which is in communication -with the gasometer is fixed into the other nostril. As soon -as the frog shows symptoms of strychnine cramps, its lungs are set -in communication with the gasometer by opening the tap; a side -offshoot of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.”—“<cite>Strychnine, -&c.</cite>” p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Eichhorst, Hermann.</span> M.D.; Prof. Clin. Med., Univ. of -Göttingen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie -für practishe Aertzte und Studirende;” “Die trophischen Beziehungen -der Nervi vagi zum Herzmuskel,” in Centralbl. f. d. Med. -Wiss., 1879; “Lehrbuch der Physikalischen Untersuchungs-Methoden -innerer Krankheiten,” Brunswick, 1881; “Ueber Nervendegeneration -und Nervenregeneration,” Archiv. für path. Anat., -Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on birds.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ellenberger</span> (Prof.) Prosector Veterinary Sch., Berlin.</p> - -<p>“Professor Ellenberger, of Dresden, cut through the facial -nerves of five old and emaciated horses. In the fifth it is stated -‘that it showed signs of considerable pain during the operation.’ -The others were apparently so exhausted that even this operation -made little impression on them. Claude Bernard once made the -same operation on a horse, and gave as the result that the nostrils -are no more capable of opening, and thus the animals die of suffocation, -since they breathe only through the nostrils. This explanation -has been hitherto accepted but is now disputed by Ellenberger, who -maintains that there is no danger for animals so operated on if kept -quiet, but only if they exert themselves, and he recommends if -paralysis of these nerves occurs, as is not unfrequently the case, -that one shall leave the cure to natural means.”—<cite>Archiv. f. Thierheilkunde</cite>, -vii., 4.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Emery, C.</span> Prof. of Zoo., Univ. Bologna.</p> - -<p>Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” -Paris, 1882, &c.</p> - -<p>Studies on the kidneys of fishes.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Engelhardt, Gustav</span> (Dr.) Prof. at Nuremberg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen der Iris,” -in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in -Wurzburg,” 1869, p. 308.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the eyes of rabbits.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Engelmann, Theodor W.</span> Prof. at Utrecht.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie des Ureters,” “Beiträge zur Physiologie des -Protoplasma,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., “Beiträge zur allgemeinen -Muskel und Nerven Physiologie,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. III.; -“Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen,” Pflüger’s -Archiv, Vol. XXIII., 1880; “Ueber Reizung Contractilen -Protoplasmas durch plötzliche Beleuchtung,” Onderzack, Physiol.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “Ueber die Bewegungen der Oscillarien und -Diatomeen,” Ibid; “Ueber Degeneration von Nervensfasern, Ein -Beitrag zur cellular physiologie,” Pflüger, Vol. XIII., p. 474.</p> - -<p>Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; -also on curarized frogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ercolani, Count Giovanbattista.</span> B. at Bologna, 1819. -Prof. at the Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna. -Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute. -Member of many learned Societies, and of the Institute of France. -Exiled from Florence for political causes he repaired to Turin, -where he devoted himself to scientific studies and experiments, -Director of the Veterinary School of San Salvario. Rector of -the Univ. of Bologna from 1868 to 1871, &c., &c. Mem. Inst. of -Rome, and of Acad. of Berlin and St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla Transformazione degli Elementi Istologico Nell’ -Organismo Animale,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorfosi delle Piante,” -Bologna, 1878, &c., &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Erichsen, John Eric</span>, 6, Cavendish Place, W. F.R.C.S., Eng. -(Exam.), 1845, and Mem. Council (Univ. College); F.R.S.; Mem. -various Socs. home and foreign; Surg. Extraordinary to H.M. the -Queen; Emerit. Prof. of Surg. and Clinical Surg., Univ. Coll.; Cons. -Surg., Univ. Coll. Hosp.; late Exam. in Surg., Univ. Lond., Roy. Coll. -Phys., Lond. Roy. Coll. Surg., and Univ. Durham; late Pres. R.C.S., -Eng., and Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.</p> - -<p>Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edit.; “Pathology -and Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edit. for which the Roy. Humane -Soc. awarded the Fothergill Gold Medal, value 50 guineas; “A -Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on -Aneurism, &c.” (Sydney Society); “Railway Injuries of the -Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism and the Causes of Death -after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874; “Concussion of the -Spine,” 2nd Edit., 1882. Contrib. various papers on surgical subjects -to Lancet, Med. and Chir. Trans., Med. Gaz., and Edin. Med. -Surg. Journal.</p> - -<p>“‘Experiment 9. Three mongrel terriers, A, B, C, were properly -secured.… One of the jugular veins of the centre dog was -then exposed, and a ligature was passed under it, so that it might -be punctured so as to avoid the occurrence of plethora and apoplexy -when the carotid arteries of the two lateral dogs were connected -with the corresponding vessels of the central one.… The -central dog began to struggle.… The lateral dogs were both -alive, but evidently enfeebled by loss of blood.’”—<cite>Edinburgh Medical -and Surgical Journal</cite>, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental Inquiry -into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E. -Erichsen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Esbach</span>, Dr., 6, Place de Valois, Paris. Lab. Hosp. de Necker.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ewart, J. Cossar</span>, Univ., Edin. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), -1878; M.B. and C.M. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; -Regius Prof. of Nat. Hist. Univ. Edin.; Director Scott. Zool. -Station; formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.: Conserv. -Mus. Univ. Coll. London, and Lecturer on Anat., Edin. Sch. of Med.</p> - -<p>Author of “Manual of Pract. Anat.,” Part 1, 1879. Contrib. -Journ. Anat. and Physiol. Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Held License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiological -Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal -College, in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Experiments without -Anæsthetics 1881 and 1882. No Experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Exner, Sigismund.</span> Asst. Prof. at the Physiol. Inst. Vienna.</p> - -<p>Author of “Zur Lehre von den Gehörsempfindungen,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XIII., p. 228.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Falchi</span> (Dr.) Chef de Clinique Ophthalmogique, Turin.</p> - -<p>Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the -eyes of animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fano, J.</span>, M.D., Free Prof. and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Florence.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre -automatique dans le tractus bulbo spinal,” “Arch. Ital. de -Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III., p. 365.</p> - -<p>Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes.</p> - -<p>“On turtles alone I have made more than fifty experiments. The -experiments on fishes I have only just commenced, and they do not -allow me to draw from them any valid conclusions on the subject. -My attempts to extend my researches to the superior vertebrates—that -is to say, to mammals and birds—are limited to two experiments -on unweaned puppies and one experiment on a pigeon.”—<cite>Arch. -Ital. de Biol.</cite>, Vol. III., 1833, p. 367.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fayrer, Sir Joseph</span>, K.C.S.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish -Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; F.R.C.S. Edin., -1858; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. 1847; LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. -Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S. Lond.; Vice-Pres. Zool. Soc., Lond.; -Pres. Epidem. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med -Chir. and Obst. Socs., etc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Asiat. Soc. Bengal; -Fell. Acad. Sci. Philadelph.; Hon. Phys. to H.M. the Queen and -to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh; -Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council; Pres. Med. -Board, India Office; Mem. Army Sanit. Commiss.; Mem. Senate -Army Med. Sch., Netley; late Prof. Med. Coll. and Sen. Surg. -Med. Coll. Hosp. Calcutta; late Pres. Med. Fac. Univ. Calcutta; -Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by -Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and -Pathological Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological -Action of the Poison of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes -(conjointly with Dr. L. Brunton),” etc. etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates -for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, -Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on -Horses, Mules or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“The experiments, of which this is a summary, were commenced -in October, 1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at -such intervals as time and other and more important avocations -permitted.… The living creatures experimented on have been -the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat, civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, -frogs, toads, snails.”—“<cite>Summary of Experiments on Snake Poison</cite>,” -by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times, April 1st, 1871, p. 374.</p> - -<p>“After careful consideration, fully admitting that in permanganate -of potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralize snake-poison, -I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention -to a local remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the -value of which depends on its efficient application to the contaminated -part (which Dr. Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be -reliable). We are still, then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the -remarks made by me in 1868 are as applicable now as they were -then. They were as follows:—‘To conceive of an antidote, as that -term is usually understood, we must imagine a substance so subtle -as to follow, overtake, and neutralise the venom in the blood, and -that shall have the power of counteracting or neutralising the -poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on the vital force. -Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our experience of -drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find it.’”—<cite>Sir J. -Fayrer</cite>, “<cite>Address to Medical Society of London</cite>,” <cite>British Medical -Journal</cite>, Feb. 2, 1884.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fede, Francesco.</span> Prof. Naples University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fehleisen, F.</span> M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute -Berlin, 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Aetiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883.</p> - -<p>“The beautiful experiments of Fehleisen, on erysipelas, have definitely -established the fact that this disease is due to the growth of -micrococci in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He succeeded in -cultivating these organisms in gelatinised meat-infusion, and inducing -the disease by the cultivated micrococcus in rabbits, and also in -man.”—<cite>British Medical Journal</cite>, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Feltz</span> (Prof.) Nancy Med. Faculty; Prof. Path. Anat. and -Physiol. Med. Fac., Nancy.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ferrari, Italo.</span> Assist. Prof. at the Physiol. Lab. Univ., Parma.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ferrier, David</span>, 16, Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. -M.D. Edin., 1870; M.B. and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1868; F.R.C.P. -Lond., 1877; M. 1872; M.A. Aberd. (Double First), 1863; LL.D. -(Edin. and Heidelberg); F.R.S.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Clin., Paris; -Accad. Reale de Med., Turin; Lauréat de l’Institut de France, -1878; Prof. Forensic Med. King’s Coll.; Asst. Phys. King’s Coll. -Hosp.; Marshall Hall Prizem., 1883; Prof. of For. Med. King’s -Coll.; Phys. Nat. Hosp. for Paralysed and Epileptic, etc.; Lecturer -on Physiol. Middlx. Hosp. Med. Sch. and Exam. For. Med. Univ. -Edin. and Univ. Lond.</p> - -<p>Author of Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of -the Corpora Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in -Cerebral Physiology and Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; -“The Localisation of Function in the Brain;” “Experiments on the -Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture), Phil. Trans., Part II., -1875, etc., etc. Joint Author of “Guy’s Forensic Medicine;” “The -Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of Cerebral -Disease; Joint Editor of “Brain,” and author of various Papers -therein.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological -Laboratory, in 1882-83, with Certificate dispensing with obligation -to kill in same years.</i></p> - -<p>Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of -various parts of the skull.—<cite>Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 169.</p> - -<p>(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments -in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters -live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and -that would entirely prevent them from carrying on research.—(3327.) -Do you think that there are many such persons? Yes.—(3328.) -And who are practising in their own laboratories, and -unconnected with medical schools do you mean? I used to do so -when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed -experiments there for my own purposes of research.”</p> - -<p>…</p> - -<p>(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at -King’s College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional -work if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to -perform my experiments.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 173.</p> - -<p>(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you -express yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is -possible to avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to -experiments, the means should be adopted either by chloroform or -ether, or opium or other anæsthetic; but that where the administration -of an anæsthetic would prejudice the object for which the -experiment was conceived, that the experiment is still justifiable, -notwithstanding the fact that it might inflict a certain amount of -pain on the animal.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 170.</p> - -<p>“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced -by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys -which he had operated upon some months previously.… -In striking contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by -Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the -middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. -There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia” -(paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation -of the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial -paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. -From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the -animal was able to lift it up. The arm it never had been able to -use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been -coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of all -auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, -as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to the head.”—<cite>Lancet’s</cite> -Report of the Proceedings at the International Medical -Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.</p> - -<p>“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.—The right hemisphere of a monkey -had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of -localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed -included the ascending parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, -the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three -frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for -eight hours, the animal recovered sufficiently to sit up and take -food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its -cage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> - -<p>“June 19th.—The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating -and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No -change was perceptible during the whole of this day.</p> - -<p>“June 20th.—The wound was oozing, and the animal was less -active; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary -motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made -attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer -from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left -hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently -annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently -endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. -Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, -became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions -on the left side of the body becoming general. This state -continued till.…</p> - -<p>“June 23rd.—…</p> - -<p>“June 24th.—Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, -and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging -the right after it.</p> - -<p>“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”—<cite>Croonian -Lecture</cite>, “<cite>Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys</cite>,” Philos. Trans., -1875, pp. 441-42.</p> - -<p>“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.—This, though not successful as -regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. -The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at -the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot -wires, which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of -the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the -sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make -sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. -The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only -making slight movements when disturbed, and then with its left -limbs.</p> - -<p>“7 p.m.—The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by -grunting discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, -chiefly the left, but occasionally with the right. On testing the -cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron, reaction was decisive over -the whole of the left side, but quite abolished in the right. The -animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently -closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was -found dead at 11.30 p.m. The following experiment is a repetition -of the last, and was only partially successful.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 464.</p> - -<p>“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation -in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., -XII., XIII., with the results:—</p> - -<p>“V. In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as -the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death -occurred before a more careful exploration could be made. The -application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side, -caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming -sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and -to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted -while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the -limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained -as the animal died from hæmorrhage.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 429.</p> - -<p>“Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -conclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of -clinical and pathological observation.… The decisive settlement -of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological -research.… Experiments have led to different views in -different hands.”—Ferrier (<cite>Functions of the Brain</cite>, Preface).</p> - -<p>“Physiological experiments conducted in these regions are most -indefinite. The usual plan of investigation, viz., that of applying -stimuli to the brain substance, leads either to negative results, or, if -electrical stimulation is used, to results which, owing to the unavoidable -dispersal of the currents in numerous directions, are not sufficiently -localised to form the basis for trustworthy conclusions. In -place of exact observations after section and stimulation of different -regions, we have here the far less refined method of observation -after lesions—lesions induced in the most delicate and complicated -organ of the body by means so absurdly rough that, as Ludwig has -forcibly put it, they may be compared to injuries to a watch by means -of a pistol-shot. The results obtained in this way are attributable -to the most diverse causes; for, apart from the fact that it is impossible -to localise the lesion itself, the results may be due to -irritation of centres, paralysis of centres, stimulation of conducting -apparatus, or paralysis of conducting apparatus, without our being -able to say which. Hence the interpretation of even those phenomena -which are constant in their occurrence is always uncertain. -The third and best method of investigation which is possible is -the observation of cases of disease in which the exact nature of the -lesions is accurately ascertained after death.”—<cite>Hermann’s Human -Physiology</cite>, translated by Professor Gamgee, London, 1878. (Chapter -on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fick, Adolf.</span> B. at Cassel, 1829. M.D., 1852, Extraordinary -Prof., 1856, and later, Prof. of Physiology in ordinary Univ. Zurich; -Prof. Physiol. at Wurzburg, 1868.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die medicinische Physik,” Brunswick, 1857; “Compendium -der Physiologie des Menschen mit Einschluss der Entwickelungageschichte,” -Vienna, 1860; “Anatomie und Physiologie der -Sinne,” Lahr, 1862; and numerous papers on physiology which -have appeared under the title of “Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen -Laboratorium der Würzburger Hochschule,” Wurzburg, 1874.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the influence of mechanical stimulation of -the cerebro-spinal organs described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., -1867,” p. 198.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Filehne, Wilhelm</span>, M.D. Prof. Extraordinary Univ. of -Erlangen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Wirkungen des Amylnitrites,” Mueller’s Archives, -1879, Physiol. Abtheil; “Ueber Apnoë und die Wirkung eines -energischen Kohlensäurestromes auf die Schleimhäute des Respirationsapparats -und ueber den Einfluss beider auf verschiedene -Krampfformen,” Reichert u. du Bois Reymond, Archiv für Anat. -u. s. w. Jahrg. 1873, p. 361.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fiori, Andrea</span>, M.D. Assistant Prof. University, Modena.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fleming, William James</span>, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow. -M.D. Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; -(Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Lect. on Physiol. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. School<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -of Med.; Ext. Disp. Surg. Roy. Infirm.; Exam. in Physiol. F.P.S. -Glasg.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among -Living Tissues,” Lancet, 1876; “The Motions of the Brain” (with -illust. graphic tracings), Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of -the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse -Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary -Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing -with obligation to Kill in 1880, Certificate for Experiments without -Anæsthetics in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Flint, Austin.</span> B. Northampton, Mass., U.S., 1836; M.D., Jeff. -Med. Coll., 1857; Prof. Phys. Univ.; Buffalo, 1858; Professor of -Physiology and Microscopy, Bellevue Hosp.; Medical College, New -York, and Long Island College Hospital; Fell. New York Acad. -of Med.; Resident Mem. of Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, &c.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; -Essay on “The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which received -the French Inst. prize of 1,500 fr.; contrib. to “American Journ. -of Med. Science,” etc.</p> - -<p>“… For some years the author has been in the habit of -employing vivisections in public teachings.”—Preface to “<cite>Physiology -of Man</cite>,” Vol. I., p. 8.</p> - -<p>“We have long been in the habit, in class demonstrations, of -removing the optic lobe on one side from a pigeon.… -The experiment of dividing the sympathetic in the neck, especially -in rabbits, is so easily performed that the phenomena observed by -Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been repeatedly verified. We -have often done this in class demonstrations.” “The cerebral -lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, an -operation … which we practice yearly as a class demonstration.” -“Our own experiments, which have been very numerous during -the last fifteen years, are simply repetitions of those of Flourens, -and the results have been the same without exception.” We have -frequently removed both kidneys from dogs and when the operation -is carefully performed the animals live from three to five days.“—Dr. -Flint’s <cite>Report to the Medical Congress</cite>, August, 1881.</p> - -<p>“It is not desirable to administer an anæsthetic, and it is much -more satisfactory to divide the nerve without etherising the animal, -as the evidence of pain is an important guide in this delicate operation.”—<cite>Text-Book</cite>, -p. 641.</p> - -<p>Speaking of an experiment by which an animal was caused to -vomit from a pig’s bladder which had been substituted for a -stomach, Dr. Flint says in his “<cite>Physiology of Man</cite>,” Vol II., -p. 300:—“These experiments were made simply for class demonstrations, -and have never before been published.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie.</span> B. at Thezan (Hérault), -1794, D. at Mougeron, near Paris, 1867; M.D., Montpellier, 1813, -pupil of De Candolle and Cuvier; Prof. at the Jardin des Plantes; -Mem. of Inst. of France; Perpetual Sec. Acad. des Sciences; -Mem. Academy of France; Commander Leg. of Hon.; Mem. of -principal Litt. and Scient. Socs. of Europe.</p> - -<p>Author of “Analyse de la Philosophie Anatomique, où l’on considère<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> -plus particulièrement l’influence qu’aura cet ouvrage sur -l’état actuel de la Physiologie,” Paris, 1819; “Recherches sur les -fonctions du grand sympathique,” 1823; “Recherches expérir -mentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans -les animaux vertébrés,” Paris, 1824; “Expériences sur le système -nerveux,” Paris, 1825; “Expériences sur l’action de la moëlle -épinière sur la circulation,” Paris, 1829; “De l’instinct et de -l’intelligence des animaux,” Paris, 1841; “Recherches sur le -développement des os et des dents,” Paris, 1842; “Mécanisme de la -respiration des poissons,” Paris, 1843; “Anatomie Générale de la -peau et des membranes Muqueuses,” Paris, 1843; “Examen de la -Phrénologie, réfutation des doctrines matérialistes de Gall, Spurzheim, -et Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Théorie expérimentale de la -formation des os,” Paris, 1847; “Nouvelles recherches touchant -l’histoire de la circulation du sang,” Journal des Savants, 1849; -“De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur la terre,” -Paris, 1856; “De la vie et de l’intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “De la -raison du génie et de la folie,” Paris, 1861; “Psychologie comparée,” -Paris, 1864, and a great number of contributions to the “Comptes -rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.”</p> - -<p>Made numerous experiments on ruminating animals, on rabbits, -on the brains of fishes, and on the semi-circular canals of the brains -of ducks, fowls, and pigeons.</p> - -<p>“The description given by Flourens of the phenomena resulting -from the section of the semi-circular canals in rabbits, is almost -entirely inaccurate.”—Cyon, “<cite>Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires</cite>,” -Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2.</p> - -<p>“Flourens supported his bold hypothesis almost solely by experiments -on pigeons and other inferior animals. The few experiments -on mammals, which he mentions, are very meagrely described and of -trifling value.”—Goltz, “<cite>Verrichtungen des Grosshirns</cite>, p. 3.</p> - -<p>“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, state the following:—‘Majendie -sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the distinctions of -the sensory and the motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he -sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove that he had made a mistake. I,’ -added M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have -proved that Majendie’s first opinion was correct; the reflex motions, -which he did not quite understand, had caused his doubts. To -arrive at this result, I also have had to sacrifice a great number of -dogs.’”—Blatin, <cite>Nos Cruautés</cite>, pp. 201-202.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Foderholm, A.</span> M.D., Stockholm.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and rabbits with carbon oxide.—<cite>Scandinavian -Med. Archives</cite>, 1874.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fortunatow, A.</span> Physiol. Inst., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Fettresorption und histologische Structur -der Dünndarmzotten,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 285.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the bile of frogs and lampreys.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Foster, Michael</span>, Shelford, Cambridge. M.D. Lond., 1859; -M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. -(Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S.; Fell. -Univ. Coll., Lond.; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Camb.; Fell, and late -Praelect. of Physiol. Trin. Coll., Camb.; late Fuller Prof. Physiol. -Roy. Inst., Great Britain; and Prof. of Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -Lond. Member of the Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by -Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Text Book of Physiology;” “Primer of Physiology;” -joint author of “Elements of Embryology;” “Handbook of Physiological -Laboratory.” Editor “Journ. of Physiol.” Contrib. Journ. -Anat. and Physiol., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University -Physiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place -in 1878-79-80-81-82. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, -also Two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill in 1878. -No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fothergill, John Milner</span>, 110, Park Street, Grosvenor -Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1865; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; L.R.C.P. -Edin., 1865; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1865; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, and -Berlin); Mem. Gen. Com. Univ. Edin.; Assoc. Fell. Coll. Phys. -Philadelphia; Phy. City of Lond. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest; late -Asst. Phys. W. Lond. Hosp.; formerly Sen. Res. Med. Off. Leeds -Dispensary.</p> - -<p>Author of “Digitalis: its Mode of Action and its Use” (Hastings -Prize Essay British Med. Assoc.), 1870; “The Heart and its -Diseases, with their Treatment, including the Gouty Heart,” -2nd edit., 1879; “The Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment; or -the Principles of Therapeutics,” 2nd edit., 1880; “The Antagonism -of Therapeutic Agents, and what it Teaches” (Fothergill Prize -Essay, Med. Soc.), London, 1878; “Animal Physiology,” 1881, etc., -and numerous contribs. to <cite>Lancet</cite>, <cite>Brit. Med. Journal</cite>, <cite>Brain</cite>, <cite>Practitioner</cite>, -etc.</p> - -<p>“Our object was to verify the assertions of several authors, but -more especially those of Fothergill, who asserts that digitalis -occasions a contraction of the small arteries; which he has noticed -occurs in the web of a frog’s foot. The experiments which I have -made in connexion with this fact have given negative results. With -a view to observe this action, I have often examined the webs of -frogs’ feet for hours under the microscope without succeeding in -observing any change in the small arteries.”—<cite>Pflüger’s Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. V., p. 168.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Foulis, D.</span>, Glasgow. Lect. Path. Roy. Inf. Med. School; M.D.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary -Medical School in 1881. Certificate dispensing with obligation -to kill, 1881. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fox, Wilson</span>, 67, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1855; -B.A., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1866; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Phys. Extraordinary -to H. M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to their R. I. H. the -Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh; Fell. of Univ. Coll.; Holme Prof. -Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; and Phys. Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Corr. Mem. -Phys. Med. Gesellschaft, Warzburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Diseases of the Stomach;” “On the Artificial Production -of Tubercle” (Lect. R.C.P.), and various contrib. to Med. Chir. -Trans., Phil. Trans., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory and -Curator’s Rooms, in 1882 and 1883; also same years a Certificate -dispensing with obligation to kill. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<p>“It is not without historical interest that Dr. Wilson Fox has -formally confessed his belief in the fallacies of his former experiments, -and basing this opinion upon the results of a careful series -of similar investigations carried out, at his request, by Dr. Dawson -Williams, in Dr. Burdon-Sanderson’s laboratory, he has expressed -his belief in the specific nature of the tubercular virus. Dr. Fox has -found, on repetition of his former experiments, that any injury to -rodents does not cause tubercle, but that it is only produced by the -inoculation of tubercular material.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, Dec. 29th, -1883, p. 1298.</p> - -<p>“Wilson Fox operated on a considerable number of animals (117 -guinea-pigs and 12 rabbits), and he experimented with every -variety of matter whether tuberculous or not.”—<cite>Arch. de Méd.</cite>, 1883, -Vol. XI., p. 48.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fraenkel, Albert.</span> M.D.; Assistant at the Medical School -and Private Lecturer at the University, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift,” 1883, No. 37, -and to Allgem. Med. Central-Zeitung, 1883, Nos. 11 and 62.</p> - -<p>Verified the experiments published by Paul Bert in his “Pression -barométrique.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Franck, François</span>, 5, Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris. Prof. -Nat. Hist. of Organic Bodies and Physiol., Coll. France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Effet des excitations des nerfs sensibles sur le cœur et -la circulation artérielle, dans Travaux du Lab. de M. Marcy,” 1876; -“Recherches, expérimentales sur les effets cardiaques, vasculaires -et respiratoires des excitations douloureuses,” “Comptes -rendus” l’Acad. des Sci., 1876-1878. Contrib. Art. “De la -Dissociation des filets irido dilatateurs et des nerfs vasculaires au -dessus du ganglion cervical supérieur;” to Gaz. Méd. de Paris, -1878, p. 378, “experiments on dogs.” Contrib. “Physiologie expérimentale: -innervation du cœur,” Gaz. Hebdom. No. 15, (1879), -p. 230; No. 16, p. 246; No. 18, p. 277; No. 19, p. 295; No. 21, -p. 326; “Système Nerveux physiologie générale,” Dict. encyclop. -des Sciences Médicales, Paris, 1879; also various articles to Gazette -Médicale de Paris; Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biol., and Journal -de l’Anat. et de Physiologie.</p> - -<p>Inventor of an apparatus for submitting animals to rapid or slow -variations of temperature.—<cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite>, June 7th, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fraser, J. L.</span>, Edinburgh. M.D.; Lab. Vet. College, Clyde, -Street; Physiol. Class Room.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fraser, Thomas Richard</span>, 37, Melville Street, and University, -Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. -Edin., 1869; M. 1868; (Edin.) F.R.S. Lond. & Edin.; Corr. Mem. -Therap. Soc. Paris, etc. Prof. of Mat. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean:” -Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. XXIV.; “An Investigation into some -previously undescribed Tetanic Systems produced by Atropia in cold -blooded Animals,” etc., and various other papers to Journ. Anat. and -Physiol., Practitioner, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, -Materia Medica Department, in 1878-79-81-82. Certificates for -Experiments without Anæsthetics, in 1878-79-81-82. Two Certificates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -for the same purpose in 1878. No experiments returned -in 1878-81-82.</i></p> - -<p>[In Return for 1881 entered as J. L. Fraser.]</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fredericq, Léon.</span> M.D., Prof. in Ord. Univ. of Liège, -Belgium.</p> - -<p>Author of “Expériences sur l’innervation respiratoire;” Supp. -Du Bois Raymond’s Arch., 1883, p. 51; Contrib. to Du Bois -Reymond’s Archives, 1883.</p> - -<p>Experiments on the innervation of respiratory centres; also on -the effects of ice on the exposed spinal cord of rabbits. Has used -dogs, rabbits, and ducks for his experiments.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor.</span> Born 1819, at Aurich. In -1838 studied at Göttingen; 1842, practised medicine at Aurich, -where he acquired some renown as an oculist. Studied also at the -Institutions of Prague, Vienna, Holland, Belgium, and France. -Private Prof. of Med. in Göttingen. Director of the Academical -Hospital, Kiel. Conducted two ambulance hospitals during the -Schleswig-Holstein War. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics, -Breslau, 1851. Professor of clinical medicine and director of La -Charité, Berlin, 1859; councillor and member of the Scientific -Deputation for medical affairs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber Gallert oder Colloidgeschwülste,” Göttingen, -1847; “Ueber die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit,” Brunswick, 1857; -“Klinik der Leberkrankheiten,” Brunswick, 1859-62 (translated -into French, English, and Italian). Contrib. numerous articles to -Liebig’s, Poggendorf’s, and Wöhler’s Dictionaries of Chemistry, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fritsch, Gustav Theodor.</span> M.D. B. at Kottbus, 1838. -Studied in Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg. Anat. Inst. Berlin, -1867. Extraordinary Prof. same Univ., 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of “Drei Jahre in Süd Afrika,” Breslau, 1868; “Ueber -das stereoskopische Sehen im Mikroskop,” Berlin, 1873; “Untersuchungen -ueber den feineren Bau des Fischgehirns mit besonderer -Berücksichtigung der Homologien bei anderen Wirbelthierklassen,” -Berlin, 1878. Joint author with E. Hitzig of “Ueber elektrische -Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns,” in Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Wissensch. -III., 1870, p. 300-332.</p> - -<p>“By means of perfected electric apparatus G. Fritsch and E. -Hitzig were enabled to satisfy themselves that the surface of the -brain in the rabbit reacted under the influence of the electric -current. They then made a series of experiments on dogs, and -published results which did not perhaps attract sufficient attention, -and which were in opposition to the opinions till then accepted.”—<cite>Art. -“Cerveau,” Encyclopédie des Sciences Médicales</cite>, Vol. XIV., -1873, p. 210.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Fubini, Simon.</span> B. 1841. M.D. Turin; Prof. of Physiol. -Univ. of Turin; Prof. Univ. Palermo.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla Condrina, Osservazioni di Moleschott e Fubini, -Annotazione sopra la saliva parotidea e sopra il sudore;” “Gemelli -xiphoide juncti,” Giornale della R. Accademia di medicina, No. 1 e 2, -1878, &c. Editor of Turin Medical Gazette.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Funke, Otto.</span> B. at Chemnitz, 1828. Studied Univ. Leipsig, -1846; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1854; Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Breslau, -1860; Mem. Academy of Saxony.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “Atlas der physiologischen Chemie,” Leipsig, 1858; -last part of “Günther’s Lehrbuch der Physiologie für Akademische -Vorlesungen,” Leipsig, 1870; “Lehrbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, -1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gamgee, Arthur</span>, Owen’s Coll., Manchester, and Oaklands, -Bowdon, Cheshire. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; -F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; M. 1871 (Edin.); F.R.S. London; Brackenbury -Professor of Physiol. and Histol. and Dean of Med. Department -Owen’s College, Manchester; Exam. in Physiol. Univ. London; late -Lecturer on Physiol. Surg. Hall; Physician Roy. Hosp. for Sick -Children, and Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Assoc. for -Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Text Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the -Animal Body,” 1880; Translator and Editor “Hermann’s Elementary -Human Physiology;” Joint Editor Journ. of Physiol., Cambridge; -also of numerous Papers in various Journs. and Trans. of Learned -Socs.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, in -1878-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83. -Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and -for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1878. -No Experiments returned in 1881. No Experiments on Horses, -Mules or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“(Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) You are of opinion that in -inflicting operations, in themselves very painful, upon living animals, -curare ought not to be trusted as taking away sensibility to pain? -I should think not. I would add this: I do not believe that -physiologists use it for that purpose. It is used in order to eliminate -a series of fallacies which obtrude themselves in physiological -experiments.”—<cite>Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, London, 1876.</p> - -<p>“Nor was I guilty of the want of taste and judgment with which -she (Miss Cobbe) taunts me and English physiologists in general, -of exonerating themselves at the expense of their continental -confrères. ‘Unquestionably’ I said ‘there have been brutal things -done by physiologists, <em>never</em> as far as I am aware by English and -<em>very rarely</em> by continental physiologists.’”—<cite>Manchester Guardian</cite>, -Feb. 13, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gaskell, W. H.</span>, Cambridge. M.A., M.D.</p> - -<p>Author of “On the Vasomotor Nerves of Striated Muscles,” -Studies of the Physiol. Lab. Univ. Cambridge, p. 132.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological -Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. No -Experiments returned in 1880-81 and 1882.</i></p> - -<p>“15th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, quite young, weighs -7½ kilogrammes (about 16½ lbs.). Extensor vein prepared on both -sides; ligature placed under left crural nerve. Morphia and -curare given. Artificial respiration.” &c.</p> - -<p>“31st January, 1878.—Dog, weight 8 kilogrammes (about -17⅔ lbs.). Morphia and curare. Artificial respiration. Right -extensor vein and right crural nerve prepared.” &c.</p> - -<p>“20th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, weight 6¼ kilo (about -13¾ lbs.). Morphia given. Left extensor vein prepared, and left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -crural nerve cut and ligatured at 4.2 p.m. Between 3.40 and -4.7 p.m., 0·015 grms. curare were injected into jugular vein; -artificial respiration.” &c.</p> - -<p>“February 18, 1878.—Large sheep dog, weight 20·5 kilo, -(about 45¼ lbs.). Morphia given, 0·075 grms. curare, injected -into jugular vein. Abdomen opened in middle line, and left -abdominal sympathetic trunk cut and ligatured about the fourth -lumbar ganglion.” &c.</p> - -<p>“March 4, 1878.—Spaniel bitch, weight 13¾ kilo, (about 30¼ lbs.). -After the termination of the curve given in Fig. 3, 0·06 grms. -curare were injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration -was performed, and the left crural nerve was laid free.” &c.—“Further -Researches on the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary -Muscles,” by W. H. Gaskell, M.A., Trin. Coll. Camb., “<cite>Journ. -Physiol.</cite>” Vol. I., pp. 265-6, 276, 228, 295.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gautier, E. J. Armand</span>, 72, Rue d’Assas, Paris. B. at Narbonne. -M.D., 1862; Agrégé de Clinic., Med. Fac.; Member Acad. -de Méd.</p> - -<p>Author of “Études sur les fermentations proprement dites et les -fermentations physiologiques et pathologiques,” Paris, 1869; “Chimie -appliquée à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à l’hygiène et les -méthodes de recherches les plus nouvelles,” Paris, 1874.</p> - -<p>“Made experiments with the venom of snakes (<i>Naja tripudians</i>).”—<cite>Archiv. -de med.</cite>, Vol. 2, 1881, p. 360.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gavarret, Louis-Denis Jules</span>, 73, Rue de Grenelle, Paris. -B. 1809. M.D., 1843; Prof. Med. Physics at Med. Faculty; Mem. -Acad. of Medicine, 1858; Inspector-General of Public Instruction -for Medicine, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author jointly with M. Andral of “Investigations sur la nature -du sang et l’organisation physique de l’homme,” 1840-43; “Sur la -chaleur produite par les corps vivants,” 1853. “Des Images -par reflexion et par refraction,” Paris, 1856. “Physique biologique, -les phénomènes physiques de la Vie,” Paris, 1869, etc., etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gergens, E.</span> M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s Archiv., -Vol. XIV., p. 340; “Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung mit dem -Influenz-Apparat,” Pflüger, Vol. XIV., p. 65. Joint author (with E. -Baumann) of “Ueber das Verhalten des Guanidin, Dicyanidin, und -Cyandin im Organismus,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 205. Assisted Prof. -Goltz in his work, “Ueber Verrichtungen des Grosshirns.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with E. Baumann on dogs and rabbits, -also on the brains of the former.</p> - -<p>“… I dissected out the above-mentioned nerves in some -of the animals I had used before, and tried direct stimulation. -Naturally even a weak current must have a powerful effect, when -in immediate contact with the nerve, and the result was as I had -anticipated. The animals croaked once and made the wildest efforts -to escape.…”—“<cite>Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung</cite>,” -pp. 67-68.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gerlach, Leo.</span> M.D., Erlangen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Beziehungen der N. Vagi zu den glatten -Muskelfasern der Lunge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII., p. 491.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> - -<p>Made experiments on curarised dogs and rabbits in the Laboratory -of Prof. Kühne, in Heidelberg, also in the Physiological Institute -at Erlangen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gibbes, Heneage</span>, 94, Gower Street, W.C. M.D., Aberd., -1881, M.B. and C.M., 1879; L.R.C.P., Lond. 1879; (Univ. Aberd. -and St. Barthol.); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Aberd.; Fell. Roy. -Micros., Med., and Zool. Socs.; Mem. Path. Soc., Phys. Met. Disp.; -Lect. on Physiol. and Histol. West. Hosp.; late Curator Anat. Mus., -King’s Coll.</p> - -<p>Author of “Practical Histology and Pathology,” 2nd edit. -Contrib. various papers to Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Lancet, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory and Outhouse -in the garden, 94, Gower Street, W.C., 1883. Certificate -dispensing with obligation to kill same year. Dr. Gibbes could -also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory and -Anatomical Theatre, King’s College, London.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gibson, George Alexander</span>, 1 Randolph Cliff, Edinburgh. -M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. Edin., and C.M. 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; -M. 1879 (Edin. Dub. and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Edin.; -F.R.S.E.; F.G.S. Lond.; Hon. Mem. (late Pres.) Dialec. Soc. Edin.; -Mem. Brit. Association for Adv. of Sci.; and British Med. Assoc.; -Lect. on Med. Anat. and Phys. Diagnosis, Edin. Sch. Med.; formerly -Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to <cite>Lancet</cite>, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Nature, -Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Veterinary College, Clyde -Street, Edinburgh Laboratory and Physiological Class Room in -1879, and at University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, -in 1880. Certificates for Testing previous Discoveries in 1879 and -1880. No experiments returned in 1879.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gierke</span> (Dr.) Asst. Prof. Physiol. Inst., Breslau University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Glaevecke, Ludwig Christian H. J.</span> M.D. First Asst. -Clin. Hosp. at Kiel, 1881.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Ausscheidung und Vertheilung des Eisens -im thierischen Organismus,” Kiel, 1883.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on animals to ascertain the effects of subcutaneous -injections of iron.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gluck, Theodor.</span> M.D. Asst. Inst. Clinic. Surg. Univ. of -Berlin.</p> - -<p>Extirpated sections of lungs in rabbits and dogs, and hopes to -persuade the medical profession to sanction extirpation and resection -of the lungs as a method of operative surgery.—<cite>Archiv. fuer -Klinische Chirurgie von Langenbeck, Billroth, Gurlt</cite>, Vol. 26, p. 916, -Berlin, 1881. (See Block.)</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton</span>, 13, St. Thomas Street, -London, S.E. B.A. Lon. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold -Medal in For. Med.), 1873; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P. -Lond., 1872 (Guy’s and Paris); Prizem. 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist -in Chir. Med., and in Chir. Surg., 1873; Mem. Path. and Chir. Socs.; -Assistant Surg. and Demonst. of Pract. Physiol., Guy’s Hosp. -Contribs. to <cite>Lancet</cite>, <cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, <cite>Guy’s Hosp. Reps.</cite>, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital School<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> -Buildings in 1881; also Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, -1881. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Golgi, M. C.</span> Prof., Pavia.</p> - -<p>Experiments on cerebral localization.—<cite>Archiv. Ital.</cite></p> - -<p>Author of “Di una reazione apparamente nera delle cellule nervose -ottenuta col bicloruro di mercurio.”—<cite>Arch. p. l. scienze -mediche</cite>, Vol. III., 1879, N. 11.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Goltz, Friedrich.</span> Direct. of Inst. for Exper. Physiol., -Strasburg; formerly prosector Univ. Königsberg, Prussia.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren -des Frosches,” Berlin, 1869; “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns,” -1881; “Wider die Humanaster,” 1883; “Ueber die physiologische -Bedeutung der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths,” Pflüger’s -Archiv., Vol. III., p. 172.</p> - -<p>“I owe the fundamental idea of my method of experimentation to -the memory of my experience as prosector at Königsberg. I have -often dissected out the arteries of the brain filled with torpid -matter.… I resolved to try whether it would be possible -to rinse out the living brain and spare the larger veins. The very -first effort was so successful that it encouraged me to proceed, and -that was the origin of this work.… All my experiments -were made on dogs which I chloroformed before the operation. To -bare the skull, I generally made first a cut in the centre and separated -the skin on one side, so that the muscles of the temples were -visible. Then according to the experiment I wished to make, a -portion of the muscle was cut away to expose the place in the bone -where the hole was to be bored. According to the requirements of -the case, one, two, or still more holes were bored, and after making -a cut in the head skin, the brain matter was rinsed out. I generally -used spring water, heated to the temperature of the blood.… -At all events till now, as far as my knowledge of the literature of -this subject goes, no one has succeeded in making such extensive -destruction of the brain and still preserving life. I have succeeded -in a series of experiments made at different intervals, in so seriously -injuring one hemisphere, that all the circumvolutions that touched the -skull had disappeared. The animal lived for weeks with its crippled -brain, and served for many observations.”—<cite>Verrichtungen des -Grosshirns</cite>, pp. 3-8. (A work dedicated to his “English Friends.”)</p> - -<p>“It is not often that two physiologists agree in matters relating -to the physiology of the brain.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 9.</p> - -<p>“I do not by any means claim that my researches can be of any -value in themselves for the pathology of the human brain. Let the -pathologists continue steadily to collect facts, then the apparent -contradictions between the experiments on animals and the observations -at the bedside will soon be reconciled.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 176.</p> - -<p>“The fact that both in tortoises and in toads, the extirpation of -the cerebellum and the superior two-thirds of the bulbus <em>does not -abolish</em> the sense of equilibrium, proves that the too widely generalised -theory of Goltz which localises this sense in the cerebellum, as -also that of Vulpian, who in the inferior vertebrates, places the seat -of this sense in the part corresponding to the annular protuberance -of the superior vertebrates, are both equally inexact.—Florence, -June, 1883.”—<span class="smcap">Fano</span>, “<cite>Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau -centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo-spinal.</cite>”—<cite>Arch. ital. de -Biol.</cite>, Vol. III., p. 368.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> - -<p>“It is self evident, that Goltz’s experience, when quoted against -the localizations of functions in the cortex of the brain is of no worth.”… -(p. 11). “Professor Goltz’s assumption that irritation sets -up inhibitory processes, having their seat in the cerebrum, which -cause, through paralysis of certain centres situated in the cerebellum -and its connections, all the non-permanent disturbances,—this -assumption is inadmissible” (p. 13).—Munk, <cite>Ueber die -Functionen der Grosshirn-Rinde.</cite></p> - -<p>“After I had laid bare the bone behind the ear of the pigeon, I -bored out, bit by bit, with the help of a sharp hollow chisel, the -ear labyrinths on both sides of the head. The bleeding caused by -this operation is very considerable. In those cases where I -endeavoured to destroy entirely both labyrinths, the birds died soon -after the operation with violent rolling movements or somersaults. -For this reason I afterwards contented myself with breaking out -pieces of the superficial canals. Many of the thus injured birds I -have kept alive a long time, and especially two which I had operated -upon half a year ago, and which I exhibited at the Congress of -Naturalists at Innspruck on 21st September, 1869.”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. III., pp. 177-78.</p> - -<p>“The sanguinary part of the operation begins with the insertion -of the cannula to supply artificial respiration. Then the right -carotid artery is dissected out. Afterwards, while artificial respiration -is being set up, a square opening is made in the left wall of -the chest with a knife and the bone scissors. The opening is -extended far into the right pleural cavity, and widened downwards till -it reaches the diaphragm which is severed from the ribs. It is best -to make the opening in the chest large enough to avoid any pressure -on the heart from the lungs or other neighbouring parts. The -pericardium is opened wide so that the greatest possible surface of -the heart may be exposed to the action of the atmospheric air. -After this sanguinary preparation the catheter is introduced from -the right carotis into the aorta, and from thence to the left ventricle -of the heart. As soon as it has reached this point (which fact can -be ascertained by feeling the exposed heart) the stopper (of the -instrument previously described) is withdrawn. The next systole -sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is -immediately checked by fixing the gutta percha end of the previously -set manometer on this conducting catheter. Now begins -the observation which richly repays the tedious and bloody preparation. -The heart pumps out the manometer with surprising -rapidity.… We have repeated this experiment six times.”—“<cite>Ueber -die Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens</cite>,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVII., p. 113.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gombault</span> (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Prof. Path. -Anat. Practical Courses.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Greenfield, William Smith</span>, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. -M.D. Lond., 1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. and -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. and Clin. Socs.; Fell. Roy. -Micros. Soc.; Prof. of Gen. Path. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; late -Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Path. Anat. St. Thomas’s Hosp.; Prof. -Superint. Brown Inst.; Phys. Roy. Infirm. for Childr. and Wom., -Waterloo Road; Phys. Roy. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest, and Med. -Regist. St. Thomas’s Hosp.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> - -<p>Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological -Anatomy.” Author of Sect. on “Renal Pathology,” new Syd. Soc. -Atlas of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Allied Diseases” -(for Path. Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Contrib. “Lectures -on the Pathology of Anthrax and Allied Diseases,” Lancet and Brit. -Med. Journ., 1880 and 1881; various papers in Trans. Path. and -Clin. Socs. and elsewhere.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory -Stables and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for -Experiments without anæsthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments -returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gréhant, Louis François Nestor</span>, 17, Rue de Berthollet, -Paris. B. at Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Asst. curator at -the Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris; formerly Mem. Biol. Soc., Paris; -<i lang="fr">préparateur</i> of the Course of Physiol. at Fac. of Sci.</p> - -<p>Author of “Tableau d’analyse chimique conduisant à la détermination -de la base et de l’acide d’un sel inorganique isolé, avec les -couleurs caracteristiques des precipités,” Paris, 1862; “Recherches -physiques sur la respiration de l’homme,” Paris, 1864; “Manuel de -physique médicale,” Paris, 1869; “Sur l’endomose des gaz à travers -les poumous détachés,” Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “Sur l’activité -physiologique des reins,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1879; “Recherches quantitatives -sur l’èlimination de l’oxyde de carbone,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>; “Recherches -comparatives sur l’exhalation de l’acide carbonique par les poumons,” -Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; “Influence de la section -des pneumogastriques sur l’exhalation d’acide carbonique par les -poumons” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Gréhant recently made an interesting communication to -the Biological Society, on the quantity of alcohol that would be -necessary to produce fatal effect. With this view he performed a -series of experiments, the results of which were always identical. -By means of an œsophagal tube, Dr. Gréhant injected into the -stomach of a dog thirty grammes of alcohol every half hour until -the animal died. At the post-mortem examination, he found that the -blood of the animal contained a proportion of one part of absolute -alcohol to 100 parts of blood.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. 125.</p> - -<p>“I prepared in a large gutta percha balloon a mixture of 100 -litres of air and 255 cubic centimetres of pure oxide of carbon, which -made 1/392 of poisonous gas; I then opened the jugular vein in a -dog of 9 kilos., and with a long india-rubber catheter introduced -into the vena cava inferior, drew out 30 centimetres of blood, put it -into a flask and defibrinised it by agitating it a few minutes. The -animal’s head was then placed in a gutta percha muzzle communicating -with the top of the balloon containing the oxide of carbon, -and the animal was allowed to breathe into it for half-an-hour. -During the last two minutes a second quantity of blood was taken -from the vena cava and defibrinised; then the animal was allowed -to breathe in the air, and half-an-hour later a third sample of blood -was taken.…”—<cite>On the absorption of Oxide of Carbon</cite> (Note -presented to the Acad. of Sc. by M. Gréhant, April 8, 1878,) -<cite>Archives de Méd.</cite>, 1878, Vol. I., p. 750.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Griffini, L.</span> Prof. Path. Anat. Lab. Univ. of Messina.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sur l’action toxique de la salive humane,” Arch. -ital. de Biol., Paris, 1882.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> - -<p>“After the experiments of Vulpian showing that the saliva of a -healthy man has a poisonous effect on rabbits, it was necessary to -seek for an explanation of this unforeseen result. Therefore, the author -of this essay determined to make a series of experiments to explain -the malady which is produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection -of human saliva.”—<cite>Arch. ital. de Biol.</cite>, Vol. II., Part I., p. 106.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Groves, J. W.</span>, King’s College, London.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological -Laboratory in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gruber, A.</span> Prof. Zool. and Zoot., Freiburg, in Baden -University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Grützner, P.</span> Prof. Animal Physiol., Berne University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber Verschiedene Arten der Nervenerregung.” -Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XVII., p. 215; “Beiträge zur Physiologie der -Harnsecretion,” Ibid., Vol. II.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and rabbits in the Physiological Institute -at Breslau.</p> - -<p>“Exp. II. Dog not curarised: spinal marrow cut through at the -beginning of the operation; also the vagi severed, nitrate of soda -injected.</p> - -<p>“Exp. III. Dog strongly curarised, and the medulla stimulated -repeatedly by galvanic currents. Injections of nitrate of soda.</p> - -<p>“Exp. VII. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, -medulla subjected to electric stimulation. The vagi cut through.</p> - -<p>“Exp. XI. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, -digitalis and strychnine injected. Result cramps.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite> -Vol. II., p. 370.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gscheidlen, Richard.</span> M.D.; Prof. Physiol.; Direct. -Physiol. Lab., Wurzburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber einige Physiologische Wirkungen der Calabarbohne,” -in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium -in Wurzburg,” Leipsig, 1869; “Physiologische Methodik,” -4th edit., Brunswick, 1879.</p> - -<p>Forty-one experiments on rabbits and cats.</p> - -<p>“… Large doses cause violent cramps and convulsions. -The animal struggles for breath, and writhes on the board -to which it is fastened, and all the symptoms of the most violent -dyspnœa set in. If the skin of the animal is slightly raised, it can -be observed that the venous blood-vessels are puffed and swollen -and contain dark blood. It soon becomes impossible to see how the -animal breathes, and death follows.”—<cite>Untersuchungen aus dem -Physiologischen Lab. in Wurzburg</cite>, 1869, p. 275.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Guareschi, I.</span> Univ. Turin.</p> - -<p>Extract of putrified human brains injected into frogs, results -resembling those of curare. Communicated to R. Academy -Sciences, Turin, May, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Gubler, Adolphe Goblet.</span> B. at Metz, 1822, d. 1879. -Studied Med. Paris; Silver Medallist, 1847; M.D. Paris, 1849; -Chef de Clinique of Prof. Bouillaud, 1850; Mem. Acad. Med., 1865; -succeeded Prof. G. See, Prof. Therapeutics, 1868.</p> - -<p>Founded “Journal de Thérapeutique,” 1874; Author of “Commentaires -Thérapeutiques du Codex,” 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Guébhart</span> (Mons.), Paris. Prof. Physics Medical Faculty.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Günther, Albert</span>, Surbiton, Surrey. M.A. and Ph.D. Tübingen, -1853; M.D. 1862; Diploma in Med. and Surg. Stuttgart, 1857; -F.R.S.; F.Z. S.; Mem. Royal Soc. Sc. Upsala; Corr. Mem. Bristol -Nat. Soc. and Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc.; Assist. Keeper Zool. -Dept. British Museum.</p> - -<p>Author of “Medical Zoology,” Stuttgart, 1858; Catalogue “Fish,” -British Museum, 1859-70, &c.; late Editor “The Record of Zoological -Literature.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with L. Brück on the influence of -lesions of certain portions of the brain on animal heat.—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, 1870, p. 578.</p> - -<p>“… I requested the students, Messrs. Brück and -Günther, to repeat the experiments of Tscheschichin and Sewitzky.… -The animals were, as in previous experiments, rabbits. The -lesions were invariably made through the unopened skull.… -Out of 23 experiments, 11 gave positive, and 12 negative results. -These experiments have given us the following facts for further -study:—The division of the brain between the pons varolis and the -medulla oblongata may produce heightened temperature. Seven -experiments of this section were made; in two only the results -were as above; but in these two cases the evidence was in a -high degree satisfactory. In four cases the temperature sank after -the operation; in one the action was so positive that the temperature -of the animal which had been bound for seven hours did not -sink any lower after the operation, which it is well known -generally happens.”—Heidenhain, Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. III., -pp. 579-80.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. -Also Certificate for Experiments without anæsthetics same year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hall, Marshall.</span> B. at Basford, Notts., 1790; d. 1857. M.D., -Edin., 1812; M. 1827; F.R.C.P., 1841; Lect. on the Theory and -Practice of Medicine at St. Thomas’ Hosp.; Consulting Phys. to -Moorcroft Lunatic Asylum, Uxbridge; Gulstonian Lecturer Roy. -Coll. Physicians, 1842; F.R.S.L., and E.</p> - -<p>Author of “The Principles of Diagnosis,” London and Nottingham, -1817; “Medical Essays,” London and Nottingham, 1825; -“Diseases of Females,” 1826; “Effects of Loss of Blood,” 1828; -“Researches principally relative to the morbid and curative effects -of loss of blood,” London, 1830; “An essay on the circulation of -the Blood, especially as observed in the minute and capillary vessels -of the Batrachia and of Fishes,” London, 1831; “Lectures on the -nervous system and its diseases,” London, 1836; “Memoirs on the -nervous system,” London, 1837; “Practical observations and suggestions -in medicine,” London, 1846; “Essay on the theory of convulsive -diseases,” London, 1848.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hällsten, K.</span> Prof. Physiol. in Helsingfors, Finland.</p> - -<p>Author of “Handledning för nybegynnare vid histologiska -öfningar” (Manual of practical histology for beginners), Helsingfors, -1878. Contrib. to Scandinavian Med. Archives.</p> - -<p>Made experimental researches on the irritability of various parts -of the same nerve.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harley, George</span>, 25, Harley Street. M.D. Edin., 1850; -F.R.C.P. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1858; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1850; -F.R.S.; F.C.S.; Corr. Mem. Roy. Acad. Med. Madrid; Roy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -Acad. Sci. Bavaria; Phys. and Med. Soc. Wurzburg; Med. Soc. -Halle, and Micros. Soc. Giessen; Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Fell. -Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin., etc., etc., -formerly Prof. Med. Jurisprudence and Lect. on Histology and -Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Pres. Paris Med. Soc.</p> - -<p>Editor of “A Year Book of Medicine, Surgery and their allied -Sciences,” London, 1860, etc.; author of “On Digestion,” 1859; -“Action of Chem. and Phys. Agents on the Blood,” Phil. Trans. -1865; “Jaundice, its pathology and treatment,” London, 1863; -“Albuminaria, with and without Dropsy, its different forms and -treatment,” London, 1866; “Diabetes, its different forms and -different treatments,” London, 1866, etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the physiological action of animal poisons, -on dogs, cats, and frogs.</p> - -<p>“The experiments were performed at University College, in the -presence of my colleagues, Professors Sharpey, Ellis, and Williamson.… -A large dog was bitten by one of the snakes over the right -eye.… In three minutes the dog became very restless, and gave -a low whine as if of pain. After moving about the room for ten -minutes searching for a comfortable place to lie down on, he placed -himself in the coolest part of the chamber, and laid his head on the -cold stones, as if to relieve headache. He moaned as if in distress.… -As the effects of the poison passed away, the pulse gradually -recovered.… The serpent was once more allowed to bite him. -The same train of symptoms again appeared, but in a more intense -degree, and within twenty-five minutes he had become insensible.… -Half an hour after being bitten the second time, convulsive -twitchings began to appear in the fore limbs and muscles of the -neck. In ten minutes more the whole body became convulsed. The -limbs were stretched out and the head jerked backwards.… -In two hours and a quarter the animal appeared to be dead, but on -making an incision into the thorax, he gave a gasp. After waiting -some time without observing any further sign of life, another incision -was made, when he again gasped, but only once.”—“<cite>On the -influence of physical and chemical agents upon the blood</cite>,” <cite>Trans. -Roy. Soc.</cite>, Vol. 155, p. 700.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harris, Vincent Dormer</span>, 39, Wimpole Street, Cavendish -Square, London, W. M.D. Lond., 1876; M.B. (Honours), 1874; -M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and -Vienna); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Sen. Phys. -Met. Disp.; Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Asst. Phys. -Victoria Pk. Hosp.; late Assist. Phys. W. London Hosp.; Casualty -Phys., House Phys., Ophth. House Surg. and Regist. St. Barthol. -Hosp.</p> - -<p>Joint Author of “The Manual for the Physiological Laboratory;” -Author of “Remarks on Angina Pectoris,” “Tufnell’s -Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm,” “The Diagnostic value of Cardiac -Murmurs,” and other papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps.; “Condition -of the Spinal Cord in Tetanus;” Path. Soc. Trans.; Contrib. to -Lancet, Med. Times Gaz., Path. Soc. Trans., Quart. Micros. Journ., -Journ. Anat. and Physiol., &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures, 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880 and -1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harting</span> (Prof.), Utrecht University.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Harvey, Reuben J.</span> D. 1882. B.A. Dublin, 1866; M.D., -1873; M.B. and M. Ch., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879; L. 1876 (T.C. -Dublin, Vienna and Wurzburg); M.R.T.A.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub.; -Lect. Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med.; Asst. Phys. and Pathol. House -of Indust. Hosps.; Phys. Cork Street Fever Hosp.; late Exam. -Anat. Univ. Dub.; Phys. for Dis. of Throat; Nat. Eye and Ear -Infirm.; Ex-Schol. and Sen. Moderator T.C. Dub.; Ex. Med. and -Schol. and Demonstrator of Anatomy Univ. Dub. Contrib. -“Histology of Tendon,” Irish Hosp. Gaz. 1873; “Ueber die -Zwischensubstanz der Hoden,” Centralblatt, 1875.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Carmichael School of Medicine, -Dublin Physiological Laboratory, and 212, Great Brunswick -Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures in 1878-79-81; also, Certificate Dispensing with -obligation to kill in 1881, and Certificate for Experiments without -Anæsthetics in 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Haughton, Edward</span>, Spring Grove House, Upper Norwood. -M.D. Edin., 1856; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1855; B.A.T.C.D., 1858; L.M. -Combe Lying-in Hosp. Gold Medal in Exper. and Nat. Sci.; Lect. -on Med. Jurisprudence Steeven’s Hosp. Med. Sch. Dub., 1859.</p> - -<p>Author of “The Laws of Vital Force,” 1869; “Practical -Biopathy,” 1881, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hay, Matthew</span>, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Edin. -(Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. and C.M. (First Class Honours), 1878 -(Univs. Glasg., Edin., and Strasbourg); Ettles Prizem. 1878; Goodsir -Prizem. 1881; Sanitary Research, Sch., 1883; Fell. Roy. Phys. -Soc. Edin.; Vice-Pres. Chem. Soc. Edin,; Mem. Nat. Sci. Club; -Prof. Med. Logic and Med. Jurisp. Univ. Aberd.; formerly Asst. -to Prof. of Mat. Med. and Demonstrator of Pract. Mat. Med. Univ. -Edin.; Phys. New Town Disp. Edin.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Action of Saline Cathartics,” from Anal. and Physiol. -Vol. XVI.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Materia -Medica Department in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with -obligation to kill in 1880-81-82-83.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Haycraft, John Berry.</span> M.B.</p> - -<p>Author of “On some Physiological Results of Temperature Variation,” -Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Physiological -Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department -of Medical Jurisprudence in 1880 and 1881. No experiments -returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hayem, Georges</span>, Rue de l’échelle 9, Paris. B. Paris, 1841. -M.D. 1868; Prof. Med. Fac. Paris; Hospital Physician; Sub-Director -of the Lab. of Path. Anat. (école des Hautes études); -Editor of the Revue des Sciences Médicales.</p> - -<p>Author of “Études sur les diverses formes d’encéphalite,” Paris, -1868; “Des Bronchites, Pathologie générale et classification,” -Paris, 1869; “Des Hémorrhagies intra rachidiennes,” Ibid., 1872.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heger, Paul.</span> Prof. Physiol. Univ. Brussels.</p> - -<p>Author of “Étude critique et expérimentale sur l’émigration des -lobules blancs, envisagée dans ses rapports avec l’inflammation.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heiberg, H.</span> Prof. Path. Anat. Christiania, Norway.</p> - -<p>Author of “Om Hvirvelsöjlen hos nyfödte og dens Forhold til -chorda dorsalis” (The spinal chord at birth and its relation to the -chorda dorsalis) Norsk Magas. for Lägevidens-Kab., Vol. VIII. -(1879), p. 292.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the cornea of rabbits, rats, cats, fowls, -toads, &c.—<i lang="la">Vide</i> <cite>Appen. Rep. Roy. Com.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Heinrich.</span> B. at Marienwerder, -West Prussia, 1834. Prof. of Physiol, and Microscopic -Anat. Med. Fac. Breslau; Lect. Physiol. Institute.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologische Studien,” Berlin, 1856; “Die Vivisection -im Dienste der Heilkunde,” Leipsig, 1879; “Beiträge zur -Kenntniss des Pancreas,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. X., p. 557; “Ueber -die Absonderung der Fundusdrüsen des Magens,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. XIX., p. 148.