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diff --git a/old/53481-0.txt b/old/53481-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 572c6c4..0000000 --- a/old/53481-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2592 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Printing Telegraphy... A New Era Begins, by -Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Printing Telegraphy... A New Era Begins - -Author: Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt - -Release Date: November 9, 2016 [EBook #53481] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINTING TELEGRAPHY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - PRINTING TELEGRAPHY ... - A NEW ERA BEGINS - - - [Illustration: Autograph, Edward E. Kleinschmidt—1967] - - _Edward E. Kleinschmidt - 1967_ - - - - - PREFACE - - -Having been associated with the printing telegraph for more than sixty -years, I have felt the urge to write a résumé of the problems and the -progress made during my time toward today’s wonderful achievements in -the art of telegraphic communications. - -It is interesting to note that of all the old-time electric telegraph -systems, it appears that only those using the Morse dot-dash code -invented in 1837 and the permutation code devised by Gauss and Weber in -1833 (now known everywhere as the Baudot code) have survived today. - -Samuel Morse’s code, which was modified somewhat in several letter code -compositions to facilitate its use anywhere in the world, has become an -audible, easily learned international language, loved by its users -everywhere. It will no doubt continue to be used for some time to come, -as long as we have our railroad telegraph operators, radio amateurs, -police CW systems, certain branches of the Armed Forces, and any others -who converse in dits and dahs. - -The permutation code has taken hold firmly, too. Its use of five pulses -transmitted in varying combinations of on and off, or positive and -negative, conditions has wide application in today’s printed -communications systems. As in the Morse system, alphabets for the -five-unit permutation code system have been modified as to letter code -compositions for international correspondence. The permutation code uses -the powers of two in progressively selecting a letter printing position. - -The binary code uses the same selective stops by yes or no designation -in a system of counting by the powers of two. It is used where larger -groups of yes or no positions are required, as in data processing and -computer systems. - -This writing, then, is a bit of history that will put together the -constructive developments that brought about the present era of the -worldwide, telegraphically-transmitted printed word. - -I wish to acknowledge with great appreciation the informative material -sent to me by my friends, both here and in foreign lands, who are -associated with the telegraph industry. - -For assembling information we have gathered from various sources and for -the most helpful assistance given me in writing this story, I also want -to thank my secretary, Mrs. Doris Pompilio. - - Edward E. Kleinschmidt - - - - - PRINTING TELEGRAPHY ... - A NEW ERA BEGINS - - - - - CHAPTER 1 - Introduction - - -It is a major effort today to keep pace with the rapid advances in the -field of printed communications. Hardly a day passes that we do not read -of a new development in equipment that is more complex, farther -reaching, more rapid in operation.... - -This electrical, or electronic, transmission and interchange of the -printed word might be said to be an evolvement of the old printing -telegraph systems. Such systems, over the years, while not so rapidly as -today, were also improved upon, modified, speeded up, but could be used -only in the point-to-point transmission of messages. - -While the railroads had been using the Morse code system (key and -sounder) satisfactorily, they would have preferred a system whereby a -printed record could be obtained. In the industrial world, too, there -was need for a businessman’s printing telegraph—a means to type out -messages, directly and interchangeably, to far-off associates. And there -was always that dream, starting with the earliest telegraph -experimenters, of being able to correspond instantly with one another -anywhere in the world. Indeed, the need for all this had been known for -many years, but not the way. - -It was after the turn of the century that telegraph engineers began in -earnest to think about a system of telegraphy that would permit direct -intercommunication by the printed word, and direct circuit connection to -any outlying subscriber as in the telephone communication system. - -Up until then, apparatus for transmitting telegrams, such as that of -Wheatstone & Cooke, Morse, Hughes, Barclay, etc., also the step-by-step -stock tickers and bulletin printers, used various types of -code-signaling devices in which the code varied in length as to the -transmission of more frequent or less frequent letters. - -Now in order to provide a practical telegraph system permitting the -interconnection of apparatus throughout the world, the first basic -requisite is a standard signaling code; this code, moreover, must be of -such nature as to use the simplest form of electrical signaling (such as -make and break signals, or positive and negative signals), and the code -should be of equal length for all characters. - -The permutation code, where combinations of five plus and minus pulses -will give thirty-two selective positions, was suggested as far back as -1833 by Gauss and Weber. Whitehouse, in 1854, and Barnett, in 1860, -experimented further, using the permutation code to operate a recording -mechanism. However, no practical means for actually printing letters and -figures was found until 1882 when Jean Maurice Emile Baudot designed a -multiplex system to permit the transmission of four messages in each -direction over a single line circuit. Later, Baudot designed a tape -printer in which the selecting and printing mechanisms comprised an -ingenious arrangement of cooperating parts, including a rotating -typewheel associated with a coded combiner wheel and five stationary -elements selectively movable to received code positions, each element -having an extending finger to be brought into contact with the periphery -of the coded combiner wheel upon the completion of a selective code -setting. When the code combination of the set fingers matched a code on -the wheel, a print roller was released to press the recording tape -against the typewheel and print the selected letter. - -Although the Baudot Multiplex was used extensively in Europe, engineers -and inventors in the United States had not produced a practical 5-unit -permutation-code teleprinter system. They were constantly searching for -a unit code system requiring a minimum number of electrical impulses to -operate a telegraph printer. Various types of relay systems using -distinctive signal pulses were proposed. A three-unit-code system that -showed promise, and did not require synchronism, used four different -electrical pulse conditions: a high voltage positive or negative pulse, -and a low voltage positive or negative pulse. Records show that many -inventors played with this code and that John Burry, C. L. Krum, G. A. -Cardwell, and J. C. Barclay, among others, built operable equipment -using such a code arrangement. The following excerpt from Cardwell’s -patent No. 905,497 of December 1, 1908, may be of interest. It describes -the code arrangement of four different line conditions in three signal -groups to produce 36 different code combinations. - - In order to energize the controller magnets in proper sequence to - position the type wheel for printing a desired letter, a predetermined - code or system of sending in the impulses is essential. In an - instrument constructed by me in accordance with the present invention - I have used the following: - - 1-2-1 letter space - 1-2-3 carriage return - 1-2-4 line space - 1-3-1 type wheel shift - 1-3-2 type wheel release - 1-3-4 A - 1-4-1 I - 1-4-2 O - 1-4-3 D - 2-1-2 E - 2-1-3 H - 2-1-4 N - 2-3-1 W - 2-3-2 R - 2-3-4 S - 2-4-1 T - 2-4-2 V - 2-4-3 U - 3-1-2 - - 3-1-3 , - 3-1-4 ? - 3-2-1 Y - 3-2-3 C - 3-2-4 F - 3-4-1 G - 3-4-2 Q - 3-4-3 L - 4-1-2 M - 4-1-3 J - 4-1-4 B - 4-2-1 X - 4-2-3 Z - 4-2-4 . - 4-3-1 K - 4-3-2 P - 4-3-4 - - The numerals in the above code or system indicate the sequence of the - impulses through the relay contacts 1, 2, 3 and 4. - -Cardwell’s backers formed the American Telegraph Typewriter Company and -sold shares, claiming a great profitable future for their apparatus. A -few printers were built, but, on extended service tests, the -high-low-voltage feature proved to be impractical and the company -folded. - -J. C. Barclay of the Western Union Telegraph Company designed printing -apparatus and perforated tape transmitting equipment for this type of -system, but, after limited use of the high-low-voltage principle, he -changed this feature to long and short pulses with discriminating -relays. With later improvements, this system was put into service on a -number of Western Union message circuits. - - _Note:_ Today, in the 1960s, the techniques of frequency division and - electronics could be used for transmitting three different line - conditions from a group of four different frequencies. In such a - system, synchronism between send and receive terminals, or the - start-stop method to control correct timing, is not needed. The - transmission of any selected group of three, when received in - succession at a teleprinter, will cause printing of a letter when the - third receiving relay completes a circuit to the selected printing - magnet. Transistor circuits with associated control elements could - replace the relays. - -Telegraph companies in the United States were mostly using the Morse and -increased its efficiency through development of quadruplex operation and -high-speed transmission systems. However, the quest for a more efficient -printing telegraph system persisted and various types were proposed and -tried. All made use of codes that were impractical for -intercommunicating systems and, while some were used in message service -by the telegraph companies, they did not appear to have any great -advantage over the Morse telegraph. - -In 1911, Western Union began investigating systems used in Europe. The -first to be tested was the Creed, a system for transmitting and printing -Continental or Morse code signals at high speed. After observing several -other systems, the Murray Multiplex, an improved and modernized version -of the Baudot Multiplex, was found to show better operating features -and, due to the use of the five-unit permutation code, more efficient -use of telegraph lines. - -By agreement with Donald Murray, and with his cooperation, the so-called -Western Union Multiplex was developed, using Murray’s phonic wheel drive -and synchronous correction. Western Union engineers designed tape -transmitters and an autocontrol device for transmitting service signals. -A keyboard-operated, five-unit-code, tape punch was supplied by the -Morkrum Company. A page printer, which was later converted to print on -gummed tape, was supplied by the Kleinschmidt Electric Company. The -Western Union Multiplex was effective in increasing operating efficiency -and came into extensive use throughout the system. - -From that time on, development of the Baudot permutation-code printing -telegraph apparatus was furthered by various companies, such as Bell -Laboratories, Western Electric, the Morkrum Company, the Kleinschmidt -Electric Company, as well as the companies of J. E. Wright, L. M. Potts, -and others. - -It appears that all of these inventors experimented with the idea of -operating all transmitting and receiving apparatus at identical speeds -to transmit a five-unit-code combination by first transmitting a pulse -to start both transmitter and the distant receiver at the same time. -Synchronous operation was obtained by electric motors equipped with -governors to maintain correct speed; some used tuning-fork-controlled -impulse motors. A system of five relays with progressive contact -arrangements to cause cascade operation was also used to provide correct -timing. Later, when correctly-timed, 60-cycle alternating current became -available (see page 27), synchronous motors did the job. - -Teleprinter apparatus using this synchronous method worked very well for -point-to-point transmission as was used by the telegraph companies and -news-distributing organizations to carry local traffic. It did not, -however, solve the sought-for plan for a teleprinter intercommunicating -system. When attempts were made to connect printers at different distant -points in a telegraph intercommunicating circuit while using the -synchronous principle, false reception and printing errors would occur, -due to variation in line circuit conditions and to a variation of the -mechanical start operation at outlying teleprinters. This required -frequent overline adjustment to keep the connected apparatus in phase. - -The following is an excerpt from a patent application of Dr. Louis M. -Potts (later to become research engineer for the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt -Corporation), filed June 17, 1909, giving his idea for achieving a -teleprinter intercommunicating system on the synchronous principle. Dr. -Potts was a very capable telegraph engineer. His early association was -with the telegraph system of the Rowland Telegraphic Company which had -limited use in the early 1900s. - - In those synchronous telegraph systems wherein the sending and the - receiving commutator brushes constantly rotate, it is necessary to - adjust these brushes so that they will approximately simultaneously - engage corresponding segments. To effect this adjustment there is - usually provided a special device embodying an additional segment on - each commutator, and the adjustment consists in causing the brushes to - arrive approximately simultaneously on this segment at the two ends of - the line. Such adjustment is known as “finding the letter” and has to - be made every time synchronism has been interrupted. According to the - present invention, the necessity of providing additional means for - performing the so-called operation of “finding the letter” is rendered - unnecessary, since the transmitting and receiving commutator brushes - at the two ends of the line start up afresh as it were for each - signal. - -In a later patent application, filed October 11, 1913, Dr. Potts stated: - - This machine has also the advantage of being able to operate with a - very short code. In order to adapt it to Morse circuits, it should be - capable of operating with a code at least as short as the Morse code. - In the present machine, I preferably employ a five unit