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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ce1e2e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54155 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54155) diff --git a/old/54155-0.txt b/old/54155-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7d836ed..0000000 --- a/old/54155-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1569 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 11, -September 12, 1840, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 11, September 12, 1840 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: February 12, 2017 [EBook #54155] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, SEPTEMBER 12, 1840 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 11. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1840. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: CLONTARF CASTLE, COUNTY OF DUBLIN.] - -There are few things that afford us a higher pleasure than to observe -our metropolis and our provincial cities and towns, despite of adverse -circumstances, increasing in the number and splendour of their public -buildings, for they are sure evidences of the advance of civilization, -with its attendant train of arts, amongst us, and that we are progressing -to the rank and dignity of a great nation. Yet we confess we enjoy a -still higher gratification when we see springing up around us great -architectural works of another class--those erected by individuals of -the aristocracy as residences for themselves and those who are to come -after them. Such architectural works are not merely interesting from the -gratifications they afford to the feeling of taste, and the epic dignity -and beauty which they contribute to landscape scenery, but have a higher -interest as pledges to the nation that those who have erected them have a -filial attachment to the soil which gave them birth, and which supplies -them, whether for good or evil, with the means of greatness; and that -they are not disposed to play the part of unwise and ungrateful children. -To us it little matters what the creed or party of such individuals may -be; however they may err in opinions, their feelings are at heart as -they should be. The aristocrat of large means, who is resident not from -necessity but from choice, and who spends a portion of his wealth in -the adornment of his home, is rarely, if ever, a bad landlord. Desiring -to see art and nature combine to produce the sentiment of beauty in -the objects immediately about him, he cannot willingly allow it to be -associated with the unsightly and discordant emblems of penury and -sorrow. To be indifferent about the presence of such accompaniments -would be an anomaly in human character, and only an exception proving -the general rule. It is this class of men that we want--men who seek -happiness in their legitimate homes, and the diffusion of blessings among -those to whom it is their duty to be protectors--lovers of the arts of -refined society, not the gross and generally illiterate pursuers of -field sports, which, by hardening the heart towards the lower animals -of creation, prepares it for reckless indifference to the wants and -sufferings of our fellow men. Had we more of such patriots--more of such -domestic architectural buildings starting into existence, evidencing -as well their refined tastes and habits as the sincerity of the love -they bear their native land, we should soon see the face of our country -changed, and peace and happiness smiling around us. We do not, however, -indulge in any feelings of despondence for the future. Very many -beautiful creations of the architectural art have recently been erected -in Ireland, and we have little apprehension that they will not increase -in number till our island shall rival any other portion of the empire -in the possession of such characteristic features of civilization and -beauty. Cheered by such pleasing anticipations, we shall endeavour to the -best of our ability to make our readers familiar with the architectural -styles of the chief residences of our nobility and gentry, as well as -with the general features of the scenery in which they are situated; and, -as a commencement, we have selected the seat of the Vernons--the recently -re-erected Castle of Clontarf. - -The name of this locality, which is situated on the northern shore of -the Bay of Dublin, and about two miles from the city, must at least be -familiar to most of our readers, being memorable in history as the scene -of the most national and best contested battle ever fought in Ireland, -when in 1014 the monarch Brian Boru obtained a decisive victory over -the united forces of the Danish and Norwegian invaders of the British -islands, assisted by the Irish troops of a recreant King of Leinster. -This name signifies in English the lawn or recess of the bull, being -formed from two Celtic words, _cluain_, a lawn or pastoral plain, and -_tarbh_, a bull; the latter appellation expressing its contiguity to one -of the two great sand-banks of the bay, now called the North and South -Bulls, from the similitude of the sounds produced by the breaking of the -sea upon their shores, to the roar of animals of that denomination. - -As it is stated that a church or monastery was founded here as early -as the year 550, it is probable that this name is of ecclesiastical -origin, and that the site of that ancient church is still marked by the -present parish one from which it was derived. But, however this may be, -immediately after the settlement of the Anglo-Normans, the lands of -Clontarf and Santry, constituting one knight’s fee, were granted by Hugh -de Lacy, Lord of Meath, to one of his followers, named Adam de Feipo, or -as the name is now written, Phepoe, by whom, as is generally supposed, -the Castle of Clontarf was erected, and its lands created a manor. This -manor, as well as its castle, appears, however, to have passed very soon -after into the possession of the Knights Templars, by whom a commandery -of the Order, dependent upon their splendid establishment at Kilmainham, -was placed here. Upon the suppression of the Templars, their manor of -Clontarf was granted, in 1311, to Richard de Burgo, Earl of Ulster, the -religious edifices upon it remaining in the king’s hands as a royal -house; and in 1326, Roger le Ken had a grant of the premises in Clontarf, -which he had heretofore occupied at will, to hold henceforth to him and -the heirs of his body. Towards the close of the same century, however, in -obedience to the Pope’s decree in reference to the lands of the Templars, -the manor passed into the possession of the Knights Hospitallers of St -John of Jerusalem, on which Clontarf became a preceptory of that Order, -and a chief seat of the Grand Prior of Kilmainham. It seems somewhat -probable, however, that the descendants of Roger le Ken still continued -to hold the manor as lessees of the Hospitallers till the dissolution -of the Order, as, immediately previous to that event, on an inquisition -taken, the Prior of Kilmainham was found seised of the manor, rectory, -tithes, and altarages of Clontarf, subject, however, to a lease made in -the year 1538 to Matthew King (a corrupted form perhaps of the name Ken) -of all the town and lordship, with the appurtenances, and also the pool -of Clontarf, and the island lying to the west side thereof, and all the -said rectory, tithes, &c. to endure for nine years. In this demise it -was provided that the lessee should repair the manor-house and maintain -a sufficient person to administer all sacraments to the parishioners at -their proper charges. On the suppression of the monastic order in the -thirty-second year of Henry the Eighth, Sir John Rawson, the Prior of -Kilmainham--a very distinguished man, who had at various periods held the -office of Treasurer of Ireland--having, with the consent of his Chapter -under their common seal, surrendered the hospital with its dependencies -into the King’s hands, he was created Viscount of Clontarf in 1541, on a -representation made to his majesty by the Lord Deputy, with a pension of -five hundred marks, in right of which dignity he sat in the parliament of -that year. - -In the year 1600, the manor, territory, tithes, town, and lordships of -Clontarf, as enjoyed by the Priors of Kilmainham, were granted by Queen -Elizabeth to Sir Geoffry Fenton, who had filled the office of Secretary -of State for Ireland; and on his death in 1608 these premises were -further assured to his son Sir William, who had a confirmation of this -manor in 1637, under the commission for the remedy of defective titles. -Yet it appears that very shortly afterwards, the manor, however acquired, -was again in the possession of a member of the King family; for, on the -breaking out of the rebellion of 1641, the town, manor-house, &c. of -Clontarf, then the property of Mr George King, were burnt by Sir Charles -Coote as a punishment for the supposed participation of that gentleman -in a plunder made of a cargo from a vessel which lay there, by Luke -Netterville and his adherents. King was shortly afterwards attainted, a -reward of £400 offered for his head; and his estates, comprising this -manor, Hollybrook, and the island of Clontarf, containing, as stated, -961 acres statute measure, were bestowed by Cromwell on Captain John -Bakewell, who afterwards sold the estate to John Vernon, a scion of the -noble Norman family of the De Vernons, and from whose brother the present -proprietor descends. - -In 1660, Colonel Edward Vernon, the son of John Vernon, passed patent -for this manor in fee, together with all anchorages, fisheries, creeks, -sands and sea-shores, wrecks of the sea, &c.; which right was saved in -subsequent acts of parliament, and still remains to his successors. And -in 1675, the king further enlarged the jurisdictions, tenures, and courts -of this manor, with a grant of royalties (royal mines excepted), power to -empark three hundred acres, with free warren, privilege of holding two -fairs, one on the 10th of April and the other on the 16th of October, -with customs, &c. These fairs have, however, been long discontinued. - -We have thus briefly traced the origin, and succession of proprietors of -this castle and manor, as immediately connected with the subject of our -prefixed illustration; but our limits will not allow us to touch on the -general history of the locality on the present occasion. - -Of the original castle erected here in the twelfth century, a square -tower, connected with additions of the sixteenth and subsequent -centuries, was preserved as a residence for the proprietors of the manor -till the year 1835, when the present noble structure was commenced from -the designs and under the superintendence of the late William Morrison, -Esq., the most eminent and accomplished architect whom Ireland has -possessed within the present century. With the good feeling as well as -refined taste for which this admirable artist was so distinguished, his -first desire in the re-edification of this castle was to preserve as far -as possible the original buildings; and while he increased their extent -in the necessary additions to them, to preserve and restore them as much -as possible to what might be supposed to have been their original state. -But it was found impracticable to do so. The foundations were found -to have sunk, and a nearly total re-erection was therefore necessary; -yet, in the new edifice, attending to the historical associations -connected with a spot so interesting, he so designed it as to exhibit -with historical accuracy what might be supposed to have been the forms -and features of the ancient buildings, and thus make it a consistent -commentary on and illustration of the past history of its locality. - -With these remarks, which were necessary to insure a just appreciation of -the intention of the architect in the diversified character which he has -given to this architectural composition, we may describe it generally as -a structure in its character partly military, partly domestic, and to a -certain extent ecclesiastical. Its grand feature is a tower in the Norman -style of the twelfth century, which ascends to the height of seventy -feet, or with a smaller tower which is placed behind it, eighty feet: -it has turrets at its angles, and its windows as well as its interior -are enriched with decorations in harmony with its architectural style. -Connected with this tower, and placed on its west side, is the principal -portion of the domestic buildings, which present the purest specimen, -perhaps, of Tudor architecture to be found in Ireland. The entrance to -this range is placed beneath a small but lofty tower, beneath which a -vestibule leads into a spacious and lofty hall, fifty-one feet by twenty, -which presents much the appearance of a Gothic church, the walls being -panelled, and painted to imitate dark oak. This hall is floored with -Irish oak polished, and its roof is supported by principals springing -from richly ornamented corbels, or pendants--its beauty being much -increased by gilded bosses with which it is studded, and which, sparkling -among the dark tracery, have a singularly rich effect. The cornice is -also richly ornamented, and presents at intervals similar gilded bosses. -But the imposing feature of this great chamber is a magnificent staircase -of oak, placed at its eastern end, which leads, by two return flights, -to a gallery crossing the hall, and communicating with the principal -bed-chambers, and which would serve for an orchestra on occasions of -festivity. At the other end of the hall are doors leading into the -drawing-room, dancing-room, and library; and in the centre of this end is -placed a beautiful chimney-piece of black marble, surrounded by a canopy -of carved oak, the enrichments of which are in that peculiar style which -characterises the ornaments of Tudor architecture, containing the single -and double rose, stars, and other badges of that period. The hall is -lighted by five stained glass windows of an ecclesiastical character, and -level with the gallery; and on these windows are blazoned the arms of the -families with whom the Vernons have intermarried, comprising some of the -highest of the English and Irish nobility. Of the external architecture -of this portion of the building some correct notion may be formed from -our illustration, which exhibits the style of the gables and oriel or -bay windows which are placed both on its southern and western sides; and -we may justly apply to the whole of this range the description given by -Chaucer in his imaginary palace of “pleasaunt regarde:” - - “The chamberis and parlers of a sorte, - With bay windows goodlie as may be thought, - The galleries right wele y wrought, - As for dauncinge and otherwise disporte.” - -Branching from the northern and eastern sides of the great tower, -extensive ranges of building contain the servants’ apartments, and an -extensive suite of inferior bed-rooms, and the tower itself contains -a study, and above it a nursery, over which, again, a leaded platform -with parapets commands most extensive and diversified prospects of the -surrounding country. - -The preceding description will, we fear, convey but an imperfect idea -of the plan of this interesting structure, nor will our illustration, -which only gives a representation of its southern front, give more than -a general idea of the architectural character of a building, the great -merit of which, next to the beauty and chronological accuracy of its -details, consists in the number of picturesque points of view which -it affords, from the irregularity of its plan and the variety of its -outlines. - -We shall only add a few words in respect to its locality. - -The Castle of Clontarf is situated in a district rich in pastoral beauty, -and at the head or northern extremity of the village of the same name, -which consists of a single but wide street composed of houses of a -respectable class, and extending from it in a right line to the sea. It -is surrounded by forest trees of great age and grandeur, through which -by vistas are obtained views of the bay and the mountain scenery of the -southern shore. - -Upon the whole, we may truly say of this structure that its beauty is -no less striking than its moderate size and pretension are in happy -proportion to the rank and means of its owner; nor is it a lesser merit, -that--unlike too many of the lordly residences in Ireland--the close -propinquity of its situation to the village of which he is lord, is -characteristically expressive of the confidence and kindly familiarity -which should ever exist between the proprietor and the community holding -under him. Nor is it again a lesser merit, that--unlike most of the -mansion-houses to which we have alluded--it is not enclosed by churlish -and prison-like walls of stone, excluding it from the public eye, and -indicating but too truly the cold and heartless selfishness of their -owners, which would not allow to the many even the passing enjoyment of a -glimpse of the grandeur and beauty which they claim as their own. - - P. - - * * * * * - -A WOODEN GLASS GOBLET.