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diff --git a/old/54009-0.txt b/old/54009-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b2165ef..0000000 --- a/old/54009-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1223 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Metropolitan Subway and Elevated Systems, by -General Electric Company - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Metropolitan Subway and Elevated Systems - Bulletin 49 - -Author: General Electric Company - -Release Date: January 18, 2017 [EBook #54009] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK METROPOLITAN SUBWAY *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, ellinora and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - Transcriber Notes - - ● Obvious typos and punctuation errors fixed. - ● Inconsistencies in hyphenation kept as in the original. - ● Italics are represented by underscores surrounding the _italic text_. - ● Small capitals have been converted to ALL CAPS. - ● Superscripts are noted by a caret and curly brackets, e.g. 59^{TH}. - ● A decorative GE logo is represented by [GE logo] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - -[Illustration: - - METROPOLITAN SUBWAY - and ELEVATED SYSTEMS - - GE - - - Presented As Bulletin Number 49 By The - - ELECTRIC RAILWAY HISTORICAL SOCIETY - - Price $1.50 - -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - BOSTON ELEVATED RAILWAY RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM - - -The transportation system of the city of Boston comprises a combination -of both rapid transit and surface lines operated under a single fare -arrangement with transfer privileges permitting a continuous ride in one -general direction from one end to the other of the system. The elevated -lines and the Tremont St. Subway were originally built by the railway -company in 1901. Today the total transportation system includes more -than 500 miles of line of which 37 miles are subway and elevated tracks. -The population served in the district of more than 92 square miles is -considerably over a million people and the number of revenue passengers -carried, approximates 350,000,000 per year. Statistics are not available -as to the passengers carried on the Rapid Transit lines. - -[Illustration: EXTERIOR OF MAIN POWER STATION AT SOUTH BOSTON] - -The original elevated structure operated between Sullivan Sq., -Charlestown, and Dudley Street, with two branches through the city, one -by subway under Tremont St. and the other by the way of Atlantic Ave. -and South Station. In 1908-9 the elevated structure was extended to the -present terminal at Forest Hills and the Washington St. Subway was -completed through the business part of the city. The Cambridge Subway -was placed in operation in 1912. Recent extensions include an elevated -line from Sullivan Square to Everett and reconstruction of the tunnel to -East Boston. - -Since July 1, 1919, the system has been operated by the Board of -Trustees of the Commonwealth. Under the direction of this board are -included not only the details of operation and management, but also the -decisions as to fares to be charged independent of the State Department -of Public Utilities. - -Under the direction of the present management a continuous program of -improvements has been inaugurated which has necessitated the re-routing -of trains to handle the traffic to the best advantage. - -Briefly there are four main routes as follows: - - Forest Hills-Everett (via tunnel) 8.59 miles - Forest Hills-Everett (via elev.) 9.35 miles - Harvard-Andrew 5.56 miles - No. Station West-Kenmore 2.87 miles - Bowdoin-Maverick Sq. 1.67 miles - -The Forest Hills-Everett route is called the main line, and the -Harvard-Andrew route the Cambridge Subway. The Bowdoin-Maverick Square -line up to the present has been operating three-car trains with overhead -trolley, but new equipment consisting of steel cars is now on order and -the third rail is now being installed in the tunnel. The Lechmere -Sq.