code which, - together with the starting impulse and the lag between signals, is - actually shorter than the Morse code. Counting the five code impulse - periods, the starting impulse period and the period of lag between - impulses, each signal in my case, may be considered in comparison with - the Morse code as being seven units long, whereas the Morse code is - 8.5 units long. The average signal being shorter than the Morse, the - delicacy of adjustment will be less and the distance of operation - greater than a Morse telegraph for the same rate of transmission in - words per minute. - -Dr. Potts, however, still depended on like synchronous operation at both -terminals, and dual start, so he did not have the answer after all! - -John E. Wright, who in the 1890s designed and built step-by-step -printing apparatus, including the Wright-Negron bulletin printer, also -turned his thoughts toward the five-unit permutation code for printer -operation and built several variations using the synchronous principle. -The Superintendent of Telegraphs for the Delaware, Lackawanna and -Western Railroad thought well of Wright’s apparatus and placed some in -operation. But, here again, reliable operation could be maintained only -in point-to-point operation. As will be noted in Chapter 2, Mr. Wright’s -patents were purchased by the Kleinschmidt Electric Company in 1922. - -A paper issued by Siemens-Halske of Germany in January of 1917[1] states -that the Siemens Pendel Telegraph “is among the forerunners of the -eventual worldwide start-stop system for intercommunication by the -printed word.” The following excerpt translated from that description -briefly explains the operation: - - The Pendel Telegraph uses the five-unit permutation code to select - characters, and operates on a start-stop principle. It is intended for - station-to-station, one-way operation, the line current normally being - closed to the positive side of the line battery. Transmission is under - control of a keyboard with keys arranged as in a typewriter. Upon the - depression of a key, the line battery is reversed, thereby - transmitting a negative pulse to line which effects the start of both - transmitter and receiver at the same time. Thereafter, - five-code-combination pulses are transmitted, followed by positive - current to line, thus restoring the circuit system to a normally - closed line condition. - - The name “Pendel Telegraph” would make one think that the timing of - the transmitter and receiver were under control of a swinging - pendulum. This is not the case. However, it does have a plan for - simulating the action of a pendulum by an arrangement of springs and - semi-rotating weights to effect synchronism for each printing cycle; - and energy is derived from a motor which intermittently winds a power - mainspring to an even tension. This arrangement is started in - operation at both terminals at the same time and provides isochronal - motion at both transmitter and receiver for each transmitted - character. Due to multiple operations of the springs and weights used - to provide synchronous action, the operating speed is limited to four - or five letters per second. - -In England, too, there was work being done along these same lines. Mr. -H. H. Harrison, who is so well known for his contributions over the -years in the telegraph field, devised printer apparatus using the -five-unit code which is described in Herbert’s _Telegraphy_,[2] as -follows: - - The instrument is provided with a Baudot 5-key keyboard, and has a - step-by-step distributor which is mounted inside the casing. The - standard Baudot alphabet is used, but each letter or character is - prefixed by a positive starting impulse. Every time a key is depressed - a universal bar is actuated which closes contacts giving the starting - impulse and the distributors at both ends of the line step through six - spaces. The combiner is of the electrical type invented by Baudot, and - is similar to that used in Siemens’ new automatic printing telegraph. - Five relays of the class used for telephone purposes are set at the - receiving end, according to whether some of the stepping impulses are - positive or negative. The distributor is a trunk hunting switch as - used in automatic telephony, and consists of a ratchet wheel and - stepping electromagnet. On the shaft of the ratchet wheel is fixed a - wiper which sweeps over a semi-circular bank of contacts in response - to the stepping impulses. Two-way working is secured by means of the - differential balance. - - (The article ends with the statement that a typewriter keyboard is - being constructed to replace the five keys.) - -It appears that all of these telegraph engineers and inventors -envisioned a start-stop system and experimented with the idea of -operating all transmitting and receiving apparatus at identical speeds -by inserting a start signal before each group of letter code signals, to -start both transmitter and distant receiver at the same time, and a stop -condition between code groups. - -In the following chapters will be shown the contributions made by both -the Kleinschmidt and the Morkrum companies in the printing telegraph -field, and finally their joint efforts which were to lead up to the -establishment of that now worldwide intercommunicating system, the -TELEX. - - - - - CHAPTER 2 - KLEINSCHMIDT - - -Edward E. Kleinschmidt’s first direct contact with telegraph apparatus -was during his employment as a young man, in 1893, by John E. Wright, -whose firm had developed and was then manufacturing printing telegraph -equipment known as the Wright-Negron bulletin printer for the Havas News -Agency in Paris. These printers operated on the step-by-step principle -at 30 words per minute. (To attest to their ruggedness, as late as 1951 -some of these machines were reported to be still in use!) - -Five years later, in 1898, Kleinschmidt started an experimental shop at -122 Fulton Street in New York City. A sign over the door read, -“Inventions Developed,” and he did experimental and developmental work -for various customers (individuals as well as companies—including -Western Union) on a time-and-material basis. In the beginning he had a -project of his own going—a facsimile telegraph system. He submitted the -system to Western Union in 1900 with the suggestion that it might be -valuable for customer services, since a customer could write his -telegram in longhand and insert the written message in the transmitting -unit for transmission in facsimile to the telegraph central. The idea, -however, was rejected. At that time the photoelectric cell for scanning -the written message and electronic means for amplifying signals had not -yet been developed; while the apparatus operated quite well over short -circuits, evidently the time had not arrived for commercial facsimile -telegraphy. - -The first telegraph apparatus job for the shop was brought in by Dr. -George A. Cardwell, a dentist by profession. It was a partially -developed printing telegraph using a three-unit code made up of -combinations of plus-minus-high-and-low-voltage pulses (the code we have -already discussed). The work for Dr. Cardwell was carried on until 1903 -when a working model was completed. It had a typewheel for printing and -stops arranged in a circle; magnets under control of relay selection -were used to set the stops according to the received code combinations. -This arrangement operated well, and on a test over a Western Union -circuit from New York to Baltimore it gave satisfactory results. As we -have seen, however, the code arrangement proved unsatisfactory for -general telegraphic use. - -Many customers came to the experimental shop with every type of idea -imaginable; vacuum cleaners (The “Vacuna”), elevator signals, some early -designs for Elmer Sperry’s gyrocompass were only a few. Kleinschmidt -also set up a couple of side-line businesses, one for manufacturing -automatic fishing reels under the trade name “Kelso,” another, the -Aseptuloid Company, for making vaccination shields (some readers may -well remember their childhood vaccinations being protected by a bubble -of celluloid). - -Another customer was George M. Seely, who later was instrumental in -bringing Kleinschmidt’s work to the attention of Charles B. Goodspeed -and W. S. Moore (they were to become his financial backers—see page 14). -Mr. Seely came to the shop in 1906 with a partially developed block -system for electric trolley car railways. His plan was to use special -devices attached to the trolley pole which would cooperate with -stationary electrical controls at certain fixed points along the road. - -After working along these lines for awhile it became apparent that some -inventive work would be required on Kleinschmidt’s part. Seely, in -addition to time and material, then offered him a retainer for the -assignment of any resulting patents. - -As plans and studies progressed, a number of railway signaling devices -were developed, tested, and patented. A major item was the development -of a telephone train dispatching system. A complete set of apparatus was -exhibited in operation at the American Association of Railroads -Communications Convention held in Los Angeles in 1910. The company name -given this venture was the “National Telephone Selector Company,” -located at 235 Greenwich Street, New York City. The telephone train -dispatching system was installed on the Long Branch Railroad with 30 -stations connected with dispatcher headquarters at Red Bank, New Jersey. -Another installation was made on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in West -Virginia, connecting 38 stations with dispatcher headquarters at -Fairbanks, West Virginia. - -Most of the patents assigned to Mr. Seely were eventually sold to the -Hall Signal Company. - -Doing development work for others and assigning patents for a retainer -did not satisfy Kleinschmidt’s ambitions. His interests being mainly in -the telegraph, he set out to design and build a piece of apparatus that -the telegraph companies could use. A keyboard-operated perforator to -punch the Morse code in a tape for automatic transmission at high speed -looked like a promising subject, since the tape punches in use at that -time had a three-key arrangement—one each for dot, dash, and space. - -Kleinschmidt’s first keyboard-operated, Morse-code perforator was -constructed in 1911 and exhibited to the Western Union Telegraph -Company. Mr. G. R. Benjamin, their chief engineer, and Mr. Emmett R. -Shute, a vice president, thought well of the machine and, after testing -it, gave Kleinschmidt an order for fifty. This order spelled success. To -celebrate the event, Kleinschmidt invited his brothers, Bernard, Fred -and William, and their families to a dinner party at a distinguished -restaurant. Soon thereafter (1913), the Kleinschmidt Electric Company -was organized, with the brothers as incorporating officers. - -The Kleinschmidt Keyboard Perforator came into use by telegraph and -cable companies throughout the world where Morse, Wheatstone, or Cable -codes were used to transmit telegrams. It was also used with Western -Union’s Barclay system which had its own code. The device was later -manufactured by Teletype Corporation under the name “Teletype -Perforator” and used by the U. S. Government where it served its purpose -for high-speed Morse transmission during the war period (see figure 1). - -In the years 1911 and 1912, the Western Union Telegraph Company, in -looking toward higher operating efficiency over their trunk circuits, -decided to test the Creed high-speed Morse and the Murray Multiplex, and -invited both companies to bring their apparatus to New York. It was on -this occasion that Kleinschmidt became acquainted with Mr. F. G. Creed, -who, upon observing the Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator at Western -Union, was impressed by its performance and said that there would be a -good market for it in England, especially as a keyboard punch for the -Creed high-speed Continental-Morse-code system. As a result of that -conference he asked for ten as a trial order. These perforators were -shipped to London in due time and gave satisfactory service. The British -Post Office Telegraph evidently had heard about this new perforator and -sent a letter to the Kleinschmidt company asking for a demonstration at -their London headquarters. - -Now it happened at that time that Kleinschmidt was extremely busy with -the development of a five-unit-code typebar printer for the new -Multiplex—and this was urgent since the first model was to be put on -competitive test with a typewheel printer submitted by L. M. Potts and -the Western Electric typewheel printer which was then in use. Therefore, -he felt he should not lose a month or two in this developmental work for -a trip to London. So, his answer to this important invitation was that -he could not personally bring one of his perforators for exhibit but -that he would ask Mr. F. G. Creed to do so. Mr. Creed agreed and set up -a formal exhibit for the Post Office engineers; he consequently received -an order for twenty Kleinschmidt perforators. Further correspondence -with Creed resulted in an order for one hundred and a request that -Kleinschmidt come to London the next year (1914) to negotiate a contract -to supply his keyboard perforators for the Creed high-speed Morse and to -set up a sales agency with Creed for certain territories. - -While in London in the summer of 1914, Kleinschmidt visited the Managing -Director of the Post Office Telegraph at his office to apologize for -having had Mr. Creed exhibit the Kleinschmidt perforator instead of -bringing it personally as had been requested. The Managing Director -replied that Mr. Creed had indeed given a very good operating exhibition -of the device and that an order for twenty had been placed with him. -“However,” he added, “you know, we sent you an official invitation and -expected your appearance with your machine!” - -To continue: Upon observing the change in systems at Western Union -(switching from the Barclay to the Murray Multiplex), the Kleinschmidt -Electric Company, who had been experimenting in the development of a -telegraph typewriter, built a receiving teletypewriter for the -multiplex. It was a magnet-operated, five-unit-code typebar page -printer, using the Underwood typewriter mechanisms as a basis; and it -was completed in time for test and evaluation at Western Union in -competition with the typewheel printers of both L. M. Potts and Western -Electric. - -The Western Electric machine was given the number 1A, Mr. Potts’s, 2A, -and the Kleinschmidt printer was 3A. The final outcome of the tests was -the selection of the Kleinschmidt model, and the company received an -order for five machines, to include a spare, to equip the New York -terminal of a New York-to-Boston, four-channel multiplex system. The -order was filled in a short time and the machines were put on test. - - [Illustration: Fig. 1 - Kleinschmidt Keyboard-Operated Morse-Code Perforator (_this machine - returned to author by a customer after being used thirty years!