--The first night of the “Stratford Jubilee” in -Dublin, Robert Mahon had to sing the song of the “Mulberry Tree,” the -music composed by C. Dibdin senior, the words of which begin with - - “Behold, this fair goblet was carved from the tree - Which, oh! my sweet Shakespeare, was planted by thee.” - -He walked on, and began the song, holding out in his hand a fine -cut-glass rummer. The other performers, who were also on, looked at -him and his fair _glass_ goblet “carved from a tree” with wonder. The -audience took the absurdity, and much mirth and loud hissing followed. -The play over, Mahon had the folly to insist upon it he was right: “’Tis -true,” he said, “the property-man did stand at the wing with a wooden -cup in his hand, which he wanted to thrust into mine; but could I appear -before the audience with such a rascally vulgar wooden mether?--no; I -insisted he should that instant go and fetch me an elegant glass rummer, -and here it is!”--_O’Keefe’s Recollections._ - - - - -CUTTING OLD FRIENDS. - - -One of the most difficult things a person has to do, who is getting ahead -of the friends of his earlier and less prosperous years in the race of -fortune, is to rid himself of these friends--to get quit of persons whose -want of success in the world renders them no longer fit associates. The -thing is not easily done, for you have to maintain appearances. You have -to repel them gradually and gently, and in such a manner as to be able -to defy them to lay any particular act of rudeness, any positive act -of repulsion, to your charge. To manage the thing adroitly, therefore, -requires some genius and a good deal of tact. - -The difficulty of accomplishing this great manœuvre in a prosperous -career, is much increased by the circumstance that as you advance your -ancient cronies throng the thicker and closer around you. They in fact -cling and cluster about you like so many bees, and with impertinent looks -of glee seek to express their satisfaction with your prosperity. - -Now, it is a most desirable thing to get quit of these gentry--to have -them brushed off. But it would be rude to do this with the fly-flap -and the strong hand. You must get rid of them by more tact and -management. And after you have got rid of them, that is, driven them -from personal contact as it were, you have to continue to keep them at -a proper distance. No easy matter this, for somehow or other the obtuse -creatures, your poor former acquaintance, will not see, what you see very -distinctly, that you are now quite a superior sort of person to them, and -that they are no longer fit to be ranked amongst your friends. This the -perverse, dull-witted fellows will not see. And, more provoking still, -no degree of advancement in the world on your part, no acquisition of -wealth, will induce one of them, whatever you yourself may think to the -contrary, to contemplate you with a whit more respect than they did when -you were one of themselves. They insist on considering you merely as -having been more fortunate than themselves--not a bit better or a bit -cleverer. - -Let us remark here, that the successful in the world are stout deniers of -the doctrine of chances. They maintain that there is no such a thing as -luck; while the unsuccessful, again, are firm believers in the doctrine, -and insist on it that not only is there such a thing as luck, but that -luck is every thing. The successful man’s vanity prompts him to attribute -his prosperity solely to his talents and merit--the unsuccessful -man’s self-love to deny that the want of these qualities has been his -hindrance. Hence the conflicting opinions of the two on this curious -subject. Then, where lies the truth? We suspect between. - -From a good deal of experience in the science of “cutting” under the -circumstances alluded to in this paper--we shall not say whether as -cutters or cuttees--we have flattered ourselves that we could throw out a -few hints that might be found useful to gentlemen who are getting on in -the world, and who are desirous of ridding themselves of their earlier -and poorer friends. Under this supposition we offer the few following -remarks:-- - -For some time after you have started on the prosperous career on which -you have luckily fallen, continue to smile and bow towards your old -friends as formerly; and when you meet them accidentally (let this -be, however, as seldom as you possibly can), shake hands with them as -cordially as ever. You may even venture to remark, accompanying such -remark with an expression of regret, that they are prodigious strangers -now. But this is not quite safe ground, and we by no means advise its -general adoption. Conducting yourself in this way, your old friends will -never suspect that there is already a change working at your heart--a -secret operation as yet known only to yourself. - -By and bye, throw the least, the very least thing of distance into your -greeting: let your smile be _apparently_ as cordial as formerly, but let -there now be a slight expression of the slightest degree possible of -coolness, of an indefinable something or other in your general manner of -a repulsive character: take care, however, that it _be_ indefinable--that -it be of a description that cannot be named. - -This new feature in your bearing will probably startle the more shrewd -and observant of your former friends: but never mind that--it is -precisely the impression you desire to make. It is even possible that -some of them may express by _their_ manner towards _you_ a feeling of -irritation at your new mode of treating them. Meet it by an expression -of surprise at _their_ conduct, and by increased coolness. There is -now good ground for a quarrel--not open hostility, of course, but the -warfare of distant looks and haughty salutations. Improve it to the -utmost, and wonder what the fellows mean. - -Observe that the whole of this nice process of dissolving former -associations is carried on without one angry or offensive word being -said on either side--without the slightest approach to an overt act -of hostility; you, particularly, being as bland as ever. The whole is -effected by look and manner alone. - -To the gentleman who is rising in the world there are few things more -offensive than the familiarity of old acquaintanceship when presented -in the shape of notes and letters. Your old friends, still obstinately -overlooking your advancement in the world, will in all probability -continue to write to you when they have occasion to do so, in the -free-and-easy way of former days. They will even sometimes so far forget -themselves and you as to address you in a jocular strain. This must be -instantly put down. Do it by brief and grave replies; take no notice of -their jokes, and never attempt an approach to one in return. This in time -will cure them: if not, you must have recourse to stronger measures. You -must either not answer at all, or administer some decided dampers. - -Should any of your former friends seek your patronage--a very probable -case--take an early opportunity, while doing him some trifling service, -of letting him feel sensibly your relative positions, all the while, -however, exhibiting towards him the most friendly dispositions. But -let him ever and anon feel the bit gently--let him feel that he has -got somebody on his back. Begin as soon as possible to lecture him in -a gentle way--all for his own good of course. Your character of patron -gives you a right to do this; and under this guise you can say the most -cutting things to him without affording him the slightest ground for -complaint. Under this guise you can address the most insulting language -to him, and defy him to take it amiss. If he should, however, you can -without any difficulty prove him to be one of the most ungrateful -monsters that ever lived. You were doing all you could for him, and -when you ventured to _advise_ him--having nothing but his own good at -heart--he chose to take offence at you, and to resent the friendly advice -you gave him. Such an ungrateful dog! - -As few men can stand such treatment as that above alluded to long, we can -venture to promise you that by a steady course of proceeding in the way -we have pointed out, you will soon clear your hands of your old friends. - - C. - - - - -THE DIVORCED,[1] A TRANSLATION FROM THE MOLDAVIAN. - -“Ah! what a fatal gift from Heaven is a too sensitive heart!”--ROUSSEAU. - - - What is that yonder shimmering so? - Can it be swans? Can it be snow? - If it were swans they would move, I trow, - If it were snow it had melted ere now. - No: it is Ibrahim Aga’s tent-- - There lies the warrior, wounded and spent. - Mother and sisters tend him there - Night and morn with busiest care; - His wife alone--through shame or grief-- - Stays away from the suffering Chief. - - Wherefore, as soon as his illness was gone, - Wrote he thus to the Sensitive One-- - “Go thy way from my house and hearth, - And bide with the mother that gave thee birth.” - - Sad was Ayoob at the sudden word! - It pierced her tender heart like a sword. - Hark! the sound of a charger’s tramp-- - Ibrahim, then, is come from the camp! - So she fancies, and, in her despair, - Thinks she will scale the turret-stair, - And dash herself down from the castle-wall, - When, lo! her two little daughters call-- - “It isn’t our father, mother dear! - This is our uncle, Djaffar-al-Meer.” - - Turning around, the weeping mother - Flings her arms about her brother-- - “Oh, brother! that this black day should arrive! - Oh, how can I leave these helpless five?” - - But, cold and wordless, as one who has yet - To study Compassion, or feel Remorse, - The brother draws forth, all shiningly set - In silk and gold, the Brief of Divorce, - And sternly he states the Law’s command-- - That again she return to her kindred and land, - Free once more to dispose of her hand. - - The mother’s heart felt breaking, for now - All hope was buried;--she could not speak-- - She kissed her two little boys on the brow, - And her two little girls she kissed on the cheek, - While the babe in the cradle--unconscious child!-- - Held out its diminutive arms, and smiled! - - The iron Djaffar would wait no more-- - His barb was pawing the earth at the door: - “Up, woman!” he cried--and they galloped away, - And reached their home by the close of day. - - But there not long she pined alone, - For, barely a week was over and gone - When many a suitor came to sue; - Kapitans, Beys, and Agas too, - Came to see her and staid to woo. - - And Djaffar saw that the richest of all - Was the noble Khadi of Nourjahaul. - - Afresh for sorrow were hourly shed - The bitter tears of the mourner then: - “I pray thee, brother,” she sadly said, - “Give me not in marriage agen! - My broken heart would cease to beat - Should I and the children chance to meet.” - - But Djaffar was ever the Man of Steel-- - The morrow, he vowed, should see her a wife! - “Then, hear me, brother!--thy sister’s life - Hangs upon this her last appeal! - Write to the Khadi thus, I entreat-- - ‘Health from Ayoob to her lordly lover! - Send, she prays thee, a veil to cover - Her sorrowful figure from head to feet, - Lest, while passing the Aga’s door, - Her children greet her as heretofore.’” - - The letter was sent, and the veil came home; - And by noon on the morrow the bride was arrayed; - And a gorgeous train and cavalcade - Set out for the Khadi’s palace-dome. - They journeyed till sunset purpled the sky, - And now, alas! her trial is nigh-- - Her trial is nigh, her bosom is swelling; - They come within sight of Ibrahim’s dwelling-- - They near the gates--ah, well-a-day! - Her children cannot mistake their mother-- - “Mamma! Mamma! ah, don’t go away!” - They cry, and their voices drown one another. - - That mother groaned in her wretchedness! - “Live long!” she said, “my Lord and Master! - Mayest thou ever defy Disaster! - May thy shadow never be less! - Bid, I implore thee, the cavalcade wait - A moment in front of the Aga’s gate, - While I go into the house, and leave - Some gifts with my little ones, lest they grieve.” - - Silently then, like a ghost from the tombs, - She enters once more the remembered rooms, - Gives to her sons little gold-laced boots, - Gives to her daughters little kapoots,[2] - And leaves with the babe in the cradle-bed - Some toys and a basket of sugar-bread. - - Now, the desolate father was standing apart, - And he marked that she neither spake nor sighed, - And Agony wrung his manly heart-- - “Come, come to me, hither, my children!” he cried, - “For I see that your mother’s bosom is grown - Colder and harder than marble stone.” - - But, as soon as Ayoob heard Ibrahim speak, - And saw her children turning away, - She fell on the floor without a shriek, - And without a stir on the floor she lay; - And the funeral-wailers of Islambol - Were chanting ere night the hymn for her soul.[3] - - M. - -[1] The incidents of this narrative are founded on fact. - -[2] Cloaks. - -[3] The popular notion that the Mohammedans deny immortality to the souls -of women is altogether a mistake, as will be apparent to any one who -takes the trouble of looking through the Koran. - - - - -OROHOO, THE FAIRY MAN, A REMINISCENCE OF CONNAUGHT. - - -Were we to believe the chronicles of our grandmothers, Ireland at one -period was held in fee-simple by witches, warlocks, white ladies, -fairies, and leprahauns; the earth, the air, and the sky, were peopled by -them; every crumbling and desolate cabin on the sterile moor or common -was tenanted by a witch; while the margins of our beautiful loughs, the -bosoms of our silent and sequestered glens, the recesses of our romantic -mountain valleys, the echoing walls of every mouldering edifice, and the -mystic circle of each rude hill-fort, were the chosen habitations of -unearthly beings. - -Nor was this belief held by the uneducated alone; many who moved in -respectable situations in society were infected by it; and otherwise -sensible and well-informed people on this head were deaf to the voice -of reason and the dictates of common sense, and would as soon doubt -the truth of Holy Writ as the existence of supernatural agency; and so -interwoven was the superstition in the social system, that no event could -happen poor mortality from the cradle to the grave, in which the _good -people_ were not implicated for good or evil. Did the head or a member -of a leading family die, the wail of the banshee was sure to be heard in -the twilight. Was a favourite child smitten with disease, the beautiful, -the beloved one was believed to be changed for a squalling, ravenous, -and decrepid starveling. Did your cattle pine, or was your dairy not -productive, your cows were either elf-shot or bewitched. Was the wife of -your bosom snatched away in her bloom, in the most interesting though -dangerous moment of her existence, the fairies were whispered to be the -authors of your misfortune--to have spirited her off, and to have left in -her stead a wooden substitute. - -Well do I remember the thrill of fear, mingled with a degree of -pleasurable awe, with which I listened some forty years since to the -narratives of a venerable aunt, who was lingering out the evening of her -existence at my father’s fireside--her only occupation being, rocking -the cradle and keeping the youngsters from mottling their shins. She -was an experienced dame, and withal pious, but would as soon doubt her -own identity as that of witches and fairies, and her memory was well -stored with instances of their interference. These I then believed most -implicitly, particularly as in many of them “the family” was concerned. -She could relate how her grandfather one morning detected a hare in the -act of milking one of his cows, which he fired at and wounded, and on -tracking the blood, discovered it to flow from the thigh of an old crone -who inhabited a neighbouring hovel. She also could tell how an elder -brother had surprised a leprahaun in the act of making shoes for the -gentle people--could describe his dress minutely, and how he had escaped -captivity by making a feint with his awl at my uncle’s eye, and causing -him to wink when in the very act of seizing him, and thereby marred his -fortune. She also knew a child which was taken from its mother’s arms at -night, but luckily was missed before he could be conveyed through the -key-hole, and on the outcry of the bereaved parent, was dropped “with a -whack” on the floor uninjured. It never occurred to her that probably -the child had rolled out of the bed accidentally. There was another tale -often related by her, which it would be worse than heresy to doubt, as -she knew the parties intimately. - -An honest man named John M’Kinstrey, who resided near Maheraveely, -in the county Monaghan, was once compelled to leave his warm bed in -“the witching time of night,” on a certain pressing occasion, and ride -post-haste for a worthy dame whose assistance was indispensable. While -returning with the “howdy” safely stowed on an ample pillion behind, -he heard the strokes of an axe reverberating through a neighbouring -wood, and voices in conversation. Curiosity prompted him to draw up and -listen, when he distinctly heard the question asked, “What are you doing -to-night?” and to his dismay the answer was responded, “I’m making a -wife for Jack M’Kinstrey.” “Faith,” said Jack, “you’ll make no wife for -me, my man--I’ll do very well with the one I have;” and giving his good -beast the spur, regardless of the neck, bones, or outcry of his freight, -he never drew rein until he had his better half clasped in his arms, -where he held her in a death’s-grip until the crisis was over, and thus -baulked the fairies. - -Thus was the whole system of society pervaded by the idea of supernatural -influence; and the consequence was an undefinable dread and fear, hanging -like the sword of Damocles over the heads of all, and embittering -existence. ’Tis true the evil was only imaginary, but not on that -account the less hurtful; for, being a mental malady, it was the more -difficult to be counteracted or eradicated, and often led to real anxiety -and distress, as in the care of M’Kinstrey, whose ideas being full of -witchcraft and fairy freaks, never reflected that the noise and voices -he had heard might be a practical joke of some of his neighbours, and in -consequence suffered all the suspense and trouble incident to real danger. - -But the diffusion of useful knowledge and the dissemination of sound -education among all classes, has latterly effected a mighty change in -the intellectual powers of the people. Such reveries as those referred -to, though sometimes used to “adorn a tale,” are now unheeded; and there -are few indeed who would harbour for a moment in sincerity the absurd -idea of evil agency. There may be, ’tis true, some exceptions--a few old -women may be still haunted by the sprites of other days, and in some -remote districts a belief in witchcraft certainly prevails, ingrafted by -early prejudices, and fostered and kept alive by the practices of knaves, -who profess to avert the effects by counter-charms, and live, like many -others, on the credulity of the public; but, generally speaking, the -thing is defunct--gone to the moles and the bats. - -But there is an exception. In several districts in Ireland, in Connaught -especially, an idea is very prevalent that it is in the power of -evil-disposed persons to deprive their neighbours of their milk or -butter. This is said to be done in various ways, the most usual being -the use of a corpse hand, which is kept shrivelled and dried to stir -the milk and gather the butter. Another plan is to follow the cows on a -May morning, and gather the soil which drops from between their cloots. -Another, by collecting the froth which forms on a stream running through -their pasture, and milking your own cow on it. Indeed, the means used are -represented to be so simple, that the very absurdity of the matter is its -own refutation. - -Yet it is believed in, and that firmly; and in order to prove that such -is the case, and also expose the trickery and legerdemain by which some -knaves succeed in throwing dust in the eyes of the natives, I will relate -an occurrence in which I was concerned; and to open the matter fully in -all its ramifications, windings, and train of circumstantials, I trust I -will be pardoned if I enter into a rather minute detail, the rather as -I confess I was for a short time myself almost inclined to credit its -existence--in short, believed myself the dupe of a fairy man. - -Some time since I resided in the neighbourhood of the “plains of Boyle,” -a celebrated pasture country, and was the possessor of a cow whose milk -and butter were plentiful in quantity and excellent in quality, and -materially contributed to the comforts of my family. She was a beautiful -and a gentle creature; and I flattered myself that in her I possessed the -foundress of a numerous herd, and the germ of a profitable and extensive -dairy. - -As before observed, the idea was very prevalent there that it was in the -power of evil-disposed persons to deprive you of your milk and butter, -and I heard many complaints of the kind; the general voice fastened the -imputation on a woman who lived in the vicinity, who was locally termed -“the Hawk,” and certainly the fire of her eye and the sharpness of her -beak justified the appellation: she was a comely middle-aged person, in -rather easy circumstances, her husband being a small farmer; but he lay -under the suspicion of being concerned in a murder some time before. She -was a reputed witch, and the entire family were disliked and avoided. - -One morning in the month of January, I was informed that a woman had come -into my kitchen, who occupied herself in watching the motions of the -family, without stating her business. On going down, I found her well -dressed and well looking, but with a very sinister cast of countenance. -On asking if she wanted me, she said she had heard I was in want of -some geese, and that she had a few to dispose of. “How many?” said I. -“A goose and a gander,” she replied. “How much do you want for them?” -“Seven-and-sixpence.” “Seven-and-sixpence!” I exclaimed in surprise, as -the usual price then was from one shilling to one-and-sixpence each. -“Why, how many have you?” as I really thought I had made a mistake in the -number. “A goose and a gander,” said she. “And do you suppose me to be a -goose to give such a price as that?” said I. “Oh!” said she, “they are -good geese, and only I wish to serve you, I would not offer them at all.” -“Indeed! I am much obliged by your good wishes,” said I; “but as I think -you want to impose upon me, you must take your geese to another market, -for I will not have them at any price, and the sooner you take yourself -off the better.” She got highly offended, muttered something about my -being sorry for refusing them, and went away in high dudgeon; and after -she was gone, I found it was “the Hawk” who had favoured me with the -visit. - -On the same morning, a gang of strollers, consisting of tinkers, -chimney-sweeps, a brace or two of beggars, and a piper, had pitched their -tent on the road side, a short distance from my residence; the members -of the party had distributed themselves over the surrounding district in -pursuit of their various avocations; it also happened to be churning-day, -and my wife having set her vessels in order, was proceeding with her -lacteal operations favourably--the milk had cracked, the butter was -expected--when the sound of music was heard; the piper attached to the -party had come to give us a specimen of his skill; he favoured us with a -few Connaught planxties, was duly rewarded, and departed. Shortly after -he was gone, two buxom baggages, brown and bare-legged, with cans in -their hands, kerchiefs on their heads, and huge massive rings on their -fingers, came and demanded an alms. They were told there was nothing -then ready, on which one of them asked a drink. “I have nothing to -offer you but water,” said my wife, “until the churning’s done.” “Well, -water itself,” said she; on getting which, she took a sup or two, put -the remainder in her can, and went off; and, strange as it may seem, my -butter went too. And from that day in January until May eve following, -not a morsel had we from our beautiful Brownie. - -As I did not put any faith in witchcraft, I was willing to attribute -this to some natural cause affecting the cow, though the milk showed no -perceptible change in either quantity or quality; neither did she exhibit -any symptoms of ailment or disorder, except that she began to cast her -hair. She was well supplied with good fodder, comfortably lodged, and -well attended, and every possible care taken of the milk, but all to no -purpose; the butter was not forthcoming; and for my incredulity I was -laughed at by my neighbours. “Your cow is bewitched,” cried they; “and -you may as well throw chaff against the wind, as think you will get your -butter back, till you get the charm.” Some said “the Hawk” had it, some -that the gipsy took it away in her can, and others that it followed the -piper. Be that as it may, I had to eat my bread butterless, and brood -over my loss, without even the comfort of common condolence. - -Various were the counter-charms recommended for my adoption. “Send for -Fraser the Scotchman from beyond the Lough,” said one; “he fears neither -man nor fiend, and he will surely get it.” “Send for ‘the Hawk,’ and clip -a bit off her ear,” said another. “Let them keep their mouths full of -water, and never speak while they are churning,” said a third. In short, -I found there were as many ways of getting it back, as there were of -losing it--all equally simple, and probably as efficacious. - -Thus matters continued until the early part of the month of April, when -one morning a man called, who desired to see me. I found him a light, -active, cute-looking fellow, low in stature and spare in habit, but -sinewy, well set and well knit, and regularly smoke-dried. He was pretty -well clad in frieze, cord breeches, and yarn stockings and pumps; his -caubeen on one side, a cutty in his mouth, and a certain jauntiness in -his air, and crafty audacity in his look, which seemed to say, “I’d have -you to know I’m a clever fellow.” - -“So,” said he at once without preamble, “so you’ve lost your butter.” - -“Yes,” said I, “’tis certainly gone.” - -“Well, if you like, I’ll get it for you. My name is OROHOO (O’Hara); I -live at Sliev Bawn--the people call me the Fairy man--I can find things -that’s stole--and I keep the _garvally_.” - -“Indeed!” said I: “why, you must be a clever fellow: but can you get my -butter?” - -“Not a doubt of it,” said he, “if it is in the country.” - -I had heard of the garvally before, which was described as “a crooked -thing like the handle of an umbrella, covered with green baize.” It was -formerly in much repute for swearing on; “and a terrible thing it was, -for if you swore falsely and it round your neck, your mouth would turn -to the back of your head, or you’d get such a throttling as you’d never -get the better of.” It had latterly, however, lost much of its virtue, or -rather of its fame, by an unbelieving vagabond yoking it on and swearing -to a manifest falsehood, without suffering any visible inconvenience. But -to return to Orohoo. - -He made no stipulation; but requiring a deep plate, some water and salt, -with a little of the cow’s milk, he commenced by desiring my wife and me -to stand forward. He then asked our names, if I was the owner of the cow, -how long I had had her, if that woman was my wife, when we had lost our -butter, and if we suspected any person for taking it. To these queries I -answered as was necessary; but to the last I replied, I did not believe -in witchcraft. - -“Don’t you believe in fairies?” he asked. - -“Scarcely,” said I. - -“No matter,” said he; “maybe before I’m done you will believe in them.” - -He then in a very solemn manner poured some water into the plate at three -several times, thus--“In the name of the Father,” a drop; “in the name -of the Son,” ditto; “in the name of the Holy Ghost,” ditto. He added the -milk in the same manner, and then sprinkled in the salt, using the same -formula. He now stirred round the mixture three times with his finger, -repeating the words as before, and desired us to do the same. To this -I demurred, for I did not wish to evince any faith in the proceeding, -by taking an active part; but he combated my scruples by asking “was -it not done in a good name?” Certainly for so far I saw nothing very -objectionable, and my wife feeling no scruple on the subject, at their -joint persuasion I did as directed. - -He next made the sign of the cross over the plate with his hands, and, -waving them over his head, cut several curious figures in the air, at -the same time muttering an unintelligible jargon I could not understand, -but which, as I could catch a sound or syllable, bore a close affinity -to what is called bog Latin. Gradually he became much excited; he raved -like a demon, stamped with his feet, and threatened with his fists: now -his tones were those of supplication or entreaty, anon of abjuration or -command; while his eye seemed fixed upon and to follow the motions of -some to us invisible being, with which he appeared to hold converse. -Suddenly he gave an unearthly scream, as if in an agony of terror and -perturbation, and, holding up his hands as in the act of warding off a -threatened danger, he retreated backwards round the room, pursued, as -it seemed, by an implacable enemy. Gradually he regained the spot he -had left, turned himself to the four cardinal points, making the sign -of the cross at each turn, dipped his fingers in the mixture, devoutly -blessed himself, anointing his forehead, shoulders, and breast, regained -his self-possession, raised his hands and eyes in an attitude of fervent -thankfulness to heaven, wiped the perspiration which profusely streamed -from his brow with the cuff of his coat, gradually recovered his breath, -and from a state of the greatest possible excitement became calm and -collected. - -Now, this was all acting, to be sure, but it was inimitably done, and -I confess, even armed as I was with unbelief, it made a very powerful -impression on me. I acknowledge I did not feel at all comfortable. I did -not like the idea of being in the same room with the evil one, who to all -appearance was chasing my friend the conjuror round and round it. I felt -an indescribable sensation of dread creeping over me, and, if I mistake -not, there were a few drops of perspiration on my brow; and my hair, of -which I have not a superabundance, to my apprehension began to get stiff -and wiry. My wife, too, clung closely to my side for protection, and the -agitation of her mind was evident by the audible action of her heart, -which in that case beat only responsive to my own. - -Having taken breath, he asked for a ribbon, which he passed over his -forehead and round his head, and, bringing the ends in front, knotted it -over his nose; then twining it round his fingers in the manner children -call a cat’s cradle, he knelt down and peered through it attentively into -the mixture, which I imagined at the moment fermented and sent up a blue -vapour. After gazing a few seconds in this manner, - -“Aha!” said he, “she is not far off that has your butter; bring me a -lighted candle,” which on being brought he placed in the plate. “Now,” -said he, “both of you kneel down; do as I do, and say as I say, and -we’ll have her here directly.” - -“No,” said I decidedly, “we will not.” - -I thought we had gone far enough, and was convinced that if what we -were engaged in was not an unholy act, it was at least a piece of gross -deception, and I would not countenance it by any further participation. - -“Why,” exclaimed he, “don’t you want to get your butter?” - -“Yes,” said I, “I would like to have my butter, but I don’t choose to -resort to a charm to obtain it.” - -“No doubt this is a charm,” said he, “but it is done in a good name; and -I have done it before for as good as ever you were.” - -“So much the worse,” I replied; “that holy name should never be profaned -in such a manner, and I am sorry any person would be so wicked or so -foolish as to encourage you in your tricks. I neither like you nor your -proceedings, and the sooner you go about your business the better.” - -He started to his feet in a passion, blew out the candle, seized the -plate, and attempted to throw the contents into the fireplace; but my -wife, who did not wish her hearth to be wet, took it from him and laid it -past. He fumed and stormed, said I let him take a great deal of trouble -on my account, and insisted on proceeding; but I was determined, and, -being considerably chafed and annoyed by the transaction, I again ordered -him off, and left him. - -In a few moments I heard the noise of a violent altercation and scuffle, -and I was loudly called on. I hastened to the scene of contention, and -found my wife holding Orohoo by the neck, and preventing his departure. -“What’s all this?” I exclaimed. “This fellow,” said she, “when he was -going, took a live coal out of the grate, and told me to take care of my -children.” This he stiffly denied, until confronted by the servant, and I -threatened to give him up to the police as an impostor, when he quailed, -and acknowledged that he had said so, but that he meant no harm by it. -“And sure,” said he, “there’s no harm in bidding you mind them; for if -your cow was hurt, so may your children. You’re not treating me well,” -he continued; “I came at the bidding of a friend to do you a good turn, -and asked nothing for it, and now you’re putting me out; you’ll be glad -to see me yet, though. But take my advice: never throw out your Sunday’s -ashes until Tuesday morning, and always sweep your floor in from the door -to the hearth.” And away he went. - -My heart now beat easy, for I thought we had fairly got rid of the -fairy man; but I was to be still further mystified and bewildered. On -examining the plate over which he had performed his incantations, we -found the contents to be thick, yellow, and slimy, with a red sediment -like globules of blood at the bottom. This seemed extraordinary, as I -certainly watched him closely, and did not see him put any thing into the -plate but milk, water, and salt. - -The month now drew near a close, and our bread was still butterless. This -often caused the morsel to stick in the throat of my poor dear partner, -who felt none of the scruples of conscience with which I was affected, -and firmly believed, her cow was bewitched. “Here we are day after day -losing, our substance, and might have it only for your squeamishness in -not letting the fairy man finish his job.” Thus she would argue, and -hesitated not to call me a fool, nay, a downright ass; and indeed my -neighbours were much of the same opinion: one of them, a respectable -farmer’s wife, was particularly pertinacious. “My Robin,” said she one -evening, as they were harping on the old string, “my Robin was down -in Sligo, and he heard that if you got the coulter of a plough, and -made it red-hot in the fire, while you were churning the butter would -come back; or if you chose to churn on Sunday morning before the lark -sings, you will surely get it.” “Tempt me no more with your spells or -Sabbath-breaking; I will have none of them,” said I, impatiently; “I will -never barter my peace of mind for a pound of butter, if I should never -eat a morsel.” - -But, in truth, my peace of mind was gone, for the continual urging and -yammering I was subjected to made me heartily sick, and I inwardly -resolved to sell the cow the first opportunity, and so end the matter. - -On May eve, in the afternoon, I had occasion to leave home for a short -time, and on my return was rather surprised to find all the windows -closed and the door locked against me. I knocked and called for -admittance, but received no answer; and hearing the noise of churning -going on within, “fast and furious,” the truth flashed across my mind; -and lamenting my wife’s credulity, I retired to the garden to await -the result. In a short time she came running out like one demented, -clapping her hands and screaming, “Oh! we’ve got the butter, we’ve got -the butter!” and on going in I found a coulter phizzing and sparkling at -a white heat in the fire, an ass’s shoe (which had been found a few days -previously) under the churn, my worthy neighbour aforesaid standing over -it, panting and blowing from the exertions she had made on my behoof, -and wiping the dew-drops from her really comely countenance, and in the -churn, floating like lumps of gold in a sea of silver, as fine a churning -of butter as ever we were blessed with. - -Well, I own I was staggered, and being triumphantly asked, “Now, is there -no witchcraft or virtue in a red-hot coulter?” I could scarcely muster up -courage to utter “No.” In vain I protested the butter came back because -“Brownie” got back to her pasture, in consequence of the change in her -feeding, from dry fodder to the mellow and genial produce of spring, as -the loss at first was owing to the transition from grass to hay. ’Twas -to no purpose to argue thus: all else were positive it was otherwise; -but whether the virtue was in Orohoo’s incantations, the efficacy of -the red-hot coulter, the influence of the ass’s shoe, or the tremendous -pommelling the milk was subjected to on the occasion, no one could -exactly say. - -A few days after, I conversed on the subject with an intelligent person, -a herd in charge of an extensive stock farm. After hearing my story to -an end, he indulged in a hearty laugh at my expense. “Faith,” said he, -“I took you for a sensible man, and did not suppose you would credit -such folly.” “I’d as soon believe my mother was a bishop,” said I, “as -put any faith in it some time ago. But how can I get over the chain of -circumstantial evidence?