-Broadway line over East Cambridge Viaduct and Tremont St. Subway is -also considered a rapid transit route, although surface type cars are -used with overhead trolley. These cars are equipped for multiple unit -control and are operated in three-car trains. - -[Illustration: 35,000-KW. TURBO-GENERATOR IN SOUTH BOSTON POWER STATION] - -The rush hour trains on the main line include as high as eight cars, -which is the limit set by the length of the station platforms. The -signal system is entirely automatic and during rush hours the headway -varies from 2 to 3½ minutes on the main line. The maximum grades -encountered are 2 to 3 percent with a high percentage of heavy -curvature. By taking advantage of the transfer arrangements at -terminals, rides of 14 miles can be obtained for a single fare. - - -_Power Station Equipment_ - -The power system as originally installed included several engine-driven -direct-current plants suitably located for distributing 600 volts direct -to the trolley. With the extension of the system, however, an -alternating-current station was installed at South Boston, generating -25-cycle three-phase current for distribution at 13,200 volts to -synchronous converter substations. Alternating-current generating -equipment has also been installed at the Lincoln Station. The total -installed capacity of turbine stations is now 115,000 kw. while the -direct-current generating stations have practically all been -discontinued. - -[Illustration: RAPID TRANSIT LINES—BOSTON ELEVATED RAILWAY] - -[Illustration: EXTERIOR OF EGLESTON SQUARE SUBSTATION] - - -_Substations_ - -There are in operation for supplying power to both elevated and surface -lines a total of 12 synchronous converter substations having a total -rated capacity of 58,000 kw. The power consumption of the Rapid Transit -lines is somewhat less than half the total energy used. - - -_Distribution_ - -Direct current is distributed from the several substations at 600 volts -and is collected on the rapid transit systems from an 85-lb. -over-running third rail. - - -_Rolling Stock_ - -Altogether there are 420 cars in the rapid transit service, the older -cars weighing about 34 tons with seating capacity of 48 and the newer -type as used in the Cambridge Subway 43 tons each, arranged to seat 72 -passengers. On account of the limiting clearances in the old subway the -Cambridge cars cannot be used on the main line. All cars are motor cars -and no attempt is made to use trailers. Each car is equipped with two -motors and multiple unit control. - -[Illustration: LATEST TYPE OF STEEL MOTOR CAR USED IN CAMBRIDGE SUBWAY] - -[Illustration: MAIN LINE TRAIN—BOSTON ELEVATED RAILWAY] - -[Illustration: INTERIOR OF SUBSTATION EQUIPPED WITH 2000-KW. SYNCHRONOUS -CONVERTERS] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - BROOKLYN RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM - - -The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company controls all of the elevated and -surface lines in Brooklyn including those reaching Coney Island. It also -has entrance to Manhattan over the lines of the New York Municipal -Railway Corporation, which was organized by the B. R. T. to finance and -construct a part of the new city lines allotted to the B. R. T. The New -York Municipal line runs through the new Broadway subway as far north as -60th St. thence east through the 60th St. tunnel under the East River to -a connection with the Astoria and Corona lines in Queens. Other subway -and bridge routes have been completed during the past few years as part -of a definite plan, which contemplates the elimination of the present -stub end operation at the lower end of Manhattan. - -[Illustration: STANDARD NEW YORK MUNICIPAL MOTOR CAR EQUIPPED WITH -GE-248 MOTORS] - -The Brooklyn Bridge line built in 1883 and the Brooklyn Elevated R. R. -in 1888 formed the nucleus of the present Brooklyn Rapid Transit system. -Electrical equipment was tried out in 1898 and additional motor cars -were put in service in 1902. This improvement rapidly displaced the -“steam dummies” and facilitated the extension of lines and the handling -of a rapidly increasing traffic. - -Of the present lines on the Brooklyn Rapid Transit system 89.20 miles of -route aggregating 258.35 miles on a single track basis can be classed as -rapid transit lines and operate multiple unit trains