_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 2 - 3B Typebar Page Printer of Kleinschmidt Electric Company - _from Museum of Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation_] - -Kleinschmidt watched the operation of his machines in service almost -every day and was continually on the lookout for possible ways to -improve and simplify the apparatus. The tests ran through to completion -satisfactorily, and, upon submitting an improved design, numbered the -3B, the Kleinschmidt Electric Company received an order for one hundred -typebar page printers. The 3B thereafter became standard apparatus and -additional orders were placed as the multiplex system at Western Union -expanded (see figure 2). - -Several years later, Western Union efficiency engineers found that, due -to circuit failures, certain parts of messages would have to be -repeated. Because this meant retyping the message, they felt, and for -other reasons as well, that printing the received messages on tape would -be more economical, since corrections could be inserted without -repeating the entire message. To meet this requirement, the typebar page -printer was redesigned for printing on tape. This was accomplished by -using the same selection controls and operating the typebars to print -downward on the tape instead of upward against the platen as in the page -printer. A tape gummer to attach the tape to a message blank was also -designed. The 21A, later No. 22, tape printer was ordered in quantity -thereafter. - -Seeing the possibility of using their typebar page printer for -direct-line service, the Kleinschmidt company built a motor-driven -send-receive unit having a single contact transmitter which operated -under control of a code-perforated tape to transmit seven signals in -succession: one start, five code, and a stop signal. The receiving unit -had a seven-segment commutator, one segment for start, five for code, -and one for stop, and a rotating brush to pick up and transmit the -received code signals to the printing unit. This apparatus was installed -at the United Press for news distribution to their connected newspapers. -Another set was installed at the Louisville and Nashville Railroad for -station communications, and still another in New York City at the -Equitable Life Assurance Society between their downtown and uptown -offices. In connection with the latter installation, the Equitable -people asked permission to install the printing apparatus on the -telephone line and there was objection from the telephone company. -However, after some consideration they finally agreed that the apparatus -could be installed but warning that should it create interference with -the telephone line it would be removed immediately. As it turned out, -the printer operation over this telephone circuit did not create any -interference and the apparatus remained in service a long time (figure 3 -). - - [Illustration: Fig. 3 - Kleinschmidt Electric Company - Teletypewriter Apparatus for Direct-Line Service] - -The Kleinschmidt Electric Company now began to have financial -difficulties. Edward Kleinschmidt was borrowing wherever he could. There -was no large quantity production and evidently his charges for the -apparatus delivered were too low. At any rate, early in 1917, Mr. Seely -suggested that he get financial help to carry on and it was here that -the following gentlemen entered the picture: Charles B. Goodspeed of the -Buckeye Steel Casting Company; Paul M. Benedict, assistant to the -president of the C. B. & Q.; Edward Moore, son of Judge Moore of the -American Can Company; Eldon Bisbee, a New York lawyer; and one of Mr. -Bisbee’s clients, Albert Henry Wiggen, who was then president of the -Chase National Bank. With their financial backing, the company was able -to continue with further developmental work on simplified and more -efficient apparatus. Orders for various types of equipment for the -Western Union Multiplex and for the Morse code keyboard perforator came -along, but developmental costs were high and still more capital -investment was required; Kleinschmidt would then borrow from the Chase -Bank. Every so often at the Kleinschmidt company’s directors’ meetings, -Mr. Holly, cashier of the bank and also a director of the company, would -state that the Kleinschmidt loan “stood out like a lighthouse,” so a -vote for an additional stock issue was carried and the loan paid. - -Along about 1919 the Kleinschmidt company had completed a satisfactory -keyboard-operated typebar teleprinter for intercommunication systems -(see figure 4). The Kleinschmidt Telegraph Typewriter, as it was called, -was installed at the New York City News, the Panama Canal, and at the -Brooklyn Union Gas Company (fig. 5). - -In 1922, Edward Kleinschmidt, having learned that Mr. J. E. Wright had -discontinued further developments in the telegraph field, proposed the -purchase of his patents, stating that this acquisition would broaden the -Kleinschmidt company’s patent situation. The proposal was carried, and, -after negotiations, Mr. Wright’s patents were bought for 100 shares of -the Kleinschmidt Electric Company’s common stock. - -In 1923, the Kleinschmidt Telegraph Typewriter was exhibited at the 20th -Annual Business Show in New York and created a great deal of interest. -In 1924, a complete telegraph system was engineered and set up for the -Mexican government. (An engineer from Western Union was borrowed to help -with this job.) - -One day, in 1923, after some correspondence with Samuel Samuel & Co., -Ltd., through whom the Kleinschmidt company received orders from Japan -for the Morse code keyboard perforator, the Japanese Telegraph -Administration sent one of their telegraph engineers, Mr. Y. Okomoto, to -the company’s headquarters to assist in working out a keyboard -arrangement of Japanese characters for a simplified alphabet consisting -of 88 characters which the Japanese Telegraph Administration had -devised. The five-unit code could not be used since only 64 selective -positions could be had. So the telegraph typewriter mechanisms were -changed to six-unit-code operation, which worked out very well. The -Kleinschmidt company, and later Morkrum-Kleinschmidt, received -continuing orders for the six-unit-code telegraph typewriters. - - [Illustration: Fig. 4 - Kleinschmidt Electric Company Telegraph Typewriter - (_keyboard-operated typebar teleprinter_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 5 - Kleinschmidt Telegraph Typewriters - (_installation at Brooklyn Union Gas Co._)] - - - - - CHAPTER 3 - KRUM AND MORTON - (MORKRUM) - - -Mark Morton, head of the Western Cold Storage Company in Chicago, and -cold-storage engineer Charles L. Krum, the vice president of the firm, -entered the telegraph field quite by accident. A young electrical -engineer named Frank Pearne, in 1902, had some ideas for a printing -telegraph machine and needed financial backing to carry on his -experiments. One of his contacts happened to be Joy Morton, the founder -of the Morton Salt Company. Joy Morton became interested enough to -become Pearne’s backer, and prevailed upon brother Mark to set up a -laboratory in the attic of the cold-storage plant for Pearne’s -experiments. - -It seems that after a year or so, Pearne lost interest in his invention -and went into the teaching field. He proved to be a very successful -professor at Armour Tech where he remained until his death.[3] But -Pearne’s work was not in vain, for Charles L. Krum had become intensely -interested and carried on the work with further inventions of his own. -Indeed, he filed his first patent application on August 20, 1903, which -proposed the use of a code comprising four signals: a positive pulse or -a negative pulse of low voltage, and a positive or negative pulse of a -higher voltage. Four additional patents were filed, the last in 1906. - -C. L. Krum then set about building a machine which was demonstrated in -1906 and looked promising enough to form a company to further develop -it. This company was made up of the Mortons (brothers Joy and Mark) and -the Krums (Charles L. and his son Howard who had just finished college). -The combination of their names, of course, resulted in “The Morkrum -Company,” which was incorporated in the State of Maine on October 7, -1907. The charter stockholders were Joy Morton, who shouldered the -greatest financial burden; Charles Krum; Joy Morton’s secretary, Daniel -Peterkin (he later became an officer of the Morkrum Company); Mark -Morton; and Sterling Morton (Joy’s son, of whom we shall be hearing more -later on). The working capital of the new company amounted to -$150,000.00. - -Charles Krum’s son Howard, after graduation, joined with his father in -the developmental work of this new company and, due to his studies in -electrical engineering, was able to help his father considerably. His -first love and intended career was music, but he put this aside in favor -of his father’s telegraph printer. However, a tune on the piano which he -always kept in the laboratory would help him solve many a difficult -problem. - -In 1908 the Krums developed and produced a working model of the -four-unit-code, plus-minus, high-low-voltage system, which was applied -to operate the mechanism of an Oliver typewriter. The system was then -given an operative test on the wires of the Chicago and Alton Railroad, -of which Joy Morton was a director. - -As their research work progressed, Howard studied the various systems in -current use and, with his father, decided to abandon the plus-minus, -high-low-voltage system. They turned instead to a system using the -five-unit permutation code as employed by Baudot in his multiplex -telegraph in which synchronized terminal apparatus with periodic -correction was the controlling feature. - -Their first joint patent describes a plan for accomplishing synchronized -reception with transmission using a system of five relays interconnected -to operate in successive cascade form; thus, when the relays at both -terminals are correctly timed for successive operation, they will -transmit and receive the five pulse combinations of the Baudot code. For -transmitting and receiving the code pulses, each of the five relays has -an additional contact. To start the relay cascade operation, a start -relay is added at both terminals and operated by a start pulse which -precedes each code transmission. It seemed natural for the Krums to turn -to a relay system at first, since, from his work with the -three-unit-code, high-low-voltage system, C. L. Krum was experienced -with the possibilities of relay operation. - -The system of the relay chain in cascade operation was employed to -operate a page printer using the mechanisms of the Blickensdoerfer -typewriter which had a three-row typewheel. The Postal Telegraph Company -became interested and bought a number of these printers in 1910. This -was the first sale of Morkrum apparatus and provided enthusiasm for the -Krums for further research, which led to the substitution of a -governed-motor-driven brush distributor to replace the relay cascade -system. For this new plan the motor at the receiving printer operated at -a slightly higher speed and was held in continuously synchronous -operation with the transmitter by the periodic transmission of a -correcting pulse. The new code selecting and printer control system was -also adapted to operate the mechanism of the Blickensdoerfer typewheel -typewriter. The idea worked out better than the cascade relay system, -and a number of printers using this method were constructed and named -the “Morkrum Blue Code.” A few were put in service at the Postal -Telegraph Company. - -The Associated Press (AP) became interested in the Morkrum “Blue Code” -printer system as a replacement for the low-speed Morse system which was -being used to transmit news items to newspapers in many cities. Here, -continuous transmission under control of a code-punched tape, as used in -the Morse code system, was a requirement, so Messrs. Krum set to work -and designed a keyboard-operated, five-unit, Baudot-code perforator and -an automatic punched-tape-controlled transmitter. This apparatus was -installed at the New York headquarters in 1915 and receiving printers -were gradually installed throughout the Associated Press system. The -following excerpt and picture (fig. 6) from Oliver Gramling’s book, -_AP—The Story of News_,[4] describes the introduction of the system to -the Associated Press: - - The tide of news by telegraph had continued with the years. Facilities - had been improved, the Morse clicked into virtually every town in the - country, but the old method was the same. Day in and day out, sending - operators took dispatches, translated them into the dash-dot of code, - and the telegraph keys sent the signals on the circuits at a rate of - twenty-five to thirty-five words a minute. In member newspaper offices - along the line the Morse sounders clack-clacked busily and receiving - operators translated the code symbols back into words, copying the - stories in jerky spurts. The news of more than half a century had been - handled that way. - - For some time, however, Charles L. Krum, a Chicago cold-storage - engineer, and his son Howard had been working to perfect an automatic - machine which would send the printed word by wire at greater speed - without the intermediary of code. They called their invention the - Morkrum Telegraph Printer—coining the word Morkrum by combining the - inventor’s name with the first syllable in the last name of Joy - Morton, a Chicago businessman who financed them. - - [Illustration: Fig. 6 - A SENDING OPERATOR SAT AT A KEYBOARD LIKE THAT OF A TYPEWRITER. - Reproduced from _AP—The Story of News_, by permission of Associated - Press.] - - Several other automatic telegraphic devices were being promoted, but - (Kent) Cooper and engineers in the Traffic Department decided Krum’s - machine held the most promise for their purposes. Tests got under way. - In the Associated Press headquarters, which had been moved seven - blocks from the old Western Union building to 51 Chambers Street, a - sending operator sat at a keyboard similar to that of an ordinary - typewriter. As he struck the keys, copying the dispatches before him, - the machine perforated a paper tape with a series of holes, each - combination representing a letter. The tape fed into a box-like - transmitter which transformed the tape perforations into electrical - impulses and sent them along the wires into the receiving machines in - newspaper offices. These impulses actuated telegraph relays and set - the receiving