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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-06 16:35:37 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-06 16:35:37 -0800 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43e0674 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53433 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53433) diff --git a/old/53433-0.txt b/old/53433-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index be24b33..0000000 --- a/old/53433-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7322 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of West Virginia Trees, by A. B. Brooks - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: West Virginia Trees - -Author: A. B. Brooks - -Release Date: November 2, 2016 [EBook #53433] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WEST VIRGINIA TREES *** - - - - -Produced by Cindy Horton, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - WEST VIRGINIA TREES - - BULLETIN 175 - - Agricultural Experiment Station - - College of Agriculture - - WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY - - Morgantown - - JOHN LEE COULTER, Director - - - - - _Bulletin 175_ _September, 1920_ - - Agricultural Experiment Station - College of Agriculture, West Virginia University - - JOHN LEE COULTER, Director, - - MORGANTOWN - - West Virginia Trees - - [Illustration: A Stand of Young White Pines.] - - BY - - A. B. BROOKS - -Bulletins and Reports of this Station will be mailed free to any -citizen of West Virginia upon written application. Address Director of -the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. - - - - - THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA - - Educational Institutions - - - THE STATE BOARD OF CONTROL - - E. B. STEPHENSON, President Charleston, W. Va. - JAMES S. LAKIN Charleston, W. Va. - J. M. WILLIAMSON Charleston, W. Va. - -The State Board of Control has the direction of the financial and -business affairs of the state educational institutions. - - - THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION - - M. P. SHAWKEY, President Charleston, W. Va. - - State Superintendent of Schools - - GEORGE S. LAIDLEY Charleston, W. Va. - NOAH G. KEIM Elkins, W. Va. - EARL W. OGLEBAY Wheeling, W. Va. - FRANK N. SYCAFOOSE Webster Springs, W. Va. - L. W. BURNS Grafton, W. Va. - W. C. COOK Welch, W. Va. - -The State Board of Education has charge of all matters of a purely -scholastic nature concerning the state educational institutions. - - - WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY - - FRANK BUTLER TROTTER, LL.D. President - - - Agricultural Experiment Station Staff - - JOHN LEE COULTER, A.M., Ph.D. Director - BERT H. HITE, M.S. Vice-Director and Chemist - FRANK B. KUNST, A.B. Assistant Chemist - CHARLES E. WEAKLEY, Jr. Assistant Chemist - W. E. RUMSEY, B.S.Agr. State Entomologist - N. J. GIDDINGS, Ph.D. Plant Pathologist - ANTHONY BERG, B.S. Assistant Plant Pathologist - ERNEST L. ANTHONY, M.S. Dairyman - H. O. HENDERSON, M.S. Assistant Dairyman - HORACE ATWOOD, M.S.Agr. Poultry Research - E. L. ANDREWS, B.S.Agr. Assistant in Poultry Husbandry - ROBERT M. SALTER, M.Sc. Soil Investigations - R. E. STEPHENSON, M.S. Assistant in Soil Investigations - I. S. COOK, Jr., B.S.Agr. Research Agronomist - T. C. McILVANE, M.S.Agr. Assistant Agronomist - R. P. BLEDSOE, M.S. Assistant Agronomist - J. K. SHAW, Ph.D. Horticulturist - H. A. JONES, Ph.D. Assistant Horticulturist - L. F. SUTTON, B.S., B.S.Agr. Assistant Horticulturist - H. E. KNOWLTON, B.S.Agr. Assistant Horticulturist - H. L. CRANE, M.S.Agr. Assistant Horticulturist - ROLAND H. PATCH, M.S. Assistant Horticulturist - H. W. RICHEY, B.S.Agr. Assistant Horticulturist - ERNEST ANGELO, B.S.Agr. Assistant Horticulturist - L. M. PEAIRS, M.S. Research Entomologist - E. A. LIVESAY, M.S.Agr.. Animal Husbandry - [1]R. H. TUCKWILLER, B.S.Agr. Assistant in Animal Husbandry - C. V. WILSON, B.S.Agr. Assistant in Animal Husbandry - A. J. DADISMAN, M.S.Agr. Farm Economics - C. A LUEDER, D.V.M. Veterinary Science - C. E. STOCKDALE, B.S.Agr. Agricultural Editor - D. M. WILLIS, LL.M. Financial Secretary - J. C. JOHNSTON Chief Clerk - MARY A. FOX Assistant Librarian - -[1] In co-operation with U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. - - - - -PREFACE - - -The native trees of West Virginia number about 125, of which 101 are -described and illustrated in this publication. The omissions are -principally species of unimportant willows and hawthorns which can be -identified only by specialists. Some of the more common introduced -trees are mentioned in the family descriptions on pages 13 to 27, and a -few are illustrated in groups after the descriptions of native species. -It has been the object to simplify everything in this publication as -much as possible. The meaning of unfamiliar words in the keys and -descriptions can be learned by consulting the glossary beginning on -page 237. - -The keys are based principally on characters of leaf and fruit since -these are usually available for study during several months in the -summer and fall. The text, however, contains brief descriptions of the -flowers which often denote most surely the natural relationship of -species. - -Scientific names and the order of arrangement are essentially those of -the seventh edition of Gray’s New Manual of Botany. - -The drawings were made by the writer from specimens collected during -the past few years. - -This bulletin has been prepared mainly for those who desire to become -more familiar with our native and introduced trees, but who do not have -access to the larger publications on the subject. It will serve also as -a basis for future forestry studies in the State. Popular interest in -forestry, which is sadly lacking in West Virginia at this time, will be -stimulated by a more general and more intimate acquaintance with the -different kinds of trees. It is hoped that this bulletin will help to -create the needed interest. If difficulty is found in determining the -name of any tree, specimens mailed to the West Virginia Agricultural -Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, will be named, if -possible, without charge. - - —_A.B. BROOKS._ - - Morgantown, W. Va. - September 1, 1920. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - - Preface 3 - - Contents 4 - - Key to Genera 7 - - Pinaceae—The Pine Family 13 - - Salicaceae—The Willow Family 14 - - Juglandaceae—The Walnut Family 15 - - Betulaceae—The Birch Family 16 - - Fagaceae—The Beech Family 17 - - Urticaceae—The Nettle Family 19 - - Magnoliaceae—The Magnolia Family 20 - - Anonaceae—The Custard Apple Family 20 - - Lauraceae—The Laurel Family 21 - - Hamamelidaceae—The Witch Hazel Family 21 - - Platanaceae—The Plane Tree Family 21 - - Rosaceae—The Rose Family 21 - - Leguminosae—The Pulse Family 22 - - Rutaceae—The Rue Family 23 - - Simarubaceae—The Quassia Family 23 - - Anacardiaceae—The Cashew Family 23 - - Aquifoliaceae-The Holly Family 24 - - Aceraceae—The Maple Family 24 - - Sapindaceae—The Soapberry Family 25 - - Tiliaceae—The Linden Family 25 - - Araliaceae—The Ginseng Family 25 - - Cornaceae—The Dogwood Family 25 - - Ericaceae—The Heath Family 25 - - Ebenaceae—The Ebony Family 26 - - Styracaceae—The Storax Family 26 - - Oleaceae—The Olive Family 26 - - Caprifoliaceae—The Honeysuckle Family 27 - - White Pine 29 - - Pitch Pine 31 - - Table Mountain Pine 33 - - Yellow Pine 35 - - Jersey or Scrub Pine 37 - - Tamarack 39 - - Red Spruce 41 - - Hemlock 43 - - Balsam Fir 45 - - Arbor Vitae 47 - - Red Cedar 49 - - Black Willow 51 - - American Aspen 53 - - Large-toothed Poplar 55 - - Cottonwood 57 - - Butternut 59 - - Black Walnut 61 - - Shell-Bark Hickory 63 - - Big Shell-Bark Hickory 65 - - Mockernut Hickory 67 - - Pignut Hickory 69 - - Bitternut Hickory 71 - - Hop Hornbeam 73 - - American Hornbeam 75 - - Black Birch 77 - - Yellow Birch 79 - - Red Birch 81 - - Beech 83 - - Chestnut 85 - - Chinquapin 87 - - White Oak 89 - - Post Oak 91 - - Bur Oak 93 - - Swamp White Oak 95 - - Yellow Oak 97 - - Chestnut Oak 99 - - Red Oak 101 - - Pin Oak 103 - - Scarlet Oak 105 - - Black Oak 107 - - Spanish Oak 109 - - Scrub Oak 111 - - Black Jack Oak 113 - - Laurel Oak 115 - - Slippery Elm 117 - - American Elm 119 - - Hackberry 121 - - Red Mulberry 123 - - Cucumber Tree 125 - - Umbrella Tree 127 - - Mountain Magnolia 129 - - Tulip Tree 131 - - Common Pawpaw 133 - - Sassafras 135 - - Witch Hazel 137 - - Sweet Gum 139 - - Sycamore 141 - - American Crab Apple 143 - - Mountain Ash 145 - - Shad Bush 147 - - Cockspur Thorn 149 - - Dotted Thorn 151 - - Black Cherry 153 - - Choke Cherry 155 - - Wild Red Cherry 157 - - Wild Plum 159 - - Honey Locust 161 - - Red Bud 163 - - Common Locust 165 - - Hop Tree 167 - - Stag Horn Sumach 169 - - Dwarf Sumach 171 - - Poison Sumach 173 - - American Holly 175 - - Mountain Holly 177 - - Striped Maple 179 - - Mountain Maple 181 - - Sugar Maple 183 - - Black Sugar Maple 185 - - Silver Maple 187 - - Red Maple 189 - - Box Elder 191 - - Fetid Buckeye 193 - - Sweet Buckeye 195 - - Basswood 197 - - White Basswood 199 - - Hercules Club 201 - - Flowering Dogwood 203 - - Alternate-Leaved Dogwood 205 - - Black Gum 207 - - Great Laurel 209 - - Mountain Laurel 211 - - Sour-wood 213 - - Common Persimmon 215 - - Opossum Wood 217 - - White Ash 219 - - Red Ash 221 - - Black Ash 223 - - Fringe Tree 225 - - Sweet Viburnum 227 - - Black Haw 229 - - Red Pine 230 - - Scotch Pine 230 - - Bald Cypress 230 - - European Larch 230 - - Norway Spruce 230 - - White Willow 230 - - Osage Orange 230 - - Norway Maple 231 - - Sycamore Maple 231 - - Gray Birch 231 - - Horse Chestnut 231 - - Catalpa 231 - - Tree of Heaven 231 - - Kentucky Coffee Tree 231 - - Native Shrubs and Shrubby Vines 232 - - Glossary 237 - - - - -West Virginia Trees - -By A. B. BROOKS - - - - -KEY TO THE GENERA - -(Based on leaves and fruit) - - - a.—Leaves simple. - - b.—Leaves needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like, usually - evergreen; fruit a cone or berry-like. - - c.—Leaves in bundles of 2-many; fruit a cone. - Leaves in bundles of 2-5, evergreen =Pinus, p. 13.= - - Leaves in clusters of 8-many on short spur-like - branchlets, deciduous in autumn =Larix, p. 13.= - - c.—Leaves not in bundles, solitary. - - d.—Leaves alternate or whorled. - - Leaves 4-angled, harsh, needle-shaped =Picea, p. 13.= - - Leaves flat, whitened beneath, ½-1¼ inches - long, sessile, aromatic; cones 2-4 inches long - with deciduous scales; bark of twigs smooth, - and on old trunks with raised resin-filled blisters - =Abies, p. 14.= - - Leaves two-fifths to one-half inch long, short-petioled, - flat and whitened beneath; cones - about ¾ inch long with persistent scales; bark - of twigs rough =Tsuga, p. 14.= - - d.—Leaves opposite. - - Leaves scale-like, decurrent on the stem, all of - one kind; twigs flattened; fruit a small elongated - cone with 8-12 over-lapping scales =Thuja, p. 14.= - - Leaves of two kinds, either scale-like or awl-shaped, - not decurrent on the stem; twigs nearly - terete; fruit a bluish, berry-like strobile - =Juniperus, p. 14.= - - b.—Leaves flat and broad, usually deciduous. - - c.—Leaves alternate or clustered. - - d.—Leaves without lobes. - - e.—Leaves with margins entire or slightly - undulate. - - f.—Leaves deciduous. - - Leaves 2-5 inches long, oval; fruit an - ovoid, blue berry-like drupe, borne 1-3 in - a drooping cluster =Nyssa, p. 25.= - - Leaves 2-5 inches long, ovate; fruit a - spherical, blue berry-like drupe, borne - many in an upright cyme, (_Cornus alternifolia_) - =Cornus, p. 25.= - - Leaves 4-6 inches long, oval; fruit an edible - berry ¾-1¼ inches in diameter - =Diospyros, p. 26.= - - Leaves 4-12 inches long, obovate-lanceolate; - fruit banana-like, 3-5 inches long, - with many flattened seeds in the yellow - flesh =Asimina, p. 20.= - - Leaves 6-24 inches long, ovate-obovate; - fruit a cone-like or cucumber-like cylindrical - mass 2-4 inches long =Magnolia, p. 20.= - - Leaves 3-5 inches long, heart-shaped; - fruit a pod 2-3 inches long =Cercis, p. 23.= - - Leaves 4-6 inches long, oblong-lanceolate; - fruit an acorn (_Quercus imbricaria_) - =Quercus, p. 17.= - - f.—Leaves evergreen. - - Leaves 3-4 inches long; fruit many dry - spherical capsules in a corymb - =Kalmia, p. 26.= - - Leaves 4-11 inches long, evergreen; fruit - an oblong, dry capsule, several in umbel-like - clusters =Rhododendron, p. 26.= - - e.—Leaves with margins toothed. - - f.—Branches armed with stiff, sharp thorns. - - Leaves 1-3 inches long, serrate or doubly - serrate; fruit a small pome =Crataegus, p. 22.= - - f.—Branches not armed with thorns. - - g.—Base of leaf decidedly oblique. - Leaf-blade broad, heart-shaped, serrate; - fruit a spherical woody drupe - on stalks attached to an oblong - bract =Tilia, p. 25.= - - Leaf-blade oval, doubly-serrate, primary - veins straight; fruit an oval - samara =Ulmus, p. 19.= - - Leaves 2-4 inches long, serrate; fruit - a small sweet purple drupe =Celtis, p. 19.= - - g.—Base of leaf nearly symmetrical. - - h.—Teeth coarse, 2-5 to the inch. - - Leaves smooth, oval, 3-5 inches - long; fruit a small bur with weak - prickles and 3-faced nuts ½-¾ - inch long =Fagus, p. 17.= - - Leaves 6-8 inches long; fruit a - bur with stiff prickles and 1-3 - rounded, brown nuts =Castanea, p. 17.= - - Leaves 2-4 inches long, broadly - ovate to sub-orbicular; fruit a - small capsule falling in spring - =Populus, p. 15.= - - Leaves 4-8 inches long, lanceolate - to obovate; fruit an acorn - =Quercus, p. 17.= - - Leaves wavy-toothed with sharp - spines, evergreen; fruit a small - red drupe =Ilex, p. 24.= - - Leaves 4-6 inches long, oval; - fruit a short woody pod with - black seeds =Hamamelis, p. 21.= - - h.—Teeth fine, 6-many to the inch. - - i.—Leaves not doubly serrate. - - Leaves 1½-2 inches long, nearly - as broad, tremulous on long - petioles; fruit a small capsule. - (_P. tremuloides_) =Populus, p. 15.= - - Leaves 2-6 inches long, often - narrow; twigs easily separated - at the joints; fruit a small - capsule =Salix, p. 14.= - - Leaves 5-7 inches long, 1½-2½ - inches wide, very smooth; bark - acid; fruit a 5-valved capsule - borne in clusters - =Oxydendrum, p. 26.= - - Leaves 2-5 inches long, ovate to - lanceolate; bark often bitter; - fruit a drupe =Prunus, p. 22.= - - Leaves 3-4 inches long; fruit a - red berry-like pome in clusters - =Amelanchier, p. 22.= - - Leaves 3-5 inches long, nearly - as wide, often heart-shaped, - sometimes 2-5-lobed; fruit oblong, - about 1 inch long, composed - of many small drupes - =Morus, p. 19.= - - Leaves 3-4 inches long, often - doubly serrate or lobed on sterile - shoots; fruit a greenish-yellow - pome about 1 inch in - diameter =Pyrus, p. 21.= - - Leaves 4-6 inches long, ovate-lanceolate; - fruit 1-2 inches long, - dry, 4-winged =Halesia, p. 26.= - - Leaves 4-5 inches long, ovate; - fruit scarlet berry-like drupes - on short stems and scattered - along the branches (_Ilex monticola_) - =Ilex, p. 24.= - - Leaves 2-5 inches long; fruit - cone-like, containing many dry - scales (_B. lenta_) =Betula, p. 16.= - - i.—Leaves doubly serrate. - - Leaves 2-4 inches long, thin; - fruit a small nut enclosed in a - halberd-shaped leaf-like involucre; - trunk smooth and fluted - =Carpinus, p. 16.= - - Leaves 3-5 inches long; fruit - hop-like, composed of several - inflated bracts overlapping and - each containing a flat seed; - bark brown with loose scales - =Ostrya, p. 16.= - - Leaves 2-4 inches long; bark - peeling off in papery scales; - fruit oblong or ovate, 1-2 inches - long, composed of numerous 3-lobed - scales, bearing winged - nuts =Betula, p. 16.= - - Leaves 1-3 inches long, sometimes - serrate or lobed; twigs - armed with stiff thorns; fruit a - hard pome =Crataegus, p. 22.= - - Leaves 3-4 inches long, often - serrate or lobed; fruit a sour - yellowish pome about 1 inch in - diameter =Pyrus, p. 21.= - - d.—Leaves lobed. - - e.—Margins of lobes entire. - - Leaves oval often without lobes or with 2-3 - lobes, smooth, aromatic; fruit a dark blue - drupe borne on a thickened red stem - =Sassafras, p. 21.= - - Leaves broadly ovate, with truncate apex, - 2 apical and 2-4 basal lobes; fruit a cone-like - aggregate of dry, lance-shaped carpels - =Liriodendron, p. 20.= - - Leaves variously lobed, some with bristle-tipped - teeth; fruit an acorn =Quercus, p. 17.= - - e.—Margins of lobes not entire. - - Leaves thick, glossy, star-shaped, with fine - pointed serrate lobes; fruit a pendulous - spiny spherical head about 1 inch thick, - composed of numerous capsules - =Liquidambar, p. 21.= - - Leaves oval, pointed, often without lobes, - thin, margins serrate or doubly serrate; - fruit a yellowish pome 1-1½ inches thick - =Pyrus, p. 21.= - - Leaves oval, pointed, often without lobes, - thin, margins serrate or doubly serrate; - fruit a pome about two-fifths of an inch - thick, often red; twigs armed with thorns - =Crataegus, p. 22.= - - Leaves often broadly ovate and not lobed, - sometimes with 2-5 lobes, serrate; fruit oblong, - about 1 inch long, an aggregate of - many small dark purple drupes =Morus, p. 19.= - - Leaves nearly round in outline, 3-5 lobed, - coarse sinuate-toothed; fruit a round pendulous - head 1 inch thick; composed of many - hairy achenes =Platanus, p. 21.= - - c.—Leaves opposite. - - d.—Leaf margins entire or slightly undulate. - - Leaves 3-5 inches long, ovate; fruit a bright red - ovoid drupe, two-fifths inch long in small - bunches =Cornus, p. 25.= - - Leaves 4-8 inches long, ovate; fruit a dark blue - ovoid drupe, ¾ of an inch long, in drooping, - loose clusters =Chionanthus, p. 27.= - - d.—Leaf margins not entire. - - Leaves 3-5 lobed, finely or coarsely toothed, - fruit a drooping samara =Acer, p. 24.= - - Leaves not lobed, 1-3 inches long, oval, finely - toothed; fruit a dark blue drupe borne in - clusters =Viburnum, p. 27.= - - a.—Leaves compound. - - b.—Leaves alternate. - - c.—Margins of leaflets entire. - - Leaves pinnate, 8-14 inches long; fruit a pod 2-4 - inches long; limbs bearing short spines in pairs at - the nodes =Robinia, p. 23.= - - Leaves 3-foliate; fruit a samara, winged all around, - in drooping clusters =Ptelea, p. 23.= - - Leaves pinnate with 9-21 leaflets; fruit small, red - or white dry drupes in dense upright or loose - drooping clusters =Rhus, p. 23.= - - c.—Margins of leaflets not entire. - - Leaves pinnate with 11-23 serrate leaflets; fruit a - large sculptured nut =Juglans, p. 15.= - - Leaves odd-pinnate, with 3-11 leaflets; fruit a - smooth or angled nut =Carya, p. 15.= - - Leaves odd-pinnate, with 13-17 lance-shaped leaflets; - fruit a small red acid pome, borne many in a - flat-topped cluster. (_Pyrus Americana_) =Pyrus, p. 21.= - - Leaves doubly compound with many ovate serrate - leaflets; fruit a small ovoid black berry in large - branching clusters; twigs and trunk armed with - sharp spines =Aralia, p. 25.= - - b.—Leaves opposite. - - c.—Leaves pinnate, fruit a samara. - - Leaflets, 3-5, samaras paired =Acer, p. 24.= - - Leaflets, 5-11, samaras, not paired =Fraxinus, p. 26.= - - c.—Leaves digitate, fruit a globular capsule containing - large brown nuts =Aesculus, p. 25.= - - - - -PINACEAE—THE PINE FAMILY - - -The Pine family comprises nearly 300 species belonging to 34 genera, -distributed principally in temperate regions throughout the world. This -family is of great economic importance, supplying a larger quantity of -lumber than any other family as well as enormous amounts of tannin, -turpentine, resin, tar and pitch. Many of its members also are highly -useful for ornamental purposes. - -The leaves of the trees and shrubs belonging to the Pine family are -needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like, and are usually persistent -for more than one year, the American Larch or Tamarack being the only -exception to this rule in West Virginia. The seeds are borne either in -true cones, or in berry-like fruits such as are produced on the cedars. - -The following are the genera of Pinaceae represented in West Virginia: - -=Pinus=.—Of the 34 species of pines native to North America only 5 -are found in West Virginia. These are described and illustrated on -following pages. Besides the native pines several introduced species -are planted on lawns and in parks. The most common of the exotics are -Red Pine (_Pinus resinosa_, Ait.) and Scotch Pine (_Pinus sylvestris_, -L.), the former having smooth cones about 2 inches long and leaves 4-6 -inches long, two in a bundle, and the latter having cones 1½-2½ inches -long, and leaves 1½-3½ inches long, two in a bundle. - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PINUS - -Leaves 5 in a cluster; cones smooth, 4-10 inches long =P. strobus, p. 29.= - -Leaves fewer than 5 in a cluster; cones less than 4 inches long. - - Leaves 3 in a cluster; cones with prickles =P. rigida, p. 31.= - - Leaves 2 in a cluster. - - Leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, 2-4 inches long; cones 2-4 inches - long with very thick sharp spines =P. pungens, p. 33.= - - Leaves twisted 1½-3½ inches long; cones 2-3 inches long; - scales terminated with prickles =P. virginiana, p. 37.= - - Leaves slender, not twisted, 3-4 inches long, often 3 in a cluster, - especially near the ends of twigs =P. echinata, p. 35.= - -=Larix=, (page 39).—There are 10 known species of Larches found -principally in the colder regions of the northern hemisphere. Three of -these are indigenous to North America and one extends as far south as -the northern part of West Virginia. Unlike most of the members of the -Pine family the Larches shed their leaves each fall. The European Larch -(_Larix decidua_, Mill.) is frequently planted for ornamental purposes. -It can be distinguished from the native species by its much larger -cones. - -=Picea=, (page 41).—Eight of the 18 or 20 known species of Spruces are -native to North America and one species is found in West Virginia. The -2 introduced Spruces most commonly planted are Norway Spruce (_Picea -Abies_, (L.) Karst.) and Colorado Blue Spruce (_Picea pungens_, Engl.). -The Norway Spruce can be distinguished from our native species by its -much larger cones, and the Colorado Blue Spruce by its blue-green -foliage. - -=Tsuga=, (page 43).—This genus comprises 8 species, 4 of which grow in -Asia and 4 in North America. One of the 2 Eastern Hemlocks is common in -West Virginia, the other (_Tsuga caroliniana_, Engl.) grows from the -mountains of Virginia south to Georgia. - -=Abies=, (page 45).—The 25 known species of Firs are found principally -in cold and temperate regions. Of the 10 species in North America only -2 are found east of the Rocky Mountains and 1 in West Virginia. The -other Eastern Fir is _Abies balsamea_, (L.) Mill, which does not extend -southward into this State. - -=Thuja=, (page 47).—Four species of Arbor Vitae are known, 2 of which -are native to North America, one in the West and the other in the East. -The limited distribution in West Virginia of the latter is given on the -page describing this species. - -=Juniperus=, (page 49).—This is a large genus comprising 40 trees and -shrubs. Of these, 16 species are found in North America. Red Cedar, -described in this bulletin, is common in West Virginia and _Juniperus -communis_, (L.) has been reported from Wood, Mineral and Fayette -counties. - -Other members of the Pine family which may be seen occasionally planted -on lawns in West Virginia are the following: - -White Cedar (_Chamaecyparis thyoides_, (L.) B.S.P.) - -Bald Cypress (_Taxodium distichum_, Rich.) - -Ginkgo Tree (_Ginkgo biloba_, (L.)) and several other species and -varieties of Junipers, Pines, Spruces, and Yews. - - - - -SALICACEAE—THE WILLOW FAMILY - - -The Willow family, which includes also the Poplars, comprises about -200 species, a large proportion of which are distributed in temperate -and arctic zones. Several shrubby species extend far into the arctic -regions. - -On the whole this family is not important commercially, but with the -disappearance of the more valuable kinds of trees the rapid-growing and -easily-propagated Willows and Poplars are receiving more attention. - -The 2 genera belonging to this family are given below: - -=Salix=, (page 51).—This genus comprises no fewer than 175 known -species, 100 of which are native to North America. The following -species are reported from West Virginia: _S. nigra_, Marsh., _S. -amygdaloides_, Aud., _S. discolor_, Muhl., _S. humilis_, Marsh., _S. -cericea_, Marsh. and _S. cordata_, Muhl. Doubtless several other -species occur in the State. The task of determining the different -species of Willows is one for the specialist who has devoted much -time to their study. For this reason only one species, the common -Black Willow of our stream banks, is described and illustrated in this -bulletin. The most common introduced Willows are the well-known Weeping -Willow (_Salix babylonica_, (L.)) and a yellow-twigged variety of the -White Willow (_Salix alba_, var. _vitellina_, (L.) Koch.). - -=Populus=.—The species of Poplars and Aspens number 27 of which 19 -are native to North America and 3 to West Virginia. White Poplar -(_P. alba_, (L.)) and Balm of Gilead (_P. candicans_, Ait.) are the -principal introduced species planted in the State. - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POPULUS - - Leaves broadly deltoid, acuminate, marginal teeth somewhat incurved; - trees of stream banks and extensively planted along - streets =P. deltoides, p. 57.= - - Leaves ovate to sub-orbicular. - Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, 3-5 inches long - =P. grandidentata, p. 55.= - - Leaves finely serrate, less than 3 inches long =P. tremuloides, p. 53.= - - - - -JUGLANDACEAE—THE WALNUT FAMILY - - -The Walnut family, with its 6 genera and 35 species, is represented -in North America by 2 genera (Juglans and Carya) and 19 species. This -family is a very important one, contributing much of the costliest and -most durable timber as well as large quantities of edible nuts. The -wood of Black Walnut is especially adapted to fine cabinet work and -that of the Hickories to the manufacture of vehicles, handles, etc., -where strength and flexibility are desired. - -=Juglans=.—The 15 species comprising this genus are found principally -in the north temperate zone. Five species are native to North America -and two are found in West Virginia. The English Walnut (_Juglans -regia_, (L.)) which has been introduced and widely planted in the -United States yields the valuable Circassian Walnut woods used in -the manufacture of fine furniture as well as the walnuts sold in our -markets. - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JUGLANS - - Leaflets 11-17, often viscid-hairy; pith chocolate-brown; fruit - elongated, sticky-hairy =J. cinerea, p. 59.= - - Leaflets 13-23, not viscid-hairy; pith cream-colored; fruit globose, not - sticky-hairy =J. nigra, p. 61.= - -=Carya=.—The Hickory species number about 10, all of which are native -to that part of North America lying east of the Rock mountains. At -least 5 of these are found in West Virginia. _Carya microcarpa_, Nutt., -not described herein is reported from Fayette County. - -The Pecan Hickory (_Carya illinoencis_ (Wang.) K. K.), a southern -species prized for its nuts, is occasionally planted. - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARYA - - a. Bark of trunk not deeply furrowed or shaggy; husk of fruit less - than ⅛ inch thick. - - Leaflets usually 5-7, glabrous beneath; the upper 2-2½ - inches broad; kernel of nut sweet =C. glabra, p. 69.= - - Leaflets usually 7-11, somewhat downy beneath, the upper - 1-1½ inches broad; kernel of nut bitter =C. cordiformis, p. 71.= - - a. Bark of trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy; husk of fruit more than - ⅛ inch thick. - - Leaflets 5-7, scurfy or pubescent; bark rough but not - shaggy; buds densely hairy =C. alba, p. 67.= - - Leaflets usually 7; nuts 1¼-2 inches long, pointed at both - ends, dull white; bark shaggy =C. laciniosa, p. 65.= - - Leaflets usually 5; nuts smaller, rounded or notched at - the base, white, thin-shelled; bark shaggy =C. ovata, p. 63.= - - - - -BETULACEAE—THE BIRCH FAMILY - - -The 6 genera and about 75 species belonging to this family are -principally confined to the higher latitudes of the northern -hemisphere. In North America there are 5 genera and about 30 species, -of which the 5 genera and at least 9 species grow in West Virginia. The -Common Hazelnut (_Corylus americana_, Walt.) and the Beaked Hazelnut -(_Corylus rostrata_, Ait.) are both common shrubs of the State. The -Smooth Alder (_Alnus rugosa_, (DuRoi) Spreng.) and the Hoary Alder -(_Alnus incana_, (L.) Moench.) are both to be found, the former -abundant along our streams, and the latter rare in upland swamps. -_Alnus alnobetula_ (Ehrh.) K K. is also reported from Greenbrier, -Fayette, and Randolph counties. - -This family produces products of great value. The wood of Birches is -used extensively for furniture and interior finish, and for fuel. Black -Birch supplies a volatile oil of considerable importance. The wood of -some of the Alders is becoming valuable on account of its use in the -manufacture of gunpowder, and the fruits of the Hazelnuts bring a good -price on the market. The following are our tree genera: - -=Ostrya=, (page 73).—Four species of Hop Hornbeam or Ironwood are -known, 2 being found in North America. One of these is limited in its -range to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, in Arizona; the other is -widely distributed and is common locally in West Virginia. - -=Carpinus=, (page 75).—Eleven species of Hornbeams are native to -Asia and Europe and only 1 species is found in North America. This is -abundant in most parts of West Virginia. - -=Betula=.—This genus comprises 25 known species of trees and 10 -species of shrubs. About 15 of these are native to North America and -3 to West Virginia. Besides our native species the Gray Birch (_Betula -populifolia_, Marsh.) and varieties of White Birch (_Betula alba_, L.) -are often planted for ornamental purposes. - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BETULA - - Bark of the trunk light-colored with thin layers curling or peeling off. - - Outer bark yellowish, fruits usually sessile; leaves usually rounded - at base; twigs with slight wintergreen taste =B. lutea, p. 79.= - - Outer bark reddish-brown, inner bark tinged with red; fruits on - slender stalks; leaves usually wedge-shaped at base; not - aromatic =B. nigra, p. 81.= - - Bark of trunk rough, dark gray, without thin outer layers; bark of - twigs with wintergreen taste =B. lenta, p. 77.= - - - - -FAGACEAE—THE BEECH FAMILY - - -There are 6 genera and about 400 species of trees and shrubs belonging -to the Beech family of which 5 genera and about 60 species are native -to North America. Fourteen species of Oaks, 2 species of Chestnuts, and -1 species of Beech occur in West Virginia. - -This large family is second in importance only to the Pine family and -in some respects surpasses it. Nearly all its members, especially the -various kinds of oaks, produce wood of superior quality and adapted to -a great variety of uses. - -=Fagus=, (page 83).—This genus comprises, in the world, 5 species, -only 1 of which is found native in America. The others are Asiatic and -European species. The European Beech (_Fagus sylvatica_, L.), and its -varieties having purple leaves, cut leaves or pendent branches are -often planted for ornamental purposes. - -=Castanea=, (pp. 85, 87).—Of the 5 or more species of chestnuts -belonging to this genus, none is found in the western part of North -America and 3 species are native to the eastern part of the United -States. _Castanea alnifolia_, Nutt., is a shrub found in the southern -Atlantic states. The European Chestnut (_Castanea sativa_), the -Japanese Chestnut (_Castanea Japonica_) and the Chinese Chestnut -(_Castanea mollissima_) are all planted in this country for their -nuts. The Japanese and Chinese species are more or less resistant to -the chestnut bark disease and for this reason they and their hybrids -with our native species are likely to receive much attention from -nut-growers. The common Chestnut and the Chinquapin, both of which are -natives of West Virginia, may be exterminated by the disease mentioned -above. - -=Quercus=.—The Oak genus comprises 300 known species in the world. Of -these about 55 are indigenous to North America and 14 to West Virginia. -The Oaks belong to two classes, namely, those that mature their acorns -in one season and those that mature them in two. The West Virginia -species are grouped below according to their classes: - -White Oak Class: - - 1.—White Oak (_Quercus alba_). - 2.—Post Oak (_Quercus stellata_). - 3.—Bur Oak (_Quercus macrocarpa_). - 4.—Swamp White Oak (_Quercus bicolor_). - 5.—Yellow Oak (_Quercus Muhlenbergii_). - 6.—Chestnut Oak (_Quercus Prinus_). - -Black Oak Class: - - 1.—Red Oak (_Quercus rubra_). - 2.—Pin Oak (_Quercus palustris_). - 3.—Scarlet Oak (_Quercus coccinea_). - 4.—Black Oak (_Quercus velutina_). - 5.—Spanish Oak (_Quercus falcata_). - 6.—Scrub Oak (_Quercus ilicifolia_). - 7.—Black Jack Oak (_Quercus marilandica_). - 8.—Laurel Oak (_Quercus imbricaria_). - -The following key will assist in distinguishing the species. - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF QUERCUS - - a. Apex of leaves or their lobes sharp-pointed, usually bristle tipped; - acorn maturing at end of second season. - - b. Leaves entire, not lobed. - - Leaves often pubescent beneath =Q. imbricaria, p. 115.= - - b. Leaves lobed. - - Leaves very broad toward apex, with shallow lobes, - brownish tomentose beneath =Q. marilandica, p. 113.= - - Leaves not uniform, lobes usually long and lanceolate, - often scythe-shaped =Q. falcata, p. 109.= - - Leaves 2-5 inches long, densely white pubescent beneath; - tree small, often a shrub =Q. ilicifolia, p. 111.= - - Leaves with sinuses extending not over half way to the - mid-rib, dull green above; inner bark pinkish; acorn - cup saucer-shaped =Q. rubra, p. 101.= - - Leaves of upper branches similar in shape to those of - _Q. rubra_ but bright green above; those on lower limbs - and young trees often with lobes rounded; inner bark - yellow; acorn cup top-shaped =Q. velutina, p. 107.= - - Leaves with sinuses extending at least ⅔ of the way to - mid-rib; acorn cup large and top-shaped =Q. coccinea, p. 105.= - - Leaves similar to those of _Q. coccinea_ but with acorn - cup small and saucer-shaped; a tree of low grounds - with lower branches drooping =Q. palustris, p. 103.= - - a. Apex of leaves or their lobes without bristle tips usually rounded; - acorns maturing at end of first season. - - b. Leaves not deeply lobed. - - Leaves coarsely sinuate-crenate; acorns on stems 1-3 - inches long; bark of branches with papery scales - turning back =Q. bicolor, p. 95.= - - Leaves coarsely crenate-toothed; acorns 1-1½ inches long, - glossy, cup deep and thin; bark of trunk deeply furrowed, - dark gray or black =Q. Prinus, p. 99.= - - Leaves equally and sharply coarse-toothed; acorns less - than an inch long; bark of tree not deeply furrowed, - light gray, resembling that of White Oak - =Q. Muhlenbergii, p. 97.= - - b. Leaves deeply lobed. - - Leaves 6-12 inches long, cut near the middle almost to - mid-rib by two opposite rounded sinuses, 5-7 lobed, - the terminal lobe large; acorn ¾-1½ inches long; cup - deep, fringed around the outer rim =Q. macrocarpa, p. 93.= - - Leaves thick, leathery, usually 5-lobed, bright yellow-green - above; acorns small, inch long - =Q. stellata, p. 91.= - - Leaves 3-9 lobed, medium thin; acorn ¾-1¼ inches - long =Q. alba, p. 89.= - - - - -URTICACEAE—THE NETTLE FAMILY - - -The trees and shrubs alone belonging to the Nettle family number 1000 -or more, most of which are tropical. The herbaceous representatives of -this family in West Virginia are mostly unimportant weeds, but the 3 -genera and 4 species of trees have considerable commercial value and -are attractive ornamentally. - -=Ulmus=, (pp. 117, 119).—There are about 15 known species of Elms of -which 6 are native in North America and 3 in West Virginia. The English -Elm (_Ulmus campestris_, L.) is planted for ornamental purposes. The -Cork Elm (_Ulmus racemosa_, Thomas) is reported from Summers, Monroe, -and Randolph counties. - -=Celtis=, (page 121).—There are about 60 species of Hackberries, 9 -being natives of North America and 2 natives of West Virginia. Besides -the species herein described _Celtis pumila_, Pursh, a shrubby variety, -grows at Harpers Ferry and other stations in the eastern part of the -State. - -=Morus=, (page 123).—About 10 species of Mulberries are known, of -which 3 are native to North America and 1 to West Virginia. The White -Mulberry (_Morus alba_, L.) a native of Asia, introduced to furnish -food for silk worms, has become established in many sections. - -The Osage Orange (_Maclura pomifera_, (Raf.) Sch.), a member of this -family found native in the southwestern states, has been introduced -into many sections where it is planted for hedges. - -Paper Mulberry (_Broussonetia papyrifera_, Vent.), a Japanese species, -is reported from Jefferson, Berkeley, Kanawha, and other counties. -The Common Fig Tree (_Ficus Carica_, L.) is occasionally found in the -eastern part of the State where it has been planted. - - - - -MAGNOLIACEAE—THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY - - -The Magnolia family, comprising about 10 genera and 85 species of trees -and shrubs, is represented in North America by 4 genera, two of which -contain only shrubs. The other two include the valuable Magnolias and -Tulip Tree which not only produce large quantities of choice lumber but -are among the most desirable of our ornamental trees. - -=Magnolia=, (pp. 125, 127, 129).—Most of the 25 species of Magnolias -are tropical only one venturing as far north as southern Canada. -Three species are native in West Virginia. _Magnolia virginiana_, a -fragrant-flowered species growing farther east and south, is sometimes -planted in West Virginia but is not hardy. Several shrubby and -arborescent Chinese and Japanese species are also grown for ornamental -use. - -=Liriodendron=, (page 131).—The Chinese _Liriodendron chinensis_ and -our common Tulip Tree are the only known species belonging to this -genus. - - - - -ANONACEAE—THE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY - - -This family is essentially tropical, only a few of the 600 species -being found in temperate regions. It has 2 genera, _Asimina_ (page -133) and _Anona_, the former having 5 species of shrubs in the south -Atlantic and Gulf states, and one tree growing in the eastern half of -the United States. _Anona_ is a tropical genus. - -The trees of this family are small and the wood has no commercial -value. The fruit of our Common Pawpaw is sweet and edible, but to many -persons distasteful. The tree is highly ornamental and interesting when -growing singly or in groups. - - - - -LAURACEAE—THE LAUREL FAMILY - - -The Laurel family, with about 40 genera and nearly 1000 species, is -represented in North America by 6 genera, of which 4 are arborescent. -Most of the species are tropical. The 2 genera represented in West -Virginia are _Sassafras_, (page 135) and _Benzoin_, the latter having 1 -shrubby species, the common Spice Bush. The Sassafras described herein -is the only member of this genus in North America. Another species is -found in China. - -The members of this family are aromatic trees and shrubs, none of -which is important as a wood producer. Some of them possess medicinal -properties and all have ornamental value. - - - - -=HAMAMELIDACEAE—THE WITCH HAZEL FAMILY= - - -The Witch Hazel family comprises about 18 genera with 50 species most -of which are native in Asia, South Africa and North America. Of the 3 -North American genera 2 are arborescent. The genus _Hamamelis_ (page -137) has 2 species in Asia and 1 herein described. _Liquidambar_ (page -139) also comprises 2 Asiatic and 1 North American species, the latter -being found in West Virginia. - -The species produce hard, dark-colored and handsome wood. - - - - -PLATANACEAE—THE PLANE TREE FAMILY - - -The Plane Tree family has a single genus. _Platanus_, (page 141) with -about 7 species, 3 of which are native to North America and 1 to West -Virginia. Of the exotic species the Old World _Platanus orientalis_, L. -is frequently planted along streets for shade. - - - - -ROSACEAE—THE ROSE FAMILY - - -The Rose family with about 90 genera and 1,500 species is one of the -largest and most important families of plants, including the apple, -pear, cherry, plum, quince, raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry. -About 90 species, 30 or more of which are trees, are found in West -Virginia. The genera which include our tree species are given below: - -=Pyrus=, (pp. 143, 145).—This genus comprises about 40 species of -trees and shrubs, 10 of which are native to North America and 2 or -more to West Virginia. The apple and pear, introduced from Europe, -are placed by some authors under the genus _Malus_, and Mountain Ash -under the genus _Sorbus_. The latter is included under Pyrus in this -bulletin. The European Mountain Ash (_Pyrus aucuparia_, (L.) Ehrh.) is -often planted for ornamental purposes. - -=Amelanchier=, (page 147).—The Juneberry species number about 30. -About 23 of these are found in North America, 6 of which attain tree -size. Besides the species described herein, variety _botryapium_ has -been reported from Preston County and a specimen collected in Tucker -County has been pronounced by Dr. C. S. Sargent as the recently-named -_Amelanchier laeris_. A shrubby species (_Amelanchier oligocarpa_, -(Michx.) Roem.) is found in Tucker and Pocahontas counties. - -=Crataegus=, (pp. 149, 151).—A few species of this genus occur -in Europe and Asia, but most of them are native to North America. -About 700 species of Thorns have been described. According to some -authorities there are fewer species than have been described, while -others affirm there are many yet to be found. Millspaugh’s Flora of -West Virginia lists 22 species, and the writer has collected several -additional species that have been examined and identified by Eggleston -and others. Because the Thorns are of little commercial importance and -are very difficult to identify only 2 species are described in this -bulletin. - -=Prunus=.—This genus includes the Plums and Cherries. Of the 100 or -more species distributed in Asia, Europe and America, about 30 are -native in the United States, and 4 or 5 are found in West Virginia. - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PRUNUS - - a. Fruit in long racemose clusters. - - Leaves 2-5 inches long; fruit purplish-black =P. serotina, p. 153.= - - Leaves 2-4 inches long; fruit dark crimson =P. virginiana, p. 155.= - - a. Fruit in 4-5 fruited, umbel-like bunches. - - Leaves lanceolate, thin, 3-5 inches long; fruit ¼ inch in - diameter, light red =P. pennsylvanica, p. 157.= - - Leaves obovate, thick, rough above, 1½-4 inches long; fruit - 1 inch in diameter, red or yellow =P. americana, p. 159.= - - - - -LEGUMINOSAE—THE PULSE FAMILY - - -The Pulse family embraces over 400 genera with about 7,350 species of -trees, shrubs, and herbs. Out of this number 100 genera with about -1,400 species are found in North America, and about 25 genera with 65 -species are recorded for West Virginia. Only 3 genera with 3 species in -this State can be classified as trees. - -=Gleditsia=, (page 161).—About 11 species belonging to this genus are -distributed throughout the temperate regions of Asia and eastern North -America, 3 of which are native to the south-central and eastern parts -of the United States. One is found in West Virginia. - -=Cercis=, (page 163).—This genus includes 7 species of small trees -and shrubs distributed in parts of Europe, Asia and North America, 3 -of which are found in the United States and one in West Virginia. The -genus is of little commercial importance. - -=Robinia=, (page 165).—- This is an American genus containing 7 -species, 4 of which are shrubs, one tree species being found in West -Virginia. Locusts have been introduced into Europe where they are -widely planted. The Rose Acacia (_Robinia hispida_, L.) is occasionally -planted for ornamental purposes. - -The Kentucky Coffee tree (_Gymnocladus dioica_, (L.) Koch.) has been -planted in many sections of the State, and is reported by Millspaugh as -native in Randolph and Webster counties. - - - - -RUTACEAE—THE RUE FAMILY - - -This large family is confined chiefly to the Old World and the -southern hemisphere, and is largely made up of herbs. Four genera -have tree representatives in the United States. The species are not -commercially valuable. _Ptelea_ (page 167) is the only genus native to -West Virginia. Prickly Ash (_Zanthoxylum americanum_, Mill.) grows in -Monongalia, Jefferson, and Taylor counties, probably as an introduced -species. - - - - -SIMARUBACEAE—THE QUASSIA FAMILY - - -The Tree of Heaven (_Ailanthus glandulosa_, Desf.), introduced from -Asia, has been extensively planted along streets and on lawns from -which it has escaped in many places. - - - - -ANACARDIACEAE—THE CASHEW FAMILY - - -The Cashew or Sumach family is mainly tropical comprising about 50 -genera with 500 species of trees, shrubs and woody vines. Its members -are not valuable as wood producers but in many cases they have -commercial importance on account of their acrid, milky, or resinous -juice, used in medicine, tanning, and the manufacture of varnishes and -resins, and on account of their attractive appearance when planted -as ornaments. The genus _Rhus_, (pp. 169, 171, 173) is the only one -native to Northeastern America. There are 120 known species of _Rhus_, -about 16 of which are found in North America and 6 in West Virginia. -Besides those described in this bulletin the following shrubby species -grow wild in the State: Smooth Sumach (_Rhus glabra_, L.), Poison Ivy -(_Rhus Toxicodendron_, L.) and Fragrant Sumach (_Rhus canadensis_, -Marsh.) - -The Smoke Tree (_Rhus Cotinus_, L.), an introduced tree, is planted on -lawns. - - - - -AQUIFOLIACEAE—THE HOLLY FAMILY - - -The Holly family with 5 genera and nearly 300 species is distributed in -temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. _Ilex_, (pp. 175, -177) which is represented in West Virginia by 4 species of small trees -and shrubs, is the only genus of this family which is important in -number of species or is widely distributed. Our hollies, not described -herein, are Winterberry (_Ilex verticillata_, (L.) Gray), a low shrub -common in high swamps; and a rare shrubby species with long-stalked -fruits (_Ilex longipes_ Chapm.) recently collected in Randolph County. -_Nemopanthus mucronata_, (L.) Trel., also a member of this family, is a -common shrub growing at high altitudes in this State. - - - - -ACERACEAE—THE MAPLE FAMILY - - -This family includes only 2 genera, one of which (_Dipternia_) contains -a single Chinese species. The genus _Acer_ comprises about 70 species -distributed principally in the northern hemisphere. There are 13 -species native to the United States, 6 of which are found in West -Virginia. - -The maples not only produce much valuable wood but are used more -extensively than any other group for ornamental purposes. The principal -exotic species are Norway Maple (_Acer platanoides_, L.), and Sycamore -Maple (_Acer Pseudo-Platanus_, L.). - -The following key will be of use in distinguishing the species: - -KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACER - - a. Leaves simple. - - b. Leaf sinuses acute at base. - - Leaf-lobes long and narrow, leaves silvery white beneath; - fruit in pairs, each key 1-2 inches long, falling in - May =A. saccharinum, p. 187.= - - Leaf-lobes short and broad, leaves white-downy beneath, - 3-lobed; fruit small, several, persistent till fall, in long - drooping clusters; a small tree or shrub =A. spicatum, p. 181.= - - Leaves whitish and nearly glabrous beneath, 3-5 lobed, - lobes broad and short; fruit in small clusters, falling - in early summer =A. rubrum, p. 189.= - - b. Leaf sinuses rounded at base, leaves 3-lobed, finely and - evenly toothed; fruit several in drooping racemes; a - small tree or shrub with striped bark - =A. pennsylvanicum, p. 179.= - - Leaves usually 5-lobed (or 3-lobed in variety nigrum, p. - 185), the lobes sparingly wavy-toothed; fruit in small - clusters, persisting until fall; a large tree - =A. saccharum, p. 183.= - - a. Leaves compound; twigs greenish; fruit in long drooping racemes - =A. negundo, p. 191.= - - - - -SAPINDACEAE—THE SOAPBERRY FAMILY - - -This family embraces 100 genera and about 1000 species, chiefly -tropical in the Old World. Six genera of trees occur in North America. -The genus _Aesculus_, (pp. 193, 195) comprises 14 species, 10 of which -are found in America and 2 in West Virginia. No other genus of this -family is represented in the flora of the State. The Horse Chestnut -(_Aesculus Hippocastanum_, L.) is a common introduced species. - - - - -TILIACEAE—THE LINDEN FAMILY - - -The Linden family with about 35 genera and over 300 species is chiefly -tropical, having more representatives in the southern than in the -northern hemisphere. Of the 3 North American genera only one (_Tilia_) -is arborescent. Of the 8 species of _Tilia_ (pp. 197, 199) found in -North America 2 are native to West Virginia. The European Linden -(_Tilia Europea_, L.) is occasionally planted. - - - - -ARALIACEAE—THE GINSENG FAMILY - - -This family having about 50 genera with over 400 species is chiefly -tropical, though widely distributed in other parts of the world. The -genus _Aralia_ (page 201) contains the only tree species in North -America. This is common in West Virginia. - - - - -CORNACEAE—THE DOGWOOD FAMILY - - -The Dogwood family, with 15 genera, is widely distributed in temperate -regions. _Cornus_ (pp. 203, 205) and _Nyssa_ (page 207) are the only -genera having tree representatives in North America. Of the 40 known -species of _Cornus_ 15 are native to North America and 7 to West -Virginia. The shrubby species are listed on page 234. _Nyssa_ comprises -7 known species, 5 of which are found in North America and 1 in this -State. - - - - -ERICACEAE—THE HEATH FAMILY - - -The Heath family with its 90 genera and 1,400 species is widely -distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Of the 40 genera found -in the United States 7 have tree representatives. The flora of West -Virginia comprises about 22 genera and 40 species belonging to this -family. Many of these are shrubs, the names of which are given in the -list of native shrubs beginning on page 232. - -Three small trees belonging to the following genera are described -herein. - -=Rhododendron=, (page 209).—This genus embraces about 100 species -of shrubs and small trees in the Northern hemisphere besides a large -number in the southern. Of the 17 or more species native to North -America only 1 reaches tree size. In addition to the species described -herein the flora of the State embraces the Mountain Rose Bay (_R. -catawbiense_, Michx.) and several species of Azaleas. - -=Kalmia=, (page 211).—The genus _Kalmia_ includes about 5 species -in North America, 2 of which are found in West Virginia. _Kalmia -angustifolia_, L. is a rare shrub reported from several counties in the -State. - -=Oxydendrum=, (page 213).