--not a link of it wanting. First, ‘the Hawk’ -coming with her seven-and-sixpenny geese, then the gipsies and the piper, -and losing my butter just then.” “’Tis very easy,” said he, “to account -for it. In the first place, you took your cow from grass and fed her on -hay.” “Yes, but she had plenty of winter cabbage, and we gave her boiled -potatoes.” “Just the thing; cabbage is good for plenty of milk, but not -for butter. I’ll engage you gave her the potatoes warm.” “Yes.” “And she -got a scour?” “Indeed she did, and her hair fell off.” “So I thought. And -afterwards she got in good condition?” “Yes.” “Oh! ay, she put her butter -on her ribs. Did you kill a pig at Christmas?” “I did.” “Where did you -put your bacon in press?” “Why, under the shelf in the dairy.” “Now the -murder is out! Never as long as you live put meat, either fresh or salt, -near your milk-vessels; if you do, you will surely spoil your milk and -lose your butter.” “This may account for my loss, but what have you to -say to its coming back?” “Why, what’s to hinder it, when your bacon is -in the chimney and your cow at grass?” “But the red blobs in the plate, -and Orohoo fighting the devil for me, what do you say to that?” Here he -gave way to such a violent fit of laughter that I really thought he would -burst the waistband of his doe-skins. “Orohoo! ha! ha!--Orohoo! ha! ha! -ha!--the greatest villain that ever breathed. He came to me one time that -I had a cow sick, and said she was fairy-smitten, and that he would cure -her. He began with his tricks with the milk and water, just the same -as he did with you; but I watched him closer; and when I saw the smoke -rising out of the plate, I got him by the neck, shook a little bottle -of vitriol out of the cuff of his coat, and took a paper of red earthy -powder out of his waistcoat pocket.” I looked aghast and confounded. Was -I, then, the dupe of the fairy man? The thought was humiliating, and -I even wished that I had remained in ignorance, but on reflection had -reason to congratulate myself that it was only a temporary lapse, and -that I was right in my original opinion, that, except the witchery of a -pair of blue languishers, or the fairy spell of a silver-tongued syren, -there is now no evil of the kind to be apprehended. - - A. - - * * * * * - -FASHION IS A POOR VOCATION.--Its creed, that idleness is a privilege, and -work a disgrace, is among the deadliest errors. Without depth of thought, -or earnestness of feeling, or strength of purpose, living an unreal -life, sacrificing substance to show, substituting the fictitious for -the natural, mistaking a crowd for society, finding its chief pleasure -in ridicule, and exhausting its ingenuity in expedients for killing -time, fashion is among the last influences under which a human being who -respects himself, or who comprehends the great end of life, would desire -to be placed. - - - - -THE MAGNETIC POLES. - - -The unwearied spirit of scientific research which so peculiarly marks the -times in which we live, has ascertained the positions of the northern and -southern magnetic poles to a degree of almost mathematical precision. -This discovery will be hailed with pleasure by every person at all -acquainted with the benefits derived to society by the labours of those -gifted individuals who have devoted their thoughts more particularly -to the study of this most abstruse and mysterious branch of physical -knowledge. The position of the northern magnetic pole was determined by -Sir John Ross, in his second northern expedition, fitted out at the sole -expense of a British merchant, to be in 70 degrees 5 minutes 17 seconds -north latitude, and 96 degrees 46 minutes 45 seconds west longitude, -near the western coast of the newly discovered tract named, after the -individual through whose munificence the boundaries of science have been -thus enlarged, Boothia Felix. Its place is now marked on the globes and -maps of the world published since the navigator’s announcement of the -solution of this long-sought-for problem. The day of the discovery was -the 1st of June 1831. - -The position of the southern magnetic pole has not yet been ascertained -to so great a degree of precision. Excited by a noble spirit of emulation -caused by the success of the expedition fitted out by Mr Booth and led -by Sir John Ross, three expeditions have been fitted out to complete the -solution of the problem--to fix the position of the southern magnetic -pole, as that of the northern had been already fixed. The parties in -this noble rivalry are Great Britain, France, and the United States. -The British magnetic expedition, under Captain James Ross, sailed on -the 5th of May for Van Diemen’s Land. The only notices as yet received -of its progress are, that soundings were obtained at the depth of 3600 -fathoms in the South Atlantic, about 900 miles S.S.W. of St Helena; and -again at the depth of 2680 fathoms, at 450 miles west of the Cape of -Good Hope. A dispatch from Captain Dumont d’Urville, commandant of the -French expedition, to the Minister of the Marine, details all the leading -particulars of his voyage, by which it appears that he has nearly though -not altogether succeeded in solving this part of the problem. On the 1st -of January the expedition sailed from Hobart Town in a southern direction -for 1350 miles, and in the latitude of 60 degrees south met with the -first island of ice, and shortly afterwards discovered land ranging -nearly along the south polar circle, and, as far as the navigator’s -observations went, between 136 degrees and 142 degrees east longitude. -The appearance was that of an ice-bound, barren coast, wholly unfit for -the habitation of man. The snow and ice which covered it gave its surface -an almost level appearance. Farther inward nothing was to be perceived -but ravines, inlets, and projections, without a trace of vegetation. -Whales, large porpoises, fur-seals, albatrosses, and petrels and penguins -of different species, were seen near the shore. The commander gave this -newly discovered coast the name of Terre Adelie. “This name,” he says in -his dispatch, “was intended to perpetuate the remembrance of my profound -gratitude for the devoted companion who has three times consented to -a long and painful separation, to enable me to achieve my projects of -foreign exploration.” On the 1st of February, in 65 degrees 20 minutes -south latitude, and 131 degrees east longitude, the expedition crossed -the meridian of no variation; and the magnetic observations afforded -the means of determining that the position of the magnetic pole must be -in the neighbouring land of Adelie itself, or on the compact ice which -adjoined it. Having so far succeeded in attaining the main object of his -mission, Captain Dumont bade a final adieu to these dreary regions, and -steered for Hobart Town, where he arrived on the 17th of February, after -an absence of forty-six days, having lost sight of the ice altogether in -the parallel of 57 degrees south latitude. - -The American expedition, under Captain Wilkes, has been equally -successful in discovering the south polar island or continent, for -its geographical character has not yet been ascertained. The land was -first seen in 64 degrees 50 minutes south latitude, and 154 degrees 18 -minutes east longitude, by a singular coincidence precisely on the same -day, 19th January, that it had been observed by the French navigator; -and Wilkes was enabled to run along the shore, for about 1700 miles, as -far as 97 degrees 45 minutes east longitude, so near the land as often -to find soundings with a few fathoms of line, and to be able to carry -away several valuable geological specimens of the rocks and soil. His -description of the appearance of the coast corresponds with that already -given. - -Whether any immediate beneficial results, practically applicable to -the improvement of commerce and colonization, will accrue from these -discoveries, may be doubtful, but the experience of the era in which we -live forbids us to reject the prospect of ultimate benefits to society -from any discovery tending to enlarge the bounds of science, though -the means by which they are to be sought for are still out of sight. -The discovery of the extensive line of coast ranging nearly along the -south polar circle, serves in some degree to realize the conjectures -of former geographers, who, observing that by much the greater mass -of known land was in the northern hemisphere, laid down the position -that there must lie a countervailing quantity of land somewhere in the -southern hemisphere; so fully convinced were they of the existence of -this fancied continent, that in the maps constructed by Herman Moll and -other scientific artists of his time, the coast is laid down in a line -nearly corresponding in latitude with that of Terre Adelie, and continued -round the globe, so as to represent the whole of the south frigid zone -as a continent, on which they inscribe the name of Terra Australia -Incognita--the unknown southern region. With those who originated the -supposition, this unknown region was a mere creature of the imagination. -They were in possession of no facts to prove its reality; yet it is -singular that in this, as well as in many other fictions, the ideal -creature of the fancy has been discovered to have some foundation in the -realities of existence. - - * * * * * - -PAYING DOWN UPON THE NAIL.--The origin of this phrase is thus stated in -the Recollections of O’Keefe the dramatist:--“During the Limerick assizes -I saw a stuffed glove, about four feet long, hanging out from the top -of the Exchange, nearly across the main street; this was the accustomed -token that for a week or a fortnight, whilst the courts were sitting, no -debtor could be arrested. Debtor or creditor, this was a good thing for -the theatres, as during that time the city was thronged. An ample piazza -under the Exchange was a thoroughfare: in the centre stood a pillar about -four feet high, and upon it a circular plate of copper about three feet -in diameter; this was called _the nail_, and on it was paid the earnest -for any commercial bargains made, which was the origin of the saying, -‘Paid down upon the nail.’” Perhaps, however, the custom was common to -other ancient towns. - - * * * * * - -GENERAL USE OF TEA IN CHINA.--In China an ardent spirit is made from -rice, and called sam-shu, of which punch is made in a coffee-pot, and it -is drunk out of China cups; but the natives are not much addicted to its -use, a simple infusion of tea being the general beverage of all classes. -At all hours of the day the artisan, as he sits at work, has his little -tea-pot and miniature cup beside him, out of which he quaffs a little -at pleasure, or presents a cup to his visitor. The more refined class -make the infusion in cups, in the manner already described. After this -process, as nothing is allowed to go to waste in China, the tea-leaves -are collected, dried, and rolled up again, and sold to the English and -Americans, under the denomination of hyson mun-dun-go; that is, tea -having neither taste nor smell. None of this tea is sold in England under -its proper name, being for the most part mixed with other kinds, and thus -brought into the market. I never saw green tea used in the houses of the -natives, or of the Fanqui merchants, where of course the best kinds were -to be had. The fact is, the consumption of green tea is for the most -part confined to the lower orders and the opium smokers, who require -its stimulating effects to settle the disturbed state of their nervous -system; and with us it is found to correct the effects of an over-dose of -opium--_Dr Fulton’s Travelling Sketches._ - - * * * * * - -PROGRESSION.--He that is good may hope to become better--he that is bad -may fear that he will become worse; for vice, virtue, and time, never -stand still.--_Colton._ - - * * * * * - -“A great lie,” says the poet Crabbe, “is like a great fish on dry land; -it may fret and fling, and make a frightful bother, but it cannot hurt -you. You have only to keep still, and it will die of itself.” - - Printed and Published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; J. - DRAKE, Birmingham; M. BINGHAM, Broad Street, Bristol; FRASER - and CRAWFORD, George Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON, - Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -11, September 12, 1840, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, SEPTEMBER 12, 1840 *** - -***** This file should be named 54155-0.txt or 54155-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/1/5/54155/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 11, September 12, 1840 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: February 12, 2017 [EBook #54155] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, SEPTEMBER 12, 1840 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 11.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1840.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 560px;"> -<img src="images/clontarf_castle.jpg" width="560" height="450" alt="Clontarf Castle" /> -</div> - -<h2>CLONTARF CASTLE, COUNTY OF DUBLIN.</h2> - -<p>There are few things that afford us a higher pleasure than -to observe our metropolis and our provincial cities and towns, -despite of adverse circumstances, increasing in the number -and splendour of their public buildings, for they are sure evidences -of the advance of civilization, with its attendant train -of arts, amongst us, and that we are progressing to the rank -and dignity of a great nation. Yet we confess we enjoy a -still higher gratification when we see springing up around us -great architectural works of another class—those erected by -individuals of the aristocracy as residences for themselves and -those who are to come after them. Such architectural works -are not merely interesting from the gratifications they afford -to the feeling of taste, and the epic dignity and beauty which -they contribute to landscape scenery, but have a higher interest -as pledges to the nation that those who have erected -them have a filial attachment to the soil which gave them birth, -and which supplies them, whether for good or evil, with the -means of greatness; and that they are not disposed to play -the part of unwise and ungrateful children. To us it little -matters what the creed or party of such individuals may be; -however they may err in opinions, their feelings are at heart -as they should be. The aristocrat of large means, who is resident -not from necessity but from choice, and who spends a -portion of his wealth in the adornment of his home, is rarely, if -ever, a bad landlord. Desiring to see art and nature combine -to produce the sentiment of beauty in the objects immediately -about him, he cannot willingly allow it to be associated with -the unsightly and discordant emblems of penury and sorrow. -To be indifferent about the presence of such accompaniments -would be an anomaly in human character, and only an exception -proving the general rule. It is this class of men that we -want—men who seek happiness in their legitimate homes, and -the diffusion of blessings among those to whom it is their duty -to be protectors—lovers of the arts of refined society, not the -gross and generally illiterate pursuers of field sports, which, -by hardening the heart towards the lower animals of creation, -prepares it for reckless indifference to the wants and -sufferings of our fellow men. Had we more of such patriots—more -of such domestic architectural buildings starting into -existence, evidencing as well their refined tastes and habits as -the sincerity of the love they bear their native land, we should -soon see the face of our country changed, and peace and happiness -smiling around us. We do not, however, indulge in -any feelings of despondence for the future. Very many beautiful -creations of the architectural art have recently been -erected in Ireland, and we have little apprehension that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> -will not increase in number till our island shall rival any -other portion of the empire in the possession of such characteristic -features of civilization and beauty. Cheered by such -pleasing anticipations, we shall endeavour to the best of our -ability to make our readers familiar with the architectural -styles of the chief residences of our nobility and gentry, as -well as with the general features of the scenery in which they -are situated; and, as a commencement, we have selected the -seat of the Vernons—the recently re-erected Castle of Clontarf.