Morkrum machines automatically reproducing the letters - which the sending operators were typing miles away. - - The tests demonstrated that the Morkrum could transmit news hour after - hour at the rate of sixty words a minute and the copy was delivered - clean and uniform. Thus began the slow extension of Morkrum - transmission to the whole leased wire system, replacing the “brass - pounding” Morse keys. It was a transition that required years and - until it was completed both Morse and Morkrum worked side by side in - many places. - -An interesting story appeared recently in “The AP World,”[5] giving some -recollections of AP’s first field maintenance man, Royal (Roy) Bailey, -then aged 71 and living in retirement in California. He still remembers -the AP’s first printing telegraph machines, the article says; in fact, -he helped make them, for he was a mechanic in the Morkrum Company’s -factory in Chicago. When the Morkrum Company shipped the first machines -to AP headquarters, Bailey went along with the machines to install and -maintain them, although he remained on the Morkrum Company’s payroll. He -eventually installed AP printers all over New York City and Connecticut, -in Newark, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and in Chicago, St. -Louis and Kansas City. He recalls that Morse telegraphers “used to groan -when they first saw him.” The early teleprinters were hard to keep -synchronized, Bailey further recalls, and copy boys had to check the -speed frequently by sighting the striped motor flywheel through a tuning -fork. (Many of those copy boys, he says, including Mickey Burt and Henry -Elling, became AP engineers.) - -As the experimental and developmental work continued at the Morkrum -plant, Howard Krum studied all types of start-stop systems and found -that synchronous control was the basis of all systems. After -experimenting with various ideas his thoughts turned to a plan to make -the start of the receiving unit somewhat independent of the transmitting -unit start, thus avoiding irregularities then present in transmitter -start devices. This idea led to the construction of a permutation-code, -start-stop system, using segmented commutators with rotating brush -distributors at both transmitting and receiving units and a start magnet -for each to control start-stop operation. - -In this system the transmitter start magnet, when energized, releases -the transmitting brush, which immediately contacts the first segment to -transmit a start pulse to operate the receiver start magnet; the -five-unit-code signal combination follows and both transmitting and -receiving units are stopped. The apparatus was applied to control the -selecting and printing mechanism of the Blickensdoerfer typewheel -typewriter and named the “Morkrum Green Code.” This improved apparatus -soon replaced the Blue Code printer at Associated Press and other -installations (see figs. 7 and 7A). - -In this connection the following additional comments of Mr. Bailey may -be of interest:[6] - - In 1919 I installed the New York-Washington circuit, with drops at - Philadelphia and Baltimore. This was a new type of printer using what - we called the Green Code. This was considered an improvement over the - old Blue Code, which meant a rearrangement of the receiving mechanism, - but still the machines made use of a typewheel.... - - Our biggest job of all came in 1923 when we changed over all the old - Blue Code typewheel printers in the New York area to the new style L. - C. Smith typebar printers using Green Code. (Morkrum bought L. C. - Smith typewriters and added new machinery to them. Those printers - became the famous Model 12.) - -As we have seen, a number of inventors had patented ways and means to -adopt the five-unit code for operating a telegraph printer system by the -transmission of a start pulse to start both transmitting apparatus and -the distant receiving apparatus at the same time, followed by -transmission of a selected code and a stop pulse. To achieve successful -operation, very close speed adjustment was required. At first, this was -achieved by the use of governed motors and, later, when accurately -timed, 60-cycle alternating current became available, the problem of -synchronous operation of send and receive stations was solved by the use -of synchronous motors. - - [Illustration: Fig. 7 - Morkrum Company’s Blue Code Typewheel Page Printer - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - - [Illustration: Fig. 7A - Morkrum Company’s Green Code Typewheel Page Printer - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - -Telegraph printer systems of this type were used by telegraph companies -for city-to-city transmission of telegrams and by news-gathering and --distributing organizations to transmit the news from headquarters to -newspapers in different cities. While start-stop systems of this type -were used successfully on press circuits and on telegraph message -station-to-station circuitry, trouble was experienced when a number of -printer send-receive units were set up in an intercommunicating system. -Here it was found that the receiver start was not always in time with -the transmitter start, due to varying line circuit conditions and a -variation in the start release mechanism at connected stations. - -It seems odd that synchronous systems, where both transmitter and -receiver were started at the same time (requiring both transmitter and -receiver to maintain synchronism), held the field for so long a time, -thus limiting telegraph transmission to one-way operation. - -It evidently took a mind not bound or hampered by the standard and -accepted way of operating synchronous systems to discard such old ideas -and to set forth boldly on a new pattern which, in reality, differed but -slightly from the then-established synchronous systems, and to sow the -seed for starting further developments leading to the present telegraph -typewriter, TWX, and TELEX intercommunicating systems. Such a man was -Howard L. Krum, who, in further thinking on the subject, came upon the -almost simple idea of having the transmitter start the receiver rather -than having them both start at the same time. This arrangement required -higher speed operation of the receiver and therefore the receiving code -pulse positions were spread over a shorter area, which meant -progressively decreasing the angular division of the receiving members. -Then, to set the received start pulse in the most favorable position -with relation to the following code signal reception, an orientation -adjustment of the receiver start position was provided. - -(Note: On June 20, 1961, Kleinschmidt wrote to Howard Krum—then in -retirement in California—giving a short description of the Morkrum -Company activities, including the wording of the above last two -paragraphs, and asking him to write the Morkrum story. Howard Krum -replied on July 3, 1961, indicating his approval and saying that he -would be glad to put together some notes for Kleinschmidt. It was quite -a shock, therefore, when a letter was received from Howard Krum’s son, -Charles, in September of 1961, telling of his father’s sudden serious -illness. Then, regretfully, it was not long afterwards that word was -received of Howard Krum’s death on November 13, 1961.) - - [Illustration: Fig. 8 - Morkrum Company No. 12 Typebar Page Printer - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - -Howard Krum’s improved method for operating start-stop, permutation-code -telegraph systems was first applied to the Morkrum Green Code apparatus -to control the selecting and printing operations of the Blickensdoerfer -typewheel typewriter. - -At this time the Kleinschmidt company and other manufacturers were -starting to produce permutation-code, start-stop telegraph printers -using typebar printing like the more modern typewriters which began -rapidly to replace the Blickensdoerfer, the Hammond, and the other -typewheel printing typewriters. Observing this situation, the Morkrum -Company started intensive development work to produce the No. 12 typebar -page printer, using the typebars and operating mechanism of the L. C. -Smith typewriter and platen of a Woodstock typewriter (fig. 8). - -Further developments produced the Morkrum No. 11 tape printer which used -the Baudot combiner method for selecting and printing characters under -control of start-stop, send-receive devices. The No. 11 was a small, -compact tape printer operating at fifty words per minute. Quite a number -were put into service at hotels and elsewhere for local message service -(fig. 9). - - [Illustration: Fig. 9 - Morkrum Company No. 11 Tape Printer - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - -The new No. 12 typebar page printer found numerous applications. It -replaced the Green Code and the earlier Blue Code wherever used. The new -No. 12 was installed at Western Union, on some railroads, and in the -Chicago Police telegraph system. The No. 12s were also installed by -Postal Telegraph on intercity circuits and used as receiving units for -the Postal Multiplex. The Postal Multiplex had been designed by Morkrum -and Postal engineers with the consultant assistance of Donald Murray who -was a friendly associate and had a license agreement with the Morkrum -Company covering some of his patents. A few No. 12 Morkrums were shipped -abroad for use with the Murray Multiplex; the British Post Office -Telegraph and the Australian Telegraph Administration were customers. - -Late in 1924 the Morkrum Company and the Kleinschmidt Electric Company -joined to form the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation. A story telling of -the union of these two companies was published by _Fortune_ magazine in -March of 1932.[7] - -Before going to that story, it may be of interest to describe an -important event concerning the change in the supply of electric power -from direct current to 60-cycle alternating current and the final timing -to exactly 60 cycles per second of all A.C. power supplies so that our -electric clocks may be connected to an A.C. outlet and give correct -time. - -The advent of correctly timed, 60-cycle A.C. electric power, available -throughout the nation, was a great boon to the designers of printing -telegraph apparatus and some types of facsimile telegraph and picture -transmitting systems. In prior years, overline synchronization of send -and receive apparatus was always a problem and never perfect. Today, -synchronizing apparatus between terminals becomes the simple matter of -providing 60-cycle A.C. synchronous motors. Just plug into a power -outlet and you have “sync”! - -Henry Ellis Warren, a clock maker, noting the change in electric power -service from direct current to 60-cycle alternating current, set about -to build a motor to operate at 60-cycle speed but found that the -60-cycle frequency did not always hold to form, and when applied to -running a clock, did not hold correct time. - -The following excerpt, from _The Romance of Time_,[8] tells of Warren’s -activities which led to synchronizing 60-cycle alternating current to -exact time: - - _Synchronous Electric Time_ - - One of the most important of all contributions to horology is the work - of an American who has earned the title, “Father of Electric Time.” - - Henry Ellis Warren was graduated from Massachusetts Institute of - Technology in 1894. In 1907 he married and settled in Ashland, - Massachusetts. Here it was that he began to work out his idea for - electrically operated timepieces. - - His first product was an ingenious battery-operated clock. In 1914 he - organized the Warren Clock Company and set up production in a barn on - his farm. Yet he knew the battery clock was not his goal, for direct - current offered no means of accurate regulation. Direct current flows - constantly in one direction only, like water down a river or like the - passage of time. On the other hand, alternating current changes - direction regularly, like the oscillation of the balance wheel in a - watch. But instead of the usual five times a second of the balance - wheel, most alternating current completes its trip forward and - backward sixty times a second. Obviously, a clock “geared” to such a - frequency would run as reliably as the current. - - In 1916, after several years of extensive experimentation, Warren - developed a motor which would start by itself, run on alternating - current, and carry without difficulty the load of reduction gears - driving the clock hands. It could also handle the cams and contacts of - an alarm clock or set in motion a striking or chiming mechanism. - - Then came the test. He plugged the clock into the power socket. It - commenced to run. Weeks of observation and checking showed an - irregular error of as much as ten to fifteen minutes a day. - - Convinced that his clock was right, Warren discovered that the - alternating current frequency delivered to his barn factory was off - half a cycle per second—59½ and not 60 cycles. This slight deflection - would produce that much time loss in a 24-hour run. When he informed - the electric company of this error, he was met at first with polite - disbelief. Yet he showed such a comprehensive knowledge of the subject - that the company began to recheck their standards. - - Warren built several more synchronous clocks and a master regulator of - his own design for power-station use. On one dial of his master clock - there were two hands, black and gold. The black hand was connected to - an accurately adjusted pendulum clock, beating seconds. The gold hand - was driven by the gear train of one of his electric clocks. As long as - the two hands revolved together, the current cycles were exactly 60 - per second. Set up in a power station, this allowed the operator to - adjust the turbine generators as needed to keep the two hands of the - master clock together. Thus all other properly set electric clocks on - the same system would keep the same time automatically. - - The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston tried out the - master clock on October 23, 1916. Since then this regulation has - continued. - - Other power companies adopted Warren’s master clock. Today virtually - all alternating current furnished in America is similarly checked. - Practical electric time is available at the light socket almost - everywhere. But there are additional benefits. - - Standardizing the frequency expanded the market for current to run the - increasing number of clocks in use. Yet, from the consumer’s point of - view, each clock draws little current, costing but a few pennies a - month. Uniform frequency also gave more even speeds in motor-driven - machinery, with a resultant improvement in product. It made easier the - joining of one power station to another. Synchronous motors used in - certain meters and recorders produced better, more