</p> - -<p>“The following observations, in so far as they relate to temporary -fistula, were made in the summer of 1872; … those relating to permanent -fistula belong principally to a series of experiments made with -the students, Messrs. Jastrow, Langondorff and Körner. The principal -results of both series proved that the secretion of the pancreas if -arrested may be made to <em>continue</em>; or if present may be rendered -more active. However, I must at once observe that the disturbances, -the causes of which are still unknown to us, which almost -invariably render useless all experiments on the pancreas, were -also often present in those I am about to describe.…</p> - -<p>“The experiments were invariably made on curarised animals. -In such cases we have noticed the striking fact when the rapidity -of secretion had been measured before and after curarisation, there -was always a diminution during the curare anæsthesia, in contradiction -to the result of Bernstein’s experiments; in which the secretion -increased under the influence of the poison.” “<cite>Beiträge zur -Kenntniss der Pancreas.</cite>”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. X., pp. 606-607.</p> - -<p>Permanent fistula of the stomach established in dogs, then they -were curarised and the spinal marrow stimulated with electrodes to -cause secretion from the pancreas. These experiments were undertaken -with the aid of students.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Heinsius von A.</span>, M.D., Prof. Physiol., Leyden University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Eiweisskörper des Blutes,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. II., p. 1; “Ueber Serumalbumin und Eieralbumin und ihre -Verbindungen,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 549.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Helmholtz-Hermann, Ludwig Ferdinand von.</span> B. -Potsdam, 1821; studied med. La Charité, Berlin; Military Surgeon, -Potsdam; Prof. Anat. Acad., 1848; Prof. Physiol., Königsberg, -1849; Prof. Physiol., Bonn, 1855; Heidelberg, 1858; Prof. of Experimental -Physics, Med. Fac., Berlin Univ., 1871; Corr. French -Acad. of Sciences, 1870; Privy Councillor.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft,” Berlin, 1847; “Handbuch -der Phys. Optik.,” Leipsig, 1856-1866; “Lehre von den -Tonempfindungen,” Brunswick, 1862, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Henderson, Thomas Beath</span>, 239, Bath Street, Glasgow. -M.D., Glasgow, 1878; M.B. and C.M., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.); Mem. -Med. Chir. Path. and Clin. Socs. Glasg., and Brit. Med. Assoc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “On the Inhalation of Phosphuretted Hydrogen,” Journ. -Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -Medical School, 1878-79-80. Certificates Dispensing with obligation -to kill, 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1879 -and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Henle, Frederick Gustav Charles. B.</span> at Furth, Franconia, -1809. Studied med. at Heidelberg and Bonn; M.D., 1832; -Prosector Anat. Museum, Berlin, 1837; Prof. of Micros. Anat. and -Gen. Path., 1840; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. Zurich, 1844; -Prof. Anat. Physiol. Path. and Anthrop., Heidelberg, 1852; Prof. -at Göttingen.</p> - -<p>Founder of “Journal der rationelle Medizin;” Author of “Ueber -Schleim u. Eiterbildung,” Berlin, 1838; “Vergleichende Anatomie -des Kehlkopfes,” Leipsig, 1839; “Pathologische Untersuchungen,” -Berlin, 1840; “Rationelle Pathologie,” Brunswick, 1846; “Handbuch -der Allgemeinen Anatomie,” Berlin, 1841; “Handbuch der -Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen,” Brunswick, 1855; etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Henry, Arthur.</span> Student at Physiol. Instit., Breslau.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with Paul Wollheim at the instigation of Prof. -Heidenhain on the pancreatic secretion of herbivorous animals, -sheep, and rabbits—during two semesters—by creating biliary -fistulas.—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XIV., p. 457, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hensen, V.</span> Prof. experimental Physiol., Kiel University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Beobachtung der Tonhöhe -eines gesungenen Tones,” Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879, p. 155.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hering, E.</span> Prof. of experimental Physiol., Prague University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Nerven-und-Muskelphysiologie,” -Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien) Vol. LXXIX., 1879; -“Ueber Muskelgeräusche des Auges,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>; “Zur Erklärung der -Farbenblindheit der Theorie der Gegenfarben,” Prag., 1880; -“Kritik einer Abhandlung von Donders,” Prag., 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hermann, Ludimar.</span> Prof. Physiol. and Med. Physics, -Zurich Univ.</p> - -<p>Author of “Grundriss der Physiolgie des Menschen,” Berlin, -1863; “Untersuchungen ueber den Stoffwechsel der Muskeln,” -Berlin, 1867; “Ein Beitrag zum Verständniss der Verdanung und -Ernährens,” Zurich, 1869; “Lehrbuch der experimentellen Toxicologie,” -Berlin, 1874; “Ueber schiefen Durchgang von Strahlenbündeln, -etc.,” Zurich, 1874; “Die Vivisectionsfrage für das grössere -Publicum beleuchtet,” Leipsig, 1877. Editor of “Centralblatt f. -die Medicinischen Wissenschaften,” Berlin, 1863, etc.</p> - -<p>“Our experiments were intended to decide how far the -objection raised on several sides was justified, that the results of -the experiments made by Fritsch and Hitzig on the cortex of the -cerebrum did not arise from the excitation of the cortex itself, but -of the more internal parts.… The experiments were made -during the summer term of 1874, all on middle-sized dogs, and -were carried out successfully.… There were only six; as the -results were all the same, there was no reason to make more of these -cruel experiments.… I conclude with the remark that the -experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig, however interesting and precious -they may be, do not justify any conclusions concerning the functions -of the cortex.”—“<cite>Ueber electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde</cite>,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. X., pp. 78-84.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> - -<p>“The advancement of our knowledge, and not utility to medicine, -is the true and straightforward object of all vivisection. No true -investigator in his researches thinks of the practical utilization. -Science can afford to despise this justification with which vivisection -has been defended in England.”—<cite>Die Vivisectionsfrage.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Herzen, Alex.</span> B. Russia, 1839. Prof. Physiol., Lausanne -University. Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and -Switzerland; joined Schiff at Florence, and became one of the promoters -of the new scientific and philosophical movement in Italy. -He afterwards retired to Sienna, where he pursued in solitude his -studies on experimental Physiology. Prof. Physiol. at the Instituto -superiore at Florence, 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,” -London, 1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” -Turin, 1864; “Sul l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi -fisiologica del libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri -i loro prottettori e la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione -di Psicologia Sociale,” 1871; “Cos ’è la Fisiologia,” Florence, -1877; “Lezione sulla digestione,” Florence, 1877; “Il Moto -psichico e la Coscienza,” Florence, 1877; and in French a volume -of “Récits et Nouvelles.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hifberg</span> (Dr.), Christiania University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">His, Wilhelm.</span> B. at Bâle, 1831; studied med. at Bâle and -Berlin, under J. Müller; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Bâle, 1857; Prof. -Physiol. Leipsig, 1872.</p> - -<p>Author of “Crania Helvetica,” Bâle, 1864; “Ueber die erste -Anlage des Wirbelthierliebs,” Leipsig, 1868; “Unser Körperform -und das phys. Problem ihrer Einstehung,” Leipzig, 1875. Contrib. -to “Archiv. für Anthropologie” and “Archiv. f. Anatomie;” -“Ueber die Anfänge des peripherischem Nervensystems” Arch. -f. Anat. und Physiol., 1879, p. 456; “Abbildungen ueber das Gefässsystem -der menschlischen Netzhaut und derjenigen des Kaninchens,” -Ibid., Vol. f., 1880, p. 224; “Die Lehre vom Bindesubstanzkeim,” -Ibid., 1882, p. 62.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hitzig, Eduard.</span> B. Berlin, 1838. Studied Berlin and -Wurzburg. M.D., Berlin, 1862. Private Instructor in Internal -Medicine Univ. Berlin, 1872. Prof. Mental Diseases, Zurich, and -Director of the Lunatic Asylum of the Canton, 1875. Prof. of -Pathology and Therapeutics of the brain, Med. Fac., Halle University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Krankheiten des Nervensystems,” in “Handbuch -der speciellen Pathologie in Therapie;” “Untersuchungen ueber -das Gehirn,” Berlin, 1874; “Ziele und Zwecke der Psychiatrie,” -Zurich, 1876.</p> - -<p>“Experiments on the extirpation of the cerebrum, furnished the -material of a work in which Goltz imagines he has refuted the -opinions expressed by me on the functions of this organ. I had -already made jointly with Herr Fritsch a small number of -analogous experiments, concerning the portion named by me, -gyrus E; but later I carried out the experiments in a systematic -manner on the whole convexity of the cerebrum. In the last series -some observations are published in which I thought to have given -the last and most uncontestable proof of the localisation of the -brain.”—“<cite>Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn</cite>,” <cite>neue Folger, Reichert -und Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv.</cite>, 1876, p. 692.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Holmgrén, F.</span> Prof. Physiol., Upsala University.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Ueber die wirkliche Natur der positiven Stromschwankungen -bei der einzelnen Muskelzuckung” to Du Bois Reymond’s -Archives for 1871; “Ueber den Augenabstand der Farbenblinden,” -Arch. f. Ophthalmol., Vol. XXV., p. 135; “Ueber die -Retinaströme,” Untersuch. a. d. Physiol. Inst. 3d. Heidelberg, 1880.</p> - -<p>“There is a poison (curare) which lames every spontaneous -movement, leaving all other functions untouched. This venom is -therefore the most cruel of all poisons. It changes us instantly -into a living corpse, which hears and sees and knows everything, -but is unable to move a single muscle, and under its influence no -creature can give the faintest indication of its hopeless condition. -The heart alone continues to beat.”—<cite>Holmgrén, Physiology of -present Times</cite>. <cite>Future</cite>, 1868, p. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hoppe-Seyler, F.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Strasburg -Univ.; Director of Physiol. Chem. Lab.</p> - -<p>Author of “Med. Chem. Untersuchungen,” Tübingen, 1871; -“Physiologische Chemie,” Berlin, 1879; “Ueber die Ursache der -Athembewegungen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Weis., No. 51; “Ueber -das Methämoglobin,” Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemic, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hoppe, I.</span> Prof. extraord. Clin. Med., Med. Fac. Bâle University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Horsley, Victor Alex. Haden.</span> 129, Gower Street, W.C. -Prof. Supt. of Brown Institution, 1884. M.B. Lond. and B.S. -(Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in Surg.), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., -1883; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; -Surg. Regist. (late House Surgeon) Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Asst. to -Prof. of Path. Univ. Coll.</p> - -<p>Author of “Report on Septic Bacteria,” Rep. Med. Off. Loc. -Govt. Bd.; (with Dr. Mott) “On the Existence of Organisms in -Living Tissues,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. III; (with Dr. Bastian) “Arrest -of Development of Left Upper Limb associated with an Extremely -Small Right Ascending Parietal Convolution,” “Brain,” Vol. III.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; -New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory with -Curator’s Rooms in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures, and for dispensing with obligation to kill in 1882. No -experiments returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Horvath, Alexis.</span> M.D., Kieff.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Respiration,” Pflüger’s -Archiv., Vol. XIII.; “Zur Abkühlung der Warmblüter, Pflüger, -Vol. XII., p. 278.</p> - -<p>Dogs and rabbits plunged up to the neck in freezing water.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Houckgeest, van Braam.</span> Military surgeon, Amsterdam.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über Peristaltik des Magens und -Darmencanals,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. VI., p. 266, 1872.</p> - -<p>Cut away the abdominal walls of rabbits, substituting glass, in -order to observe the peristaltic action of the intestines. Also placed -rabbits in a bath, then cut open the abdomen, keeping the head -above water, so as to allow the N. splanchnicus to be dissected out. -This nerve, he states, is easier to find in a small, thin male rabbit -after it has been kept fasting for 24 hours. Subsequent to this the -nerve was acted upon by a Du Bois Reymond’s apparatus. The -animals invariably died after a period of from one to five hours.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Hughes, Jas. Stannus</span>, 1, Merrion Square West, Dublin. -M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel., 1864; F.R.C.S.T., 1844; L. 1838; L.M. Dub. -Lying-in Hosp.; Vice-Pres. Path. Soc. Dub.; Mem. Counc. Surg. -and Zool. Socs., Irel.; Corr. Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Lord-Lieut.’s -Household, Dub. Castle; Prof. of Surg. R.C.S.T.; Exam. in -Surg. Queen’s Univ. Irel.; Surg. Jervis St. Hosp.; Cons. Surg. -Coombe Lying-in Hosp.; Surg. Convalescent Home, Stillorgan; -formerly Surg. Gen. Disp.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Treatise on Diseases of the Prostrate Gland,” 1860; -Contrib. “On Diseases of the Spinal Column,” Dub. Med. Press, -1850; “Ulcers of the Lower Extremities, etc.,” Ibid., 1851; “Opium -in Peritonitis, with Cases,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz., 1856.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons -Dublin Physiological Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No -experiments returned in 1881-82-83.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Huiziga</span> (Dr.), Groningen University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Unerregbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge,” -Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 81.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Huxley, Thomas Hy.</span>, 4, Marlborough Place, St. John’s Wood, -N.W. B. Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Char. Cross); Ph. D. -Breslau; LL.D. Edin., Dub. and Cantab.; Knt. of the Order of the -North Star (Sweden), Pres. R.S.; Fell. Linn., Geol. and Roy. Med. -Chir. Socs.; Mem. Anthrop. Inst. of Haarlem; Corr. Mem. Acad. Nat. -Sci. Philadelphia, Roy. Soc. of Sci. Göttingen, Inst. of France, and -Acads. of Berlin and St. Petersburg, etc., etc. Prof. Biol. Normal -Sch. of Sci. and Roy. Sch. of Mines; late Exam. in Phys. and -Comp. Anat. Univ. Lond.; F.R.C.S. 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. -Certificate for experiments without Anæsthetics, 1882.</i></p> - -<p>Author of “The Oceanic Hydrozoa,” 1857; “Evidence as to -Man’s Place in Nature,” 1863; “Lectures on the Elements of -Comparative Anatomy,” 1864; “Elementary Lessons in Physiology,” -1866-67; “An Introduction to the Classification of Animals,” -1869; “Lay Sermons,” 1870; “Manual of the Anatomy of -Vertebrated Animals,” 1871; “Critiques and Addresses,” 1873; -“Elementary Biology,” 1875; “Manual of the Anatomy of -Invertebrated Animals,” 1877; “American Addresses,” 1877; -“Physiography,” 1878; “The Crayfish: An Introduction to the -Study of Zoology,” 1880; “Science and Culture,” 1881; numerous -Memoirs in Trans. Roy., Linn., Zool., and Geol. Socs., etc.</p> - -<p>“The following ‘Lessons in Elementary Physiology’ are primarily -intended to serve the purpose of a text book for teachers and -learners in boys’ and girls’ schools.”—“<cite>Lessons in Elementary -Physiology</cite>,” London, 1866, Preface, p. 1.</p> - -<p>“If the vessels of a limb of a living animal be tied in such a -manner as to cut off the supply of blood from the limb, without -affecting it in any other way, all the symptoms of death will set in. -The limb will grow pale and cold, it will lose its sensibility and -volition, the animal will no longer have power over it; it will stiffen, -and eventually mortify and decompose.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 74.</p> - -<p>“If in a living animal, the anterior roots of a spinal nerve be cut, -the animal loses all control over the muscles to which that nerve is -distributed, though the sensibility of the region of the skin supplied -by the nerve is perfect.… On the other hand, if the end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -the sensory root connected with the trunk be irritated, no apparent -effect is produced, while, if the end connected with the cord be thus -served, violent pain immediately follows.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 268.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Israel, James.</span> M.D.; Chief Phys., Jewish Hosp., Berlin.</p> - -<p>“On the 26th of March this year (1883), I inserted a small portion -of infected tissue out of the peripleural abscess of a patient suffering -from primary aktinomykosis of the lungs through an incision -into the abdomen. The rabbit showed no symptoms of illness -during life; the patient died.… The rabbit was killed June 12th, -1883. In the abdomen were found a number of swellings from -the size of a cherry to that of a grain of hemp seed.… This -gives the first proof of the possibility of transmitting aktinomykosis -from man to animals.… Evidently the rabbit is not a very -favourable subject for the development of this disease.”—<cite>Centralblatt -für die Med. Wiss.</cite>, No. 27, July 7th, 1883, p. 481-82.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jacobson, H.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Berlin Univ. Lect. Dis. of -Heart and Exp. Path., 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jäger, S. de.</span> Prof. Vet. Coll., Utrecht; formerly Asst. Physiol. -Inst., Leyden.</p> - -<p>Author of “Over de bloedsbeweging in de Longen,” Leiden, 1879; -“Die Lungen circulation und der arterielle Blutdruck,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XXVII., p. 163, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">James, Alexander</span>, 11, Albyn Place, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. -1876; M.B. and C.M., 1872; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877; (Univ. Edin.) -Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Med. Chir. Soc. -Edin.; Lect. on Insts. of Med. and Clin. Med.; Edin. Sch. of Med.; -late Med. Off. New Town Disp., House Surgeon Liverp. Infirm. for -Childr., Res. Phys. Clin. Wards and Res. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Edin.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh, Dr. -James’ Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures 1879 and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jankowski, K. W.</span>, Moscow, M.D.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Bedeutung der Gefässnerven für die -Entstehung des Oedems.”—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. 93, Part II., -Aug., 1883.</p> - -<p>“Experiment I., July 24, 1882. Morphium injected into the vein -in the front paw of a large dog. Complete narcosis followed immediately. -Both hind feet were bound tightly together with an india-rubber -band and immersed in water warmed to 70 degrees. The -feet were held under the water about two minutes till the hair -could be easily pulled out of the skin; then they were taken out of -the water and untied. After this, the Nervus ischiadicus on the right -side was cut through. About half-an-hour afterwards both feet -showed signs of inflammation. They began to swell rapidly, and -pustules filled with transparent matter appeared between the toes. -On both sides the lymph vessels were now dissected out, and armed -with cannulæ. To excite the flow of lymph the legs were pumped -up and down every ten minutes for about five minutes at a time.… -Two hours after this experiment the dog died, probably from -the excessive dose of morphium injected.”—“<cite>Ueber die Beudetung -der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des Oedems</cite>,” Virchow’s -Archiv, Vol. XCIII., p. 269.</p> - -<p>Nineteen similar experiments on dogs were made in the Pathological -Institute at Leipzig.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jennings, Chas. Egerton</span>, London Hospital, E.; and Abbey -House, Malmesbury, Wilts. L.R.C.P., London, 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng. -and L.S.A., 1881 (Lond. Hosp.); Obst. Schol. 1880; Fell. Obst. Soc.; -Mem. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Res. Acc. (formerly House Phys.), Lond. -Hospital; late Clin. Asst. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Transfusion; its History, Indications, and Modes of -Application.” Contrib. “Treatment of Hydrophobia by Curara,” -“Lancet,” 1881; “The Intravenous Injection of Fluid for Severe -Hæmorrhage,” Ibid., 1882; “The Morbid Anatomy and Pathology -of Hydrophobia,” Ibid., 1882.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection, and performed experiments at -the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy’s Hospital, up -to 2nd December; also, at Physiological Laboratory and Museum -of the University of the Durham College of Medicine, 1883. Certificate -dispensing with the obligation to kill, same year.</i></p> - -<p>Experiments on transfusion.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Jolyet, F.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Bordeaux, Exper. Med. 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouvelles recherches sur le nerf pneumogastrique, -démontrant que les filets originaires de ce nerf, avant tout anastomoses, -possèdent, chez le chien une fonction motrice propre sur l’œsophage -et sur l’estomac.”—<cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite>, 1879, No. 6, p. 72.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kaess, C.</span> M.D. Prosector, Giessen.</p> - -<p>Articles in Eckhard’s Beiträge, X., 1883.</p> - -<p>Experiments on dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kahler, O.</span> Prof. extraor. Univ. Prague; Lect. Dis. of Spine.</p> - -<p>Author of “Weitere Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen -Anatomie des Central nervensystems” (jointly with Pick) Arch. f. -Psychiat., Vol. X., p. 179, 1879; “Ueber die Noë’sche Thermosäule,” -Prag. Med. Wochenschr. 1882, No. 47.</p> - -<p>Injected wax into the spinal column of dogs to study the effects -of pressure on the spine.—<cite>Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde</cite> (Prague and -Leipsig), Vol. III., 1882, p. 187.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kelsch</span> (Prof.) Prof. Path. Anat. Lille Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kinberg, J. G. H.</span>, Stockholm. Prof. Med. and Chir. Inst.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Klebs, Edwin.</span> B. 1834, Königsberg. Studied univs. -Königsberg, Wurzberg, Jena, and Berlin; Asst. Physiol. Lab. -Königsberg; assistant to Virchow, 1861; Prof. Path. Anat., -Berne, 1866; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1871; Prof. at Prague, 1873; -Lect. on Path. Anat., Path. Histology and Path. Chemistry Med. -Fac. Univ. Zurich, 1883.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Aufgaben und die Bedeutung der experimentellen -Pathologie” (Inaugural Discourse Univ. Zurich), -Leipsig, 1882; “Ueber Symbiose Ungleichartiger Organismen,” -Biol. Centrabl., Vol. II., Nos. 10, 11, 13.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Klein, Emanuel,</span> M.D., F.R.S. Assist. Prof. Lab. Brown -Instit., Wandsworth Road; Lect. Histol. at Med. Sch. St. Bartholomew’s -Hosp.; formerly Prof. Histology Univ. of Vienna.</p> - -<p>Author of first section of “Handbook for the Physiological -Laboratory;” “Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Structur des -Zellkernes und der Lebererscheinungen der Drüsenzellen” -in Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 17 (1879), p. 289; “Observations -on the Glandular Epithelium and Division of Nuclei in -the skin of the newt,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci., No. LXXV. (1879), -pp. 261-404; “On the termination of the nerves in the mammalian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -cornea,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Oct., 1880, p. 459; “The organ of Jacobson in the -dog,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, July, 1882, p. 299; “The Anatomy of the Lymphatic -System,” 1883, London; “Atlas of Histology” (jointly with Dr. -Noble Smith), London, 1879.</p> - -<p>(<i>Chairman</i>) (3,538): What is your own practice with regard to the -use of anæsthetics in experiments that are otherwise painful? (<i>Dr. -Klein</i>): Except for teaching purposes, for demonstration, I never use -anæsthetics where it is not necessary for convenience. If I demonstrate, -I use anæsthetics. If I do experiments for my inquiries -in pathological research, except for convenience sake, as for instance -on dogs and cats, I do not use them. On frogs and the lower -animals I never use them. (3,539). When you say that you only use -them for convenience sake, do you mean that you have no regard -at all to the sufferings of the animals?—No regard at all. (3,540.) -You are prepared to establish that as a principle which you approve?—I -think that with regard to an experimenter, a man who -conducts special research, and performs an experiment, he has no -time, so to speak, for thinking what will the animal feel or suffer. -His only purpose is to perform the experiment, to learn as much from -it as possible, and to do it as quickly as possible. (3,541.) Then for -your own purposes you disregard entirely the question of the suffering -of the animal in performing a painful experiment.—I do. (3,542.) -Why do you regard it then when it is for a demonstration?—Because -I know that there is a great deal of feeling against it in this country, -and when it is not necessary, one should not perhaps act against the -opinion or the belief of certain individuals of the auditorium. One -must take regard of the feelings and opinions of those people before -whom one does the experiment. (3,543.) Then am I wrong in attributing -to you that you separate yourself entirely from the feeling -which you observe to prevail in this country in regard to humanity -to animals?—I separate myself as an investigator from myself as a -teacher. (3,544.) But in regard to your proceedings as an investigator, -you are prepared to acknowledge that you hold as entirely -indifferent the sufferings of the animal which is subjected to your -investigation?—Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that that is a general -practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the feelings of the -animals?—I believe so. (3,547.) But you believe that, generally -speaking, there is a very different feeling in England?—Not among -the physiologists; I do not think there is. (3553.)—<cite>Min. of Ev. -R. Com.</cite>, London, 1876.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Köbner, Heinrich.</span> Prof. in Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Uebertragungsversuche von Lepra auf Thiere.”</p> - -<p>Experiments to give leprosy to animals.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -88 vol., p. 282.</p> - -<p>“One monkey, two guinea-pigs, two young white rats, one white -mouse, two rabbits, one pigeon, three eels, one mud-fish, and one frog -were inoculated in several parts of the body with leprous matter, -and also small portions of tissue impregnated with bacilli were engrafted. -Leprosy did not break out in any of the animals.”—<cite>Note -by O. Israel</cite>, <cite>Centralbl. f. Wiss. Med. No. 5</cite>, 1883, p. 79.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert.</span> M.D. Geheimrath. -Direct. of the Pathol. Instit. of Sanit. Med. Berlin.</p> - -<p>“You saw the dog which was injected with a minimum quantity -of tubercle bacilli. The injection was made in the abdominal -cavity, and produced an exquisite tubercular peritonitis. Nevertheless, -the dog finally recovered entirely, and seemed perfectly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> -well. Then the same dog was used again, and a large number of bacilli -were introduced into the abdominal cavity. You will see that the -dog is fatally ill. Now, if one attack conferred immunity, it ought -to have been impossible to produce this second attack. Hence I do -not think it possible to prevent the disease in that way, nor do I -think it necessary to try it.”—“<cite>Dr. Robert Koch interviewed</cite>,” <cite>Med. -Times</cite>, Aug. 26th, 1882, p. 255.</p> - -<p>“The result of Koch’s inoculation experiments he (Dr. Formad) -discredited, because the successful ones had been made only on -animals that have a very strong predisposition to tuberculosis, and -contract it from inoculation of non-specific substances, while others, -which were claimed to be successful, he regarded as cases of pseudotuberculosis. -The view in regard to the bacilli tuberculosis to which -Dr. Formad inclined, was that they do not cause the disease, while -it is likely that they do ‘condition the fatal disease.’ The remarks -were received with marked interest, and were followed by a brief -discussion, participated in by Drs. Wood, Gross, Tyson, Bartholow, -Cohen, and others. Some of the speakers seem to have adopted -Koch’s views, and it was spoken of as a matter of congratulation -that one so well fitted as Dr. Formad should have presented the -arguments against them, since the truth would be arrived at all the -more surely if the new doctrine were put upon its defence, and not -allowed to establish itself without due scrutiny.”—<cite>Philadelphia -Med. News</cite>, Oct. 28, 1882. (Reprinted in <cite>Med. Times</cite>, Dec. 2, 1882.)</p> - -<p>“Dr. Koch’s conclusions enjoy a very considerable <i lang="fr">succès -d’estime</i>, but that esteem would perhaps be less were it clearly -understood that the original intention, and indeed the justification, -of the method of dry cultivation has been quietly dropped, while -the method itself has been put to a use for which it is not at all -suited.”—<cite>Med. Times</cite>, July 15, 1882, p. 78.</p> - -<p>“As yet we have no certain instance of animals falling spontaneously -ill of cholera in periods of cholera. All experiments also, -which have hitherto been made on animals with cholera substances, -have either given a negative result, or, if they were said to give a -positive result, they were not sufficiently supported by evidence, or -were disputed by other experimenters. We occupied ourselves, -nevertheless, in the most careful and detailed manner, with experiments -on animals. Because great value must be laid on the results -on white-mice obtained by Thiersch. I took fifty mice with me from -Berlin, and made all kinds of experiments on them,” but … “our -mice remained healthy. We then made experiments on monkeys, -cats, poultry, dogs, and various other animals that we were able to -get hold of; but we were never able to arrive at anything in animals -similar to the cholera-process.… Hence, I think, that all the -animals on which we can make experiments, and all those, too, which -come into contact with human beings, are not liable to cholera.… -We must, therefore, dispense with them as a material for affording -proofs.”—<cite>Koch’s</cite> “<cite>Address to the German Board of Health</cite>,” “<cite>Brit. -Med. Journ.,”</cite> Sept. 6, 1884, p. 454.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kölliker, Rudolph Albrecht.</span> B. 1817, at Zurich; -Studied Univs. Zurich, Bonn, and Berlin; For. Asst. to Henle, -M.D., Zurich, 1843; Prof. Physiol. and Comp. Anat., Zurich, 1845; -Prof. at Wurzburg, 1847.</p> - -<p>Author “Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, für Aertzte -und Studirende,” Leipsig, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschichte des<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -Menschen und der Höheren Thiere,” Leipsig, 1861; “Untersuchungen -ueber die Letzten Endigungen der Nerven,” Leipsig, -1862 (in progress).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Krabbe, H.</span> M.D.; Prof. of Physiol. and Anat. at Roy. -Vet. Coll., Copenhagen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kraft</span> (Dr.), Breslau. Asst. Prof. at the Path. Institute.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kries, J. Von.</span> Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Baden; Lec. Physiol. -Movement and Sensation, Physiol. Inst.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen zur Mechanik des quergestreiften -Muskels,” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., Vol. for 1880; “Die -Gesichtsempfindungen und ihre Analyse,” Arch. f. Physiol., 1882 -(Supplement).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Krivoratow, M.</span>, Moscow. Medical Student Strasburg; pupil -of Prof. Goltz.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kronecker, H.</span>, 35, Dorotheenstrasse, Berlin. Prof. Extraor. -Physiol. Univ. Berlin; Lect. Exper. Physiol.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Unfähigkeit der Froschherzspitze, elektrische -Reize zu summiren,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu, Berlin, May -16, 1879; Co-editor (with Senator) of “Centralblat für die medicinischen -Wissenschaften.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with Dr. Theodore Cash in the Physiological -Institute in Berlin.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kueltz, E.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Marburg University; Exam. in -Physiol. Lect. on Physiol. of Sensory Organs, 1883.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der Glycogenbildung in der -Leber,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXIV., 1880; “Ueber die Schicksale -des Chloralhydrates und Butychloralhydrates im Thierkörper,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XXVIII., 1882.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab. Univ. of Marburg.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kühne, W.</span> Prof. of Experimental Physiol. Med. Fac., -Heidelberg University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber künstlichen Diabetes bei Fröschen,” Göttingen, -1856; “Myologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1860; “Ueber die -peripherische Endorgane der motorischen Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862; -“Untersuchungen ueber das Protoplasma und die Contractilität,” -Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber das Verhalten des Muskels zum Nerven;” -Untersuchungen aus dem physiol. Institute d. Universität, -Heidelberg, Vol. III., 1879; “Notiz ueber die Netzhautfarbe -belichteter menschlichen Augen,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. III., 1879; “Beobachtungen -ueber die Absonderung des Pancreas” (jointly with Lea), -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. II., 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Kussmaul, Adolf.</span> B. 1822, at Graben, near Carlsruhe; -studied at Heidelberg and Wurzburg; Military surgeon in Baden, -1848; Prof. extraord. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1857; Prof. Med. -Erlangen, 1859; Prof. Freiburg, 1863; Prof. Strasburg, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Entwickelungs—Phasen der exacten Medicin,” -“Ueber die Ursachen und den Gang unseres Ablebens,” Freiburg, -1866; “Zwanzig Briefe über Menschenpocken und Kuhpockenimpfung,” -Freiburg, 1870; jointly (with Tenner); “Untersuchungen -zur Natur-Lehre des Menschen und der Thiere,” 1856; “Untersuchungen -ueber Ursprung und Wesen der fallsuchtartigen Zuckungen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -bei der Verblutung so wie der Fallsucht überhaupt,” Frankfort, -1857.</p> - -<p>“For all those who do not hold the view that words and thoughts -originate from sources above and outside the nerve substance, the -localization of the functions of speech in portions of the cortex -follows as a necessary postulate of logic.… Physiological -Experiment, as we might expect, leaves us here in the lurch.”—Art. -“Disturbances of speech,” <cite>Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia of Medicine</cite>, Vol. -XIV., p. 720.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Laborde, J. V.</span>, 15, Rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. -Prof. Pract. Physiol., Pract. Courses.</p> - -<p>Chief Editor of the “Tribune Médicale.”</p> - -<p>Experimented (30th April, 1884), with the head of the decapitated -criminal, Campi, by transfusing the blood of a living dog into it, -bringing back a hideous semblance of lifelike motions.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lacerda (M.) de</span>, Rio de Janeiro.</p> - -<p>Injected snake poison under the skin of dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and -guinea-pigs to try the effect of permanganate of potash as an antidote.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Landois, Leonard.</span> B. Munster, 1837; Stud. and Asst. at -Physiol. Inst., Greifswald; Prof. extraord., 1868; Prof. in ord. -Physiol. and Dir. Physiol. Inst., 1872; Prof. Micros. Anat., Histol., -and Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., same place, 1883.</p> - -<p>Author of: “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Vienna, -1879-80; “Ueber tönende Vocal-flammen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. -Wiss. No. 18, 1880, p. 321.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lankester, Edwin Ray</span>, M.A., F.R.S. B. 1847, London; -Educated St. Paul’s School, and Christ Ch., Oxon; Fell. and -Lect. Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1872; Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. -Univ. Coll., Lon., 1875; Fellow Roy. Soc., 1875.</p> - -<p>Author of: “A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the old red Sandstone -of Britain,” Part I., 1870; “Comparative Longevity,” 1871; -“Contributions to the Developmental History of the Mollusca,” -1875; and the English Edition of Haekel’s “History of Creation.” -Contrib. to “Athenæum, Academy, Nature,” Chief Editor of -“Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science.”</p> - -<p>“… He has taken a prominent part in the defence of Scientific -Experiment on live animals.”—<cite>Men of the Time</cite>, 10th Edit., p. 604.</p> - -<p>“If you allow experiment at all, you must admit the more of it -the better, since it is certain that for many years to come the -problems of physiology demanding experimental solution will -increase in something like geometrical ratio instead of decreasing.”—E. -Ray Lankester, <cite>Spectator</cite>, Jan. 10, 1874.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lange, O.</span> B. 1834. Path. Lect. Univ. Copenhagen, 1877; -formerly Asst. to Prof. Schiff, Physiol. Lab., Florence.