with third rail -current collection. This includes the several elevated branches in -Brooklyn and the newer subway lines of the dual system all of which are -operated by the New York Consolidated R. R. Co., which is the operating -organization. - -The lines of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit system, which are operated by -the New York Consolidated R. R., according to figures for the year ended -June 30, 1921, handled 404,970,640 passengers over the rapid transit -lines. - - -_Power Supply_ - -The original power equipment consisted of engine-driven direct-current -generators, which have gradually been retired due to obsolescence. - -[Illustration: RAPID TRANSIT LINES OPERATED BY NEW YORK CONSOLIDATED -R. R. CO.] - -Power for operating the B. R. T. system is now generated in two -alternating-current plants with installed capacities as follows: - - Central (Third Av. & 2nd. St.) 16,500 kw. - Williamsburg (Kent Av. & Rush St.) 182,500 kw. - -Power is generated and transmitted at 6600 volts, 25 cycles, -three-phase. Owing to the diversified feeding system it is not possible -to estimate the portion used by the elevated and surface lines. Power -for the operation of the Manhattan lines is purchased from the -Interborough Rapid Transit Co. - - -_Substations_ - -For supplying 600 volts to the entire system the B. R. T. has in -operation 98 synchronous converter units aggregating 142,500 kw. These -units range in size from 500 to 4000 kw. each. Many of the stations feed -both elevated and surface lines so that it is difficult to approximate -the capacity available for the rapid transit service. - - -_Distribution_ - -Current collection on all elevated and subway lines is from an -over-running third rail. The following sizes of third rail are in use: - - Early Elevated lines 55 lb. (to be replaced with 80 lb.) - Subway lines 80 lb. - New Subway 150 lb. - - -_Rolling Stock_ - -The New York Consolidated R. R. Company operates in subway and elevated -service a total of 1550 cars each equipped with two motors and multiple -unit control. These include the equipment operated over the New York -Municipal lines through the new subways. 900 of the newest cars use -GE-248 motors and weigh, fully equipped, about 45 tons with seats for 72 -passengers. These new cars are operated in all motor car trains. - -Trains up to seven cars are operated in rush hour service and the -minimum headways approximate two minutes. The maximum length of ride -possible for a single fare is from Corona through the Broadway subway to -Coney Island, about 21 miles. The maximum grade on the system is 5 per -cent on the New York Municipal line. - -[Illustration: 4000-KW. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS INSTALLED IN SOUTH 6TH -STREET SUBSTATION] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CHICAGO ELEVATED RAILROADS - - -The present Chicago Elevated Railroads are an amalgamation of the four -systems which up to 1911 were operated as independent lines. Under the -unified system of operation a single fare takes the passenger from one -end of the system to the other, except that north of Howard Street on -the Evanston line an additional fare is collected. The longest -continuous ride without change is from Wilmette to Jackson Park, a -distance of 24 miles. - -The first elevated road, afterward known as the South Side Elevated, -started operation in June, 1892, with steam engines. After the -successful demonstration on the Intramural Railway this line was -electrified; all steam equipment being withdrawn in 1898. - -What is now the Chicago and Oak Park Elevated Railroad began operation -in 1893 also with steam locomotives. Electrical operation began in -September, 1896. - -[Illustration: 30,000-KW. CURTIS TURBINE IN NORTHWEST STATION OF -COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY] - -The Metropolitan West Side was originally planned for steam locomotive -operation, but developments in electric traction during the construction -period were so rapid that orders for steam equipment were cancelled and -operation began in May, 1895, with electric equipment. - -The Northwestern Elevated began operation in May, 1900, and was