—This genus contains a single species, the -Sour-wood, described in this bulletin. - - - - -EBENACEAE—THE EBONY FAMILY - - -The Ebony family with 6 genera and many species is distributed chiefly -in tropical regions of both hemispheres. The genus _Diospyros_ (page -215) is the only representative of this family in the United States and -includes 2 species one of which is native to West Virginia. - - - - -STYRACACEAE—THE STORAX FAMILY - - -This family embracing about 7 genera and comparatively few species is -distributed principally in North and South America and in eastern Asia. -Of the 3 North American genera only _Halesia_ (page 217) is found in -West Virginia. - - - - -OLEACEAE—THE OLIVE FAMILY - - -The Olive family comprises about 20 genera with 500 species distributed -principally in the northern hemisphere. In North America there are 5 -genera with 20 species and in West Virginia 2 genera with 4 species. -The Olive Tree (_Olea Europaea_, L.), which produces the olives used -for food, belongs to this family. This tree has been introduced into -the southwestern part of the United States. The _Syringas_, (Lilacs), -_Forsythias_, and _Ligustrums_ (Privets) are extensively planted in -this State for ornamental purposes and for hedges. The two genera -described below have representatives in West Virginia. - -=Fraxinus=, (pp. 219, 221, 223).—The _Ashes_, numbering about 40 -species, are distributed chiefly in the north temperate zone. Of this -number 16 occur in North America and 3 in West Virginia. The European -Ash, (_F. excelsior_, L.) is occasionally planted. - -=Chionanthus=, (page 225).—This genus embraces only 2 species one of -which is found in West Virginia. The other is native to northern and -central China. - - - - -CAPRIFOLIACEAE—THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY - - -The Honeysuckle family, comprising about 10 genera with 275 species, -is represented in North America by 8 genera and in West Virginia by -7 genera and about 18 species. Of this number 15 are shrubs or small -trees. The species not described herein belonging to the genera -_Viburnum_ (pp. 227, 229), _Diervilla_, _Lonicera_, and _Sambucus_, are -given in the list of native shrubs. - -[Illustration: WHITE PINE] - - - - -WHITE PINE - -=Pinus strobus=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk when in close -stands long, straight, and free from limbs; limbs arranged in whorls. - -=Leaves=.—Arranged in clusters of 5, slender, 3-sided mucronate, 3-5 -inches long, blue-green when mature. - -=Flowers=.—May; monoecious; the staminate oval, light brown one-third -inch long, clustered at base of new growth; the pistillate catkins in -small groups or solitary along the new growth, cylindrical, about ¼ -inch long, pink. - -=Fruit=.—Cones maturing in autumn of second year, drooping, -cylindrical, often curved, 4-6 inches long, scales thin without spines; -seeds red-brown mottled with black spots, ¼ inch long with wings 1 inch -long. - -=Bark=.—On young branches smooth, green, often with red tinge; on old -trunks thick, divided by shallow fissures into wide flat-topped ridges -covered with purplish scales. - -=Wood=.—Soft, weak, straight-grained, easily worked, not durable in -contact with the ground, light brown with whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland and Manitoba to Pennsylvania, Indiana and Iowa, -and south along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Originally abundant in parts of -Pocahontas, Greenbrier, Raleigh, and Tucker counties, and sparingly -distributed in all the counties east of the Alleghanies, and in -Gilmer, Jackson, Monongalia, Preston, Ritchie, Tyler, Wetzel, and Wirt -counties. Now becoming rare. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers fertile, well-drained soil, but will grow in all -soils and situations excepting swamps and dry wind-swept ridges. - -=Notes=.—White Pine is easily distinguished from all other native -species by the leaves which are in clusters of five. This tree is -one of the most valuable and beautiful of the conifers. Its wood is -extensively used for shingles, construction, cabinet work, woodenware, -matches, etc. As an ornamental tree it is especially attractive. A -fungous disease, the white pine blister rust, threatens to destroy the -species. - -[Illustration: PITCH PINE] - - - - -PITCH PINE - -=Pinus rigida=, Mill. - - -=Form=.—Usually 50-60 feet high, 1-2½ feet in diameter; trunk not -straight, tapering; crown rounded, usually open; limbs coarse, gnarled, -with thick bark, and persistent old cones. - -=Leaves=.—In clusters of three; stout, rigid, somewhat twisted, often -standing at right angles with the branches; yellow-green. - -=Flowers=.—Appear April-May; monoecious; the staminate in crowded -spikes, at base of new growth, yellow; the pistillate short-stalked, -nearly round, green tinged with rose. - -=Fruit=.—Cones maturing autumn of second year; ovoid, often clustered, -divergent from stem, 1-3 inches long, adhering for several years; -scales thin, armed with stiff recurved prickles; triangular seeds ¼ -inch long with wing ¾ inch long, one-third inch wide, dark brown to -black, sometimes spotted with gray or red dots. - -=Bark=.—Twigs green becoming dull orange and then gray-brown with age; -trunk with rough, thick, deeply-and irregularly-furrowed, red-brown -bark. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable, resinous; with -thick yellowish sapwood. - -=Range=.—New Brunswick and Lake Ontario, south to Georgia, and west to -the Alleghany foothills of West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found locally in the following -counties: Boone, Braxton, Berkeley, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gilmer, -Grant, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Kanawha, Logan, Mercer, Monroe, -Mingo, Nicholas, Preston, Pocahontas, Randolph, Roane, Summers, Tyler -and Wayne. Rare in McDowell, Wyoming, and Webster. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers dry sandy soils of hillsides, sometimes found in -swamps. - -=Notes=.—This is our only native pine having all the leaves in -bundles of three. It is of much less value than the White Pine but -wall often grow where other pines will not. and is resistant to fire. -Wood used chiefly for mine props, fuel, charcoal, boxes, crates, -and construction. Tar is sometimes made from this wood, and the -resin-filled knots and wood are excellent for kindling fires. - -[Illustration: TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE] - - - - -TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE - -=Pinus pungens=, Lamb. - - -=Form=.—A small tree 30-50 feet high, 1-2½ feet in diameter; trunk -sometimes with limbs almost to the ground, the lower drooping, the -upper ascending; often bearing cones when only a few feet tall. - -=Leaves=.—Two in a bundle, stiff, usually twisted, sharp-pointed, 1½-3 -inches long; dark blue-green. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in long, loose spikes, -anthers yellow; pistillate clustered on sides of new growth. - -=Fruit=.—Cones large, oblong-conical, oblique at base, 2-3½ inches -long, hanging on for many years; scales with very stout, curved -prickles. - -=Bark=.—On the trunk broken by fissures into irregular plates with -loose red-brown scales. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, resinous, brown with -yellowish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Pennsylvania and New Jersey to northern Georgia, in the -Appalachian mountains. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Scattered sparingly in the counties -along the Alleghany Mountains. - -=Habitat=.—Usually found on dry gravelly slopes and ridges. - -=Notes=.—This species is most easily distinguished from the other -pines of the State by the very large and prickly cones and by the -bundles of two stiff, short leaves. The yellow pine which has some of -its leaves grouped in twos has very small and nearly smooth cones. Not -valuable for lumber; used chiefly for fuel and charcoal. - -[Illustration: YELLOW PINE] - - - - -YELLOW PINE - -=Pinus echinata=, Mill. - - -=Form=.—From 80-100 feet high, 2-3½ feet in diameter; trunk straight, -slightly tapering; crown pyramidal or rounded; limbs not tolerant of -shade and in dense stands dropping off early leaving a long, clean -trunk. - -=Leaves=.—In clusters of 2 and 3, the leaves in threes more often near -the ends of twigs; slender, flexible, 3-5 inches long, blue-green. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; monoecious, pale purple, staminate flowers in -clusters at base of new growth; pistillate flowers 2-4 in a whorl near -end of new growth, pale rose-colored. - -=Fruit=.—Cones maturing at end of second year; ovoid, 1½-2½ inches -long; flat scales, armed with weak, often deciduous prickles; seeds -triangular, winged, brown mottled with black. - -=Bark=.—On the trunk broken into large more or less rectangular plates -the scales of which readily peel off. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, yellowish. - -=Range=.—New York to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A scattered growth in the hilly -counties lying east of the Ohio river and in the counties along the -Alleghany Mountains. - -=Habitat=.—Usually found with hardwoods and other pines on clay or -gravelly soil, on hills or stony slopes. - -=Notes=.—The Yellow-Pine can be distinguished from the other pines by -its clusters of two and three slender leaves and its small cones. It -furnishes excellent lumber for commerce and is extensively used for -many purposes in buildings. - -[Illustration: SCRUB PINE] - - - - -JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE - -=Pinus virginiana=, Mill. - - -=Form=.—A small tree usually 30-50 feet high, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk -short and often crooked; crown pyramidal to flat-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Clustered in twos, 1½-3 inches long, twisted, rather stout, -sharp-pointed, gray-green. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in clusters at base of new -growth, yellow-brown; pistillate near middle of season’s growth, pale -green, the scale tips rose-colored. - -=Fruit=.—Ovoid when open, sometimes slightly curved; scales thin, -nearly flat, bright brown, with persistent prickles. - -=Bark=.—With shallow fissures, and dark brown loose scales. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, brittle, pale orange with whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern New York to Georgia, west to Kentucky and southern -Indiana. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in Berkeley, Jefferson, -Morgan, Grant, Mercer and other counties southward along the mountains; -less common in Barbour, Boone, Fayette, Kanawha, Logan, Monongalia, -Randolph, Ritchie, Wayne and Wyoming counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers light sandy and thin rocky soils; often found on -exhausted farm lands. - -=Notes=.—This species is most easily confused with yellow pine, but -can be distinguished by its uniform 2-leaf clusters, small prickly -cones and comparatively smooth bark. The leaves are twisted and -divergent, giving the twigs a disheveled appearance. Of little value as -a timber tree; wood used chiefly for boxes, crates, fencing, ties, and -fuel. - -[Illustration: TAMARACK] - - - - -TAMARACK - -=Larix laricina=, (DuRoi) Koch. - - -=Form=.—A tree usually 30-60 feet high, 1-2 feet in diameter; trunk -straight, tapering, and having numerous slender, upward-curving -branches; crown narrowly pyramidal. - -=Leaves=.—Scattered singly or clustered in dense fascicles on short -lateral spurs; linear, triangular in cross-section, ¾-1¼ inches long, -light green, falling each year in autumn. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate sessile, -sub-globose, yellow; pistillate oblong with light-colored bracts and -nearly orbicular rose-colored scales. - -=Fruit=.—Cones mature autumn of first season; ovoid, obtuse, ½-¾ inch -long with few light brown rounded scales. - -=Bark=.—Thin, roughened with small rounded red-brown scales. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, slightly resinous, very strong, durable in soil, -light brown. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland south to Maryland and West Virginia, west to -Minnesota and the Rocky Mountains, through British Columbia to Alaska. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A few trees near Cranesville, Preston -County, growing in a swamp. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers swamps and lake borders, but thrives in many other -places. - -=Notes=.—Tamarack is our only native cone-bearer with deciduous -leaves. This tree has been transplanted in several places in the State -where it makes a good appearance on the lawn. - -[Illustration: RED SPRUCE] - - - - -RED SPRUCE - -=Picea rubra=, (DuRoi) Deitr. - - -=Form=.—Height 70-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk straight, -continuous, free from limbs to a considerable height when in close -stands; crown conical; limbs somewhat drooping below, horizontal in the -middle, ascending above. - -=Leaves=.—Crowded and diverging in all directions from the twig; -rounded or acute points, ½-⅝ inch long, dark yellow-green. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; monoecious; staminate oval, almost sessile, red; -pistillate oblong, with thin rounded scales. - -=Fruit=.—Cones ovate-oblong, narrowed from middle to acute apex; 1¼-2 -inches long; scales reddish-brown with entire margins. - -=Bark=.—Roughened by thin, irregular-shaped brown scales. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, pale in color, with -whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland to West Virginia and southward along the -Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, west to Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Growing at high elevation in Grant, -Tucker, Randolph, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Webster, Nicholas and -Greenbrier counties. Now largely removed by lumbermen. - -=Habitat=.—Well-drained uplands; also on mountain tops and -occasionally on borders of swamps. - -=Notes=.—Since this species is the only native spruce in West Virginia -there is no cause for confusing it with anything else. Norway spruce -has much larger cones. Originally red spruce was one of our principal -lumber trees, but when it is removed there is but little natural -reproduction. Often planted for shade. Wood used for construction, -musical instruments, furniture, aeroplanes and paper pulp. - -[Illustration: HEMLOCK] - - - - -HEMLOCK - -=Tsuga canadensis=, (L.) Carr. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk with limbs nearly -to the ground when in the open but free from them to a considerable -height when in dense stands; slender horizontal branches form a -pyramidal crown which is often irregular. - -=Leaves=.—Arranged on all sides of the branch, but appearing as if in -two ranks, flat, thin, rounded or slightly notched at the tip, about ½ -inch long, dark green above, pale beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in the axils, globose, -yellow; pistillate terminal, pale green, oblong, with broad bracts and -short pinkish scales. - -=Fruit=.—Cones mature each autumn; borne on slender stalks; ovate, -about ¾ of an inch long; scales rounded, about as broad as long; seeds -about ⅛ inch long, half as long as their wings. - -=Bark=.—With deep fissures on old trunks and prominent rounded ridges; -inner bark cinnamon-red. - -=Wood=.—Light, medium hard, brittle, coarse-grained, not easily -worked, not durable when exposed to the weather; red-brown with lighter -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia, south to Alabama and west to Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in nearly all parts of the -State, reaching high elevations in the mountain counties, and confined -to ravines and rough stony ground in most of the hilly sections. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers damp stony northern exposures, deep stream gorges, -river banks, and swamp borders. - -=Notes=.—The hemlock ranks as one of the most useful trees. The wood -is used for construction, paper pulp, and lath; the bark is used in -tanning; and the trees are often planted on lawns and in hedges. - -[Illustration: BALSAM FIR] - - - - -BALSAM FIR - -=Abies fraseri=, (Pursh) Poir. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-70 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk continuous, -tapering; crown pyramidal; rigid horizontal or ascending branches. - -=Leaves=.—Linear, arranged around the stem, ½-¾ of an inch long, dark -silvery green. - -=Flowers=.—Monoecious; staminate yellow with red tinge; pistillate -with rounded scales and pale yellow-green bracts. - -=Fruit=.—Cones oblong-ovate, about 2½ inches long; width of scales -twice their length, dark purple; bracts reflexed covering at maturity -about half the scale. - -=Bark=.—Roughened by cinnamon or gray scales. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown with -whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—From Virginia and West Virginia south to North Carolina and -Tennessee. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Growing near Cheat Bridge, Randolph -County; on the head of the Greenbrier River, Pocahontas County; and -near the head of Blackwater fork of Cheat River in Tucker County. - -=Habitat=.—Grows at high elevations and seems to prefer swampy soil in -West Virginia. - -=Notes=.—This species, which reaches the northern limit of its -restricted range in Tucker County, is not commercially important. The -trunks are occasionally sawed into lumber, and the tree has been widely -transplanted on lawns. - -[Illustration: ARBOR VITAE] - - - - -ARBOR VITAE - -=Thuja occidentalis=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often divided; -crown compact, pyramidal. - -=Leaves=.—In 4 ranks on the stems, scale-like, ⅛-¼ inch long, -longest and long-pointed on leading shoots, yellow-green, aromatic. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; monoecious; staminate round, small, yellow; -pistillate larger, oblong, reddish. - -=Fruit=.—Cones maturing in early Autumn, oblong, about ½ inch long, -reddish-brown, and persisting through the following winter. - -=Bark=.—On trunk reddish-brown, slightly furrowed, and separating in -ragged and twisted strips. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, brittle, durable, fragrant, yellowish-brown; -sapwood whitish and thin. - -=Range=.—Labrador, Manitoba and Minnesota, southward along the -mountains to North Carolina. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Small trees on the South Branch -of the Potomac River and on the North Fork of the South Branch in -Pendleton County. Reported from Grant and Mineral counties. - -=Habitat=.—River banks, swamps, rocky hillsides. - -=Notes=.—This tree, often called white cedar, is so rare in West -Virginia, and of so small a size that it has but little value, except -from the standpoint of the botanist. It is commonly planted throughout -the State for hedges and other ornamental purposes. - -[Illustration: RED CEDAR] - - - - -RED CEDAR - -=Juniperus virginiana=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; crown pyramidal or -rounded, often irregular, dense. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, of two kinds: (1) scale-like overlapping -one-sixteenth inch long, (2) awl-shaped, ¼-½ inch long, less common -than the other form. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; dioecious, or occasionally monoecious; in small -lateral catkins. - -=Fruit=.—A berry-like strobile, maturing in autumn, about ¼ inch in -diameter, dark blue with white bloom, sweet and resinous. - -=Bark=.—Thin, peeling off in long strips, reddish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, fragrant, close-grained, very durable, red, with -whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Occasionally found in Randolph, -Tucker, Upshur, Pocahontas, Webster, Barbour, Harrison, Taylor, Lewis, -and in the mountainous parts of Nicholas, Greenbrier, Grant, Preston -and Monongalia counties. A scattered growth throughout the western and -southern hilly counties. Plentiful in Jefferson, Berkeley, Morgan, -Hampshire, and in parts of Gilmer, Calhoun and Putnam counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rough limestone soils and dry hillsides, but grows -in a variety of soils and situations. - -=Notes=.—This species is valued on account of its durable wood and -attractive appearance. During the past two or three years many red -cedars have been destroyed in the eastern section of the State in order -to stamp out apple rust which exists in one of its stages upon this -tree. - -[Illustration: BLACK WILLOW] - - - - -BLACK WILLOW - -=Salix nigra=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often crooked or -leaning; crown open with long straggling limbs. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, narrowly lanceolate, taper-pointed, -margins finely serrate, 3-6 inches long, ¼-¾ inch broad; large -semicordate stipules. - -=Flowers=.—March-April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of -flowers borne in slender, hairy catkins, 1-3 inches long; calyx and -corolla wanting; scales yellow, with 3-6 stamens. - -=Fruit=.—A capsule ⅛ inch long, early splitting open and liberating -the hairy seeds which are carried about by the wind. - -=Bark=.—On twigs reddish-brown; on old trunks thick, and rough with -many broad connecting ridges, often becoming shaggy. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, brittle, not durable, very dark colored with -light sapwood. - -=Range=.—New Brunswick south to Florida, west to Dakota, Arizona and -central California. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree along streams in nearly -all parts of the State. - -=Habitat=.—Banks of streams and pond borders. - -=Notes=.—This is the commonest and most easily recognized of the -willows. Its greatest value in West Virginia is probably the part it -plays in holding stream banks in place. The wood is sometimes used for -fuel and charcoal. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN ASPEN] - - - - -AMERICAN ASPEN - -=Populus tremuloides=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually -continuous, supporting a rounded loose crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 1½-2 inches long, roundish, heart-shaped, -thin, margins finely serrate; petioles long and slender, permitting the -leaves to tremble with the slightest breeze. - -=Flowers=.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of flowers -on drooping aments. - -=Fruit=.—A 2-valved capsule ¼ inch long; seeds brown, with long, white -hairs. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, greenish, sometimes with raised, warty bands and dark -blotches below the bases of limbs. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, not strong nor durable, brownish with lighter -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Alaska to Newfoundland south to Pennsylvania and along the -mountains to Kentucky, west to California and Mexico; the widest range -of any North American species. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Small trees found growing sparingly -in the mountain counties; observed in Randolph, Pocahontas, Pendleton, -Grant, Tucker, Preston and Upshur counties. Reported from Calhoun, -Gilmer, Monongalia, Mason, Summers and Wirt counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers sandy and gravelly soils, but thrives on others; -frequent in high cut-over areas which have been burned. - -=Notes=.—This tree, which is locally known as Quaking Asp, can be -distinguished from the other poplars by its finely-toothed tremulous -leaves. The species is not important in West Virginia, and is seldom -used for any purpose. - -[Illustration: LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR] - - - - -LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR - -=Populus grandidentata=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk continuous, -tapering; slender ascending branches forming a somewhat loose oval -crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, round-ovate, coarsely sinuate-toothed, -thin, dark green above, paler beneath, smooth; petioles long, slender, -laterally flattened. - -=Flowers=.—April-May, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in short -catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins. - -=Fruit=.—Two-halved, cone-shaped, hairy capsules ⅛ inch long on -drooping catkins; seeds brown, small, with long white hairs. - -=Bark=.—Smooth except near the base, gray-green, resembling that of -American Aspen, but with more yellowish or buff color on young trunks -and limbs. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, not strong, light brown with almost white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Minnesota to Iowa, Illinois, -Indiana and Delaware; southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common. Found in the following -localities: Webster, on Elk Mountain; Randolph, Horton and Gandy Creek; -Tucker, near Davis; Monongalia, Deckers Creek; Tyler near Middlebourne. -Reported from Ohio and Preston counties. - -=Habitat=.—Rich, moist, sandy soil. - -=Notes=.—This tree can be distinguished by its coarse-toothed leaves. -It is comparatively rare and of little importance commercially. - -[Illustration: COTTONWOOD] - - - - -COTTONWOOD - -=Populus deltoides=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk usually -continuous and tapering; horizontal and ascending branches forming a -long pyramidal crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, deltoid or broadly ovate, 3-5 inches -long, margins coarsely crenate toothed except at base and apex, dark -shining green above, paler beneath, petioles 2-3 inches long, laterally -flattened. - -=Flowers=.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in short -drooping catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins. - -=Fruit=.—Capsule 2-4-valved on long drooping catkins; brown seeds -covered with a dense mat of long white hairs. - -=Bark=.—Rough on old trees, with deep fissures and with more or less -parallel and connected rounded ridges. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, not easily seasoned, brown with thick whitish -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Infrequent; South Branch of the -Potomac River near Romney, Hampshire County, and near Petersburg, -Grant County. Found at a few other points along the Potomac and its -tributaries. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich moist soil, along the banks of streams. - -=Notes=.—The Cottonwood, commonly known as Carolina Poplar, is the -largest of our true poplars. It is rare and of little value where it -grows naturally in the State, but is extensively planted as a shade -tree. This species is a very rapid grower but otherwise has little to -recommend it for ornamental planting. - -[Illustration: BUTTERNUT] - - - - -BUTTERNUT - -=Juglans cinerea=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 20-60 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk short, dividing -into an open, broad crown of large horizontal or ascending branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 15-30 inches long; leaflets 11-17, -oblong, acute, 2-3 inches long, finely serrate except at the base, -yellow-green, rough above, pubescent beneath; petioles hairy. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the first leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers -in drooping catkins the pistillate solitary or several on a spike, -bracts covered with white or pink glandular hairs; pistils red. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; solitary or in clusters of 3-5; nut -ovate-oblong, deeply furrowed and sculptured into several longitudinal -ribs; husk thin, hairy, sticky; kernel sweet, edible, and oily. - -=Bark=.—Light gray on twigs, brownish on old trunks; divided by dark -fissures into lighter flat-topped ridges. Inner bark bitter, becoming -yellow on exposure to the air. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, light -colored sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Delaware and Arkansas, south -in the mountains to Georgia. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree, found throughout the -State except in the highest mountains and in a few areas south and -west, especially in Jackson, Putnam, Mingo, and Wyoming counties. -Thrives at higher altitudes than Black Walnut, and grows at 3000 feet, -or over, along cold mountain streams and hillsides in Randolph and -adjacent counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich, moist soil. - -=Notes=.—A less common and less valuable tree than its near relative -next described. - -[Illustration: BLACK WALNUT] - - - - -BLACK WALNUT - -=Juglans nigra=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet; trunk usually straight -and clean; crown round and very open. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 1-2 feet long, 13-23 leaflets, 3-3½ -inches long, 1-1¼ inches broad, sharply serrate, long, sharp-pointed, -yellow-green and smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with half developed leaves; monoecious; staminate -flowers in long, greenish, drooping catkins; the pistillate single or -several in a spike. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn, nut round, very rough, 1-2 inches in -diameter; husk thick, rough; kernel sweet, edible, oily. - -=Bark=.—Brownish and hairy on twigs, dark brown on old trunks, with -deep furrows and rounded ridges. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, rich dark brown with -light-colored sapwood. - -=Range=.—Northern states from Maine to Minnesota and south to Florida. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in all parts of the State, but -not found at high elevations. The best stands are now cut out. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich, moist soils, and requires an abundance of -light. - -=Notes=.—The Black Walnut is classed as one of the most valuable of -our trees on account of its superior wood. It is also prized on account -of its nuts and is sometimes planted on lawns. Where suitable land is -available this rapid-growing species may be profitably planted for -commercial purposes. - -[Illustration: SHELL-BARK HICKORY] - - - - -SHELL-BARK HICKORY - -=Carya ovata= (Mill.) K. Koch. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk in close stands -straight and free from branches to a good height; in the open short and -bearing a rounded or oblong crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long; leaflets usually 5, -ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, ciliate on the margins, -firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler and nearly glabrous -beneath; petioles usually smooth, sometimes hairy. - -=Flowers=.—May; monoecious; the staminate in pendulous catkins; the -pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes. - -=Fruit=.—Round-oval, nearly smooth, 1-2 inches in diameter; husk -thick, splitting freely to the base; nut 4-angled, with a thick or thin -wall; kernel sweet and edible. - -=Bark=.—Gray; on old trunks very rough, separating into long loose -strips which give the trunk its characteristic shaggy appearance. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, tough, strong, close-grained, pliable, light -brown with nearly white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree except on the highest -mountains. Reported as not plentiful in Wetzel, Roane, Jackson and -Summers counties. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best in rich, damp soils, common along streams and -on moist hillsides. - -=Notes=.—The Shellbark Hickory furnishes much of the valuable wood -used where strength and toughness are required. The tree is known best -to most people on account of its excellent nuts. It can be profitably -grown from seed. - -[Illustration: BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY] - - - - -BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY - -=Carya laciniosa=, (Michx. f.) Loud. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet. Similar to that of the -smaller shell-bark. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound; leaflets usually 7, sharp-pointed, -serrate, dark green and smooth above, paler and covered with soft hairs -beneath. - -=Flowers=.—Very similar to those of the smaller shell-bark, previously -described. - -=Fruit=.—Ovoid, with four shallow creases above the middle, 1½-2½ -inches in diameter, thick, smooth husk, splitting to the base; nut -large, thick-shelled and angled; kernel sweet and edible. - -=Bark=.—About the same as that of the smaller shell-bark hickory. - -=Wood=.—The wood of this species can hardly be distinguished from that -of the shell-bark hickory. - -=Range=.—Central New York and Southern Michigan to North Carolina and -Arkansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common, found principally near -the Ohio River from some distance north of Parkersburg to Kenova. -Reported from Harrison, Upshur and Monongalia counties, where possibly -the trees have sprung from artificially planted seeds. - -=Habitat=.—Rich, damp bottom lands and coves near rivers. - -=Notes=.—Too rare to be an important tree in West Virginia. The wood -is equal to the best of other species of hickory, but the nuts are -rendered less valuable on account of the thickness of their shells. - -[Illustration: MOCKERNUT HICKORY] - - - - -MOCKERNUT HICKORY - -=Carya alba=, (L.) K. Koch. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk in the woods -straight and free from limbs for about half its length; crown round or -oblong, open. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets 5-7, -of varying lengths; oblong to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, lustrous -yellow-green above, paler and pubescent beneath; petioles pubescent. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers in -pendulous green catkins; the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes. - -=Fruit=.—Ovoid, 1½-2 inches long; husk thick, splitting nearly to the -base; nut indistinctly angled with very hard thick shell and small -edible kernel. - -=Bark=.—Gray, tight, rough but not shaggy. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, elastic, brown with -white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Massachusetts and Ontario to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common, especially on the hillsides -and ridges east of the Alleghanies. Less frequent and scattered in the -central and western counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich, well-drained soils of open wooded hillsides. - -=Notes=.—This tree has very thick sapwood which is the most valuable -part of hickory wood. It is unsurpassed for handle material and other -uses where strength and elasticity are desired. The nut kernels are -of good quality but are small and hard to get. The pubescent leaf -petioles and the thick husks and thick-walled nuts form easy marks for -distinguishing this species from the common shell-bark. Big Bud Hickory -and White Heart Hickory are other names for this tree. - -[Illustration: PIGNUT HICKORY] - - - - -PIGNUT HICKORY - -=Carya glabra=, (Mill.) Spach. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter, 2-3½ feet; trunk usually -straight, clean and long; crown rounded or narrowly oblong. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets usually 5-7, -oblong to obovate-lanceolate, long taper-pointed, sharply serrate, dark -yellow-green and glabrous above, paler beneath, fragrant when crushed. - -=Flowers=.—Similar to those of other hickories. - -=Fruit=.—Variable in shape, pear-shaped to ovoid, 1-2 inches long; -husk thin, splitting half way or more to the base; nut smooth or -obscurely angled, thick-walled and enclosing a sweet or slightly bitter -kernel. - -=Bark=.—Dark gray, roughened by many flat-topped ridges, the outside -layers of which sometimes become detached at one end, giving the trunk -a somewhat shaggy appearance. - -=Wood=.—As in other species of hickory before described. - -=Range=.—Maine, Ontario and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in every county, less -frequently found at high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives on almost any rich, well-drained soil of ridges and -hillsides. - -=Notes=.—The abundance of this species in nearly every section of the -State makes it one of the most useful hickories, especially for the -farmer. Its growth in farm woodlands, as in other places, should be -encouraged. - -[Illustration: BITTERNUT HICKORY] - - - - -BITTERNUT HICKORY - -=Carya cordiformis=, (Wang.) K. Koch. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-75 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk long and free -from limbs; crown rounded, broadest near the top. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 6-10 inches long; leaflets 7-11, -lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, yellow-green -above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, monoecious; similar to those of the other hickories. - -=Fruit=.—Spherical to obovate; about 1 inch long, coated with a yellow -scurfy pubescence; husk thin, splitting half way to the base, sutures -winged at the top; nut nearly smooth with a small bitter kernel. - -=Bark=.—Not so rough as in other species, but with many narrow -connecting ridges. - -=Wood=.—Similar to that of other hickories but not so strong and of -less fuel value. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Nebraska, Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in scattered growth in nearly -all parts of the State. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers low ground along streams, but is often seen on -higher ground. The name, Swamp Hickory, is not inappropriate. - -=Notes=.—Of less value than our other hickories, but of sufficient -worth to warrant its propagation in suitable places. This tree can -be distinguished by its more numerous leaflets and by its small -bitter-kerneled nuts. - -[Illustration: HOP HORNBEAM] - - - - -HOP HORNBEAM - -=Ostrya virginiana=, (Mill.) K. Koch. - - -=Form=.—A small tree not often exceeding 30 feet in height and 1 foot -in diameter; trunk usually straight and bearing a rounded crown of -slender branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, acute at apex, doubly -serrate, thin and tough, smooth above, pale and slightly pubescent -beneath. - -=Flowers=.—Appear with the leaves, monoecious; staminate flowers in -drooping catkins which develop from the wood of the previous summer, -usually three in a bunch; pistillate in erect aments; each enclosed in -a bladdery bract. - -=Fruit=.—Small flat nutlets, enclosed in bracts arranged in pendulous -light-green clusters resembling hops. - -=Bark=.—Brownish, roughened by narrow ridges with loose flat scales. - -=Wood=.—Strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, red-brown, with -light sapwood. - -=Range=.—Cape Breton Island and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common in many sections but -scattered locally throughout nearly all parts of the State. Found -usually with other species in the rougher, more elevated situations. - -=Habitat=.—Rich open woods of slopes and ridges. - -=Notes=.—Although this tree has valuable wood it is not sufficiently -plentiful nor of such a size as to make it an important species for -forestry purposes. It is desirable for parks and lawns. The rough, -scaly bark, peculiar fruits, and hard wood are distinguishing marks. -Its most common local name is Ironwood. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN HORNBEAM] - - - - -AMERICAN HORNBEAM - -=Carpinus caroliniana=, Walt. - - -=Form=.—Small tree, usually from 10-25 feet high; trunk short, often -leaning, fluted and bearing an irregular crown of slender, often zigzag -branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, thin, oval, -long-pointed, doubly serrate, dull green above, lighter beneath, -scarlet and orange in autumn. - -=Flowers=.—Appear in April; monoecious; without petals; staminate -catkins 1-1½ inches long; the pistillate shorter, with greenish scales -and red styles. - -=Fruit=.—Small nuts, enclosed in 3-lobed, leafy bracts grouped on a -common drooping stem. - -=Bark=.—Gray, smooth, thin, tight. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown with thick -nearly white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Northern states to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common throughout the State. - -=Habitat=.—Moist soil of stream borders, swamps and hillsides. - -=Notes=.—This species, commonly called Water Beech, is of no -commercial importance, but is attractive on lawns, especially in -autumn, and performs a valuable service in preventing the caving in of -stream banks where it grows. - -[Illustration: BLACK BIRCH] - - - - -BLACK BIRCH - -=Betula lenta=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-85 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long and clear in -dense growths; crown narrow and open. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long; ovate to -oblong, taper pointed, doubly serrate, dull dark green above, paler -beneath; petioles short, hairy, grooved above. - -=Flowers=.—April, before the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in -pendent yellowish catkins; the pistillate in shorter erect catkins. - -=Fruit=.—An oblong, cone-shaped strobile, 1-1½ inches long, erect, -3-lobed scales smooth; nutlets small, winged. - -=Bark=.—Very dark and broken into thick, irregular ridges and plates; -the young and inside bark having a sweet, wintergreen taste. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, dark reddish brown, with light -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland to Illinois, Tennessee and Florida. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Scattered locally through nearly all -parts of West Virginia. - -=Habitat=.—Grows in a variety of soils and exposures, but prefers rich -moist woodlands. - -=Notes=.—Black Birch is a widely-known tree and is highly valued on -account of its wood. The local names, Red Birch and Cherry Birch refer -to the appearance of the heartwood and the bark, and Sweet Birch to the -flavor of the bark. This tree can be distinguished from Yellow Birch, -which it most closely resembles, by its darker-colored bark which does -not peel off in loose flakes. - -[Illustration: YELLOW BIRCH] - - - - -YELLOW BIRCH - -=Betula lutea=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk short and usually -forking near the base; crown rounded, open. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, solitary or in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long, -acute at apex, doubly serrate, dull green. - -=Flowers=.—April; monoecious; staminate flowers in pendent purplish -catkins; the pistillate in shorter, erect, greenish catkins. - -=Fruit=.—Cone-shaped strobiles, 1 inch long and erect, scales of -strobile downy on the back and edges; nut small, about as broad as its -wing. - -=Bark=.—Silvery yellow-gray, with thin, papery layers separating -and often curling at the edges giving the trunk a ragged appearance; -slightly aromatic, and bitter. Campers often use the loose outer bark -for starting camp fires in wet weather. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, strong, hard, close-grained light reddish-brown, with -nearly white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland to Minnesota and south to North Carolina. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Frequent, especially in mountain -sections, growing with spruce and hemlock; rare in low hilly parts of -the State and in the Eastern Panhandle; found along streams and in -other damp situations on the outskirts of its range. - -=Habitat=.—Moist fertile uplands and along streams. - -=Notes=.—This large birch is associated with other mountain species -such as Spruce, Hemlock, Black Cherry, and Black Birch. It furnishes -valuable lumber and is a rapid grower. The characteristic appearance of -the bark, described above, will prevent the confusion of this tree with -its close relative, the Black Birch. - -[Illustration: RED BIRCH] - - - - -RED BIRCH - -=Betula nigra=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height, 50-90 feet, diameter, 1-3 feet; trunk usually short, -dividing into two or three large ascending limbs; crown irregular, -oblong. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 1½ to 3 inches long, round-ovate, acute, -doubly serrate, sometimes cut or slightly lobed, deep green, pale -yellow-green beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April, before the leaves; monoecious; staminate formed in -the fall and remaining over winter as short aments, usually in clusters -of three and elongating in the spring to 2-3 inches; pistillate, short, -erect, situated on twigs with the staminate flowers and back of them. - -=Fruit=.—Cylindrical strobile, 1-1½ inches long; 3-lobed scales of -strobile pubescent; nuts small, hairy, winged. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks dark red-brown and rough, with deep furrows and -broken ridges; on younger trees, lighter-colored, the outer papery -layers separating freely into thin sheets and turning up at the edges. - -=Wood=.—Light, rather strong, close-grained, light brown with pale -sapwood. - -=Range=.—New England, west to Missouri, and south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Observed growing along the banks of -the following rivers: Williams, Gauley, Greenbrier, New, Great Kanawha, -Little Coal, Elk, Guyandot, Twelvepole, Big Sandy, Little Kanawha, -Potomac, Shenandoah, Great Cacapon. - -=Habitat=.—Banks of streams, occasionally on drier ground. - -=Notes=.—A common name of this species, River Birch, signifies its -preference for river borders as its habitat. While the tree is not -important it serves to hold stream banks from falling in and at the -same time adds much to the attractiveness of river scenery. The bark -and leaves lack the aroma of some of the other birches. - -[Illustration: BEECH] - - - - -BEECH - -=Fagus grandiflora=, Ehr. - - -=Form=.—Height, 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-3 feet; trunk often long -under forest conditions, in the open short; crown narrow or rounded. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, -3-5 inches long; dark blue green above, light green and very lustrous -beneath, petioles short and hairy. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; monoecious, staminate flowers in loose, light -green globose heads, about 1 inch in diameter and hanging on long, -slender peduncles; the pistillate small, 2-flowered, protected by -awl-shaped bracts, and with long red stigmas. - -=Fruit=.—A prickly bur, bearing 2 or 3 triangular brown nuts about ¾ -inch long. - -=Bark=.—On the trunk smooth, close, light gray and mottled with darker -spots. - -=Wood=.—Hard, strong, close-grained, not durable, light red, with -yellowish-white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada and Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in nearly all parts of the -State; less frequent or rare locally in the Eastern Panhandle and in -Summers, Mercer, McDowell, and Wyoming counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich bottom lands but grows frequently on thin -gravelly slopes and flats, sometimes growing at high elevations. - -=Notes=.—This is one of the most familiar of our trees, except in a -few restricted areas. It is shade-loving, and is a valuable tree in -the farmers’ woodland. The wood is used principally for novelty wares, -carpenters’ tool handles, clothespins, fuel and charcoal. - -[Illustration: CHESTNUT] - - - - -CHESTNUT - -=Castanea dentata=, (Marsh) Borkh. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk, in close stands -with few low branches and little taper; in the open having a short -trunk and rounded crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, -6-8 inches long; coarsely serrate with incurved teeth, thin, dull, -yellow-green, glabrous. - -=Flowers=.—June-July; monoecious, the staminate borne in bunches at -intervals on long catkins; the pistillate borne in scattered involucres -near the base of the upper catkins. - -=Fruit=.—A large prickly bur, opening at its four sutures in early -autumn; nuts usually 2-3, compressed, ½-1 inch wide, brown, sweet and -edible. - -=Bark=.—Moderately rough, with shallow fissures and flat-topped -ridges, gray-brown. - -=Wood=.—Soft, light, not strong, easily split and worked, -coarse-grained, durable, red-brown with light sapwood. - -=Range=.—Maine and Michigan southward to Arkansas, Mississippi, and -Alabama. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Abundant in most parts of the State; -of best quality along the lower western slopes of the Alleghanies. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives in most places in West Virginia, but is less -frequently seen on limestone soils and in swampy places. - -=Notes=.—The Chestnut tree is prized for its lumber, its nuts, its -tannin, and for its numerous uses, especially on the farm. It is a -very rapid grower, and sprouts freely from the base of the stump when -cut down. A disease known as chestnut blight has entered the State and -threatens to exterminate this tree. - -[Illustration: CHINQUAPIN] - - - - -CHINQUAPIN - -=Castanea pumila=, (L.) Mill. - - -=Form=.—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet, in West Virginia usually -much smaller; trunk short, supporting a rounded crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 2-6 inches long, lanceolate or oblong, -narrowed at both ends, coarsely serrate, thick, smooth and yellow-green -on the upper surface, paler and covered with a whitish down beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; monoecious; staminate flowers in clusters along -the catkin; the pistillate borne at the base of the upper catkins in -rounded, prickly involucres. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; bur covered with stiff spines and -enclosing usually only one ovoid brown nut which is very sweet and -edible. - -=Bark=.—On trunk lightly furrowed and with flat ridges broken into -light brown, loose plates. - -=Wood=.—Light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, brown, with thin hardly -distinguishable sapwood. - -=Range=.—Pennsylvania and New Jersey south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not widely distributed but common in -some sections. Observed in the following counties: Mercer, Wyoming, -Summers, Fayette, Logan, and Boone. Reported also from Wayne, Monroe, -Mingo, Braxton, Gilmer, Pendleton, Greenbrier, Grant and Nicholas -counties. - -=Habitat=.—Dry slopes and flats and stream borders. - -=Notes=.—This species is usually a shrub in West Virginia, often -bearing fruit when only a few feet high. Several trees observed south -of the Kanawha River were well-formed, 20-25 feet tall, and with -straight trunks 6-8 inches in diameter. The Chinquapin is chiefly -prized on account of its nuts. It is susceptible to the attack of -chestnut blight and may eventually be killed out by this disease. - -[Illustration: WHITE OAK] - - - - -WHITE OAK - -=Quercus alba=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 75-100 feet, diameter 3-6 feet; trunk long and -free from limbs and with slight taper; crown broad and open with -wide-spreading and often twisted branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 5-8 inches long, obovate-oblong, rounded -at the apex and with usually 7 rounded lobes with entire edges, bright -green above, glaucous beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, when leaves are one-third grown; monoecious; the -staminate in long pendulous catkins; the pistillate borne above on -short stalks in the leaf axils. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns maturing in autumn after flowering; cup with small -brown tomentose scales, enclosing about ¼ of the nut; nut ovoid, -rounded at apex, light brown, shining; kernel bitter-sweet. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks rough with deep fissures, and ridges which are -often broken into short flat light gray scales. - -=Wood=.—Strong, heavy, close-grained, durable, light reddish brown -with thin sapwood. - -=Range=.