</p> - -<p>Editor of “Hospital Journal.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Langendorff, Oscar.</span> Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. -Königsberg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Versuche ueber die Pancreas-Verdauung der -Vögel,” Mueller’s Archiv., 1879; Contrib. to Centralb. f. d. Med. -Wiss., Archiv. fuer Anat. u. Physiol., etc.</p> - -<p>Found by experiment that after frogs had been immersed for -several hours in oil or water, or after they had been suffocated by -ligature of the aortic bulb, their muscles had an acid reaction.—<cite>Med. -Centralb.</cite>, 1882, No. 50.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Langley, J. N.</span> M.A., St. John’s Coll., Camb.</p> - -<p>Author of “The action of Pilocarpin on the sub-maxillary -gland of the dog,” Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part -III., 1877, p. 42. “On the changes in serous glands during -secretion,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 261; “On the -structure of serous glands in rest and activity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. -Lond., 1879, p. 377; “Preliminary account of the structure of -the cells of the liver and the changes which take place in -them under various conditions,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., -1882, p. 20.</p> - -<p>“The sub-maxillary gland of the dog was chosen for experiment, -owing to its exposed condition, and the comparative ease with -which its nerves can be isolated; a few experiments were made on -the parotid, but these were not increased in number, since there -seems little reason to doubt that that which is true for one -salivary gland is also true for the rest.… In observing the flow -of blood all the veins going to the jugular were tied, except the -veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular was tied and -cut across on the peripheral side of the ligature, and the blood -allowed to run into a narrow test tube…; or a cut was made -just at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself clamped, and -the blood collected as before.… The pilocarpin was injected -sometimes into the saphena vein, and sometimes through the facial -artery direct into the gland, in the manner described by Heidenhain.… -In every case the stimulus used was a Daniell’s Cell with a -Du Bois Reymond’s induction apparatus.”—<cite>Studies from the Physiol. -Lab. Camb.</cite>, Part III. (1877), pp. 44, 45, 46.</p> - -<p>Also experiments on dogs, rabbits, frogs, and toads.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological -Laboratory New Museum in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill in 1879.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lannegrace</span> (Dr.), Montpelier. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., -Montpelier.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, Nicola.</span> B. Ferrandina, 1846; -Studied Salerno and Naples; Chir. Asst. Milan, 1871; Prof. 1873; -Phys. and Vet. Sur. Basilicate; Direct. Chirurg. Clinic and Prof. -of Surg. and Exper. Physiol. High School for Vet. Med., Milan.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla struttura dei tendini, ricerche istologische,” -Milan, 1871; “Manuale di Ostetricia Veterinaria,” Milan, -1872; “Trattato di Patologia e Terapia chirurgica generale -e speciale degli animali domestici,” Milan, 1873; “La Medicina -sperimentale e le Scuole Veterinaria,” Milan, 1873, &c. Founded, -1878, the journal “La Clinica Veterinaria, Rivista di Medicina e -Chirurgia practica degli Animali domestici.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lapper, Edwin</span>, 36, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin. -L.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876 (Ledw. Sch. Dub.); Fell. Chem. Soc. Lond.; -Lect. on Chem. Ledw. Sch. of Med.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Dub. Journ. Med. Sci. 1876.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, -Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No -experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lassègue, Jean Louis.</span> B. Paris, 1800.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches Physiologiques et Chimiques pour -servir à l’histoire de la digestion,” Paris, 1825.</p> - -<p>Bound the thoracic duct of dogs, death following 50 days after -the operation.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Latschenberger, Joh.</span> M.D.; Prof. extraord. Physiol. -Chem. Univ. Freiburg.</p> - -<p>Joint Author, with Deahna, of “Beiträge zur lehre von der -reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässmuskeln,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. -XII., p. 157.</p> - -<p>Made experiments jointly with Deahna.</p> - -<p>“We first set ourselves the task of studying the effects of blood -pressure in long continued stimulation of the ends of sensory nerves. -The animals experimented upon were rabbits, dogs and cats.… -The nerves experimented upon were the N. vagus, N. depressores, -and N. ischiadicus. After the nerve was cut through, the central -end was stimulated. The nerves in the neck were in most cases -drawn outwards and laid upon the electrodes in such a manner that -the stimulated portion should be completely surrounded by air.”—<cite>Beiträge -zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung, &c.</cite>, pp. 159, 160.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lautenbach, B. F.</span> M.D.; Ph. D. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Geneva.</p> - -<p>Author of “On absorption without circulation,” Journ. of Physiol., -Vol. II. (1879), p. 110; “The physiological action of heat,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, -pp. 1 and 302; “Saponin in its relation to Physiology,” Journ. of -Nerv. and Mental Diseases, Vol. IV. (1879), No. 3 (N. Series), p. 393.</p> - -<p>Made experiments, with the assistance of Prof. Schiff, by tying -the portal veins of dogs, &c., which caused death in one or two -hours in the dog, and less in cats and rabbits.—<cite>Philadelphia Med. -Times</cite>, May 26th, 1877.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lazarus, Moritz.</span> B. Filehne, in Posen, 1824. Prof. Philos. -Bern; Prof. Milit. Acad. Berlin, 1868.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Zeitschrift für Klinische Medicin.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and sheep.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lea, A. Sheridan</span>, Trin. College, Cambridge. Physiol. Lab. -New Museum.</p> - -<p>Joint Author (with J. R. Green) of “Some Notes on the Fibrine -Ferment,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. IV., p. 380.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological -Laboratory New Museum, 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No -experiments returned in 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lebedeff, Alexander.</span> Physician, Moscow, Russia.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiol. Institute, Leipsig, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lebedoff, S. A.</span> Asst. Phys., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Pathological Institute, Giessen, on the -secretion of hæmoglobin by the kidneys.—Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, -Vol. XCI., p. 2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Legg, John Wickham</span>, 47, Green Street, Park Lane, W. -M.D. Lond., 1868; M.B., 1867; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1869; Fell. Roy. -Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Casualty Phys. and Demonstrator -Morbid Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “On the Changes of the Liver which follow Ligature of -the Bile Ducts;” and various Papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., -Brit. Med. Journal, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>“During the past winter, I have made several observations upon -the changes which follow ligature of the bile ducts in animals. The -animals used were cats; these seem to survive the operation better -than dogs. Most observers find that dogs live only five to ten days -after. The way in which the ligature was applied was as follows:—The -animal was first secured in a Czermak’s holder, and chloroform -given largely, so as to secure a deep narcosis.… A cut is then -made through the linea alba from the xiphoid cartilage downwards -for about two inches.… Pushing aside to the left the -stomach and duodenum, and raising the free edge of the -liver, the bile ducts are seen coming from the liver and -gall bladder.… A ligature is then put around the common -duct and tied close to the duodenum; another is tied tightly on the -duct, about half an inch nearer to the liver, and the duct between -the two ligatures divided by a pair of scissors, the vessel being held -out from the portal vein for that purpose. In two of the cats the bile -found its way again into the intestine; in the later operations, therefore, -I removed altogether about half an inch of the common duct as -is done in making biliary fistulæ. The belly walls were then brought -together with ordinary sutures. It is well to place these close together, -as I lost three of the cats from the giving way of the sutures -and consequent prolapse of the bowels. All the operations recorded -in this paper were done in the pharmacological laboratory of my -friend and colleague, Dr. Brunton.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. I., Jan. 24, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing 8½ lb.; very -fat; bile ducts tied double and cut. The cat died probably on Jan. -26. Examined on Jan. 27. Weather frosty.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. II., Jan. 24, 1873.—Black she cat, weighing 6 lb. 6¾ oz. -Bile duct tied double but not cut. Animal pregnant. The cat died -on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 28.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. III., Feb. 3, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing immediately -after operation 7 lb. 3½ oz. Animal very fat; bile duct tied, but -not cut. Feb. 6.—Cat seems to be dying; it is unable to stand, but -lies on side mewing. Feb. 7.—Found dead at 11 a.m. in the same -place where left yesterday.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. VI., Feb. 3.—A cat not fully grown, very wild, scarcely any -fat on body, weighing immediately after the operation 3 lb. 5 oz. Bile -ducts tied double, but not cut. The animal nearly died under the -chloroform, but recovered with artificial respiration. Cat last seen -alive on Feb. 7.… Found dead on morning of February 12, -and already much decomposed. Cause of death, prolapse of -bowels.…</p> - -<p>“Exper. XVI., June 27.—Black and white cat, well nourished, full -grown. Bile duct tied double and piece cut out. July 3.—As the -cat was now very weak, and seemed about to die, it was determined -to make the diabetic puncture. The cat was therefore laid -prone, a cut made through the skin over the occipital protuberance, -and the chisel applied immediately underneath this. After dividing -the occipital bone, the chisel was passed in a direction downwards -and forwards, so as to cut the line made by joining the two auditory -meatus. The chisel was pushed on until it met with the basilar -bone, and was then withdrawn. Operation was over at 12.30.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -Before the operation the cat had languidly taken a little milk.”—“<cite>On -the changes in the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile Ducts</cite>,” -<cite>Barth. Hosp. Reps.</cite>, Vol. IX., p. 161, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lemoigne</span> (Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società -Zoophila.</p> - -<p>Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Leopold, G.</span> Prof. Univ. Leipsig.</p> - -<p>“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some -experiments of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to -summarise, seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish -legislation from making any such researches themselves.… Dr. -Leopold therefore proceeded thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus -of a pregnant animal, and then the abdomen of one not pregnant, and -transferred in some experiments the embryo only, in others the -embryo and its membranes and placenta, from the uterus of one animal -to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he closed the wound and -observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.… As to the -result, the experiments fall into two groups—one in which peritonitis -followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in -which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became -encapsuled.… In the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, -the animals were killed at periods varying from three to seventy -days after the operation.”—<cite>Med. Times and Gazette</cite>, Jan. 14, 1882, -pp. 41, 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lépine, R.</span>, Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. -Faculty.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” -Paris, 1875; jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente -dont se comportent les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin -grèle au point de vue de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. -de physiol. norm. et path. 1883, p. 93.</p> - -<p>“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, -which were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the -linea alba, a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and -ligatures which at first were not closed were applied to the upper -and lower part; above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut -open with very fine scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. -solution of salt. Then the lower ligature was closed, and -the solution injected into the upper opening, the reabsorption -of which is to be tested. While the syringe was being -withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of the -lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same -process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate -as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end -of the intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the -wound was sewn up, and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain -time—generally an hour or an hour and a-half—killed, and the -contents of the tied loops were examined.”—<cite>Centralb. f. d. Med. -Wiss.</cite>, 1883, p. 679.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lesser, A.</span> Prof. of Toxicology, Med. Fac., Berlin University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lesser, Baron Von L. L.</span> Prof. at Private Policlinic, Med. -Fac., Leipsig University. Path. Institute.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Leube, Wilhelm Olivier.</span> B. Ulm, Wurtemberg, 1842; -studied Med. Tübingen; M.D. 1866; Univs. Munich and Berlin; -studied Physiol. under Du Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and Physiol. -Chem. under Kühne; First Asst. Ziemssen’s Clinic, Erlangen, 1868; -Prof. extraord., 1872; Prof. Med. Clinic, Jena, same year; Prof. -Erlangen, 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und -deren Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois -Reymond’s Archiv, 1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s -Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with strychnine on various animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lewaschew</span> (Dr.), St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on -the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of -the vessels has been contributed to the current number of -Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… -The method of investigation is worthy of mention. Generally -the chief nerve trunks of the hinder extremities of dogs were -the parts subject to irritation by means of a solution of muriatic or -sulphuric acid; it was found that rabbits and cats were unfit for this -continuous form of stimulation, because the action of the acid on the -exposed nerve trunk brought about gangrene; as a strong stimulus was -wanted milder means could not be employed.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, June 2nd, -1883, p. 962.</p> - -<p>Dr. Lewaschew drew a thread moistened with acid through the -nervus ischiadicus of the one leg to set up an irritation in the nerve. -At intervals of from three to six days a thread was sewn nearer the -peripheric end of the nerve. This was continued till the death of -the animals. Some died rapidly of gangrene of the extremities and -septicemia, others at the end of two to four weeks only of putrid -infection and dysentery; many, however, supported the operation -for two or four months. Some of the animals became seized with -epileptic fits, which increased till life ended.—<cite>Petersburg Med. -Wochenschrift</cite>, Vol. XXXI., 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lewes, George Henry.</span> B. London, 1817; d. 1878.</p> - -<p>Studied med., anat., and physiol.</p> - -<p>Author of “On the spinal cord,” 1858; “The nervous system,” -1859; “Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; -“Problems of Life and Mind,” etc.</p> - -<p>“A triton whose cord had been divided some weeks was completely -cut in two. The head-half immediately began crawling away with -great activity, which, as this half contained the heart, and almost -all the viscera, was not surprising. The tail half remained for some -time in a standing posture, and then began to crawl forward. -After three steps it paused, remaining quiet during five minutes, and -began again, but feebly. The tail moved spontaneously, but with -great slowness; when it was touched both tail and legs moved. I -then placed it under a glass, with a moistened sponge inside to -prevent evaporation from the skin, and left it there for two hours, -watching its spontaneous, though very languid movements. If any -reader remains still unconvinced, I can only recommend him to -divide the spinal chord of a frog a little below the shoulders, and keep -the animal for some days or weeks (care must be taken to prevent -water getting to the cord, as that soon kills the animal), watching it, -and testing its sensibility.”—<cite>Physiol. Com. Life</cite>, Vol. II., pp. 255-6.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man in whom accident had -destroyed all sensation and voluntary motion, yet who drew up his -legs when they were tickled, without once feeling the sensation of -tickling.… This case is constantly cited, and is, indeed, very -striking. It seems to have a far greater value than any experiments -on animals can have, because we cannot question animals as to their -sensations; we do not <em>know</em> whether they feel or not. We can only -infer: whereas we can interrogate the human patient.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 861.</p> - -<p>“Has performed a great many experiments (6,354), nearly all -relating to the nerves, (6,365), mostly on frogs and other cold-blooded -animals (6,357), and not more than a dozen rabbits and -pigeons in a dozen years under anæsthetics (6,361-4).… Could -not himself bear to experiment on dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), rabbits -would nearly always do instead (6,413-7).”—<cite>Digest Ev. R. Com.</cite>, -p. 41.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lewin, L.</span> M.D. Asst. at the Pharmacol. Instit., Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen ueber Wirkung and Verhalten des -Tannins im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “<cite>Archiv.</cite>,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880; -“Untersuchungen ueber das chemische Verhalten der Folia -Uvae Ursi im Thierkörper.”—Virchow’s “<cite>Archiv.</cite>” Vol. XCII., 1883.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on rabbits with tannin and other substances.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Leyden, Ernst Victor.</span> B. Danzig, 1832. Studied Med. -Chir., Inst. Friedrich Wilhelm, Berlin; Milit. Surg. Dusseldorf, -Danzig, Gumbinnen and Königsberg; Battaillon Surg. Berlin, 1862-65; -then Prof. and Direct. Med. Clin. Polyclin. Königsberg; -Prof. Strasburg, 1872; succeeded Traube, Berlin, 1876; Privy -Councillor in Med. affairs; Prof. Path. and Therap., Direct. Med. -Clinic, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und -Pathologie des Gehirns,” Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; -Editor “Zeitschrift fuer Klinische Medecin.”</p> - -<p>Inventor of an instrument which can be screwed into an opening -made in the skull of dogs to facilitate the study of the movements -of the then exposed brain. Injected blood of patients suffering from -pneumonia into guinea-pigs.</p> - -<p>“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had, a few years -ago, studied the effects of pressure and agitation on the functions of -the brain mass. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride -between the skull and dura mater. A more extended series of -experimental investigations was subsequently undertaken by Dr. F. -Pagenstecher. Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and -tallow heated to 50° C. between the skull and dura mater of dogs. -As regards the sensibility of the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher -differ.”—Bartholow’s “<cite>Functions of the Human Brain</cite>,” -<cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci.</cite>, April, 1874, pp. 305-306.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lindgren, H. O.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Lund University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lingard, Alfred</span>, 91, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W., -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1873; L.S.A., 1874 (St. Thos.’s, Vienna, Berlin, -and Paris); Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc., Lond., Brit. -Med. Ass., Anthrop. Inst. Great Brit. and Irel., and Soc. Anthrop. -Paris; late House Phys. St. Thos.’s Hosp.; Transl. of Fournier’s -“Syphilis and Marriage;” Contrib. “Ueber den Bau der Symphgefässe -in pathologisch veränderter Haut;” Allge. Wien. Med. Zeit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -1876; “On an Infectious Ulcerative Disease of Skin and Mucous -Membrane caused by a Specific Bacillus,” <cite>Lancet</cite>, 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. -George Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the -Stag Yard, opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above -address in 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. -No experiments returned 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Liouville, Henri.</span> B. Paris, 1837; D. 1882. M.D. 1870; -Chief Direct. Lab. Hôtel Dieu, 1872.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la Généralisation des Anéurismes Miliaires,” -1871; “De l’abus en thérapeutique,” 1875; Contrib. to various -Med. Journals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lister, Sir Joseph</span>, Bt., 12, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. -M.B. Lond., 1852; B.A., 1847; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1852; F.R.C.S. Edin., -1855; F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1860; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; LL.D. Edin., -1878; M.D. Dub., 1879; LL.D. Glasg., 1879; D.C.L. Oxon., 1880; -LL.D. Cantab., 1880; Knt. Comm. 1st Class, Danebrog; Fell. Univ. -Coll. Lond.; Cothenius Medallist German Soc. of Naturalists, 1877; -Roy. Medallist Roy. Soc. Lond., 1880; Laureate French Acad. -Sci., 1881; Hon. Mem. numerous Foreign Societies; Mem. of Assoc. -for Advancement of Medicine by Research; Surg. Extraord. to H.M. -the Queen; Prof. Chir. Surgery, King’s Coll.</p> - -<p>Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anæsthetics” in Holmes’s -System of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Coagulation of the -Blood,” Proc. Roy. Soc.; “On Ligatures of Arteries on the Antiseptic -System;” “De l’influence qu’exerce la position du corps -sur la circulation sanguine,” paper read before Acad. de Méd., -Paris, June, 1878.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on horses and calves.</p> - -<p>“Considers that experiments on living animals is one of the -most important means of increasing knowledge (4,291-2). Attaches -very great importance to demonstration as a means of instruction -(4,339-43).” Thinks that “demonstrations should be performed -under anæsthetics, but that not so much for the purpose of avoiding -pain to the animals as for the sake of avoiding a demoralising -influence on the students” (4,328).—<cite>Digest Ev. R. Com.</cite> pp. 30-31.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Livon, Charles Marie</span>, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. -Exper. Physiol. Sch. Med.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouveau Manuel de Vivisections,” Paris, 1882; -“Du Traitement des Polypes Laryngiens,” 1873.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Loewenfeld, L.</span> Prof., Munich.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle und Kritische Untersuchungen zur -Electrotherapie des Gehirns,” Munich, 1881.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Loewenfeld, of Munich … also made an experimental -inquiry into the effects of both currents, when applied to the brains -of rabbits and kittens, on intercranial circulation.… We cannot, -however, help remarking on an important discrepancy in the -results of his experiments on animals, of which the author himself -does not appear to be aware.”—<cite>Med. Times and Gaz.</cite>, March 4th, -1882, p. 238.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Loewenthal, N.</span> Asst. to Schiff Physiol. Lab. Geneva.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber den Unterschied Zwischen der Secundären -Degeneration des Seitenstrangs nach Hirn und Rückenmarks -verletzungen.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXXI., p. 350.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lombardini</span> (Prof.), Pisa. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Longet, François Achille.</span> B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; -d. Bordeaux, 1871. Mem. Acad. Med. Paris, late Prof. Physiol. -Med. Fac. Univ. Paris.</p> - -<p>Author of “Mouvement Circulaire de la Matière dans les trois -règnes,” 1866; “Traité de Physiologie,” 1850; “Recherches -Expérimentales sur les fonctions de l’epiglotte et sur les agents de -l’occlusion de la glotte dans la deglutition, le vomissement, etc.,” -1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur les fonctions des nerfs, -des muscles, du larynx,” 1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur -l’irritabilité musculaire,” 1841; “Anatomie et Physiologie du -systéme nerveux de Phomme et des animaux vertébrés,” 1846; -“Expériences relatives aux effets de l’inhalation de l’ether sulfurique -sur le systéme nerveux,” 1847; “Du Sulfocyanure de potassium -consideré comme un des éléments normaux de la salive,” 1856; -“Fragments sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion,” 1857.</p> - -<p>“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie, led -him to conclusions completely opposed to those of Flourens.”—Art. -“Brain,” <cite>Encyclopédie des Sci. Med.</cite>, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204.</p> - -<p>“Experiments on animals of a different species, so far from -leading to useful results as regarded human beings, had a tendency -to mislead us. In seeking to benefit mankind by vivisections, it -would be necessary to have recourse to pathological facts founded -on experiments on <em>human</em> beings.”—<cite>Longet, quoted in Fleming’s -Essay</cite>, p. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lovèn, Christian.</span> M.D., Prof. Med. Chir. Inst. Stockholm.</p> - -<p>Author of “Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung,” -Ludwig’s Arbeiten, 1866, p. 1.</p> - -<p>“I now come to the results of stimulation of the central nerves. -When a powerful unnarcotised animal was submitted to the -experiment, I observed that in most cases, the arteria auricularis -became smaller at the commencement of the stimulation. This -occurred more surely and quickly as the animal expressed its -sufferings more violently by cries and struggles. This narrowing -of the artery lasted for different, but always very short periods of -time, and then gave place to an enlargement even during continued -stimulation.… This is, however, not always the case when -a great number of experiments are made.… Once it happened -that in an unnarcotised animal, immediately at the commencement -of the stimulation without any signs of narrowing a very powerful -distention occurred. This result appeared in the same animal as -long as the sensitiveness of the nerves remained sufficient to allow -the experiment to be continued.”—<cite>Erweiterung von Arterien durch -Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s Arbeiten</cite>, 1866, pp. 9-10.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Luchsinger, B.</span> Prof. Physiology Vet. School, Berne, -formerly Asst. Physiol. Lab. Zurich; Prof. Exper. Pharmacol. Gen. -Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berne.</p> - -<p>Author of: “Zur Kenntniss der Functionen des Rückenmarkes,” -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI.; “Neue Versuche zu einer Lehre von<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -der Schweiss secretion, ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der Nervencentren,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XIV., p. 869; “Zur Physiologie der Schweiss -secretion,” Virchow’s <cite>Arch.</cite>, Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “Zur Allgemeinen -Physiologie der irritabeln Substanzen,” Bonn, 1879; “Ueber -gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich -(jointly with Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on -electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Also experiments on -dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen, and goats. Cut the nervus -ischiadicus to study the action of muscarin and pilocarpin on the -excretory glands. Also experiments on cats and kittens with Miss -J. A. Kendall.</p> - -<p>“At the sight of a strange dog, still more so on being bound to -the vivisecting table, the cat often breaks out in a violent -perspiration on all four feet. It strikes us naturally -that the first thing to do is to remove totally all these psychical -influences, if it is wished to study thoroughly other causes which -may have the effect of stimulating the perspiratory centres. A -method frequently employed—narcosis—I have purposely never -used; indeed, I <em>never</em> make use of it except for preliminary -operations. If the brain is really narcotised, the other nerve -centres must also have lost much of their excitability, lesser -degrees of narcotisation seem to me to offer very little advantage -for the purpose we have in view.”—Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XIII., -p. 375.</p> - -<p>“By the following experiments Luchsinger believes himself to -have found the most irrefutable proof of the existence of a really -antagonistic action of atropin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands, -and to have finally disposed of my thesis on physiological antagonism. -When he had fully convinced himself of the functions performed by -the sweat glands on the hind feet of chloroformed cats, by cutting -both hip nerves, and stimulating their peripheral ends, and also -by injecting 0·01 grs. of pilocarpin under the skin of the back; -when he had succeeded in completely arresting all secretion of -sweat by the injection of 0·001-0·003 grs. of atropin under the -skin of the back, so that the very strongest stimulation of the -hip nerves remained entirely without effect, he always succeeded -in causing a spontaneous secretion of sweat in the balls -of the toes by the injection of 0·301 grs. of pilocarpin either -into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less than -0·001 grains of pilocarpin, the natural secretion of sweat might not -result, but could be excited by stimulation of the nerves which had -been without effect before. The feet into which no pilocarpin had -been injected remained dry and could not be brought to perspire by -electrical stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these -experiments to be practically the most simple and theoretically the -most explicit, and hence he believes that I shall also allow myself -to be convinced by them of the fallacy of my third thesis. Our -experiments on the same subject have shown us however on the -contrary that Luchsinger’s theories are only partially founded on -correct observation, also that the conclusiveness of his experiments -only appears to him so simple and clear because he has not -thoroughly worked out the whole question, and has allowed himself -to be duped too rapidly by the surprising results which happened -at first.”—Rossbach, “<cite>Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen -Antagonismus der Gifte</cite>,” Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Luciani, Luigi</span>, 3, Via San Sebastiani, Florence. B. 1842 at -Ascoli, Piceno. Studied Univs. Bologna and Naples. Asst. Physiol. -Lab. Univ. Bologna, 1868; sent to Leipsig to study Exper. Physiol. -under Ludwig, 1872; Prof. Gen. Path. Univ. Parma, 1875; Prof. -Physiol. Univ. Siena, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla fisiologica degli organi centrali del cuore,” -Bologna, 1873; “Nacoro pretodo per la trasfusione diretta del -sangue,” 1874; “Sulla natura frenzionale del centro respiratorio” -(experimental researches made jointly with Prof. Prattili) 1874; -“Sulle funzioni del cervello,” ricerche sperimentali (with Prof. -Tamburini), 1878-79, &c.</p> - -<p>Experiments on starving dogs.—<cite>Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche</cite>, -Vol. V., p. 338.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm.</span> B. Witzenhausen, -1816. Studied Med. at Marburg and Erlangen; Prof. extraord. -Comp. Anat. Marburg, 1846; Prof. Anat. and Physiol., Zurich, -1849; Prof. Physiol. and Physics, Josephinum at Vienna, 1855; -Prof. Leipsig, 1865; Privy Court Councillor; Prof. at Physiol. -Inst.; Vice-President Leipsic Thierschutzverein (Society for the -Protection of Animals).</p> - -<p>Author of “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Heidelberg, -1852; “Die physiologischen Leitungen des Blutdruckes,” -Leipsig, 1865.</p> - -<p>Inventor of an apparatus for cutting through the spinal marrow -of living mammalia, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of an engine -for measuring the rapidity of the circulation of the blood.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lussana Filippo.</span> B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, -Bergamo and Pavia; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Padua; Direct. Univ. -Padua.</p> - -<p>Author of “Osservazioni fisio-patologiche sul sistema nervoso,” -1856; “Il Pancreas,” 1852: “Atropine e Belladonna,” 1852; -“Patologia del Cervelletto,” 1856; “Sperienze sul gran-simpatico,” -1857; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1859; “Sur la fibrine du sang,” -1866; “Fisiologia della donna,” 1867; “Sui processi digestivi” -1868-69; “Fisiologia dei centri nervosi encefalici,” 1871; “Sui -canali semicircolari, Richerche fisio-patologiche,” 1872; “Des centres -moteurs encéphaliques,” 1877; “I movimenti del dolore,” 1878, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Lyon</span> (Dr.), St. Petersburg.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Macewen, William</span>, 73, Bath Street, and 5, Ure Place, Montrose -Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869; -F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1874; (Glasg.); Mem. Nat. Hist., Path. and Chir., -and Med. and Chir. Socs., Glasg.; Lect. on Chir. Surg., and Surg. -Glasg. Roy. Infirm.; Casualty Surg. Glasg. City; late Disp. Surg. -Glasg. Roy. Infirm., and Western Infirm., Glasg.; House Phys. Roy. -Infirm. and Asst. Phys. City Asyl., Glasg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments which produce -them;” “Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, -with an Inquiry into the Ætiology and Pathology of Knock -Knee, Bow Legs, and other Osseous Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” -1880; “Observations concerning Transplantation of Bone,” 1881; -“On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,” 1881; “Chromic Gut -and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contrib. to “Glasg. Med. -Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med. -Journ.,” 1880.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical -School 1881 and 1882. Certificates Dispensing with obligation -to kill in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mackay, J. Yule.</span> M.B.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow -Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class-room, 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Maclagan, Douglas</span>, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. -1833; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1864.; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833; Vice-Pres. -F.R.S. (Edin.); Prof. of Med. Jurisp., Police and Clin. Med. -Univ. Edin.; Surg. Gen. Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland; Surg.-Maj. -Q.E.R.V.B.; Hon. Mem. Pharm. Soc. Gt. Brit., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. -and Med. Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical -Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for -Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments -returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">MacLeod, Neil</span>, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney -Down, Walthamstow, 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Maier, Rudolf.</span> B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. -Univ. Freiburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle Studien ueber Bleivergiftung,” -Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol XC. (1882), p. 435.</p> - -<p>Fed rabbits and guinea-pigs with lead.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Majendie, François.</span> B. at Bordeaux, 1783; d. at Paris -1855. M.D. Paris, 1808; Mem. Acad. Science and Med. 1821; -held a Professorship of Medicine at the College of France, which -he converted in 1830 into a Professorship of Experimental Physiology.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité élémentaire de la Physiologie,” 1816.</p> - -<p>Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental -Physiology, and was so indifferent to the sufferings of the animals -experimented upon that he has been called cruel by his fellow -workers, and was even accused of having performed experiments on -human beings. On the occasion of his first visit to England he was -openly accused in Parliament, but was so warmly defended by -James Mackintosh and a strong party, that the accusation led to no -result.</p> - -<p>“I recall to mind a poor dog, the roots of whose vertebral nerves -Majendie desired to lay bare. The dog, already mutilated and -bleeding, twice escaped from under the implacable knife, and -threw his front paws around Majendie’s neck, licking him, as if to -soften his murderer and beg for mercy. Vivisectors may laugh, -but I confess I was unable to endure the heartrending spectacle.”