planned -as an electric rad from the start. In 1897 the “Union Loop” was built to -facilitate interchange of passengers from the different lines, but a -separate fare was required on each road up to 1913. - -The population served by the Chicago Elevated Lines is estimated at more -than 1,000,000 people; the total number of passengers handled annually -is about 190,000,000. Trains of from six to eight cars are operated -during rush hour service on a two-minute headway with a maximum of 72 -trains per hour on a track of the loop. Plans are being made to extend -some of the station platforms to permit the use of more than 6- and -8-car trains. - -An extensive program of improvements to the present rapid transit system -has been proposed, but no definite steps have yet been taken toward -authorizing the work. These plans include a subway section under the -present loop district with several additional elevated lines. - - - PRESENT MILEAGE OF CHICAGO ELEVATED LINES - - ══════════════════════╤═══════╤═══════╤═══════╤═══════ - │ Route │Single │ Yard │ Total - │ Miles │ Track │ │ Track - │ │ Miles │ │ - ├───────┼───────┼───────┼─────── - Northwestern Elevated │ 19.7│ 52.33│ 9.28│ 61.61 - Chicago & Oak Park │ 9.32│ 20.38│ 2.28│ 22.66 - Metropolitan West Side│ 23.83│ 53.63│ 7.78│ 61.41 - South Side │ 16.15│ 35.99│ 9.97│ 45.96 - Loop │ 2.12│ 4.72│ ....│ 4.72 - ├───────┼───────┼───────┼─────── - │ 91.12│ 167.05│ 29.31│ 196.36 - ──────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴─────── - -[Illustration: CHICAGO ELEVATED RAILROADS] - -[Illustration: TRAIN ON INTRAMURAL RAILWAY CHICAGO, 1893] - -[Illustration: 8-CAR TRAIN—CHICAGO ELEVATED ROADS—EQUIPPED WITH GE-243 -MOTORS] - -[Illustration: 4000-KW. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS AT CAMPBELL AVENUE AND -HOMER STREET STATION] - - -_Power Supply_ - -The power for the early elevated lines was derived from engine-driven -direct-current power plants all of which have since become obsolete. All -power, therefore, is supplied from the network of the Commonwealth -Edison Co., which maintains an ample reserve to supply all needs. While -a large percentage of the power now being purchased is generated at 25 -cycles, the policy of the Power Co. on all new equipment is to specify -60 cycles. - - -_Substations_ - -12 out of the 32 substations supplying the various traction systems are -owned and operated by the Commonwealth Edison Co. and only 60-cycle -generating equipment is installed when adding to their present capacity. - -The several substations contain synchronous converter units ranging in -size from 1000 to 4000 kw. each. The preferred size for new 60-cycle -substations is the 3000-kw. unit of which there are now five in service. -The following table shows the ownership and gross capacity of the -substation equipment for all of the Chicago lines. It is not possible on -account of the diversity of feeding arrangement to designate any -particular stations as belonging exclusively to the elevated lines. - - - SUBSTATIONS—CHICAGO TRACTION SYSTEMS - - ═════════════════════════════╤════════╤════════╤════════ - Operating Co. │ No. │ No. │ Total - │Stations│ Units │Capacity - ─────────────────────────────┼────────┼────────┼──────── - Chicago Railways Co. │ 10│ 32│ 80,000 - Chicago City Railway │ 7│ 26│ 53,400 - Calumet & So. Chicago Railway│ 3│ 9│ 9,000 - Commonwealth Edison Co. │ 12│ 33│ 105,000 - Elevated R. R. │ 3│ 8│ 9,000 - ├────────┼────────┼──────── - Totals │ 35│ 108│ 256,400 - ─────────────────────────────┴────────┴────────┴──────── - -[Illustration: LATEST TYPE OF 3000-KW., 60-CYCLE SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS -INSTALLED BY COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY, FOR CHICAGO SURFACE AND -ELEVATED LINES] - -The Northwestern Elevated R. R. has on order a complete 2000-kw. -automatic substation from the General Electric Co. to be installed at -Buena Park. This is the first application of the automatic to -Metropolitan Rapid Transit service. - - -_Distribution_ - -Energy for elevated train operation is fed to the third-rail shoes at -600 volts. The third rail is of the top contact unprotected A.S.C.E. -rail varying in size from 