—Maine and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in every county and in almost -every locality except at high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Grows on many different types of soils and from moist -bottom lands to the tops of dry ridges. - -=Notes=.—The White Oak ranks as one of the most valuable timber -trees. It is known to more persons than any of our other oaks, and is -generally praised as a beautiful and useful tree. - -[Illustration: POST OAK] - - - - -POST OAK - -=Quercus stellata=, Wang. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet, trunk usually short; the -crown rounded, with spreading branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, about 4-5 inches long, usually with five -lobes, the middle pair largest but all short and broad; thick and -leathery, nearly smooth above, covered beneath with dense grayish or -yellowish stellate pubescence. - -=Flowers=.—May; monoecious; the staminate on long drooping catkins; -the pistillate short-stalked and woolly, with bright red stigmas. - -=Fruit=.—Acorn ripening in autumn after flowers; cup small, thin, -hairy inside, scales flat and woolly; nut small, oval ½-¾ inch long, -brown, sometimes marked with nearly black longitudinal stripes. - -=Bark=.—Similar to that of White Oak, but usually rougher and more -yellowish. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, durable in contact with the soil, -brown with thick sapwood. - -=Range=.—New England, where it is a shrub, southward to Florida and -Texas, and west to Kansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Distributed in nearly all the hilly -parts of the State, though nowhere very common and in some sections -rare. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers dry sandy or gravelly soil. - -=Notes=.—The Post Oak in winter may easily be mistaken for a White -Oak, but in summer and fall the small acorns and the peculiar lobing of -the leaves assist the student in distinguishing it from other species. -It is not commercially important but should be encouraged to grow on -account of the superior lasting qualities of the wood when used for -fence posts or otherwise in contact with the soil. - -[Illustration: BUR OAK] - - - - -BUR OAK - -=Quercus macrocarpa=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 40-75 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually short, -bearing a rounded crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 6-12 inches long, wedge-shaped at the -base, usually crenate lobed toward the apex with deep sinuses and -rounded lobes in the middle; thick and firm, dark green and glossy -above, pale pubescence beneath. - -=Flowers=.—Similar to the other annual oaks, before described. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn of first season; very large acorn with -a deep cup heavily fringed on the rim; nut ovoid, 1-1½ inches long, -brown, pubescent, about one-third enclosed in the cup. - -=Bark=.—Deeply furrowed and similar to that of White Oak; corky on the -twigs. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, brownish, with -thin sapwood. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia and Manitoba south to West Virginia and west to -Kansas and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Rare. Observed in the following -localities: Hardy County, between Romney and Moorefield; Grant County, -several trees on Lunice Creek near Petersburg; Morgan County, near -Great Cacapon station. Reported from Tyler County. - -=Habitat=.—Usually on rich soils near streams. - -=Notes=.—This is a very large and valuable oak in Kansas and other -states but is too rare to merit much attention in West Virginia. The -beautifully-lobed leaves and large acorns will not fail to interest the -student of trees. - -[Illustration: SWAMP WHITE OAK] - - - - -SWAMP WHITE OAK - -=Quercus bicolor=, Willd. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk, in the open, -usually short, supporting a broad round-topped crown; in close stands -the trunk is longer and well-formed; lower branches usually drooping. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, -obovate, coarsely sinuate or shallow-lobed, margins thick and firm, -smooth and shining above, paler and tomentose beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate on -long drooping catkins; the pistillate few-flowered, borne above on -relatively long peduncles. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn after the flowers; acorns on pubescent -stems 1-4 inches long; cup deeply saucer-shaped, enclosing about -one-third of the nut, which is ¾ to 1¼ inches long, chestnut brown, -usually hairy at apex. - -=Bark=.—Rough on trunks with deep furrows and flat-topped and scaly -ridges; on branches soon becoming rough, with scales which often curl -back at the edges. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, tough, light brown, with thin and hardly -distinguishable sapwood. - -=Range=.—Maine, south to Georgia and west to Michigan and Arkansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Infrequent. Found in the following -localities: Grant County, on Lunice Creek; Hardy, near Moorefield; -Pocahontas, near Marlinton; Greenbrier, near White Sulphur Springs; -Berkeley, on Back Creek; Randolph, near Huttonsville; Upshur, at -Lorentz. - -=Habitat=.—Borders of swamps and low ground along streams. - -=Notes=.—The Swamp White Oak can easily be distinguished from its near -relatives; in the winter, by the bark ridges of the small branches -and the drooping lower limbs; in the summer and fall by the wavy or -sinuate-margined leaves and the long-stemmed acorns. This tree is not -considered of much importance in this State. - -[Illustration: YELLOW OAK] - - - - -YELLOW OAK - -=Quercus Muhlenbergii=, Engelm. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually short, -sometimes buttressed at the base; crown round-topped with relatively -short, ascending branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 4-7 inches long, oblong, tapering at both -ends, margins with coarse, sharp-pointed teeth which somewhat resemble -those of the Chestnut and Chestnut Oak; bright yellow-green above, pale -and pubescent beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in long -pendulous catkins; the pistillate in short spikes. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns mature in autumn after the flowers; cup enclosing -about ½ of the light brown, ¾-inch-long nut; kernel sweet and more -edible than that of most other acorns. - -=Bark=.—On trunks moderately rough, the light gray ridges broken into -scales; resembles the bark of White Oak. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, brown with -brownish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Vermont and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common. Observed in the following -counties: Boone, Doddridge, Fayette, Grant, Hardy, Kanawha, Monongalia, -Morgan, Summers and Webster. This tree is more common near Petersburg, -Grant County, and on Long Island Creek, Doddridge County, than at any -other places where it was found. - -=Habitat=.—River banks and limestone hillsides. - -=Notes=.—The wood of this oak is inferior to that of some other -species and it occurs here too infrequently to be classed as very -valuable. - -[Illustration: CHESTNUT OAK] - - - - -CHESTNUT OAK - -=Quercus Prinus=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk long but usually -more or less bent and often divided, forming a loose, open irregular -crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 6-8 inches long, usually obovate, -coarsely crenate, firm or leathery, smooth, dark green above, paler and -finely pubescent beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in -long catkins; the pistillate in short spikes. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns mature in autumn after the flowers; cup thin, deep, -enclosing about ½ of the smooth, light brown, oblong-ovoid nut. - -=Bark=.—Very rough with deep fissures and long, dark gray, continuous -or broken ridges; rich in tannin. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable in contact with -the soil, dark brown with light sapwood. - -=Range=.—Maine to West Virginia and south along the mountains to -Georgia and Alabama. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common except at high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers dry gravelly hillsides and ridges. - -=Notes=.—The Chestnut Oak is one of our common trees in the hilly -sections and can easily be distinguished by its thick, dark-colored -bark, crenate-margined leaves and large, deep-cupped acorns. Many of -the best stands have been cut for tan bark. Rock Oak is a common name -in some localities. - -[Illustration: RED OAK] - - - - -RED OAK - -=Quercus rubra=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk long and free -from limbs when standing in close growth, with a narrow or rounded open -crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 5-9 inches long, with 5-7 toothed, -bristle-tipped lobes, becoming narrower outward from rounded sinuses, -thin and firm, smooth, lusterless dark green above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in -long hairy catkins, the pistillate on short smooth stalks. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns maturing the second autumn after the flowers; cup -shallow, saucer-shaped, enclosing only the base of the nut; scales -closely-appressed and somewhat glossy; nut oblong-ovoid, 1 inch long; -kernel white, bitter. - -=Bark=.—Rough with long fissures and flat-topped ridges, gray brown, -inner bark light red, not bitter. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light red-brown. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree in all parts of the -State. Most abundant and of superior size and quality in the high hilly -and mountain sections. - -=Habitat=.—Rich loamy or gravelly soils of bottom lands, slopes and -ridges. - -=Notes=.—The Red Oak is most frequently confused with the Black -Oak from which it can be distinguished by the light red inner bark, -the shallow-cupped acorns and the dull green leaves. This oak is -extensively sawed into lumber which is easily worked and capable of a -fine finish for furniture and interior work. As a tree for the park or -lawn there are few which surpass it. - -[Illustration: PIN OAK] - - - - -PIN OAK - -=Quercus palustris=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually straight -and bearing a conic, well-shaped crown, lower limbs usually drooping -and curving upward at the tips. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, much smaller than those of the Red Oak, -with 3-7, coarse-toothed, bristle-tipped lobes, with rounded sinuses; -dark green and shining above, pale below, and smooth except for bunches -of brownish tomentum in the axils of the principal veins. - -=Flowers=.—Appear with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers in -catkins 2-3 inches long; pistillate short-stalked and with red styles. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns maturing in autumn of second year after the flowers; -cup thin, shallow, about ½ inch across, enclosing about ¼ of the nut; -kernel yellowish, bitter. - -=Bark=.—Not as rough as that of most of the oaks, but with shallow -fissures and broad flat ridges. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, light-brown. - -=Range=.—Massachusetts and Michigan to Virginia, Tennessee and -Oklahoma. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not a common tree. Plentiful near -Princeton, Mercer County, and less common in Hardy and Morgan counties; -doubtless growing locally in most of the counties south of the Great -Kanawha River. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers low ground along streams and borders of swamps. - -=Notes=.—Pin Oak leaves resemble those of Scarlet Oak, but the -appearance of the whole tree is quite different from it. The drooping -lower branches and the location of the tree most readily distinguish -it, and a comparison of its small acorns with the large acorns of the -Scarlet Oak will serve to separate the two species. It is unexcelled -as a tree for parks where it grows with a straight trunk and beautiful -rounded crown. - -[Illustration: SCARLET OAK] - - - - -SCARLET OAK - -=Quercus coccinea=, Muench. - - -=Form=.—Height, 60-80 feet; diameter 2-3 feet; trunk tapering, usually -straight; crown open, and narrow when crowded. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, usually with 7 lobes -which are deeply toothed and bristle-tipped at the apex, and separated -by oblique sinuses; thin and firm, bright green above, paler beneath, -lustrous on both sides; brilliant scarlet in the fall. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers on long -catkins; the pistillate on short stalks in the leaf axils. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns mature in second autumn after flowering; cup deep, -covering about ½ of the nut, with closely appressed, sharp-pointed -scales, somewhat glossy or slightly pubescent, forming a fringe around -the edge which is closely appressed to the large ovoid, reddish-brown -and sometimes striate nut. - -=Bark=.—On trunks resembling that of Red Oak, but with shallower -fissures and narrower ridges; inner bark reddish. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -=Range=.—Maine to North Carolina and west to Minnesota and Nebraska. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in all parts of the State -except at high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers dry sandy soil of hillsides and ridges. - -=Notes=.—The wood of Scarlet Oak is of less value than that of several -other oaks, but is frequently used for lumber, cross-ties, and other -purposes. The tree is desirable for streets or parks and in autumn is -especially attractive. - -[Illustration: BLACK OAK] - - - - -BLACK OAK - -=Quercus velutina=, Lam. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear, -slightly tapering; crown spreading and rounded. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 5-10 inches long, lobes usually 7, with -coarse, bristle-tipped teeth, thick and firm, dark green and shining -above, paler beneath; on lower limbs and young trees, often with -rounded, mucronate lobes; petioles yellowish. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in -long, hairy catkins; the pistillate on short stalks, reddish. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns mature the second autumn after flowering; cup deep, -cup-shaped, enclosing about ½ of the nut; scales reddish-brown -pubescent, tightly appressed at the base, and loosely over-lapping at -the edge forming a fringe-like margin; nut small, light reddish-brown, -often pubescent; kernel yellow, bitter. - -=Bark=.—Rough with thick cross-fissured ridges, nearly black, inner -bark yellow and bitter. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, brown, with thin lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—Northern New England and Ontario, west to Minnesota and -Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common throughout the State except at -high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Rich soils of slopes or drier gravelly soils of ridges. - -=Notes=.—Black Oak is very common but of less value than several of -the other oaks. The lumber is similar to that of Red Oak. For the -characteristics which distinguish this oak from the species with which -it is most often confused, see “Notes” on Red Oak. Yellow Oak and Black -Jack are two local names for this oak in West Virginia. - -[Illustration: SPANISH OAK] - - - - -SPANISH OAK - -=Quercus falcata=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; crown round-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long; variable in shape, with -3-7 toothed bristle pointed lobes, terminal lobes often elongated and -falcate, dark green and lustrous above, paler and downy beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April-May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers -in long catkins, the pistillate on short hairy stalks. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns mature the second autumn after flowering; cup -hemispheric, ½-¾ inch across, reddish-brown inside and with reddish, -pale, pubescent scales; nut ½ inch long, ovoid, pale orange-brown. - -=Bark=.—On trunks with shallow fissures and brownish scaly ridges. - -=Wood=.—Hard, strong, not durable, coarse-grained, reddish with light -sapwood. - -=Range=.—New Jersey to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Confined, as far as known, to a few -trees on the north side of Great Kanawha River near Charleston. - -=Habitat=.—Dry soil. - -=Notes=.—This tree, which is rare in West Virginia, must be listed in -the class of unimportant trees. Its wood is comparatively inferior and -it is less desirable for ornamental purposes than many other species. - -[Illustration: SCRUB OAK] - - - - -SCRUB OAK - -=Quercus ilicifolia=, Wang. - - -=Form=.—Height 4-20 feet, diameter 2-6 inches; trunk short, branches -stiff, contorted forming a flat-topped irregular head. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, usually 5-lobed, with -shallow sinuses and sharp, bristle-tipped divisions of the lobes; -leathery, dark green and lustrous above, coated beneath with a dense -white pubescence. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers on long -catkins, the pistillate on short tomentose stalks, and with red stigmas. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns mature in second autumn after the flowers; cup deep, -reddish-brown and soft downy within, with light brown scales, the outer -row forming a narrow fringe around the edge; nut ovoid, about half -enclosed in the cup; kernel yellow. - -=Bark=.—Dark gray and scaly on old trunks. - -=Wood=.—Strong, hard, with brown heartwood. - -=Range=.—Maine to southern Virginia, west to Ohio. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common along the Alleghany Mountains -and in the Eastern Panhandle. - -=Habitat=.—Dry soils of slopes and mountain tops. - -=Notes=.—This oak is usually a shrub in West Virginia, but it -sometimes reaches the form and size of a small tree. In many places -it grows in dense thickets covering large areas on mountain sides and -flats. The red-brown dry leaves often hang on over winter, giving rise -to a common local name, “Red-brush.” - -[Illustration: BLACK JACK OAK] - - - - -BLACK JACK OAK - -=Quercus marilandica=, Muench. - - -=Form.=—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; crown narrow and -compact with short stout branches. - -=Leaves.=—Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long, nearly as wide as long, -rounded and narrow at the base, broadening outward, with about 3 broad -and shallow lobes which are dentate; leathery, dark green and lustrous -above, paler and often coated with a rusty, scurfy pubescence beneath. - -=Flowers.=—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in -long catkins, the pistillate on short pubescent stalks. - -=Fruit.=—Acorns mature the second autumn after the flowers; cup deep, -covering about ½ of the nut, downy within, scales large, reddish-brown -and loose. - -=Bark.=—Rough, with deep fissures and dark ridges which are broken -into broad angular plates. - -=Wood.=—Heavy, hard, strong, dark brown. - -=Range.=—New York to Florida and Texas, west to Nebraska. - -=Distribution in West Virginia.=—Observed only on the western slope of -Blue Ridge Mountains in Jefferson County. - -=Habitat.=—Sandy or heavy clay soils. - -=Notes.=—The Black Jack Oak is very rare and scrubby in growth in -this State. It has no value as a timber tree, but is desirable for -ornamental purposes. - -[Illustration: LAUREL OAK] - - - - -LAUREL OAK - -=Quercus imbricaria=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; crown pyramidal or -round-topped and open, with drooping lateral branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong or lanceolate, -margins entire or sometimes undulate, with acute apex, dark green and -lustrous above, pale and hairy beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers borne -on long catkins; the pistillate on short stalks. - -=Fruit=.—Acorns mature the second autumn after the flowers; cup -saucer-shaped, brown and glossy inside, with reddish-brown scales, and -enclosing about ½ of the ovoid, dark brown, often striate nut. - -=Bark=.—With shallow fissures and with ridges having brown scales. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -=Range=.—Pennsylvania to Georgia west to Michigan. Nebraska and -Arkansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Locally distributed in many parts -of the State, but nowhere common. Observed in Barbour, Grant, Hardy, -Mason, Monongalia, Morgan, and Upshur counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers bottom lands along streams. - -=Notes=.—This oak is unusual in appearance since the leaves are -entirely without lobes. It cannot be recommended for forestry purposes. - -[Illustration: SLIPPERY ELM] - - - - -SLIPPERY ELM - -=Ulmus fulva=, Michx. - - -=Form=.—Height 40-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually short and -soon branching; crown open and broad. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, ovate-oblong, oblique at -base, abruptly sharp-pointed apex, margin doubly serrate, rough-hairy -on both sides. - -=Flowers=.—April, before the leaves; mostly perfect; on short pedicels -in crowded branches; corolla absent, calyx green, anthers red, two -stigmas purple. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in spring a few weeks after the flowers; a one-seeded -samara consisting of a small flat seed surrounded by a wing which is -nearly circular in outline and smooth, except over the seed cavity. - -=Bark=.—Thick, divided by fissures and with large, thick appressed -scales, brown tinged with red within, inner bark fragrant, mucilaginous -and slippery. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, reddish-brown, with thin sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southeastern Canada to Florida, west to North Dakota and -Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common locally, rare in many -sections. Found in the following counties: Barbour, Braxton, Clay, -Fayette, Grant, Mingo, Monongalia, Pocahontas, Putnam, Roane, Tyler, -Upshur and Wetzel. - -=Habitat=.—Fertile, rocky soil. - -=Notes=.—The slippery, inner bark, the smooth-margined fruits and the -rusty-brown, orbicular, pubescent buds distinguish this from other -elms. It is not an important tree for forest planting. It is sometimes -called Red Elm. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN ELM] - - - - -AMERICAN ELM - -=Ulmus americana=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet, sometimes much larger; -trunk usually dividing 25-30 feet above the ground; crown varied in -form, usually wide-spreading. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oval, -coarsely-doubly-serrate, oblique at the base, thick, dark green and -rough above, paler and smoother beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April, before the leaves, mostly perfect; borne in dense -fascicles, corolla absent, calyx 5-9 round-lobed, stamens with red -anthers, styles two, green. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in spring soon after the flowers; oval samara -consisting of a flat seed surrounded by a wing which has a terminal -notch and ciliate margin. - -=Bark=.—Rough, with deep fissures and scaly ridges, ashy-gray. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, not easily split, light brown. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and south to Florida and -Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A very common tree, especially at low -elevations. Not often found in the counties adjoining the Alleghanies. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich bottom lands. - -=Notes=.—The American or White Elm is one of the most valuable and -magnificent trees of the United States. Its wood is extensively used -where toughness is desired, as in wagon hubs. It grows to a very large -size and over a wide range, and is unsurpassed in elegance of form -and other characteristics which make it valuable for park and street -planting. In low wet grounds it may be grown for forestry purposes. - -[Illustration: HACKBERRY] - - - - -HACKBERRY - -=Celtis occidentalis=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 25-80 feet, diameter up to 30 inches; trunk long when -in close stands with other trees; crown spreading or round. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, ovate, narrowed to sharp points, rounded -oblique base, coarsely serrate, rough above, with prominent veins, -light yellow-green. The leaves are soft hairy beneath and pilose above -when young. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious, or with some perfect -flowers; the staminate on drooping pedicels at base of season’s growth; -the pistillate, few-flowered in axils of the upper leaves, greenish and -small. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in September, a berry-like drupe, ¼ to ½ inch thick, -dark purple, sweet and edible, on slender pedicels, often remaining on -the tree during the winter. - -=Bark=.—Usually rough with warty projections, light gray. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, soft, coarse-grained, yellowish, resembling ash, with -light-colored sapwood. - -=Range=.—Most of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in the eastern Panhandle and -scattered throughout the State; rare or not occurring in the counties -along the Alleghanies and in those adjacent on the west. - -=Habitat=.—Grows best on moist, rich land, but is found in a variety -of soils. - -=Notes=.—Sugar Berry and Hoop Ash are two common local names of this -species. In some places along the Ohio River the tree grows to a fairly -large size with a long clear trunk; in the eastern part of the State it -is usually small and scrubby. The tree is most easily distinguished by -its peculiar warty bark and by the witches’ brooms which are usually -present. The wood is often sold as Ash and is used for cheap furniture, -cooperage, crates, boxes, agricultural implements, etc. The very small -shrubby trees found in the Eastern part of the State should probably be -classed as Variety _pumila_, Muhl. - -[Illustration: RED MULBERRY] - - - - -RED MULBERRY - -=Morus rubra=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually -straight, short, bearing a rounded crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, nearly orbicular in -outline, or with 3-5 lobes, coarsely serrate, dark green and usually -slightly rough above, paler and hairy beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in dense -spikes 1-2 inches long; the pistillate arranged in the same way but in -shorter spikes. - -=Fruit=.—July-August; very small drupes aggregate in a dense cylindric -cluster about 1 inch long, blackish when ripe, sweet, juicy and edible. - -=Bark=.—On trunks, brownish-gray, roughened by narrow ridges. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, tough, coarse-grained, very durable, light orange -color. - -=Range=.—Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kansas and Nebraska. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in scattered growth throughout -the State. - -=Habitat=.—Grows best in rich bottoms, but is found scattered with -other hardwoods in various locations. - -=Notes=.—The Mulberry is easily distinguished in summer by its -irregular leaf forms and peculiar fruits. It is not important as a -lumber tree, though the wood is attractive and durable. - -[Illustration: CUCUMBER TREE] - - - - -CUCUMBER TREE - -=Magnolia acuminata=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-90 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear, -straight; crown usually pyramidal with spreading lower branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, ovate, 4-12 inches long, apex pointed, -entire, thin, smooth above, pale and downy beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April-June; perfect, upright, solitary, bell-shaped, -greenish-yellow, about 3 inches long. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; fleshy, cucumber-shaped, about 2½ inches -long, composed of 1-2-seeded carpels; seeds scarlet, drupe-like, -attached by slender extensile threads. - -=Bark=.—Grayish-brown, furrowed, with loose scales. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, durable, yellowish, resembling -Yellow Poplar, and used for interior finish and other purposes in -buildings. - -=Range=.—New York to Georgia, west to Kansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—With other hardwoods throughout the -State. Most plentiful in the mountainous and high hilly sections. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich soils of bottoms and hillsides. - -=Notes=.—The Cucumber is valuable as a forest and shade tree and -should be propagated for these purposes. It can be distinguished -from the other West Virginia magnolias by its smaller leaves, its -greenish-yellow flowers, and its usually larger size. - -[Illustration: UMBRELLA TREE] - - - - -UMBRELLA TREE - -=Magnolia tripetala=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 10-15 inches; trunk straight, with -spreading branches which form a broad, round-topped crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, arranged near the ends of the branches in an -umbrella-like circle, simple, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, -12-24 inches long, with short stout petioles, entire, smooth on both -sides when old. - -=Flowers=.—Appear in May; perfect, solitary, erect, surrounded by a -whorl of leaves, petals creamy white, 4-5 inches long, slightly scented. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; cylindric or oblong, cone-like, 2-4 inches -long, fleshy, composed of numerous rose-colored follicles which split -on the back at maturity and liberate small flat, red seeds. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, light gray, sometimes roughened by scattered irregular -projections. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with -white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to northern -Mississippi and Arkansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found on swamp borders or along -streams in the following counties: Boone, Braxton, Fayette, Kanawha, -Logan, McDowell, Mingo, Nicholas, Randolph, Raleigh, Upshur, Webster, -Wyoming. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich soil of streams and swamps. - -=Notes=.—The Umbrella Magnolia is chiefly valuable as an ornamental -tree. It is especially attractive in autumn when the bright, -rose-colored fruits are mature. - -[Illustration: MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA] - - - - -MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA - -=Magnolia Fraseri=, Walt. - - -=Form=.—Height, 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk straight or -inclining, undivided for half its length, or separating near the ground -into several stems. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oblong-obovate or spatulate, eared at the -base, bluntly pointed at the apex, glabrous 10-24 inches long, often -crowded in whorls. - -=Flowers=.—May; perfect, solitary, 8-10 inches in diameter, creamy -white, sweet-scented. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; an oblong cone-like aggregate of -fleshy, rose-colored follicles, with sharp-pointed tips; seeds obovoid, -compressed, ⅝ inch long. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, or on old trunks roughened by irregular excrescences -or scales, dark brown. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brown with light -sapwood. - -=Range=.—West Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama, west to -northern Mississippi and eastern Tennessee. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Infrequent, found scattered through -the mountainous parts of Clay, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Randolph, Upshur -and Webster counties; growing at 3,500 feet elevation on the head of -Cherry River. - -=Habitat=.—Borders of streams and rich mountain-sides. - -=Notes=.—Like the Umbrella Tree this species is of little value for -forestry purposes, but is highly ornamental. Its chief distinguishing -mark in summer is the leaf base which is prominently eared. - -[Illustration: TULIP TREE] - - - - -TULIP TREE - -=Liriodendron tulipifera=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 80-150 feet; diameter 3-10 feet; trunk long, clear and -straight; crown open, conical, of slender branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, and about as broad, -usually with four lobes, two at the truncate apex and one on each side, -smooth, bright green above, paler beneath; petioles angled, slender, -5-6 inches long. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; solitary, terminal, perfect, tulip-shaped 1½-2 -inches long, greenish yellow with orange spots; petals 6, in two rows; -sepals greenish, early falling. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; oblong, cone-like, composed of -numerous brown flat pointed carpels, each bearing a 1-2-seeded nutlet -at its base. - -=Bark=.—Rough on old trunks, with prominent parallel connected ridges, -and deep fissures, light grayish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, not strong, easily worked, light yellow with -creamy white sapwood. - -=Range=.—Rhode Island and Michigan, south to Florida and Arkansas, not -of commercial size at the extremes of its range. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found throughout the State below the -Spruce belt, rare on the Potomac waters. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich, moist soil of stream valleys and coves, but -adapts itself to less favorable situations. - -=Notes=.—This tree, commonly known as Yellow Poplar, is of first -importance for forestry purposes; it reproduces readily from the seed, -is a rapid grower, and its wood is easily worked and desirable for many -purposes. - -[Illustration: COMMON PAWPAW] - - - - -COMMON PAWPAW - -=Asimina triloba=, Dual. - - -=Form=.—Height 10-50 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk usually -straight and slender, bearing a broad or restricted crown of straight -branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed, 4-12 -inches long, margin entire, smooth except when young, dark green above, -paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April-May, with the leaves; scattered along the twigs, -perfect, 1-1½ inches wide, dark reddish purple, borne on stout hairy -stalks. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; short, cylindric, resembling a -banana, 3-5 inches long, with a thin, greenish-yellow skin, enclosing a -yellow pulpy edible mass through which is scattered several brown shiny -seeds. - -=Bark=.—Rather smooth, brown, often blotched, thin and close. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, coarse-grained, brown with yellowish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Western New York and central New Jersey, south to Florida and -west to Texas, Kansas and Michigan. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Scattered groups throughout the -State, except in the Spruce belt, and in the higher adjacent sections. -Common along the Ohio and Potomac river valleys. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers moist soils along streams, but grows well on loamy -slopes. - -=Notes=.—The Pawpaw or Custard Apple is not important as a forest tree -but is interesting and attractive on account of its peculiar fruits. -It is very tolerant of shade and is suitable for underplanting where -production of wood is not the object. - -[Illustration: SASSAFRAS] - - - - -SASSAFRAS - -=Sassafras variifolium=, (Salis.) Kuntze. - - -=Form=.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk usually short, -stout, and bearing an open crown of contorted branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, ovate in outline, entire, or 2-5 lobed, -4-6 inches long, smooth, dark green above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; dioecious; both sexes about ½ inch -long, greenish yellow, in few-flowered, drooping racemes. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; a dark blue, berry-like drupe, -one-third inch long, borne on a bright red thickened stalk with -persistent calyx. - -=Bark=.—Rough, with shallow fissures and flat-topped connected ridges, -light brown. - -=Wood=.—Soft, weak, brittle, durable in the soil, aromatic, dull -orange-brown with thin lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Texas, Kansas and -Michigan. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree distributed throughout -the State except at high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers sandy loam. Common in thin soil of worn out fields -and along fence rows. - -=Notes=.—This species is commonly considered a weed among trees. The -wood is very durable when in contact with the ground but is not often -used. The fruits are eagerly eaten by birds and the aromatic bark is -used for flavoring candy and medicine. - -[Illustration: WITCH HAZEL] - - - - -WITCH HAZEL - -=Hamamelis virginiana=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 4-10 inches; trunk short, often -inclined, bearing an irregular crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oval, 4-6 inches long, rounded at the -apex, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young. - -=Flowers=.—October and November; perfect; with 4 slender, strap-shaped -yellow petals, clustered at the leaf axils. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in autumn from flowers of the previous year; a -two-celled, woody, nut-like pod, ½ inch long, containing black shining -seeds which are propelled a distance of several feet when the pods -burst open. - -=Bark=.—Smooth or scaly, thin, light brown and blotched. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown. - -=Range=.—Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found throughout the State. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers moist rocky soils but thrives in a variety of -situations. - -=Notes=.—This small abundant tree is interesting in that it blossoms -in the fall at the same time its fruit is maturing. It is not important -for forestry uses, and is seldom planted for any purpose. - -[Illustration: SWEET GUM] - - - - -SWEET GUM - -=Liquidambar styraciflua=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-4 feet; trunk usually tall and -straight with narrow crown, except when grown in the open. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, irregularly star-shaped, -with five unequal pointed lobes, broader than long, margins of lobes -serrate, bright shining green above, paler beneath, petioles long and -round. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; usually monoecious; the staminate green, borne -in terminal racemes; the pistillate in heads on long axillary stalks. - -=Fruit=.—A long-stalked spherical head, 1-1½ inches in diameter, -composed of numerous capsules, covered with curved, blunt, spine-like -appendages. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks gray with deep furrows and scaly ridges. Corky -bark is often present on limbs and twigs. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, reddish-brown with whitish -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Connecticut to Florida, west to Missouri and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found locally along the Great -Kanawha, New, Gauley, Elk, Tug Fork, and for short distances up several -of the tributaries of these rivers. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers deep rich soils along streams. - -=Notes=.—Sweet Gum cannot be classed as a valuable forest tree in -West Virginia, though in other states its wood is extensively used for -boxes, interior finish, etc. It is very desirable for planting in parks -or on lawns and is especially attractive when the leaves change color -in the fall. - -[Illustration: SYCAMORE] - - - - -SYCAMORE - -=Platanus occidentalis=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 100-150 feet, diameter 4-10 feet; trunk massive, -usually short, often inclined; crown open, irregular, of large limbs -and irregular branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, broadly oval, 4-10 inches long, -3-5-sinuate lobed, the short lobes sharp-pointed, bright green above, -pale and somewhat pubescent or woolly beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May; monoecious; the staminate dark red on short axillary -stalks, the pistillate greenish on long, slender terminal stalks. - -=Fruit=.—October, persisting through the winter, in brown heads about -1 inch in diameter and suspended on long slender stalks. The chaffy -achenes which compose the head are about ¾ of an inch long. - -=Bark=.—Covered with broad curling scales which are shed off exposing -the smooth greenish-white surface beneath. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, difficult to split, reddish-brown with light -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common throughout the State along -streams below 3,000 feet elevation. - -=Habitat=.—Moist soil of stream borders. - -=Notes=.—The wood of Sycamore is considered valuable for interior -finish, furniture, crates and tobacco boxes. Its growth should be -encouraged whenever possible both as a forest and shade tree. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN CRAB APPLE] - - - - -AMERICAN CRAB APPLE - -=Pyrus coronaria=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-14 inches; trunk short and -usually armed with many stubby, thorn-like branches; crown narrow when -in a thicket but broad and flat-topped in the open. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, ovate, or elliptic, 3-4 inches long; -sharp-pointed apex, rounded base, serrate, smooth, dark green above, -paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the nearly full-grown leaves; perfect, -rosy-white, 1½-2 inches across, arranged in umbel-like cymes; very -fragrant. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; a depressed globose pome, 1-1½ inches in -diameter, yellowish green, fragrant, flesh firm and bitter. - -=Bark=.—Roughened with flat, scaly ridges; brownish-gray or reddish. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, light reddish brown. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada to Alabama, west to Louisiana, Missouri and -Michigan. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in most sections. Rare in -Boone, Logan, Mingo and other southwestern counties. Abundant in the -hilly regions of the central and northern parts of the State. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers a moist soil and is usually found in thickets in -open woods and neglected fields. - -=Notes=.—The Crab Apple is best known on account of its fragrant -blossoms. The wood is sometimes used for tool handles, turned articles, -and engravings. - -[Illustration: MOUNTAIN ASH] - - - - -MOUNTAIN ASH - -=Pyrus americana= (Marsh.) D. C. - - -=Form=.—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk short, -supporting a round-topped crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 6-9 inches long; leaflets 9-17, 2-3 -inches long, nearly sessile, except the terminal one, lanceolate, -taper-pointed, sharply serrate above the entire base; glabrous, dark -green above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—Appear in May; perfect, in flat cymes 3-4 inches across, -white. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn, persistent on the tree through the winter; -a round berry-like pome, ¼ inch in diameter, bright red, acid, in large -flat-topped clusters. - -=Bark=.—Smooth or slightly roughened, light gray. - -=Wood=.—Light, close-grained, soft, weak, light brown with lighter -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland west to Manitoba and Iowa, south along the -mountains to North Carolina. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Confined to high swamps and -mountains. Observed in the following counties: Pendleton, Pocahontas, -Preston, Randolph and Tucker. - -=Habitat=.—Moist soil of swamps and rocky slopes. - -=Notes=.—This tree has no commercial value, being rare and of small -size. Its form, foliage, flowers and bright persistent fruits make it a -desirable tree for ornamental planting. - -[Illustration: SHAD BUSH] - - - - -SHAD BUSH - -=Amelanchier canadensis=, (L.) Medic. - - -=Form=.—Height 10-40 feet, diameter 4-16 inches; trunk short; crown -shallow and usually narrow, with numerous slender branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 3-4 inches long, ovate to ovate-oblong, -finely serrate, smooth when old, dark green above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April; perfect, white, borne in drooping racemes. - -=Fruit=.—June-August; a berry-like, globular pome, one-third-½ inch -long, borne in racemes, red to purple, sweet and edible. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, or somewhat rough, with narrow scaly ridges on old -trees. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, warps and checks easily, -dark reddish-brown with thick whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland and Ontario, south to Florida and west to -Louisiana and Kansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in nearly all parts of the -State. - -=Habitat=.—Dry, light soils of upland woods and hillsides. Grows in a -variety of soils and exposures. - -=Notes=.—Service tree and Juneberry are two other names of this tree. -The wood is rarely used for any purpose. - -At least two shrubby species of Amelanchier are native to West -Virginia. - -[Illustration: COCKSPUR THORN] - - - - -COCKSPUR THORN - -=Crataegus crus-galli=, L. - -=Form=.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short; crown -broad and flat-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, ovate-obovate, 1-3 inches long, sharply -serrate except toward the base, long tapering at the base, rounded or -blunt-pointed at the apex, thick, dark green and glossy above, paler -beneath. - -=Flowers=.—June; perfect; white, two-thirds of an inch across, -arranged in many-flowered corymbs; stamens 10; styles 1-3. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; an ovoid or sub-globose pome two-fifths-½ -inch long, greenish to dull red, containing usually 2 boxy nutlets -which are 2-3-grooved on the back. - -=Bark=.—Grayish brown, roughened on old trees by small scales. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish brown with thick -light-colored sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada to northern Georgia, west to Missouri and -Michigan. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common thorn throughout the State. - -=Habitat=.—Borders of woods and abandoned fields on many kinds of -soils. - -=Notes=.—As indicated by the name, this species is armed with long, -curved thorns. The taper-based, serrate, glossy leaves and the dull -red-green fruits will help the student in identifying this common tree. - -[Illustration: DOTTED THORN] - - - - -DOTTED THORN - -=Crataegus punctata=, Jacq. - - -=Form=.—Height 10-35 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk thick and -short; crown very broad and flat-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oblanceolate-obovate, 1½-3 inches long, -tapering at the base, rounded or blunt-pointed at apex, irregularly -serrate or sometimes lobed, dull grayish-green and strongly -impressed-veined above. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; perfect; white, about ¾ of an inch across, in -corymbs with tomentose stalks; stamens usually about 20. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in autumn; an ovoid pome, ½-1 inch thick, red (var. -_rubra_, Ait.) or yellow, (var. _aurea_, Ait.) nutlets usually 3-4 with -2-5 ridges on the back. - -=Bark=.—Gray, with thin scales on old trunks. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, close-grained. - -=Range=.—Minnesota and western New England, southward along the -mountains to Georgia. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree, especially at high -elevations. Found growing on Spruce Knob, Pendleton County, at altitude -4,860 feet. Forming almost pure stands on Bickle Knob, Randolph County, -near Durbin, Pocahontas County, in Canaan Valley, Tucker County, and at -many places along the Alleghanies. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich sandy soil of stream borders and mountain -flats. - -=Notes=.—The large red or yellow fruits of this thorn help in the -identification of the species and give it a very attractive appearance -in the fall. The fruits are eaten by the Ruffed Grouse and other birds, -and are sometimes used for making jelly. The spines are straight and -from 1½ to 2¾ inches long. - -[Illustration: BLACK CHERRY] - - - - -BLACK CHERRY - -=Prunus serotina=, Ehrh. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk when in close -stands tall and straight, bearing a rather open irregularly-oblong -crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, 2-5 -inches long, thickish, serrate-crenate, with incurved teeth, smooth, -dark green above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; perfect; ¼ inch wide, white arranged in drooping -many-flowered racemes. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in late summer and persists for two or three months; -a nearly black drupe, in drooping clusters, one-third-½ inch thick, -with purplish juicy slightly bitter edible flesh. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks roughened by thick, blackish, irregular plates; -inner bark aromatic, bitter. - -=Wood=.—Light, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown, with thin -yellowish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Dakota and Arizona. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common timber tree in the more -mountainous parts of the State; once plentiful on rich soils of upland -flats and stream valleys of Tucker, Randolph, Barbour, Webster, -Nicholas, Pocahontas, Greenbrier, and Monroe counties. Smaller and less -common in most other sections. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best in rich, loose soils of slopes and mountain -flats. - -=Notes=.—This tree, which is usually called Wild Cherry, produces -excellent lumber for furniture, and interior finish. It can be -distinguished from the Choke Cherry, which it most closely resembles, -by its larger size, longer narrower leaves, and rougher bark. Wild -cherry trees large enough for lumber are now becoming scarce. - -[Illustration: CHOKE CHERRY] - - - - -CHOKE CHERRY - -=Prunus virginiana,= L. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk usually short -with a rounded crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, oval, oblong, or -obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply serrate, with slender teeth, -glabrous, dull dark green above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; perfect; about ½ inch broad, white, arranged in a -drooping, many-flowered raceme 3-6 inches long. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in late summer; a globular, dark crimson drupe, borne -on short pedicels in drooping clusters, astringent. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, dark gray, somewhat roughened on old trunks by shallow -fissures. Inner bark has a disagreeable odor. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, light-brown; sapwood light colored. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Rare in most sections. Scattered -trees grow at high elevations along the Alleghanies. Most common and of -largest size on the borders of swamps from Cranesville, Preston County, -southward to Canaan Valley, Tucker County. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers damp soils of swamp borders, streams and thickets. - -=Notes=.