—Dr. -Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Malassez</span>, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. -Asst. Direc. Lab. Histol., College of France; formerly Res. Hosp. -Phys.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “De la Numération des globules rouges du sang, &c.” -Paris, 1873. “Sur les perfectionnements les plus récents apportés -aux méthodes et aux appareils de numération des globules sanguines, -et sur un nouveau compte-gouttes,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. -1880, p. 377; “Sur la digestion pancréatique,” <cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite> -No. 51, p. 1880, &c.</p> - -<p>Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments -being that the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.—<cite>Gaz. Méd. -Paris</cite>, 1878, p. 317.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mantegazza, Paolo.</span> B. at Monza, 1831. Stud. Med. Pisa, -Milan, and Pavia; Prof. Chem. Tech. Sch., Milan; Prof. Path. -Univ. Pavia; Prof. Anthrop. Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence; -Senator; Practised Med. in South America. On returning to -Italy founded Lab. of Exper. Path. at Pavia, the first in Europe; -founder Mus. Anthrop., Florence.</p> - -<p>Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, -1859; “Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1867; “Dell’azione del -dolore sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; -“Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle -Scienze medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero). -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1869, etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1870; -“Fisiologia dell’ Amore,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1874; “Il bene ed il male,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” -Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia del dolore,” 1880.</p> - -<p>Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of -inflicting “intense,” “cruel,” “most atrocious” agony.</p> - -<p>“The <cite>Gazzetta Italiana di Milano</cite> contains an essay of Prof. -Mantegazza on experiments carried on under his direction at the -laboratory of experimental pathology of the University of Pavia. It -will suffice to state that the experiments were intended to study the -action of pain on digestion and nutrition. They were, as the Professor -himself confesses, agonising to the animals subjected to them, -and distressing to the experimenters, and simply proved that loss of -appetite, great weakness, and a peculiar imbibition of moisture were -the result of the pain inflicted. It is added that no alteration of the -spinal marrow could be detected after the agony had been protracted -for <em>one month</em>. Very meagre results of unpardonable cruelty.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, -March 25th, 1871, p. 415.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mapother, Edward Dillon</span>, 6, Merrion Square North, -Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel. (with 1st Honour and Gold Medal), -1857; F.R.C.S.I. 1862; L. 1854 (Richm. Hosp., Qu. Univ. and -R.C.S. Irel.); Pres. Stat. Soc. Dub.; Prof. Physiol. and Ex.-Pres. -R.C.S.I.; late Exam. Surg. Qu. Univ. Irel.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease,” -3rd edit. 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational -and Licensing Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on -Public Health,” 2nd edit., 1867; “The Body and its Health, a -Book for Primary Schools,” 4th edit.; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” -“Hip Joint,” 1853 (obtained Gold Medal of Path. Soc.) Contrib. to -<cite>Dublin Med. Journ.</cite> and <cite>Brit. Med. Press</cite>, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License far Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons -Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. -No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Marey, Etienne Jules</span>, 11, Boulevard Delessert, Paris. B. -at Beaune (Côte d’Or), 1830; stud. Med. at Paris; M.D. 1859; -Prof. Nat. History College of France, 1869; Mem. of the Acad. -of Med., 1872; and Mem. Acad. of Sci. 1878, in the place of Claude -Bernard.</p> - -<p>“To meet the views of M. Marey a physiological station is being -established in the Bois de Boulogne. In his Laboratory at the -College of France M. Marey has been able to make a number of -researches on the physiology of the nerves and muscles; but from -want of space, he has encountered difficulties when he required to -study the functional movements of the various animals. The new -physiological station of the Bois de Boulogne, which will have a -roadway of 3,500 yards in length, will enable M. Marey to make -interesting experiments on this subject.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, 19 Nov., -1881, p. 826.</p> - -<p>Dr. Marey devoted himself to scientific Research, and founded a -Free Lab. of Physiology, which was for some time the only one in -France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l’état physiologique -et dans les maladies,” Paris, 1859; “Physiologie Médicale -de la circulation du sang,” 1863; “Études physiologiques sur les -caracterès graphiques des battements du cœur,” 1863; “Du mouvement -dans les fonctions de la vie,” Paris, 1868; “Physiologie médicale -de la circulation du sang basée sur l’étude graphique des mouvements -du cœur,” Paris, 1868; “Expériences sur la résistance de l’air -pour servir à la physiologie du vol des oiseaux,” Paris, 1869; -“Mémoire sur le vol des insectes et des oiseaux,” 1869; “Mémoire -sur le Torpille,” 1873; “La machine animale,” 1873; “Physiologie -expérimentale,” 1875 (being an account of the works carried on in -his laboratory); “La méthode graphique dans les Sciences expérimentales,” -1878.</p> - -<p>“If it is necessary to register the movements of the heart a -small instrument invented by M. Marey is very useful. The animal -is fastened on its back to a wooden table, and its heart being laid -bare, can be held level with the abdominal region by a pair of bent -tongs.”—<cite>Traité de Physiologie</cite>, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Martin, H. Newell.</span> M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., John -Hopkins’ University, Baltimore, U.S.</p> - -<p>Author of “The normal respiratory movements of the frog, -and the influence upon its respiratory centre of stimulation of the -optic lobes,” <cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>, 1878, p. 131; “On the respiratory -function of the internal intercostal muscles,” jointly with E. Murray -Hartwell, M.A., <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24.</p> - -<p>“After dividing the skin in the middle line, I have always removed -a piece of the skull with a small trephine applied in a -lozenge-shaped area which is seen to be bounded on the sides by -four small vessels. The posterior edge of the opening thus made -extends back to about opposite the posterior margin of the cerebral -hemispheres, and the aperture was enlarged with scissors until the -front edges of the optic lobes came into view. These were carefully -and completely separated by a cataract knife from the parts -of the brain in front of them, and the latter were removed from the -cranial cavity; the incision in the skull being usually carried -forwards to facilitate this removal. The edges of the skin were -then brought carefully in contact, without sutures, and the animal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> -placed in a dish containing a little water and left until the wound -healed up … they were not fed, as experience showed me that -for the week or two during which I desired to keep them, they did -better without food; or at least without the exhausting struggle -which the attempt to open their mouths called forth.”—<cite>Journ. -Physiol.</cite>, Vol. I., p. 155.</p> - -<p>“Dogs and cats were employed in our experiments.”—<cite>Journ. -Physiol.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 25.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Martin, Hippolyte</span>, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. -Phys. Hos. Dis. Children.</p> - -<p>“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of -Paris, specimens of artificially excited tuberculosis in rabbits, -resulting from the injection of apparently inert powders -(lycopodium, etc.), into the peritoneal cavity.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, -April, 2, 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Martini, Adolfo.</span> M.D. Asst. Prof. Pisa Univ.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Matthias-Duval</span>, 11, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. Agrégé de la -Faculté.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mayer, Sigmund.</span> Prof. Histol. Med. Fac. Univ. Prague.</p> - -<p>Author of “Speciellen Nerven Physiologie” in “Hermann’s Handbuch -der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1879; “Studien zur Physiologie des -Herzens und der Blutgefässe;” “Ueber die Erscheinungen im -Kreislaufsapparate nach zeitweiliger Verschliessung der Aorta,” -Sitzber d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), Vol. 79, part III., 1879; -“Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen ueber die Hemmung und Wiederherstellung -des Blutstroms im Kopfe,” (11) Centralb. f. d. med. Wiss. -No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “Zur Lehre von der Herzthätigkeit,” Prag. Med. -Wockenschr., No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “Ueber ein Gesetz der Erregung -terminaler Nerven-Substanzen,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien), -Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McBride, Peter</span>, 16, Chester Street, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., -1881; M.B. and C.M., 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879; L. -1876 (Edin. and Vienna); Mem. Edin. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Lect. -on Dis. of Ear Edin. Sch. of Med., etc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. -Times and Gazette,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University, Edinburgh Materia -Medica Department, in 1879 and 1880; Certificates for Experiments -without Anæsthetics in 1879 and 1880.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McDonnell, Robert</span>, 89, Merrion Square, W. Dublin. A.B. -and M.D. Dub., 1857; F.R.C.S.I. (Exam.), 1853; L.M. Rot. Hosp. -Dub.; (Carm. Sch. and T.C. Dub.); F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Mem. -Counc. Univ. Dub.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub., Roy. Zool. Soc. and Stat. -Soc. Irel.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Dr. Steeven’s -and Jervis St. Hosps.; late Med. Supt. Mountjoy Govt. Prison; -Asst. Surg. Brit. Civ. Hosp. Smyrna and Civ. Surg. Med. Staff, -Crimea; Ex.-Pres. R.C.S., Irel.</p> - -<p>Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of -Surgery;” “Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. -Hosp. Gaz.; “Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> -Lepidosiren Annecteus,” Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions -of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib. “Physiology of Diabetic -Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.; “Observs. -on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gas., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal -of Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; -Editor of “Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.)</p> - -<p><i>Held a License far Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, -Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory -Medical College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great -Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments -returned.</i></p> - -<p>Those who desire to advance science should begin as soon as -they have passed their final examination to experiment independently -in the laboratory; did so himself, and has also made a very few -experiments at his own house, 4, 514-7.—<cite>Digest Ev. R. Com.</cite>, p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McKendrick, John Gray</span>, University, Glasgow. M.D. -Aberd. and C.M., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; LL.D., 1882; (Univs. -Aberd. and Edin.); F.R.S. Edin.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ., -Glasg.; Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit.; formerly -Thomson Lect. on Nat. Sci. Free Church Coll., Aberd., 1879-80; -Lect. on Insts. of Med. Extra. Acad. Sch., Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. -Dick Vet. Coll., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various Papers on -Physiological Subjects in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University, Glasgow, Physiological -Laboratory and Physiological Class Room; also unrestricted -as to place in 1878-79-80. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures in 1878-79-80.</i></p> - -<p>Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals.</p> - -<p>Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4); -and fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a -private laboratory himself (3960-5); and disapproves of licensing -places as likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men.…—<cite>Digest -Ev. R. Com.</cite>, p. 30.</p> - -<p>“On an etherized animal, the degree of reflex stimulation -produced by an electric current of predetermined intensity in -immediate contact with the skin was noted. Afterwards the -exposed cerebral hemispheres were simultaneously stimulated, to -observe whether the reflex action produced by the first stimulation -increased or diminished. This method only led to uncertain -results.”—Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action which -the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” -by John McKendrick (<cite>Edin. Med. Journ.</cite>, Feb., 1874, p. 733), -“<cite>Revue des Sciences Médicales</cite>,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64.</p> - -<p>“At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on -the eyes of living animals.… We accordingly instituted a series -of experiments which were practically very troublesome. We -examined the eyes—(1) of the living cat; (2) of the living pigeon; -and (3) of the living owl. In all cases the animals were deeply -under the influence of chloroform during the experiments.</p> - -<p>“1. The Cat.—The animal was securely fixed in Czermak’s rabbit-holder. -The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomatic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -arch was snipped through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much -as possible of the side of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit -was then pushed aside along the superior and the lateral aspect of the -eyeball, so as to reach the optic nerve with as little disturbance as -possible to the vascular arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing -clearly the optic nerve, and staunching hæmorrhage, the nerve was -cut through transversely with sharp scissors. When this was done -the globe could be pulled downwards, inwards, and forwards, so -as to expose a clear transverse section of the nerve. With the -head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now placed on the -cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse section -of the nerve.”—“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr. -McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.—<cite>Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.</cite>, -1876, p. 160.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McReddie, George.</span> M.D. India.</p> - -<p>“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of -the British Medical Ass., 1883), after injecting strychnine into -dogs, has tried the effects of antidotes on the animals, using -inhalations of chloroform, amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He -finds that all these remedies are inefficacious, neither preventing -the fatal result nor arresting the convulsions.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, -May 19th, 1883, p. 973.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">McWilliam, John Alexander</span>, Univ. Coll., Gower Street, -W. M.D. Aberd. (highest Honours for Thesis), 1882; M.B. and -C.M. (highest Acad. Honours and John Murray Medal and Schol.), -1880; Univs. Aberd. and Edin., Univ. Coll. Lond., and Univ. -Leipsig; Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll. Lond.; late Teacher of -Exper. Physics and Asst. Demonst. of Anat., Char. Cross Hosp. -Med. Schl., and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Aberd.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College New -Physiological Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological -Laboratory, together with Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate -for Experiments in Illustration to Lectures. No experiments -returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Meissner, G.</span> Prof. Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Göttingen -Univ.; Lec. Physiol. Instit.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Meren, Giovanni.</span> M.D., Asst. Prof. Cagliari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Metzdorf, R.</span> Prof. Lab. Vet. School, Breslau.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Miescher, F.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Bâle Univ.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Milne-Murray, Robt.</span>, 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. M.A. -St. And., 1875; M.B. Edin. and C.M. (Honours) 1879; M.R.C.P. -Edin., 1881 (Univ. Edin.); Mem. Edin. Obst. Soc., late Res. -Phys. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contrib. to <cite>Edin. -Med. Journ.</cite>, 1881 and 1882.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and -1883; also Special Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics -same years.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Moleschott, Giacomo.</span> Rome Univ. Prof. B. 1822 at Herzogenbusch. -M.D. Heidelberg (Univ. Heidelberg and Haarlem); -Practised Med. Utrecht; Private Prof. of Physiol. Chem. and -Anthropol. Heidelberg, 1847; later Prof. Physiol. Zurich; Univ. -Turin 1861; naturalised Italian and Senator, 1876; Prof. Physiology -Univ. Rome 1878.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of Transformation -of Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological -Sketches,” 1861; and joint author (with Donders and Van Deen) of -“Holländische Beiträge zu den anatomischen und physiologischen -Wissenschaften.”</p> - -<p>Founded a Physiol. Lab. at Heidelberg in 1853.</p> - -<p>“M. Moleschott’s experiments consisted in taking the liver out of -animals capable of resisting this mutilation (frogs, for instance, may -survive from eight to fifteen days). More than one hundred frogs -have been thus prepared by M. Moleschott.”—Note, Béclard’s <cite>Traité -de Physiologie</cite>, p. 716, Vol. I., 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mollière, Daniel.</span> Paris.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163.</p> - -<p>Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to produce artificial -deformity of the spine.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Morgan, C. Lloyd,</span> Prof. Geol. and Biol. Univ. Coll., Bristol; -formerly of Rondibosch, South Africa.</p> - -<p>“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:—</p> - -<p>1. Condensing a sunbeam on various parts of the scorpion’s -body.…</p> - -<p>2. Heating in a glass bottle, as this admits of most careful -watching. I have killed some twenty or thirty individuals in -this way.…</p> - -<p>3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.…</p> - -<p>4. Placing in burning alcohol.…</p> - -<p>5. Placing in concentrated sulphuric acid.… The creature -died in about ten minutes.…</p> - -<p>6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I placed a small -pellet of phosphorus near the root of the scorpion’s tail, and lit the -phosphorus with the touch of a heated wire.…</p> - -<p>7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether.</p> - -<p>8. Placing in a bottle with a piece of cotton-wool moistened with -benzine.</p> - -<p>9. Exposing to sudden light.…</p> - -<p>10. Treating with a series of electric shocks.</p> - -<p>11. General and exasperating courses of worry.”</p> - -<p>“I think it will be admitted that some of these experiments were -sufficiently barbarous (the sixth is positively sickening) to induce -any scorpion who had the slightest suicidal tendency to find relief in -self-destruction. I have in all cases repeated the experiments on -several individuals.”—C. Morgan Lloyd, in <cite>Nature</cite>, Feb. 1st, 1883.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Moriggia</span> (Prof.), Rome University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mosso, Angelo.</span> Prof. Physiol. Univ. Turin. B. at Turin, -1846. For two years Mosso assiduously attended Schiff’s Laboratory, -afterwards he studied two years at Leipsig under -Ludwig. Then he studied at Paris. From thence he returned -to accept the chair of Materia Medica at Turin, and soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -after with a subsidy from the Government and his University, he -founded the first Laboratory of experimental Chemistry in Italy. -When the Professorship of Physiology became vacant by the translation -of Moleschott to Rome, Mosso accepted it.</p> - -<p>Author of “Movimenti dell’œsofago,” Experimental Researches -(Turin, 1872); “Sopra alcune nuovæ proprieta delle pareti dei vasi -sanguini,” 1873; “Sull’ azione dell’ emetico,” 1874; “Sui movimenti -dell’ iridi,” 1874; “Critica sperimentale della diastole attiva -del cuore,” 1874; “Sopra un nuovo metodo per iscrivere i movimenti -dei vasi sanguigni nell’ uomo,” 1875; “Sull’ azione fisiologica -dell’ aria compressa,” 1875; “Sopra Palternarsi del campo della -visione,” 1875; “Sull’ azione del cloralio,” 1875; “Tre memorie -intorno alla circolazione del sangue nel cervello dell’ nomo,” etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with nitrite of amyl in the Lab. of experimental -Pharmacology of the Univ. of Turin (<cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite>, 1878, -p. 174); also jointly with Guarechi injected extract of putrified -human brain into animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Mott, Frederick Walker</span>, 65, Grove Street, Liverpool. -M.B., London (Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in For. Med., 1st -Honours in Med.) and B.S., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1880 (Univ. -Coll. and Vienna); Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll., Liverpool; -late House Phys. and Opht. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp., Lond.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Bacteria, or their Antecedents in Healthy Tissues,” -Journ. of Physiol.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, -Liverpool School of Medicine in 1883; also Certificate dispensing -with obligation to kill.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Munk, Immanuel.</span> B. 1839. Assist. Demonst. Chem. Micros. -Physiol. and Histol. Med. Fac. Univ.; Assist. Vet. School, Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Resorption der Fettsäuren, ihre Schicksale -und ihre Verwerthung im Organismus,” Verhandl. d. physiol. -Gesell. zu Berlin, Vol. XIII., 18 Ap., 1879; “Die physiologische -Bedeutung und das Verhalten des Glycerins im Organismus,” -Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. LXXVI. (1879), p. 119; “Ueber den Einfluss -sensibler Reizung a. d. Gallenausscheidung;” Pflüger’s Archiv., -Vol. VIII.; “Physiologie des Menschen und der Säugethiere,” Berlin, -1881.</p> - -<p>Experiments on rabbits. Biliary fistula established. The animals -then submitted to electric stimulations.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Munk, Hermann.</span> Prof. exper. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. -Berlin.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Nervenerregung,” -Leipsig, 1868; “Ueber die Sehsphäre und die Riechsphäre -der Grosshirnrinde,” Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1880, p. 449; “Ueber -die Functionen der Grosshirnrinde,” Berlin, 1880.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs and monkeys. After the destruction -of their frontal lobes, dogs showed no signs of impaired intellect, -but disturbances were produced in their hind quarters. They turned -round in the direction of the lesion, and a cat-like bending of the -spine took place. Sometimes during the first weeks the dogs held -their heads down, could scarcely seize their meat; monkeys lost -their power of springing, but their intelligence remained unimpaired. -Also experimented with electricity on the exposed muscles.—<cite>Berl. -Akad. Sitzungsber</cite>, 1882, p. 36.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Murrell, William</span>, 38, Weymouth Street, Portland Place, W. -M.D., Brussels, 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; L. 1875; M.R.C.S. -Eng., 1875; L.S.A. 1874 (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. -Lond.; Lect. on Mat. Med. and Therap. (late Lect. on Pract. Physiol. -and Med. Regist.), Westm. Hosp.; formerly Sharpey Physiol. Schol. -and Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Obst. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp. -and Res. Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nitro Glycerine as a remedy for Angina Pectoris,” -1880; “What to do in cases of Poisoning,” 1882 (jointly with Dr. -Ringer); “Action of Atropia on the Nervous System”; “Journ. -Anat. Physiol.,” 1877; “Physiological Action of Aconitia,” Ibid., -1877, etc. Contrib. to “Lancet,” “Practitioner,” etc.</p> - -<p>Has made numerous experiments jointly with Dr. Sydney Ringer -to test the actions of various drugs on cats and frogs.</p> - -<p>“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations -clinically. To eighteen adults—fourteen men and four women—we -ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce -of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were unable to -take it.… One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering from a -little rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt -giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands -turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before -he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing -pains in the head. <em>He was urged to take another dose, but declined -on the ground that he had a wife and family.</em> Another patient had to -sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ‘took all his -strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not -agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more -than the men.… One woman said that ten minutes after taking -the first dose—she did not try a second—she felt a trembling sensation -all over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there, -she perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and -throbbed violently, until she thought they would burst.… -Another woman said she thought she would have died after taking a -dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five -minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours; it upset -her so much that she was afraid she would never get over it. The -only one of the fourteen patients <em>who made no complaint</em> after taking -ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect on -these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to -increase the dose.”—Drs. Ringer and Murrell in <cite>Lancet</cite>, Nov. 3, 1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -Physiological Theatre in 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nasse, Hermann.</span> Prof. Med. Fac., Univ. Marburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Ausfluss geschwindigkeit des Blutes aus -den Halsgefässen der Hunde und über die modification derselben -durch Infusion von Kochsalz in die Gefässe,” Pflüger’s Archiv, -Vol. XXII., p. 513.</p> - -<p>“Exper. No. 121, was made on a dog of about 14 kgr. weight, -very thin, whose blood was particularly poor. Blood was -drawn from the carotid artery, the jugular vein, and the vena cava -superior at the same time, the last drops of which already thickened -in the glass cannula. Respiration had ceased. Only once after a -long rest, did the dog draw a deep breath with open mouth as usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -happens immediately before death. The pulsations of the heart -were scarcely perceptible. I then tried electric stimulation of the -nervus vagus, after dissecting it out, but without causing any pulsation -of the heart or breathing, either during the stimulation or -when it ceased. Death was undoubtedly near. I then injected -into the jugular vein a solution of common salt. Tetanus followed -each injection—immediately afterwards the heart began to beat -again and the blood streamed out of the arteries. When the -bleeding ceased, I again injected the solution rather weaker than at -first. No cramps followed but the flow of blood continued. The -third injection produced the same result, but death followed soon -after. The whole experiment had lasted an hour and a-half.”—“<cite>Ueber -die Ausflussgeschwindigkeit d. Blutes</cite>,” <i>etc.</i>, Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXII., pp. 547-8.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Naunyn, Bernhardt.</span> B. in Berlin, 1839. Studied at Bonn -and Berlin. Asst. Med. Clin., Berlin, under Prof. Frerichs, 1863; -Prof. Med. Clinic. Dorpat, 1869; Prof. Berne, 1871; Prof. Med. Fac. -Univ., Königsberg, 1872.</p> - -<p>Co-editor with Klebs and Schmiedeberg of “Archiv für experimentelle -Pathologie.” Author of “Handbuch der Intoxicationen” -and “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie,” jointly with R. Boehm, -1874; jointly (with Schreiber) of “Experiments on compression of -the brain,” Arch. f. exper. Pathol. u. Pharmak., Vol. XIV., No. 2, -p. 1. Contrib. various articles to “Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv.”; -also to Ziemssen’s “Cyclopædia of Medicine.”</p> - -<p>“The authors [B. Naunyn and Schreiber] have experimented upon -dogs. A trephine is applied to the parietal bone. A tube is inserted -into the opening thus made. Besides this another tube is brought -into communication with the cerebro-spinal cavity on a level with the -swelling formed by the meninges round the cauda equina. For this -purpose it is sufficient to take out a few of the spinal apophyses of -the corresponding vertebræ. One obtains thus, as it were, two -receptacles communicating by the intermediary of the cephalo-spinal -liquid, and it becomes easy to augment the pressure of this -liquid.… Pain is one of the very first results produced, and it -is the more intense, if the pressure be immediately brought to its -greatest height. Soon, convulsions follow. These seldom are -epileptiform.… Breathing becomes slower, then irregular, then -disappears.”—<cite>Archives Générales de Médecine</cite>, VIIᵉᵐ. Série, -Vol. I., 1882, p. 743.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nepveu, G.</span> Surgeon, Paris; form. Res. Hosp. Sur., La Pitié -Mem. Chir. Soc. Paris.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Newman, David</span>, 18, Woodside Place, Glasgow, N.B. -M.D. Glasg. (with high commendations), 1883; M.B. Glasg. and -C.M. 1878; F.F.P.S. Glasg. 1881 (Univs. Glasg. and Leipsig); Mem. -Philos. Path. and Clin. and Med. and Chir. Socs. Glasg.; Exam. -in Physiol. and Path. Univ. Glasg.; Extra. Disp. Surg. Western -Infirm.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Some Physical Experiments relating to the functions of -the Kidneys,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological -Laboratory in 1879-81-82-83. Certificates dispensing with -obligation to kill in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -the above place. Mr. Newman might also perform experiments -at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School, and under his -Certificates was not limited to a registered place.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nicolaides, R.</span> M.D.; Prof. of Physiol., Athens Univ. -Contrib. to Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, for 1882. -Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab., Athens.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Nothnagel, Herrmann.</span> B. 1841 in Alt, Lietzgöricke, -Brandenburg. Studied at Berlin; Asst. of Leyden at Königsberg, -and Instruct. at Univ., 1863; Prof. Univ. Berlin, 1868; Prof. Breslau, -1870; Prof. Freiburg, in Baden, 1872; Prof. Clin. Med. and Path. -Med. Fac. Univ. Jena, 1874.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber den epsileptischen Anfall,” 1870; “Ueber -Neuritis in diagnostischer und pathologischer Beziehung,” 1870; -“Die symptomologie der Darmgeschwüre,” 1881. Contrib. to -“Handbuch der Krankheiten des Nerven systems,” 1874; and to -“Ziemssen’s Cyclopædia of Medicine.”</p> - -<p>“Nothnagel considers himself justified in concluding from his -experiments on rabbits that all the will fibres, without exception, -traverse the lenticular nucleus. This is denied by the French -investigators, who attribute the complete annihilation of voluntary -movement, which Nothnagel achieved by the injection of caustic -solutions into both lenticular nuclei, to a simultaneous destruction -of the internal capsule which, owing to the small size of the lenticular -nuclei in the rabbit, might easily have been overlooked on dissection. -Nothnagel, however, has lately published a brief statement, -in which he adheres to his original assertion.”—Kussmaul, “<cite>On -Disturbances of Speech</cite>,” <cite>Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med.</cite>, -Vol. XIV., London, 1878, p. 680.</p> - -<p>“Unfortunately, the results of experiments upon animals, as -respects the exact localisation of lesions, cannot be transferred -directly to the case of man, except that we have reason to believe, -through an important experiment of Hitzig’s upon an ape, that the -motor centres for the nerves of the extremities and the cranial -nerves lie in the gyrus præcentralis, or centralis anterior (Huschke, -Ecker), in other words, that affections of the cortical substance -of this convolution may produce motor paralysis.”—Nothnagel, -“<cite>Anemia of the Brain</cite>,” <cite>Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of the Pract. of Med.</cite>, -Vol. XII., London, 1877, p. 152.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Oehl, Eusebio.</span> B. 1827, at Lodi. Laureate in Med., Pavia, -1850; studied Vienna, Paris, and Berlin; Prof. extraord. of Histol., -Pavia, 1860; Prof. of Exper. Physiol., 1864.</p> - -<p>Author of “Indagini di anatomia miscroscopica per servire allo -studio della cute e dell’ epidermide palmare della mano,” Milan, -1856; “Sui cristalli di emoglobina,” Florence, 1862; “Contribuzione -allo Fisiologia del pneumogastrico,” Naples, 1863; “Della -influenza che il 5ᵒ pajo cerebrale dispiega sulla pupilla,” Florence, -1863; “Sull’ ormento di temperatura dei nervi eccitati,” Milan, -1865; “Manuale di Fisiologia per Medici e studenti,” Milan, -1868-77, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ogston, Alexander</span>, 252, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. -Aberd. 1866; M.B. and C.M. 1865; Surg. Aberdeen Roy. Infirm.; -Regius Prof. of Surg. Univ. Aberdeen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> - -<p>Author of “On the functions of the semi-circular canals, &c.,” -1869.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at 252, Union Street, Aberdeen, -1880-81-82. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in -1880-81-82. No Experiments returned in 1882. At the expiration -of Dr. Ogston’s License the above address ceased to be registered -for the performance of Experiments.</i></p> - -<p>“To ascertain the influence of pus alone, injections were first of -all made with that from cold abscesses, which contained no organisms.… -Introduced under spray into a pure subcutaneous -syringe, quantities varying from one to ten minims were injected -into the subcutaneous tissue of the back in chloroformed guinea-pigs, -white mice, and wild mice. In all twenty such injections were -made, with the invariable result that no illness or abscess ensued.… -But a very different effect was produced when similar -injections were made with pus containing micrococci. In every -instance, with the qualifications to be presently made, well-marked -disease was set up. Quantities varying from one to three minims -produced in the animals already mentioned symptoms of blood-poisoning, -lasting from two to five days. The animals refused food, -sat cowering in a retired place in their cage, were listless and -apathetic, their coat was disordered and sometimes wet, their eyes -were kept closed save when startled; and the mice showed the purulent -conjunctivitis and glueing together of the eyelids described -by Koch in his experiments on septicæmia.”—<cite>Report on “Micro-Organisms -in Surgical Diseases,” Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, March 12, 1881, -p. 371.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ollier, Louis Navier Edouard Léopold</span>, Lyons. B. 1825. -M.D. Paris, 1856; Chief Surgeon Hôtel Dieu, and Prof. Clin. Chir. -Med. Faculty Lyons, 1850; Corr. Mem. Acad. Med., 1874; Corr. -Mem. Institute of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Des moyens chirurgicaux de favoriser la reproduction -des os,” 1859; “Recherches expérimentales sur la production -artificielle des os,” 1859; “Des résections des grandes articulations,” -1870; “De l’occlusion inamovible comme méthode générale de -pausement des plaies,” 1874; “De l’éléphantiasis du nez et de son -traitement,” 1876; “Traité expérimental et clinique de la régénération -des os et de la production artificielle du tissu osseuse,” 1867; -“Recherches expérimentales sur la greffe osseuse” in Journal -de Physiologie de Brown-Séquard, Vol. III., 1867.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Oreste, Cavaliere Pietro</span>, Naples. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Orfila, Matthieu Joseph Bonaventure.</span> B. at Mahon -(Minorca), 1787. D. at Paris, 1853.</p> - -<p>Studied the effects of narcotine on animals.</p> - -<p>“Orfila poisoned 6,000 dogs.”—Blatin, <cite>Nos. Cruantés</cite>, p. 206.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Osawa, K.</span>, Tokio, Japan.</p> - -<p>Author of “Untersuchungen über die Leitungsbahnen in Rückenmarke -des Hundes.” Jointly (with E. Tiegel) of “Beobachtungen -über die Functionen des Rückenmarks d. Schlangen.”—Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XVI., p. 90.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> - -<p>Made experiments in physiological laboratory at Strasburg; also in -the physiological laboratory of Tokio, on the spinal marrow of -serpents; spinal marrow cut through, and burning coals afterwards -applied to the skin of the animals.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ott, Isaac.</span> Fell. in Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, -U.S.A. Late Lect. on Exper. Physiol., Univ. Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>Author of “Observations on the physiology of the spinal cord,” -Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II., p. 42; “On crossed hyperæsthesia,” -Ibid., Vol. III., 160; “Notes on Inhibition,” Ibid., p. 163.</p> - -<p>“Method.