accurate records at - lower cost. - - The Warren enterprise expanded rapidly. The battery clock was - discontinued. The red barn was no longer large enough, and new space - was acquired. The trade mark “Telechron,” meaning “time from a - distance” (from two Greek words), was used to identify all products of - the company. The firm name was changed to stress the name Telechron, - and in 1952 a merger was made with the General Electric Company. - Plants are now operated in Worcester as well as in Ashland, - Massachusetts. - -And now back to the telegraph field.... - - - - - CHAPTER 4 - Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation - (later renamed “Teletype Corporation”) - - -During and after the first world war, both the Morkrum Company and the -Kleinschmidt Electric Company were progressively developing and -producing telegraph apparatus and bringing out new and improved -operating devices to a point where conflicting patents were at issue. -This meant infringement litigation which might destroy both companies. -Neither company could obtain orders in sufficient quantity to make the -manufacturing of apparatus profitable, and, with costly development work -at hand, more capital investment was a continuous requirement. - -The following excerpts from the March 1932 issue of _Fortune_[9] tells -of the final joining of the two companies. - - The Morkrum Co. had no profits to show for its efforts, and one can be - fairly safe in assuming that no other maker of telegraph printers made - profits. There were competitors, of course. Even the first telegraph - invented by Samuel Morse had a printer, but it printed in dots and - dashes instead of in letters of the English alphabet. That original - Morse printer was abandoned as far back as 1844 because a man who - could be trained to read dots and dashes could just as easily be - trained to listen to them. The problem of getting a printer to print - the alphabet was faced by inventors more than half a century ago, and - it was not really a difficult problem. The difficulty was to invent a - printer that was not too complicated and delicate to be reliable, that - was simple enough to be manufactured for a few hundred instead of a - few thousand dollars. - - This difficulty occupied many minds other than the Morton-Krum - intelligences. The most noteworthy of Morkrum Co.’s rivals in - printer-making was Edward Kleinschmidt, an inventor who had all the - inventor’s legendary devotion to his task and to nothing else. His - creations included a vaccination shield, an automatic fishing reel, - and the perfection of the Wheatstone perforator. He had been tinkering - with a telegraph printer in one form and another since the beginning - of the century. In 1917 his project was revamped. It had the financial - backing of Charles B. Goodspeed, of the Buckeye Steel Casting Co.; - Paul M. Benedict, assistant to the president of the C. B. & Q.; Edward - Moore, son of Judge Moore of American Can fame; Eldon Bisbee, a New - York lawyer; and one of Mr. Bisbee’s legal clients, Albert Henry - Wiggin, then president of the Chase National Bank. It was Mr. - Goodspeed, a quiet, retiring gentleman, who supplied most of the - corporate (as distinct from inventive) energy of the Kleinschmidt - Electric Co.... - - In the years from 1917 to 1924 the Kleinschmidt and the Morkrum - companies became the leading makers of telegraph printers, but they - did not have an easy row to hoe. Their only possible customers were - the two great telegraph companies, the Telephone company, the - railroads, and an occasional outside business such as a press - association. The competition was disheartening, and it became keener - with the elevation of Sterling, son of Joy Morton, to the presidency - of the Morkrum Co., an elevation that was mainly a War-time accident, - for Sterling Morton had resigned from his father’s company to enlist - in the Army, had been rejected because of a small steel plate in his - anatomy, and had chosen the Morkrum Co. as an alternative. Engineering - progress was made, sometimes under ludicrous circumstances. - - There was one occasion when Sterling Morton, about to sail for Europe, - heard that the Kleinschmidt Co. was about to bring out a simplex - printer. Up to that time both companies had been making printers for - use with multiplex machines. Mr. Morton was afraid that Mr. - Kleinschmidt was about to anticipate him in the simplex development - which was the forerunner of the present teletypewriter. This was a - contingency which Mr. Morton could not well permit. On the spur of the - moment, he called on Howard Krum, who happened to be in New York. They - bought a drawing board, hired a room at the Princeton Club, and worked - for twenty-four hours trying to design such a machine. Completely - baffled by one small detail, they gave up and took a bus for Coney - Island. On the way, Howard Krum doubled up in sudden ecstacy and - inspiration. They rushed from the bus at Coney Island, entered a soda - fountain, and on the spot designed the machine on the back of an - envelope. This simplex machine of the Morkrum Co. and the one - developed by Kleinschmidt at the same time are the machines which make - Teletype commercially important, the substance of the business today. - - But engineering progress was not business progress. Both companies - from the standpoint of profits were failures. Their few customers - played them off against each other. In despair, they were both willing - to sell out. At one point Mr. Goodspeed offered the Kleinschmidt - company to Mr. Newcomb Carlton of Western Union for $412,000, the - amount invested in it. Mr. Morton sold his company in all but fact to - Mr. Charles G. du Bois, then president of Western Electric, but Mr. du - Bois went off to Europe, and his substitute refused to see any merit - in the deal. So it fell through. Unable to sell themselves to their - customers, they tried selling themselves to each other. In 1923 - Messrs. Goodspeed and Morton came to terms. The Morkrum Co. signed the - agreement and, everything arranged, Mr. Goodspeed went off to bicycle - with his wife in South Africa—whereupon his company suddenly changed - its mind. - - That was the situation of these two unfortunate companies in 1924 when - Mr. Morton started a suit for patent infringement against his rivals. - A counter suit was promptly filed. Mr. Goodspeed was quite right when - he said the suits would ruin both—there was every prospect that by the - time the courts had settled things, the patents would have been in - such a snarl that neither could do anything. The suit, in fact, was - Sterling Morton’s way of bringing matters to a head. So, figuratively - speaking, on the courthouse steps they merged. - - The terms of the merger as embodied in the six-line agreement (it was - later made over into a twenty-five-page legal document which concluded - by saying that in case of dispute the six-line agreement should be the - final authority) were these: each of the old companies received a half - interest in the common stock (10,000 shares) of the new company; - 15,000 shares (callable at 105) of the new company’s preferred stock - should be divided according to the assets of the old companies. - Actually, 13,979 shares of preferred were issued, the majority going - to the Morkrum group. - -And so it was that the agreement to join both companies under the name -Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation was consummated and chartered in the -State of Delaware on December 29, 1924, with Sterling Morton as -President, Howard L. Krum as Vice President in charge of manufacturing, -and Edward E. Kleinschmidt as Vice President in charge of development, -patents and foreign sales. - -One of the first decisions to make was whether the Kleinschmidt plant in -Long Island City or the Morkrum plant in Chicago would be the -headquarters for the new company. The Kleinschmidt company was on a -27,000-foot leased floor in a building which R. H. Macy Company had just -purchased to use for a warehouse, and negotiations had been going on for -some time for the purchase of the Kleinschmidt lease—the sum of -$25,000.00 having been offered. When the union of the two companies was -decided upon, an agreement to vacate on the terms offered was signed, -and the Kleinschmidt firm moved to the Morkrum-owned plant in Chicago. - - [Illustration: Fig. 10 - Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation No. 14 Start-Stop Typebar Tape Printer - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - -Bringing together the engineering talent and patents of the two -companies had an immediate effect toward further progress. The first -thing the new company set out to do, through consolidation of their past -efforts, was to perfect a satisfactory start-stop-operated tape printer -for the Western Union Telegraph Company to use for circuit extension to -customers who were extensively using the telegraph for immediate, -written communication. (This was to speed up telegraphic communication -and eliminate the need for messenger service which had been the custom.) -The Morkrum company had submitted their start-stop-operated Baudot tape -printer, and the Kleinschmidt company had proposed the Western Union No. -22 tape printer in a redesign to start-stop operation. Now, the new -company was able to combine both plans and as a result came up with -their first development, a typebar, start-stop-operated, tape printer, -the No. 14 (see figure 10). In the final design, Howard Krum and his -production engineers took a large part. After tests and evaluation, -Western Union’s first order was for 10,000 machines at $317.00 each. -This amounted to a total of $3,170,000.00. No such quantity had ever -been heard of before! - -It is quite evident that while the two companies were separated, each -coming up with improved and new designs of telegraph apparatus, there -was a lack of decision by telegraph companies as to which type of -apparatus to adopt in expanding their operations, and therefore they did -not buy in quantity. The largest previous order to the Kleinschmidt -Electric Company was for 800 No. 22 typebar tape printers for the -Western Union Multiplex. - -At Morkrum-Kleinschmidt more space was needed. The corner property on -Wrightwood Avenue adjoining the Morkrum plant was purchased, and a -four-story building was erected. - -The design of a telegraph typewriter that would be more efficient and -require a minimum of maintenance service was the most important project, -and Morkrum-Kleinschmidt was working with Bell Laboratories engineers -endeavoring to meet all the requirements of the Bell Telephone system. A -typebar printer with a stationary printing platen and moving typebar -printing unit was specified. These requirements were finally met with -the design of the No. 15 page printer to operate at 60 words per minute, -and manufacture of this apparatus was started in 1927 (see figure 11). -The No. 15 page printer became the standard for nationwide -intercommunicating telegraph service for many years. - -In 1926, soon after the No. 14 tape printer was put into service, -Morkrum-Kleinschmidt received a request from the police department of -Berlin, Germany, for detailed information, stating that they were -interested in the purchase of about sixty No. 14 printers. The letter -asked if Morkrum-Kleinschmidt was represented by an agent in Germany -whom they could contact. At an executive meeting, Mr. Morton and Mr. -Krum asked Mr. Kleinschmidt to take care of this matter since his -company, before joining them, had sold apparatus in some foreign -countries. After further correspondence with the Berlin police -officials, Kleinschmidt decided personally to take a No. 14 printer to -Germany and arrange for a representative there. After visiting and -conferring with several companies experienced in the telegraph and -associated apparatus field, a satisfactory arrangement was consummated -with the C. Lorenz Company, on October 25, 1926, for the manufacture and -sale of Morkrum-Kleinschmidt equipment in Germany, on a -royalty-licensing basis. At that time the Lorenz company manufactured -telegraph and telephone equipment and railway signaling apparatus. Their -engineering department was under the supervision of Dr. Gerhard Grimsen -who took the matter in hand for further exploitation toward an -intercommunicating printing telegraph system, using the No. 15 page -teletypewriter. Siemens & Halske, the principal manufacturers of -telegraph equipment in Germany, were also licensed by the -Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation, on June 1, 1929, with the consent of -the Lorenz company. - - [Illustration: Fig. 11 - Morkrum-Kleinschmidt No. 15 Page Printer - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - -(As may be seen in the following chapter, it was these licensing -arrangements which led to the establishment of the TELEX -intercommunicating teleprinter system in Europe.) - -In early 1927 the well-known newspaper publisher, Mr. Frank E. Gannett, -came to Morkrum-Kleinschmidt, bringing his company’s engineer, Mr. -Walter Morey, who had heard of various attempts to operate a typesetting -machine, such as Linotype or Intertype, directly from the telegraph. Mr. -Gannett said, “We have telegraph typewriters in our news rooms that -record the news as transmitted from the Associated Press and the United -Press, and that is fine. Now, why not go a step further and operate our -typesetting machines directly from the telegraph circuit? If you can -develop such a device, I will help finance the project.” - -Indeed, after some study of the matter, the possibility of devising such -a system seemed entirely feasible and the development of suitable -apparatus was turned over to the research and development department. A -workable plan was soon put together and a separate company, the -Teletypesetter Company, was organized, with Mr. Gannett joining -financially. Edward Kleinschmidt was elected president. Development -proceeded and a complete set of apparatus was set up and publicly -demonstrated for the first time on December 6, 1928, at one of Mr. -Gannett’s newspapers, _The Times Union_ of Rochester, New York. -Teletypesetter equipment was subsequently manufactured for several -installations. After the Western Electric Company purchased the Teletype -Corporation in 1930, the Teletypesetter Company was sold to the -Fairchild Company. Teletypesetter equipment is now in universal use by -most newspapers and the larger printing companies. - -During the period that the United States’ business cycle was on a -continuous upswing (during the late 1920s), securities sales on the New -York Stock Exchange were going to constantly higher volume, and the old -step-by-step stock ticker did not, by large margins, keep pace in -recording stock share transactions. There