—The Choke Cherry is in no sense a timber tree but is -attractive when growing wild or planted. - -[Illustration: WILD RED CHERRY] - - - - -WILD RED CHERRY - -=Prunus pennsylvanica=, L. f. - - -=Form=.—Height 20-35 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk straight, -short, tapering, with upright branches forming a narrow crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, -pointed, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous, thin, bright green -above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; perfect; about ½ inch wide, white on -slender pedicels in 4-5-flowered umbels. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in July and persists until autumn; a globular drupe, -about ¼ inch in diameter, bright red, thick-skinned, sour. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, or somewhat roughened by loose, papery plates, reddish -brown. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown with thin yellowish -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Labrador to British Columbia and southward to North Carolina -and Colorado. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in West Virginia along the -mountains, especially in areas from which other timber has been -destroyed by fire. - -=Habitat=.—Sandy soils of burned-over mountain-sides and flats, and -along streams at lower elevations. - -=Notes=.—Fire Cherry and Bird Cherry are two common names of this -tree, the first denoting its habitat and the second the attractiveness -of its fruit to birds. This species performs its principal service in -covering otherwise bare, fire-burned areas to which the seeds have been -carried and dropped by birds. - -[Illustration: WILD PLUM] - - - - -WILD PLUM - -=Prunus americana=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short -supporting a wide-spreading crown of horizontal and drooping branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple 2-4 inches long, narrowly obovate, long -taper-pointed at apex, sharply and doubly serrate, firm, dark green and -rough above, paler and hairy below. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; perfect; 1 inch wide, white, arranged -in 2-5-flowered umbels. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in early autumn; a globose, red drupe about 1 inch in -diameter, the flesh sweet and edible; stone flattened. - -=Bark=.—Grayish-brown and rough on old trunks with thin, flat plates. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, red-brown, with thin light -sapwood. - -=Range=.—New York to Florida, west to Texas and Montana. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Scattered throughout the State but -nowhere common except in small areas. - -=Habitat=.—Grows principally on swamp borders and along streams. - -=Notes=.—The Wild Plum is found growing in dense thickets in some of -our upland swamps where it produces large crops of fruit. The tree is -of little importance commercially but is sometimes used as a stock upon -which domestic plums are grafted. - -[Illustration: HONEY LOCUST] - - - - -HONEY LOCUST - -=Gleditsia triacanthos=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk usually short and -armed with branched thorns; crown broad, round-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, singly or doubly compound, 7-8 inches long, -the single compound leaves having 18-28 leaflets; the double -compound leaves 8-14 divisions each, with 18-20 leaflets; leaflets -lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; polygamous; small, greenish. - -=Fruit=.—A flattened and twisted pod, 10-18 inches long, containing -oval brownish seeds. - -=Bark=.—Sometimes smooth but often roughened on old trunks, by shallow -fissures and thick ridges with projecting edges, and by branched thorns. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, strong, durable in contact with the soil, bright -reddish brown heartwood, whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Ontario to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common in any part of West -Virginia, but found in scattered stands throughout the State, except at -high elevations. Rare in Upshur and other high hilly counties west of -the Alleghanies, and also in the Eastern Panhandle. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best in fertile soil of river bottoms, but grows -well in other situations. - -=Notes=.—The wood of Honey Locust is used principally for fencing, -wheel hubs, and general construction; but the tree is too rare and not -of sufficient size to give it any commercial importance. - -[Illustration: RED BUD] - - - - -RED BUD - -=Cercis canadensis=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 6-10 inches; trunk usually -inclined and short; crown broad, open and shallow. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, rounded, 3-5 inches long, with -heart-shaped base, and blunt apex; smooth, entire, bright pale green -above, paler beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April, before the leaves; perfect; in form like the sweet -pea, red-purple, arranged in umbel-like clusters along the branches of -the last or preceding years. - -=Fruit=.—A flattened, many-seeded pod, the upper suture with a winged -margin. - -=Bark=.—Thin, with shallow fissures and scaly reddish brown ridges. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, not strong, reddish brown with thick whitish -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota and Kansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in most parts of the State, -forming thickets along borders of woods and streams. Rare in the higher -counties. - -=Habitat=.—Rich moist soil of abandoned fields, open woods and stream -banks. - -=Notes=.—This tree is chiefly ornamental. Its profuse purplish flowers -give it attractiveness early in the spring, when the Service and -Flowering Dogwood are in bloom. - -[Illustration: COMMON LOCUST] - - - - -COMMON LOCUST - -=Robinia Pseudo-Acacia=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk when grown in the -forest often tall and free from limbs; crown loose and more or less -irregular. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, 8-14 inches long; leaflets -7-21, ovate or oblong, 1-2 inches long, entire, very thin, smooth, dull -green above, paler beneath; stipules thorny or spine-like. - -=Flowers=.—May, after the leaves; perfect, pea-shaped, white, very -fragrant, borne on slender pedicels in loose drooping racemes 4-5 -inches long. - -=Fruit=.—A flat pod 3-4 inches long, containing 4-8 small brown seeds. - -=Bark=.—Deeply furrowed into firm, prominent ridges, reddish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in -contact with the soil, brownish with thin yellow sapwood. - -=Range=.—Pennsylvania to Georgia west to Iowa and Kansas. Naturalized -over a large area in America and extensively cultivated in Europe. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common throughout West Virginia, but -most abundant and healthiest in high limestone areas. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers rich limestone soil, but adapts itself to other -soils and to almost all exposures and elevations. - -=Notes=.—Black Locust, Yellow Locust, and False Acacia are other names -of this tree. According to Sargent’s “Manual of the Trees of North -America” locust trees are “most abundant and of largest size on the -western slopes of the Alleghanies of West Virginia.” It is a rapid -grower, its wood is unsurpassed for many purposes and, as a legume, it -adds fertility to the soil wherever it grows. - -[Illustration: HOP TREE] - - - - -HOP TREE - -=Ptelea trifoliata=, L. - - -=Form=.—A shrub occasionally attaining the size and form of a small -tree. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 3-foliate, the leaflets entire, ovate, -pointed, downy when young. - -=Flowers=.—June; polygamous; small, greenish-white, arranged in -compound terminal cymes. - -=Fruit=.—A 2-celled, 2-seeded, nearly circular samara, winged all -around, in drooping cymes; bitter, used as a substitute for hops. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, light brownish-gray. - -=Range=.—Long Island to Minnesota and southward. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Rare, collected in Summers and Morgan -counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers sandy soils of river banks. - -=Notes=.—This small, shrubby tree is useful only for ornamental -planting for which purpose it will be found very interesting and -attractive. - -[Illustration: STAGHORN SUMACH] - - - - -STAGHORN SUMACH - -=Rhus typhina=, L. - - -=Form=.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 15-20 -feet and a diameter of 8-10 inches; trunk short, bearing a broad crown -of ascending branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 16-24 inches long, and with 11-31 -leaflets; leaflets oblong, 2-5 inches long, nearly sessile, -oblanceolate, pointed, serrate, when mature dark green and smooth -above, pale beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; polygamous, arranged in compact oblong -yellowish-green panicles. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in late summer and persists through the winter; -numerous dry drupes aggregate in a compact pyramidal panicle, 5-8 -inches long; drupes thickly studded with red acid hairs, not poisonous. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks somewhat roughened by loose brown scales. Twigs -and leaf stalks are densely velvety-hairy. - -=Wood=.—Soft, light, coarse-grained, orange-colored, showing plainly -the annual growths. - -=Range=.—New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Alabama. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common throughout the State and -reaching higher altitudes than some of the other sumachs. - -=Habitat=.—Fertile dry upland soil, preferring abandoned fields, -borders of woods and fence rows. - -=Notes=.—The wood of this species is sometimes used for sugar spiles -and for the manufacture of napkin rings, cups, etc. The leaves are rich -in tannin; the wood has little commercial value. Its beautiful foliage -and red fruit spikes give it value for ornamental planting. - -[Illustration: DWARF SUMACH] - - - - -DWARF SUMACH - -=Rhus copallina=, L. - - -=Form=.—A shrub or small tree often attaining in West Virginia a -height of 15-20 feet and a diameter of 3-5 inches; trunk straight or -angular, supporting a loose irregular crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, 6-12 inches long, with petioles -wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate lanceolate, nearly -entire leaflets which are smooth and shining above and pubescent -beneath. - -=Flowers=.—July; polygamous; in terminal compact panicles. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in late summer; small dry drupes in compact erect -panicles, red, turning dark later in the year, the panicles finally -drooping; not poisonous. - -=Bark=.—Roughened on old trunk by brown papery scales or elevated -brown projections. - -=Wood=.—Soft, coarse-grained, light brown, richly striped with yellow -and black. - -=Range=.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in most sections of the State -except at high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Dry hillsides and ridges, frequenting abandoned fields. - -=Notes=.—This sumach, like others of the genus, is chiefly valuable -for landscape work, being especially ornamental in its autumnal -foliage. The wood is sometimes used in the manufacture of small wooden -novelties. - -[Illustration: POISON SUMACH] - - - - -POISON SUMACH - -=Rhus vernix=, L. - - -=Form=.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 10-15 -feet; trunk usually branching near the ground and separating into a -loose irregular head. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound, leaflets 7-13, oblong-obovate, entire, -poisonous. - -=Flowers=.—June-July; polygamous; small, yellowish-green, arranged in -long drooping panicles. - -=Fruit=.—Small, nearly spherical, glossy, dull white drupes in long, -loose, drooping, axillary panicles; ripening in early autumn and -persisting into the winter. - -=Bark=.—Thin, streaked, smooth, covered with numerous raised lenticels. - -=Wood=.—Soft, brittle, light yellow. - -=Range=.—Ontario to Florida, west to Louisiana and Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Rare, found in swamps at Cowen, -Webster County and near Elkins, Randolph County. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best in swamps but may be found on moist slopes. - -=Notes=.—Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder, and Poison Oak are other -names of this species. This is one of our most poisonous plants and -should be avoided except by those who are immune. It has no commercial -importance. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN HOLLY] - - - - -AMERICAN HOLLY - -=Ilex opaca=, Ait. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk short; branches -slender, spreading and ascending, forming a conic crown. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, glabrous, oval, -margins wavy with scattered spiny teeth, dark green above, pale green -beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May to June; dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, the -staminate 2-9 on a common stalk, the pistillate usually solitary; -small, white. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in late summer and persists through the following -fall and winter; a bright red berry-like drupe about the size of a pea, -smooth, shining, containing a 4-ribbed, brown nutlet. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, or slightly rough with age, grayish or grayish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Hard, tough, close-grained, chalky-white in color. - -=Range=.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Missouri. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Observed in the following counties: -Boone, Braxton, Fayette, Logan, Mingo, McDowell, Nicholas, Randolph, -Upshur, Webster and Wyoming. Rare east of the mountains and sparsely -scattered in other counties along the Ohio River. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers moist soil near rivers or rich loamy and rocky -ground. - -=Notes=.—Holly wood is very valuable for inlaid work, cabinet making, -interior finish, and piano keys, but the trees in West Virginia are -usually small, and afford little timber. During the holidays the -evergreen foliage with bright red fruits are much sought after. The -tree is slow-growing but is otherwise very desirable for ornamental -planting. - -[Illustration: MOUNTAIN HOLLY] - - - - -MOUNTAIN HOLLY - -=Ilex monticola=, Gray. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 2-8 inches; a shrub or small tree -with short trunk and slender ascending branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, deciduous, 4-5 inches long, ovate or -lance-oblong, taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply -serrate. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; polygamo-dioecious; staminate and pistillate -flowers on very short pedicels, white, clustered, about one-third of an -inch across. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in early autumn; globose, about two-fifths of an inch -in diameter, bright scarlet, containing 4-6 striate nutlets ridged on -the back. - -=Bark=.—Thin, somewhat rough and warty on old trees, light -brownish-gray. - -=Wood=.—Hard, close-grained, nearly white. - -=Range=.—New York, southward along the Alleghanies. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common except locally. Found -principally at high altitudes. Common near Davis, Tucker County, and in -various parts of Randolph and Pocahontas counties. - -=Habitat=.—Upland sandy flats, cool mountainsides, and swamp borders. - -=Notes=.—This small tree is not important except for ornamental use. -Its bright foliage and fruits recommend it for this purpose. The -species may easily be confused with Winterberry (_Ilex verticillata_, -(L.) Gray) which often grows with it. The nutlets of the latter, -however, are smooth and smaller, its flowers are shorter-stalked and -its leaves somewhat downy beneath. - -[Illustration: STRIPED MAPLE] - - - - -STRIPED MAPLE - -=Acer pennsylvanicum=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk medium short; -crown irregular, usually broad. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, nearly as broad, 3-lobed -above the middle with short, pointed lobes, sharply and doubly serrate, -rounded or cordate at base, rather smooth above and rusty pubescent -beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; usually monoecious, yellow, bell-shaped, in long, -drooping, terminal racemes. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; paired samaras in long racemose drooping -clusters, wing ¾ inch long, widely divergent, marked on one side of -each nutlet by a small cavity. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, thin, greenish or reddish-brown, marked longitudinally -by pale stripes. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, pinkish brown, with thick sapwood. - -=Range=.—Novia Scotia south along the mountains to Georgia, west to -Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in shaded ravines and rich -slopes in the mountainous parts of the State, especially in Webster, -Randolph, Upshur, Pocahontas and Nicholas counties. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best in rich soil of rocky or sandy woods. - -=Notes=.—This small maple is also called Moosewood and Goosefoot -Maple, the latter name referring to the goosefoot shape of the leaf. It -is not a commercially valuable species, but always attracts attention -whether growing in its shady mountain habitat or on the lawn. - -[Illustration: MOUNTAIN MAPLE] - - - - -MOUNTAIN MAPLE - -=Acer spicatum=, Lam. - - -=Form=.—A small tree or shrub sometimes reaching a height of 20-25 -feet and a diameter of 6-10 inches. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, 4-5 inches long, 3-lobed, coarsely -serrate, the lobes taper-pointed, glabrous and dark green above, -somewhat downy beneath, petioles long and slender. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; polygamo-monoecious; small, yellow-green, -arranged in upright, dense, somewhat compound racemes. - -=Fruit=.—Early autumn; small, paired samaras, red, turning brown and -drooping when mature, in racemose clusters. - -=Bark=.—Nearly smooth, light brown, thin; twigs reddish, slightly -hairy. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland and Labrador, south to Georgia and west to -Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in mountainous sections and -sometimes occurring at low elevations adjacent to the mountains. Found -growing from elevation 850 feet, in Monongalia County, to elevation -4,800 feet, in Pendleton County. - -=Habitat=.—Damp mountain forests, along streams and on rocky slopes; -thrives in the shade of other trees. - -=Notes=.—The Mountain Maple is often seen fruiting when only 4 -or 5 feet high, but it frequently reaches tree size in favorable -locations. The wood is not found on the market. This species is one -of the most ornamental of the maples and should be planted more -generally. The erect flower spikes, small red fruits, reddish twigs, -and coarse-toothed leaves are characters that distinguish it from other -maples. - -[Illustration: SUGAR MAPLE] - - - - -SUGAR MAPLE - -=Acer saccharum=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk of trees in close -stands long, clear and straight; crown conical or round-topped, with -many ascending and horizontal branches. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, 3-5 inches long, 5-lobed with rounded -sinuses and sparingly sinuate-toothed margins; smooth and dark green -above, paler and somewhat downy on the veins beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious; both kinds of -flowers on thread-like, hairy pedicels in drooping corymbs; greenish -yellow. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; clustered groups of paired samaras, -glabrous, with slightly diverging wings about 1 inch long. - -=Bark=.—Deeply fissured and with prominent dark gray, flaky ridges. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, light brown to -reddish. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in nearly all parts of the -State; most abundant on upland flats and in rich coves along the -Alleghanies from Preston County through Tucker, Barbour, Randolph, -Pocahontas, Greenbrier and Monroe; common in the high hilly sections -lying west of the mountains, rare in the Eastern Panhandle. - -=Habitat=.—Moist, rich soils of river valleys, coves, and high flats -and rocky loams of hillsides. - -=Notes=.—The Sugar, or Rock Maple is one of our best known and most -valuable trees. Its timber is becoming more highly prized as other -species are disappearing. Interior finish, furniture, shoe-lasts and -cross-ties are among the common uses of this wood. It is the principal -species from which maple syrup and sugar are made, and one of the very -best trees for ornamental planting. - -[Illustration: BLACK SUGAR MAPLE] - - - - -BLACK SUGAR MAPLE - -=Acer saccharum nigrum=, (Michx. f.) Britt. - - -=Form=.—Height 75-90 feet, diameter 2-3½ feet; trunk and crown as in -sugar maple. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, wider than long, -3-5-lobed, the lower lobes often reduced to a shallow rounded tooth, -thick and firm, green and usually downy beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May, with the leaves; monoecious, arranged in umbel-like -corymbs, yellow, on slender, hairy pedicels. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; paired samaras clustered on drooping -pedicels, wings slightly diverging. - -=Bark=.—Usually very dark gray, furrowed deeply. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, light yellow or brownish, -with thin, lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—Quebec and western New Hampshire, southward and westward. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Less common than sugar maple, -but often growing with it on low ground. Observed in the following -counties: Lewis, Monongalia, Randolph, Tyler, Upshur, Webster and -Wetzel. - -=Habitat=.—Moist soil of river bottoms and slopes. - -=Notes=.—This tree, which is classed as a sub-species of the common -sugar maple, can scarcely be distinguished from the latter, except by -the leaves which are thicker, usually dropping, less deeply lobed and -slightly hairy beneath. - -[Illustration: SILVER MAPLE] - - - - -SILVER MAPLE - -=Acer saccharinum=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually short and -soon divided into several large, ascending branches which subdivide and -form a large open, rounded, or vase-shaped crown. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, 3-6 inches long, deeply 5-lobed, the -lobes cut and toothed, sinuses deep, light green above, silvery-white -beneath, downy when young, petioles long and slender. - -=Flowers=.—March-April; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious, yellow-green -in crowded umbels. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in May; large paired samaras, with wings 1-2 inches -long. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks roughened by shallow fissures and flat-topped -ridges with thin, loose scales. - -=Wood=.—Medium hard, brittle, close-grained, not durable, light brown, -with thick whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—New Brunswick to Florida, and west to Indian Territory. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common along the following streams: -Potomac River and its larger tributaries, Great Kanawha, New, Elk, -Little Coal, Big Sandy, Little Kanawha, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers. - -=Habitat=.—Confined to river banks and swamp borders. - -=Notes=.—This species, also known as White Maple, River Maple, and -Soft Maple, is one of the less valuable of the genus. Its lumber is -used principally for flooring, cheap furniture and paper pulp. Silver -Maple is extensively planted along streets and in parks. It grows -rapidly, often becoming too large, and has a less perfect crown than -some of the other maples. - -[Illustration: RED MAPLE] - - - - -RED MAPLE - -=Acer rubrum=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-3½ feet; trunk usually more or -less inclined or twisted; crown rather narrow and rounded. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, 3-4 inches long, about as broad, lobes -3-5, coarsely toothed, green and glabrous above, whitish beneath. - -=Flowers=.—March-April; polygamo-monoecious, or dioecious; in -few-flowered clusters on shoots of the previous year; petals -linear-oblong, red or orange. - -=Fruit=.—May-June; paired samaras, small, smooth, wings about 1 inch -long on long, drooping pedicels. - -=Bark=.—Thick, roughened by shaggy ridges, gray. The smooth bark of -young trees and limbs of large trees are silvery gray. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, medium soft, close-grained, light brown, with whitish -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern Canada to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Occurs in all parts of the State. Not -common east of the Alleghanies. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best in swamps or on stream borders, but is found -also on hillsides and ridges. - -=Notes=.—The Red Maple is especially noticeable early in spring on -account of the red flowers and fruits, and in autumn when the leaves -turn bright scarlet. The wood is used for cheap furniture, turnery, and -paper pulp. It cannot be recommended highly for forestry purposes. - -[Illustration: BOX ELDER] - - - - -BOX ELDER - -=Acer negundo=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 40-60 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually short -dividing into several large, spreading branches, forming an unequal, -open crown. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, compound, the 3-5 leaflets 2-4 inches long, ovate, -pointed, coarse-toothed above the middle, or sometimes slightly 3-lobed. - -=Flowers=.—April; dioecious; small, yellow-green, the staminate on -slender drooping pedicels, the pistillate in narrow drooping racemes. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in late summer and persists into the winter; paired -samaras hanging in racemose clusters. - -=Bark=.—Somewhat roughened by narrow, close ridges, gray-brown; twigs -greenish. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, creamy-white with -scarcely lighter colored sapwood. - -=Range=.—Ontario and Vermont to Florida, Texas and Mexico. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common locally along streams at lower -elevations. Plentiful in some sections of the following counties: -Boone, Braxton, Doddridge, Fayette, Jefferson, Lewis, Monongalia, and -Tyler. - -=Habitat=.—Deep moist soils of stream banks and swamp borders. - -=Notes=.—Box Elder grows naturally along streams but thrives when -planted in drier soils. It is not important as a timber tree, nor very -desirable for ornamental uses. This tree is sometimes called Ash-leaved -Maple. - -[Illustration: FETID BUCKEYE] - - - - -FETID BUCKEYE - -=Aesculus glabra=, Willd. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-20 inches; trunk short -supporting a deep, round-topped crown. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets usually 5, 3-6 -inches long, oval, tapered at base, sharp-pointed, irregularly and -finely toothed, pale green above, paler beneath, smooth, when old. The -foliage is ill-smelling when bruised. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or perfect; most of the -flowers with imperfect pistils; borne in downy terminal panicles 5-6 -inches long; corolla yellow. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in October; a leathery round or pear-shaped prickly -pod or capsule about 1 inch in diameter, containing a large, shining, -brown nut. - -=Bark=.—Roughened by even, scaly, broken gray ridges. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, weak, pale yellow. - -=Range=.—Pennsylvania to Alabama and west to Iowa and Oklahoma. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common along the Ohio River at -Wheeling. Reported from Wirt, Gilmer and Monongalia counties and from -points along the Ohio River north of Wheeling. - -=Habitat=.—Moist soils of river banks and ravines. - -=Notes=.—The Fetid or Ohio Buckeye is an unimportant tree of stream -borders, confined in its distribution here principally to the western -part of the State. It can easily be distinguished when in fruit from -the common species, next described, by its prickly pods. This tree is -sometimes planted on lawns but is less desirable than its European -relative the Horse Chestnut (_Aesculus hippocastanum_). - -[Illustration: SWEET BUCKEYE] - - - - -SWEET BUCKEYE - -=Aesculus octandra=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually short; -crown conical or round-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets 5-7, oval, 4-10 -inches long, long-pointed, finely toothed, smooth and dark green above, -somewhat hairy and yellowish-green beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or perfect, borne in -terminal panicles 4-12 inches long; corolla yellow, with included -stamens. - -=Fruit=.—October; a large smooth irregularly rounded or pear-shaped -pod or capsule, 1-2 inches thick, 3-celled but usually bearing only -one large irregularly rounded, glossy, brown nut, which is somewhat -poisonous. - -=Bark=.—Evenly furrowed, the gray-brown ridges breaking up into -irregular scales. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, yellowish, or nearly white. - -=Range=.—Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Oklahoma and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common locally. Found in the -following counties: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Calhoun, Doddridge, -Fayette, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, Marshall, Mingo, Monongalia, Monroe, -Pocahontas, Putnam, Ritchie, Summers, Tyler, Upshur (rare), Webster -(rare), and Wyoming. - -=Habitat=.—Rich soil, preferring river valleys. - -=Notes=.—The wood of Sweet Buckeye is not important commercially, -but is used to some extent for veneer, cooperage, candy boxes, paper -pulp, etc. The tree is a rapid grower and is sometimes planted with -satisfactory results on lawns and in parks. Variety _hybrida_ (D. C.) -Sarg. with calyx and corolla tinged with purple has been found at -Weston and other points in the State. - -[Illustration: BASSWOOD] - - - - -BASSWOOD - -=Tilia americana=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2½-4 feet; trunk straight and -free from limbs to a considerable height; crown dense, ovoid or -round-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, obliquely heart-shaped, -coarsely serrate, thick and firm, dark-green and shining above, pale -green and almost glabrous beneath. - -=Flowers=.—June; perfect; yellowish-white, fragrant, 5-20, in drooping -cymes, the peduncle or flower stalk attached for half its length to a -flat narrow greenish bract. - -=Fruit=.—October; a woody, globose, nut-like drupe, about the size of -a pea and borne in drooping clusters. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks deeply furrowed and with broad, scaly, light -brown ridges. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, tough, light brownish-red, with -thick scarcely lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—Manitoba to Georgia, and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common, especially in the mountainous -and high hilly parts of the State, though occurring less frequently -than the following species. - -=Habitat=.—Rich, well-drained soil of bottoms and slopes. - -=Notes=.—The wood of this species is used for paper pulp, wooden -ware, furniture, kegs, buckets, barrel heads, boxes, etc. It is one of -our valuable forest trees and should be encouraged to grow wherever -it is possible. Linden, Lynn, Beetree, and Lime Tree are others of -its common names. Its smooth leaves furnish the best distinguishing -characteristic. - -[Illustration: WHITE BASSWOOD] - - - - -WHITE BASSWOOD - -=Tilia heterophylla=, Vent. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk long, straight, -and slightly tapering; crown dense and rounded. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oblong, ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5-8 -inches long, firm, apex pointed, truncate or heart-shaped and usually -very unequal at base, upper surface bright green, under surface -silvery, whitened with a fine down. - -=Flowers=.—June-July; perfect; regular, fragrant, yellow-white; 5-15 -in drooping cymose clusters; peduncle attached for half its length to a -thin, oblong, greenish bract. - -=Fruit=.—A spherical, woody, nut-like drupe about the size of a pea, -borne singly or in clusters on a common stalk attached to the bract. - -=Bark=.—Deeply furrowed, grayish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Similar to and used for the same purposes as that of the -preceding species. - -=Range=.—New York to Florida, west to Alabama and Illinois. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree in Upshur, Randolph, -Tucker, Hampshire, Hardy, Grant, Braxton, Lewis, Webster, Nicholas, -Roane, Fayette, Kanawha, Gilmer, Monongalia, Marshall, and in several -other counties. It is more abundant than the foregoing species of -_Tilia_. - -=Habitat=.—With other hardwoods in rich soil of mountains and high -hills. - -=Notes=.—The White Basswood is a valuable forest tree in West -Virginia, though the commercial size is now becoming rare in most -sections. It is a rapid grower and is easily propagated. This tree -is highly recommended for timber and for ornamental use. The most -noticeable difference between this species and the foregoing is found -in the leaf surface. - -[Illustration: HERCULES CLUB] - - - - -HERCULES CLUB - -=Aralia spinosa=, L. - - -=Form=.—A small tree or shrub sometimes attaining a height of 20-30 -feet and a diameter of 6-8 inches. The trunk is usually without -branches for two-thirds of its length. Branches horizontal, stout, and -stubby. The trunk and branches are armed with large prickles. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, compound or doubly compound, often 3 feet long -and 2-2½ feet across; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate; pale beneath. - -=Flowers=.—June-August; polygamous; cream white, arranged in large, -spreading panicles made up of numerous small umbels. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; an ovoid black berry about ¼ inch long -each terminated with a black persistent style. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, except on old trunks which are roughened by shallow -furrows; brown outside, yellow inside, covered with stout prickles. - -=Wood=.—Soft, brittle, weak, brown with yellow streaks. - -=Range=.—New York to Missouri and southward. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common locally west of the -Alleghanies. - -=Habitat=.—Often associated with grape vines in thickets on burnt -hillsides, and in rich soil of bottom lands and swamp borders. - -=Notes=.—Hercules Club or Angelica-tree is often erroneously called -Prickly Ash. It has no commercial importance except as an ornament. -Whether in bloom or in fruit the tree is very attractive and should be -seen more often on the lawn. The fruit is eagerly eaten by birds. - -[Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD] - - - - -FLOWERING DOGWOOD - -=Cornus florida=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 15-35 feet, diameter 4-12 inches; trunk short, not -often straight; crown broad and round-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, ovate, 3-5 inches long, tapered to an -acute apex, wedge-shaped at the base, wavy or entire on margin, bright -green above, paler beneath, smooth; mid-rib and primary veins prominent. - -=Flowers=.—May; perfect; greenish, small, arranged in a dense cluster -and surrounded by a showy, white (or rarely pinkish), 4-bracted -corolla-like involucre. The white involucre and the cluster of small -flowers which it surrounds are frequently mistaken for a single flower. - -=Fruit=.—Ripens in September or October; a scarlet ovoid drupe, with -a grooved stone, borne solitary or in clusters of 2-5 on a stalk. -Undeveloped pistillate flowers often persist at base of fruit. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks broken into quadrangular scales, reddish-brown -to blackish. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, strong, tough, pale red-brown or pinkish, with -lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—Ontario, Michigan and Massachusetts to Florida, west to Texas -and Missouri. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common in all parts of the State. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers moist, well-drained soils of slopes and bottoms. - -=Notes=.—This well-known tree is prized for its wood which is used for -many purposes about the farm and is also manufactured into shuttles, -wedges, golf-stick heads, engravers’ blocks, brush blocks, tool handles -and for turnery. As an ornamental tree it beautifies the native woods -or the lawn by its clusters of white-bracted flowers, and later in the -season by its scarlet fruits. - -[Illustration: ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD] - - - - -ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD - -=Cornus alternifolia=, L. - - -=Form=.—A small tree or shrub sometimes 20-30 feet high with a -diameter of 6-8 inches; trunk short; crown broad, flat-topped and -rather dense. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of -the limbs, ovate, taper-pointed, acute at base, entire, whitish and -minutely pubescent beneath. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; cream-colored, small, borne in broad open cymes. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; a deep blue spherical drupe, about -one-third inch in diameter, on reddish stalks, in cymose clusters. - -=Bark=.—Smooth or slightly roughened by longitudinal fissures on old -trunks. The smooth bark of branches is greenish. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, tough, close-grained, brown tinged with red. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia to Alabama, west to Minnesota. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found principally along the -Alleghanies and westward. Not common in the eastern part of the State. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers stream borders, cool ravines, and moist rich soils -of hillsides. - -=Notes=.—No uses are reported for the wood of the Alternate-leaved -Dogwood. Whether in bloom or in fruit the tree is very attractive in -appearance. - -[Illustration: BLACK GUM] - - - - -BLACK GUM - -=Nyssa sylvatica=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 40-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long, -clear and straight when in close stands; crown cylindrical or rounded, -of numerous horizontal and ascending slender branches. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, oval-obovate; acuminate, -entire, firm, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, often hairy -when young. - -=Flowers=.—April-May; polygamo-dioecious; greenish, the staminate -borne in many-flowered small heads on slender pedicels, the pistillate -sessile in several-flowered clusters. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn; an ovoid, blue-black, fleshy drupe, about -½ inch long and borne on long stalks in clusters of 1-3. - -=Bark=.—Deeply furrowed, on old trunks, the ridges broken into -rectangular or hexagonal blocks; light brown to gray-black. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, soft, strong, tough, difficult to split, not durable in -the soil, light yellow, with thick whitish sapwood. - -=Range=.—Maine and Ontario to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—A common tree throughout the State. -Least common at high elevations and east of the Alleghanies. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best on low ground and borders of swamps, but is -common on dry slopes and ridges. - -=Notes=.—Black Gum, also called Tupelo, Pepperidge, and Sour Gum, is -one of the less valuable of our forest trees, but its tough, light wood -is gaining in value and is used extensively for wheel hubs, boxes, -broom handles, wagon beds, ladders, ironing boards, rolling pins, -excelsior, baskets, and berry crates. - -[Illustration: GREAT LAUREL] - - - - -GREAT LAUREL - -=Rhododendron maximum=, L. - - -=Form=.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 20-25 -feet; trunk short and usually twisted and bent, with contorted blanches -forming a flat irregular top. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, mostly clustered at the ends -of branches, elliptical-oblong, 4-10 inches long, very thick, acute -apex, narrowed base, entire, smooth, dark green above, light green -beneath. - -=Flowers=.—June; perfect; pale rose to white, upper petals marked with -yellow-green dots, flowers arranged in umbel-like heads 4-5 inches in -diameter. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in late summer and persists through the winter; -a reddish-brown, 5-celled, many-seeded capsule, about ½ inch long, -terminated by a long persistent style. - -=Bark=.—Roughened by thin, flaky scales, dark red-brown. - -=Wood=.—Hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown with lighter -sapwood. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia and Lake Erie south along the mountains to -Georgia. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common locally throughout the State, -most abundant in the mountainous sections. - -=Habitat=.—Rich soil of stream banks, rocky mountainsides and flats. - -=Notes=.—The wood of Rhododendron is only occasionally used for tool -handles, engraving blocks, and other small articles, and is excellent -for fuel. On account of its small size the tree is not commercially -important. It is one of the most beautiful of our native species and -has been appropriately selected as the State flower. - -[Illustration: MOUNTAIN LAUREL] - - - - -MOUNTAIN LAUREL - -=Kalmia latifolia=, L. - - -=Form=.—A shrub or small tree occasionally attaining a height of 15-25 -feet; trunk stout, usually forked and bearing stiff, divergent branches -which form an irregular, compact, rounded head. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, -3-4 inches long, acute at both ends, entire, green above and below, -persistent for two seasons. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; perfect, pink or white, in many-flowered terminal -corymbs. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; a globose, 5-valved, many-seeded -capsule, covered with viscid hairs and with persistent style and calyx. - -=Bark=.—Roughened by narrow, thin scales which peel off, exposing -brownish inner bark. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, reddish-brown with -lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—New Brunswick, south to Florida and west to Arkansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found locally in all parts of the -State. - -=Habitat=.—Growing usually in thickets, sometimes with Great Laurel, -on high mountain flats and rocky slopes. Common on thin hillsides. - -=Notes=.—Mountain Laurel does not grow large enough to be of much -importance as a wood producer. Occasionally small articles, such as -bucket handles, penholders, pipes, etc. are made from it. Its rich -evergreen foliage and its copious pink and white flowers are scarcely -less attractive than those of _Rhododendron Maximum_. - -[Illustration: SOURWOOD] - - - - -SOURWOOD - -=Oxydendrum arboreum=, (L.) D. C. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk medium long -and slender; crown narrow and round-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, -smooth and shining, 5-7 inches long. - -=Flowers=.—July; perfect; small, white, in long, one-sided racemes -clustered in an open, terminal panicle. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; a 5-valved capsule, often persistent -into the winter. - -=Bark=.—Thick, roughened by fissures and broken, grayish ridges. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, close-grained reddish-brown with lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—Pennsylvania and Indiana southward mostly along the mountains -to Florida and Louisiana. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in all sections west of the -Alleghanies, rare in the eastern part of the State. - -=Habitat=.—Light, well-drained soils of hillsides and bottoms. - -=Notes=.—Sour-wood, or Sour Gum, although quite common in most parts -of West Virginia, is not often used except for unimportant domestic -purposes. The tree is very ornamental when in bloom but is infrequently -planted. - -[Illustration: COMMON PERSIMMON] - - - - -COMMON PERSIMMON - -=Diospyros virginiana=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk usually short; -crown broad and rounded when not too much crowded. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, 4-6 inches long, smooth, -entire, dark-green and shining above, often somewhat hairy beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; polygamous, white or pale yellow; the staminate -in 2-3-flowered cymes; the pistillate solitary and borne on short -stalks. - -=Fruit=.—Matures after frost in autumn; a spherical yellowish, -plum-like berry, containing from 1-8 large seeds, and with large, -persistent calyx; astringent when green, sweet and edible when fully -ripe. - -=Bark=.—Rough on old trunks, with dark gray ridges which are broken -into somewhat rectangular sections. - -=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, close-grained, taking a high polish, brown to -black with yellowish sapwood, sometimes streaked with black. - -=Range=.—Connecticut to Florida and west to Texas and Iowa. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not abundant but common locally -in scattered clumps throughout the State, most common east of the -Alleghanies. Not found at high elevations. - -=Habitat=.—Thrives best in light sandy soils of bottoms and hillsides. - -=Notes=.—This tree is not important as a wood-producer on account of -its small size and scattered distribution. It is well known because of -its peculiar fruit. - -[Illustration: OPOSSUM WOOD] - - - - -OPOSSUM WOOD - -=Halesia Carolina=, L. - - -=Form=.—A small tree, reaching a height in this State of 30-50 feet -with a diameter up to 10 or 12 inches. Farther south it reaches a much -larger size. - -=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong-ovate, finely -serrate, smooth above when old, slightly pubescent beneath. - -=Flowers=.—Early spring with the leaves; perfect, white, about 1 inch -long, bell-shaped, drooping on slender pedicels in crowded fascicles or -short racemes. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn and persistent into the winter; a 4-celled, -4-winged, dry, drupaceous fruit, 1½-2 inches long, 1 inch wide; -greenish turning brown when mature. - -=Bark=.—Somewhat roughened by shallow fissures and narrow ridges. - -=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter -colored sapwood. - -=Range=.—Southern West Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas -and Illinois. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common along the Great Kanawha and -New rivers from the eastern part of Kanawha County through Fayette and -Summers counties. - -=Habitat=.—Rich slopes and banks of streams. - -=Notes=.—The Opossum Wood has two other common names, Snowdrop, -and Silver-bell Tree, both names referring to the white bell-shaped -flowers. The tree is of no commercial importance here, but is very -attractive when planted as an ornament. Variety _monticola_, with -longer leaves and fruit, also occurs with this species. - -[Illustration: WHITE ASH] - - - - -WHITE ASH - -=Fraxinus americana=, L. - - -=Form=.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long and -free from branches for many feet; crown pyramidal and open. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long; the 7-9 -leaflets 3-5 inches long, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, nearly or -quite entire, glabrous, dark green above, pale and either smooth or -pubescent beneath. - -=Flowers=.—May; dioecious; the staminate in dense red-purple clusters; -the pistillate in loose panicles. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn, and persists into the winter; -samaras 1-2 inches long in drooping paniculate clusters. - -=Bark=.—Furrowed deeply, the ridges firm, narrow, flattened, -brownish-gray. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough and elastic, brown -with thick sapwood. - -=Range=.—Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common throughout the State. - -=Habitat=.—Grows in many situations, but prefers rich moist loamy soil. - -=Notes=.—The White Ash is one of our valuable timber trees, producing -wood which is manufactured into agricultural implements, wagons, -furniture, tool handles, and interior finish. It is by far the most -common Ash but is nowhere abundant. - -[Illustration: RED ASH] - - - - -RED ASH - -=Fraxinus pennsylvanica=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 30-65 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk straight and clear -with many upright branches which form a compact, broad, irregular crown. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 10-12 inches long, with 7-9 -leaflets 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost -entire, pale or more or less pubescent. - -=Flowers=.—May; dioecious; in downy panicles on shoots of the previous -season. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn and is persistent for several months; -samaras 1-2 inches long, borne copiously in drooping clusters. - -=Bark=.—Twigs usually pubescent, on old trunks rough with scaly dark -gray-brown ridges. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, brittle, light brown, with thick, -yellow-streaked sapwood. - -=Range=.—Vermont and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Collected along New River, Fayette -County; reported from Randolph, Upshur, Wood and Mason counties. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers moist soils of river bottoms and borders of swamps. - -=Notes=.—Red Ash is occasionally found along some of the streams of -the State but does not grow in sufficient quantities to be of any -commercial importance. It can usually be distinguished from the White -Ash by its pubescent twigs and petioles, and its somewhat different -fruits. A variety of this species, _lanceolata_, is also to be found in -some places along the streams. - -[Illustration: BLACK ASH] - - - - -BLACK ASH - -=Fraxinus nigra=, Marsh. - - -=Form=.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk rather slender, -and straight, bearing a narrow-ovoid or rounded crown of upright -branches. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 12-16 inches long; leaflets -7-11, 3-5 inches long, sessile, except the terminal one, oblong to -oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, glabrous. - -=Flowers=.—May; polygamo-dioecious; borne in loose drooping panicles. - -=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; samaras 1-1½ inches long, in open -drooping clusters. - -=Bark=.—Soft, ash-gray, and scaly on old trunks, not deeply fissured. -The outside corky bark is easily rubbed off with the hand. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, coarse-grained, weak, rather soft, brown with thin -lighter sapwood. - -=Range=.