40 to 80 lb. - - -_Rolling Stock_ - -The rolling stock equipment includes a total of 1008 two-motor cars -weighing from 22 to 35 tons each, the latter figure representing the -more recent types of cars. The distribution of these cars among the four -divisions is as follows: - - No. Motor - Cars - Northwestern Elevated 302 - Chicago & Oak Park Elev. 84 - Metropolitan West Side Elev. 253 - South Side Elev. 369 - ───────── - Total 1,008 - -In addition to the motor cars there are available for use on the several -divisions about 660 coaches which can be used as trailers. - -Supplemental to the regular elevated service the Chicago Elevated System -affords entrance to the business section of the city to the Chicago, -North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. an affiliated line operating a high speed -interurban service between Chicago and Milwaukee. This line enters from -the north operating over the Northwestern division at Evanston. - -Connection is also made at Des Plaines at the end of the Garfield Park -Branch with the Chicago, Aurora & Elgin R. R., a high-speed third-rail -line reaching Aurora, Elgin, Batavia, Geneva and other points west. -These trains also enter the city running over the Metropolitan West Side -tracks into the loop district. - -[Illustration: 4-CAR TRAIN ON NORTHWESTERN ELEVATED EQUIPPED WITH GE-243 -MOTORS] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - HUDSON & MANHATTAN R. R. - - -The Hudson & Manhattan R. R. Conducts a Heavy Passenger Traffic Between -Lower Manhattan and Jersey City points and between an uptown station at -33rd. St. and Hoboken, N. J. Rapid Transit service is also maintained -between Hudson Tunnel and Newark over the tracks of the Pennsylvania -R. R. These lines popularly known as the Hudson Tubes are to a large extent -operated through tunnels under the Hudson River. Direct under-river -connection is made between New York and the stations of the Erie, D. L. -& W. and Pennsylvania Railroads. - -The total mileage of the system is made up as follows: - - Miles of road 7.869 - Extra track 8.634 - Sidings, etc. .332 - Car Houses and Shops 1.920 - ────── - Total 18.768 - -The road was opened in February, 1908, for transportation of passengers -from Jersey City to lower Manhattan and later to the uptown terminal. - -[Illustration: 6-CAR TRAIN ON HUDSON & MANHATTAN RAILROAD EQUIPPED WITH -GE-76 MOTORS AND TYPE M CONTROL] - -[Illustration: 3-CAR TRAIN FOR NEWARK RAPID TRANSIT SERVICE EQUIPPED -WITH GE-212 MOTORS AND TYPE M CONTROL] - -[Illustration: HUDSON AND MANHATTAN RAILROAD] - -[Illustration: TWO 35,000-KW. CURTIS TURBINES IN WATERSIDE STATION NO. 1 -NEW YORK EDISON COMPANY] - -The electrical equipment, which was furnished throughout by the General -Electric Company, includes: - - A power station equipped with four Curtis turbo-generating units - aggregating 18,000-kw. - - Three substations containing a total of 11-1500-kw. synchronous - converters. - - 311 electric motor cars equipped for multiple unit operation. (60 of - these cars operated in the Newark Suburban service are the - property of the Pennsylvania R. R.) - - - POWER SUPPLY - -The power station was equipped with two 6000-kw. and two 3000-kw. -vertical Curtis turbines generating 25-cycle three-phase alternating -current at 11,000 volts. This plant is at Jersey City conveniently -located for the reception of coal for fuel and use of Hudson River water -for condensing purposes. Through an arrangement agreed to some time ago -power is now being purchased from the New York Edison Company, who have -furthermore taken over the power station. - -Substation No. 1 is located at Christopher & Greenwich Sts.; No. 2 at -Washington & First Sts. (in Power House) and No. 3 in the Hudson -Terminal Building. The 600-volt current for train propulsion is -distributed through a 75-lb. top contact third rail reinforced with -suitable feeders. - - - ROLLING STOCK - -The motor car equipment owned by the Hudson & Manhattan R. R. includes -251 units, all motor cars, each carrying two motors either GE-76, GE-212 -or GE-259 and Type M control. The cars are of all-steel construction and -weigh from 35 to 37 tons each without passenger