was a cry for a higher speed -stock ticker; in fact, the Stock Exchange officials told -Morkrum-Kleinschmidt that they would be happy to convert the entire -system if they could get higher speed. - -An adaptation of the five-unit-code, start-stop system seemed the -solution and the Research and Development department set out to develop -suitable apparatus. Several ideas were studied and, because of the -frequent changes from letters to figures, requiring printing in separate -rows on the tape, a six-unit code was adapted instead in which -combinations for a figure included the sixth selecting pulse to operate -the figures print hammer and block the letters print hammer. - - [Illustration: Fig. 12 - Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation Stock Ticker - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - -The Morkrum-Kleinschmidt company was soon able to show the Stock -Exchange people a stock ticker operating on a telegraph system that -worked at twice the speed of the step-by-step-operated tickers then in -use. A speed of 500 printing operations per minute could be obtained, -thus attaining a one-hundred-percent increase in the transmitting and -recording of stock quotations on the tape (see figure 12). The Stock -Exchange ticker service company ordered 15,000 of these high-speed -tickers and the Western Union Telegraph Company also ordered a quantity -for their national stock quotations distributing systems. - -As business of the combined Morkrum and Kleinschmidt companies went -along, it was thought that the name “Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation” -was a pretty big mouthful and that a simpler name more characteristic of -its products would be better. The name “Teletype” was suggested, and in -the year 1928 the name change to “Teletype Corporation” was made. The -exact origin of the word “teletype” is not known but it is no doubt one -of the abbreviated forms of the words “telegraph typewriter” which were -used over the years. In literature, in the early 1900s, we find that the -word “teletype,” in speaking of printing telegraph equipment, and other -shortened forms, such as “telewriter” and “teletyper,” were used -interchangeably. - -Kleinschmidt’s son, Edward F., who studied electrical engineering at -Steven’s Institute and at Northwestern University, was employed as -development engineer by the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt company where he -assisted in the design of projects at hand, and, during 1929, produced a -system and apparatus for transmitting and recording printed characters -by the successive transmission of dots arranged in a pattern to form -letters. While this system required a higher signaling frequency, it was -thought to be superior to permutation-code transmission over radio -circuits where electrostatic interference is experienced, since, in the -dot pattern transmission, electrostatic interference up to a degree will -not change the readability of a transmitted letter. - -The system was in test operation to prove its efficiency over radio -circuits where considerable static interference was experienced. Upon -hearing of this new telegraph for the radio, Mr. R. Stanley Dollar -became interested in the use of this communicating system for his -steamship line. There was considerable correspondence in this matter -during mid-1930, just prior to the sale of Teletype; however, neither -AT&T nor Western Electric was interested in further promoting this new -radio telegraph, so the matter was dropped. - -Business activities of Teletype Corporation were now growing rapidly and -with good profit. The capital structure of 10,000 shares was wholly -inadequate, so by a 15-to-1 stock dividend the capital structure was -raised to 150,000 shares, and dividends on an annual basis of $12.00 -were paid. - -The successful development of apparatus for different applications -useful in the telegraph field was largely due to the close cooperation -between the research-development and the manufacturing departments of -the organization. Howard Krum had expert engineers and designers in his -department, Kleinschmidt brought his leading engineers and designers -from the Long Island City plant, and there was a definite spirit of -cooperation all around. - -To quote again from the _Fortune_ magazine story:[10] - - As the years up to 1925, when the Kleinschmidt-Morkrum merger took - place, were wanderings in a profitless desert, so the years from 1925 - to 1930 found the teletype in a land of milk and honey. Mr. Morton, - however, was inclined to think that a company which had only two or - three major customers is not strongly placed. Furthermore (and by the - spring of 1930), at least one of those customers was actively in the - market as a Teletype purchaser. This buyer was Colonel Sosthenes Behn, - whose International Telephone & Telegraph Co. includes Postal - Telegraph at home in addition to many communication and manufacturing - companies abroad. With Colonel Behn wanting to buy and Mr. Morton - wanting to sell, negotiations rapidly proceeded to a point at which - Mr. Morton, at least, thought the deal was almost concluded. But while - Mr. Morton and the Colonel were discussing the prospective - acquisition, into the Colonel’s office walked a man who has no other - place in this story except that he happened to interrupt at this - moment. As this gentleman was introduced, he asked whether Mr. Morton - were related to Joy or Paul Morton. When Mr. Morton admitted that they - were his father and uncle, the man turned to Colonel Behn and said in - jest: “Better watch your step. That’s a smart family.” Only Colonel - Behn knows whether he gave that remark any weight, but the point is - that the negotiations suddenly collapsed, and that the visitor’s - remark about the smart family still lives vividly in Mr. Morton’s - memory. - - This setback was not a setback at all to such a negotiator as Mr. - Morton. Two months later, in May, 1930, you find him walking into the - office of Clarence G. Stoll, vice president of Western Electric, A. T. - & T.’s manufacturing subsidiary. This time there had been no - preliminaries. Mr. Stoll rose from his desk and said: “Good morning. - What can I do for you?” - - “Do you want to buy Teletype?” - - “Is it for sale?” - - “Yes, at a price.” - - “All right. Let’s get down to business.” - - They got down to business on the spot, and they remained at it for - three solid days in Mr. Stoll’s office. The agreement as reached - called for A. T. & T. to pay off the preferred stock of Teletype, - 13,979 shares callable at 105, and to give one share of A. T. & T. in - exchange for each common share of Teletype. The A. T. & T. shares were - worth about $200, so the price came to upwards of $30,000,000—plus, of - course, the $1,467,795 for retiring the Teletype preferred. - -It should be noted here that this deal to take over Teletype on a -share-for-share basis was exclusive of foreign patent rights but did -include patent rights in Canada and Mexico. - -The sale to Western Electric was closed on September 30, 1930. Mr. Stoll -of that company was made president. Howard Krum continued on as vice -president and was a leader in developing a number of commendable -devices, including a system for transmitting messages in scrambled, -untranslatable code form and receiving such scrambled code in perfect -message form. Mr. Morton was retained as consultant. Edward Kleinschmidt -made an arrangement to do development work for the new organization in a -laboratory of his own, assigning all inventions to the Teletype -Corporation (see page 50). - -After Kleinschmidt left Teletype, his assistant, Albert H. Reiber, -carried on as head of Research and Development for a short while before -his untimely death. In the meantime, Walter J. Zenner had advanced and, -in 1935, became Department Chief and later Vice President in Charge of -Research and Development. Under Zenner’s direction a number of new -devices in the teleprinter field were developed, including -ultra-high-speed tape-perforating and tape-controlled transmitting -devices, as well as a high-speed stock ticker operating at 900 -characters per minute (introduced in 1964) to replace the earlier -Morkrum-Kleinschmidt ticker which operated at 500 characters per minute. -Some 94 patents were issued in his name, which have contributed greatly -to the growth of the Teletype Corporation.[11] - -On May 15, 1940, Howard Krum and Edward E. Kleinschmidt were both -honored by The Franklin Institute and awarded the John Price Wetherill -Medal, each one “For his Part in the Development of a Successful -Electrically Operated Duplicate Typewriting Machine Now Known as the -Teletypewriter,” (Quoted from the medal certificate.) - - [Illustration: Teletype Corporation’s new Model 33 Automatic - Send-Receive Set - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - -Howard Krum later also received an award as Modern Pioneer from the -National Manufacturers Association. Edward E. Kleinschmidt, on April 19, -1958, was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering at the -Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. - -To continue: After the sale of patent rights in Canada, Mexico, and the -United States to Western Electric, there remained the European and other -foreign patent rights still with the original Morkrum and Kleinschmidt -investors. The International Telephone and Telegraph Company wanted -these rights, and, after negotiations in New York, a price was set for -their purchase through the Creed Company in London, then owned by IT&T. -Edward Kleinschmidt was sent to London in 1930 to close the deal. Some -changes to the sales contract were requested by Creed which kept the -cables busy by Kleinschmidt in asking for approval from A. T. & T. and -Western Electric lawyers. Finally, upon all-around approval, the -contract was signed at the previously-agreed-to price of one and a -quarter million dollars. - - - - - CHAPTER 5 - Teletypewriter Intercommunication Expands - - - _TELEX_ - -As a result of the acquisition of patents of the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt -Company by the Lorenz company, Siemens & Halske, and, later, the Creed -company in England, all of which we have discussed briefly, -teletypewriter intercommunicating expanded rapidly. In just a short -time, through the cooperation of these companies, it spread over all of -Europe and was named TELEX (_TEL_eprinter _EX_change Service). - -Dr. Gerhard Grimsen of the Lorenz company, in a letter to Edward E. -Kleinschmidt, dated July 11, 1962, states, in part (slightly edited): - - The story of printing telegraph apparatus using an equal length code - in the Lorenz Co. commences in 1927 with the acquisition of the most - important patents of the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Co. - - Before then, the Lorenz people were busy in manufacturing Morse - apparatus and delivering exchange tickers which used the Hughes code. - The transmitter had a piano keyboard, the receiver was a page printer - with a moving type wheel.... The biggest network of this kind was - installed in the Berlin Police service (with one transmitter and about - 300 receivers). The connections between the headquarters and the - substations were built by using guttapercha cable lines owned by the - police administration. This broadcasting network was erected around - 1907. By 1927 the cables had aged, by normal corrosion, to such a - degree that instead of 110-volt double current transmitting voltage, - little by little, up to 220 volts was necessary for a fairly - satisfying operation. Also, the maintenance of the apparatus became - more costly. - - This was the situation when some communication experts of the police - and the post administration made the first studies about the newest - telegraph technique in the U. S. A.... They found that the start-stop, - five-unit tape printer, the Model 14, developed and manufactured by - the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt company, would be the best instrument to - replace the old ones in the police service as well as in the telegraph - business of the German post administration. - - Of special importance to the police service was the fact that by - introducing this apparatus, it was not necessary to build a new - network because now it became possible to rent normal telephone lines - using single current, 40-milliampere, 60-volt current only. - -Siemens and Halske engineers, in 1925, had designed a teleprinter using -the five-unit-code, start-stop principle. This was manufactured and -improvements added, including the new start-stop method developed by -Morkrum-Kleinschmidt. The Creed company, which had started manufacture -of start-stop teleprinters before 1930, having purchased several Morkrum -printers before the consolidation of that company with the Kleinschmidt -company, also designed a teleprinter for the new five-unit-code, -start-stop system. - -In another write-up, Dr. Grimsen states that after the Siemens company -came into the picture, a fully automatic teleprinter network was started -in 1933 with a trial installation between Berlin and Hamburg for about -forty private subscribers. The results were so encouraging that the -German Reichspost continued the work, and five years later the TELEX -system contained about 10,000 subscribers. - -TELEX service was introduced in Great Britain in 1932 and was worked -over the telephone network, using a single-tone voice frequency carrier -signal which was keyed on and off by the teleprinter transmitter. (From -Freebody’s _Telegraphy_.)