—Newfoundland and Manitoba south to Virginia and Arkansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common. Found in Fayette, Preston -and Tucker counties. Reported from Randolph, Webster, Monongalia, -Summers, and Wirt counties. - -=Habitat=.—Low river bottoms and swamps. - -=Notes=.—This tree is only occasionally found in West Virginia and -cannot be considered as an important species. When in leaf it is easily -distinguished from the other Ashes by the leaflets which are sessile on -the main petiole. - -[Illustration: FRINGE TREE] - - - - -FRINGE TREE - -=Chionanthus virginica=, L. - - -=Form=.—A small, slender tree sometimes reaching a height of 20-30 -feet; trunk short, bearing numerous stout ascending branches which form -a deep, narrow crown. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, ovate, 4-8 inches long, entire, acute at -apex, glabrous. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; complete or polygamous; white, fragrant, borne in -loose and drooping graceful panicles 4-6 inches long. - -=Fruit=.—Purple berry-like ovoid drupes, ½-¾ of an inch long, borne in -drooping clusters. - -=Bark=.—Smooth, or somewhat scaly, thin, and reddish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown with thick lighter-colored -sapwood. - -=Range=.—New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found principally in the southern and -eastern parts of the State but nowhere common. - -=Habitat=.—Rich, moist soil of stream banks and swamp borders. - -=Notes=.—The Fringe-tree is valuable only as an ornament for which its -fringe-like flower clusters and dark purple fruits give it a decided -value. - -[Illustration: SWEET VIBURNUM] - - - - -SWEET VIBURNUM - -=Viburnum lentago=, L. - - -=Form=.—A shrub or small tree sometimes 15-25 feet high; trunk short -and crown round-topped. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple 2½ inches long, ovate, long, abruptly -taper-pointed, finely and sharply serrate; petioles winged. - -=Flowers=.—May-June; perfect; small, white, in large many-flowered -cymes which are usually 3-5 inches broad. - -=Fruit=.—Black, ovoid, or ellipsoid drupe, which is sweet and juicy -and contains a flat, oval, stone; borne on reddish stalks in often -drooping clusters. - -=Bark=.—On old trunks roughened by thin scales; reddish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, yellow-brown, with a disagreeable odor. - -=Range=.—Quebec and Manitoba southward to Georgia and Missouri. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in Tucker and Grant counties -and reported from Randolph County. - -=Habitat=.—Banks of streams and in swamps. - -=Notes=.—This Viburnum can be most easily distinguished by its leaves -which are very finely serrate and are abruptly tapered into long -slender points. Its flowers, fruit and foliage make it very desirable -as an ornamental tree. Sheep-berry and Nanny-berry are also common -names by which the species is known. - -[Illustration: BLACK HAW] - - - - -BLACK HAW - -=Viburnum prunifolium=, L. - - -=Form=.—A small tree or shrub reaching a height of 20-30 feet in -favorable locations. - -=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, 1-3 -inches long, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous. - -=Flowers=.—May; perfect; small, white, borne in large terminal cymes. - -=Fruit=.—Dark blue, fleshy, sweet, persistent drupes with large flat -stones; borne on reddish stalks in few-fruited clusters. - -=Bark=.—Roughened by plate-like scales, reddish-brown. - -=Wood=.—Similar to that of Sweet Viburnum. - -=Range=.—Connecticut and Michigan south to Georgia and Arkansas. - -=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common locally throughout the State. - -=Habitat=.—Prefers dry, rocky hillsides and low ridges, growing in -thickets along fences. - -=Notes=.—As a wood-producer this tree has no value. The bark of its -roots has a medicinal value and it deserves to be planted extensively -for ornamental purposes. - -[Illustration: TREES FOUND IN WEST VIRGINIA BUT NOT NATIVE - - 1. Red Pine - 2. Scotch Pine - 3. Bald Cypress - 4. European Larch - 5. Norway Spruce - 6. White Willow - 7. Osage Orange -] - -[Illustration: - - 1. Norway Maple - 2. Sycamore Maple - 3. Gray Birch - 4. Horse Chestnut - 5. Catalpa - 6. Tree of Heaven - 7. Kentucky Coffee Tree -] - - - - -WEST VIRGINIA NATIVE SHRUBS AND SHRUBBY VINES - - - =Taxus canadensis=, Marsh. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. A rare - red-berried evergreen. Randolph: Glady; Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades - and Winterburn; Grant: Greenland Gap; Preston: Cranesville; Raleigh: - Piney River. - - =Salix cordata=, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Monongalia: Aaron’s Run, - near Morgantown. - - =Salix humilis=, Marsh. Prairie Willow. Webster: near Upper Glade; - Preston: near Terra Alta. (Millspaugh’s Flora). - - =Salix sericea=, Marsh. Silky Willow. Monongalia: Decker’s Creek. - - =Myrica asplenifolia=, L. Sweet Fern. Hampshire: Cacapon Creek. Rare. - Morgan: Cacapon Mountain. - - =Corylus americana=, Walt. Hazelnut. A common shrub. - - =Corylus rostrata=, Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Pocahontas: Cranberry - Mountain; Mercer: Bluestone River; Hampshire: Little Cacapon. - - =Alnus rugosa=, (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder. Abundant along streams. - - =Alnus alnobetula=, (Ehrh.) K.K. Mountain Alder. Greenbrier: Columbia - Sulphur Springs; Fayette: near Nuttallburg; Pocahontas: at Traveler’s - Repose; Randolph: along Cheat River. (Millspaugh’s Flora.) - - =Alnus incana=, (L.) Moench. Hoary Alder (?). Rare. Pocahontas: - Cranberry Glades. - - =Pyrularia pubera=, Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut. “Colic-nut.” Common - in many sections. - - =Phoradendron flavescens=, (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. Evergreen - parasite. On trees along southern rivers. - - =Aristolochia macrophylla=, Pam. Pine Vine. Dutchman’s Pipe. Woody - vine. Frequent in rich mountain forests. - - =Zanthorhiza apiifolia=, L’Her. Shrub Yellow-root. Small shrub on - banks of streams. Upshur: near Buckhannon; Webster: on Gauley River - near Bolair. - - =Berberis canadensis=, Mill. American Barberry. Southern part of the - State. Mercer: near Spanishburg. - - =Calycanthus floridus=, L. Sweet-scented shrub. Randolph, Webster, - Nicholas, Fayette, and Summers counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.) - - =Calycanthus fertilis=, Walt. Sweet Shrub. McDowell: back of R. R. - water tank near Welsh. (Millspaugh’s Flora.) - - =Benzoin aestivale=, (L.) Nees. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. Abundant - shrub. - - =Hydrangea arborescens=, L. Wild Hydrangea. Abundant throughout the - State. - - =Ribes Cynosbati=, L. Prickly Gooseberry. Common in rocky woods. - - =Ribes rotundifolium=, Michx. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. Pendleton: - Spruce Mountain. - - =Ribes prostratum=, L’Her. Fetid Currant. Pendleton: Spruce Knob; - Hampshire: Ice Mountain. - - =Ribes floridum=, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Randolph, Grant. Preston, - Fayette, and Ohio counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.) - - =Physocarpus opulifolius=, (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark. Common shrub along - streams. - - =Spiraea salicifolia=, L. Meadow-sweet. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; - Randolph: Elkins. - - =Spiraea tomentosa=, L. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush. Infrequent. Randolph: - Elkins; Pocahontas: Seebert. - - =Spiraea corymbosa=, Raf. Birch-leaved Meadow-sweet. Webster: near - Upper Glade. Hardy: near Moorefield. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Spiraea virginiana=, Britt. West Virginia Meadow Sweet. Monongalia: - along the Monongahela River, near Morgantown. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Pyrus melanocarpa=, (Michx.) Wild. Black Chokeberry. Frequent, in - many sections. - - =Pyrus arbutifolia=, (L.) L.f. Chokeberry. Webster, Preston, Nicholas, - Fayette, and Upshur counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Amelanchier oligocarpa=, (Michx.) Roem. Oblong-fruited Juneberry. - Rare. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Tucker: Canaan Valley. - - =Robinia hispida=, L. Rose Acacia. Monongalia, Preston, and Summers - counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Rhus glabra=, L. Smooth Sumach. Common throughout the State. - - =Rhus canadensis=, Marsh. Fragrant Sumach. Infrequent. Hampshire: - Little Cacapon. - - =Rhus Toxicodendron= var. =radicans=, L. Torr. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. - Abundant throughout the State. - - =Ilex verticillata=, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. Abundant in low - grounds along rivers and in glades. - - =Ilex longipes=, Chapm. Long-stemmed Holly. Randolph: near Cheat - Bridge. Collected Sept. 1915, by C. S. Sargent. - - =Nemopanthus mucronata=, (L.) Trel. Wild or Mountain Holly. Rare. - Pendleton: Spruce Knob; Preston: Cranesville; Pocahontas: Head of - Greenbrier River. - - =Evonymus atropurpureus=, Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Boone: near - Madison; Monongalia: near Morgantown; Upshur: near Buckhannon. - - =Evonymus americanus=, L. Strawberry Bush. A common shrub. - - =Evonymus obovatus=, Nutt. Marshall: Cameron and Board Tree. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Celastrus scandens=, L. Waxwork. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Frequent - along streams and on dry hills. - - =Staphylea triloba=, L. American Bladder Nut. Not common. Monongalia: - near Morgantown; Wayne: near Wayne; Greenbrier: near Ronceverte. - - =Rhamnus lanceolata=, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. Rare. Hampshire: - Little Cacapon. - - =Rhamnus alnifolia=, L’Her. Dwarf Alder. Rare. Pocahontas: head of - east Fork of Greenbrier River. - - =Rhamnus caroliniana=, Walt. Indian Cherry. McDowell: Tug Fork. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Ceanothus americanus=, L. New Jersey Tea. Common on dry gravelly - ground. - - =Vitis labrusca=, L. Northern Fox Grape. Infrequent. Upshur: French - Creek; Monroe: Sinks Grove. - - =Vitis aestivalis=, Michx. Summer Grape. Frost Grape. Abundant in most - sections. - - =Vitis cordifolia=, Michx. Chicken Grape. Pigeon Grape. A common - species. - - =Vitis vulpina=, L. Randolph, Summers, and Jefferson counties. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Vitis bicolor=, LeConte. Winter Grape. Webster: Hacker Valley. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Vitis rupestris=, Sch. Sand Grape. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Vitis rotundifolia=, Michx. Muscadine. Randolph, Fayette, and Summers - counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Hypericum prolificum=, L. Shrubby St. John’s wort. Plentiful in glady - regions. - - =Hypericum densiflorum=, Pursh. St. John’s wort. Glades. - - =Dirca palustris=, L. Leatherwood. Wicopy. Infrequent. Webster: near - Webster Springs; Randolph: Tygarts Valley River near Valley Head; - Pocahontas: on Greenbrier River. - - =Cornus canadensis=, L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunchberry. A small shrubby - plant. Rare. Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: near Osceola; - Hampshire: Ice Mountain. - - =Cornus Amomum=, Mil. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Frequent along - streams. - - =Cornus paniculata=, L’Her. Panicled Dogwood. Rare. Grant: on Abram - Creek; Preston: Reedsville. - - =Cornus circinata=, L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Upshur: near Lorentz. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Cornus stolonifera=, Michx. Red Osier. Ohio: near Wheeling. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Clethera acuminata=, Michx. White Alder. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. - (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Rhododendron catawbiense=, Michx. Lilac-colored Laurel. Mountain Rose - Bay. Pendleton, Fayette, Greenbrier, and Summers counties. - - =Rhododendron viscosum=, (L) Torr. Clammy Azalea. White Swamp - Honeysuckle. Frequent along mountain streams. - - =Rhododendron canescens=, (Michx.) G. Don. Mountain Azalea. Rare. - Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob. - - =Rhododendron nudiflorum=, (L.) Torr. Purple Azalea. Pinxter Flower. - Abundant in many sections. - - =Rhododendron calendulaceum=, (Michx.) Torr. Flame Azalea. Common in - many sections. - - =Menziesia pilosa=, (Michx.) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia. Not common. - Pendleton: Spruce Knob; Randolph: Point Mountain. - - =Kalmia angustifolia=, L. Sheep Laurel. Calhoun, Upshur, Nicholas, - Randolph, and Hardy counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Andromeda glaucophylla=, Link. (?) Bog Rosemary. Rare. Pocahontas: - Cranberry Glades. Plants not in bloom or fruit when collected. - - =Andromeda floribunda=. Pursh. Mountain Fetter-bush. Infrequent. - Pocahontas: Greenbank; Greenbrier: near Neola. - - =Lyonia lingustrina=, (L.) DC. Male Berry. Not common. Upshur: near - Buckhannon; Webster: near Cowen. - - =Gaylussacia dumosa=, (And.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. Kanawha: near - Charleston; Hardy: near Moorefleld. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Gaylussacia frondosa=, (L.) T. & G. Dangleberry. Fayette: near Hawk’s - Nest; Webster: Upper Glade. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Gaylussacia baccata=, (Wang.) C. Koch. Black Huckleberry. - “Buckberry”. Abundant on dry ground. - - =Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum=, var. =nigrum=, Wood. Low Black Blueberry. - Common in many localities. Pendleton: Spruce Mountain; Monongalia: - near Morgantown. - - =Vaccinium canadense=, Kalm. Sour-Top. Velvet-Leaf. Blueberry. Rare. - Tucker: Canaan Valley; Preston: Cranesville. - - =Vaccinium vacillans=, Kalm. Late Low Blueberry. An abundant species. - - =Vaccinium corymbosum=, L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Common in some - localities. - - =Vaccinium erythrocarpum=, Michx. Southern Mountain Cranberry. Rare. - Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: Shavers Mountain. - - =Vaccinium Oxyoccos=, L. Small Cranberry. In glades. Pocahontas and - Tucker. - - =Vaccinium macrocarpon=, Ait. Large or American Cranberry. In glades. - Pocahontas and Webster. - - =Cephalanthus occidentalis=, L. Button Bush. Found in Greenbrier, - Hampshire, Jefferson, Monongalia, and Wetzel. Doubtless occurs in many - other sections. - - =Diervilla Lonicera=, Mill. Bush Honeysuckle. Rare. Pendleton: Spruce - Mountain. - - =Lonicera canadensis=. Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle. Rare. - Pendleton: Spruce Knob. - - =Viburnum alnifolium=, Marsh. Hobble-bush. Moosewood. “Hobble-rod.” - Abundant in mountain regions. - - =Viburnum Opulus= var. =Americanum=. (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry-tree. High - Bush Cranberry. Infrequent. Tucker: Canaan Valley. - - =Viburnum acerifolium=, L. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood. A common shrub. - - =Viburnum dentatum=, L. Arrow-wood. Infrequent. Pocahontas: Cranberry - Glades; Randolph: near Elkins. - - =Viburnum cassinoides=, L. Withe-rod. Wild Raisin. Not common. - Webster: Gauley River; Pendleton: Big Run; Monongalia: Deckers Creek. - - =Viburnum nudum=, L. Randolph: Middle Fork River. Webster: Upper - Glade. (Millspaugh’s Flora) - - =Viburnum pubescens=, (Ait.) Pursh. Greenbrier: White Sulphur Springs. - - =Sambucus canadensis=, L. Common Elder. Abundant throughout the State. - - =Sambucus racemosa=, L. Red-berried Elder. Frequent in rocky woods. - - - - -GLOSSARY - - - =Abortive= That which is brought forth prematurely; coming to - naught before it is completed. - - =Achene= A small hard, dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit which does not - open by valves. - - =Acrid= Sharp or biting to the taste. - - =Acuminate= Decidedly tapering at the end. - - =Acute= Tapering at the end. - - =Aesthetic= Pertaining to the beautiful. - - =Alternate= Not opposite to each other, but scattered singly along - the axis. - - =Ament= A peculiar, scaly, unisexual spike. - - =Anther= The enlarged terminal part of a stamen which bears the - pollen. - - =Apex= The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i. e., the part opposite - the base. - - =Apical= Pertaining to the tip, end, or apex. - - =Appressed= Lying tight or close against. - - =Arborescent= Tree-like in appearance, size and growth. - - =Aromatic= Fragrant; with a pleasing odor. - - =Astringent= Contracting; drawing together; binding. - - =Awl-Shaped= Tapering from the base to a slender or rigid point. - - =Axil= The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem. - - =Axillary= Situate in an axil. - - =Axis= The central line of an organ; a stem. - - - =Basal= Pertaining to or situated at base. - - =Berry= A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout. - - =Bloom= A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off. - - =Bract= A modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an - inflorescence. - - - =Calyx= The outer portion of a flower, usually green in color. - - =Cambium= A thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood. - - =Capsule= A dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting - open at maturity. - - =Catkin= An ament or spike of unisexual flowers. - - =Ciliate= Fringed with hairs on the margin. - - =Complete= Said of flowers when all parts are present. - - =Compound= Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole. - - =Compressed= Flattened, especially laterally. - - =Conical= Cone-shaped. - - =Conifers= A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the - form of a cone. - - =Coniferous= Cone-bearing. - - =Contorted= Twisted together or back upon itself. - - =Cordate= Heart-shaped. - - =Corolla= The inner portion of perianth, composed of petals. The - bright colored part of most flowers. - - =Corymb= A flat-topped or convex flower cluster, blooming first at - the edges. - - =Corrugated= Shaped into grooves, folds, or wrinkles. - - =Crenate= Having rounded teeth. - - =Crown= The upper mass of branches, also known as head. - - =Cyme= A flower cluster blooming from apex or middle first, usually - somewhat flat. - - =Cymose= In a cyme; cyme-like. - - - =Deciduous= Falling off, usually at the close of the season. - - =Decurrent= Extending down the stem below the insertion. - - =Defoliation= Removal of foliage. - - =Dehiscent= Splitting open. - - =Deltoid= Delta-like, triangular. - - =Dentate= Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward. - - =Depressed= Flattened from above. - - =Digitately-compound= With the members arising at the same point - at the end or top of the support. - - =Dioecious= Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on different - plants. - - =Disseminated= Scattered; thrown broadcast. - - =Divergent= Pointing away; extending out. Said of buds which point - away from the twigs. - - =Downy= Covered with fine hairs. - - =Drupaceous= Resembling or constructed like a drupe. - - =Drupe= A fleshy fruit with a pit or stone. - - - =Elongated= Long drawn out. - - =Emarginate= Having a shallow notch at the apex. - - =Entire= Margin smooth, not cut or roughened. - - =Epidermis= The outer layer or covering of plants. - - =Exotic= Of foreign origin. - - =Exudation= Oozing out of sap, resin, or milk. - - - =Falcate= Scythe-shaped. - - =Fascicle= A cluster, usually dense. - - =Fetid= Ill-smelling. - - =Fibrous= Consisting of fibers; woven in texture. - - =Filament= The stalk bearing the anther. - - =Fissures= Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the bark. - - =Flora= The complete system of plants found in a given area. - - =Fluted= Grooved, corrugated, channeled. - - =Follicles= A dry fruit of one carpel, splitting on one side only. - - =Forestry= The rational treatment of woodlands for their products. - - =Fruit= The seed-bearing product of a plant of whatever form. - - =Fungus= A plant devoid of green color such as mushrooms and rots. - - - =Genus= A group of related species, as the pines or the oaks. - - =Glabrous= Smooth, without hairs. - - =Glandular= Bearing glands, or gland-like. - - =Glaucous= Covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating; a bloom. - - =Globose= Ball-like, or nearly so. - - =Globular= Ball-like. - - - =Habitat= The home of a plant. - - =Head= A dense cluster of sessile flowers or the crown of a tree. - - =Heartwood= The dead, central, usually highly colored portion of - the trunk. - - =Herbaceous= Herb-like, soft. - - - =Imbricated= Overlapping like the slate on a roof. - - =Impressed= Hollowed or furrowed as if by pressure. - - =Incomplete= Said of flowers in which one of the outer parts is - wanting. - - =Indigenous= Applied to plants that are native to a certain - locality. - - =Inflorescence= The flowering part of a plant, and especially - its arrangement. - - =Intolerant= Not shade enduring. Requiring sunlight. - - =Involucre= A circle of bracts surrounding a flower or cluster - of flowers. - - =Irregular= Said of flowers showing inequality in the size, form, - or union of similar parts. - - - =Keeled= With a central ridge, like the keel of a boat. - - - =Lanceolate= Shaped like a lance; several times longer than wide. - - =Lateral= Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the - twig. - - =Leaflet= One of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf. - - =Lenticel= A corky growth on young or sometimes older bark which - admits air to the interior of the twig or branch. - - =Linear= Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges. - - =Lobed= Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or - divided. - - - =Midrib= The central or main rib or vein of a leaf. - - =Monoecious= Bearing stamens and pistils in separate flowers on - the same plant. - - =Mucronate= Tipped with a short, sharp point. - - - =Naval Stores= Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc. - - =Nerve= One of the lines or veins running through a leaf. - - =Node= A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate. - - =Nut= A dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a hard covering. - - =Nutlet= A small nut. - - - =Ob-= A prefix meaning inverted or reversed. - - =Oblique= Slanting, uneven. - - =Oblong= About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel. - - =Obovate= Reversed egg shaped. - - =Obtuse= Blunt. - - =Odd-pinnate= With an odd or unpaired leaflet at the tip of the - compound leaf. - - =Opposite= Said of leaves and buds directly across from each other. - - =Orbicular= Circular. - - =Ovary= The part of the pistil producing the seed. - - =Ovate= Egg-shaped in outline. - - =Ovoid= Egg-shaped or nearly so. - - - =Palmate= Hand-shaped; radiately divided. - - =Panicle= A compound flower cluster, the lower branches of which - are longest and bloom first. - - =Parasite= Growing upon and obtaining its nourishment from some - other plant. - - =Pedicel= The stalk of a single flower. - - =Peduncle= The stalk of a flower cluster or of a solitary flower. - - =Pendulous= Hanging. - - =Perennial= Lasting for more than one year. - - =Perfect= A flower with both stamens and pistils. - - =Persistent= Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing. - - =Petal= The part of a corolla, usually colored. - - =Petiole= The stalk of a leaf. - - =Pinna= A division, part, or leaflet of a pinnate leaf. - - =Pinnate= With leaflets on both sides of a stalk. - - =Pistil= The central part of the flower containing the prospective - seed. - - =Pistillate= Bearing pistils but no stamens. - - =Pith= The soft, central part of a twig. - - =Pod= Any dry and dehiscent fruit. - - =Pollen= The dust-like substance found in the anthers of a flower. - - =Polygamous= With both perfect and imperfect, staminate or - pistillate, flowers. - - _Pome_ A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple. - - =Prickle= A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth. - - =Psuedo-= A prefix meaning false, not true. - - _Pubescent_ Hairy. - - =Pungent= Ending in a sharp point; acrid. - - =Pyramidal= Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the - base. - - - =Raceme= A simple inflorescence of flowers borne on pedicels of - equal length and arranged on a common, elongated axis. - - =Reflexed= Abruptly turned backward or downward. - - =Regular= Said of flowers which are uniform in shape or structure. - - =Rugose= Wrinkled. - - - =Saccharine= Pertaining to or having the qualities of sugar. - - =Samara= An indehiscent winged fruit. - - =Sapwood= The recently formed, usually light wood, lying outside of - the heartwood. - - =Scales= The small, modified leaves which protect the growing-point - of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds. - The small flakes into which the outer bark of a tree - divides. - - =Scurfy= Covered with small bran-like scales. - - =Sepal= One of the parts of the calyx. - - =Serrate= Having sharp teeth pointing forward. - - =Sessile= Seated; without a stalk. - - =Sheath= A tubular envelope or covering. - - =Shrub= A low woody growth which usually branches near the base. - - =Silky= Covered with soft, straight, fine hairs. - - =Simple= Consisting of one part, not compound. - - =Sinuate= Having a strongly wavy margin. - - =Sinus= The cleft or opening between two lobes. - - =Species= A group of like individuals as Red Oak, White Oak, etc. - - =Spike= An elongated axis bearing sessile flowers. - - =Spine= A sharp woody outgrowth. - - =Stamen= The part of a flower which bears the pollen. - - =Staminate= Said of flowers which bear only stamens. Sometimes - spoken of as male. - - =Sterile= Barren; unproductive. - - =Stigma= The end of a pistil through which pollination takes place. - - =Stipule= A leaf appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk. - - =Striate= Marked with fine elongated ridges or lines. - - =Strobile= A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the Pine, - Birches, etc. - - =Style= The pin-like portion of a pistil bearing the stigma. - - =Sub-= A prefix meaning under or nearly. - - =Sucker= A shoot arising from an underground bud. - - =Suture= A line of dehiscence. - - =Symmetrical= Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same - number of parts in each circle. - - - =Terete= Having a circular transverse section. - - =Terminal= Pertaining to buds located at the end of twigs. - - =Thorn= A stiff, woody, sharp-pointed projection. - - =Tolerant= Applied to trees which endure certain factors, - particularly shade. - - =Tomentum= A dense layer of hairs. - - =Tomentose= Densely pubescent; hairy. - - =Truncate= Ending abruptly as if cut off at the end. - - =Tubercle= A small tuber or tuber-like body. - - =Tufted= Growing in clusters. - - - =Umbel= A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the - same point. - - =Valvate= Said of buds in which the scales merely meet without - overlapping. - - =Vegetative= Said of buds which do not contain reproductive organs. - - =Veins= Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs. - - =Viscid= Glutinous; sticky. - - - =Whorl= A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves or buds, - arranged about the same place of attachment. - - =Whorled= Borne in a whorl. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. All other -variations in hyphenation spelling and punctuation remain unchanged. - -Italics are represented thus _italic_ and bold thus =bold=. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of West Virginia Trees, by A. B. 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B. Brooks - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: West Virginia Trees - -Author: A. B. Brooks - -Release Date: November 2, 2016 [EBook #53433] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WEST VIRGINIA TREES *** - - - - -Produced by Cindy Horton, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - - -<p class="half-title">WEST VIRGINIA TREES<br /> - -BULLETIN 175<br /> - -Agricultural Experiment Station<br /> - -College of Agriculture</p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<p class="center">WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY</p> - -<p class="center">Morgantown</p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<p class="center">JOHN LEE COULTER, Director</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center small"> -<i>Bulletin 175</i> <span class="gap10"><i>September, 1920</i></span></p> -<p class="center p2 xl">Agricultural Experiment Station</p> -<p class="center">College of Agriculture, West Virginia University</p> - -<p class="center"><small>JOHN LEE COULTER, Director,<br /> - -MORGANTOWN</small></p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<h1> -West Virginia Trees</h1> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_002.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">A Stand of Young White Pines.</div> -</div> - -<p class="center spaced">BY<br /> - -A. B. BROOKS</p> - - -<p><small>Bulletins and Reports of this Station will be mailed free to any citizen of West Virginia -upon written application. Address Director of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, -Morgantown, W. Va.</small></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="half-title">THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA</p> - -<p class="center small">Educational Institutions</p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <td align="center" colspan="2">THE STATE BOARD OF CONTROL</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">E. B. STEPHENSON, President</td> - <td align="right">Charleston, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">JAMES S. LAKIN</td> - <td align="right">Charleston, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">J. M. WILLIAMSON</td> - <td align="right">Charleston, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2">The State Board of Control has the direction of the financial and business -affairs of the state educational institutions.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="center" colspan="2">THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">M. P. SHAWKEY, President</td> - <td align="right">Charleston, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="center" colspan="2">State Superintendent of Schools</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">GEORGE S. LAIDLEY</td> - <td align="right">Charleston, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">NOAH G. KEIM</td> - <td align="right">Elkins, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">EARL W. OGLEBAY</td> - <td align="right">Wheeling, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">FRANK N. SYCAFOOSE</td> - <td align="right">Webster Springs, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">L. W. BURNS</td> - <td align="right">Grafton, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">W. C. COOK</td> - <td align="right">Welch, W. Va.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2">The State Board of Education has charge of all matters of a purely -scholastic nature concerning the state educational institutions.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="center" colspan="2">WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">FRANK BUTLER TROTTER, LL.D.</td> - <td align="right">President</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="center" colspan="2">Agricultural Experiment Station Staff</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">JOHN LEE COULTER, A.M., Ph.D.</td> - <td align="right">Director</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">BERT H. HITE, M.S.</td> - <td align="right">Vice-Director and Chemist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">FRANK B. KUNST, A.B.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Chemist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">CHARLES E. WEAKLEY, Jr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Chemist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">W. E. RUMSEY, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">State Entomologist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">N. J. GIDDINGS, Ph.D.</td> - <td align="right">Plant Pathologist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">ANTHONY BERG, B.S.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Plant Pathologist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">ERNEST L. ANTHONY, M.S.</td> - <td align="right">Dairyman</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">H. O. HENDERSON, M.S.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Dairyman</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">HORACE ATWOOD, M.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Poultry Research</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">E. L. ANDREWS, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant in Poultry Husbandry</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">ROBERT M. SALTER, M.Sc.</td> - <td align="right">Soil Investigations</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">R. E. STEPHENSON, M.S.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant in Soil Investigations</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">I. S. COOK, Jr., B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Research Agronomist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">T. C. McILVANE, M.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Agronomist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">R. P. BLEDSOE, M.S.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Agronomist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">J. K. SHAW, Ph.D.</td> - <td align="right">Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">H. A. JONES, Ph.D.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">L. F. SUTTON, B.S., B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">H. E. KNOWLTON, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">H. L. CRANE, M.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">ROLAND H. PATCH, M.S.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">H. W. RICHEY, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">ERNEST ANGELO, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Horticulturist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">L. M. PEAIRS, M.S.</td> - <td align="right">Research Entomologist</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">E. A. LIVESAY, M.S.Agr..</td> - <td align="right">Animal Husbandry</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a>R. H. TUCKWILLER, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant in Animal Husbandry</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">C. V. WILSON, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Assistant in Animal Husbandry</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">A. J. DADISMAN, M.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Farm Economics</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">C. A LUEDER, D.V.M.</td> - <td align="right">Veterinary Science</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">C. E. STOCKDALE, B.S.Agr.</td> - <td align="right">Agricultural Editor</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">D. M. WILLIS, LL.M.</td> - <td align="right">Financial Secretary</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">J. C. JOHNSTON</td> - <td align="right">Chief Clerk</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">MARY A. FOX</td> - <td align="right">Assistant Librarian</td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">1</a> -In co-operation with U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p></div> - - - - -<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</a></h2> - - -<p>The native trees of West Virginia number about 125, of which -101 are described and illustrated in this publication. The omissions -are principally species of unimportant willows and hawthorns which -can be identified only by specialists. Some of the more common -introduced trees are mentioned in the family descriptions on pages -13 to 27, and a few are illustrated in groups after the descriptions -of native species. It has been the object to simplify everything in -this publication as much as possible. The meaning of unfamiliar -words in the keys and descriptions can be learned by consulting the -glossary beginning on page <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</p> - -<p>The keys are based principally on characters of leaf and fruit -since these are usually available for study during several months in -the summer and fall. The text, however, contains brief descriptions -of the flowers which often denote most surely the natural relationship -of species.</p> - -<p>Scientific names and the order of arrangement are essentially -those of the seventh edition of Gray’s New Manual of Botany.</p> - -<p>The drawings were made by the writer from specimens collected -during the past few years.</p> - -<p>This bulletin has been prepared mainly for those who desire -to become more familiar with our native and introduced trees, but -who do not have access to the larger publications on the subject. -It will serve also as a basis for future forestry studies in the State. -Popular interest in forestry, which is sadly lacking in West Virginia -at this time, will be stimulated by a more general and more intimate -acquaintance with the different kinds of trees. It is hoped that this -bulletin will help to create the needed interest. If difficulty is found -in determining the name of any tree, specimens mailed to the West -Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, -will be named, if possible, without charge.</p> - -<p class="right"> -—<i>A.B. BROOKS.</i></p> -<p> -Morgantown, W. Va.<br /> -September 1, 1920.<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span></p> - - -<h2 id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="right" colspan="2">Page</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Preface</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Contents</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Key to Genera</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Pinaceae—The Pine Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Salicaceae—The Willow Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Juglandaceae—The Walnut Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Betulaceae—The Birch Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Fagaceae—The Beech Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Urticaceae—The Nettle Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Magnoliaceae—The Magnolia Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Anonaceae—The Custard Apple Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Lauraceae—The Laurel Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hamamelidaceae—The Witch Hazel Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Platanaceae—The Plane Tree Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Rosaceae—The Rose Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Leguminosae—The Pulse Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Rutaceae—The Rue Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Simarubaceae—The Quassia Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Anacardiaceae—The Cashew Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Aquifoliaceae-The Holly Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Aceraceae—The Maple Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sapindaceae—The Soapberry Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Tiliaceae—The Linden Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Araliaceae—The Ginseng Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Cornaceae—The Dogwood Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Ericaceae—The Heath Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Ebenaceae—The Ebony Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Styracaceae—The Storax Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Oleaceae—The Olive Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Caprifoliaceae—The Honeysuckle Family</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">White Pine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Pitch Pine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Table Mountain Pine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Yellow Pine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Jersey or Scrub Pine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Tamarack</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">39</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Spruce</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hemlock</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Balsam Fir</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">45</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Arbor Vitae</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Cedar</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">49</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Willow</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">51</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">American Aspen</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">53</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Large-toothed Poplar</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Cottonwood</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">57</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Butternut</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Walnut</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Shell-Bark Hickory</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Big Shell-Bark Hickory</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Mockernut Hickory</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">67</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Pignut Hickory</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bitternut Hickory</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">71</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hop Hornbeam</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">73</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">American Hornbeam</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Birch</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">77</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Yellow Birch</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Birch</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">81</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Beech</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Chestnut</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">85</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Chinquapin</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">87</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">White Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Post Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bur Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">93</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Swamp White Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">95</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Yellow Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">97</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Chestnut Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">101</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Pin Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">103</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Scarlet Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Spanish Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_108">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Scrub Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">111</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Jack Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">113</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Laurel Oak</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Slippery Elm</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">117</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">American Elm</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">119</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hackberry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_120">121</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Mulberry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">123</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Cucumber Tree</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">125</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Umbrella Tree</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">127</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Mountain Magnolia</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">129</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Tulip Tree</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">131</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Common Pawpaw</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">133</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sassafras</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_134">135</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Witch Hazel</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">137</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sweet Gum</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">139</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sycamore</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">141</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">American Crab Apple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">143</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Mountain Ash</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">145</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Shad Bush</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_146">147</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Cockspur Thorn</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">149</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Dotted Thorn</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">151</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Cherry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">153</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Choke Cherry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">155</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Wild Red Cherry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">157</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Wild Plum</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">159</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Honey Locust</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">161</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Bud</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_162">163</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Common Locust</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_164">165</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hop Tree</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">167</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Stag Horn Sumach</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_168">169</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Dwarf Sumach</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">171</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Poison Sumach</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">173</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">American Holly</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_174">175</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Mountain Holly</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">177</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Striped Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_178">179</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Mountain Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_180">181</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sugar Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">183</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Sugar Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">185</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Silver Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">187</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">189</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Box Elder</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_190">191</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Fetid Buckeye</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">193</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sweet Buckeye</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">195</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Basswood</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_196">197</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">White Basswood</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">199</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hercules Club</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_200">201</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Flowering Dogwood</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_202">203</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Alternate-Leaved Dogwood</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_204">205</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Gum</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_206">207</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Great Laurel</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_208">209</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Mountain Laurel</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">211</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sour-wood</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_212">213</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Common Persimmon</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">215</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Opossum Wood</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_216">217</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">White Ash</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_218">219</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Ash</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_220">221</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Ash</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_222">223</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Fringe Tree</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_224">225</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sweet Viburnum</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_226">227</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Black Haw</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">229</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Red Pine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Scotch Pine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bald Cypress</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">European Larch</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Norway Spruce</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">White Willow</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Osage Orange</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Norway Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Sycamore Maple</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Gray Birch</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Horse Chestnut</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Catalpa</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Tree of Heaven</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Kentucky Coffee Tree</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Native Shrubs and Shrubby Vines</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Glossary</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> -</tr> -</table></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p> - - -<h2 id="West_Virginia_Trees">West Virginia Trees</h2> - -<p class="center">By A. B. BROOKS</p> - -<hr class="small" /> -<h2 id="KEY_TO_THE_GENERA">KEY TO THE GENERA</h2> - -<p class="center">(Based on leaves and fruit)</p> - - - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="ifrst">a.