—The animals employed were young cats with unpigmented -feet: These not only bear the operations better than older -animals, but sweat more easily, and the secretion is more readily -observed. In cases where the cord was to be exposed, the animal -was placed belly downwards, with a block of wood under its -abdominal surface to elevate the vertebræ, and make them more -accessible. The muscles having been separated from the vertebral -arches, and held at a distance by means of weighted hooks, the -spinous processes were cut off, and a small trephine employed to -make openings, about half an inch apart through the arches. The -intervals between these openings were subsequently broken through -by means of strong cutting forceps.… To stimulate the nerves, -or the central nervous systems, a Du Bois coil was used, with -Helmholtz’s arrangement to prevent unipolar action. Tetanizing -currents were employed.”—<cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>, Vol. II., p. 42.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Paladino, Giovanni.</span> B. 1842, at Potenza. Studied at Naples -and in all the principal physiological laboratories of Europe, under -Ludwig, Du Bois Reymond, and Leukart. Prof. Physiol. Univ. -Naples, 1867; Prof. Anat. and Exper. Physiol. Vet. School, same -place.</p> - -<p>Author of “Istituzioni di Fisiologia,” Naples, 1878; “Lezioni -d’Istologia e Fisiologia Generale,” 1871; joint author (with Lanzilotti -Buonsanti) of “Sulla minuta struttura e sulla fisiologia dei peli -tattili,” in “Bulletino dell’ Assosazione dei Medici e Naturalisti di -Napoli,” 1871, No. 7.</p> - -<p>“Paladino and Lanzilotti Buonsanti have studied the tactile hairs -of the various domestic animals, and of the mouse.… Section -of the nervous facialis (in the horse) and stimulation of its peripheral -end produces action of the tactile hairs. Simultaneous section of -the trigeminus reduces considerably the energy of the action caused -by stimulation of the facialis.”—<cite>Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissensch.</cite>, -1874, p. 116.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Panum, P. L.</span> B. 1820. Prof. Physiol. and Direct. Physiol. -Lab. Copenhagen, 1863; formerly Direct. Phys. Lab. at Kiel.</p> - -<p>Author of “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Veränderungen -der Mengenverhältnisse des Blutes und seine Bestandtheile -durch die Inanition,” Virchow’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, 1861; “Haandbog i Menneskels -Physiologie,” Copenhagen, 1872; “Untersuchungen über -die Entstehung der Misbildungen zunächst in den Eiern der Vögel,” -Kiel, 1860.</p> - -<p>Has principally experimented on transfusion, feeding, and starvation. -Has starved dogs four weeks till death occurred. A whelp -was bled till death convulsions set in and then revived by transfusion;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> -then again bled till even reflex movements could no longer be -excited by touching the cornea, and again revived by transfusion. -This was repeated four times; but the dog died half an hour after -the last transfusion.—<cite>Scandinavian Med. Archives</cite>, 1875.</p> - -<p>“On a dog of middle size I opened the trachea and inserted into -it a glass tube.… Then I dissected out and isolated the nervi -vagi; the animal was laid on its back and the thorax opened by -cutting through the cartilage of the ribs and entirely removing the -sternum. The pericardium was now opened … and artificial -respiration introduced. Partly through the suffocation and partly -through pain and terror, the movements of the heart grew very -slow, small, and irregular … but after the artificial respiration -had commenced, they got more vigorous.… Five minutes after -I cut asunder both nervi vagi, at which operation the animal uttered -no sign of pain. A minute after the movements of the heart -were so greatly accelerated that it became difficult to count them.… -It struck us that the heart seemed to have grown smaller than -before we cut asunder the nervi vagi.… Then I stimulated (irritated) -the peripheric ends of the cut nervi vagi with Neif’s electric -apparatus. Almost immediately the heart stood still in diastole.… -The movements of the heart recommenced and grew more -rapid and vigorous than ever, but this soon passed away. The ends -of the nervi vagi were for a second time stimulated … and this -proceeding was repeated six times, always with the same result.… -The pain, which otherwise results from the nervi vagi being cut -asunder, was eliminated, because the far greater pain, occasioned by -the opening of the thorax, had, as every very painful operation will -do, diminished the sensitiveness of the animal so much that it gave -no evidence of pain at the cutting asunder of the nervi vagi. Without -introducing artificial respiration at the opening of the thorax, I -have repeated this experiment scores of times, and always with the -same result.”—Panum, <cite>Scand. Medical Bibl.</cite>, 1857.</p> - -<p>“26th Ex.: I had opened the thorax of a dog and kept its life up -by artificial respiration, having also cut the nervi vagi. Everything -had gone as we desired. The heart worked vigorously and regularly, -and the animal had full consciousness and sensitiveness. On applying -the electrodes of Neif to the heart, its regular movements ceased -immediately.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 134.</p> - -<p>Prof. Panum states that he has “employed” a great number of -animals in experiments of transfusion and injections of putrid -humours. For experiments on death by embolism he has employed -some eighty dogs and rabbits.—“<cite>Experimental Observations</cite>,” -<cite>Virchow’s Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XXIX., 1864.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pasteur, Louis.</span> B. at Dole (Jura), 1822. Studied at -Besançon; M.D., 1847; Prof. Physics, Lyceum, Dijon, 1848; Prof. -Strasburg, 1852; Dean Fac. Sciences, Lille, 1854; Scien. Dir. Norm. -Sch., Paris, 1857-1867; Prof. Geol. Physics and Chem. École des -Beaux Arts, 1863; Prof. Chem. Sorbonne, 1867; Mem. Acad. Sci., -1862; Direct. Lab. of Chem. Research, Fac. Sci., Paris; Med. (2) -Roy. Soc. of Gt. Brit.; received Prize of 10,000 fls. from Austria, -and another of 12,000 frs., and a State annuity for his works on -silk-worms, beer, wines and vinegar.</p> - -<p>Author of “Nouvel exemple de fermentation déterminé par des -animalcules infusoires, pouvant vivre sans oxygène libre,” 1863; -“Études sur le vin, ses maladies, causes qui les provoquent, etc.,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> -1866; “Études sur le vinaigre, ses maladies, moyens de les prévenir, -etc.,” 1868; “Études sur la maladie des vers à soie,” 1870; -“Études sur la bière,” 1878; “Les Microbes,” 1878, jointly with -M. Tyndall, etc. Contrib. paper on “The attenuation of the virus -of rabies,” Académie des Sciences, May 19, 1884.</p> - -<p>“M. Vulpian injected under the skin of rabbits saliva collected at -the very moment of the experiment, from perfectly healthy -individuals, and this injection killed the rabbit so inoculated in -forty-eight hours. The blood of these rabbits was found to be filled -with microscopic organisms; among which was a special organism -discovered by M. Pasteur in the course of his experiments with -inoculation of the saliva of a child who had died of rabies. One -drop of this blood, diluted in ten grammes of distilled water, and -injected under the skin of other rabbits, also brought on the death -of these animals; the blood of which was similarly filled with -microscopic organisms. These singular results, of which the -interpretation is by no means easy, present also the no less singular -peculiarity of not being stable. Rabbits placed in identical conditions, -and inoculated with the same saliva, experienced no ill effects -from their inoculation, and continued in excellent health. It would -therefore appear that experimental microbiology is not yet on the -way to become either an easy or clear science, notwithstanding M. -Pasteur’s <i lang="la">fiat lux</i>.”—<cite>Brit. Med. Journ.</cite>, April 9, 1881, p. 571.</p> - -<p>“The question of spontaneous generation I will not attempt to -treat here as it would require special discussion. The experiments -of M. Pasteur have only shown that under the experimental conditions -with which he surrounded himself, conditions which were far -from natural, he did not detect any spontaneous organisation of -matter. Moreover, all those who have devoted themselves to science, -with the sole aim of seeking the truth, as G. Bernard, Huxley, -Häckel, etc., while admitting that M. Pasteur’s experiments had -been properly conducted within the very narrow circle they occupied, -have unanimously rejected the assertions and generalisations -drawn from them by that savant himself.”—Dr. Jousset de Bellesme, -<cite>Progrès Médical</cite>, Vol. X., 1882, p. 340.</p> - -<p>“It is now four years since the study of rabies was first commenced -in my laboratory, and it has been continued without any -other interruption than the enforced cessations which depend on the -conditions of the enquiry, conditions which are very unfavourable. -The incubation of the disease is always of long duration. There -are never sufficient facilities to enable one at a given moment to -multiply experiments. In spite of these material hindrances, which -however the French Government, in its care for the great scientific -interests involved, has done everything in its power to remove, the -experiments which we, my fellow-workers and I, have carried out, -have nevertheless passed beyond the possibility of numbering them.… -If you take any street-dog you please and inoculate rabies -in this manner by trephining, using as inoculating-material a portion -of the bulb of an animal which has died of the disease, you will -invariably convey rabies. The dogs to which the disease has been -communicated in this manner are to be counted by hundreds. The -method has never failed. The same operation has been performed -on hundreds of guinea-pigs and on a yet greater number of rabbits, -without a single failure.”—<cite>Pasteur’s</cite> “<cite>Address Delivered at the -International Med. Congress at Copenhagen</cite>,” Aug. 11th, “<cite>Med. Times -and Gazette</cite>,” Aug. 23rd, 1884.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> - -<p>“In the case where rabies is produced by a bite, or by hypodermic -injection, interference with the length of the incubation period must -be chiefly ascribed to the great variation which is possible in the -amount, always indefinite, of inoculated poison which reaches the -central nervous system. If then we wish to determine the intensity -of the virus from the length of the incubation period, it is unavoidably -necessary to have recourse to inoculation by trephining, which -is absolutely certain in its effects, and to employ larger quantities -than such as would be necessary simply to produce rabies. When -we operate in this way, irregularities in the length of incubation -with the same virus will show a tendency to entirely disappear, because -we always obtain the maximum of effect which the virus can -produce; that maximum corresponding to the minimum duration of -incubation. Thus we have at length obtained a method which has -enabled us to enquire into the possible existence of varying degrees -of virulence, and to mutually compare them. The only secrets in -this method, I repeat, are to inoculate by trephining, and to use a -quantity of virus, which, although very weak, is more than sufficient -to produce rabies in and by itself.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -<p>“As he says substantially in his published report on the subject -of canine madness, which he read before a meeting of the Academy -of Sciences on May 19, the first experiments he has made give him -almost certain hope of success. But, notwithstanding his sanguine -views as to the finally favourable results of his investigations, and -their unqualified benefit to mankind, he has to ‘multiply the proofs -<i lang="la">ad infinitum</i> on different species of the brute creation.’ When this -shall have been done he will then try the remedy on man.”—<cite>Report -of a Conversation with M. Pasteur</cite>, “<cite>Daily Telegraph</cite>,” June 6, 1884.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pavy, Frederick Wm.</span>, 36, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. -Lond., 1853; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1860; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. -Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Anat. Paris, and Med. -Chir. Soc. Edin.; Mem. (formerly Vice-Pres.) Paris Med. Soc.; -Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Phys. and Lect. on Med. (formerly Lect. on -Physiol. and on Comp. Anat.) Guy’s Hosp.; Goulston Lect. R.C.P. -Lond., 1862 and 1863; Croonian Lect., 1878; Lettsom Lect. on -Physiol. Med. Soc., 1859.</p> - -<p>Author of “Researches on Sugar Formation in the Liver,” Philos. -Trans., 1861; “Immunity of Stomach from being Digested by its -own Secretion during Life,” Ibid., 1863; “Remarks on Physiological -Effects of Strychnia and the Woorali Poison,” Guy’s Hosp. Reps., -1856; “Lesion of the Nervous System producing Diabetes,” Ibid., -1859; “Lettsom Lectures on certain points connected with Diabetes,” -“Lancet,” 1860; etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum -Theatre and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -No experiments returned in 1878.</i></p> - -<p>“Has always illustrated his lectures by experiments (2108); but -believes he was the first physiological lecturer in London who did -so (2033).… For purposes of experiment uses dogs, rabbits, -guinea-pigs, and frogs (2089-90); which are bought in the ordinary -way at Leadenhall Market (2101-4); during the season about 20 -dogs and 10 rabbits are used (2096).”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 19.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Through an opening in the stomach of a dog, Bernard introduced, -while digestion was going on, the hind legs of a living frog. -The legs were dissolved away, the animal continuing all the while -alive.… I have repeated this experiment myself, and obtained -a similar result.”… “I performed an experiment, substituting -the ear of a rabbit for the legs of a frog.…. At the end of two -hours the ear was withdrawn, and several spots of erosion were -observed on its surface, but nowhere was it eaten through. On being -replaced for another two-and-a-half hours, the tip to the extent of -about half or three-quarters of an inch was almost completely -removed, a small remnant of it only being left attached by a narrow -shred to the remainder of the ear.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, No. 2,070.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pawlow, S.</span>, St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Folgen der Unterbindung des Pancreasganges bei -Kaninchen;” “Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn,” -Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XX., p. 210, etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory at Breslau; -also in the Laboratory of Prof. Ustimowitsch at St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>“The <cite>Journal of Anat. and Physiol.</cite> for May, 1869, contains a -short communication by Prof. Rutherford relating to the action of -the section of the vagus on the blood pressure. According to Rutherford’s -experiments the results of section of the vagus depend upon the -condition of the alimentary canal; when the canal is full, the section -of the nerves occasions heightened pressure, whereas in starving -animals this operation causes no alteration in the blood pressure. -Rutherford thinks this phenomenon is caused by the depressory -distention of the intestinal vessels by the food contained in them. -He supposes that the sensory nerves ending in the vagus root are -stimulated by the food. The division of these ducts occasions a -reflex narrowing of the vessels and hence heightened pressure. -This important hypothesis of Rutherford’s (neither the amount nor -the duration of blood pressure has been given, nor the time of feeding, -etc.), has, as far as we know, not been tested experimentally, -although the fact is often brought forward. This was the chief -incentive which prompted me to make the following experiments:—All -the experiments (twenty in all) were made exclusively on dogs, -the directions given by Rutherford being carefully followed. The -animals were immediately placed under the effects of curare.… -The nervus vagi were cut through one after the other … other -sensory nerves (mostly the Nervus dorsalis pedis) were cut.… -The results of the experiments made by me in this manner were, -excepting in two cases, diametrically opposed to the results described -by Rutherford.”—<cite>Zur Lehre ueber die Innervation der Blutbahn</cite>, -Pflüger’s <cite>Archiv.</cite>, Vol. XX., p. 210.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pekelharing, C. A.</span> Prof. of Physiol., Utrecht Veterinary -School, formerly Prof. at Leyden Univ.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die Harnstoffbestimmung,” Pflüger’s -Archiv, Vol. II., p. 602; “Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Peptons,” -Ibid., Vol. XXII., p. 185.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pellacani Paolo.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Turin; formerly -Prof. Univ. Libera, Ferrara, and Modena.</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’action physiologique de quelques substances sur -les muscles de la vessie des animaux et de l’homme,” Archives -Ital. de Biol., Vol II., 1882.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Pharm. Lab., Strasburg, also at Physiol. -Lab., Turin, on the exposed bladders of dogs. The bladders were -<em>sometimes</em> “left in the abdominal cavity.”—<cite>Arch. Ital.</cite>, Vol. II., -p. 303. Also experimented on the effects of curare and strychnine.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Perroncito</span> (Prof.), Turin. Scuola Veterinaria.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with the virus of anthrax on sheep and oxen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Peyrani</span> (Prof.), Parma University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pflüger, Emil.</span> B. at Hanau, 1829. Prof. of Physiol. Med. -Fac. Bonn University, Geheim. Med. Rath.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre der Respiration” in “Archiv für -die gesammte Physiologie, 1875;” Editor of “Archiv für die -gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und des Thiers,” Bonn, 1868, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Picard, P.</span>, Lyons. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Faculty.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the action of morphine in dogs.—<cite>Gaz. Med. -de Paris</cite>, No. 12, p. 143.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pierret</span> (Mons.), Lyons. Prof. of Path. Anat. Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pitres, A.</span>, Paris.</p> - -<p>Author (jointly with M. F. Franck) of “Recherches graphiques sur -les mouvements simples et sur les convulsions provoquées par les -excitations du cerveau,” Travaux du lab. de M. Marey, 1878-79, -p. 413.</p> - -<p>Dogs trepanned, the brain stimulated, muscles of the paw dissected -out, eyelids hooked back to study the change of the diameter of -the pupil during electric stimulation of the brain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Platt, W. B.</span>, Baltimore. M.D. (Harvard), M.R.C.S. (Eng.).</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the action of Resorcin on dogs, rabbits, and -frogs.</p> - -<p>“Exp. 3.—A black and tan male dog, weight 4,675 grammes, -injected at 5.08 p.m. April 10th, 1882, with 1·5 grammes dissolved -in distilled water.… This is injected in 5 places beneath skin of -abdomen.… Up to 5.24 very restless.… 5.29. Same, seems -very unhappy, tremor of hind legs. 5.30. Back arched as he -moves about; holds up left fore-paw high in the air, quivering.… -5.44. Staggers, tumbles, steps about constantly.… -11th—Dog of yesterday seen at 3.20 p.m.… Drags hind legs -after him, as if paraplegic, with much difficulty manages to stand. -A viscid saliva drops from mouth.…. 3.40. Froths copiously -at mouth; lies down as if to sleep.… 6.14. Gasps, -barks, foams at mouth, eyes glare, jaws snap.… 6.36. -Struggles further, a violent spasm, head drawn back -at right angles to body, intermittent jerking of limbs.… 7.22. -Dog appears almost normal, with slightly rapid respiration. Still -does notice noises or objects; greatly exhausted; animal <em>now left</em>.” -“12th.—At 6 a.m. animal found dead after at least 26 hours.”—“<cite>Observations -on the Action of Resorcin</cite>,” <cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci.</cite>, -Jan., 1883, p. 100.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Piso-Borme</span> (Prof.), Cagliari University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Popoff, Leo.</span> Phys. and Prof. Univ. St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ueber die naturliche pathologische Injection der -Gallengänge und einige andere, nach der Unterbindung des Ductes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -choledochus bei Thieren beobachtete pathologische Erscheinungen,” -Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. LXXXI. (1880), p. 524; “Ueber die Folgen -der Unterbindung der Ureteren und der Nierenarterien bei Thieren, -im Zusammenhang mit einigen anderen pathologischen Prozessen,” -Ibid., Vol. LXXXII., p. 40.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on rabbits and dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pouchet, Félix Archimède.</span> Born at Rouen, 1800. Died -at Rouen, 1872. M.D. Paris, 1827; Prof. Nat. Hist. Museum of Rouen; -Prof. Med. Sch. Rouen, 1838; Member of several Learned Socs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Histoire naturelle de la famille des Solanées,” -Rouen, 1829; “Zoologie classique, ou Histoire naturelle du règne -animal,” 1841; “Recherches sur l’anatomie et la physiologie des -mollusques,” 1842; “Théorie positive de l’ovulation spontanée, et -de la fécondation des mammiferès et de l’espèce humaine, basée sur -l’observation de toute la série animale,” 1847; “Monographie des -genre hérite,” 1847; “Traité élémentaire de Botanique appliquée,” -1835; “Recherches sur les organes de la circulation, de la -digestion, et de la respiration des animaux infusoires,” 1849; -“Histoire naturelle et agricole du hanneton et de sa larve,” Rouen, -1853; “Histoire des Sciences naturelles an Moyen-Age,” 1853; -“Hétérogénie, on Traité de la génération spontanée,” 1859; -“Recherches et expériences sur les animaux ressuscitants,” 1859; -“Nouvelles expériences sur la génération spontanée et la résistance -vitale,” 1863; “L’Univers, les infiniment grands et les infiniments -petits,” 1865.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pouchet, Henri Ch. Georges</span>, Paris. (Son of the preceding.) -B. at Rouen, 1833. M.D. Paris, 1864; Replaced Paul Bert at the -Sorbonne in 1875; Prof. Comp. Anat. Museum Nat. Hist., 1879; -Prof. of Biological Chemistry, Medical Faculty.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la Pluralité des Races Humaines,” 1858; “Histologie -Humaine,” 1863, etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the extirpation of the spleen in animals, -fishes, and pigeons; also with electricity on fishes.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Power, D’Arcy</span>, 27, Gt. Cumberland Place, Hyde Park, W. -B.A. Oxon. (Exhib. in Nat. Sci. Exeter Coll., 1st class in Nat. Sci.), -1878; M.A., 1881; M.B., 1882; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1882; (Oxon., St. -Bartholomew, Vienna, and Dub.); House Surg. (late Ophth. House -Surg.) St. Barthol. Hosp.; Asst. Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. -Hosp. Med. Sch., 1878-81.</p> - -<p>Author of various articles in Quart. Micros. Journ., St. Barthol. -Hosp. Reps. &c.; joint author (with Dr. V. D. Harris) of “Handbook -for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Power, Henry</span>, 37A, Great Cumberland Place, W. M.B. -Lond. (Univ. Med. Schol. in Surg. and Comp. Anat.), 1855: F.R.C.S. -Eng., 1854; M., 1851 (St. Barthol.); Exhib. in Anat. and Physiol. -Univ. Lond., 1852; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; -Mem. Counc. (late Arris and Gale Lect. on Anat. and Physiol.) -R.C.S. Eng.; Sen. Opth. Surg. and Lect. on Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. -Hosp.; Cons. Opth. Surg. St. Barthol. Hosp., Chatham; Exam. in -Anat. and Phys. R.C.S. Eng.</p> - -<p>Editor of 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th edit. of Dr. Carpenter’s “Principles -of Human Physiology,” 1864-69-76; “Illustrations of the -Principle Diseases of the Eye,” 1869; Transl. of “Stricker’s Manual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> -of Human and Comparative Histology,” New Syd. Soc. 1870; and of -“Erb on the Diseases of the Nervous System,” Ziemssen’s Cyclop.; -Editor (with Dr. Sedgwick) of “Mayne’s Expository Lexicon.”</p> - -<p>Made experiments with Dr. Lauder Brunton on the diuretic action -of Digitalis.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Preyer, Thierry William</span>, Jena University. Born at Manchester, -1841; M.D. 1866 (Univs. Bonn, Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna, -and Paris); Prof. Physiol. Jena, 1869, and Direct. of the Physiol. -Instit.</p> - -<p>Author of “Die Blausauere,” Bonn, 1868-70, “Reise nach Island -im Sommer,” 1860; “Ueber die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaft,” -Jena, 1866; “Die Empfindungen,” Berlin, 1867; “Der Kampf um -das Dasein,” Bonn, 1868; “Die Blutkrystalle,” Jena, 1871; “Ueber -die Ursache des Schlafs,” Stuttgart, 1877; “Ueber die Grenzen der -Tonwahrnehmung,” Jena, 1876; “Elemente der reinen Empfindungslehre,” -Jena, 1877; “Die Kataplexie und der thierische hypnotismus,” -Jena, 1878; “Akustische Untersuchungen,” Jena, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Priestley, John.</span> Asst. Lect. in Physiol. Owen’s Coll., -Manchester.</p> - -<p>Author of “An Account of the Anatomy and Physiology of -Batrachian Lymph-Hearts,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. I., No. 1, -p. 1.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Owen’s -College, Manchester; also jointly with Prof. A. Gamgee, on dogs, -rabbits, and frogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Prudden, T. Mitchell.</span> M.D. Direct. of the Physiol. and -Pathol. Lab. of the Alumni Association of the Coll. Phys. and Surg., -New York; Lect. on Normal Hist. in Yale Med. Coll. Pathol. to -the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Action of Salicylic Acid upon Blood Cells,” Amer. -Journ. of Med. Sci. 1882, p. 64; “Rhabdomyoma of the Parotid -Gland,” Ibid., 1883, p. 438; “Experimental Studies on the Transplantation -of cartilage,” Ibid., 1881, p. 360.</p> - -<p>“Action (of Salicylic Acid) on the Circulation and Emigration.—This -was studied in the bladder and mesentery of the living -curarized frog, Thorm’s frog-plate being used as in the former -experiments.”—<cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci.</cite>, 1882, p. 67.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Puglia, Guiseppe.</span> Prof. Classe Zoojatrice, Modena.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pugliatti, Guiseppe.</span> Prof. Messina University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Purser, John Mallet</span>, 3, Wilton Terrace, Dublin. M.D.T.C.D., -1874; M.B., 1863; F.R.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876; L. and L.M., 1865; -L.R.C.S.T., 1863; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub., 1863; (Univ. Dub. and -Carm. Sch.); Mem. Path.; Soc. Dub., and Med. Soc. Coll. Phys.; -Prof. of Insts. of Med. Sch. of Physic. T.C. Dub.; Lect. on Physiol. -Carm. Sch. of Med.</p> - -<p>Contrib. papers to various journals.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Laboratory Medical College, -Dr. Steeven’s Hospital, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory, -Carmichael School of Medicine, and 212, Great Brunswick Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> -Dublin, in 1878 and 1879; also in 1888, at Physiological Workroom, -3, Wilton Terrace. No Experiments returned in 1878 and -1879.</i></p> - -<p>“Considers that experiments on live animals are necessary for -demonstration, the greater number would be under anæsthetics -(4793-99A), but some painful ones on the sensitive nerves of warm-blooded -animals are desirable (4793-99A).”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, -London, 1876, p. 35.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Putnam, James J.</span> M.D. Boston, United States.</p> - -<p>Author of “Contribution to the Physiology of the Cortex -Cerebri,” “Boston Surgical and Med. Journ.,” 1874, No. 16.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pütz, H.</span> Prof. Extraord. Halle Univ.</p> - -<p>Injected human tuberculous matter into horses. Results negative. -Also fed a calf on 3½ lbs. of tuberculous human lung, and kept it -alive 170 days. Results equally negative. Tuberculous matter -injected into the lungs and abdomen of calves.—<cite>Deutsche Med. -Wochenschrift</cite>, 1882, No. 48, p. 652.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Putzeys, Felix.</span> M.D. Liège.</p> - -<p>Joint author (with Aug. Swan) of “Ueber die physiologische -Wirkung des Schefelsauren Guanidins,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. -XII., p. 597.</p> - -<p>Experiments on frogs with guanidin. Spinal narrow cut, nervus -ischiadicus cut and stimulated, then guanidin injected. Frogs hung -up by a string through the chin and hind members dipped into -guanidin. Heart exposed, nervus vagus cut, and guanidin injected.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pye, Walter</span>, 4, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W., and Thatched -House Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; M. -1876 (St. Barthol.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. and Med. Soc. Lond.; -Mem. Harv. and Ophth. Socs.; Lect. on Physiol. St. Mary’s Hosp. -Med. Sch.; Asst. Surg. Victoria Hosp. for Children; Anat. Asst. -Mus. R.C.S. Eng., House Surg. and House Phys. St. Barthol. -Hosp.; Lect. on Physiol. St. Mary’s Hosp. Med. Sch.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Philos. Trans., Practitioner, 1877, and other Med. -Journs.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School, 1878 and 1879. Certificate for Experiments -without Anæsthetics conjointly with Dr. Lauder Brunton in 1879. -This Certificate not acted upon. No experiments returned in 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Pye-Smith, Philip Henry</span>, 54, Harley Street, Cavendish -Square, W. B.A. Lond. (Hon.) 1858; M.D. (Gold Medal), 1864; -M.B. (Hon.) 1863; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870; M. 1865 (Guy’s and Continental -Schools); Exam. in Physiol. Univ. Lond.; Sen. Asst. Phys. -and Lect. on Physiology Guy’s Hosp.; Secretary of the Association for -the Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Address to the Department of Anatomy and Physiology,” -Brit. Ass., 1879; Report (with Dr. Brunton) on “Intestinal -Secretion,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre -and Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing -with obligation to kill in 1878-79-80-82-83. Certificates for -Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878. -No experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses returned.</i></p> - -<p>“Considers that the study of Physiology in its full sense is impossible -without vivisection.”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 19.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Quincke, H.</span> B. 1834, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Prof. -Wurzburg, 1878; afterwards Med. Councillor, Direct. of Clinic. -at Kiel.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre vom Icterus,” Virchow’s Archiv, -1884, Vol. V., Book i., p. 125.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs, rabbits, mice, and pigeons.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Radcliffe, Chas. Bland</span>, 25, Cavendish Square, W. M.D. -Lond., 1861; M.B., 1845; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1858; L., 1848; -Goulston Lect. 1860; Croon. Lect. 1873; Censor. 1875-76; Fell. Roy. -Med. Chir. Soc.; Cons. Phys. Westm. Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Proteus, or the Law of Nature;” “On Epilepsy, -Pain, Paralysis, and certain other Disorders of the Nervous System,” -1883; etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College London, -1878. Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rambaud</span> (Prof.), Rue de l’Hôtel-de-Ville, 77, Lyons. Prof. of -Medicine Med. Faculty.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ranvier, L.</span>, Boulevard Saint Michel, 105, Paris. Prof. of -Anatomy Med. Fac., College of France.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches sur les éléments du sang,” Travaux du -Laboratoire d’histologie, 1875; “Leçons d’anatomie générale,” -Paris, 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ravaglia, Giuseppe</span> (Prof.), Bologna University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Raynaud, Maurice.</span> B. 1834; d. 1881; late Phys. at La -Charité, Paris; Agrégé of the Fac. of Med.; Mem. of Section of -Med. Path. Acad. of Med.; and Officer of the Legion of Honour.</p> - -<p>Author of “De la transmissibilité de la rage de l’homme au -lapin,” Compt. Rend., Vol. LXXXIX. (1879), p. 714.</p> - -<p>“M. Raynaud has communicated the results of experimental -researches he has made with M. Lannelongue on the transmission of -rabies from man to rabbits.… In a second series of experiments, -inoculations have been made with different liquids extracted -from the tissues of the dead body.… Finally, inoculations -were made from rabbit to rabbit under the most varied conditions; -with the salivary glands, and the lymphatic ganglions; death was the -result. It remains to be seen whether the disease thus communicated -was really hydrophobia. MM. Colin, Dejardin-Baumetz, and -Pasteur think it was not. M. Raynaud, himself, only asserts the -fact weakly, as he draws attention to the absence of the period of -excitement, the short time of incubation, the extreme rapidity with -which death ensues; lastly, he mentions cases where inoculated -animals have recovered after a few days’ illness.… M. -Gosselin thinks the surest method of recognizing the disease would -be by retransmission from the rabbit to the dog.”—<cite>Archives générales -de Médecine</cite>, Vol. I. (1881), p. 369.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Redfern, Peter</span>, 4, Lower Orescent, Belfast, and Templepatrick -House, Donaghdee. M.B. Lond., 1844; M.D., 1847; M.R.C.S. Eng., -1843; F. (exam.) 1851; L.S.A., 1844; Corr. Mem. Soc. de Biol. -Paris; Hon. Mem. Acad. Roy. de Méd. de Belgique; Prof. of Anat. -and Physiol. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Mem. Senate and Exam. in Anat. -and Physiol. Qu. Univ. Irel.; Exam. Anat. Univ. Ireland; Lect. on -Anat. and Physiol. and Exam. King’s Coll. Aberdeen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Abnormal Nutrition in Articular Cartilages, with -Experimental Researches on the Lower Animals,” 1850, etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Queen’s College Belfast Physiological -Laboratory in 1879-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned -in 1882 and 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Régnault, Henri Victor.</span> B. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1810; -D. 1878. Studied at the École Polytechnique; Engineer-in-Chief -of Mines, 1847; Director of the Porcelain Manufactory of Sèvres, -1854; Prof. of Physics, Collége de France, and of Chemistry at -the École Polytechnique, 1840; Member of French Acad., 1840.</p> - -<p>Author of “Cours élémentaire de Chimie.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Regnard, Paul</span>, Boulevard St. Michel, 46, Paris. Prof. of -Physiol. La Sorbonne.</p> - -<p>Inventor (with Félix Jolyet) of a machine to study the modifications -of the products of respiration.—<cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite> (1877), -p. 190-199.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Reichert, C. B.</span> Prof. of Theoretical Hist. and Anat. Med. -Fac. Univ. Berlin.</p> - -<p>Co-editor (with Du Bois-Reymond) of “Archiv. für Anatomie -und Physiologie.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rémy, Charles</span>, Avenue Victoria, 18, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1878. -Phys. La Charité, formerly prosector of Med. Sch., Reims; Mem. -Société Anatomique.</p> - -<p>Author of “Développement des tissus cartilagineux et osseux,” -Paris, 1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Retzius, G.</span> Prof. of Med. at Stockholm.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with chromacid, chromacid ammonia, etc., on -the retina of various animals—toads, hens, rabbits, oxen.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Reymond.</span> (See Du Bois Reymond.)</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Richards, Vincent</span>, Goalundo, Bengal. F.R.C.S., Edin., -1882; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1863 (Guy’s); Mem. Asiat. Soc., Bengal; -Civil Surg.; Superint. Emigr., Calcutta Port; Surg. E.B.R.V.; -Late Mem. Comm. for Investigat. of Snake Poisoning.</p> - -<p>Joint Author of “Report on Indian and Australian Snake Poisoning.” -Contrib. of “Cholera amongst Emigrants,” Ind. Med. Gaz., -1881, “Experiments with Permanganate of Potash in Cobra -Poisoning.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1882, etc.</p> - -<p>Has made experiments on pigs with cholera virus.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, May -3rd, 1884, p. 814.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Richet, L. Alfred</span>, Laboratory of the Hôtel Dieu, Paris. -M.D., 1844; Res. Surg. Hosp. St. Louis, 1858; La Pitié, 1863; Hôtel -Dieu, 1872; Prof. Clin. Surg. Medical Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Med. -1865.</p> - -<p>Author of “Traité pratique d’Anatomie Médico chirurgicale” 1850 -and 1873; Contrib. of numerous Articles to “Archives Générales de -Médicine;” also “Le Roi des Animaux,” “Revue des Deux Mondes, -Tom. 55.”</p> - -<p>M. Richet has found that strong and repeated electrical stimulation, -will cause, in rabbits and dogs, a tetanus comparable in its -results to the traumatic form.</p> - -<p>“In the dogs the electricity employed was not sufficiently powerful -to arrest respiration, and death was due to the elevation of temperature. -The ascent of the thermometer was extremely rapid, so that -after the tetanus had lasted for half-an-hour, the lethal temperature -of 111 or 112 F. was reached.… The proof that the increased -body heat was the cause of death was furnished by the fact -that if the animal is kept cool by artificial means it may bear for more -than two hours extremely strong currents, which cause severe tetanus -without dying for some days. The capacity for generating this -great temperature under electrisation does not disappear even after -prolonged application, and it is not influenced by previous fasting for -two or three days.… Usually death occurs when a temperature -of 112° is attained, but in some cases it reached 112·5 and -even 113·3. If the temperature did not rise above 110° death -did not ensue on the same or the following day; after this point -however, although death may not be immediate, it occurs within 24 -hours.