load. The Newark service -requires 96 cars of which 36 are owned and 60 are furnished by the -Pennsylvania R. R. Co. All of these cars are equipped with GE-212 -motors. - -Train service is operated on a uniform headway varying the number of -cars per train to suit the traffic. Platforms are 370 ft. in length, -which is sufficient to accommodate 8-car trains. The total number of -passengers handled during the year ended June 30, 1921, was 95,607,645. - - [GE logo] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT CO. - - -On account of its geographical peculiarities the city of New York has -for many years been subject to traffic congestion on the north-south -line. The long narrow outline of the island of Manhattan with its dense -population presents an unusually difficult transportation problem. - -Until the year 1914 the operations of the Interborough Rapid Transit -System were confined almost exclusively to Manhattan and the Bronx, -while the Brooklyn Rapid Transit System operated in Brooklyn and the -Borough of Queens. This geographical division, however, was abandoned -with the inauguration of the dual system. By the new arrangement the -B. R. T. operates into Manhattan over the New York Municipal line and on -the other hand the Interborough reaches into Queens through the Steinway -Tunnels and the Queensborough Bridge and into Brooklyn by the Eastern -Parkway and Nostrand Ave. Lines. - -[Illustration: 7-CAR TRAIN EQUIPPED WITH G-E MOTORS AND PC CONTROL] - -[Illustration: 30,000-KW. TURBINE AT 59^{TH} STREET STATION, -INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT] - -[Illustration: INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT LINES] - -The Interborough operates the old subway traversing the length of -Manhattan and also the four elevated lines in Manhattan and the Bronx. -The original lines of this system were built in 1868 and were the first -elevated tracks in New York and probably the first in the world. Other -elevated lines were built between 1870 and 1880, and the present old -subway was completed in 1904-8. - -Steam locomotives were superseded on the Manhattan Elevated line in 1902 -and electric motor car trains were substituted. The original General -Electric equipment installed at that time is still in daily operation -after 20 years’ service. - -The present rapid transit facilities of the Interborough include the -following branches: - - ═══════════════════════════════════╤══════╤══════ - Division │Length│Total - │ of │Single - │ Road │Track - ───────────────────────────────────┼──────┼────── - Bronx Subway Line Contracts 1 & 2 │ │ - Underground │ 19.56│ 62.97 - Elevated │ 6.16│ 22.32 - Contract No. 3 │ │ - Atlantic Ave. │ ....│ .27 - Astoria Line Elevated │ 2.33│ 6.87 - Brooklyn Line │ 5.10│ 17.66 - Corona Line Elevated │ 4.21│ 12.61 - Clark St. Tunnel │ 2.31│ 4.67 - Jerome Ave. Line │ 6.04│ 18.89 - Lexington Ave. Line │ 5.00│ 21.15 - 149th St. Loop │ .55│ .55 - Nostrand Ave. Branch │ 2.70│ 5.55 - Pelham Bay Park Line │ 7.15│ 21.6 - Queensboro Subway │ │ - Underground │ 1.61│ 5.98 - Elevated │ 1.03│ .... - South Ave. Line Underground │ 4.19│ 15.73 - White Plains Rd. Line Elevated │ 4.88│ 15.82 - Manhattan Division Elevated │ 37.67│113.19 - 8th Ave. & 162nd. St. Connection │ .62│ 1.26 - Queensboro Bridge Line │ 1.35│ 2.73 - Webster Ave. Line │ 1.74│ 5.33 - West Farms Subway Connection │ .5 │ 1.00 - ├──────┼────── - Totals │114.7 │373.15 - ───────────────────────────────────┴──────┴────── - -The number of passengers carried by the Interboro Lines during the -fiscal year 1921 was 1,013,678,831. This figure represents 2,773,479 -passengers per mile of track. In the main 4-track subway 10-car express -trains are operated during rush hour periods on minimum headways of 108 -seconds. - - -_Power Supply_ - -The power generating equipment of the Interborough includes briefly the -following: - - ════════════════════════════════╤═══════════ - 59th St. Power Station │ Total Kw. - ────────────────────────────────┼─────────── - Turbo-Generators 3-30,000 kw.│ 90,000 - Compound Units 5-15,000 kw.│ 75,000 - Engine-driven Units 4- 7,500 kw.