</p> - -<p>The name of this locality, which is situated on the northern -shore of the Bay of Dublin, and about two miles from the -city, must at least be familiar to most of our readers, being -memorable in history as the scene of the most national and -best contested battle ever fought in Ireland, when in 1014 -the monarch Brian Boru obtained a decisive victory over the -united forces of the Danish and Norwegian invaders of the -British islands, assisted by the Irish troops of a recreant -King of Leinster. This name signifies in English the lawn or -recess of the bull, being formed from two Celtic words, <i lang="ga">cluain</i>, -a lawn or pastoral plain, and <i lang="ga">tarbh</i>, a bull; the latter appellation -expressing its contiguity to one of the two great sand-banks -of the bay, now called the North and South Bulls, from -the similitude of the sounds produced by the breaking of the -sea upon their shores, to the roar of animals of that denomination.</p> - -<p>As it is stated that a church or monastery was founded here -as early as the year 550, it is probable that this name is of -ecclesiastical origin, and that the site of that ancient church -is still marked by the present parish one from which it was -derived. But, however this may be, immediately after the -settlement of the Anglo-Normans, the lands of Clontarf and -Santry, constituting one knight’s fee, were granted by Hugh -de Lacy, Lord of Meath, to one of his followers, named Adam -de Feipo, or as the name is now written, Phepoe, by whom, as -is generally supposed, the Castle of Clontarf was erected, and -its lands created a manor. This manor, as well as its castle, -appears, however, to have passed very soon after into -the possession of the Knights Templars, by whom a commandery -of the Order, dependent upon their splendid establishment -at Kilmainham, was placed here. Upon the suppression -of the Templars, their manor of Clontarf was granted, -in 1311, to Richard de Burgo, Earl of Ulster, the religious -edifices upon it remaining in the king’s hands as a royal house; -and in 1326, Roger le Ken had a grant of the premises in Clontarf, -which he had heretofore occupied at will, to hold henceforth -to him and the heirs of his body. Towards the close of -the same century, however, in obedience to the Pope’s decree -in reference to the lands of the Templars, the manor passed -into the possession of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of -Jerusalem, on which Clontarf became a preceptory of that -Order, and a chief seat of the Grand Prior of Kilmainham. -It seems somewhat probable, however, that the descendants of -Roger le Ken still continued to hold the manor as lessees of the -Hospitallers till the dissolution of the Order, as, immediately -previous to that event, on an inquisition taken, the Prior of -Kilmainham was found seised of the manor, rectory, tithes, -and altarages of Clontarf, subject, however, to a lease made -in the year 1538 to Matthew King (a corrupted form perhaps -of the name Ken) of all the town and lordship, with -the appurtenances, and also the pool of Clontarf, and the -island lying to the west side thereof, and all the said rectory, -tithes, &c. to endure for nine years. In this demise -it was provided that the lessee should repair the manor-house -and maintain a sufficient person to administer all sacraments -to the parishioners at their proper charges. On the suppression -of the monastic order in the thirty-second year of Henry -the Eighth, Sir John Rawson, the Prior of Kilmainham—a -very distinguished man, who had at various periods held the -office of Treasurer of Ireland—having, with the consent of -his Chapter under their common seal, surrendered the hospital -with its dependencies into the King’s hands, he was created -Viscount of Clontarf in 1541, on a representation made -to his majesty by the Lord Deputy, with a pension of five -hundred marks, in right of which dignity he sat in the parliament -of that year.</p> - -<p>In the year 1600, the manor, territory, tithes, town, and -lordships of Clontarf, as enjoyed by the Priors of Kilmainham, -were granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Geoffry Fenton, -who had filled the office of Secretary of State for Ireland; -and on his death in 1608 these premises were further assured -to his son Sir William, who had a confirmation of this manor -in 1637, under the commission for the remedy of defective -titles. Yet it appears that very shortly afterwards, the manor, -however acquired, was again in the possession of a member of -the King family; for, on the breaking out of the rebellion of -1641, the town, manor-house, &c. of Clontarf, then the property -of Mr George King, were burnt by Sir Charles Coote -as a punishment for the supposed participation of that gentleman -in a plunder made of a cargo from a vessel which lay -there, by Luke Netterville and his adherents. King was shortly -afterwards attainted, a reward of £400 offered for his head; -and his estates, comprising this manor, Hollybrook, and the -island of Clontarf, containing, as stated, 961 acres statute -measure, were bestowed by Cromwell on Captain John Bakewell, -who afterwards sold the estate to John Vernon, a scion -of the noble Norman family of the De Vernons, and from whose -brother the present proprietor descends.</p> - -<p>In 1660, Colonel Edward Vernon, the son of John Vernon, -passed patent for this manor in fee, together with all anchorages, -fisheries, creeks, sands and sea-shores, wrecks of the -sea, &c.; which right was saved in subsequent acts of parliament, -and still remains to his successors. And in 1675, the -king further enlarged the jurisdictions, tenures, and courts of -this manor, with a grant of royalties (royal mines excepted), -power to empark three hundred acres, with free warren, privilege -of holding two fairs, one on the 10th of April and the -other on the 16th of October, with customs, &c. These fairs -have, however, been long discontinued.</p> - -<p>We have thus briefly traced the origin, and succession of -proprietors of this castle and manor, as immediately connected -with the subject of our prefixed illustration; but our limits -will not allow us to touch on the general history of the locality -on the present occasion.</p> - -<p>Of the original castle erected here in the twelfth century, a -square tower, connected with additions of the sixteenth and -subsequent centuries, was preserved as a residence for the proprietors -of the manor till the year 1835, when the present -noble structure was commenced from the designs and under -the superintendence of the late William Morrison, Esq., the -most eminent and accomplished architect whom Ireland has possessed -within the present century. With the good feeling as -well as refined taste for which this admirable artist was so distinguished, -his first desire in the re-edification of this castle was -to preserve as far as possible the original buildings; and while -he increased their extent in the necessary additions to them, -to preserve and restore them as much as possible to what -might be supposed to have been their original state. But it -was found impracticable to do so. The foundations were found -to have sunk, and a nearly total re-erection was therefore necessary; -yet, in the new edifice, attending to the historical -associations connected with a spot so interesting, he so designed -it as to exhibit with historical accuracy what might -be supposed to have been the forms and features of the ancient -buildings, and thus make it a consistent commentary on and -illustration of the past history of its locality.</p> - -<p>With these remarks, which were necessary to insure a just -appreciation of the intention of the architect in the diversified -character which he has given to this architectural composition, -we may describe it generally as a structure in its character -partly military, partly domestic, and to a certain extent ecclesiastical. -Its grand feature is a tower in the Norman style of -the twelfth century, which ascends to the height of seventy -feet, or with a smaller tower which is placed behind it, eighty -feet: it has turrets at its angles, and its windows as well -as its interior are enriched with decorations in harmony with -its architectural style. Connected with this tower, and placed -on its west side, is the principal portion of the domestic buildings, -which present the purest specimen, perhaps, of Tudor -architecture to be found in Ireland. The entrance to this -range is placed beneath a small but lofty tower, beneath -which a vestibule leads into a spacious and lofty hall, fifty-one -feet by twenty, which presents much the appearance of -a Gothic church, the walls being panelled, and painted to -imitate dark oak. This hall is floored with Irish oak polished, -and its roof is supported by principals springing from richly -ornamented corbels, or pendants—its beauty being much increased -by gilded bosses with which it is studded, and which, -sparkling among the dark tracery, have a singularly rich effect. -The cornice is also richly ornamented, and presents at intervals -similar gilded bosses. But the imposing feature of this -great chamber is a magnificent staircase of oak, placed at its -eastern end, which leads, by two return flights, to a gallery -crossing the hall, and communicating with the principal bed-chambers, -and which would serve for an orchestra on occasions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -of festivity. At the other end of the hall are doors leading -into the drawing-room, dancing-room, and library; and in the -centre of this end is placed a beautiful chimney-piece of black -marble, surrounded by a canopy of carved oak, the enrichments -of which are in that peculiar style which characterises -the ornaments of Tudor architecture, containing the single -and double rose, stars, and other badges of that period. The -hall is lighted by five stained glass windows of an ecclesiastical -character, and level with the gallery; and on these -windows are blazoned the arms of the families with whom the -Vernons have intermarried, comprising some of the highest of -the English and Irish nobility. Of the external architecture -of this portion of the building some correct notion may be -formed from our illustration, which exhibits the style of the -gables and oriel or bay windows which are placed both on its -southern and western sides; and we may justly apply to the -whole of this range the description given by Chaucer in his -imaginary palace of “pleasaunt regarde:”</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“The chamberis and parlers of a sorte,</div> -<div class="verse">With bay windows goodlie as may be thought,</div> -<div class="verse">The galleries right wele y wrought,</div> -<div class="verse">As for dauncinge and otherwise disporte.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Branching from the northern and eastern sides of the great -tower, extensive ranges of building contain the servants’ -apartments, and an extensive suite of inferior bed-rooms, and -the tower itself contains a study, and above it a nursery, over -which, again, a leaded platform with parapets commands most -extensive and diversified prospects of the surrounding country.</p> - -<p>The preceding description will, we fear, convey but an imperfect -idea of the plan of this interesting structure, nor will -our illustration, which only gives a representation of its southern -front, give more than a general idea of the architectural -character of a building, the great merit of which, next to the -beauty and chronological accuracy of its details, consists in -the number of picturesque points of view which it affords, -from the irregularity of its plan and the variety of its outlines.</p> - -<p>We shall only add a few words in respect to its locality.</p> - -<p>The Castle of Clontarf is situated in a district rich in pastoral -beauty, and at the head or northern extremity of the -village of the same name, which consists of a single but wide -street composed of houses of a respectable class, and extending -from it in a right line to the sea. It is surrounded by forest -trees of great age and grandeur, through which by vistas are -obtained views of the bay and the mountain scenery of the -southern shore.</p> - -<p>Upon the whole, we may truly say of this structure that its -beauty is no less striking than its moderate size and pretension -are in happy proportion to the rank and means of its owner; -nor is it a lesser merit, that—unlike too many of the lordly -residences in Ireland—the close propinquity of its situation to -the village of which he is lord, is characteristically expressive -of the confidence and kindly familiarity which should ever -exist between the proprietor and the community holding under -him. Nor is it again a lesser merit, that—unlike most of the -mansion-houses to which we have alluded—it is not enclosed by -churlish and prison-like walls of stone, excluding it from the -public eye, and indicating but too truly the cold and heartless -selfishness of their owners, which would not allow to the -many even the passing enjoyment of a glimpse of the grandeur -and beauty which they claim as their own.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">A Wooden Glass Goblet.</span>—The first night of the -“Stratford Jubilee” in Dublin, Robert Mahon had to sing -the song of the “Mulberry Tree,” the music composed by C. -Dibdin senior, the words of which begin with</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">“Behold, this fair goblet was carved from the tree</div> -<div class="verse">Which, oh! my sweet Shakespeare, was planted by thee.”</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>He walked on, and began the song, holding out in his hand a -fine cut-glass rummer. The other performers, who were also -on, looked at him and his fair <em>glass</em> goblet “carved from a -tree” with wonder. The audience took the absurdity, and -much mirth and loud hissing followed. The play over, -Mahon had the folly to insist upon it he was right: “’Tis -true,” he said, “the property-man did stand at the wing with -a wooden cup in his hand, which he wanted to thrust into -mine; but could I appear before the audience with such a -rascally vulgar wooden mether?—no; I insisted he should -that instant go and fetch me an elegant glass rummer, and -here it is!”—<cite>O’Keefe’s Recollections.</cite></p> - - - - -<h2 class="gap4" id="CUTTING_OLD_FRIENDS">CUTTING OLD FRIENDS.</h2> - - -<p>One of the most difficult things a person has to do, who is -getting ahead of the friends of his earlier and less prosperous -years in the race of fortune, is to rid himself of these friends—to -get quit of persons whose want of success in the world -renders them no longer fit associates. The thing is not -easily done, for you have to maintain appearances. You have -to repel them gradually and gently, and in such a manner as -to be able to defy them to lay any particular act of rudeness, -any positive act of repulsion, to your charge. To manage the -thing adroitly, therefore, requires some genius and a good -deal of tact.</p> - -<p>The difficulty of accomplishing this great manœuvre in a -prosperous career, is much increased by the circumstance that -as you advance your ancient cronies throng the thicker and -closer around you. They in fact cling and cluster about you -like so many bees, and with impertinent looks of glee seek to -express their satisfaction with your prosperity.</p> - -<p>Now, it is a most desirable thing to get quit of these gentry—to -have them brushed off. But it would be rude to do -this with the fly-flap and the strong hand. You must get rid -of them by more tact and management. And after you have -got rid of them, that is, driven them from personal contact as -it were, you have to continue to keep them at a proper distance. -No easy matter this, for somehow or other the obtuse -creatures, your poor former acquaintance, will not see, what -you see very distinctly, that you are now quite a superior sort -of person to them, and that they are no longer fit to be ranked -amongst your friends. This the perverse, dull-witted fellows -will not see. And, more provoking still, no degree of advancement -in the world on your part, no acquisition of wealth, -will induce one of them, whatever you yourself may think to -the contrary, to contemplate you with a whit more respect -than they did when you were one of themselves. They insist on -considering you merely as having been more fortunate than -themselves—not a bit better or a bit cleverer.