[12] - -Interconnection for TELEX service was made by dialing a subscriber as in -telephone operation. TELEX directories then, as now, gave the call -numbers of subscribers. Types of answerback devices were designed in -both England and Germany which finally developed into an arrangement -whereby the calling subscriber would, after dialing a number, press a -special key, the shifted D key—named the “Who-Are-You?” button—which -would cause the transmission of a signal code automatically to activate -the called teletypewriter mechanism into transmitting its TELEX number. - -Further apparatus, a device to punch the code in a tape and a -punched-tape-controlled transmitter, was soon added. - -The Siemens company also developed and built completely automatic -switching equipment for the TELEX system which is used by many telegraph -administrations. - -Through the cooperation of the companies who were manufacturing -teleprinters and associated equipment, the many problems that appeared -were eventually solved to improve the apparatus and bring the TELEX -system to eventual perfection for worldwide telegraph communications. -(At the time of this writing, according to statistics, there are nearly -1,000,000 TELEX subscribers throughout the world.) - -One of the problems faced in setting up such a worldwide system was that -of standardizing the code and operating speed. At the time of -Kleinschmidt’s stay in London in 1930 to close negotiations with Creed -for the sale of Morkrum-Kleinschmidt’s foreign rights, he met Mr. Martin -Feuerhahn of the German Telegraph Administration who at that time was in -conference with Creed and representatives from the British Telegraph -Administration as to standardizing on an alphabet and telegraph code for -international communications. Mr. Feuerhahn argued for the adoption of -the American Murray alphabet and code, stating that he already had the -approval and consent of the French, Italian, and Belgian telegraph -administrations. - -Mr. Feuerhahn and Kleinschmidt spent some hours together. After their -return to their respective countries, Kleinschmidt received a letter -from Mr. Feuerhahn referring to their talks and stating that he had been -in correspondence with Mr. Benjamin of Western Union and Mr. Parker of -Bell Laboratories with regard to code and other pertinent matters of -standardization so that an International Teleprinter Exchange could be -extended into the United States. Another letter dated October 10, 1931, -reviewed the aforementioned standardization search. - -The Murray alphabet and 7½-unit code were soon adopted and are still in -use today in TELEX. - -In later years, an association, the Consultative Committee on -International Telegraph (CCIT—now the CCITT to include the telephone), -was formed and met regularly to discuss problems and to set operating -regulations for the TELEX apparatus in an intercommunicating system. The -CCITT at this writing is still meeting regularly on worldwide -standardization in both telegraph and telephone communications. - - - _TELEX IN THE UNITED STATES AND TWX_ - -In the United States, in November 1931, the Bell Telephone Companies -announced an intercommunicating teletypewriter service, called TWX for -short (_T_eletype_W_riter e_X_change), by which interconnections could -be made by a switchboard operator as in telephone service. One of their -first advertisements named it a “Telephone Typewriter Service, a service -that typewrites by wire, a method of inter-office communication that has -the quickness of the telephone, the flexibility of conversation, the -accuracy of the typewriter, the authority of the printed word, the -permanency of print.”[13] Tape-punching and tape-controlled transmitting -apparatus was provided. This service allowed subscribers to carry on a -typewritten conversation at a charge less than the cost of a telephone -call, whether to local or to distant areas. The maximum speed of this -equipment was limited to sixty words per minute. - - [Illustration: Telephone Typewriter Service (early TWX apparatus) - _reproduced by permission of American telephone & Telegraph Co._] - -There are approximately 54,000 subscribers to TWX at this writing, and -the TWX directory gets fatter with each new issue. In 1962 all TWX -machines were converted to direct dialing operation, making the service -easier to use. Instead of going through “Operator” by manually typing -out the call letters of the party being called, one now merely depresses -the Originate button, listens for the dial tone, and then dials the TWX -number of the party wanted. - -RCA Communications, Inc., was the first to extend international TELEX -service to Bell System teletypewriter subscribers (1955), enabling them -to make and receive overseas calls on their domestic TWX machines.[14] -As stated, the TWX machines were geared for 60-words-per-minute -operation, whereas the TELEX system operated at 66 words per minute. It -was therefore necessary for R.C.A. to use conversion apparatus to an -error-detecting code for overseas radio transmission. This code was a -seven-unit code, using three marking and four spacing elements, giving -35 usable combinations. By using a special printer, when a faulty -combination was received, a special error symbol was printed. - -Western Union, in May of 1958, introduced TELEX service between New York -City and various Canadian points. By 1962 the service had been extended -to 67 United States cities, and at this writing they expect to serve 180 -United States cities with an anticipated subscriber capacity of many -thousands.[15] - -In addition to domestic service between U. S. cities, subscribers can -dial automatic teleprinter connections to Canada and Mexico. Also, they -can obtain direct TELEX connections to other parts of the world through -the overseas facilities of RCAC (Radio Corporation of America -Communications), AC&R (American Cable and Radio), and WUI (Western Union -International). The operating speed of 66 words per minute and also the -teleprinter keyboard in the U. S. TELEX network conform to international -standards of the CCITT. This provides complete operating compatibility -with other TELEX systems throughout the world without the need for speed -and keyboard translators.[15] - - - SOME OF TODAY’S TELEX APPARATUS - - [Illustration: The SAGEM Electronic Teleprinter used in TELEX - _Picture by courtesy of Société d’Applications Générales d’Electricité - et de Mécanique_] - - [Illustration: Western Union TELEX - _Picture through courtesy of Western Union Telegraph Co._] - - [Illustration: General Post Office TELEX Installation - _by courtesy of H. M. Postmaster-General_] - - [Illustration: (uncaptioned)] - - [Illustration: Standard Elektrik Lorenz TELEX Apparatus - _reproduced by permission of Standard Elektrik Lorenz_] - - [Illustration: Siemens & Halske TELEX Apparatus - _Picture by courtesy of Siemens & Halske_] - - - - - CHAPTER 6 - KLEINSCHMIDT LABORATORIES - - -As we have seen, Edward Kleinschmidt, upon resigning from Teletype -Corporation as vice president when it was taken over by Western -Electric, had agreed to do development work for them, working -independently but assigning any inventions to the new Teletype -Corporation. - -And so it was that Kleinschmidt Laboratories came into existence. -Incorporated on March 21, 1931, under Delaware laws, for the immediate -purpose of doing research and development work for Teletype, the -principals of the new company were Edward E. as president, and his two -sons, Edward F. as vice president and Bernard L. as secretary. - -Kleinschmidt had earlier proposed a comprehensive and completely -automatic printing telegraph switching system in which messages are -automatically routed from the subscriber printer through telegraph -centrals of the addressee printer under control of address tape -perforations. Under his development contract with Teletype he continued -work on the system. Message storage in perforated tape was provided for -at all central switching points, and an answerback arrangement was -included in the system by the automatic return transmission of the -addressee’s number to the sender. - -As the research and development work for Teletype continued, the -switching system was completed, and various other devices of more or -less importance were developed, with patents assigned to the Teletype -Corporation. In late 1934 the contract with Teletype expired. - -At that time, son Bernard was operating a printing plant in rather close -quarters in Highland Park, Illinois. The operations of the Laboratories -had been carried on in rented quarters at the Merchandise Mart in -Chicago. Seeing that there would be no work for Teletype, it was decided -to set up working quarters in Highland Park where the family lived. -Since rented space was not available, a building was constructed on -Lincolnwood Road in the Braeside section of Highland Park to house both -the B. L. Kleinschmidt Printing Company and the machinery and other -equipment of the Laboratories. The Laboratories, now inactive, became a -personal holding company with 2300 shares to cover a book value of -approximately $230,000.00 (Kleinschmidt having distributed the major -portion of these shares to his children and grandchildren). - -Son Edward F. turned his thoughts to other fields and carried on -experimental work in the new building in devices not connected with the -telegraph. Son Bernard was involved in his printing business. Their -father’s thoughts lay dormant for a long time, but still there was the -urge to continue with the telegraph, and a plan for operating a -five-unit-code selecting mechanism, operating on a progressive stop -principle to position a typewheel or to select a typebar for printing on -tape or page, was worked out. - -When models of this new plan were completed and operating successfully, -Edward E. Kleinschmidt immediately thought of Teletype Corporation and -brought the apparatus to their attention, submitting models and patent -applications for their evaluation. After numerous conferences and -correspondence, however, his offer for the sale of patent rights and -models was rejected. Discouraged, he left the completed models at the -Highland Park lab and moved to Florida. - -During the second world war, son Bernard abandoned his printing -establishment and started a tool and die shop, using the machinery and -facilities of the Laboratories as well as space occupied by his printing -shop. The B. L. Kleinschmidt Company was kept busy building tools, dies, -and special devices for the war effort. - -Through Bernard’s associations he learned that the United States Signal -Corps needed a light-weight, transportable teleprinter for tactical -field use, and he asked his father if he could show the progressive stop -printer to the Signal Corps at their Chicago headquarters. His father, -in Miami at that time, gave his approval. Two days later, the telephone -rang in Miami and it was Bernard saying, “Dad, they are interested and -want you to bring the printer model to Army Headquarters in Washington.” -Nothing could have pleased his father more! - -In February of 1944, Edward E. Kleinschmidt demonstrated a working model -of his teleprinter in Washington at the office of the Chief Signal -Officer. Officials of the Signal Corps were greatly interested in the -unit, not only because of its extreme lightness and small bulk, but -because of the representations that the basic design features of this -tape printer, exclusive of the printing mechanism, could be incorporated -in a page-type printer which could be constructed with a total weight of -approximately thirty pounds. The machine was subsequently informally -tested at the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and found to have -excellent margins when working without an intermediate relay on very low -line current, a highly desirable feature in a piece of tactical -teletypewriter equipment. - -The exhibit at Headquarters was successful, and after operative tests at -the Signal Corps’ Coles Signal Laboratories in Red Bank, New Jersey, -where approval for further studies was given, the Kleinschmidt -organization was asked to prepare plans toward a tactical light-weight -printer for field use. - -It should be pointed out that teletypewriters at that time were heavy, -cumbersome, and intended for use only at telegraph offices or at other -plant or office fixed installations. - -The plans for a light-weight page printer were submitted to the Signal -Corps as requested and were well received by their engineers. These -engineers then wrote up specifications detailing their requirements for -a rugged, light-weight portable set for hand-carrying through jungles -and swamps, and operable under severe climatic conditions; the -specifications were submitted to the Teletype Corporation, the Western -Union Telegraph Company, and to the Kleinschmidt organization. Western -Union did not take on the development job, but Teletype and Kleinschmidt -accepted. A contract for the development of a teletypewriter according -to Signal Corps specifications was closed with both companies in 1945. - -The Kleinschmidt Laboratories were not in active operation at this time, -so the first development contract was closed with the B. L. Kleinschmidt -Company which was fully equipped to carry on the work. Expert tool and -model makers were in his employ, some of whom turned out to do well at -the drawing board and were of great help in working out mechanical -functions. As a matter of fact, five or six of Bernard’s employees are -still with the Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation at this writing, -some having attained supervisory positions. - -Edward F. joined his father in further engineering and development work, -and models of a typebar page printer and a typewheel page printer to -operate at 60 words per minute were built. Upon evaluation by the Signal -Corps and Army engineers, a printer with a higher operating speed, up to -100 words per minute, was demanded. This new requirement meant a -complete redesign of apparatus, but it was successfully carried through -and experimental models were submitted by both companies. Thereupon both -Kleinschmidt and Teletype were asked to build ten printers for field -tests. This was done, and after extensive field testing, the -Kleinschmidt-designed, keyboard-operated, 100-words-per-minute typebar -page printer was accepted, and, by order of the then Secretary of War, -it was made the standard for the Military, effective on January 1, 1949. -(This printer was later to be known as the TT-4 tactical page printer, -the principal component of Teletypewriter Set AN/PGC-1.) (See fig. 13.) - -An announcement from the Department of the Army, in a document released -for publication on February 13, 1949,[16] read as follows: - - _Portable Teletypewriter Developed by Signal Corps_ - - Portable teletypewriter equipment so light that a parachutist can - carry it on a jump from an airplane has been developed and adopted by - the Army, promising a major advancement in military communications, - the Signal Corps announced today. - - Weighing but 45 pounds, compared with current field equipment that - weighs 225 pounds, the new portable teletypewriter is but one-fourth - the size of the old, has 300 fewer parts, is considerably stronger and - consequently requires far less maintenance. The new equipment is - capable of transmitting and receiving messages 66 per cent faster than - existing types and will operate on both wire and radio circuits. It is - waterproof and should it be used in amphibious operations, could be - floated onto a beach. - - The development is the fruition of a 20-year-old project that did not - get under way in earnest, however, until World War II was nearly over. - - Because of its light weight, the new teletypewriter can be used much - closer to the front lines than has been the case. During World War II, - teletyped messages could go only as far forward as a division - headquarters. How much farther forward the new equipment can be used, - will be determined in forthcoming field