│ 30,000 - ├─────────── - Total │195,000 Kw. - ────────────────────────────────┴─────────── - - ════════════════════════════════╤═══════════ - 74th St. Power Station │ Total Kw. - ────────────────────────────────┼─────────── - Turbo-Generator 1-60,000 kw.│ 60,000 - Turbo-Generators 3-30,000 kw.│ 90,000 - Turbo-Generator 1- 7,500 kw.│ 7,500 - Engine-driven 3- 7,500 kw.│ 22,500 - ├─────────── - Total │180,000 Kw. - ────────────────────────────────┴─────────── - -Power is generated 11,000 volts three-phase 25 cycles and transmitted -principally underground at 11,000 and 19,000 volts. The total energy -generated in the two main sections at 59th St. and 74th St. for the year -1921 was 830,000,000 kw-hrs. - - -_Substations_ - -For supplying 625-volt direct current to the rapid transit lines, there -are a total of 25 substations containing 129 synchronous converters -aggregating 283,000 kw. - - -_Distribution_ - -Propulsion current is delivered to trains through an unprotected -over-running third rail weighing, in the old subway 75 lbs. per yard, on -the elevated 100 lbs., and in the new subway 150 lbs. per yard. - - -_Rolling Stock_ - -The motor car equipment on the Manhattan Elevated lines includes over -800 cars which have been in operation since 1902-4 with GE-66 motors and -Type M control. These cars after 20 years of hard service are referred -to as the “back-bone of the system.” Frequent additions have been made -to elevated and subway equipment so that the total rolling stock at the -end of the fiscal year 1921 was as follows: - - INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT ROLLING STOCK EQUIPMENT - - MANHATTAN DIVISION - Passenger Motor Cars 1016 - Passenger Trailers 721 - Service Motor Cars 4 - Service Trailers 56 - ELEVATED EXTENSIONS - Passenger Motor Cars 476 - SUBWAY DIVISION CONTRACTS 1 & 2 - Passenger Motor Cars 785 - Passenger Trailers 352 - Service Motor Cars 10 - Service Trailers 46 - SUBWAY DIVISION CONTRACT 3 - Passenger Motor Cars 581 - Passenger Trailers 217 - Service Motor Cars 1 - Total Motor Cars 2873 - Total Trailers 1392 - Grand Total 4265 - -The longest ride on the system for a single fare is from the terminus of -the White Plains Road line at 241st St. near the Northern boundary of -the city, the entire length of Manhattan and the Bronx and through the -Eastern Parkway Subway to Linwood Avenue, a distance of about 26 miles. -The maximum grades encountered are 4½ per cent. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - PHILADELPHIA RAPID TRANSIT CO. - - -The present rapid transit facilities of the City of Philadelphia include -Market St. Subway-Elevated line extending East from the 69th St. -Terminal to the Delaware River. The tracks are elevated from 66th St. to -22nd St. and pass in subway under the business section to another -elevated section on Delaware Ave. This line first began service in 1905 -and during the year 1920 handled approximately 80,000,000 passengers. - -As far back as 1912 an exhaustive study of the city’s transportation -facilities was made and a comprehensive program of extensions was -proposed for the rapid transit system. Owing to legislative delays, and -conditions due to the war, progress has been delayed on this program so -that so far only the Frankford Elevated line has been built. This is now -nearly ready for operation, from the foot of Market Street to Frankford, -a distance of 6.4 miles all double tracked. Other extensions planned for -construction in the near future include a four-track subway running -north and south under Broad Street, and an elevated line extending from -the present Market Street line at West Philadelphia to Darby. - -The present elevated-subway system is double tracked throughout and -multiple unit trains up to seven cars each are operated on headways down -to two minutes. No express service is operated, all trains making every -stop. - -[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA RAPID TRANSIT ELEVATED AND SUBWAY LINES] - -[Illustration: TRAIN ON MARKET STREET ELEVATED, PHILADELPHIA RAPID -TRANSIT COMPANY] - - -_Power Supply_ - -The Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company’s principal power station is at -Delaware Avenue. Steam turbine generating equipment totalling 58,000 kw. -is