</p> - -<p>Let us remark here, that the successful in the world are -stout deniers of the doctrine of chances. They maintain that -there is no such a thing as luck; while the unsuccessful, again, -are firm believers in the doctrine, and insist on it that not -only is there such a thing as luck, but that luck is every thing. -The successful man’s vanity prompts him to attribute his -prosperity solely to his talents and merit—the unsuccessful -man’s self-love to deny that the want of these qualities has -been his hindrance. Hence the conflicting opinions of the two -on this curious subject. Then, where lies the truth? We -suspect between.</p> - -<p>From a good deal of experience in the science of “cutting” -under the circumstances alluded to in this paper—we shall not -say whether as cutters or cuttees—we have flattered ourselves -that we could throw out a few hints that might be found useful -to gentlemen who are getting on in the world, and who are -desirous of ridding themselves of their earlier and poorer -friends. Under this supposition we offer the few following -remarks:—</p> - -<p>For some time after you have started on the prosperous -career on which you have luckily fallen, continue to smile and -bow towards your old friends as formerly; and when you -meet them accidentally (let this be, however, as seldom as you -possibly can), shake hands with them as cordially as ever. -You may even venture to remark, accompanying such remark -with an expression of regret, that they are prodigious strangers -now. But this is not quite safe ground, and we by no -means advise its general adoption. Conducting yourself in -this way, your old friends will never suspect that there is already -a change working at your heart—a secret operation as -yet known only to yourself.</p> - -<p>By and bye, throw the least, the very least thing of distance -into your greeting: let your smile be <em>apparently</em> as cordial as -formerly, but let there now be a slight expression of the -slightest degree possible of coolness, of an indefinable something -or other in your general manner of a repulsive character: take -care, however, that it <em>be</em> indefinable—that it be of -a description that cannot be named.</p> - -<p>This new feature in your bearing will probably startle the -more shrewd and observant of your former friends: but never -mind that—it is precisely the impression you desire to make. -It is even possible that some of them may express by <em>their</em> -manner towards <em>you</em> a feeling of irritation at your new mode -of treating them. Meet it by an expression of surprise at -<em>their</em> conduct, and by increased coolness. There is now good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> -ground for a quarrel—not open hostility, of course, but the -warfare of distant looks and haughty salutations. Improve -it to the utmost, and wonder what the fellows mean.</p> - -<p>Observe that the whole of this nice process of dissolving -former associations is carried on without one angry or offensive -word being said on either side—without the slightest -approach to an overt act of hostility; you, particularly, being as -bland as ever. The whole is effected by look and manner alone.</p> - -<p>To the gentleman who is rising in the world there are few -things more offensive than the familiarity of old acquaintanceship -when presented in the shape of notes and letters. Your -old friends, still obstinately overlooking your advancement -in the world, will in all probability continue to write to you -when they have occasion to do so, in the free-and-easy way of -former days. They will even sometimes so far forget themselves -and you as to address you in a jocular strain. This -must be instantly put down. Do it by brief and grave replies; -take no notice of their jokes, and never attempt an approach -to one in return. This in time will cure them: if not, you -must have recourse to stronger measures. You must either -not answer at all, or administer some decided dampers.</p> - -<p>Should any of your former friends seek your patronage—a -very probable case—take an early opportunity, while doing -him some trifling service, of letting him feel sensibly your -relative positions, all the while, however, exhibiting towards -him the most friendly dispositions. But let him ever and -anon feel the bit gently—let him feel that he has got somebody -on his back. Begin as soon as possible to lecture him in a -gentle way—all for his own good of course. Your character -of patron gives you a right to do this; and under this guise -you can say the most cutting things to him without affording -him the slightest ground for complaint. Under this guise you -can address the most insulting language to him, and defy him -to take it amiss. If he should, however, you can without any -difficulty prove him to be one of the most ungrateful monsters -that ever lived. You were doing all you could for him, and -when you ventured to <em>advise</em> him—having nothing but his own -good at heart—he chose to take offence at you, and to resent -the friendly advice you gave him. Such an ungrateful dog!</p> - -<p>As few men can stand such treatment as that above alluded -to long, we can venture to promise you that by a steady course -of proceeding in the way we have pointed out, you will soon -clear your hands of your old friends.</p> - -<p class="right">C.</p> - - - - -<h2 class="gap4" id="THE_DIVORCED">THE DIVORCED,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /> -A TRANSLATION FROM THE MOLDAVIAN.</h2> - -<p class="center">“Ah! what a fatal gift from Heaven is a too sensitive heart!”—<span class="smcap">Rousseau.</span></p> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">What is that yonder shimmering so?</div> -<div class="verse">Can it be swans? Can it be snow?</div> -<div class="verse">If it were swans they would move, I trow,</div> -<div class="verse">If it were snow it had melted ere now.</div> -<div class="verse">No: it is Ibrahim Aga’s tent—</div> -<div class="verse">There lies the warrior, wounded and spent.</div> -<div class="verse">Mother and sisters tend him there</div> -<div class="verse">Night and morn with busiest care;</div> -<div class="verse">His wife alone—through shame or grief—</div> -<div class="verse">Stays away from the suffering Chief.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Wherefore, as soon as his illness was gone,</div> -<div class="verse">Wrote he thus to the Sensitive One—</div> -<div class="verse">“Go thy way from my house and hearth,</div> -<div class="verse">And bide with the mother that gave thee birth.”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Sad was Ayoob at the sudden word!</div> -<div class="verse">It pierced her tender heart like a sword.</div> -<div class="verse">Hark! the sound of a charger’s tramp—</div> -<div class="verse">Ibrahim, then, is come from the camp!</div> -<div class="verse">So she fancies, and, in her despair,</div> -<div class="verse">Thinks she will scale the turret-stair,</div> -<div class="verse">And dash herself down from the castle-wall,</div> -<div class="verse">When, lo! her two little daughters call—</div> -<div class="verse">“It isn’t our father, mother dear!</div> -<div class="verse">This is our uncle, Djaffar-al-Meer.”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Turning around, the weeping mother</div> -<div class="verse">Flings her arms about her brother—</div> -<div class="verse">“Oh, brother! that this black day should arrive!</div> -<div class="verse">Oh, how can I leave these helpless five?”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">But, cold and wordless, as one who has yet</div> -<div class="verse">To study Compassion, or feel Remorse,</div> -<div class="verse">The brother draws forth, all shiningly set</div> -<div class="verse">In silk and gold, the Brief of Divorce,</div> -<div class="verse">And sternly he states the Law’s command—</div> -<div class="verse">That again she return to her kindred and land,</div> -<div class="verse">Free once more to dispose of her hand.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The mother’s heart felt breaking, for now</div> -<div class="verse">All hope was buried;—she could not speak—</div> -<div class="verse">She kissed her two little boys on the brow,</div> -<div class="verse">And her two little girls she kissed on the cheek,</div> -<div class="verse">While the babe in the cradle—unconscious child!—</div> -<div class="verse">Held out its diminutive arms, and smiled!</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The iron Djaffar would wait no more—</div> -<div class="verse">His barb was pawing the earth at the door:</div> -<div class="verse">“Up, woman!” he cried—and they galloped away,</div> -<div class="verse">And reached their home by the close of day.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">But there not long she pined alone,</div> -<div class="verse">For, barely a week was over and gone</div> -<div class="verse">When many a suitor came to sue;</div> -<div class="verse">Kapitans, Beys, and Agas too,</div> -<div class="verse">Came to see her and staid to woo.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">And Djaffar saw that the richest of all</div> -<div class="verse">Was the noble Khadi of Nourjahaul.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Afresh for sorrow were hourly shed</div> -<div class="verse">The bitter tears of the mourner then:</div> -<div class="verse">“I pray thee, brother,” she sadly said,</div> -<div class="verse">“Give me not in marriage agen!</div> -<div class="verse">My broken heart would cease to beat</div> -<div class="verse">Should I and the children chance to meet.”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">But Djaffar was ever the Man of Steel—</div> -<div class="verse">The morrow, he vowed, should see her a wife!</div> -<div class="verse">“Then, hear me, brother!—thy sister’s life</div> -<div class="verse">Hangs upon this her last appeal!</div> -<div class="verse">Write to the Khadi thus, I entreat—</div> -<div class="verse">‘Health from Ayoob to her lordly lover!</div> -<div class="verse">Send, she prays thee, a veil to cover</div> -<div class="verse">Her sorrowful figure from head to feet,</div> -<div class="verse">Lest, while passing the Aga’s door,</div> -<div class="verse">Her children greet her as heretofore.’”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">The letter was sent, and the veil came home;</div> -<div class="verse">And by noon on the morrow the bride was arrayed;</div> -<div class="verse">And a gorgeous train and cavalcade</div> -<div class="verse">Set out for the Khadi’s palace-dome.</div> -<div class="verse">They journeyed till sunset purpled the sky,</div> -<div class="verse">And now, alas! her trial is nigh—</div> -<div class="verse">Her trial is nigh, her bosom is swelling;</div> -<div class="verse">They come within sight of Ibrahim’s dwelling—</div> -<div class="verse">They near the gates—ah, well-a-day!</div> -<div class="verse">Her children cannot mistake their mother—</div> -<div class="verse">“Mamma! Mamma! ah, don’t go away!”</div> -<div class="verse">They cry, and their voices drown one another.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">That mother groaned in her wretchedness!</div> -<div class="verse">“Live long!” she said, “my Lord and Master!</div> -<div class="verse">Mayest thou ever defy Disaster!</div> -<div class="verse">May thy shadow never be less!</div> -<div class="verse">Bid, I implore thee, the cavalcade wait</div> -<div class="verse">A moment in front of the Aga’s gate,</div> -<div class="verse">While I go into the house, and leave</div> -<div class="verse">Some gifts with my little ones, lest they grieve.”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Silently then, like a ghost from the tombs,</div> -<div class="verse">She enters once more the remembered rooms,</div> -<div class="verse">Gives to her sons little gold-laced boots,</div> -<div class="verse">Gives to her daughters little kapoots,<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></div> -<div class="verse">And leaves with the babe in the cradle-bed</div> -<div class="verse">Some toys and a basket of sugar-bread.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">Now, the desolate father was standing apart,</div> -<div class="verse">And he marked that she neither spake nor sighed,</div> -<div class="verse">And Agony wrung his manly heart—</div> -<div class="verse">“Come, come to me, hither, my children!” he cried,</div> -<div class="verse">“For I see that your mother’s bosom is grown</div> -<div class="verse">Colder and harder than marble stone.”</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse">But, as soon as Ayoob heard Ibrahim speak,</div> -<div class="verse">And saw her children turning away,</div> -<div class="verse">She fell on the floor without a shriek,</div> -<div class="verse">And without a stir on the floor she lay;</div> -<div class="verse">And the funeral-wailers of Islambol</div> -<div class="verse">Were chanting ere night the hymn for her soul.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="right">M.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The incidents of this narrative are founded on fact.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Cloaks.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The popular notion that the Mohammedans deny immortality to the -souls of women is altogether a mistake, as will be apparent to any one who -takes the trouble of looking through the Koran.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gap4" id="OROHOO_THE_FAIRY_MAN">OROHOO, THE FAIRY MAN,<br /> -A REMINISCENCE OF CONNAUGHT.</h2> - -<p>Were we to believe the chronicles of our grandmothers, Ireland -at one period was held in fee-simple by witches, warlocks, -white ladies, fairies, and leprahauns; the earth, the air, and -the sky, were peopled by them; every crumbling and desolate -cabin on the sterile moor or common was tenanted by a witch; -while the margins of our beautiful loughs, the bosoms of our -silent and sequestered glens, the recesses of our romantic -mountain valleys, the echoing walls of every mouldering edifice, -and the mystic circle of each rude hill-fort, were the chosen -habitations of unearthly beings.</p> - -<p>Nor was this belief held by the uneducated alone; many -who moved in respectable situations in society were infected -by it; and otherwise sensible and well-informed people on this -head were deaf to the voice of reason and the dictates of common -sense, and would as soon doubt the truth of Holy Writ -as the existence of supernatural agency; and so interwoven -was the superstition in the social system, that no event could -happen poor mortality from the cradle to the grave, in which -the <em>good people</em> were not implicated for good or evil. Did the -head or a member of a leading family die, the wail of the banshee -was sure to be heard in the twilight. Was a favourite -child smitten with disease, the beautiful, the beloved one was -believed to be changed for a squalling, ravenous, and decrepid -starveling. Did your cattle pine, or was your dairy not productive, -your cows were either elf-shot or bewitched. Was -the wife of your bosom snatched away in her bloom, in the -most interesting though dangerous moment of her existence, -the fairies were whispered to be the authors of your misfortune—to -have spirited her off, and to have left in her stead a -wooden substitute.</p> - -<p>Well do I remember the thrill of fear, mingled with a degree -of pleasurable awe, with which I listened some forty years -since to the narratives of a venerable aunt, who was lingering -out the evening of her existence at my father’s fireside—her -only occupation being, rocking the cradle and keeping the -youngsters from mottling their shins. She was an experienced -dame, and withal pious, but would as soon doubt her own -identity as that of witches and fairies, and her memory was -well stored with instances of their interference. These I then -believed most implicitly, particularly as in many of them “the -family” was concerned. She could relate how her grandfather -one morning detected a hare in the act of milking one of his -cows, which he fired at and wounded, and on tracking the -blood, discovered it to flow from the thigh of an old crone who -inhabited a neighbouring hovel. She also could tell how an -elder brother had surprised a leprahaun in the act of making -shoes for the gentle people—could describe his dress minutely, -and how he had escaped captivity by making a feint with his -awl at my uncle’s eye, and causing him to wink when in the -very act of seizing him, and thereby marred his fortune. She -also knew a child which was taken from its mother’s arms at -night, but luckily was missed before he could be conveyed -through the key-hole, and on the outcry of the bereaved -parent, was dropped “with a whack” on the floor uninjured. -It never occurred to her that probably the child had rolled out -of the bed accidentally. There was another tale often related -by her, which it would be worse than heresy to doubt, as she -knew the parties intimately.