… At 111° the breathing is so frequent that it is -hardly possible to count it and so feeble that scarcely any air enters -the thorax.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, September 17th, 1881, p. 515.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Richet, Charles</span>, Rue Bonaparte, 5, Paris. B. at Paris 1850. -M.D., Paris, 1877.</p> - -<p>Author of “Recherches expérimentelles et cliniques sur la sensibilité,” -Paris, 1877.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on fishes reported to the Acad. de Sciences, -Oct. 24, 1881.</p> - -<p>“Pain is a purely central phenomenon. It is a sensation that may -exist, even to intensity, without manifesting its presence by any -external sign, and consequently it is impossible to gauge it. All -physiologists know that during vivisection there is an entire dissimilarity -in the manner in which animals seem to suffer. Some -remain motionless, the eyes fixed, neither struggling nor moaning; -they appear as if struck by stupor. Others on the contrary groan -and howl, never remaining a moment without struggling or endeavouring -to escape. Every incision that is made, every laceration, -every pull is instantly followed by a shock which interferes with -the result of the experiment.… I will point out, moreover, -the fact observed by the physiologists at Alport. The blood of the -animals used for operations is almost devoid of fibrine, like the -blood of animals that have been overworked. As regards dyspepsia -and disorders of the digestive functions which prolonged pain brings -on, the phenomenon is rather psychical than physiological, and pain -acts similarly to grief and privation.”—“<cite>Recherches expérimentelles -et cliniques sur la sensibilité</cite>,” <cite>Collection de Thèses École de Médicine</cite>, -Paris, 1877, p. 255.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> - -<p>“When it is a question of scientific research one must act -resolutely, without considering the pain.”—Revue des deux Mondes, -Feb. 15, 1883.</p> - -<p>“I do not believe that a single experimenter says to himself when -he gives curari to a rabbit, or cuts the spinal marrow of a dog, or -poisons a frog: ‘Here is an experiment which will relieve or will -cure the disease of some men.’ No, in truth, he does not think of -that! He says to himself ‘I shall clear up an obscure point, I will -seek out a new fact.’ And this scientific curiosity which alone -animates him, is explained by the high idea he has formed of Science. -This is why we pass our days in fœtid laboratories (<i lang="fr">dans les salles -nauséabondes</i>), surrounded by groaning creatures, in the midst of -blood and suffering, bent over palpitating entrails.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -<p>“Science has nothing to do with utility, or rather the true utilitarians -are those who have hope in the science of the future.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Ringer, Sydney</span>, 15, Cavendish Place, W., M.D. Lond., -1863; M.B., 1860; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870, M. 1863; M.R.C.S. -Eng. and L.S.A. 1859 (Univ. Coll.); Prof. of Med. Univ. Coll.; -Phys. and Prof. of Clin. Med. (late Res. Med. Off.) Univ. Coll. -Hosp.; late Asst. Phys. Childr. Hosp. Great Ormond Street and -Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton.</p> - -<p>Author of “Ringer’s Handbook of Therapeutics,” 10th Edit., -London, 1883; “On the Temperature of the Body,” &c., London, -1883.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College London -Physiological Theatre in 1878 and 1879.</i></p> - -<p>“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations -clinically. To eighteen adults—fourteen men and four -women—we ordered ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an -ounce of water, and of these seventeen declared that they were -unable to take it. They came back, protesting loudly, and required -no questioning as to the symptoms produced. They seemed to be -pretty unanimous on one point—that it was about the worst medicine -(!) they had ever taken. They said if they ever took another -dose they would expect to drop down dead, and it would serve them -right. One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering a little from -rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt -giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands -turned blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before -he dared move. His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing -pains in the head. He was urged to take another dose, but declined -on the ground that he had a wife and family. Another patient had -to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said that it ‘took all his -strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the medicine did not -agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more -than the men! at all events, they expressed their opinions more -forcibly. One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first -dose—she did not try a second—she felt a trembling sensation all -over her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there she -perspired profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed -violently, until she thought they would burst.… Another -woman said she thought she would have died after taking a dose; -it threw her into a violent perspiration, and in less than five minutes -her lips turned quite black and throbbed for hours; it upset her so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -much that she was afraid she would never get over it. The only -one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint after taking -ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect on -these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to -increase the dose.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Nov. 3, 1883.</p> - -<p>“In addition to these observations on patients, I made six temperature -experiments on rabbits, but the results obtained were -simply nil. I soon found—a fact with which I was previously -acquainted—that, in those animals, fright exerts a marked influence -on the temperature.”—<cite>Handbook of Therapeutics</cite>, p. 516.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Rickards and I gave to an habitual drunkard, making him -‘dead drunk,’ twelve ounces of good brandy in a single dose, without -the slightest reduction of temperature.”</p> - -<p>“In a boy aged ten, who had never in his life before taken -alcohol in any form, I found, through a large number of observations, -a constant and decided reduction of temperature.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, pp. 340-1.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Roberty, O.</span>, 4, Place de la Corderie, Marseilles. Prof. of -Exper. Physiol. School of Medicine.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Robin, Ch. Phil.</span>, 94, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris. M.D. -Paris, 1846; Prof. Histol. Med. Faculty Paris, 1862; Mem. Acad. -Med., 1858; Mem. Biol. Entomological Anatomical Socs. of Paris; -Corr. Acad. Med. Chir. Stockholm; Mem. Institute of France; -Senator.</p> - -<p>Author of “Fermentation” 1848; “Microscopical Anatomy;” -1868-69; “Cellular Anatomy and Physiology,” 1873, and numerous -other works; “Journal de l’Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales -et Pathologiques de l’homme et des animaux” Paris, 1864-1880.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Röhmann, F.</span> M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Breslau.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beobachtungen an Hunden mit Gallenfistel,” Pflüger’s -Archiv., Vol. XXIX., p. 509.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rolleston, George</span>, M.D. Oxon., 1857; M.B., 1854; F.R.C.P. -Lond. 1859, M. 1856, (St. Barthol.); late F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; -Mem. Gen. Med. Counc. Linacre Prof. of Anat.; Hon. Phys. Radcliffe -Infirmary; late Lee’s Reader in Anat., etc., etc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “The Brain of Man, and the Brains of Certain Animals,” -“Medical Times and Gazette,” 1862, etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Anatomical -Department of Museum in 1878.</i></p> - -<p>“Vivisection is specially likely to tempt a man into certain carelessness; -the passive impressions produced by the sight of suffering -growing as is the law of our nature, weaker, while the habit of, and -the pleasure in experimenting grows stronger by repetition.”—Evid. -Roy. Com., Q. 1287.</p> - -<p>“It is not so easy a thing to know when you have an animal -thoroughly anæsthetised; and what is more, some animals recover -with much greater rapidity than others of the same species from -the same doses of anæsthetics.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Q. 1349.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rollet</span> (Prof.), Gratz University.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rosenthal, Isidor</span>, B. 1836, Erlangen. M.D. Berlin Univ.; -Prof. Physiol. and Hygiene at Med. Fac. Univ. of Erlangen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Athembewegungen u. Innervation derselben, -thierische Wärme,” in Hermann’s “Handbuch der Physiologie;” -“Allgemeine Physiologie der Muskeln u. Nerven,” in “Internationale -Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek;” “Bier u. Branntwein u. -ihre Bedeutung für die Volksgesundheit,” 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rossbach, Michael Joseph.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena; -Director of the Clinic and Policlinic.</p> - -<p>Author of “Pharmakologische Untersuchungen,” Wurzburg, 1876; -“Ueber den Einfluss der Künstlichen Respiration auf Strychnin-vergiftung,” -Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1873, No. 24; “Neue -Studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger, -Vol. XXII., p. 1.</p> - -<p>Experiments on curarised dogs and cats: Nerves dissected out -and stimulated, drugs injected. (<em>See</em> Luchsinger.)</p> - -<p>“At the same time Rossbach also studied the influence of artificial -respiration on the cramps induced by strychnine. He totally contradicts -the results observed by Leube. Artificial respiration, he -finds, does not alter the effects of poison, whether it be given in -doses sufficient to produce cramps only or in fatal doses.”—Eckhart’s -<cite>Beiträge</cite>, Vol. X. (1883), p. 40.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Roth, Wladimir.</span> M.D.; ex-Chef de Clin. at Univ. of Moscow.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with the Venom of Salamanders on frogs.—Rep. -in <cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite>, 1877, p. 409.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Roy, Charles Smart</span>, Cambridge. M.B. Edin. and C.M. 1875 -(Univ. Edin.) M.D. Edin. 1878, (Edin.) G. H. Lewes, Scholar; late -Brown, Prof. of Pathol. Univ., of London; Prof. of Pathol. Univ. of -Cam., 1884; formerly Asstn. to Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Strasburg.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Journ. of Physiol., Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv. and -Virchow’s Archiv.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University New -Museum Physiological Laboratory and at Brown Institution, -London, in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or -Asses, in 1882. Special Certificates for Experiments without -anæsthetics and Certificate permitting Experiments on Cats, Dogs, -Horses, Mules or Asses in 1883. No Experiments returned -on Horses, Mules or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly -in the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the -Leipsic Philological Institute, the experiments being carried out on -rabbits, cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial -respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down -the animal’s windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in -order to keep the blood oxygenated. Then the back, skull, chest, -and abdomen were opened. I don’t suppose these were always -opened in one animal, as in many cases the animal would have died. -No doubt sometimes part of the experiment took place on one, and -sometimes on another. The various organs were dissected out. -The principal nerves such as the sciatic nerve and so on, were tied -in two places and cut. This lasted for many hours. It is stated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> -the animal was under the influence of anæsthetics, but the use of -curare is admitted. In the most scientific opinion, when curare is -used, it neutralizes the use of the anæsthetic. I feel myself at a -great disadvantage in treating of these matters as compared with -the gentlemen beside me; but if I am making a mistake, I trust I -may be corrected. In this instance, however, I believe I am right. -Curare creates paralysis, it paralyses the muscles and prevents the -animal resisting or showing the symptoms by which alone the -existence of anæsthesia can be tested.”—<cite>Mr. Reid’s Speech in -House of Commons</cite>, April 4th, 1883.</p> - -<p>“It was first sought to obtain information upon this subject by -investigating the manner and extent to which the action of the heart -is affected by obstruction of the renal arteries and the other large -branches of the aorta; the facts obtained by taking this line of -inquiry were not however of a kind fitted to throw light upon the -problem which it was specially desired to solve. It soon became -evident that an investigation of the manner in which the renal -secretion and circulation are nominally regulated, and the relation -which these bear to the regulating mechanism of the systemic circulation, -would be best fitted to supply information of the kind -required. The method employed, was to record graphically the -changes in volume of one or both kidneys, while at the same time -the changes in the blood-pressure in the aorta and the rapidity with -which the urine was secreted were also recorded on the same revolving -cylinder or, as continuous tracings, upon the paper of -Ludwig’s kymograph. The method used for recording the changes -in volume of the kidney is the same in principle as that of the plethysmograph. -The kidney is enclosed in a rigid metal box, the arrangement -being such that while the organ can freely expand or contract, and -while the changes in volume are recorded by a lever writing with a -light glass pen upon the kymograph paper, no obstruction is offered -to the entrance and exit of blood by the renal vessels nor to the -outflow of urine by the ureter. The kidney is surrounded by warm -olive oil, which, however, is not in immediate contact with its -surface, but is separated from it by a delicate flexible membrane of -a kind which has already been referred to by the author in several -of his published papers, and which prevents any escape of the oil -by the side of the blood-vessels and other structures entering the -hilus of the gland.… When the instrument is in use, the kidney -lies between two delicate, exceedingly flexible membranes, which -apply themselves closely to its surface and to the surface of the -structures entering the hilus of the organ, and each of these membranes -forms with each of the symmetrical halves of the box a -chamber which is filled with oil and which communicates by a relatively -wide flexible tube with the recording instrument.”</p> - -<p>Experiment “4. After the immediate effect of the operation has -passed off, the volume of the kidney will usually remain unchanged -(with exception of the changes due to the pulse and respiration) for -many hours unless some change in the conditions of the experiment -be intentionally introduced.</p> - -<p>“5. When the <em>Traube-Hering</em> curves of the blood-pressure -present themselves, the volume of the kidney does not expand -with the rhythmic rise in the blood-pressure. With each rise of -the blood-pressure the kidney <em>contracts</em>, expanding with each fall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> -of the blood-pressure. The renal vessels are, therefore, amongst -those to the rhythmic contraction and expansion of which the -<em>Traube-Hering</em> waves are due.</p> - -<p>“6. Arrest for 3 or 4 minutes of the artificial respiration, where -that is employed, and where curare has been previously injected, -causes a contraction of the renal vessels (which may reach 12 per -cent of the post-mortem volume of the kidney) simultaneously -with the rise of aortic blood pressure which is produced by the -asphyxia.</p> - -<p>“7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced -currents causes a powerful contraction of the renal vessels.</p> - -<p>“8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, <i>e.g.</i>, sciatic, -brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal -vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood-pressure. -Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of -the kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to -eliminate reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vessels <em>contract</em> -whether the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause -a rise or a fall of the aortic blood-pressure.</p> - -<p>“9. Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the -thorax, and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve-trunks -causes contraction of the kidney of the <em>opposite</em> side. The extent to -which the kidney contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is -usually very considerable. In one case the kidney contracted on -stimulating with a strong induced current for three minutes to an -extent which was equal to 63 per cent. of the post-mortem volume -of the organ.</p> - -<p>“10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of -the cut splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm -causes contraction of <em>both</em> kidneys; the kidney of the side opposite -to the nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one -on the same side as the stimulated nerve.</p> - -<p>“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the -medulla oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction -of the renal vessels after <em>both</em> splanchnics have been cut at -their point of entrance into the abdominal cavity. Vaso-constrictor -influences may therefore pass from the spinal cord to the kidney by -some other path than the two splanchnics.</p> - -<p>“12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion -of the renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful -whether a vascular tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the -vaso motor centre or centres in the spinal cord is normally present.</p> - -<p>“13. Stimulation of the <em>central</em> ends of the majority of the fine -nerves which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction -of the vessels of the kidney.</p> - -<p>“14. Stimulation of the <em>peripheral</em> end of each and all of the -renal nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction of -the organ.</p> - -<p>“15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) -nerves accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of the peripheral -end of the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction -of the kidney which differs but little in amount from that -produced by the same stimulation when all the renal nerves were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> -intact, but which takes longer time to show itself after the stimulation.”—Extracts -from paper “<cite>On the Mechanism of the Renal -Secretion</cite>,” by C. S. Roy, M.D.; read before the Cambridge -Philosophical Society, May 23, 1881.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Russo, Antonio.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Palermo -University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Rutherford, William</span>, University, and 14, Douglas Crescent, -Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1863 (Thesis Gold Medallist); M.R.C.S. -Eng.; (Univs. Edin., Berlin, Vienna, Paris); F.R.S.; Prof. of Insts. -of Med. Univ. Edin.; formerly Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. and -Roy. Inst. Lond.; Annual Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin. and King’s -Coll. Med. Soc.</p> - -<p>Author of “Outlines of Practical Histology,” 1877; “A Text -Book of Physiology,” 1880; “Influence of the Vagus upon the -Vascular System;” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870; “On the -Physiological Action of Drugs on the Secretion of Bile;” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, -1879; “Lectures on Experimental Physiology;” <cite>Lancet</cite>, 1871-72; -etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh, Physiological -Lecture Room and Laboratory in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83; -also a Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics; two -Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill; and two Certificates -for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or -Asses, in 1878; No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.</i></p> - -<p>“I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by -Professor Rutherford, and reported in the <cite>British Medical Journal</cite>. -I refer to the series of experiments commenced December the 14th, -1878. These experiments were 31 in number; no doubt there were -hundreds of dogs sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but -now I am only referring to one set beginning as I say on the 14th -of December, 1878. There were in this set 31 experiments, but no -doubt many more than 31 dogs were sacrificed. All were performed -on dogs, and the nature of them was this: The dogs were starved -for many hours. They were then fastened down; the abdomen -was cut open; the bile duct was dissected out and cut; a glass tube -was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct -leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various -drugs was placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of -these experiments was simply nothing at all—I mean it led to no -increase of knowledge whatever, and no one can be astonished at -that, because these wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances—their -condition was so abnormal—that the ordinary and -universally recognised effect of well-known drugs was not produced. -These experiments were performed without anæsthetics—the -animals were experimented upon under the influence of a drug -called curari.”—<cite>Mr. Reid’s Speech in the House of Commons, -April 4th, 1883.</cite></p> - -<p>“In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that -description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the -effect would be on the human being?—Certainly not, but merely -as suggesting what the action would be; that is all. The experiment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> -must also be tried upon man before a conclusion can be drawn.”—<cite>Evid. -Roy. Com.</cite> Q. 2966.</p> - -<p>“What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining -whether animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?—When -the mode of rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with -the due result being obtained from the experiment, we do not so -render them. Is that any large proportion of the experiments?—I -should say a considerable proportion. Would it be more than half -the experiments?—I should have a difficulty in saying how many, -but I should think about half the experiments that I have done.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, -2841-3.</p> - -<p>“Where did you study physiology yourself?—I studied it in -Berlin chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experiments -performed for my special benefit; there was a great expenditure -of time and teaching power, and also of animals, to teach me -alone.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Q. 2867.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sanderson, John Burdon</span>, Physiol. Lab. Univ. Mus. Oxford, -M.D. Edin., 1851; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1863, M. (Exam.) 1855 (Edin.); -LL.D., F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; late Jodrell Prof. of Physiol., -Univ. College; Waynflete Prof. of Physiol., Oxford; late -Phys. Consump. Hosp. Brompton; Asst. Phys. and Lect. Middlesex -Hosp.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of Various Papers and Reports. Editor of “Handbook -for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1872.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution, and -University College, London; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for -Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1882. Certificates -for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-83.</i></p> - -<p>“For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must be fixed -air tight in the trachea.… The phenomena as they present -themselves in the dog, may be enumerated as follows:—<i>First -minute</i>—Excessive respiratory movements.… Towards the close -of the first minute the animal becomes convulsed.… <i>Second -minute</i>.… The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye does not -close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil react to light; -all reflex action to stimuli has ceased.… <i>Third and fourth minutes.</i>—As -death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements, -which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as -shallower.… In these spasms which accompany the final gasps -of an asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk -straightened or arched backwards, and the limbs are extended, while -the mouth gapes and the nostrils dilate.”—<cite>Handbook for the Physiological -Laboratory</cite>, p. 320.</p> - -<p>“In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is maintained -in the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, -extending from the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of -the trachea. The external jugular vein of one side is then brought -into view, tied in two places, and divided between ligatures.… -Both ganglia having been thus prepared with as little loss of time -as possible, the sympathetic and vagus nerves are divided, and the -medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then divided.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 278.</p> - -<p>“Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a -rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> -moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to -assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the -skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards -through the cerebellum.… In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards -test for sugar.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 515.</p> - -<p>“The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quantities.… -When the bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty-four -hours; but when it is not tied they will live for a week.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, -p. 505.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Savory, Wm. Scovell</span>, 66, Brook Street, W. M.B. Lond. -(Univ. Med. Schl.), 1848; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.) 1852; M. 1847; -F.R.S.; Mem. Comt. Exam. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng.; Surg. and Lect. -on Surg. St. Bath. Hosp.; Exam. Surg. Univ. Coll.; Surg. Christ’s -Hosp.; late Prof. Comp. Anat. and Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.</p> - -<p>Author of “Life and Death;” “Essays on Pyæmia, &c.;” St. -Bart. Hosp. Reps. and Various Essays in Philos. and Med. and Chir. -Trans. and Med. Journ.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on dogs—to study the relative temperature of -arterial and venous blood.—<cite>Lancet</cite>, Vol. I., 1857, pp. 371-398.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Schäfer, Edw. Albert</span>, University College, Gower Street, -W.C. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Jodrell Prof. -of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; formerly Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst.</p> - -<p>Author of “A Course of Practical Histology,” London, 1883; -Contrib. Proc. Roy. Soc. and Journ. Anat. and Phys., &c. &c.; -Editor of Microscopic Part of Quain’s Anatomy, 8th Edition.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -Physiological Theatre, Microscope Room with Ante Room, the -Jodrell Laboratory, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator’s -Rooms in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of -Lectures and Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-83.</i></p> - -<p>“Then may I take it there are a great number of experiments -which, supposing a frog to be a sensitive animal, must cause a vast -deal of pain, which are not done under chloroform?—There is no -doubt of it. And there is no precaution taken to diminish pain, if -it suffers pain?—I think I may say no special precaution.”—<cite>Evid. -Roy. Com.</cite>, Q. 3,801-2.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Schiff, Moritz.</span> B. at Frankfort, O.M., 1823; Studied at Univs. -Heidelberg, Göttingen, and Berlin; Laureate in Med., Gott., 1844; -Pupil of Majendie and Longet; formerly Curator of Ornithological -Museum, Frankfort; Prof. of Ornith. and Path. Anat., Bern, 1855; -Prof. Physiol., Florence, 1872; Prof. Physiol. at Geneva, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of “De vi motoria bascos encephali,” Frankfort, 1845; -“Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des Nervensystems,” 1854; -“Nerven und Muskel-Physiologie,” Lahr, 1838; “Ueber Zuckerbildung -in der Leber,” Wurzburg, 1859; “Sul sistema nervoso -encefalico,” Florence, 1865; “Sur la Physiologie de la Digestion,” -Turin, 1867; “Sulla Misura della Sensazione,” Florence, 1869; -“De l’Inflammation et de la Circulation,” Paris, 1873; “La pupille -comme esthesiomètre,” Paris, 1875, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p> - -<p>“In Professor Schiff’s work, almost every lecture is accompanied -by the sacrifice of some animal; 700 a year, it is stated, thus perish -(1343). Calls attention to a discrepancy between two statements -of Professor Schiff: one stating that the dogs made no noise because -they were not in pain; the other stating that their nerves of vocalisation -had been cut “pour les empêcher.… de discréditer -ainsi les études physiologiques auprês des habitants du quartier” -(1287).”—<cite>Digest Ev. Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 11.</p> - -<p>“A number of rabbits were deprived of food until they ate dead frogs -thrown into their hutch. The object of this experiment was to show -that herbivorous animals could live on animal food (See Schiff, -<cite>Physiologie de la Digestive</cite>, Vol. I., p. 67). What use this information -may be put to I leave to the judgment of unbiassed minds to -determine. I know that the rabbits suffered very much before -they were induced to eat the dead frogs.”—<cite>Evid. Roy. Com.</cite>, -Q. 4,888, p. 244.</p> - -<p>“After the thousands of experiments made by these gentlemen, -by which they are enabled to contradict each other, and after all -this fiendish massacre, the latest writer on the nervous system, -Moritz Schiff, a man who has gained some notoriety as a vivisector, -concludes, from numberless other experiments he has made, that the -functions of the cerebellum are altogether unknown.”—<cite>Fleming’s -Essay</cite>, p. 33.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Schmidt, Albrecht.</span> Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Dorpat.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Scott, John Alfred</span>, 25, Idrone Terrace, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. -L.K.Q.C.P. Irel. and L.M., 1882; L.R.C.S.I., 1881; L.M. Rot. Hosp., -Dub., 1880; (Ledw. and Carm. Schs. and Mercer’s and Adelaide -Hosps., Dub.); Fell. Acad. Med. Irel.; Mem. Photog. Soc. Irel.; -Lect. on Anat. Physiol. Carm. Coll. of Med. Dub.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Rooms -and Laboratory, Carmichael College, Dublin, in 1882 and 1883. -Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883. No -Experiments returned, 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sedgwick, Wm. T.</span> Ph.B.; Fellow of the Johns Hopkins -University, Baltimore, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “The influence of quinine upon the reflex excitability of -the spinal cord.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 22.</p> - -<p>Experiments on frogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Senator, Hermann</span>, 7, Bauhofstrasse, Berlin. B. Gnesen, -1834; M.D., Berlin, 1858; Pupil of Johannes Müller, 1875; Direct. -Inner Dept. of Augusta Hosp.; and Prof. extraord. Med. Faculty, -Berlin.</p> - -<p>Co-editor (with Prof. H. Kronecker) of “Centralblatt für die -medicinischen Wissenschaften.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sertoli, Enrico</span>, Prof. Univ., Milan. Scuola Sup. di Veterinaria.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Severini, Luigi</span>, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera, Corso di -Zoojatrice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sewall, Henry.</span> B. Sc.; Ph. D.; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of -Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.; Assoc. in Biol. Johns Hopkins Univ., -Baltimore.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Experiments upon the ears of fishes with reference to -the function of equilibrium.”—“<cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>,” Vol. IV., -p. 339, &c.</p> - -<p>“The experiments to be described were carried on by means of -the facilities offered at the Marine Laboratory of the Johns -Hopkins University during the summer of 1881, at Beaufort, N.C., -and again in 1883, on the Chesapeake Bay.… Records were -made of experiments performed upon more than ninety individuals -(sharks and skate).… The experiments … were performed -under unusually favourable anatomical conditions, but it -must be confessed that the results obtained are far from forming a -solution of the problem investigated.”—<cite>Journ. of Physiol.</cite>, Vol. IV., -pp. 338, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sharpey, William.</span> B. at Arbroath, Forfarshire, 1802; d. -1881. Studied at Edinburgh and Paris; M.D. Edinburgh, 1823; -LL.D. Edin.; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1830; F.R.S., F.R.S.E.; a Trustee -Hunt. Mus.; Mem. Gen. Med. Counc.; Mem. Senate Univ. Lond.; -Emerit. Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. of London, 1836; F.R.S., -1839.</p> - -<p>“Has performed experiments on living animals, and sometimes -exhibited them (389-91), and considers such experiments absolutely -necessary for the progress of physiology (393), and that scientific -investigation by competent persons is important for the development -of medical and surgical improvement (398-401).”—<cite>Digest. Ev. -Roy. Com.</cite>, p. 4.</p> - -<p>“The chief use of employing curari is to render the animal quite -still; that is the great purpose of it. What Mr. Hutton says is quite -true, that it is not generally recognised as an anæsthetic, and, therefore, -not used as an anæsthetic.—Then it is a contrivance to save to the -operator the trouble which the manifestation of pain by the animal -might occasion him? It facilitates the operation at any rate.”—<cite>Evid. -Roy. Com.</cite>, Q. 462-3.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sibson, Francis</span>, 59, Brook Street, W. M.D. Lond. 1848; -M.D. Dub. (Hon.) 1867; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Hon. D.C.L. Durh.; -F.R.S.; Mem. Senate (formerly Exam. in Med.) Univ. Lond.; Vice-Pres. -(late Pres. Council) Brit. Med. Assoc.; late Sen. Phys. and -Lect. on Clin. Med. St. Mary’s Hosp.; Goulst. Lect. R.C.P. Lond., -1853; Croon. Lect., 1870.</p> - -<p>Author of “Medical Anatomy;” “The Causes which excite Respiration -in Health and Disease;” Physiol. Address, 1851, etc., etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sieveking, Ed. Henry</span>, 17, Manchester Square, W. M.D. -Edin., 1841; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1852 (Univ. Coll. and Edin.); Pres. -Harv. Soc., 1861; Vice-Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Phys. -Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to H.R.H. the Prince of -Wales; Phys. to St. Mary’s Hosp.; Phys. Hosp. for Paralysis and -Epilepsy, etc.</p> - -<p>Formerly Editor “Medico-Chirurgical Review;” Author of -“Manual of Pathological Anatomy” (with Dr. H. Jones), 1854, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sihler, Christian</span>, M.D., Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, -Baltimore, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Author of “On the so-called Heat Dyspnœa,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” -Vol. II, p. 192.</p> - -<p>Placed some dogs with cervical cord cut, in a heated chamber to -test experiments made previously by Goldstein.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Silvestri, Luigi</span>, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera Corso di -Zoojatrice.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Solera, Luigi.</span> Prof. Catania University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Soloweitschyk, Isaac</span>, St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Made experiments on the action of the different combinations of -Antimony in the Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Strasburg. -Exper. VIII., on a cat weighing about 7¾ lbs. The nervi vagi cut, -the animal curarised, and artificial respiration established, -electrodes inserted into the spinal marrow and an electric current -sent through the nerves.-<cite>-Archiv. für Exper. Pathol.</cite>, 12, 5, 6.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Soltmann, O.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Breslau.</p> - -<p>“With reference to the published works of Fritsch and Hitzig on -the motor centres of the cortex, and also (while I am engaged in -the same studies) concerning the experiments of Hermann on -electrical stimulation in Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. X., I feel called -upon to make the following communication:—(1) In newly-born -dogs no muscular movements were observed during electrical -stimulation of the cortex cerebri; (2) These movements were only -observed some days (9-11 days) after birth; (3) The extent and -form of the motor centres of the cortex vary; in young animals -they differ from those of fully grown animals. The necessary subjects -for further experimentation (pregnant bitches and young dogs -of all ages) are difficult to obtain so that the experiments only proceed -slowly. Breslau, 10 March, 1875.”—<cite>Centralbl. f. d. Med. -Wiss.</cite>, 1875, p. 210.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stefani, Aristide</span>, Ferrara. Università Libera, Corso di -Zoojatrice.</p> - -<p>Author (jointly with Weiss) of “Ricerche anatomiche intorno al -cervelletto di Comlombi sani ed operati nei Canali Semicircolari,” -Com. to Acad. Ferrara, 24 Nov., 1877.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sternberg, George M.</span> M.D., Surgeon and Major, U.S.A.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Induced Septicæmia in the Rabbit,” Amer. Journ. of -Med. Sciences, July, 1882; “Experiments to determine the germicide -value of certain Therapeutic Agents,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, April, 1883.