in service in three stations and is designed for 13,200 volts 3-phase -25 cycles at which it is transmitted to the substations. One or two -direct-current stations are still available for supplying 600 volts -direct to the trolley. Power is also purchased from the Philadelphia -Electric Co. and the Philadelphia Hydro-Electric Co. - - -_Substations_ - -The company operates a total of 17 substations used for supplying both -surface and rapid transit lines. These stations contain a total of 65 -units aggregating 103,500 kw. - -Power is distributed to all lines at 600 volts and on the rapid transit -lines is collected from an under running third rail similar to that used -on the New York Central Electric Zone. - - -_Rolling Stock_ - -The rolling stock used on the Elevated-Subway line includes 215 motor -cars each equipped with two motors. Trains are made up of all motor -cars, no trailers being used. General Electric motors are used -throughout including GE-66 and GE-222. The Frankford extension will be -operated with 100 motor cars each equipped with two GE-259 motors. - -[Illustration: INTERIOR OF SUBSTATION AT 15TH AND TUCKER STREETS, -SHOWING 2000-KW. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY EQUIPMENT IN MULTIPLE-UNIT - SUBWAY & ELEVATED SERVICE - - ════════════════╤═════════════════════════════╤══════════════════════ - │ Cars │ Motors - SYSTEM ├───┬───────┬────────┬────────┼───┬────────┬───────── - │No.│Yr. put│ Total │ Length │No.│ Type │ Trailer - │ │ in │ Wgt. │Overall │ │ │Operating - │ │Service│ Pounds │Ft. In. │ │ │ - ────────────────┼───┼───────┼────────┼────────┼───┼────────┼───────── - Boston Elev. │ 40│1917 │ 66383│46 7¼ │ 2│GE-259-B│} - Rwy. Co. │ 45│1920 │ 66628│46 7¼ │ 2│GE-259-B│} No - │ 24│1920 │ 68009│46 7¼ │ 2│GE-259-B│} - │ 20│1912-3 │ 86400│69 6½ │ 2│GE-212 │} - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Hudson & │ 50│1907 │ 74550│48 3 │ 2│GE-76 │} - Manhattan R. R. │ 90│1909 │ 69620│48 5 │ 2│GE-76 │} - │ 50│1910 │ 69620│48 5 │ 2│GE-76 │} No - │ 96│1911 │ 73000│48 3½ │ 2│GE-212-C│} - │ 25│1921 │ 73500│51 3½ │ 2│GE-259 │} - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Interborough │828│1902-3 │ 75500│47 0½ │ 2│GE-66-A │} - Rapid Transit │200│1904 │ 58500│47 0½ │ 2│GE-69-B │} - Co. │ 91│1907 │ 59160│47 0½ │ 2│GE-211-A│} - │ 40│1907 │ 83200│47 0½ │ 2│GE-212-A│} - │190│1909 │ 83200│51 0½ │ 2│GE-212-A│} Yes - │ 6│1915 │ 70960│51 0½ │ 2│GE-240-C│} - │161│1915 │ 75000│51 0½ │ 2│GE-259-A│} - │103│1915 │ 75500│51 0½ │ 2│GE-260-A│} - │ 71│1915 │ 71000│51 0½ │ 2│GE-259-A│} - │168│1917 │ 75500│51 0½ │ 2│GE-260-A│} - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Metropolitan │ 12│1895-98│ 65000│47 9½ │ 2│GE-2000 │} - West Side Elev. │ 78│1904 │65-70000│47 9½ │ 2│GE-55 │} Yes - Rwy. │ 37│1914-5 │ 70000│48 6¾ │ 2│GE-243 │} - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Northwestern │192│1900-06│65-69000│46 7½ │ 2│GE-55 │} - Elev. R. R. │ 20│1908 │ 69000│46 7½ │ 2│GE-211-B│} Yes - │ 43│1914-15│ 70000│48 6¾ │ 2│GE-243 │} - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - South Side Elev.│149│1897 │ 52714│47 1 │ 2│GE-57-B │} - R. R. │ 70│1902-03│ 55000│47 3 │ 2│GE-73-A │} Yes - │ 61│1914-15│ 70000│48 6¾ │ 2│GE-243 │} - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Chicago & Oak │ 84│1906 │65-70000│46 7½ │ 2│GE-55 │Yes - Park Elev. R. R.│ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - N. Y. Municipal │900│1914-20│ 90600│67 0 │ 2│GE-248 │Yes - Ry. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Philadelphia │ 40│1906 │ 71000│49 7 │ 2│GE-66 │} - Rapid Tran. Co. │ 40│1907 │ 76000│49 7 │ 2│GE-66 │} - │ 16│1906 │ 72000│49 7 │ 2│GE-66 │} - │ 4│1909 │ 76000│49 7 │ 2│GE-66 │} No - │ 65│1911 │ 70500│49 7 │ 2│GE-66 │} - │ 50│1913 │ 70000│49 7 │ 2│GE-222-F│} - │ 50│1921 │ 89600│55 │ 2│GE-259 │} - │ 50│1922 │ 89600│55 │ 2│GE-259 │} - ────────────────┴───┴───────┴────────┴────────┴───┴────────┴───────── - -Bulletin Number 49 is a reproduction of a 1922 General Electric Company -pamphlet. Since that year many changes have been made in the systems -described and new lines have been constructed in Cleveland, Toronto and -Montreal. 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