</p> - -<p>An honest man named John M’Kinstrey, who resided near -Maheraveely, in the county Monaghan, was once compelled -to leave his warm bed in “the witching time of night,” on a -certain pressing occasion, and ride post-haste for a worthy -dame whose assistance was indispensable. While returning -with the “howdy” safely stowed on an ample pillion behind, -he heard the strokes of an axe reverberating through a neighbouring -wood, and voices in conversation. Curiosity prompted -him to draw up and listen, when he distinctly heard the question -asked, “What are you doing to-night?” and to his dismay -the answer was responded, “I’m making a wife for Jack -M’Kinstrey.” “Faith,” said Jack, “you’ll make no wife for -me, my man—I’ll do very well with the one I have;” and giving -his good beast the spur, regardless of the neck, bones, or outcry -of his freight, he never drew rein until he had his better half -clasped in his arms, where he held her in a death’s-grip until -the crisis was over, and thus baulked the fairies.</p> - -<p>Thus was the whole system of society pervaded by the idea -of supernatural influence; and the consequence was an undefinable -dread and fear, hanging like the sword of Damocles -over the heads of all, and embittering existence. ’Tis true -the evil was only imaginary, but not on that account the less -hurtful; for, being a mental malady, it was the more difficult -to be counteracted or eradicated, and often led to real anxiety -and distress, as in the care of M’Kinstrey, whose ideas being -full of witchcraft and fairy freaks, never reflected that the -noise and voices he had heard might be a practical joke of -some of his neighbours, and in consequence suffered all the -suspense and trouble incident to real danger.</p> - -<p>But the diffusion of useful knowledge and the dissemination -of sound education among all classes, has latterly effected a -mighty change in the intellectual powers of the people. Such -reveries as those referred to, though sometimes used to “adorn -a tale,” are now unheeded; and there are few indeed who -would harbour for a moment in sincerity the absurd idea of -evil agency. There may be, ’tis true, some exceptions—a -few old women may be still haunted by the sprites of other -days, and in some remote districts a belief in witchcraft certainly -prevails, ingrafted by early prejudices, and fostered -and kept alive by the practices of knaves, who profess to avert -the effects by counter-charms, and live, like many others, on -the credulity of the public; but, generally speaking, the -thing is defunct—gone to the moles and the bats.</p> - -<p>But there is an exception. In several districts in Ireland, -in Connaught especially, an idea is very prevalent that it -is in the power of evil-disposed persons to deprive their -neighbours of their milk or butter. This is said to be done -in various ways, the most usual being the use of a corpse -hand, which is kept shrivelled and dried to stir the milk and -gather the butter. Another plan is to follow the cows on a -May morning, and gather the soil which drops from between -their cloots. Another, by collecting the froth which forms -on a stream running through their pasture, and milking your -own cow on it. Indeed, the means used are represented to be -so simple, that the very absurdity of the matter is its own -refutation.</p> - -<p>Yet it is believed in, and that firmly; and in order to prove -that such is the case, and also expose the trickery and legerdemain -by which some knaves succeed in throwing dust in -the eyes of the natives, I will relate an occurrence in which I -was concerned; and to open the matter fully in all its ramifications, -windings, and train of circumstantials, I trust I will -be pardoned if I enter into a rather minute detail, the rather as -I confess I was for a short time myself almost inclined to credit -its existence—in short, believed myself the dupe of a fairy -man.</p> - -<p>Some time since I resided in the neighbourhood of the -“plains of Boyle,” a celebrated pasture country, and was the -possessor of a cow whose milk and butter were plentiful in -quantity and excellent in quality, and materially contributed -to the comforts of my family. She was a beautiful and a -gentle creature; and I flattered myself that in her I possessed -the foundress of a numerous herd, and the germ of a profitable -and extensive dairy.</p> - -<p>As before observed, the idea was very prevalent there that -it was in the power of evil-disposed persons to deprive you of -your milk and butter, and I heard many complaints of the kind; -the general voice fastened the imputation on a woman who -lived in the vicinity, who was locally termed “the Hawk,” and -certainly the fire of her eye and the sharpness of her beak -justified the appellation: she was a comely middle-aged person, -in rather easy circumstances, her husband being a small farmer; -but he lay under the suspicion of being concerned in a murder -some time before. She was a reputed witch, and the entire -family were disliked and avoided.</p> - -<p>One morning in the month of January, I was informed that -a woman had come into my kitchen, who occupied herself in -watching the motions of the family, without stating her business. -On going down, I found her well dressed and well -looking, but with a very sinister cast of countenance. On -asking if she wanted me, she said she had heard I was in want -of some geese, and that she had a few to dispose of. “How<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> -many?” said I. “A goose and a gander,” she replied. “How -much do you want for them?” “Seven-and-sixpence.” -“Seven-and-sixpence!” I exclaimed in surprise, as the usual -price then was from one shilling to one-and-sixpence each. -“Why, how many have you?” as I really thought I had made -a mistake in the number. “A goose and a gander,” said she. -“And do you suppose me to be a goose to give such a price as -that?” said I. “Oh!” said she, “they are good geese, and -only I wish to serve you, I would not offer them at all.” -“Indeed! I am much obliged by your good wishes,” said I; -“but as I think you want to impose upon me, you must take -your geese to another market, for I will not have them at any -price, and the sooner you take yourself off the better.” She -got highly offended, muttered something about my being sorry -for refusing them, and went away in high dudgeon; and after -she was gone, I found it was “the Hawk” who had favoured -me with the visit.</p> - -<p>On the same morning, a gang of strollers, consisting of tinkers, -chimney-sweeps, a brace or two of beggars, and a piper, -had pitched their tent on the road side, a short distance from my -residence; the members of the party had distributed themselves -over the surrounding district in pursuit of their various avocations; -it also happened to be churning-day, and my wife having -set her vessels in order, was proceeding with her lacteal -operations favourably—the milk had cracked, the butter was -expected—when the sound of music was heard; the piper attached -to the party had come to give us a specimen of his skill; he -favoured us with a few Connaught planxties, was duly rewarded, -and departed. Shortly after he was gone, two buxom -baggages, brown and bare-legged, with cans in their hands, -kerchiefs on their heads, and huge massive rings on their fingers, -came and demanded an alms. They were told there was -nothing then ready, on which one of them asked a drink. “I -have nothing to offer you but water,” said my wife, “until -the churning’s done.” “Well, water itself,” said she; on -getting which, she took a sup or two, put the remainder in -her can, and went off; and, strange as it may seem, my butter -went too. And from that day in January until May eve following, -not a morsel had we from our beautiful Brownie.</p> - -<p>As I did not put any faith in witchcraft, I was willing to attribute -this to some natural cause affecting the cow, though the -milk showed no perceptible change in either quantity or quality; -neither did she exhibit any symptoms of ailment or disorder, -except that she began to cast her hair. She was well supplied -with good fodder, comfortably lodged, and well attended, -and every possible care taken of the milk, but all to no purpose; -the butter was not forthcoming; and for my incredulity -I was laughed at by my neighbours. “Your cow is bewitched,” -cried they; “and you may as well throw chaff against the -wind, as think you will get your butter back, till you get the -charm.” Some said “the Hawk” had it, some that the gipsy -took it away in her can, and others that it followed the piper. -Be that as it may, I had to eat my bread butterless, and brood -over my loss, without even the comfort of common condolence.</p> - -<p>Various were the counter-charms recommended for my -adoption. “Send for Fraser the Scotchman from beyond the -Lough,” said one; “he fears neither man nor fiend, and he -will surely get it.” “Send for ‘the Hawk,’ and clip a bit off -her ear,” said another. “Let them keep their mouths full of -water, and never speak while they are churning,” said a third. -In short, I found there were as many ways of getting it back, -as there were of losing it—all equally simple, and probably as -efficacious.</p> - -<p>Thus matters continued until the early part of the month -of April, when one morning a man called, who desired to see -me. I found him a light, active, cute-looking fellow, low in -stature and spare in habit, but sinewy, well set and well -knit, and regularly smoke-dried. He was pretty well clad in -frieze, cord breeches, and yarn stockings and pumps; his -caubeen on one side, a cutty in his mouth, and a certain jauntiness -in his air, and crafty audacity in his look, which seemed -to say, “I’d have you to know I’m a clever fellow.”</p> - -<p>“So,” said he at once without preamble, “so you’ve lost -your butter.”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said I, “’tis certainly gone.”</p> - -<p>“Well, if you like, I’ll get it for you. My name is <span class="smcap">Orohoo</span> -(O’Hara); I live at Sliev Bawn—the people call me the -Fairy man—I can find things that’s stole—and I keep the -<em>garvally</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed!” said I: “why, you must be a clever fellow: but -can you get my butter?”</p> - -<p>“Not a doubt of it,” said he, “if it is in the country.”</p> - -<p>I had heard of the garvally before, which was described as -“a crooked thing like the handle of an umbrella, covered with -green baize.” It was formerly in much repute for swearing -on; “and a terrible thing it was, for if you swore falsely and -it round your neck, your mouth would turn to the back of -your head, or you’d get such a throttling as you’d never get -the better of.” It had latterly, however, lost much of its virtue, -or rather of its fame, by an unbelieving vagabond yoking -it on and swearing to a manifest falsehood, without suffering -any visible inconvenience. But to return to Orohoo.</p> - -<p>He made no stipulation; but requiring a deep plate, some -water and salt, with a little of the cow’s milk, he commenced -by desiring my wife and me to stand forward. He then asked -our names, if I was the owner of the cow, how long I had had -her, if that woman was my wife, when we had lost our butter, -and if we suspected any person for taking it. To these queries -I answered as was necessary; but to the last I replied, -I did not believe in witchcraft.</p> - -<p>“Don’t you believe in fairies?” he asked.</p> - -<p>“Scarcely,” said I.</p> - -<p>“No matter,” said he; “maybe before I’m done you will -believe in them.”</p> - -<p>He then in a very solemn manner poured some water into -the plate at three several times, thus—“In the name of the -Father,” a drop; “in the name of the Son,” ditto; “in the -name of the Holy Ghost,” ditto. He added the milk in the -same manner, and then sprinkled in the salt, using the same -formula. He now stirred round the mixture three times with -his finger, repeating the words as before, and desired us to -do the same. To this I demurred, for I did not wish to evince -any faith in the proceeding, by taking an active part; but he -combated my scruples by asking “was it not done in a good -name?” Certainly for so far I saw nothing very objectionable, -and my wife feeling no scruple on the subject, at their joint -persuasion I did as directed.</p> - -<p>He next made the sign of the cross over the plate with his -hands, and, waving them over his head, cut several curious -figures in the air, at the same time muttering an unintelligible -jargon I could not understand, but which, as I could catch a -sound or syllable, bore a close affinity to what is called bog -Latin. Gradually he became much excited; he raved like a -demon, stamped with his feet, and threatened with his fists: -now his tones were those of supplication or entreaty, anon of -abjuration or command; while his eye seemed fixed upon and -to follow the motions of some to us invisible being, with which -he appeared to hold converse. Suddenly he gave an unearthly -scream, as if in an agony of terror and perturbation, and, -holding up his hands as in the act of warding off a threatened -danger, he retreated backwards round the room, pursued, as -it seemed, by an implacable enemy. Gradually he regained -the spot he had left, turned himself to the four cardinal points, -making the sign of the cross at each turn, dipped his fingers -in the mixture, devoutly blessed himself, anointing his forehead, -shoulders, and breast, regained his self-possession, -raised his hands and eyes in an attitude of fervent thankfulness -to heaven, wiped the perspiration which profusely streamed -from his brow with the cuff of his coat, gradually recovered -his breath, and from a state of the greatest possible excitement -became calm and collected.</p> - -<p>Now, this was all acting, to be sure, but it was inimitably -done, and I confess, even armed as I was with unbelief, it -made a very powerful impression on me. I acknowledge I -did not feel at all comfortable. I did not like the idea of being -in the same room with the evil one, who to all appearance -was chasing my friend the conjuror round and round it. I -felt an indescribable sensation of dread creeping over me, and, -if I mistake not, there were a few drops of perspiration on my -brow; and my hair, of which I have not a superabundance, to -my apprehension began to get stiff and wiry. My wife, too, -clung closely to my side for protection, and the agitation of -her mind was evident by the audible action of her heart, -which in that case beat only responsive to my own.</p> - -<p>Having taken breath, he asked for a ribbon, which he passed -over his forehead and round his head, and, bringing the ends -in front, knotted it over his nose; then twining it round his -fingers in the manner children call a cat’s cradle, he knelt -down and peered through it attentively into the mixture, -which I imagined at the moment fermented and sent up a blue -vapour. After gazing a few seconds in this manner,</p> - -<p>“Aha!” said he, “she is not far off that has your butter; -bring me a lighted candle,” which on being brought he placed -in the plate. “Now,” said he, “both of you kneel down; do<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> -as I do, and say as I say, and we’ll have her here directly.”</p> - -<p>“No,” said I decidedly, “we will not.”</p> - -<p>I thought we had gone far enough, and was convinced that -if what we were engaged in was not an unholy act, it was at -least a piece of gross deception, and I would not countenance -it by any further participation.</p> - -<p>“Why,” exclaimed he, “don’t you want to get your butter?”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said I, “I would like to have my butter, but I -don’t choose to resort to a charm to obtain it.”</p> - -<p>“No doubt this is a charm,” said he, “but it is done in a -good name; and I have done it before for as good as ever you -were.”</p> - -<p>“So much the worse,” I replied; “that holy name should -never be profaned in such a manner, and I am sorry any person -would be so wicked or so foolish as to encourage you in -your tricks. I neither like you nor your proceedings, and the -sooner you go about your business the better.”</p> - -<p>He started to his feet in a passion, blew out the candle, -seized the plate, and attempted to throw the contents into the -fireplace; but my wife, who did not wish her hearth to be wet, -took it from him and laid it past. He fumed and stormed, -said I let him take a great deal of trouble on my account, and -insisted on proceeding; but I was determined, and, being considerably -chafed and annoyed by the transaction, I again -ordered him off, and left him.</p> - -<p>In a few moments I heard the noise of a violent altercation -and scuffle, and I was loudly called on. I hastened to the -scene of contention, and found my wife holding Orohoo by the -neck, and preventing his departure. “What’s all this?” I exclaimed. -“This fellow,” said she, “when he was going, took a live -coal out of the grate, and told me to take care of my children.” -This he stiffly denied, until confronted by the servant, and I -threatened to give him up to the police as an impostor, when -he quailed, and acknowledged that he had said so, but that he -meant no harm by it. “And sure,” said he, “there’s no harm -in bidding you mind them; for if your cow was hurt, so may -your children. You’re not treating me well,” he continued; -“I came at the bidding of a friend to do you a good turn, and -asked nothing for it, and now you’re putting me out; you’ll be -glad to see me yet, though. But take my advice: never -throw out your Sunday’s ashes until Tuesday morning, and -always sweep your floor in from the door to the hearth.” And -away he went.