</p> - -<p>“The object of the present paper is to compare the results -obtained in some recently reported experiments upon rabbits (Report -to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical -Association, by Peter Murray Braidwood, M.D., F.R.M.S., and -Francis Vacher, F.R.C.S., Ed., <cite>British Med. Journ.</cite>, Nos. 1,100 and -1,101, 1882) with the writers experiments made last year, under -the auspices of the National Board of Health (a fatal form of septicæmia -in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous injection of -human saliva).—<cite>National Board of Health Bulletin, April 30, 1881.</cite></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> - -<p>“I have demonstrated by repeated experiments that my saliva in -doses of 1·25 c.c. to 1·75 c.c. injected into the subcutaneous connective -tissue of a rabbit, <em>infallibly produces death</em>, usually within forty-eight -hours.”… “The saliva of four students, residents of Baltimore -gave negative results; eleven rabbits injected with the saliva -of six individuals in Philadelphia gave eight deaths and three negative -results; but in the fatal cases a less degree of virulence was -shown in six cases by a more prolonged period between the date of -injection and the date of death.”—<cite>Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences</cite>, -July, 1882, pp. 71, &c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stevenson, Thomas</span>, Guy’s Hosp., S.E., and 45, Gresham -Road, S.W. M.D. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1871; M. 1864; -M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Guy’s); Lect. on Chem. and Med. Jurisp. -Guy’s Hosp.; Analyst Surrey, Bedfordsh., St. Pancras, Shoreditch, -etc.; Exam. in Forensic Med. Univ. Lond.</p> - -<p>Joint Author “On the Application of Physiological tests for certain -Organic Poisons, especially Digitaline;” Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, and -various Papers in Guy’s Hosp. Reps., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum -Theatre and Lecture Room in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments -without Anæsthetics in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned -in 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stirling, William</span>, Marischal College, Aberdeen. B. Sc. -Edin. (1st Class Honours), 1870; D. Sc. (1st Class Honours in -Physiol.) 1872; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1872; M.D. -(Gold Medallist), 1875; (Edin., Leipsig, Berlin and Paris); Regius -Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Aberdeen.</p> - -<p>Author of “Text Book of Practical Histology” (plates), 1881; -“Outlines of Physiological Chemistry,” 1881; “Effects of Division -of the Sympathetic Nerve in the Neck of Young Animals,” “Journ. -Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological -Department in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for -Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments -returned in 1881.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Strauss, J.</span>, 10, Rue Madame, Paris. M.D.; Agrégé at Med. Fac.; -Physician at the Tenon Hospital.</p> - -<p>Author of “Des lésions rénales dans leur rapport avec l’hyperthropethie -cardiaque,” Arch. Gén. de Méd., Jan., 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Stroganow, N.</span>, St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Oxydations processes im -normalen und Erstickungs-blute.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII., p. 18.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Laboratory of Prof. Hoppe-Seyler in -Strasburg.</p> - -<p>Dogs asphyxiated with an apparatus constructed by direction of -Prof. Hoppe-Seyler after the model of that of Régnault and Reiset.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Studiati, Cesare.</span> Prof. Pisa University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Suchard</span> (Prof.), 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris. M.D.; -Prof. of Gen. Anat., College of France.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Talma, G.</span> Prof. Utrecht University.</p> - -<p>Author of: “Ueber die Folgen Arterienverschlusses in den -verschiedenen Organen,” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissenschaften, -No. 46 (1879), p. 817; “Zur Genese der Herztöne,” Pflüger’s -Arch., Vol. XVIII. (1880), p. 275; “Nog. eens over hart en -arterietonen,” Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Geneesk, 1880, p. 661; -“Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Einflusses der Respiration auf die -Circulation des Blutes,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XXIX. (1882), p. 311.</p> - -<p>Experiments on dogs and rabbits to study the effect of respiration -on the circulation of the blood.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tamburini</span> (Sig.). Prof. at Institut. Psychiatrique of Reggio.</p> - -<p>Joint author (with Seppilli) of “Contribuzione allo studio -sperimentale del ipnotismo;” “Rivist. sper. di Psichiat.,” 1882, -p. 268; and “Arch. ital. de Biologie,” Vol. II., 1882.</p> - -<p>Experiments on hypnotism in the human subject.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Teissier, Junr.</span> (Prof.), 16, Quai Tilsitt, Lyons. Prof. of Clin. -Med., Med. Fac. Univ. Lyons.</p> - -<p>“Made a series of experiments at the Collége de France to prove -the dangers attending the introduction of the negative pole of the -battery into the aneurismal sac (M. Ciniselli’s method). These -researches were made on dogs.”—<cite>Gaz. Med. de Paris</cite>, 1878, p. 129.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Thin, George</span>, 22, Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, W. -M.D., St. And., 1860; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1858 (Edin.), Contrib. on -Histological, Pathological, and Dermatological subjects in various -Journs. and Trans.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; the -New Physiological Theatre and the Rooms comprised in the Physiological -Laboratory, together with the Curator’s Room, in 1883. -Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill same year.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tiegel, E.</span> Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg, and Private -Prof.</p> - -<p>Author of “Notizen über Schlangenblut,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. -XXIII. (1880), p. 278.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tigerstetd, R. A. A.</span> Prof. Stockholm University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Studien ueber mechanische Nervenreigung,” 1 Abth. -Helsingfors, 1880; “Die durch einen Konstanten Strom in den -Nerven hervorgerufenen Veränderungen der Erregbarkeit mittels -mechanischer Reizung untersucht.”—<cite>Mittheil vom physiol. Laborat., -Stockholm, Bk. I.</cite>, 1882, etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Tommasi-Crudeli, Corrado.</span> B. at Piere, Santo Stefano, -1834; Prof. extraord. of Path. Hist. at Inst. di Studii Superiori, -Florence, 1863; Prof. of Path. Anat. Univ. of Palermo, 1865; -Founded Physiol. and Pathol. Inst. at Rome, 1870.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Topinard</span> (Mons.), 103, Rue de Rennes, Paris. M.D.; Prof. at -the Institute of Anthropology.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Toussaint, H.</span> Prof. at the Veterinary School, Toulouse; Prof. -Physiol. Fac. Sci., Toulouse, 1880.</p> - -<p>Author of “Identité de la septicémie expérimentale aiguë et du -choléra des poules.”—Compt. Rend., Vol. XCI. (1880), p. 301; -“Note contenne dans un pli cacheté et relative à un procédé pour la -vaccination du mouton et du jeune chien.”—<cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 303.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Traube, Ludwig.</span> B. at Ratibon, 1818; d. at Berlin, 1876. -Geheimrath.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Trojanow</span> (Dr.), St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Author of “The influence of extended scalds on the animal -organism” (In Russian), St. Petersburg, 1882.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Truman, Edgar Beckit</span>, 31, Derby Road, Nottingham. -M.D. St. And., 1861; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1860 (Guy’s); Sen. -Exhib. and Gold Medallist in Med., Guy’s; Prizem. Phys. Soc.; -F.C.S.; Pub. Analyst, Nottingh. Boro’ and Co.</p> - -<p>Contrib. Pop. Sci. Rev., 1863, &c.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at 31, Derby Road, Nottingham, -in 1882 and 1883. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics, -1882 and 1883. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Turner, George</span>, High Street, Hoddesdon, Herts. L.R.C.P. -Lond., 1872; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; Sanit. Sci. Cert., Cambridge, -1875; (Guy’s and Montpellier); Prizem. Guy’s Hosp. 1869, 1871; -F.C.S.; late Med. Off. Health and Analyst, Portsmouth Boro’; -Sanit. Med. Off. Portsmouth; Res. Med. Off. Lond. Fever Hosp. and -Chef de Clinique intérimaire, Hôpital St. Eloi, Montpellier.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Portsmouth Borough Laboratory -in 1878 and 1879. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vacher, Francis</span>, 36, Hamilton Square, and 49, Shrewsbury -Road, Birkenhead. F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1867 -(Edin.); Hon. Sec. N. Western Ass.; Med. Off. Health; House Surg. -Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin. Contrib. Liverp. and Manch. Med. Surg. -Reps. etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at <a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>35, Park Road, South Birkenhead -in 1878. Certificates dispensing with obligations to kill, -and for testing previous discoveries. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This place has been withdrawn from the Register at the request -of Mr. Vacher.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Valentin, Gabriel Gustav.</span> B. at Breslau, 1810; d. at -Geneva, 1883. M.D., Breslau, 1832; Prof. Physiol., Univ. of Berne, -1836 to 1881.</p> - -<p>Author of “De functionibus nervorum cerebralium et nervi -sympathici,” Berne, 1839; “Grundriss der Physiologie des -Menschen,” Brunswick, 1846; “Beiträge zur Anatomie und -Physiologie des nerven u. des Muskelsystems,” Leipsig, 1863; -“Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie der Nerven,” Leipsig, -1864; “Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie des Herzens und -der Blutgefässe,” Leipsig u. Heidelberg, 1866, etc.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with strychnine on frogs.—Arch. f. exper. -Pathologie, p. 337.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vallon</span> (Mons.), No. 1, Rue Cabanio, Paris. Phys. Hosp. for -Mental Disease.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Valmont</span> (Prof.), 90, Rue de la Boëtie, Paris. Med. Fac.; -Prof. of Pharmacol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Veltà</span> (Prof.), Bologna University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Verderi</span> (Prof.), Parma University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vierordt, K. von.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Tübingen -University.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiologie des Athmens,” Karlsruhe, 1845; “Die -Lehre vom Arterienpuls in gesunden und kranken Zuständen,” 1855; -“Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen,” Tübingen, 1861; -“Ueber Stehen und Gehen,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1865; “Die Einheit der Wissenschaft,” -Ibid., 1865; “Der Zeitsinn nach Versuchen,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, 1868.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vincent, E.</span> M.D.; Prof. Med. Fac., Lyons; Chief Surg. La -Charité, Lyons.</p> - -<p>Contrib. “Plaies pénétrantes intrapéritonéales de la Vessie;” -“Revue de Chirurgie,” Vol. I., 1881, p. 556.</p> - -<p>Made 29 experiments on dogs. Exp. VII.: Abdominal walls of -dog cut open with scissors, bladder drawn out, shot at with revolver. -Bladder sewn together; the wound healed, the dog was again used -for an experiment on the ossification of the marrow, and at the end -of a month killed.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vintschgau, M. von.</span> Prof. of Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., -Innspruck University.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. -Hermann of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Geschmacksinnes,” -Pflüger’s Archiv., Vols. XIX and XX. (1879); “Die Physiologische -Reactionzeit und der Ortsinn der Haut,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XXII. (1880); -“Untersuchungen ueber die Frage ob die Geschwindigkeit der -Fortpflanzung der Nervenerregung von Reizstärke abhängig ist,” -<cite>Ibid.</cite>, Vol. XXX. (1882).</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Virchow, Rudolf.</span> Born at Schivelbein, Pomerania, 1821. -M.D. (Berlin) 1843; Prosect. Univ. Berlin, 1847; Public Prof. in -Ordinary of Path. Anat., Gen. Path, and Therapeutics Univ. -Berlin; Director Path. Inst.; Hon. Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. London, -1850; Corr. Mem. French Acad. of Med., 1859.</p> - -<p>Author of “Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen -Medicin,” Frankfort, 1856; “Die cellular Pathologie in ihrer -Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre,” -Berlin, 1859; “Ueber die Erziehung des Weibes für seinen Beruf,” -Berlin, 1865; “Menschen und Affenschädel,” 1866; “Die Aufgabe -der Naturwissenschaften in den neuen nationalen Leben Deutschlands,” -Berlin, 1871; “Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft im modernen -Staat,” Berlin, 1877, &c., &c. Editor of “Virchow’s Archiv.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vogt, Carl.</span> B. at Giessen, 1817; Studied Giessen and Bern; -M.D. 1839; Found. Scient. Soc. of German Doctors in Paris; Prof. -Univ. Giessen, 1847; Prof. Comp. Anat. Med. Fac. Univ. Geneva, 1852.</p> - -<p>Author of “Im Gebirge und auf den Gletschern,” Soleure, 1843; -“Lehrbuch der Geologie und Petrefacktenkunde,” Brunswick, 1846; -“Physiologische Briefe,” Stuttgard, 1845-46; Ibid., Paris, 1875; -“Ocean und Mittelmeer,” Frankfort, 1848; “Untersuchungen ueber<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -Thierstaaten,” 1851; “Bilder aus dem Thierleben,” 1852; “Koehlerglaube -und Wissenschaft,” 1833; “Vorlesungen ueber den -Menschen,” 1864; “Vorlesungen ueber nützliche und schädliche -Thiere,” 1856; “Die Mikrocephalen oder Affenmenschen,” 1866, -&c.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Voit, Carl von.</span> B. at Amborga, Bavaria, 1831. Studied -Med. at Monaco and Wurzburg, and in the Labs. of Pettenkofer, -Wächter, and Bischoff. Prof. of Med. Univ. Monaco, 1863; Prof. -Physiol. Med. Fac., Univ. of Munich, 1883.</p> - -<p>Joint author with Prof. Bischoff of “Die Gesetze der Ernährung -des Fleischfressers,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Untersuchungen -ueber den Einfluss des Kochsalzes, des Kaffees und der -Muskelbewegungen auf den Stoffwechsel,” Munich, 1860; Editor of -“Zeitschrift fuer Biologie,” Munich and Leipsig. Contrib. to -“Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by L. Herrmann of Zurich, -Leipsig, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Vulpian, A.</span>, 24, Rue Soufflot, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1854; Prof. -Path. Anat. Med. Faculty, 1867; Prof. Comp. and Exper. Path., -1872; Mem. Acad. of Sciences, 1876.</p> - -<p>Author of “Leçon sur la Physiologie générale et comparée du -système nerveux,” 1866; “Leçons sur l’appareil vaso-moteur,” -1874; “Maladies du système nerveux,” 1879.</p> - -<p>“M. Vulpian has recently made a large number of experiments -to ascertain the degree and character of the mechanical excitability -of the grey cortex of the brain. In mammals, dog, cat, and rabbit, -in the normal condition, he could never produce in this way the -slightest movement either in the limbs of the opposite side, or in -those of the same side. The mechanical stimulation was produced -by rubbing the surface of the cortex with a small sponge, or a -fragment of amadou, or with the points of dissection forceps.… -If therefore movement resulted from such stimulation in the -experiments of Couty, the effect must have been purely accidental -or the consequence of some experimental error. The results were -also negative when Vulpian repeated the experiments after having -produced inflammation of the surface of the sigmoid gyrus by tincture -of cantharides, by essence of mustard or by nicotine.”—<cite>Lancet</cite>, -Sept. 16, 1882, p. 453.</p> - -<p>“I have made the section of the facial nerve at its entrance into -the internal auditory meatus, in several dogs, … in other -dogs I succeeded in dividing the facial nerve near its real origin, -below the floor of the fourth ventricle. The results were absolutely -identical … I had to undertake other experiments to find -out what would be the effect of the inter cranian section of the -trigeminal nerve on the chorda tympani. These experiments were -made on rabbits. Although numerous, they gave but few significant -results, because several of the animals did not live long -enough after the operation for the divided nerves to show any very -decided changes; or else because in several of them, the section of -the nerve was far from being complete.”—Acad. des Sciences, -April, 1878.—<cite>Archives Gen. de Méd.</cite>, 1878, p. 751.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wagner, Rudolf.</span> B. at Bayreuth, 1805. Geheimrath and -Prof. Physiol. and Zool., Univ. of Göttingen; Mem. Roy. Soc. of -Sciences, Gott.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Walker, James.</span> 214, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.B. Aberd. -and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1873 (Univ. Aberd.).</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological -Laboratory and Materia Medica Department, Marischal -College, in 1881. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics -in 1881. No Experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Walton, George L.</span> M.D. Boston, U.S.A. Contrib. of -“Reflex movements of the frog under the influence of strychnia,” -“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 308; “The physiological action -of Methylkyanethine,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 349.</p> - -<p>Experiments on frogs, dogs, and rabbits, made in the Leipsig -Physiol. Laboratory.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Waters, William Horscroft</span>, B.A. Camb.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, -Physiological Laboratory in 1883, also at University Cambridge -Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1880-81-82-83. No -Experiments returned in 1882 and 1883.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Weber, Arthur</span>, 33, Boulevard des Batignolles, Paris. Prof. -Gen. Anat. College of France.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Weir-Mitchell</span>, S. M.D.; Mem. Nat. Acad. of Sciences, -U.S.A.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Weisman</span> (Dr.), Prof. of Physiol. and Prosector of Univ., -Freiburg in Baden.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wells, Sir T. Spencer</span>, Bart., 3, Upper Grosvenor Street, W. -F.R.C.S. Eng. (Hon.), 1844; M. 1841; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel. (Hon.), 1867; -Dub. and St. Thos.’s; Mem. Counc. (Vice-Pres. 1880); R.C.S. Eng.; -Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Roy. Inst., Path. Soc.; Imp. Soc. -Surg. Paris; Soc. of Med. Paris, and Soc. of Phys. Sweden; Hon. -Mem. several foreign learned Societies; Surg. to Queen’s Household; -Cons. Surg. Samarit. Hosp. for Women and Children; late Prof. of -Surg. and Path. R.C.S. Eng.; formerly Surg. Roy. Navy.</p> - -<p>Author of “Diseases of the Ovaries, their Diagnosis and Treatment,” -1865 and 1872; “Ten Series of 100 cases of Ovariotomy;” -Med. Chir. Trans. 1859-80, and numerous contributions to Medical -Papers.</p> - -<p>“If we could hope in diseased women for the same series of -changes as have been observed in healthy dogs and rabbits, we -might agree more completely with the conclusions of the German -experimenters. But it is one thing to remove a piece of a uterine -horn, or a healthy ovary, or a bit of omentum or mesentery, from a -dog or a rabbit, and a very different thing to remove a large uterine -or ovarian tumour from a woman whose general health has been -more or less affected by the growth of the tumour.”—<cite>Diseases of the -Ovaries</cite>, London, 1872, p. 372.</p> - -<p>“I made experiments upon animals for which I have been vilified, -but for which I do not reproach myself.… They corroborate -what was known before, that abdominal wounds well adjusted -unite readily. This was not what I wanted. They proved more, -and were the visible standing evidence which I did want—that, -though the other tissues might be brought together, if the cut edges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -of the peritoneum were left free, they retracted, direct union did not -take place, and secondary evil consequences resulted.… -Without this convincing demonstration in my hands, I might have -gone on for years, bowing to precepts and oblivious of principles, -sometimes taking up the peritoneum and sometimes leaving it loose, -with perplexity to myself and danger to my patients.”—<cite>Ovarian -and Uterine Tumours</cite>, London, 1882, pp. 197-98.</p> - -<p>“Fifteen years after my first operation (in 1842), T. S. Wells -came to Manchester to be present at one of my operations, and -made many inquiries, amongst which—‘Did I include the peritoneum -in my interrupted sutures?’ I replied, ‘Certainly;’ and -gave as my reason, that in two cases where the suture had not -included the peritoneum hernial protrusions had followed. I also -added, that peritonitis could only be set up <em>once</em>, whether the sutures -included the peritoneum or not. I was for some time after in correspondence -with Mr. Wells, but never heard of vivisection in connection -with ovariotomy, nor can I perceive any advantage that -ovariotomy has received from such experiments. All my operations -from first to last have shown the same average amount of success—about -75 per cent. I have never practised nor yet countenanced vivisection. -I have given up operating after 400 cases and about 100 -deaths.”—<cite>Letter of Dr. Clay, dated April 6th, 1880.</cite></p> - -<p>“The whole progress of abdominal surgery dates from the first -successful case of ovariotomy performed by Robert Houston in -1701. Failing to see the lesson taught by this, and led astray by -vivisection, no further success was achieved till 1809, by Ephraim -McDowell, and it was not till 1867 that any substantial gain was -made. Disregarding all the conclusions of experiment, Baker Brown -showed us how to bring our mortality of ovariotomy down to 10 per -cent., and again, in 1876, Keith proved that it might be still further -reduced. The methods of this reduction were such as only experience -on human patients could indicate; experiments on animals -could and did teach nothing, for operations have been performed on -thousands of animals every year for centuries, and nothing whatever -has been learnt from this wholesale vivisection.”—Lawson -Tait, F.R.C.S., “<cite>Uselessness of Vivisection</cite>,” p. 27.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wertheim, G.</span> Prof. Med. Fac. Vienna University.</p> - -<p>Roasted 30 living dogs.—<cite>Annual Report of Rudolph Institute</cite>, -Vienna, 1867, pp. 172, 183.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wilischanin, Paul.</span> M.D., St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Clinical Lab. of Prof. Botkin.</p> - -<p>Produced fever in dogs and rabbits by injecting decomposed -defibrinised blood, to try the effect of warm water injections.—<cite>Centralbl. -f. d. Med. Wiss.</cite>, Sept. 22, 1883, No. 38.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Williams, C. J. B.</span>, 49, Upper Brook Street, W. M.D. Edin., -1824; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1840; (Edin. Paris, and St. Georg.), F.R.S.; -Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc. Lond.; Phys. Extr. to H.M. the -Queen; formerly Prof. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; Pres. (1st) -Path. and New Syd. Socs.</p> - -<p>Author of “Principles of Medicine,” 1856; Several Courses of -Lectures on Physiol. and Clin. Med.; “Medical Gazette,” 1835-45, -&c., &c.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Williams, Dawson</span>, 4, Oxford and Cambridge Mansions, -Marylebone Road, N.W. M.D. (worthy of gold medal), 1881. M.B. -Lond. (Gold Medal in Med.) and B.S. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. (Univ. -Coll.)</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, -New Physiological Theatre and Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms -in 1882 and 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, -1882 and 1883. No experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wirtz, S. H.</span> Prof. Utrecht University.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wittich, W. von.</span> Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Königsberg -University.</p> - -<p>Contributor to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. Hermann, -of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wolfenden, Richard Norris</span>, 64, Welbeck Street, Cavendish -Square. B.A. Camb. (Honours in Nat. Sci.) 1876; M.B. 1880 -(Camb., St. Barthol. and Char. Cross); Lect. on Pract. Physiol. Char. -Cross Hosp.; late House Phys. Lond. Hosp.</p> - -<p>Author of “Physiological Chemistry for the Laboratory,” 1880; -Contrib. “Med. Times and Gaz.,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Charing Cross Hospital Medical -School, No. 62 and 63, Chandos Street, in 1881 and 1882. -Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881 and 1882. No -experiments returned in 1882.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wooldridge, Leonard Charles</span>, 12, Querstrasse, Leipsic, -Germany. M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng., 1879; George Henry Lewes -Student.</p> - -<p>Author of “Zur Gerinnung des Blutes,” Du Bois Reymond’s -Archiv, 1883, p. 389 (Physiol. Abtheil); “Ueber die Function der -Kammernerven des Säugthierherzens,” <cite>Ibid.</cite>, p. 522.</p> - -<p>Made experiments in the Physiol. Inst., Leipsig, on the exposed -heart nerves of dogs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Worm, Müller Jacob.</span> B. at Bergen, 1834. Studied Med. -and Nat. Sci. at Christiana; Practised Med. in Christiana from -1860-1865; studied ophthalmology Vienna and Brun, 1866, and then -dedicated himself to Physiology; Private Prof. Christiana, 1870; -Prof. Extraord., 1873; Prof. in Ord., 1878; Pres. Norwegian Med. -Soc.</p> - -<p>Contrib. various articles to Pflüger’s “Archiv,” “Untersuchungen -aus dem physiol. Lab. in Wurzburg,” “Poggendorff’s Annalen,” -etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wurtz, Ch. Adolphe.</span> B. at Strasburg, 1817; d. in Paris, -1884. M.D. Strasburg, 1843; Dean of Faculty of Med., Paris, -1865; Prof. Med. Chemistry; Prof. Organic Chemistry Faculty of -Sciences, 1876.</p> - -<p>“Mémoires sur les ammoniaques composeés,” 1856; “Sur -l’insalubrité des résidus provenant des distilleries,” 1857; “Leçons -de philosophie chinique,” 1864; “Traité élémentaire de chimie -médicale,” 1864; “Leçons élémentaires de chimie moderne,” 1866; -“Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée,” 1868-1878; etc.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Wyatt, William Thomas</span>, 1, Shaftesbury Villas, Stamford -Hill, N. M.A. Oxon., 1880; B.A. (1st Class Honours in Nat. Sci.), -1876; M.B. 1880; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1879 (Oxf. and St. Barthol.);<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -Schol. in Anat. and Physiol., 1877; Foster Prizem. in 1878; and -Kirke’s Gold Medallist St. Barthol.; formerly House Surgeon and -House Phys. St. Barthol.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital -Medical School in 1878. No experiments returned.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Yeo, Gerald Francis</span>, King’s College, Strand. W.C. M.D. -Dub., 1871; M.B. and M.Ch., 1867; Dipl. in State Med., 1871; -F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; L.R.C.S.T. 1872 (T. C. Dub., Paris, Berlin, and -Vienna); Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. London; Lect. on and Exam. -in Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.; late. Asst. Surg. King’s Coll. Hosp.; and -Lect. on Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med. Dub.; Member of the Association -for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.</p> - -<p>Author of “Diseases of the Kidney” (awarded Gold Medal of -Path. Soc. Dub.); Contrib. to Proc. Path. Soc. Dub., etc., etc.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London, Physiological -Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. -Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Dispensing -with obligation to Kill in 1878-79-80-81. Certificate for Illustrations -of Lectures in 1882 and 1883.</i></p> - -<p>“Why repeat the oft-told tale of horrors contained in the works -of Claude Bernard, Paul Bert, Brown-Séquard, and Richet, in -France; of Goltz, in Germany; and Flint, in America.”—G. F. Yeo, -Fortnightly Review, March, 1882.</p> - -<p>“I am proud to call him (Goltz) my friend.”—G. F. Yeo, -Contem. Review, May, 1882.</p> - -<p>[It was reported in the <cite>British Medical Journal</cite> and the <cite>Lancet</cite> -that at a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International -Medical Congress, held in London in 1881, Professor Ferrier had -shown two monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed -by himself. As Professor Ferrier had no license for vivisection at -the time, a prosecution was instituted against him for a breach of -the law. When the case was brought into Court, the <i lang="la">onus</i> was shifted -on to Professor Yeo, who was a licensed vivisector. Below is a comparison -between the facts as reported and the sworn evidence of the -reporter of the one journal and the editor of the other:—]</p> - -<p class="center"><cite>British Medical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published Report</span>, -20th August, 1881.</p> - -<p>The members were shown two -of the monkeys, a portion of -whose cortex had been removed -by Professor Ferrier. Concerning -the first of these, Professor -Ferrier said it had been -his desire to remove as completely -as possible the whole -of the psycho-motor region. -Whether in this he had succeeded -perfectly could not be learnt for -certainty until after a <i lang="la">post-mortem</i> -examination had been -made.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Reporter’s Sworn Evidence.</span> -17th November, 1881.</p> - -<p>Q. Did Professor Ferrier offer -to exhibit two of the monkeys -upon which he had so operated?</p> - -<p>A. At the Congress, no.</p> - -<p>Q. Did he subsequently?</p> - -<p>A. No; he showed certain of -the members of the Congress -two monkeys at King’s College.</p> - -<p>Q. What two monkeys?</p> - -<p>A. Two monkeys upon which -an operation had been performed.</p> - -<p>Q. By whom?</p> - -<p>A. By Professor Yeo.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"><cite>Lancet.</cite></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Published Report</span>, -8th October, 1881.</p> - -<p>“The interest attaching to the -discussion was greatly enhanced -by the fact that Professor -Ferrier was willing to exhibit -two monkeys which he had -operated upon some months -previously.”…</p> - -<p>“In startling contrast to the -dog were two monkeys exhibited -by Professor Ferrier. One of -them had been operated upon -in the middle of January, the -left motor area having been -destroyed. There had resulted -from the operation right sided -hemiplegia, with conjugate deviation -of eyes and of head. -Facial paralysis was at first well -marked, but ceased after a fortnight. -From the first there had -been paralysis of the right leg, -though the animal was able to -lift it up. The arm it had never -been able to use. Lately, rigidity -of the muscles of the paralysed -limbs had been coming on. The -other monkey, as a consequence -of paralysis of its auditory -centres, was apparently entirely -unaffected by loud noises, as by -the firing of percussion caps in -close proximity to its head.”</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Counsel’s Statement.</span> -17th November, 1881.</p> - -<p>Dr. <span class="smcap">Wakley</span>, <i>sworn, examined -by Mr. Waddy</i>:—</p> - -<p>Q. Are you the editor of the -<cite>Lancet</cite>?</p> - -<p>A. I am.</p> - -<p>Q. Can you tell me who it -was furnished his Report?</p> - -<p>A. I have the permission of -the gentleman to give his name, -Professor Gamgee, of Owen’s -College, Manchester.</p> - -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Waddy</span>: What I should -ask is that one might have an -opportunity of calling Professor -Gamgee.</p> - -<p>Mr. <span class="smcap">Gully</span>: I have my -reasons for objecting to this. -We have communicated with -Professor Gamgee and I know -very well that he will say -precisely what was said by Dr. -Roy.</p> - -<p>“At a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International -Medical Congress held in London in 1881, Professor Goltz exhibited a -dog, and Professors Ferrier and Yeo a monkey; from the brain of the -dog a large area of the cortex had been removed without producing -any such effect as, according to Professor Goltz, would necessarily -result if the theory, as usually held, of the localisation of function of -the cortex were true; from the brain of the monkey a definite part of -the so-called motor area had been removed, and a localised paralysis -produced—a paralysis which, according to Professors Ferrier and -Yeo, could not result if that theory were not true.”—“<cite>On the -Cortical Areas removed from the Brain of a Dog and from the Brain -of a Monkey</cite>” <cite>a Report by Dr. Klein, Mr. Langley, and Professor -Schäfer, Journal of Physiology</cite>, Vol. IV., 1884, p. 231.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Yule, C. J. F.</span> M.A.; Lecturer on Exper. Physiol., Magdalen -Coll. Oxford.</p> - -<p><i>Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Laboratory, -Magdalen College in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations -of Lectures, 1878 and 1882.</i></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Zander, Richard.</span> M.D.; Prosect. Anatom. Inst., Königsberg, -Prussia.</p> - -<p>Contrib. to Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wissenchaften, 1879.</p> - -<p>“In the year 1878 I made a series of experiments on the results -of section of the vagus in birds, occasioned by the title of the Prize -Essay of the Medical Faculty of Königsberg,—According to Blainville -and Billroth section of the nervi vagi in birds has no influence -on the condition of the lungs. It is to be experimentally proved why -birds die after this operation.… As my experiments in many -points contradict those of Eichhorst, I will here shortly give the -results of over eighty experiments on birds principally pigeons. My -completed work, which was awarded the prize by the Medical -Faculty on the 18th of Jan., will shortly appear.”—<cite>Centralbl. f. d. -Med. Wiss.</cite>, 1879, p. 99.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Zuntz, Nathan.</span> Prof. of Anim. Physiol. Univ., Berlin; form. -Prof. at Bonn; Direct. of the Agricul. Acad., Poppelsdorf.</p> - -<p>Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Blutes,” Bonn, 1868; -“Innervation der Athmung,” Biol. Centralbl., Vol. II., No. 6 (1882); -“Ueber die Bedeutung der Amidsubstanzen für die thierische -Ernährung,” Arch. f. Physiol. (1882); “Zur Theorie des Fiebers;” -Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., No. 32, 1882, p. 561.</p> - -<p>Made experiments with curare on rabbits.—“<cite>Ueber den Einfluss -der Curarevergiftung auf den thierischen Stoffwechsel</cite>,” Pflüger’s -<cite>Archiv</cite>, Vol. XII., p. 522.</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<h2>ADDENDUM.</h2> - -<div class="person"> - -<p><span class="name">Sinéty, Louis de</span>, 10, Rue de la Chaise, Paris. M.D., 1873. -Formerly Prof. Gen. Anat. Med. Fac.</p> - -<p>Author of “De l’État du Foie chez les femelles en lactation” -(Thèse), Paris, 1873; “Traité pratique de Gynécologie,” Paris, -1879; second edition, 1884.</p> - -<p>“On female guinea-pigs, which have only a single pair of mammæ, -we have made the ablation of these glands during lactation.”—“<cite>Manuel -Pratique de Gynécologie</cite>,” Paris, 1879, p. 778.</p> - -<p>“I wish to communicate to the Society the results that I have -obtained by the ablation of the mammæ in animals. Dogs and -rabbits with their six or eight mammæ were unable to survive these -experiments. I chose in preference guinea-pigs, which have, as is -known, only two mammæ, and in which the disposition of the ducts -renders the operation easy, I might almost say harmless, even -during the period of lactation; for out of six females operated on -in the month of September not one died, and all of them are still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -to-day subject to observation.”—<cite>Report of the Meeting of the Soc. -de Biologie, December 20, 1873</cite>, “<cite>Gaz. Méd. de Paris</cite>,” 1874, p. 36.</p> - -<p>“I have myself made a fair number of experiments relative to the -innervation of the mammary glands on female guinea-pigs.… -Considering the contradictory results, it would be well to describe the -experiments before arriving at any conclusions.… Experiment -No. 1, June 10, 1874.—Guinea-pig in lactation. The mammary -nerve on one side is laid bare, and insulated by means of a thread. -The animal exhibits signs of acute pain, especially when the nerve -is stimulated by an electric current; but the stimulation, prolonged -during 10 minutes, produces no appreciable effect on the teats nor -on the amount of milk secreted. I divided the nerve, and on the -following day, June 11, there was as much milk in one gland as in -the other; nor did the electric stimulation re-applied to both ends -of the divided nerve produce any apparent effect on the glandular -function.… I have selected these five experiments from those -I had noted down in my book, as I made them under varying conditions. -In all of them the results were negative.… Rochrig -observed that in the goat the effects were different—as M. Lafont -had said—which proves once more that the conclusions arrived at -must not be generalized, and that the phenomena may vary considerably -according to the species of animal.”—“<cite>De l’Innervation de la -Mamelle</cite>,” <cite>Report de la Soc. de Biologie, October 25, 1879</cite>, “<cite>Gaz. Méd. -de Paris</cite>,” 1879, p. 593.</p> - -</div> - -<p class="titlepage">THE END.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vivisectors' Directory - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY *** - -***** This file should be named 54233-h.htm or 54233-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/2/3/54233/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned -images of public domain material from the Google Books -project.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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