—Leaves simple.</li> - -<li class="i2nd">b.—Leaves needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like, -usually evergreen; fruit a cone or berry-like.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Leaves in bundles of 2-many; fruit a cone.</li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves in bundles of 2-5, evergreen</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Pinus, p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves in clusters of 8-many on short spur-like -branchlets, deciduous in autumn</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Larix, p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Leaves not in bundles, solitary.</li> - -<li class="i4thh">d.—Leaves alternate or whorled.</li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves 4-angled, harsh, needle-shaped </li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Picea, p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves flat, whitened beneath, ½-1¼ inches long, -sessile, aromatic; cones 2-4 inches long with deciduous scales; bark of -twigs smooth, and on old trunks with raised resin-filled blisters</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Abies, p. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves two-fifths to one-half inch long, -short-petioled, flat and whitened beneath; cones about ¾ inch long with -persistent scales; bark of twigs rough</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Tsuga, p. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4thh">d.—Leaves opposite.</li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves scale-like, decurrent on the stem, all of -one kind; twigs flattened; fruit a small elongated cone with 8-12 -over-lapping scales</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Thuja, p. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves of two kinds, either scale-like or awl-shaped, -not decurrent on the stem; twigs nearly terete; fruit a bluish, -berry-like strobile</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Juniperus, p. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b.—Leaves flat and broad, usually deciduous.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Leaves alternate or clustered.</li> - -<li class="i4thh">d.—Leaves without lobes.</li> - -<li class="i5thh">e.—Leaves with margins entire or slightly -undulate. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg -8]</a></span></li> - -<li class="i6thh">f.—Leaves deciduous.</li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 2-5 inches long, oval; fruit an ovoid, blue -berry-like drupe, borne 1-3 in a drooping cluster</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Nyssa, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 2-5 inches long, ovate; fruit a spherical, -blue berry-like drupe, borne many in an upright cyme, (<i>Cornus -alternifolia</i>)</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Cornus, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 4-6 inches long, oval; fruit an edible berry -¾-1¼ inches in diameter</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Diospyros, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 4-12 inches long, obovate-lanceolate; fruit -banana-like, 3-5 inches long, with many flattened seeds in the yellow -flesh</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Asimina, p. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 6-24 inches long, ovate-obovate; fruit a -cone-like or cucumber-like cylindrical mass 2-4 inches long</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Magnolia, p. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 3-5 inches long, heart-shaped; fruit a pod 2-3 -inches long</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Cercis, p. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 4-6 inches long, oblong-lanceolate; fruit an -acorn (<i>Quercus imbricaria</i>)</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Quercus, p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6thh">f.—Leaves evergreen.</li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 3-4 inches long; fruit many dry spherical -capsules in a corymb</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Kalmia, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 4-11 inches long, evergreen; fruit an -oblong, dry capsule, several in umbel-like clusters </li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Rhododendron, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5thh">e.—Leaves with margins toothed.</li> - -<li class="i6thh">f.—Branches armed with stiff, sharp thorns.</li> - -<li class="i6th">Leaves 1-3 inches long, serrate or doubly serrate; -fruit a small pome</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Crataegus, p. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i6thh">f.—Branches not armed with thorns.</li> - -<li class="i7thh">g.—Base of leaf decidedly oblique.</li> - -<li class="i7th">Leaf-blade broad, heart-shaped, serrate; fruit a -spherical woody drupe on stalks attached to an oblong bract</li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Tilia, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i7th">Leaf-blade oval, doubly-serrate, primary veins -straight; fruit an oval samara</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Ulmus, p. -19.</b></li> - -<li class="i7thh">Leaves 2-4 inches long, serrate; fruit a small sweet -purple drupe </li> <li class="ipge"><b>Celtis, p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</b> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg -9]</a></span></li> - -<li class="i7thh">g.—Base of leaf nearly symmetrical.</li> - -<li class="i8thh">h.—Teeth coarse, 2-5 to the inch.</li> - -<li class="i8th">Leaves smooth, oval, 3-5 inches long; fruit a small -bur with weak prickles and 3-faced nuts ½-¾ inch long</li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Fagus, p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i8th">Leaves 6-8 inches long; fruit a bur with stiff -prickles and 1-3 rounded, brown nuts</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Castanea, -p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i8th">Leaves 2-4 inches long, broadly ovate to -sub-orbicular; fruit a small capsule falling in spring</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Populus, p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i8th">Leaves 4-8 inches long, lanceolate to obovate; fruit -an acorn</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Quercus, p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i8th">Leaves wavy-toothed with sharp spines, evergreen; -fruit a small red drupe</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Ilex, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i8th">Leaves 4-6 inches long, oval; fruit a short woody pod -with black seeds</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Hamamelis, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i8thh">h.—Teeth fine, 6-many to the inch.</li> - -<li class="i9thh">i.—Leaves not doubly serrate.</li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 1½-2 inches long, nearly as broad, tremulous -on long petioles; fruit a small capsule. (<i>P. tremuloides</i>)</li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Populus, p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 2-6 inches long, often narrow; twigs -easily separated at the joints; fruit a small capsule</li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Salix, p. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 5-7 inches long, 1½-2½ inches wide, very -smooth; bark acid; fruit a 5-valved capsule borne in clusters</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Oxydendrum, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 2-5 inches long, ovate to lanceolate; bark -often bitter; fruit a drupe</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Prunus, p. -22.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 3-4 inches long; fruit a red berry-like pome in -clusters</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Amelanchier, p. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</b> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg -10]</a></span></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 3-5 inches long, nearly as wide, often -heart-shaped, sometimes 2-5-lobed; fruit oblong, about 1 inch long, -composed of many small drupes</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Morus, p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 3-4 inches long, often doubly serrate or -lobed on sterile shoots; fruit a greenish-yellow pome about 1 inch in -diameter</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Pyrus, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 4-6 inches long, ovate-lanceolate; fruit -1-2 inches long, dry, 4-winged</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Halesia, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 4-5 inches long, ovate; fruit scarlet -berry-like drupes on short stems and scattered along the branches -(<i>Ilex monticola</i>)</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Ilex, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 2-5 inches long; fruit cone-like, containing -many dry scales (<i>B. lenta</i>)</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Betula, p. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9thh">i.—Leaves doubly serrate.</li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 2-4 inches long, thin; fruit a small nut -enclosed in a halberd-shaped leaf-like involucre; trunk smooth and -fluted</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Carpinus, p. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 3-5 inches long; fruit hop-like, composed of -several inflated bracts overlapping and each containing a flat seed; -bark brown with loose scales</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Ostrya, p. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 2-4 inches long; bark peeling off in papery -scales; fruit oblong or ovate, 1-2 inches long, composed of numerous -3-lobed scales, bearing winged nuts </li> <li class="ipge"><b>Betula, -p. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 1-3 inches long, sometimes serrate or -lobed; twigs armed with stiff thorns; fruit a hard pome </li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Crataegus, p. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</b> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg -11]</a></span></li> - -<li class="i9th">Leaves 3-4 inches long, often serrate or lobed; -fruit a sour yellowish pome about 1 inch in diameter</li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Pyrus, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4thh">d.—Leaves lobed.</li> - -<li class="i5thh">e.—Margins of lobes entire.</li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves oval often without lobes or with 2-3 lobes, -smooth, aromatic; fruit a dark blue drupe borne on a thickened red -stem</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Sassafras, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves broadly ovate, with truncate apex, 2 apical -and 2-4 basal lobes; fruit a cone-like aggregate of dry, lance-shaped -carpels</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Liriodendron, p. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves variously lobed, some with bristle-tipped -teeth; fruit an acorn</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Quercus, p. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5thh">e.—Margins of lobes not entire.</li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves thick, glossy, star-shaped, with fine pointed -serrate lobes; fruit a pendulous spiny spherical head about 1 inch -thick, composed of numerous capsules</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Liquidambar, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves oval, pointed, often without lobes, thin, -margins serrate or doubly serrate; fruit a yellowish pome 1-1½ inches -thick</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Pyrus, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves oval, pointed, often without lobes, thin, -margins serrate or doubly serrate; fruit a pome about two-fifths of an -inch thick, often red; twigs armed with thorns</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Crataegus, p. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves often broadly ovate and not lobed, sometimes -with 2-5 lobes, serrate; fruit oblong, about 1 inch long, an aggregate -of many small dark purple drupes</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Morus, p. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i5th">Leaves nearly round in outline, 3-5 lobed, coarse -sinuate-toothed; fruit a round pendulous head 1 inch thick; composed of -many hairy achenes</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Platanus, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Leaves opposite.</li> - -<li class="i4thh">d.—Leaf margins entire or slightly undulate.</li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves 3-5 inches long, ovate; fruit a bright -red ovoid drupe, two-fifths inch long in small bunches</li> <li -class="ipge"><b>Cornus, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</b> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg -12]</a></span></li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves 4-8 inches long, ovate; fruit a dark blue -ovoid drupe, ¾ of an inch long, in drooping, loose clusters </li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Chionanthus, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4thh">d.—Leaf margins not entire.</li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves 3-5 lobed, finely or coarsely toothed, fruit a -drooping samara</li> <li class="ipge"><b>Acer, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves not lobed, 1-3 inches long, oval, finely -toothed; fruit a dark blue drupe borne in clusters </li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Viburnum, p. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="ifrst">a.—Leaves compound.</li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b.—Leaves alternate.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Margins of leaflets entire.</li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves pinnate, 8-14 inches long; fruit a pod 2-4 -inches long; limbs bearing short spines in pairs at the nodes</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Robinia, p. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves 3-foliate; fruit a samara, winged all around, -in drooping clusters</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Ptelea, p. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves pinnate with 9-21 leaflets; fruit small, red or -white dry drupes in dense upright or loose drooping clusters</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Rhus, p. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Margins of leaflets not entire.</li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves pinnate with 11-23 serrate leaflets; fruit a -large sculptured nut</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Juglans, p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves odd-pinnate, with 3-11 leaflets; fruit a smooth -or angled nut </li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Carya, p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves odd-pinnate, with 13-17 lance-shaped leaflets; -fruit a small red acid pome, borne many in a flat-topped cluster. -(<i>Pyrus Americana</i>)</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Pyrus, p. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaves doubly compound with many ovate serrate -leaflets; fruit a small ovoid black berry in large branching -clusters; twigs and trunk armed with sharp spines</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Aralia, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b.—Leaves opposite.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Leaves pinnate, fruit a samara.</li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaflets, 3-5, samaras paired</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Acer, p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rd">Leaflets, 5-11, samaras, not paired</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Fraxinus, p. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">c.—Leaves digitate, fruit a globular capsule -containing large brown nuts</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Aesculus, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</b></li> </ul> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="PINACEAETHE_PINE_FAMILY">PINACEAE—THE PINE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Pine family comprises nearly 300 species belonging to 34 -genera, distributed principally in temperate regions throughout the -world. This family is of great economic importance, supplying a -larger quantity of lumber than any other family as well as enormous -amounts of tannin, turpentine, resin, tar and pitch. Many of its members -also are highly useful for ornamental purposes.</p> - -<p>The leaves of the trees and shrubs belonging to the Pine family -are needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like, and are usually persistent -for more than one year, the American Larch or Tamarack being -the only exception to this rule in West Virginia. The seeds are borne -either in true cones, or in berry-like fruits such as are produced on the -cedars.</p> - -<p>The following are the genera of Pinaceae represented in West -Virginia:</p> - -<p><b>Pinus</b>.—Of the 34 species of pines native to North America only -5 are found in West Virginia. These are described and illustrated -on following pages. Besides the native pines several introduced -species are planted on lawns and in parks. The most common of the -exotics are Red Pine (<i>Pinus resinosa</i>, Ait.) and Scotch Pine (<i>Pinus -sylvestris</i>, L.), the former having smooth cones about 2 inches long -and leaves 4-6 inches long, two in a bundle, and the latter having -cones 1½-2½ inches long, and leaves 1½-3½ inches long, two in a -bundle.</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PINUS</p> - - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="i2ndh">Leaves 5 in a cluster; cones smooth, 4-10 inches long</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. strobus, p. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i2ndh">Leaves fewer than 5 in a cluster; cones less than 4 inches long.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves 3 in a cluster; cones with prickles</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. rigida, p. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i2ndh">Leaves 2 in a cluster.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, 2-4 inches long; cones 2-4 inches -long with very thick sharp spines</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. pungens, p. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves twisted 1½-3½ inches long; cones 2-3 inches long; -scales terminated with prickles</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. virginiana, p. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i4th">Leaves slender, not twisted, 3-4 inches long, often 3 in a cluster, -especially near the ends of twigs</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. echinata, p. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</b></li></ul> - -<p><b>Larix</b>, (page <a href="#Page_39">39</a>).—There are 10 known species of Larches found -principally in the colder regions of the northern hemisphere. Three -of these are indigenous to North America and one extends as far -south as the northern part of West Virginia. Unlike most of the -members of the Pine family the Larches shed their leaves each fall. -The European Larch (<i>Larix decidua</i>, Mill.) is frequently planted for -ornamental purposes. It can be distinguished from the native species -by its much larger cones.</p> - -<p><b>Picea</b>, (page <a href="#Page_41">41</a>).—Eight of the 18 or 20 known species of -Spruces are native to North America and one species is found in West -Virginia. The 2 introduced Spruces most commonly planted are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -Norway Spruce (<i>Picea Abies</i>, (L.) Karst.) and Colorado Blue Spruce -(<i>Picea pungens</i>, Engl.). The Norway Spruce can be distinguished -from our native species by its much larger cones, and the Colorado -Blue Spruce by its blue-green foliage.</p> - -<p><b>Tsuga</b>, (page <a href="#Page_43">43</a>).—This genus comprises 8 species, 4 of which -grow in Asia and 4 in North America. One of the 2 Eastern -Hemlocks is common in West Virginia, the other (<i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>, -Engl.) grows from the mountains of Virginia south to Georgia.</p> - -<p><b>Abies</b>, (page <a href="#Page_45">45</a>).—The 25 known species of Firs are found -principally in cold and temperate regions. Of the 10 species in North -America only 2 are found east of the Rocky Mountains and 1 in -West Virginia. The other Eastern Fir is <i>Abies balsamea</i>, (L.) Mill, -which does not extend southward into this State.</p> - -<p><b>Thuja</b>, (page <a href="#Page_47">47</a>).—Four species of Arbor Vitae are known, 2 -of which are native to North America, one in the West and the other -in the East. The limited distribution in West Virginia of the latter -is given on the page describing this species.</p> - -<p><b>Juniperus</b>, (page <a href="#Page_49">49</a>).—This is a large genus comprising 40 -trees and shrubs. Of these, 16 species are found in North America. -Red Cedar, described in this bulletin, is common in West Virginia -and <i>Juniperus communis</i>, (L.) has been reported from Wood, Mineral -and Fayette counties.</p> - -<p>Other members of the Pine family which may be seen occasionally -planted on lawns in West Virginia are the following:</p> - -<p>White Cedar (<i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, (L.) B.S.P.)</p> - -<p>Bald Cypress (<i>Taxodium distichum</i>, Rich.)</p> - -<p>Ginkgo Tree (<i>Ginkgo biloba</i>, (L.)) and several other species and -varieties of Junipers, Pines, Spruces, and Yews.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="SALICACEAETHE_WILLOW_FAMILY">SALICACEAE—THE WILLOW FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Willow family, which includes also the Poplars, comprises -about 200 species, a large proportion of which are distributed in -temperate and arctic zones. Several shrubby species extend far into -the arctic regions.</p> - -<p>On the whole this family is not important commercially, but with -the disappearance of the more valuable kinds of trees the rapid-growing -and easily-propagated Willows and Poplars are receiving more -attention.</p> - -<p>The 2 genera belonging to this family are given below:</p> - -<p><b>Salix</b>, (page <a href="#Page_51">51</a>).—This genus comprises no fewer than 175 -known species, 100 of which are native to North America. The following -species are reported from West Virginia: <i>S. nigra</i>, Marsh., <i>S. -amygdaloides</i>, Aud., <i>S. discolor</i>, Muhl., <i>S. humilis</i>, Marsh., <i>S. cericea</i>, -Marsh. and <i>S. cordata</i>, Muhl. Doubtless several other species occur<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -in the State. The task of determining the different species of Willows -is one for the specialist who has devoted much time to their -study. For this reason only one species, the common Black Willow -of our stream banks, is described and illustrated in this bulletin. -The most common introduced Willows are the well-known Weeping -Willow (<i>Salix babylonica</i>, (L.)) and a yellow-twigged variety of the -White Willow (<i>Salix alba</i>, var. <i>vitellina</i>, (L.) Koch.).</p> - -<p><b>Populus</b>.—The species of Poplars and Aspens number 27 of -which 19 are native to North America and 3 to West Virginia. -White Poplar (<i>P. alba</i>, (L.)) and Balm of Gilead (<i>P. candicans</i>, Ait.) are -the principal introduced species planted in the State.</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POPULUS</p> - -<ul class="trees"> - -<li class="i2ndh">Leaves broadly deltoid, acuminate, marginal teeth somewhat incurved; -trees of stream banks and extensively planted along -streets</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. deltoides, p. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</b></li> -<li class="i2ndh">Leaves ovate to sub-orbicular.</li> -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, 3-5 inches long</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. grandidentata, p. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</b></li> -<li class="i2ndh">Leaves finely serrate, less than 3 inches long</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. tremuloides, p. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</b></li></ul> - - -<h2 id="JUGLANDACEAETHE_WALNUT_FAMILY">JUGLANDACEAE—THE WALNUT FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Walnut family, with its 6 genera and 35 species, is represented -in North America by 2 genera (Juglans and Carya) and 19 -species. This family is a very important one, contributing much of -the costliest and most durable timber as well as large quantities of -edible nuts. The wood of Black Walnut is especially adapted to -fine cabinet work and that of the Hickories to the manufacture of -vehicles, handles, etc., where strength and flexibility are desired.</p> - -<p><b>Juglans</b>.—The 15 species comprising this genus are found principally -in the north temperate zone. Five species are native to -North America and two are found in West Virginia. The English -Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i>, (L.)) which has been introduced and widely -planted in the United States yields the valuable Circassian Walnut -woods used in the manufacture of fine furniture as well as the walnuts -sold in our markets.</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JUGLANS</p> - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="i2ndh">Leaflets 11-17, often viscid-hairy; pith chocolate-brown; fruit elongated, -sticky-hairy</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>J. cinerea, p. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</b></li> -<li class="i2ndh">Leaflets 13-23, not viscid-hairy; pith cream-colored; fruit globose, not -sticky-hairy</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>J. nigra, p. <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</b></li></ul> - - -<p><b>Carya</b>.—The Hickory species number about 10, all of which are -native to that part of North America lying east of the Rock mountains. -At least 5 of these are found in West Virginia. <i>Carya microcarpa</i>, -Nutt., not described herein is reported from Fayette County.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></p> - -<p>The Pecan Hickory (<i>Carya illinoencis</i> (Wang.) K. K.), a southern -species prized for its nuts, is occasionally planted.</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARYA</p> - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="i2nd">a. Bark of trunk not deeply furrowed or shaggy; husk of fruit less -than ⅛ inch thick.</li> -<li class="i3rd">Leaflets usually 5-7, glabrous beneath; the upper 2-2½ -inches broad; kernel of nut sweet</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>C. glabra, p. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</b></li> -<li class="i3rd">Leaflets usually 7-11, somewhat downy beneath, the upper -1-1½ inches broad; kernel of nut bitter</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>C. cordiformis, p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</b></li> -<li class="i2nd">a. Bark of trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy; husk of fruit more than -⅛ inch thick.</li> -<li class="i3rd">Leaflets 5-7, scurfy or pubescent; bark rough but not -shaggy; buds densely hairy</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>C. alba, p. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</b></li> -<li class="i3rd">Leaflets usually 7; nuts 1¼-2 inches long, pointed at both -ends, dull white; bark shaggy</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>C. laciniosa, p. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</b></li> -<li class="i3rd">Leaflets usually 5; nuts smaller, rounded or notched at -the base, white, thin-shelled; bark shaggy</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>C. ovata, p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</b></li> -</ul> - - -<h2 id="BETULACEAETHE_BIRCH_FAMILY">BETULACEAE—THE BIRCH FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The 6 genera and about 75 species belonging to this family are -principally confined to the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. -In North America there are 5 genera and about 30 species, -of which the 5 genera and at least 9 species grow in West Virginia. -The Common Hazelnut (<i>Corylus americana</i>, Walt.) and the Beaked -Hazelnut (<i>Corylus rostrata</i>, Ait.) are both common shrubs of the -State. The Smooth Alder (<i>Alnus rugosa</i>, (DuRoi) Spreng.) and the -Hoary Alder (<i>Alnus incana</i>, (L.) Moench.) are both to be found, -the former abundant along our streams, and the latter rare in upland -swamps. <i>Alnus alnobetula</i> (Ehrh.) K K. is also reported from Greenbrier, -Fayette, and Randolph counties.</p> - -<p>This family produces products of great value. The wood of -Birches is used extensively for furniture and interior finish, and for -fuel. Black Birch supplies a volatile oil of considerable importance. -The wood of some of the Alders is becoming valuable on account of -its use in the manufacture of gunpowder, and the fruits of the -Hazelnuts bring a good price on the market. The following are our -tree genera:</p> - -<p><b>Ostrya</b>, (page <a href="#Page_73">73</a>).—Four species of Hop Hornbeam or Ironwood -are known, 2 being found in North America. One of these is -limited in its range to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, in Arizona; -the other is widely distributed and is common locally in West Virginia.</p> - -<p><b>Carpinus</b>, (page <a href="#Page_75">75</a>).—Eleven species of Hornbeams are native -to Asia and Europe and only 1 species is found in North America. -This is abundant in most parts of West Virginia.</p> - -<p><b>Betula</b>.—This genus comprises 25 known species of trees and 10 -species of shrubs. About 15 of these are native to North America<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -and 3 to West Virginia. Besides our native species the Gray Birch -(<i>Betula populifolia</i>, Marsh.) and varieties of White Birch (<i>Betula alba</i>, -L.) are often planted for ornamental purposes.</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BETULA</p> - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="i2ndh">Bark of the trunk light-colored with thin layers curling or peeling off.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Outer bark yellowish, fruits usually sessile; leaves usually rounded -at base; twigs with slight wintergreen taste</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>B. lutea, p. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Outer bark reddish-brown, inner bark tinged with red; fruits on -slender stalks; leaves usually wedge-shaped at base; not -aromatic</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>B. nigra, p. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i2ndh">Bark of trunk rough, dark gray, without thin outer layers; bark of -twigs with wintergreen taste</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>B. lenta, p. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</b></li> -</ul> - - - - -<h2 id="FAGACEAETHE_BEECH_FAMILY">FAGACEAE—THE BEECH FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>There are 6 genera and about 400 species of trees and shrubs -belonging to the Beech family of which 5 genera and about 60 species -are native to North America. Fourteen species of Oaks, 2 species -of Chestnuts, and 1 species of Beech occur in West Virginia.</p> - -<p>This large family is second in importance only to the Pine family -and in some respects surpasses it. Nearly all its members, especially -the various kinds of oaks, produce wood of superior quality and -adapted to a great variety of uses.</p> - -<p><b>Fagus</b>, (page <a href="#Page_83">83</a>).—This genus comprises, in the world, 5 species, -only 1 of which is found native in America. The others are -Asiatic and European species. The European Beech (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i>, -L.), and its varieties having purple leaves, cut leaves or pendent -branches are often planted for ornamental purposes.</p> - -<p><b>Castanea</b>, (pp. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>).—Of the 5 or more species of chestnuts -belonging to this genus, none is found in the western part of North -America and 3 species are native to the eastern part of the United -States. <i>Castanea alnifolia</i>, Nutt., is a shrub found in the southern -Atlantic states. The European Chestnut (<i>Castanea sativa</i>), the Japanese -Chestnut (<i>Castanea Japonica</i>) and the Chinese Chestnut (<i>Castanea -mollissima</i>) are all planted in this country for their nuts. The -Japanese and Chinese species are more or less resistant to the chestnut -bark disease and for this reason they and their hybrids with -our native species are likely to receive much attention from nut-growers. -The common Chestnut and the Chinquapin, both of which -are natives of West Virginia, may be exterminated by the disease -mentioned above.</p> - -<p><b>Quercus</b>.—The Oak genus comprises 300 known species in the -world. Of these about 55 are indigenous to North America and 14 -to West Virginia. The Oaks belong to two classes, namely, those -that mature their acorns in one season and those that mature them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> -in two. The West Virginia species are grouped below according to -their classes:</p> - -<p>White Oak Class:</p> - - -<ul><li>1.—White Oak (<i>Quercus alba</i>).</li> -<li>2.—Post Oak (<i>Quercus stellata</i>).</li> -<li>3.—Bur Oak (<i>Quercus macrocarpa</i>).</li> -<li>4.—Swamp White Oak (<i>Quercus bicolor</i>).</li> -<li>5.—Yellow Oak (<i>Quercus Muhlenbergii</i>).</li> -<li>6.—Chestnut Oak (<i>Quercus Prinus</i>).</li></ul> - - - -<p>Black Oak Class:</p> - - -<ul><li>1.—Red Oak (<i>Quercus rubra</i>).</li> -<li>2.—Pin Oak (<i>Quercus palustris</i>).</li> -<li>3.—Scarlet Oak (<i>Quercus coccinea</i>).</li> -<li>4.—Black Oak (<i>Quercus velutina</i>).</li> -<li>5.—Spanish Oak (<i>Quercus falcata</i>).</li> -<li>6.—Scrub Oak (<i>Quercus ilicifolia</i>).</li> -<li>7.—Black Jack Oak (<i>Quercus marilandica</i>).</li> -<li>8.—Laurel Oak (<i>Quercus imbricaria</i>).</li></ul> - - - -<p>The following key will assist in distinguishing the species.</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF QUERCUS</p> - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="ifrsth">a. Apex of leaves or their lobes sharp-pointed, usually bristle tipped; -acorn maturing at end of second season.</li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b. Leaves entire, not lobed.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves often pubescent beneath</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. imbricaria, p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b. Leaves lobed.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves very broad toward apex, with shallow lobes, -brownish tomentose beneath</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. marilandica, p. <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves not uniform, lobes usually long and lanceolate, -often scythe-shaped</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. falcata, p. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves 2-5 inches long, densely white pubescent beneath; -tree small, often a shrub</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. ilicifolia, p. <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves with sinuses extending not over half way to the -mid-rib, dull green above; inner bark pinkish; acorn -cup saucer-shaped</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. rubra, p. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves of upper branches similar in shape to those of -<i>Q. rubra</i> but bright green above; those on lower limbs -and young trees often with lobes rounded; inner bark -yellow; acorn cup top-shaped </li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. velutina, p. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves with sinuses extending at least ⅔ of the way to -mid-rib; acorn cup large and top-shaped</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. coccinea, p. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves similar to those of <i>Q. coccinea</i> but with acorn -cup small and saucer-shaped; a tree of low grounds -with lower branches drooping</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. palustris, p. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</b> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span></li> - - -<li class="ifrsth">a. Apex of leaves or their lobes without bristle tips usually rounded; -acorns maturing at end of first season.</li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b. Leaves not deeply lobed.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves coarsely sinuate-crenate; acorns on stems 1-3 -inches long; bark of branches with papery scales -turning back</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. bicolor, p. <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves coarsely crenate-toothed; acorns 1-1½ inches long, -glossy, cup deep and thin; bark of trunk deeply furrowed, -dark gray or black</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. Prinus, p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves equally and sharply coarse-toothed; acorns less -than an inch long; bark of tree not deeply furrowed,</li> -<li class="i3rdh">light gray, resembling that of White Oak</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. Muhlenbergii, p. <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</b></li> - - -<li class="i2ndh">b. Leaves deeply lobed.</li> - - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves 6-12 inches long, cut near the middle almost to -mid-rib by two opposite rounded sinuses, 5-7 lobed, -the terminal lobe large; acorn ¾-1½ inches long; cup -deep, fringed around the outer rim</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. macrocarpa, p. <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves thick, leathery, usually 5-lobed, bright yellow-green -above; acorns small, inch long</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. stellata, p. <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves 3-9 lobed, medium thin; acorn ¾-1¼ inches -long</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>Q. alba, p. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</b></li> -</ul> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="URTICACEAETHE_NETTLE_FAMILY">URTICACEAE—THE NETTLE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The trees and shrubs alone belonging to the Nettle family number -1000 or more, most of which are tropical. The herbaceous representatives -of this family in West Virginia are mostly unimportant -weeds, but the 3 genera and 4 species of trees have considerable -commercial value and are attractive ornamentally.</p> - -<p><b>Ulmus</b>, (pp. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>).—There are about 15 known species of Elms -of which 6 are native in North America and 3 in West Virginia. The -English Elm (<i>Ulmus campestris</i>, L.) is planted for ornamental purposes. -The Cork Elm (<i>Ulmus racemosa</i>, Thomas) is reported from -Summers, Monroe, and Randolph counties.</p> - -<p><b>Celtis</b>, (page <a href="#Page_121">121</a>).—There are about 60 species of Hackberries, -9 being natives of North America and 2 natives of West Virginia. -Besides the species herein described <i>Celtis pumila</i>, Pursh, a shrubby -variety, grows at Harpers Ferry and other stations in the eastern part -of the State.</p> - -<p><b>Morus</b>, (page <a href="#Page_123">123</a>).—About 10 species of Mulberries are known, -of which 3 are native to North America and 1 to West Virginia. The -White Mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>, L.) a native of Asia, introduced to furnish -food for silk worms, has become established in many sections.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></p> - -<p>The Osage Orange (<i>Maclura pomifera</i>, (Raf.) Sch.), a member of -this family found native in the southwestern states, has been introduced -into many sections where it is planted for hedges.</p> - -<p>Paper Mulberry (<i>Broussonetia papyrifera</i>, Vent.), a Japanese species, -is reported from Jefferson, Berkeley, Kanawha, and other counties. -The Common Fig Tree (<i>Ficus Carica</i>, L.) is occasionally found -in the eastern part of the State where it has been planted.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="MAGNOLIACEAETHE_MAGNOLIA_FAMILY">MAGNOLIACEAE—THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Magnolia family, comprising about 10 genera and 85 species -of trees and shrubs, is represented in North America by 4 genera, -two of which contain only shrubs. The other two include the valuable -Magnolias and Tulip Tree which not only produce large quantities -of choice lumber but are among the most desirable of our ornamental -trees.</p> - -<p><b>Magnolia</b>, (pp. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, -<a href="#Page_129">129</a>).—Most of the 25 species of Magnolias -are tropical only one venturing as far north as southern Canada. -Three species are native in West Virginia. <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>, a -fragrant-flowered species growing farther east and south, is sometimes -planted in West Virginia but is not hardy. Several shrubby -and arborescent Chinese and Japanese species are also grown for -ornamental use.</p> - -<p><b>Liriodendron</b>, (page <a href="#Page_131">131</a>).—The Chinese <i>Liriodendron chinensis</i> -and our common Tulip Tree are the only known species belonging to -this genus.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="ANONACEAETHE_CUSTARD_APPLE_FAMILY">ANONACEAE—THE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>This family is essentially tropical, only a few of the 600 species -being found in temperate regions. It has 2 genera, <i>Asimina</i> (page <a href="#Page_133">133</a>) -and <i>Anona</i>, the former having 5 species of shrubs in the south Atlantic -and Gulf states, and one tree growing in the eastern half of the -United States. <i>Anona</i> is a tropical genus.</p> - -<p>The trees of this family are small and the wood has no commercial -value. The fruit of our Common Pawpaw is sweet and -edible, but to many persons distasteful. The tree is highly ornamental -and interesting when growing singly or in groups.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="LAURACEAETHE_LAUREL_FAMILY">LAURACEAE—THE LAUREL FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Laurel family, with about 40 genera and nearly 1000 species, -is represented in North America by 6 genera, of which 4 are arborescent. -Most of the species are tropical. The 2 genera represented -in West Virginia are <i>Sassafras</i>, (page <a href="#Page_135">135</a>) and <i>Benzoin</i>, the latter -having 1 shrubby species, the common Spice Bush. The Sassafras -described herein is the only member of this genus in North America. -Another species is found in China.</p> - -<p>The members of this family are aromatic trees and shrubs, none -of which is important as a wood producer. Some of them possess -medicinal properties and all have ornamental value.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="HAMAMELIDACEAETHE_WITCH_HAZEL_FAMILY">HAMAMELIDACEAE—THE WITCH HAZEL FAMILY</h2> - -<p>The Witch Hazel family comprises about 18 genera with 50 -species most of which are native in Asia, South Africa and North -America. Of the 3 North American genera 2 are arborescent. The -genus <i>Hamamelis</i> (page <a href="#Page_137">137</a>) has 2 species in Asia and 1 herein -described. <i>Liquidambar</i> (page <a href="#Page_139">139</a>) also comprises 2 Asiatic and 1 -North American species, the latter being found in West Virginia.</p> - -<p>The species produce hard, dark-colored and handsome wood.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="PLATANACEAETHE_PLANE_TREE_FAMILY">PLATANACEAE—THE PLANE TREE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Plane Tree family has a single genus. <i>Platanus</i>, (page <a href="#Page_141">141</a>) -with about 7 species, 3 of which are native to North America and 1 -to West Virginia. Of the exotic species the Old World <i>Platanus -orientalis</i>, L. is frequently planted along streets for shade.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="ROSACEAETHE_ROSE_FAMILY">ROSACEAE—THE ROSE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Rose family with about 90 genera and 1,500 species is one -of the largest and most important families of plants, including the -apple, pear, cherry, plum, quince, raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry. -About 90 species, 30 or more of which are trees, are found in -West Virginia. The genera which include our tree species are given -below:</p> - -<p><b>Pyrus</b>, (pp. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>).—This -genus comprises about 40 species of -trees and shrubs, 10 of which are native to North America and 2 or -more to West Virginia. The apple and pear, introduced from Europe, -are placed by some authors under the genus <i>Malus</i>, and Mountain -Ash under the genus <i>Sorbus</i>. The latter is included under Pyrus -in this bulletin. The European Mountain Ash (<i>Pyrus aucuparia</i>, (L.) -Ehrh.) is often planted for ornamental purposes.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p> - -<p><b>Amelanchier</b>, (page <a href="#Page_147">147</a>).—The Juneberry species number about -30. About 23 of these are found in North America, 6 of which -attain tree size. Besides the species described herein, variety <i>botryapium</i> -has been reported from Preston County and a specimen collected -in Tucker County has been pronounced by Dr. C. S. Sargent -as the recently-named <i>Amelanchier laeris</i>. A shrubby species (<i>Amelanchier -oligocarpa</i>, (Michx.) Roem.) is found in Tucker and Pocahontas -counties.</p> - -<p><b>Crataegus</b>, (pp. <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, -<a href="#Page_151">151</a>).—A few species of this genus occur in -Europe and Asia, but most of them are native to North America. -About 700 species of Thorns have been described. According to -some authorities there are fewer species than have been described, -while others affirm there are many yet to be found. Millspaugh’s -Flora of West Virginia lists 22 species, and the writer has collected -several additional species that have been examined and identified by -Eggleston and others. Because the Thorns are of little commercial -importance and are very difficult to identify only 2 species are described -in this bulletin.</p> - -<p><b>Prunus</b>.—This genus includes the Plums and Cherries. Of the -100 or more species distributed in Asia, Europe and America, about -30 are native in the United States, and 4 or 5 are found in West Virginia.</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PRUNUS</p> - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="ifrsth">a. Fruit in long racemose clusters.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves 2-5 inches long; fruit purplish-black</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. serotina, p. <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves 2-4 inches long; fruit dark crimson</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. virginiana, p. <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="ifrsth">a. Fruit in 4-5 fruited, umbel-like bunches.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves lanceolate, thin, 3-5 inches long; fruit ¼ inch in -diameter, light red</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. pennsylvanica, p. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves obovate, thick, rough above, 1½-4 inches long; fruit -1 inch in diameter, red or yellow</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>P. americana, p. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</b></li> -</ul> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="LEGUMINOSAETHE_PULSE_FAMILY">LEGUMINOSAE—THE PULSE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Pulse family embraces over 400 genera with about 7,350 -species of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Out of this number 100 genera -with about 1,400 species are found in North America, and about 25 -genera with 65 species are recorded for West Virginia. Only 3 -genera with 3 species in this State can be classified as trees.</p> - -<p><b>Gleditsia</b>, (page <a href="#Page_161">161</a>).—About 11 species belonging to this genus -are distributed throughout the temperate regions of Asia and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -eastern North America, 3 of which are native to the south-central -and eastern parts of the United States. One is found in West Virginia.</p> - -<p><b>Cercis</b>, (page <a href="#Page_163">163</a>).—This genus includes 7 species of small -trees and shrubs distributed in parts of Europe, Asia and North -America, 3 of which are found in the United States and one in West -Virginia. The genus is of little commercial importance.</p> - -<p><b>Robinia</b>, (page <a href="#Page_165">165</a>).—- This is an American genus containing 7 -species, 4 of which are shrubs, one tree species being found in West -Virginia. Locusts have been introduced into Europe where they -are widely planted. The Rose Acacia (<i>Robinia hispida</i>, L.) is occasionally -planted for ornamental purposes.</p> - -<p>The Kentucky Coffee tree (<i>Gymnocladus dioica</i>, (L.) Koch.) has -been planted in many sections of the State, and is reported by Millspaugh -as native in Randolph and Webster counties.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="RUTACEAETHE_RUE_FAMILY">RUTACEAE—THE RUE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>This large family is confined chiefly to the Old World and the -southern hemisphere, and is largely made up of herbs. Four genera -have tree representatives in the United States. The species are not -commercially valuable. <i>Ptelea</i> (page <a href="#Page_167">167</a>) is the only genus native -to West Virginia. Prickly Ash (<i>Zanthoxylum americanum</i>, Mill.) -grows in Monongalia, Jefferson, and Taylor counties, probably as an -introduced species.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="SIMARUBACEAETHE_QUASSIA_FAMILY">SIMARUBACEAE—THE QUASSIA FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Tree of Heaven (<i>Ailanthus glandulosa</i>, Desf.), introduced -from Asia, has been extensively planted along streets and on lawns -from which it has escaped in many places.