</p> - -<p>My heart now beat easy, for I thought we had fairly got rid -of the fairy man; but I was to be still further mystified and -bewildered. On examining the plate over which he had performed -his incantations, we found the contents to be thick, -yellow, and slimy, with a red sediment like globules of blood at -the bottom. This seemed extraordinary, as I certainly watched -him closely, and did not see him put any thing into the plate -but milk, water, and salt.</p> - -<p>The month now drew near a close, and our bread was still -butterless. This often caused the morsel to stick in the -throat of my poor dear partner, who felt none of the scruples -of conscience with which I was affected, and firmly believed, -her cow was bewitched. “Here we are day after day losing, -our substance, and might have it only for your squeamishness -in not letting the fairy man finish his job.” Thus she would -argue, and hesitated not to call me a fool, nay, a downright -ass; and indeed my neighbours were much of the same opinion: -one of them, a respectable farmer’s wife, was particularly pertinacious. -“My Robin,” said she one evening, as they were -harping on the old string, “my Robin was down in Sligo, and -he heard that if you got the coulter of a plough, and made -it red-hot in the fire, while you were churning the butter -would come back; or if you chose to churn on Sunday morning -before the lark sings, you will surely get it.” “Tempt me -no more with your spells or Sabbath-breaking; I will have -none of them,” said I, impatiently; “I will never barter my -peace of mind for a pound of butter, if I should never eat a -morsel.”</p> - -<p>But, in truth, my peace of mind was gone, for the continual -urging and yammering I was subjected to made me heartily -sick, and I inwardly resolved to sell the cow the first opportunity, -and so end the matter.</p> - -<p>On May eve, in the afternoon, I had occasion to leave home -for a short time, and on my return was rather surprised to -find all the windows closed and the door locked against me. I -knocked and called for admittance, but received no answer; -and hearing the noise of churning going on within, “fast and -furious,” the truth flashed across my mind; and lamenting my -wife’s credulity, I retired to the garden to await the result. -In a short time she came running out like one demented, clapping -her hands and screaming, “Oh! we’ve got the butter, -we’ve got the butter!” and on going in I found a coulter phizzing -and sparkling at a white heat in the fire, an ass’s shoe -(which had been found a few days previously) under the churn, -my worthy neighbour aforesaid standing over it, panting and -blowing from the exertions she had made on my behoof, and -wiping the dew-drops from her really comely countenance, and -in the churn, floating like lumps of gold in a sea of silver, as -fine a churning of butter as ever we were blessed with.</p> - -<p>Well, I own I was staggered, and being triumphantly asked, -“Now, is there no witchcraft or virtue in a red-hot coulter?” -I could scarcely muster up courage to utter “No.” In vain -I protested the butter came back because “Brownie” got back -to her pasture, in consequence of the change in her feeding, -from dry fodder to the mellow and genial produce of spring, -as the loss at first was owing to the transition from grass to -hay. ’Twas to no purpose to argue thus: all else were -positive it was otherwise; but whether the virtue was in -Orohoo’s incantations, the efficacy of the red-hot coulter, the -influence of the ass’s shoe, or the tremendous pommelling -the milk was subjected to on the occasion, no one could exactly -say.</p> - -<p>A few days after, I conversed on the subject with an intelligent -person, a herd in charge of an extensive stock farm. -After hearing my story to an end, he indulged in a hearty -laugh at my expense. “Faith,” said he, “I took you for a -sensible man, and did not suppose you would credit such -folly.” “I’d as soon believe my mother was a bishop,” said I, -“as put any faith in it some time ago. But how can I get -over the chain of circumstantial evidence?—not a link of it -wanting. First, ‘the Hawk’ coming with her seven-and-sixpenny -geese, then the gipsies and the piper, and losing -my butter just then.” “’Tis very easy,” said he, “to account -for it. In the first place, you took your cow from grass -and fed her on hay.” “Yes, but she had plenty of winter -cabbage, and we gave her boiled potatoes.” “Just the thing; -cabbage is good for plenty of milk, but not for butter. I’ll -engage you gave her the potatoes warm.” “Yes.” “And -she got a scour?” “Indeed she did, and her hair fell off.” -“So I thought. And afterwards she got in good condition?” -“Yes.” “Oh! ay, she put her butter on her ribs. Did you -kill a pig at Christmas?” “I did.” “Where did you put -your bacon in press?” “Why, under the shelf in the dairy.” -“Now the murder is out! Never as long as you live put -meat, either fresh or salt, near your milk-vessels; if you do, -you will surely spoil your milk and lose your butter.” “This -may account for my loss, but what have you to say to its -coming back?” “Why, what’s to hinder it, when your bacon -is in the chimney and your cow at grass?” “But the red -blobs in the plate, and Orohoo fighting the devil for me, what -do you say to that?” Here he gave way to such a violent fit -of laughter that I really thought he would burst the waistband -of his doe-skins. “Orohoo! ha! ha!—Orohoo! ha! -ha! ha!—the greatest villain that ever breathed. He came -to me one time that I had a cow sick, and said she was fairy-smitten, -and that he would cure her. He began with his -tricks with the milk and water, just the same as he did with -you; but I watched him closer; and when I saw the smoke -rising out of the plate, I got him by the neck, shook a little -bottle of vitriol out of the cuff of his coat, and took a paper -of red earthy powder out of his waistcoat pocket.” I looked -aghast and confounded. Was I, then, the dupe of the fairy -man? The thought was humiliating, and I even wished that -I had remained in ignorance, but on reflection had reason to -congratulate myself that it was only a temporary lapse, and -that I was right in my original opinion, that, except the -witchery of a pair of blue languishers, or the fairy spell of a -silver-tongued syren, there is now no evil of the kind to be -apprehended.</p> - -<p class="right">A.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Fashion is a poor Vocation.</span>—Its creed, that idleness is -a privilege, and work a disgrace, is among the deadliest errors. -Without depth of thought, or earnestness of feeling, or strength -of purpose, living an unreal life, sacrificing substance to show, -substituting the fictitious for the natural, mistaking a crowd for -society, finding its chief pleasure in ridicule, and exhausting -its ingenuity in expedients for killing time, fashion is among -the last influences under which a human being who respects -himself, or who comprehends the great end of life, would desire -to be placed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gap4" id="THE_MAGNETIC_POLES">THE MAGNETIC POLES.</h2> - -<p>The unwearied spirit of scientific research which so peculiarly -marks the times in which we live, has ascertained the -positions of the northern and southern magnetic poles to a degree -of almost mathematical precision. This discovery will -be hailed with pleasure by every person at all acquainted with -the benefits derived to society by the labours of those gifted -individuals who have devoted their thoughts more particularly -to the study of this most abstruse and mysterious branch of -physical knowledge. The position of the northern magnetic -pole was determined by Sir John Ross, in his second northern -expedition, fitted out at the sole expense of a British merchant, -to be in 70 degrees 5 minutes 17 seconds north latitude, -and 96 degrees 46 minutes 45 seconds west longitude, near the -western coast of the newly discovered tract named, after the -individual through whose munificence the boundaries of science -have been thus enlarged, Boothia Felix. Its place is -now marked on the globes and maps of the world published -since the navigator’s announcement of the solution of this long-sought-for -problem. The day of the discovery was the 1st of -June 1831.</p> - -<p>The position of the southern magnetic pole has not yet been -ascertained to so great a degree of precision. Excited by a -noble spirit of emulation caused by the success of the expedition -fitted out by Mr Booth and led by Sir John Ross, three -expeditions have been fitted out to complete the solution of the -problem—to fix the position of the southern magnetic pole, as -that of the northern had been already fixed. The parties in -this noble rivalry are Great Britain, France, and the United -States. The British magnetic expedition, under Captain -James Ross, sailed on the 5th of May for Van Diemen’s Land. -The only notices as yet received of its progress are, that soundings -were obtained at the depth of 3600 fathoms in the South -Atlantic, about 900 miles S.S.W. of St Helena; and again at -the depth of 2680 fathoms, at 450 miles west of the Cape of -Good Hope. A dispatch from Captain Dumont d’Urville, -commandant of the French expedition, to the Minister of the -Marine, details all the leading particulars of his voyage, by -which it appears that he has nearly though not altogether -succeeded in solving this part of the problem. On the 1st of -January the expedition sailed from Hobart Town in a southern -direction for 1350 miles, and in the latitude of 60 degrees -south met with the first island of ice, and shortly afterwards -discovered land ranging nearly along the south polar -circle, and, as far as the navigator’s observations went, between -136 degrees and 142 degrees east longitude. The -appearance was that of an ice-bound, barren coast, wholly -unfit for the habitation of man. The snow and ice which -covered it gave its surface an almost level appearance. Farther -inward nothing was to be perceived but ravines, inlets, -and projections, without a trace of vegetation. Whales, large -porpoises, fur-seals, albatrosses, and petrels and penguins of -different species, were seen near the shore. The commander -gave this newly discovered coast the name of Terre Adelie. -“This name,” he says in his dispatch, “was intended to perpetuate -the remembrance of my profound gratitude for the -devoted companion who has three times consented to a long -and painful separation, to enable me to achieve my projects of -foreign exploration.” On the 1st of February, in 65 degrees -20 minutes south latitude, and 131 degrees east longitude, the -expedition crossed the meridian of no variation; and the magnetic -observations afforded the means of determining that the -position of the magnetic pole must be in the neighbouring land -of Adelie itself, or on the compact ice which adjoined it. Having -so far succeeded in attaining the main object of his mission, -Captain Dumont bade a final adieu to these dreary -regions, and steered for Hobart Town, where he arrived on -the 17th of February, after an absence of forty-six days, having -lost sight of the ice altogether in the parallel of 57 degrees -south latitude.</p> - -<p>The American expedition, under Captain Wilkes, has been -equally successful in discovering the south polar island or -continent, for its geographical character has not yet been ascertained. -The land was first seen in 64 degrees 50 minutes -south latitude, and 154 degrees 18 minutes east longitude, by -a singular coincidence precisely on the same day, 19th January, -that it had been observed by the French navigator; and -Wilkes was enabled to run along the shore, for about 1700 -miles, as far as 97 degrees 45 minutes east longitude, so near -the land as often to find soundings with a few fathoms of line, -and to be able to carry away several valuable geological specimens -of the rocks and soil. His description of the appearance -of the coast corresponds with that already given.</p> - -<p>Whether any immediate beneficial results, practically applicable -to the improvement of commerce and colonization, will -accrue from these discoveries, may be doubtful, but the experience -of the era in which we live forbids us to reject the -prospect of ultimate benefits to society from any discovery -tending to enlarge the bounds of science, though the means by -which they are to be sought for are still out of sight. The -discovery of the extensive line of coast ranging nearly along -the south polar circle, serves in some degree to realize the conjectures -of former geographers, who, observing that by much -the greater mass of known land was in the northern hemisphere, -laid down the position that there must lie a countervailing -quantity of land somewhere in the southern hemisphere; so -fully convinced were they of the existence of this fancied continent, -that in the maps constructed by Herman Moll and other -scientific artists of his time, the coast is laid down in a line -nearly corresponding in latitude with that of Terre Adelie, -and continued round the globe, so as to represent the whole -of the south frigid zone as a continent, on which they inscribe -the name of Terra Australia Incognita—the unknown -southern region. With those who originated the supposition, -this unknown region was a mere creature of the imagination. -They were in possession of no facts to prove its reality; yet -it is singular that in this, as well as in many other fictions, -the ideal creature of the fancy has been discovered to have -some foundation in the realities of existence.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Paying down upon the Nail.</span>—The origin of this phrase -is thus stated in the Recollections of O’Keefe the dramatist:—“During -the Limerick assizes I saw a stuffed glove, about -four feet long, hanging out from the top of the Exchange, -nearly across the main street; this was the accustomed token -that for a week or a fortnight, whilst the courts were sitting, -no debtor could be arrested. Debtor or creditor, this was a -good thing for the theatres, as during that time the city was -thronged. An ample piazza under the Exchange was a thoroughfare: -in the centre stood a pillar about four feet high, and -upon it a circular plate of copper about three feet in diameter; -this was called <em>the nail</em>, and on it was paid the earnest for -any commercial bargains made, which was the origin of the -saying, ‘Paid down upon the nail.’” Perhaps, however, the -custom was common to other ancient towns.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">General Use of Tea in China.</span>—In China an ardent -spirit is made from rice, and called sam-shu, of which punch -is made in a coffee-pot, and it is drunk out of China cups; -but the natives are not much addicted to its use, a simple infusion -of tea being the general beverage of all classes. At all -hours of the day the artisan, as he sits at work, has his little -tea-pot and miniature cup beside him, out of which he quaffs -a little at pleasure, or presents a cup to his visitor. The -more refined class make the infusion in cups, in the manner -already described. After this process, as nothing is allowed -to go to waste in China, the tea-leaves are collected, dried, -and rolled up again, and sold to the English and Americans, -under the denomination of hyson mun-dun-go; that is, tea -having neither taste nor smell. None of this tea is sold in -England under its proper name, being for the most part mixed -with other kinds, and thus brought into the market. I never -saw green tea used in the houses of the natives, or of the -Fanqui merchants, where of course the best kinds were to be -had. The fact is, the consumption of green tea is for the -most part confined to the lower orders and the opium smokers, -who require its stimulating effects to settle the disturbed -state of their nervous system; and with us it is found to correct -the effects of an over-dose of opium—<cite>Dr Fulton’s Travelling -Sketches.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Progression.</span>—He that is good may hope to become better—he -that is bad may fear that he will become worse; for -vice, virtue, and time, never stand still.—<cite>Colton.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">“A great lie,” says the poet Crabbe, “is like a great fish -on dry land; it may fret and fling, and make a frightful bother, -but it cannot hurt you. You have only to keep still, and it -will die of itself.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and Published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">J. Drake</span>, Birmingham; <span class="smcap">M. Bingham</span>, Broad -Street, Bristol; <span class="smcap">Fraser</span> and <span class="smcap">Crawford</span>, George Street, Edinburgh; -and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -11, September 12, 1840, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, SEPTEMBER 12, 1840 *** - -***** This file should be named 54155-h.htm or 54155-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/1/5/54155/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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