tests. - - The portable teletypewriter was developed by the Signal Corps - Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, through a - research and development contract with Kleinschmidt Laboratories, - Incorporated, of Highland Park, Illinois. - - There are three components to a complete field unit: the - teletypewriter itself, weighing 45 pounds; a power unit, and a case of - accessories. The three together weigh 116 pounds. All units are - waterproof, both to permit flotation in amphibious activities and to - provide complete protection from weather. One man can carry the - teletypewriter itself, while two men can carry all three units. - - The field teletypewriter in current use weighs 225 pounds and—if a - vehicle is not available—requires four men to carry it. With power - unit and accessories, present field equipment totals more than 400 - pounds and requires seven men to carry it. - -While development work for the Signal Corps was progressing, Bernard -kept busy managing general operations and Edward F. took hold in the -general design and devised important features that were patented in his -name. - -Bernard died in March, 1948. However, development work went along with -the B. L. Kleinschmidt facilities until 1949, when a production order -for 2,000 teleprinters, conforming to the now approved Kleinschmidt -design, was to be placed. Now that Bernard was no longer there to take -over business details, and as a certain amount of basic capital was -needed to operate a production establishment, arrangements were made to -transfer Bernard’s equipment to Kleinschmidt Laboratories which -thereafter closed a contract to manufacture the required quantity of -teleprinters now designated as the TT-4 telegraph typewriter. - -Kleinschmidt senior, now seventy-four, was not eager to take over the -management of production activities, and while manufacturers in the -office equipment and radio field were ready and anxious to take on the -manufacture of these new teleprinters, he sought to keep the future of -this new development with the Kleinschmidt Laboratories—now owned by all -members of his family. His son-in-law, Emerson E. (Bud) Mead, was -operating a manufacturing plant, producing electrical control devices -quite successfully, so, “Why not ask Bud, then Secretary of Kleinschmidt -Laboratories, to take over? He could no doubt sell the Mead company at a -profit.” Bud did find a buyer for his company and he was then made vice -president of Kleinschmidt Laboratories; later, when Edward E. -Kleinschmidt turned over full management to him, Mead became executive -vice president. - -The immediate problem at the Laboratories was to find manufacturing -space. The first thought was to rent, but then there would be no room to -expand should larger orders follow, and this could be expected since -Kleinschmidt teleprinter apparatus was now made standard equipment for -all U.S. Armed Services. Upon further investigation, Bud Mead found a -plot in Deerfield, Illinois, facing County Line Road, consisting of -thirteen acres, which could be purchased at a reasonable price. This -area would give plenty of building room and space for parking cars. -Kleinschmidt Laboratories’ first building, 200 × 150 feet, was soon -erected. - - [Illustration: Fig. 13 - Kleinschmidt Laboratories, Inc. Portable TT-4 Tactical Page Printer] - - [Illustration: Fig. 14 -Kleinschmidt Laboratories, Inc. AN/FGC-20 Fixed-Station Teletypewriter Set] - -Preliminary work toward manufacturing, drawings, ordering of production -machinery, special tools, standard parts, and other items was carried on -at the Braeside laboratory. - -The efforts of all of the people of the Kleinschmidt organization, -working with great enthusiasm and wonderful cooperation, sometimes -around the clock, were rewarded when on April 17, 1950, preproduction -samples of light-weight teletypewriter sets were delivered on schedule -to the Signal Corps in Fort Monmouth for approval and acceptance. -Immediately upon receipt of their approval, production began on the -contract awarded in June of 1949. - -Kleinschmidt Laboratories subsequently received contracts and built -thousands of their teleprinters, including the filling of orders for the -AN/FGC-20 fixed station teleprinters (see fig. 14). - -Later, the Laboratories, together with the Automatic Electric Company, -then of Chicago, now of Northlake, Ill., designed and built switching -apparatus and set up high-speed, 100-words-per-minute, automatic -teleprinter switching centers for the Military. These systems had trunk -switching controls located at key distributing points in the United -States and abroad, interconnected by microwave circuitry. - -As further orders for teleprinters and associated equipment came along, -manufacturing facilities were expanded into more building area; -additions to the first unit brought that building to 200 × 500 feet. -Another building, 250 × 350 feet, of special design to house belt-line -apparatus assembly and parts storage, also testing, inspection, and -shipping, was erected in 1958. - -In August, 1956, Kleinschmidt Laboratories merged with Smith-Corona -Inc., on an exchange-of-shares basis, which eventually gave Kleinschmidt -Laboratories’ shareholders 60 shares of Smith-Corona (later Smith-Corona -Marchant Inc., and then SCM Corporation) stock for one share of -Kleinschmidt Laboratories’. Bud Mead was elected a director and a member -of the executive committee. Later, he became vice president of -operations. When Smith-Corona merged with Marchant Calculators, Inc. -(June, 1958), he was made executive vice president; then, in October of -1960, he was named president of Smith-Corona Marchant Inc. (now known as -SCM Corporation). - -Kleinschmidt, as a Division of SCM Corporation, continues to supply the -Military and also commercial users with teleprinter equipment. The -conclusion of this chapter tells briefly the direction the Kleinschmidt -Division is going in the printed communications field. - -Before the Kleinschmidt 100-words-per-minute teleprinter was put into -service on intercommunicating circuits, the operating speed on standard -circuits had been limited to 60 words per minute. Noting this important -change in operating speed, other manufacturers had to redesign their -teleprinter equipment to meet the new 100-words-per-minute speed. - -Teletype Corporation came up with a new design, the No. 28, in which all -the type pallets are moveably mounted in a rectangular box that is -positioned to move a selected type pallet into printing position by a -system of levers operated in aggregate motions under control of the code -selecting mechanisms (fig. 15). When so positioned, a print hammer -strikes the type pallet to print the character. - -Creed, in England, later brought out a new design, their No. 75, using a -segmented typewheel having four rows of type faces. The typewheel is set -in the selected printing position by a lever and linkage system -operating in aggregate motion under control of the code selecting -mechanism. To print the selected character, the typewheel is struck -against the printing paper (fig. 16). - -Siemens and Halske, in Germany, produced their No. 100, a redesign of -the No. 15 Teletype, using lighter and faster moving parts for operation -at 100 words per minute. Among other improved features were a type bar -shift to replace the platen shift for printing letters or figures, and a -two-color ribbon which is automatically shifted to print in red or black -to distinguish between sent and received messages—a feature of -convenience in TELEX communication. The Siemens No. 100 was designed -especially for the TELEX system, operating at 66 words per minute, where -it is used extensively (fig. 17). - - [Illustration: Fig. 15 - Teletype Corporation Model 28 100-words-per-minute Teletypewriter - _Picture through courtesy of Teletype Corporation_] - - [Illustration: Fig. 16 - Creed & Company Ltd. Model 75 Teleprinter with attachments - _Picture by courtesy of Creed & Co. Ltd._] - - [Illustration: Fig. 17 - Siemens & Halske Model 100 Teleprinter - _Picture by courtesy of Siemens & Halske_] - -The Kleinschmidt printer, designed to operate at 100 to 150 words a -minute, employs a new method for operating a typebar printing mechanism, -comprising a type basket movable across the printed page and carrying -the required set of type bars. Each type bar has a connected push rod -extending to the rear of the type basket and is made operative to cause -printing when a rotating finger, selectively positioned by a coded stop -cage, is struck against the push rod. To meet the requirements of the -Military for a teleprinter operable in any angular position, the letter -spacing and carriage return with deceleration to the stop position is -under positive control of the motor drive. - - [Illustration: Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation AN/FGC-25 - Send-Receive Fixed-Station Teletypewriter Set (used by the - Military)] - -In 1948, scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories, engaged in -semiconductor research, announced the birth of their famous brainchild, -the transistor. Now the little transistor and his friends, the diode and -advanced techniques in electromagnetic inductive devices, have gradually -taken over in the communications field, permitting startling speed -increases and changes in equipment design. - -In the 100-words-per-minute teletypewriters, the permutation code -equivalent of the character to be transmitted or received was at some -point “set up” mechanically by positioning levers or vanes. The inertial -properties of these mechanical parts placed low-level limitations on the -operating set-up speed. By using the binary code and electronic -switching circuits, the set-up time has been reduced from milliseconds -to microseconds, making higher speeds more easily obtainable. Also, -electronic approaches to printing on page or tape have contributed to -the speed-up of telegraph receiving devices. Now, both tape and page -devices are available at operating speeds up to 10,000 words per minute. - -Thanks to the Bell System, also, is the development of Data-Phone -service, started in 1958. Data-Phone makes use of all the telephone -switching devices and repeating apparatus so that any type of -communicating system using frequencies within the voice range may be -used. For such systems the telephone company will install equipment to -separate the different types of electrical transmission to prevent -interference. Because Data-Phone enables not only the sound of the human -voice to be sent over a telephone circuit, but information from a -teletypewriter or business machine as well, this new use for the -telephone system has expanded its service to many types of business -communications. At this writing, the Bell System advertises, “Data-Phone -‘talks’ 16 times faster than people talk. It can send punched card or -taped data anywhere—at speeds up to 2500 words per minute.” - -While these advances have been taking place, the transistor and its -companions have made a similar impact in the field of data processing. -The rapid evolution of computers and other high-speed switching devices -has generated a need for higher speed equipment to supply input and -output requirements. The changeover to electronics has realized -minification, lighter weight, reduction of mechanical parts with a -corresponding reduction in maintenance, quieter operation, and greater -adaptability to code and language conversion. - - - KLEINSCHMIDT DIVISION OF SCM CORPORATION - -At the Kleinschmidt Division where Mr. Emilio J. Cadamagnani, Executive -Vice President, is in charge, their engineering department, under the -supervision of Mr. Robert L. Kearney, is keeping up with the change from -electromechanically- to electronically-controlled devices. Their new -Model 311 Electronic Data Printer shown here is an example. Operating at -speeds from 60 to 400 words per minute and capable of receiving 5-, 6-, -7-, or 8-level code information in either serial or parallel form, it is -designed for use in high-speed communications or data processing -systems. - -Also illustrated is still another new Kleinschmidt device, the Model 321 -Automatic Data Set, which includes not only a page printer with keyboard -but a tape perforator and a tape reader, all compactly mounted in a -console. - -Both the Model 311 and Model 321 are compatible with existing data -modems, conventional printing telegraph equipment, electronic computers, -and data processing equipment. This compatibility permits their use in -on-line or off-line communications and data-handling applications. - -More exciting devices may be anticipated in the rapidly moving field of -printed communications. - - [Illustration: Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation - Model 311 Electronic Data Printer] - - [Illustration: Kleinschmidt Division of SCM Corporation - Model 321 Automatic Data Set] - - - - - Footnotes - - -[1]_Der Pendel-Telegraph von Siemens & Halske_, by E. Ehrhardt, 6 Jan. - 1917. - -[2]_Telegraphy, A Detailed Exposition of the Telegraph System of the - British Post Office_, by T. E. Herbert, Fourth Edition (with - Addendum), Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., London, 1920. - -[3]“Teletype’s Salty Past,” _The AP World_, Autumn 1962, p. 29. - -[4]_AP, The Story of News_, by Oliver Gramling, illustrated by Henry C. - Barrow, Farrar and Rinehart, Inc., New York-Toronto, 1940. - -[5]“Some Recollections of AP’s First Field Maintenance Man,” _The AP - World_, Autumn 1962, p. 28. - -[6]“Some Recollections of AP’s First Field Maintenance Man,” _The AP - World_, Autumn 1962, p. 28. - -[7]See page 30. - -[8]_The Romance of Time_, by Brooks Palmer for The Clock Manufacturers - Association of America, Inc., New Haven, Conn., 1954 (copies may be - purchased from American Clock & Watch Museum, Inc., 100 Maple - Street, Bristol, Conn.). - -[9]“$30,000,000 Worth of Teletype,” _Fortune_, March 1932. - -[10]“$30,000,000 Worth of Teletype,” _Fortune_, March 1932. - -[11]“Walter J. Zenner Retires,” _Teletype News_, February 1964. - -[12]_Telegraphy_, by J. W. Freebody, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., - London, 1958. - -[13]From brochure published by American Telephone and Telegraph Company, - 1-9-28. - -[14]“Communications from Morse to Satellites,” by George A. Shaw, RCA - Communications, Inc., _Wire and Radio Communications_, Sept. 1962. - -[15]“Telex in the U.S.A.,” _Communications & Electronics_, Sept. 1962. - -[16]National Military Establishment, Dept. of the Army, Wash. 25, D.C., - for release Sunday, Feb. 13, 1949. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—Corrected a few palpable typographical errors. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Printing Telegraphy... 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