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="ANACARDIACEAETHE_CASHEW_FAMILY">ANACARDIACEAE—THE CASHEW FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Cashew or Sumach family is mainly tropical comprising -about 50 genera with 500 species of trees, shrubs and woody vines. -Its members are not valuable as wood producers but in many cases -they have commercial importance on account of their acrid, milky, or -resinous juice, used in medicine, tanning, and the manufacture of -varnishes and resins, and on account of their attractive appearance -when planted as ornaments. The genus <i>Rhus</i>, (pp. <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, -<a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>) is -the only one native to Northeastern America. There are 120 known -species of <i>Rhus</i>, about 16 of which are found in North America and 6 -in West Virginia. Besides those described in this bulletin the following -shrubby species grow wild in the State: Smooth Sumach<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -(<i>Rhus glabra</i>, L.), Poison Ivy (<i>Rhus Toxicodendron</i>, L.) and Fragrant -Sumach (<i>Rhus canadensis</i>, Marsh.)</p> - -<p>The Smoke Tree (<i>Rhus Cotinus</i>, L.), an introduced tree, is planted -on lawns.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="AQUIFOLIACEAETHE_HOLLY_FAMILY">AQUIFOLIACEAE—THE HOLLY FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Holly family with 5 genera and nearly 300 species is distributed -in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. <i>Ilex</i>, -(pp. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>) which is represented in West Virginia by 4 species of -small trees and shrubs, is the only genus of this family which is important -in number of species or is widely distributed. Our hollies, -not described herein, are Winterberry (<i>Ilex verticillata</i>, (L.) Gray), -a low shrub common in high swamps; and a rare shrubby species with -long-stalked fruits (<i>Ilex longipes</i> Chapm.) recently collected in Randolph -County. <i>Nemopanthus mucronata</i>, (L.) Trel., also a member of -this family, is a common shrub growing at high altitudes in this -State.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="ACERACEAETHE_MAPLE_FAMILY">ACERACEAE—THE MAPLE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>This family includes only 2 genera, one of which (<i>Dipternia</i>) -contains a single Chinese species. The genus <i>Acer</i> comprises about -70 species distributed principally in the northern hemisphere. There -are 13 species native to the United States, 6 of which are found in -West Virginia.</p> - -<p>The maples not only produce much valuable wood but are used -more extensively than any other group for ornamental purposes. -The principal exotic species are Norway Maple (<i>Acer platanoides</i>, L.), -and Sycamore Maple (<i>Acer Pseudo-Platanus</i>, L.).</p> - -<p>The following key will be of use in distinguishing the species:</p> - -<p class="center">KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACER</p> - -<ul class="trees"> -<li class="ifrsth">a. Leaves simple.</li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b. Leaf sinuses acute at base.</li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaf-lobes long and narrow, leaves silvery white beneath; -fruit in pairs, each key 1-2 inches long, falling in -May</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>A. saccharinum, p. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaf-lobes short and broad, leaves white-downy beneath, -3-lobed; fruit small, several, persistent till fall, in long -drooping clusters; a small tree or shrub</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>A. spicatum, p. <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves whitish and nearly glabrous beneath, 3-5 lobed, -lobes broad and short; fruit in small clusters, falling -in early summer</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>A. rubrum, p. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i2ndh">b. Leaf sinuses rounded at base, leaves 3-lobed, finely and -evenly toothed; fruit several in drooping racemes; a -small tree or shrub with striped bark</li> - -<li class="ipge"><b>A. pennsylvanicum, p. <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="i3rdh">Leaves usually 5-lobed (or 3-lobed in variety nigrum, p. -185), the lobes sparingly wavy-toothed; fruit in small -clusters, persisting until fall; a large tree</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>A. saccharum, p. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</b></li> - -<li class="ifrsth">a. Leaves compound; twigs greenish; fruit in long drooping racemes</li> -<li class="ipge"><b>A. negundo, p. <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</b></li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SAPINDACEAETHE_SOAPBERRY_FAMILY">SAPINDACEAE—THE SOAPBERRY FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>This family embraces 100 genera and about 1000 species, chiefly -tropical in the Old World. Six genera of trees occur in North -America. The genus <i>Aesculus</i>, (pp. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, -<a href="#Page_195">195</a>) comprises 14 species, 10 -of which are found in America and 2 in West Virginia. No other -genus of this family is represented in the flora of the State. The -Horse Chestnut (<i>Aesculus Hippocastanum</i>, L.) is a common introduced -species.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="TILIACEAETHE_LINDEN_FAMILY">TILIACEAE—THE LINDEN FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Linden family with about 35 genera and over 300 species is -chiefly tropical, having more representatives in the southern than in -the northern hemisphere. Of the 3 North American genera only one -(<i>Tilia</i>) is arborescent. Of the 8 species of <i>Tilia</i> (pp. <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>) found -in North America 2 are native to West Virginia. The European Linden -(<i>Tilia Europea</i>, L.) is occasionally planted.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="ARALIACEAETHE_GINSENG_FAMILY">ARALIACEAE—THE GINSENG FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>This family having about 50 genera with over 400 species is chiefly -tropical, though widely distributed in other parts of the world. The -genus <i>Aralia</i> (page <a href="#Page_201">201</a>) contains the only tree species in North -America. This is common in West Virginia.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="CORNACEAETHE_DOGWOOD_FAMILY">CORNACEAE—THE DOGWOOD FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Dogwood family, with 15 genera, is widely distributed in -temperate regions. <i>Cornus</i> (pp. <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, -<a href="#Page_205">205</a>) and <i>Nyssa</i> (page <a href="#Page_207">207</a>) -are the only genera having tree representatives in North America. -Of the 40 known species of <i>Cornus</i> 15 are native to North America and -7 to West Virginia. The shrubby species are listed on page <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. -<i>Nyssa</i> comprises 7 known species, 5 of which are found in North -America and 1 in this State.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="ERICACEAETHE_HEATH_FAMILY">ERICACEAE—THE HEATH FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Heath family with its 90 genera and 1,400 species is widely -distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Of the 40 genera found -in the United States 7 have tree representatives. The flora of West -Virginia comprises about 22 genera and 40 species belonging to this -family. Many of these are shrubs, the names of which are given in -the list of native shrubs beginning on page <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</p> - -<p>Three small trees belonging to the following genera are described -herein.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></p> - -<p><b>Rhododendron</b>, (page <a href="#Page_209">209</a>).—This genus embraces about 100 -species of shrubs and small trees in the Northern hemisphere besides -a large number in the southern. Of the 17 or more species native -to North America only 1 reaches tree size. In addition to the species -described herein the flora of the State embraces the Mountain Rose -Bay (<i>R. catawbiense</i>, Michx.) and several species of Azaleas.</p> - -<p><b>Kalmia</b>, (page <a href="#Page_211">211</a>).—The genus <i>Kalmia</i> includes about 5 species -in North America, 2 of which are found in West Virginia. <i>Kalmia -angustifolia</i>, L. is a rare shrub reported from several counties in the -State.</p> - -<p><b>Oxydendrum</b>, (page <a href="#Page_213">213</a>).—This genus contains a single species, -the Sour-wood, described in this bulletin.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="EBENACEAETHE_EBONY_FAMILY">EBENACEAE—THE EBONY FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Ebony family with 6 genera and many species is distributed -chiefly in tropical regions of both hemispheres. The genus <i>Diospyros</i> -(page <a href="#Page_215">215</a>) is the only representative of this family in the -United States and includes 2 species one of which is native to West -Virginia.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="STYRACACEAETHE_STORAX_FAMILY">STYRACACEAE—THE STORAX FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>This family embracing about 7 genera and comparatively few -species is distributed principally in North and South America and in -eastern Asia. Of the 3 North American genera only <i>Halesia</i> (page -217) is found in West Virginia.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="OLEACEAETHE_OLIVE_FAMILY">OLEACEAE—THE OLIVE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Olive family comprises about 20 genera with 500 species distributed -principally in the northern hemisphere. In North America -there are 5 genera with 20 species and in West Virginia 2 genera with -4 species. The Olive Tree (<i>Olea Europaea</i>, L.), which produces the -olives used for food, belongs to this family. This tree has been introduced -into the southwestern part of the United States. The <i>Syringas</i>, -(Lilacs), <i>Forsythias</i>, and <i>Ligustrums</i> (Privets) are extensively planted -in this State for ornamental purposes and for hedges. The two -genera described below have representatives in West Virginia.</p> - -<p><b>Fraxinus</b>, (pp. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, -<a href="#Page_223">223</a>).—The <i>Ashes</i>, numbering about 40 -species, are distributed chiefly in the north temperate zone. Of this -number 16 occur in North America and 3 in West Virginia. The -European Ash, (<i>F. excelsior</i>, L.) is occasionally planted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span></p> - -<p><b>Chionanthus</b>, (page <a href="#Page_225">225</a>).—This genus embraces only 2 species -one of which is found in West Virginia. The other is native to northern -and central China.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="CAPRIFOLIACEAETHE_HONEYSUCKLE_FAMILY">CAPRIFOLIACEAE—THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY</h2> - - -<p>The Honeysuckle family, comprising about 10 genera with 275 -species, is represented in North America by 8 genera and in West -Virginia by 7 genera and about 18 species. Of this number 15 are -shrubs or small trees. The species not described herein belonging to -the genera <i>Viburnum</i> (pp. <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, -<a href="#Page_229">229</a>), <i>Diervilla</i>, <i>Lonicera</i>, and <i>Sambucus</i>, -are given in the list of native shrubs.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_029.jpg" alt="WHITE PINE" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="WHITE_PINE">WHITE PINE</h2> - -<p><b>Pinus strobus</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk when in close -stands long, straight, and free from limbs; limbs arranged in whorls.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Arranged in clusters of 5, slender, 3-sided mucronate, -3-5 inches long, blue-green when mature.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; monoecious; the staminate oval, light brown -one-third inch long, clustered at base of new growth; the pistillate -catkins in small groups or solitary along the new growth, cylindrical, -about ¼ inch long, pink.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones maturing in autumn of second year, drooping, -cylindrical, often curved, 4-6 inches long, scales thin without spines; -seeds red-brown mottled with black spots, ¼ inch long with wings 1 -inch long.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On young branches smooth, green, often with red tinge; -on old trunks thick, divided by shallow fissures into wide flat-topped -ridges covered with purplish scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Soft, weak, straight-grained, easily worked, not durable -in contact with the ground, light brown with whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland and Manitoba to Pennsylvania, Indiana -and Iowa, and south along the Alleghany mountains to northern -Georgia.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Originally abundant in parts of -Pocahontas, Greenbrier, Raleigh, and Tucker counties, and sparingly -distributed in all the counties east of the Alleghanies, and in Gilmer, -Jackson, Monongalia, Preston, Ritchie, Tyler, Wetzel, and Wirt -counties. Now becoming rare.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers fertile, well-drained soil, but will grow in all -soils and situations excepting swamps and dry wind-swept ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—White Pine is easily distinguished from all other native -species by the leaves which are in clusters of five. This tree is one -of the most valuable and beautiful of the conifers. Its wood is extensively -used for shingles, construction, cabinet work, woodenware, -matches, etc. As an ornamental tree it is especially attractive. A -fungous disease, the white pine blister rust, threatens to destroy -the species.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_031.jpg" alt="PITCH PINE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="PITCH_PINE">PITCH PINE</h2> - -<p><b>Pinus rigida</b>, Mill.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Usually 50-60 feet high, 1-2½ feet in diameter; trunk not -straight, tapering; crown rounded, usually open; limbs coarse, gnarled, -with thick bark, and persistent old cones.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—In clusters of three; stout, rigid, somewhat twisted, -often standing at right angles with the branches; yellow-green.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Appear April-May; monoecious; the staminate in -crowded spikes, at base of new growth, yellow; the pistillate short-stalked, -nearly round, green tinged with rose.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones maturing autumn of second year; ovoid, often -clustered, divergent from stem, 1-3 inches long, adhering for several -years; scales thin, armed with stiff recurved prickles; triangular -seeds ¼ inch long with wing ¾ inch long, one-third inch wide, dark -brown to black, sometimes spotted with gray or red dots.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Twigs green becoming dull orange and then gray-brown -with age; trunk with rough, thick, deeply-and irregularly-furrowed, -red-brown bark.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable, resinous; -with thick yellowish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New Brunswick and Lake Ontario, south to Georgia, -and west to the Alleghany foothills of West Virginia, Kentucky and -Tennessee.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found locally in the following -counties: Boone, Braxton, Berkeley, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gilmer, -Grant, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Kanawha, Logan, Mercer, -Monroe, Mingo, Nicholas, Preston, Pocahontas, Randolph, Roane, -Summers, Tyler and Wayne. Rare in McDowell, Wyoming, and -Webster.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers dry sandy soils of hillsides, sometimes found in -swamps.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This is our only native pine having all the leaves in -bundles of three. It is of much less value than the White Pine but -wall often grow where other pines will not. and is resistant to fire. -Wood used chiefly for mine props, fuel, charcoal, boxes, crates, and -construction. Tar is sometimes made from this wood, and the resin-filled -knots and wood are excellent for kindling fires.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_033.jpg" alt="TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="TABLE_MOUNTAIN_PINE">TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE</h2> - -<p><b>Pinus pungens</b>, Lamb.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree 30-50 feet high, 1-2½ feet in diameter; trunk -sometimes with limbs almost to the ground, the lower drooping, the -upper ascending; often bearing cones when only a few feet tall.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Two in a bundle, stiff, usually twisted, sharp-pointed, -1½-3 inches long; dark blue-green.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in long, loose -spikes, anthers yellow; pistillate clustered on sides of new growth.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones large, oblong-conical, oblique at base, 2-3½ inches -long, hanging on for many years; scales with very stout, curved -prickles.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On the trunk broken by fissures into irregular plates with -loose red-brown scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, resinous, brown with -yellowish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Pennsylvania and New Jersey to northern Georgia, in -the Appalachian mountains.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Scattered sparingly in the counties -along the Alleghany Mountains.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Usually found on dry gravelly slopes and ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species is most easily distinguished from the other -pines of the State by the very large and prickly cones and by the -bundles of two stiff, short leaves. The yellow pine which has some -of its leaves grouped in twos has very small and nearly smooth cones. -Not valuable for lumber; used chiefly for fuel and charcoal.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_035.jpg" alt="YELLOW PINE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="YELLOW_PINE">YELLOW PINE</h2> - -<p><b>Pinus echinata</b>, Mill.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—From 80-100 feet high, 2-3½ feet in diameter; trunk -straight, slightly tapering; crown pyramidal or rounded; limbs not -tolerant of shade and in dense stands dropping off early leaving a -long, clean trunk.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—In clusters of 2 and 3, the leaves in threes more often -near the ends of twigs; slender, flexible, 3-5 inches long, blue-green.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; monoecious, pale purple, staminate flowers -in clusters at base of new growth; pistillate flowers 2-4 in a whorl -near end of new growth, pale rose-colored.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones maturing at end of second year; ovoid, 1½-2½ -inches long; flat scales, armed with weak, often deciduous prickles; -seeds triangular, winged, brown mottled with black.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On the trunk broken into large more or less rectangular -plates the scales of which readily peel off.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, yellowish.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New York to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A scattered growth in the hilly -counties lying east of the Ohio river and in the counties along the -Alleghany Mountains.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Usually found with hardwoods and other pines on clay -or gravelly soil, on hills or stony slopes.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Yellow-Pine can be distinguished from the other -pines by its clusters of two and three slender leaves and its small -cones. It furnishes excellent lumber for commerce and is extensively -used for many purposes in buildings.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_037.jpg" alt="SCRUB PINE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="JERSEY_OR_SCRUB_PINE">JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE</h2> - -<p><b>Pinus virginiana</b>, Mill.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree usually 30-50 feet high, diameter 1-2 feet; -trunk short and often crooked; crown pyramidal to flat-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Clustered in twos, 1½-3 inches long, twisted, rather -stout, sharp-pointed, gray-green.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in clusters at base -of new growth, yellow-brown; pistillate near middle of season’s -growth, pale green, the scale tips rose-colored.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ovoid when open, sometimes slightly curved; scales thin, -nearly flat, bright brown, with persistent prickles.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—With shallow fissures, and dark brown loose scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, brittle, pale orange with whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern New York to Georgia, west to Kentucky and -southern Indiana.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in Berkeley, Jefferson, -Morgan, Grant, Mercer and other counties southward along the -mountains; less common in Barbour, Boone, Fayette, Kanawha, -Logan, Monongalia, Randolph, Ritchie, Wayne and Wyoming counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers light sandy and thin rocky soils; often found -on exhausted farm lands.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species is most easily confused with yellow pine, -but can be distinguished by its uniform 2-leaf clusters, small prickly -cones and comparatively smooth bark. The leaves are twisted and -divergent, giving the twigs a disheveled appearance. Of little value -as a timber tree; wood used chiefly for boxes, crates, fencing, ties, -and fuel.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_039.jpg" alt="TAMARACK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="TAMARACK">TAMARACK</h2> - -<p><b>Larix laricina</b>, (DuRoi) Koch.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A tree usually 30-60 feet high, 1-2 feet in diameter; trunk -straight, tapering, and having numerous slender, upward-curving -branches; crown narrowly pyramidal.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Scattered singly or clustered in dense fascicles on short -lateral spurs; linear, triangular in cross-section, ¾-1¼ inches long, -light green, falling each year in autumn.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate sessile, -sub-globose, yellow; pistillate oblong with light-colored bracts and -nearly orbicular rose-colored scales.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones mature autumn of first season; ovoid, obtuse, ½-¾ -inch long with few light brown rounded scales.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thin, roughened with small rounded red-brown scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, slightly resinous, very strong, durable in -soil, light brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland south to Maryland and West Virginia, -west to Minnesota and the Rocky Mountains, through British Columbia -to Alaska.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A few trees near Cranesville, -Preston County, growing in a swamp.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers swamps and lake borders, but thrives in many -other places.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Tamarack is our only native cone-bearer with deciduous -leaves. This tree has been transplanted in several places in the State -where it makes a good appearance on the lawn.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_041.jpg" alt="RED SPRUCE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_SPRUCE">RED SPRUCE</h2> - -<p><b>Picea rubra</b>, (DuRoi) Deitr.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 70-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk straight, continuous, -free from limbs to a considerable height when in close stands; -crown conical; limbs somewhat drooping below, horizontal in the -middle, ascending above.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Crowded and diverging in all directions from the twig; -rounded or acute points, ½-⅝ inch long, dark yellow-green.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; monoecious; staminate oval, almost sessile, -red; pistillate oblong, with thin rounded scales.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones ovate-oblong, narrowed from middle to acute -apex; 1¼-2 inches long; scales reddish-brown with entire margins.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened by thin, irregular-shaped brown scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, pale in color, with -whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland to West Virginia and southward along -the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, west to Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Growing at high elevation in -Grant, Tucker, Randolph, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Webster, Nicholas -and Greenbrier counties. Now largely removed by lumbermen.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Well-drained uplands; also on mountain tops and occasionally -on borders of swamps.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Since this species is the only native spruce in West Virginia -there is no cause for confusing it with anything else. Norway -spruce has much larger cones. Originally red spruce was one of our -principal lumber trees, but when it is removed there is but little natural -reproduction. Often planted for shade. Wood used for construction, -musical instruments, furniture, aeroplanes and paper pulp.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_043.jpg" alt="HEMLOCK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="HEMLOCK">HEMLOCK</h2> - -<p><b>Tsuga canadensis</b>, (L.) Carr.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk with limbs -nearly to the ground when in the open but free from them to a considerable -height when in dense stands; slender horizontal branches -form a pyramidal crown which is often irregular.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Arranged on all sides of the branch, but appearing as if -in two ranks, flat, thin, rounded or slightly notched at the tip, about -½ inch long, dark green above, pale beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in the axils, globose, -yellow; pistillate terminal, pale green, oblong, with broad bracts -and short pinkish scales.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones mature each autumn; borne on slender stalks; -ovate, about ¾ of an inch long; scales rounded, about as broad as -long; seeds about ⅛ inch long, half as long as their wings.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—With deep fissures on old trunks and prominent rounded -ridges; inner bark cinnamon-red.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, medium hard, brittle, coarse-grained, not easily -worked, not durable when exposed to the weather; red-brown with -lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia, south to Alabama and west to Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in nearly all parts of -the State, reaching high elevations in the mountain counties, and -confined to ravines and rough stony ground in most of the hilly -sections.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers damp stony northern exposures, deep stream -gorges, river banks, and swamp borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The hemlock ranks as one of the most useful trees. The -wood is used for construction, paper pulp, and lath; the bark is used -in tanning; and the trees are often planted on lawns and in hedges.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_045.jpg" alt="BALSAM FIR" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BALSAM_FIR">BALSAM FIR</h2> - -<p><b>Abies fraseri</b>, (Pursh) Poir.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-70 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk continuous, -tapering; crown pyramidal; rigid horizontal or ascending branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Linear, arranged around the stem, ½-¾ of an inch long, -dark silvery green.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Monoecious; staminate yellow with red tinge; pistillate -with rounded scales and pale yellow-green bracts.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones oblong-ovate, about 2½ inches long; width of -scales twice their length, dark purple; bracts reflexed covering at -maturity about half the scale.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened by cinnamon or gray scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown with -whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—From Virginia and West Virginia south to North Carolina -and Tennessee.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Growing near Cheat Bridge, -Randolph County; on the head of the Greenbrier River, Pocahontas -County; and near the head of Blackwater fork of Cheat River in -Tucker County.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Grows at high elevations and seems to prefer swampy -soil in West Virginia.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species, which reaches the northern limit of its restricted -range in Tucker County, is not commercially important. The -trunks are occasionally sawed into lumber, and the tree has been -widely transplanted on lawns.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_047.jpg" alt="ARBOR VITAE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="ARBOR_VITAE">ARBOR VITAE</h2> - -<p><b>Thuja occidentalis</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often divided; -crown compact, pyramidal.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—In 4 ranks on the stems, scale-like, ⅛-¼ inch long, -longest and long-pointed on leading shoots, yellow-green, aromatic.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; monoecious; staminate round, small, yellow; -pistillate larger, oblong, reddish.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cones maturing in early Autumn, oblong, about ½ inch -long, reddish-brown, and persisting through the following winter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On trunk reddish-brown, slightly furrowed, and separating -in ragged and twisted strips.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, brittle, durable, fragrant, yellowish-brown; -sapwood whitish and thin.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Labrador, Manitoba and Minnesota, southward along -the mountains to North Carolina.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Small trees on the South Branch -of the Potomac River and on the North Fork of the South Branch -in Pendleton County. Reported from Grant and Mineral counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—River banks, swamps, rocky hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree, often called white cedar, is so rare in West -Virginia, and of so small a size that it has but little value, except from -the standpoint of the botanist. It is commonly planted throughout -the State for hedges and other ornamental purposes.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_049.jpg" alt="RED CEDAR" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_CEDAR">RED CEDAR</h2> - -<p><b>Juniperus virginiana</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; crown pyramidal or -rounded, often irregular, dense.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, of two kinds: (1) scale-like overlapping one-sixteenth -inch long, (2) awl-shaped, ¼-½ inch long, less common -than the other form.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; dioecious, or occasionally monoecious; in -small lateral catkins.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A berry-like strobile, maturing in autumn, about ¼ inch -in diameter, dark blue with white bloom, sweet and resinous.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thin, peeling off in long strips, reddish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, fragrant, close-grained, very durable, red, -with whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Occasionally found in Randolph, -Tucker, Upshur, Pocahontas, Webster, Barbour, Harrison, Taylor, -Lewis, and in the mountainous parts of Nicholas, Greenbrier, Grant, -Preston and Monongalia counties. A scattered growth throughout -the western and southern hilly counties. Plentiful in Jefferson, -Berkeley, Morgan, Hampshire, and in parts of Gilmer, Calhoun and -Putnam counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rough limestone soils and dry hillsides, but -grows in a variety of soils and situations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species is valued on account of its durable wood and -attractive appearance. During the past two or three years many -red cedars have been destroyed in the eastern section of the State -in order to stamp out apple rust which exists in one of its stages -upon this tree.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_051.jpg" alt="BLACK WILLOW" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_WILLOW">BLACK WILLOW</h2> - -<p><b>Salix nigra</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often crooked -or leaning; crown open with long straggling limbs.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, narrowly lanceolate, taper-pointed, -margins finely serrate, 3-6 inches long, ¼-¾ inch broad; large semicordate -stipules.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—March-April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds -of flowers borne in slender, hairy catkins, 1-3 inches long; calyx and -corolla wanting; scales yellow, with 3-6 stamens.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A capsule ⅛ inch long, early splitting open and liberating -the hairy seeds which are carried about by the wind.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On twigs reddish-brown; on old trunks thick, and rough -with many broad connecting ridges, often becoming shaggy.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, brittle, not durable, very dark colored with -light sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New Brunswick south to Florida, west to Dakota, -Arizona and central California.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree along streams in -nearly all parts of the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Banks of streams and pond borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This is the commonest and most easily recognized of -the willows. Its greatest value in West Virginia is probably the part -it plays in holding stream banks in place. The wood is sometimes -used for fuel and charcoal.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_053.jpg" alt="AMERICAN ASPEN" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="AMERICAN_ASPEN">AMERICAN ASPEN</h2> - -<p><b>Populus tremuloides</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually -continuous, supporting a rounded loose crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 1½-2 inches long, roundish, heart-shaped, -thin, margins finely serrate; petioles long and slender, permitting -the leaves to tremble with the slightest breeze.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of flowers -on drooping aments.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A 2-valved capsule ¼ inch long; seeds brown, with long, -white hairs.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, greenish, sometimes with raised, warty bands -and dark blotches below the bases of limbs.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, not strong nor durable, brownish with lighter -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Alaska to Newfoundland south to Pennsylvania and -along the mountains to Kentucky, west to California and Mexico; the -widest range of any North American species.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Small trees found growing sparingly -in the mountain counties; observed in Randolph, Pocahontas, -Pendleton, Grant, Tucker, Preston and Upshur counties. Reported -from Calhoun, Gilmer, Monongalia, Mason, Summers and Wirt -counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers sandy and gravelly soils, but thrives on others; -frequent in high cut-over areas which have been burned.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree, which is locally known as Quaking Asp, can -be distinguished from the other poplars by its finely-toothed tremulous -leaves. The species is not important in West Virginia, and is -seldom used for any purpose.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_055.jpg" alt="LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="LARGE-TOOTHED_POPLAR">LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR</h2> - -<p><b>Populus grandidentata</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk continuous, -tapering; slender ascending branches forming a somewhat loose oval -crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, round-ovate, coarsely sinuate-toothed, -thin, dark green above, paler beneath, smooth; petioles long, -slender, laterally flattened.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in -short catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Two-halved, cone-shaped, hairy capsules ⅛ inch long on -drooping catkins; seeds brown, small, with long white hairs.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth except near the base, gray-green, resembling that -of American Aspen, but with more yellowish or buff color on young -trunks and limbs.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, not strong, light brown with almost white -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Minnesota to Iowa, Illinois, -Indiana and Delaware; southward along the Alleghanies to North -Carolina.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not common. Found in the following -localities: Webster, on Elk Mountain; Randolph, Horton and -Gandy Creek; Tucker, near Davis; Monongalia, Deckers Creek; Tyler -near Middlebourne. Reported from Ohio and Preston counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich, moist, sandy soil.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree can be distinguished by its coarse-toothed -leaves. It is comparatively rare and of little importance commercially.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_057.jpg" alt="COTTONWOOD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="COTTONWOOD">COTTONWOOD</h2> - -<p><b>Populus deltoides</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk usually -continuous and tapering; horizontal and ascending branches forming -a long pyramidal crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, deltoid or broadly ovate, 3-5 inches -long, margins coarsely crenate toothed except at base and apex, dark -shining green above, paler beneath, petioles 2-3 inches long, laterally -flattened.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in short -drooping catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Capsule 2-4-valved on long drooping catkins; brown -seeds covered with a dense mat of long white hairs.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough on old trees, with deep fissures and with more or -less parallel and connected rounded ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, not easily seasoned, brown with thick whitish -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada to Florida and west to the Rocky -Mountains.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Infrequent; South Branch of the -Potomac River near Romney, Hampshire County, and near Petersburg, -Grant County. Found at a few other points along the Potomac -and its tributaries.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich moist soil, along the banks of streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Cottonwood, commonly known as Carolina Poplar, -is the largest of our true poplars. It is rare and of little value where -it grows naturally in the State, but is extensively planted as a shade -tree. This species is a very rapid grower but otherwise has little to -recommend it for ornamental planting.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_059.jpg" alt="BUTTERNUT" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BUTTERNUT">BUTTERNUT</h2> - -<p><b>Juglans cinerea</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 20-60 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk short, dividing -into an open, broad crown of large horizontal or ascending -branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 15-30 inches long; leaflets 11-17, -oblong, acute, 2-3 inches long, finely serrate except at the base, yellow-green, -rough above, pubescent beneath; petioles hairy.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the first leaves; monoecious; staminate -flowers in drooping catkins the pistillate solitary or several on a -spike, bracts covered with white or pink glandular hairs; pistils red.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; solitary or in clusters of 3-5; nut -ovate-oblong, deeply furrowed and sculptured into several longitudinal -ribs; husk thin, hairy, sticky; kernel sweet, edible, and oily.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Light gray on twigs, brownish on old trunks; divided by -dark fissures into lighter flat-topped ridges. Inner bark bitter, becoming -yellow on exposure to the air.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, -light colored sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Delaware and -Arkansas, south in the mountains to Georgia.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree, found throughout -the State except in the highest mountains and in a few areas south -and west, especially in Jackson, Putnam, Mingo, and Wyoming -counties. Thrives at higher altitudes than Black Walnut, and grows -at 3000 feet, or over, along cold mountain streams and hillsides in -Randolph and adjacent counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich, moist soil.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—A less common and less valuable tree than its near relative -next described.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_061.jpg" alt="BLACK WALNUT" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_WALNUT">BLACK WALNUT</h2> - -<p><b>Juglans nigra</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet; trunk usually -straight and clean; crown round and very open.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 1-2 feet long, 13-23 leaflets, 3-3½ -inches long, 1-1¼ inches broad, sharply serrate, long, sharp-pointed, -yellow-green and smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with half developed leaves; monoecious; staminate -flowers in long, greenish, drooping catkins; the pistillate single -or several in a spike.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn, nut round, very rough, 1-2 inches -in diameter; husk thick, rough; kernel sweet, edible, oily.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Brownish and hairy on twigs, dark brown on old trunks, -with deep furrows and rounded ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, rich dark brown with -light-colored sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Northern states from Maine to Minnesota and south to -Florida.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in all parts of the State, -but not found at high elevations. The best stands are now cut out.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich, moist soils, and requires an abundance of -light.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Black Walnut is classed as one of the most valuable -of our trees on account of its superior wood. It is also prized on -account of its nuts and is sometimes planted on lawns. Where suitable -land is available this rapid-growing species may be profitably -planted for commercial purposes.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_063.jpg" alt="SHELL-BARK HICKORY" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SHELL-BARK_HICKORY">SHELL-BARK HICKORY</h2> - -<p><b>Carya ovata</b> (Mill.) K. Koch.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk in close -stands straight and free from branches to a good height; in the open -short and bearing a rounded or oblong crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long; leaflets usually -5, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, ciliate on the margins, -firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler and nearly -glabrous beneath; petioles usually smooth, sometimes hairy.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; monoecious; the staminate in pendulous catkins; -the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Round-oval, nearly smooth, 1-2 inches in diameter; husk -thick, splitting freely to the base; nut 4-angled, with a thick or thin -wall; kernel sweet and edible.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Gray; on old trunks very rough, separating into long -loose strips which give the trunk its characteristic shaggy appearance.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, tough, strong, close-grained, pliable, light -brown with nearly white sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada and Minnesota south to Florida and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree except on the -highest mountains. Reported as not plentiful in Wetzel, Roane, -Jackson and Summers counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best in rich, damp soils, common along streams -and on moist hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Shellbark Hickory furnishes much of the valuable -wood used where strength and toughness are required. The tree is -known best to most people on account of its excellent nuts. It can be -profitably grown from seed.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_065.jpg" alt="BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BIG_SHELL-BARK_HICKORY">BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY</h2> - -<p><b>Carya laciniosa</b>, (Michx. f.) Loud.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet. Similar to that of -the smaller shell-bark.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound; leaflets usually 7, sharp-pointed, -serrate, dark green and smooth above, paler and covered with soft -hairs beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Very similar to those of the smaller shell-bark, previously -described.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ovoid, with four shallow creases above the middle, 1½-2½ -inches in diameter, thick, smooth husk, splitting to the base; nut -large, thick-shelled and angled; kernel sweet and edible.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—About the same as that of the smaller shell-bark hickory.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—The wood of this species can hardly be distinguished -from that of the shell-bark hickory.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Central New York and Southern Michigan to North -Carolina and Arkansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not common, found principally -near the Ohio River from some distance north of Parkersburg to -Kenova. Reported from Harrison, Upshur and Monongalia counties, -where possibly the trees have sprung from artificially planted seeds.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich, damp bottom lands and coves near rivers.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Too rare to be an important tree in West Virginia. The -wood is equal to the best of other species of hickory, but the nuts are -rendered less valuable on account of the thickness of their shells.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_067.jpg" alt="MOCKERNUT HICKORY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="MOCKERNUT_HICKORY">MOCKERNUT HICKORY</h2> - -<p><b>Carya alba</b>, (L.) K. Koch.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk in the woods -straight and free from limbs for about half its length; crown round -or oblong, open.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets 5-7, of -varying lengths; oblong to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, lustrous yellow-green -above, paler and pubescent beneath; petioles pubescent.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers -in pendulous green catkins; the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ovoid, 1½-2 inches long; husk thick, splitting nearly to -the base; nut indistinctly angled with very hard thick shell and small -edible kernel.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Gray, tight, rough but not shaggy.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, elastic, brown -with white sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Massachusetts and Ontario to Nebraska, Florida and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common, especially on the hillsides -and ridges east of the Alleghanies. Less frequent and scattered -in the central and western counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich, well-drained soils of open wooded hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree has very thick sapwood which is the most valuable -part of hickory wood. It is unsurpassed for handle material -and other uses where strength and elasticity are desired. The nut -kernels are of good quality but are small and hard to get. The pubescent -leaf petioles and the thick husks and thick-walled nuts form easy -marks for distinguishing this species from the common shell-bark. -Big Bud Hickory and White Heart Hickory are other names for -this tree.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_069.jpg" alt="PIGNUT HICKORY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="PIGNUT_HICKORY">PIGNUT HICKORY</h2> - -<p><b>Carya glabra</b>, (Mill.) Spach.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter, 2-3½ feet; trunk usually -straight, clean and long; crown rounded or narrowly oblong.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets usually -5-7, oblong to obovate-lanceolate, long taper-pointed, sharply serrate, -dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler beneath, fragrant when -crushed.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Similar to those of other hickories.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Variable in shape, pear-shaped to ovoid, 1-2 inches long; -husk thin, splitting half way or more to the base; nut smooth or -obscurely angled, thick-walled and enclosing a sweet or slightly bitter -kernel.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Dark gray, roughened by many flat-topped ridges, the -outside layers of which sometimes become detached at one end, giving -the trunk a somewhat shaggy appearance.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—As in other species of hickory before described.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine, Ontario and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in every county, less -frequently found at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives on almost any rich, well-drained soil of ridges -and hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The abundance of this species in nearly every section of -the State makes it one of the most useful hickories, especially for -the farmer. Its growth in farm woodlands, as in other places, should -be encouraged.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_071.jpg" alt="BITTERNUT HICKORY" /></div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BITTERNUT_HICKORY">BITTERNUT HICKORY</h2> - -<p><b>Carya cordiformis</b>, (Wang.) K. Koch.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-75 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk long and -free from limbs; crown rounded, broadest near the top.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 6-10 inches long; leaflets 7-11, -lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, yellow-green -above, paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, monoecious; similar to those of the other hickories.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Spherical to obovate; about 1 inch long, coated with a -yellow scurfy pubescence; husk thin, splitting half way to the base, -sutures winged at the top; nut nearly smooth with a small bitter -kernel.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Not so rough as in other species, but with many narrow -connecting ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Similar to that of other hickories but not so strong and -of less fuel value.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Nebraska, Florida -and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found in scattered growth in -nearly all parts of the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers low ground along streams, but is often seen -on higher ground. The name, Swamp Hickory, is not inappropriate.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Of less value than our other hickories, but of sufficient -worth to warrant its propagation in suitable places. This tree can be -distinguished by its more numerous leaflets and by its small bitter-kerneled -nuts.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_073.jpg" alt="HOP HORNBEAM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="HOP_HORNBEAM">HOP HORNBEAM</h2> - -<p><b>Ostrya virginiana</b>, (Mill.) K. Koch.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree not often exceeding 30 feet in height and 1 -foot in diameter; trunk usually straight and bearing a rounded crown -of slender branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, acute at apex, doubly -serrate, thin and tough, smooth above, pale and slightly pubescent -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Appear with the leaves, monoecious; staminate flowers -in drooping catkins which develop from the wood of the previous -summer, usually three in a bunch; pistillate in erect aments; each -enclosed in a bladdery bract.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Small flat nutlets, enclosed in bracts arranged in pendulous -light-green clusters resembling hops.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Brownish, roughened by narrow ridges with loose flat -scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, red-brown, -with light sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Cape Breton Island and Minnesota south to Florida and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not common in many sections -but scattered locally throughout nearly all parts of the State. Found -usually with other species in the rougher, more elevated situations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich open woods of slopes and ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Although this tree has valuable wood it is not sufficiently -plentiful nor of such a size as to make it an important species for forestry -purposes. It is desirable for parks and lawns. The rough, -scaly bark, peculiar fruits, and hard wood are distinguishing marks. -Its most common local name is Ironwood.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_075.jpg" alt="AMERICAN HORNBEAM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="AMERICAN_HORNBEAM">AMERICAN HORNBEAM</h2> - -<p><b>Carpinus caroliniana</b>, Walt.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Small tree, usually from 10-25 feet high; trunk short, -often leaning, fluted and bearing an irregular crown of slender, often -zigzag branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, thin, oval, long-pointed, -doubly serrate, dull green above, lighter beneath, scarlet and -orange in autumn.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Appear in April; monoecious; without petals; staminate -catkins 1-1½ inches long; the pistillate shorter, with greenish -scales and red styles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Small nuts, enclosed in 3-lobed, leafy bracts grouped on -a common drooping stem.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Gray, smooth, thin, tight.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown with -thick nearly white sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Northern states to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Moist soil of stream borders, swamps and hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species, commonly called Water Beech, is of no -commercial importance, but is attractive on lawns, especially in -autumn, and performs a valuable service in preventing the caving in -of stream banks where it grows.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_077.jpg" alt=" BLACK BIRCH" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_BIRCH">BLACK BIRCH</h2> - -<p><b>Betula lenta</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-85 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long and clear -in dense growths; crown narrow and open.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long; ovate to oblong, -taper pointed, doubly serrate, dull dark green above, paler beneath; -petioles short, hairy, grooved above.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April, before the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in -pendent yellowish catkins; the pistillate in shorter erect catkins.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—An oblong, cone-shaped strobile, 1-1½ inches long, erect, -3-lobed scales smooth; nutlets small, winged.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Very dark and broken into thick, irregular ridges and -plates; the young and inside bark having a sweet, wintergreen taste.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, dark reddish brown, with -light sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland to Illinois, Tennessee and Florida.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Scattered locally through nearly -all parts of West Virginia.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Grows in a variety of soils and exposures, but prefers -rich moist woodlands.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Black Birch is a widely-known tree and is highly valued -on account of its wood. The local names, Red Birch and Cherry -Birch refer to the appearance of the heartwood and the bark, and -Sweet Birch to the flavor of the bark. This tree can be distinguished -from Yellow Birch, which it most closely resembles, by its darker-colored -bark which does not peel off in loose flakes.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_081.jpg" alt="YELLOW BIRCH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="YELLOW_BIRCH">YELLOW BIRCH</h2> - -<p><b>Betula lutea</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk short and -usually forking near the base; crown rounded, open.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, solitary or in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long, -acute at apex, doubly serrate, dull green.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April; monoecious; staminate flowers in pendent -purplish catkins; the pistillate in shorter, erect, greenish catkins.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cone-shaped strobiles, 1 inch long and erect, scales of -strobile downy on the back and edges; nut small, about as broad as -its wing.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Silvery yellow-gray, with thin, papery layers separating -and often curling at the edges giving the trunk a ragged appearance; -slightly aromatic, and bitter. Campers often use the loose outer bark -for starting camp fires in wet weather.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, strong, hard, close-grained light reddish-brown, -with nearly white sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland to Minnesota and south to North Carolina.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Frequent, especially in mountain -sections, growing with spruce and hemlock; rare in low hilly parts of -the State and in the Eastern Panhandle; found along streams and in -other damp situations on the outskirts of its range.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Moist fertile uplands and along streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This large birch is associated with other mountain -species such as Spruce, Hemlock, Black Cherry, and Black Birch. It -furnishes valuable lumber and is a rapid grower. The characteristic -appearance of the bark, described above, will prevent the confusion -of this tree with its close relative, the Black Birch.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_083.jpg" alt="RED BIRCH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_BIRCH">RED BIRCH</h2> - -<p><b>Betula nigra</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height, 50-90 feet, diameter, 1-3 feet; trunk usually -short, dividing into two or three large ascending limbs; crown irregular, -oblong.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 1½ to 3 inches long, round-ovate, -acute, doubly serrate, sometimes cut or slightly lobed, deep green, -pale yellow-green beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April, before the leaves; monoecious; staminate -formed in the fall and remaining over winter as short aments, usually -in clusters of three and elongating in the spring to 2-3 inches; pistillate, -short, erect, situated on twigs with the staminate flowers and -back of them.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Cylindrical strobile, 1-1½ inches long; 3-lobed scales of -strobile pubescent; nuts small, hairy, winged.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks dark red-brown and rough, with deep furrows -and broken ridges; on younger trees, lighter-colored, the outer -papery layers separating freely into thin sheets and turning up at the -edges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, rather strong, close-grained, light brown with -pale sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New England, west to Missouri, and south to Florida -and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Observed growing along the -banks of the following rivers: Williams, Gauley, Greenbrier, New, -Great Kanawha, Little Coal, Elk, Guyandot, Twelvepole, Big Sandy, -Little Kanawha, Potomac, Shenandoah, Great Cacapon.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Banks of streams, occasionally on drier ground.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—A common name of this species, River Birch, signifies -its preference for river borders as its habitat. While the tree is not -important it serves to hold stream banks from falling in and at the -same time adds much to the attractiveness of river scenery. The -bark and leaves lack the aroma of some of the other birches.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_085.jpg" alt=" BEECH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BEECH">BEECH</h2> - -<p><b>Fagus grandiflora</b>, Ehr.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height, 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-3 feet; trunk often long -under forest conditions, in the open short; crown narrow or rounded.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, -3-5 inches long; dark blue green above, light green and very lustrous -beneath, petioles short and hairy.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; monoecious, staminate flowers in loose, -light green globose heads, about 1 inch in diameter and hanging on -long, slender peduncles; the pistillate small, 2-flowered, protected by -awl-shaped bracts, and with long red stigmas.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A prickly bur, bearing 2 or 3 triangular brown nuts about -¾ inch long.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On the trunk smooth, close, light gray and mottled with -darker spots.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, strong, close-grained, not durable, light red, with -yellowish-white sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada and Wisconsin, south to Florida and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in nearly all parts of -the State; less frequent or rare locally in the Eastern Panhandle and -in Summers, Mercer, McDowell, and Wyoming counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich bottom lands but grows frequently on -thin gravelly slopes and flats, sometimes growing at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This is one of the most familiar of our trees, except in -a few restricted areas. It is shade-loving, and is a valuable tree -in the farmers’ woodland. The wood is used principally for novelty -wares, carpenters’ tool handles, clothespins, fuel and charcoal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_087.jpg" alt=" CHESTNUT" /> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHESTNUT">CHESTNUT</h2> - -<p><b>Castanea dentata</b>, (Marsh) Borkh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk, in close -stands with few low branches and little taper; in the open having a -short trunk and rounded crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 6-8 -inches long; coarsely serrate with incurved teeth, thin, dull, yellow-green, -glabrous.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June-July; monoecious, the staminate borne in -bunches at intervals on long catkins; the pistillate borne in scattered -involucres near the base of the upper catkins.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A large prickly bur, opening at its four sutures in early -autumn; nuts usually 2-3, compressed, ½-1 inch wide, brown, sweet -and edible.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Moderately rough, with shallow fissures and flat-topped -ridges, gray-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Soft, light, not strong, easily split and worked, coarse-grained, -durable, red-brown with light sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine and Michigan southward to Arkansas, Mississippi, -and Alabama.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Abundant in most parts of the -State; of best quality along the lower western slopes of the Alleghanies.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives in most places in West Virginia, but is less -frequently seen on limestone soils and in swampy places.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Chestnut tree is prized for its lumber, its nuts, its -tannin, and for its numerous uses, especially on the farm. It is a -very rapid grower, and sprouts freely from the base of the stump when -cut down. A disease known as chestnut blight has entered the -State and threatens to exterminate this tree.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_089.jpg" alt="CHINQUAPIN" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p> - - -<h2 id="CHINQUAPIN">CHINQUAPIN</h2> - -<p><b>Castanea pumila</b>, (L.) Mill.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet, in West Virginia -usually much smaller; trunk short, supporting a rounded crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 2-6 inches long, lanceolate or oblong, -narrowed at both ends, coarsely serrate, thick, smooth and yellow-green -on the upper surface, paler and covered with a whitish down -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; monoecious; staminate flowers in clusters -along the catkin; the pistillate borne at the base of the upper catkins -in rounded, prickly involucres.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; bur covered with stiff spines -and enclosing usually only one ovoid brown nut which is very sweet -and edible.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On trunk lightly furrowed and with flat ridges broken -into light brown, loose plates.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, brown, with thin -hardly distinguishable sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Pennsylvania and New Jersey south to Florida and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not widely distributed but common -in some sections. Observed in the following counties: Mercer, -Wyoming, Summers, Fayette, Logan, and Boone. Reported also -from Wayne, Monroe, Mingo, Braxton, Gilmer, Pendleton, Greenbrier, -Grant and Nicholas counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Dry slopes and flats and stream borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species is usually a shrub in West Virginia, often -bearing fruit when only a few feet high. Several trees observed south -of the Kanawha River were well-formed, 20-25 feet tall, and with -straight trunks 6-8 inches in diameter. The Chinquapin is chiefly -prized on account of its nuts. It is susceptible to the attack of -chestnut blight and may eventually be killed out by this disease.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_091.jpg" alt="WHITE OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span></p> - - -<h2 id="WHITE_OAK">WHITE OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus alba</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 75-100 feet, diameter 3-6 feet; trunk long and free -from limbs and with slight taper; crown broad and open with wide-spreading -and often twisted branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 5-8 inches long, obovate-oblong, -rounded at the apex and with usually 7 rounded lobes with entire -edges, bright green above, glaucous beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, when leaves are one-third grown; monoecious; -the staminate in long pendulous catkins; the pistillate borne above on -short stalks in the leaf axils.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns maturing in autumn after flowering; cup with -small brown tomentose scales, enclosing about ¼ of the nut; nut -ovoid, rounded at apex, light brown, shining; kernel bitter-sweet.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks rough with deep fissures, and ridges which -are often broken into short flat light gray scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Strong, heavy, close-grained, durable, light reddish -brown with thin sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found in every county and in -almost every locality except at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Grows on many different types of soils and from moist -bottom lands to the tops of dry ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The White Oak ranks as one of the most valuable timber -trees. It is known to more persons than any of our other oaks, and -is generally praised as a beautiful and useful tree.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_093.jpg" alt="POST OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span></p> - - -<h2 id="POST_OAK">POST OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus stellata</b>, Wang.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet, trunk usually short; -the crown rounded, with spreading branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, about 4-5 inches long, usually with -five lobes, the middle pair largest but all short and broad; thick and -leathery, nearly smooth above, covered beneath with dense grayish -or yellowish stellate pubescence.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; monoecious; the staminate on long drooping -catkins; the pistillate short-stalked and woolly, with bright red stigmas.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorn ripening in autumn after flowers; cup small, thin, -hairy inside, scales flat and woolly; nut small, oval ½-¾ inch long, -brown, sometimes marked with nearly black longitudinal stripes.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Similar to that of White Oak, but usually rougher and -more yellowish.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, durable in contact with the -soil, brown with thick sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New England, where it is a shrub, southward to Florida -and Texas, and west to Kansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Distributed in nearly all the -hilly parts of the State, though nowhere very common and in some -sections rare.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers dry sandy or gravelly soil.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Post Oak in winter may easily be mistaken for a -White Oak, but in summer and fall the small acorns and the peculiar -lobing of the leaves assist the student in distinguishing it from other -species. It is not commercially important but should be encouraged -to grow on account of the superior lasting qualities of the wood when -used for fence posts or otherwise in contact with the soil.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_095.jpg" alt="BUR OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BUR_OAK">BUR OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus macrocarpa</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 40-75 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually short, -bearing a rounded crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 6-12 inches long, wedge-shaped at -the base, usually crenate lobed toward the apex with deep sinuses -and rounded lobes in the middle; thick and firm, dark green and -glossy above, pale pubescence beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Similar to the other annual oaks, before described.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn of first season; very large acorn with -a deep cup heavily fringed on the rim; nut ovoid, 1-1½ inches long, -brown, pubescent, about one-third enclosed in the cup.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Deeply furrowed and similar to that of White Oak; corky -on the twigs.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, brownish, -with thin sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia and Manitoba south to West Virginia and -west to Kansas and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Rare. Observed in the following -localities: Hardy County, between Romney and Moorefield; Grant -County, several trees on Lunice Creek near Petersburg; Morgan -County, near Great Cacapon station. Reported from Tyler County.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Usually on rich soils near streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This is a very large and valuable oak in Kansas and -other states but is too rare to merit much attention in West Virginia. -The beautifully-lobed leaves and large acorns will not fail to interest -the student of trees.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_097.jpg" alt="SWAMP WHITE OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SWAMP_WHITE_OAK">SWAMP WHITE OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus bicolor</b>, Willd.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk, in the open, -usually short, supporting a broad round-topped crown; in close stands -the trunk is longer and well-formed; lower branches usually drooping.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, -obovate, coarsely sinuate or shallow-lobed, margins thick and firm, -smooth and shining above, paler and tomentose beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate on -long drooping catkins; the pistillate few-flowered, borne above on -relatively long peduncles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn after the flowers; acorns on pubescent -stems 1-4 inches long; cup deeply saucer-shaped, enclosing about one-third -of the nut, which is ¾ to 1¼ inches long, chestnut brown, -usually hairy at apex.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough on trunks with deep furrows and flat-topped and -scaly ridges; on branches soon becoming rough, with scales which -often curl back at the edges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, tough, light brown, with thin and -hardly distinguishable sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine, south to Georgia and west to Michigan and -Arkansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Infrequent. Found in the following -localities: Grant County, on Lunice Creek; Hardy, near Moorefield; -Pocahontas, near Marlinton; Greenbrier, near White Sulphur -Springs; Berkeley, on Back Creek; Randolph, near Huttonsville; -Upshur, at Lorentz.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Borders of swamps and low ground along streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Swamp White Oak can easily be distinguished from -its near relatives; in the winter, by the bark ridges of the small -branches and the drooping lower limbs; in the summer and fall by -the wavy or sinuate-margined leaves and the long-stemmed acorns. -This tree is not considered of much importance in this State.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_099.jpg" alt="YELLOW OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="YELLOW_OAK">YELLOW OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus Muhlenbergii</b>, Engelm.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually short, -sometimes buttressed at the base; crown round-topped with relatively -short, ascending branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 4-7 inches long, oblong, tapering at -both ends, margins with coarse, sharp-pointed teeth which somewhat -resemble those of the Chestnut and Chestnut Oak; bright yellow-green -above, pale and pubescent beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in -long pendulous catkins; the pistillate in short spikes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns mature in autumn after the flowers; cup enclosing -about ½ of the light brown, ¾-inch-long nut; kernel sweet and -more edible than that of most other acorns.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On trunks moderately rough, the light gray ridges broken -into scales; resembles the bark of White Oak.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, brown with -brownish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Vermont and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not common. Observed in the -following counties: Boone, Doddridge, Fayette, Grant, Hardy, -Kanawha, Monongalia, Morgan, Summers and Webster. This tree -is more common near Petersburg, Grant County, and on Long Island -Creek, Doddridge County, than at any other places where it was -found.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—River banks and limestone hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of this oak is inferior to that of some other -species and it occurs here too infrequently to be classed as very valuable.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_101.jpg" alt="CHESTNUT OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHESTNUT_OAK">CHESTNUT OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus Prinus</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk long but -usually more or less bent and often divided, forming a loose, open -irregular crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 6-8 inches long, usually obovate, -coarsely crenate, firm or leathery, smooth, dark green above, paler and -finely pubescent beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers -in long catkins; the pistillate in short spikes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns mature in autumn after the flowers; cup thin, -deep, enclosing about ½ of the smooth, light brown, oblong-ovoid -nut.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Very rough with deep fissures and long, dark gray, continuous -or broken ridges; rich in tannin.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable in contact -with the soil, dark brown with light sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine to West Virginia and south along the mountains -to Georgia and Alabama.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common except at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers dry gravelly hillsides and ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Chestnut Oak is one of our common trees in the -hilly sections and can easily be distinguished by its thick, dark-colored -bark, crenate-margined leaves and large, deep-cupped acorns. Many -of the best stands have been cut for tan bark. Rock Oak is a common -name in some localities.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_103.jpg" alt="RED OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_OAK">RED OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus rubra</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk long and -free from limbs when standing in close growth, with a narrow or -rounded open crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 5-9 inches long, with 5-7 toothed, -bristle-tipped lobes, becoming narrower outward from rounded sinuses, -thin and firm, smooth, lusterless dark green above, paler -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers -in long hairy catkins, the pistillate on short smooth stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns maturing the second autumn after the flowers; -cup shallow, saucer-shaped, enclosing only the base of the nut; scales -closely-appressed and somewhat glossy; nut oblong-ovoid, 1 inch -long; kernel white, bitter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough with long fissures and flat-topped ridges, gray -brown, inner bark light red, not bitter.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light red-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree in all parts of -the State. Most abundant and of superior size and quality in the high -hilly and mountain sections.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich loamy or gravelly soils of bottom lands, slopes -and ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Red Oak is most frequently confused with the Black -Oak from which it can be distinguished by the light red inner bark, -the shallow-cupped acorns and the dull green leaves. This oak is -extensively sawed into lumber which is easily worked and capable -of a fine finish for furniture and interior work. As a tree for the park -or lawn there are few which surpass it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_105.jpg" alt="PIN OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="PIN_OAK">PIN OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus palustris</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually -straight and bearing a conic, well-shaped crown, lower limbs usually -drooping and curving upward at the tips.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, much smaller than those of the Red -Oak, with 3-7, coarse-toothed, bristle-tipped lobes, with rounded -sinuses; dark green and shining above, pale below, and smooth except -for bunches of brownish tomentum in the axils of the principal veins.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Appear with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers -in catkins 2-3 inches long; pistillate short-stalked and with red -styles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns maturing in autumn of second year after the -flowers; cup thin, shallow, about ½ inch across, enclosing about ¼ -of the nut; kernel yellowish, bitter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Not as rough as that of most of the oaks, but with shallow -fissures and broad flat ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, light-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Massachusetts and Michigan to Virginia, Tennessee and -Oklahoma.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not a common tree. Plentiful -near Princeton, Mercer County, and less common in Hardy and Morgan -counties; doubtless growing locally in most of the counties south -of the Great Kanawha River.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers low ground along streams and borders of -swamps.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Pin Oak leaves resemble those of Scarlet Oak, but the -appearance of the whole tree is quite different from it. The drooping -lower branches and the location of the tree most readily distinguish -it, and a comparison of its small acorns with the large acorns of the -Scarlet Oak will serve to separate the two species. It is unexcelled -as a tree for parks where it grows with a straight trunk and beautiful -rounded crown.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_107.jpg" alt="SCARLET OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SCARLET_OAK">SCARLET OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus coccinea</b>, Muench.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height, 60-80 feet; diameter 2-3 feet; trunk tapering, -usually straight; crown open, and narrow when crowded.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, usually with 7 lobes -which are deeply toothed and bristle-tipped at the apex, and separated -by oblique sinuses; thin and firm, bright green above, paler beneath, -lustrous on both sides; brilliant scarlet in the fall.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers -on long catkins; the pistillate on short stalks in the leaf axils.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns mature in second autumn after flowering; cup -deep, covering about ½ of the nut, with closely appressed, sharp-pointed -scales, somewhat glossy or slightly pubescent, forming a -fringe around the edge which is closely appressed to the large ovoid, -reddish-brown and sometimes striate nut.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On trunks resembling that of Red Oak, but with shallower -fissures and narrower ridges; inner bark reddish.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine to North Carolina and west to Minnesota and -Nebraska.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in all parts of the State -except at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers dry sandy soil of hillsides and ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of Scarlet Oak is of less value than that of -several other oaks, but is frequently used for lumber, cross-ties, and -other purposes. The tree is desirable for streets or parks and in -autumn is especially attractive.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_109.jpg" alt="BLACK OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_OAK">BLACK OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus velutina</b>, Lam.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear, -slightly tapering; crown spreading and rounded.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 5-10 inches long, lobes usually 7, with -coarse, bristle-tipped teeth, thick and firm, dark green and shining -above, paler beneath; on lower limbs and young trees, often with -rounded, mucronate lobes; petioles yellowish.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers -in long, hairy catkins; the pistillate on short stalks, reddish.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns mature the second autumn after flowering; cup -deep, cup-shaped, enclosing about ½ of the nut; scales reddish-brown -pubescent, tightly appressed at the base, and loosely over-lapping at -the edge forming a fringe-like margin; nut small, light reddish-brown, -often pubescent; kernel yellow, bitter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough with thick cross-fissured ridges, nearly black, inner -bark yellow and bitter.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, brown, with thin lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Northern New England and Ontario, west to Minnesota -and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common throughout the State -except at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich soils of slopes or drier gravelly soils of ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Black Oak is very common but of less value than several -of the other oaks. The lumber is similar to that of Red Oak. For the -characteristics which distinguish this oak from the species with which -it is most often confused, see “Notes” on Red Oak. Yellow Oak and -Black Jack are two local names for this oak in West Virginia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_111.jpg" alt="SPANISH OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SPANISH_OAK">SPANISH OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus falcata</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; crown round-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long; variable in shape, -with 3-7 toothed bristle pointed lobes, terminal lobes often elongated -and falcate, dark green and lustrous above, paler and downy beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate -flowers in long catkins, the pistillate on short hairy stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns mature the second autumn after flowering; cup -hemispheric, ½-¾ inch across, reddish-brown inside and with reddish, -pale, pubescent scales; nut ½ inch long, ovoid, pale orange-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On trunks with shallow fissures and brownish scaly -ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, strong, not durable, coarse-grained, reddish with -light sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New Jersey to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Confined, as far as known, to a -few trees on the north side of Great Kanawha River near Charleston.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Dry soil.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree, which is rare in West Virginia, must be listed -in the class of unimportant trees. Its wood is comparatively inferior -and it is less desirable for ornamental purposes than many other -species.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_113.jpg" alt="SCRUB OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SCRUB_OAK">SCRUB OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus ilicifolia</b>, Wang.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 4-20 feet, diameter 2-6 inches; trunk short, -branches stiff, contorted forming a flat-topped irregular head.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, usually 5-lobed, with -shallow sinuses and sharp, bristle-tipped divisions of the lobes; leathery, -dark green and lustrous above, coated beneath with a dense white -pubescence.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers -on long catkins, the pistillate on short tomentose stalks, and with -red stigmas.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns mature in second autumn after the flowers; cup -deep, reddish-brown and soft downy within, with light brown scales, -the outer row forming a narrow fringe around the edge; nut ovoid, -about half enclosed in the cup; kernel yellow.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Dark gray and scaly on old trunks.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Strong, hard, with brown heartwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine to southern Virginia, west to Ohio.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common along the Alleghany -Mountains and in the Eastern Panhandle.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Dry soils of slopes and mountain tops.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This oak is usually a shrub in West Virginia, but it sometimes -reaches the form and size of a small tree. In many places it -grows in dense thickets covering large areas on mountain sides and -flats. The red-brown dry leaves often hang on over winter, giving -rise to a common local name, “Red-brush.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_115.jpg" alt="BLACK JACK OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_JACK_OAK">BLACK JACK OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus marilandica</b>, Muench.</p> - - -<p><b>Form.</b>—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; crown narrow -and compact with short stout branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves.</b>—Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long, nearly as wide as -long, rounded and narrow at the base, broadening outward, with -about 3 broad and shallow lobes which are dentate; leathery, dark -green and lustrous above, paler and often coated with a rusty, scurfy -pubescence beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers.</b>—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers -in long catkins, the pistillate on short pubescent stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit.</b>—Acorns mature the second autumn after the flowers; cup -deep, covering about ½ of the nut, downy within, scales large, reddish-brown -and loose.</p> - -<p><b>Bark.</b>—Rough, with deep fissures and dark ridges which are -broken into broad angular plates.</p> - -<p><b>Wood.</b>—Heavy, hard, strong, dark brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range.</b>—New York to Florida and Texas, west to Nebraska.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia.</b>—Observed only on the western -slope of Blue Ridge Mountains in Jefferson County.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat.</b>—Sandy or heavy clay soils.</p> - -<p><b>Notes.</b>—The Black Jack Oak is very rare and scrubby in growth -in this State. It has no value as a timber tree, but is desirable for -ornamental purposes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_117.jpg" alt="LAUREL OAK" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="LAUREL_OAK">LAUREL OAK</h2> - -<p><b>Quercus imbricaria</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; crown pyramidal -or round-topped and open, with drooping lateral branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong or lanceolate, -margins entire or sometimes undulate, with acute apex, dark green -and lustrous above, pale and hairy beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers -borne on long catkins; the pistillate on short stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Acorns mature the second autumn after the flowers; cup -saucer-shaped, brown and glossy inside, with reddish-brown scales, -and enclosing about ½ of the ovoid, dark brown, often striate nut.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—With shallow fissures and with ridges having brown -scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Pennsylvania to Georgia west to Michigan. Nebraska -and Arkansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Locally distributed in many -parts of the State, but nowhere common. Observed in Barbour, -Grant, Hardy, Mason, Monongalia, Morgan, and Upshur counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers bottom lands along streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This oak is unusual in appearance since the leaves are -entirely without lobes. It cannot be recommended for forestry purposes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_119.jpg" alt="SLIPPERY ELM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SLIPPERY_ELM">SLIPPERY ELM</h2> - -<p><b>Ulmus fulva</b>, Michx.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 40-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually -short and soon branching; crown open and broad.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, ovate-oblong, oblique -at base, abruptly sharp-pointed apex, margin doubly serrate, rough-hairy -on both sides.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April, before the leaves; mostly perfect; on short pedicels -in crowded branches; corolla absent, calyx green, anthers red, -two stigmas purple.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in spring a few weeks after the flowers; a one-seeded -samara consisting of a small flat seed surrounded by a wing -which is nearly circular in outline and smooth, except over the seed -cavity.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thick, divided by fissures and with large, thick appressed -scales, brown tinged with red within, inner bark fragrant, mucilaginous -and slippery.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, reddish-brown, with thin sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southeastern Canada to Florida, west to North Dakota -and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common locally, rare in many -sections. Found in the following counties: Barbour, Braxton, Clay, -Fayette, Grant, Mingo, Monongalia, Pocahontas, Putnam, Roane, -Tyler, Upshur and Wetzel.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Fertile, rocky soil.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The slippery, inner bark, the smooth-margined fruits and -the rusty-brown, orbicular, pubescent buds distinguish this from other -elms. It is not an important tree for forest planting. It is sometimes -called Red Elm.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_121.jpg" alt="AMERICAN ELM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="AMERICAN_ELM">AMERICAN ELM</h2> - -<p><b>Ulmus americana</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet, sometimes much -larger; trunk usually dividing 25-30 feet above the ground; crown -varied in form, usually wide-spreading.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oval, coarsely-doubly-serrate, -oblique at the base, thick, dark green and rough above, -paler and smoother beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April, before the leaves, mostly perfect; borne in dense -fascicles, corolla absent, calyx 5-9 round-lobed, stamens with red -anthers, styles two, green.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in spring soon after the flowers; oval samara -consisting of a flat seed surrounded by a wing which has a terminal -notch and ciliate margin.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough, with deep fissures and scaly ridges, ashy-gray.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, not easily split, light brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and south to -Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A very common tree, especially -at low elevations. Not often found in the counties adjoining the -Alleghanies.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich bottom lands.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The American or White Elm is one of the most valuable -and magnificent trees of the United States. Its wood is extensively -used where toughness is desired, as in wagon hubs. It grows to a -very large size and over a wide range, and is unsurpassed in elegance -of form and other characteristics which make it valuable for -park and street planting. In low wet grounds it may be grown for -forestry purposes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_123.jpg" alt="HACKBERRY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="HACKBERRY">HACKBERRY</h2> - -<p><b>Celtis occidentalis</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 25-80 feet, diameter up to 30 inches; trunk long -when in close stands with other trees; crown spreading or round.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, ovate, narrowed to sharp points, -rounded oblique base, coarsely serrate, rough above, with prominent -veins, light yellow-green. The leaves are soft hairy beneath and -pilose above when young.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious, or with some perfect -flowers; the staminate on drooping pedicels at base of season’s -growth; the pistillate, few-flowered in axils of the upper leaves, greenish -and small.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in September, a berry-like drupe, ¼ to ½ inch -thick, dark purple, sweet and edible, on slender pedicels, often remaining -on the tree during the winter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Usually rough with warty projections, light gray.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, soft, coarse-grained, yellowish, resembling ash, -with light-colored sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Most of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in the eastern Panhandle -and scattered throughout the State; rare or not occurring in -the counties along the Alleghanies and in those adjacent on the west.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Grows best on moist, rich land, but is found in a variety -of soils.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Sugar Berry and Hoop Ash are two common local names -of this species. In some places along the Ohio River the tree grows -to a fairly large size with a long clear trunk; in the eastern part of -the State it is usually small and scrubby. The tree is most easily distinguished -by its peculiar warty bark and by the witches’ brooms -which are usually present. The wood is often sold as Ash and is used -for cheap furniture, cooperage, crates, boxes, agricultural implements, -etc. The very small shrubby trees found in the Eastern part of the -State should probably be classed as Variety <i>pumila</i>, Muhl.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figright"> -<img src="images/i_125.jpg" alt="RED MULBERRY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_MULBERRY">RED MULBERRY</h2> - -<p><b>Morus rubra</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually -straight, short, bearing a rounded crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, nearly orbicular in -outline, or with 3-5 lobes, coarsely serrate, dark green and usually -slightly rough above, paler and hairy beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in -dense spikes 1-2 inches long; the pistillate arranged in the same way -but in shorter spikes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—July-August; very small drupes aggregate in a dense -cylindric cluster about 1 inch long, blackish when ripe, sweet, juicy -and edible.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On trunks, brownish-gray, roughened by narrow ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, tough, coarse-grained, very durable, light -orange color.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kansas and Nebraska.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found in scattered growth -throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Grows best in rich bottoms, but is found scattered with -other hardwoods in various locations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Mulberry is easily distinguished in summer by its -irregular leaf forms and peculiar fruits. It is not important as a -lumber tree, though the wood is attractive and durable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_127.jpg" alt="CUCUMBER TREE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CUCUMBER_TREE">CUCUMBER TREE</h2> - -<p><b>Magnolia acuminata</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-90 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear, -straight; crown usually pyramidal with spreading lower branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, ovate, 4-12 inches long, apex pointed, -entire, thin, smooth above, pale and downy beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-June; perfect, upright, solitary, bell-shaped, -greenish-yellow, about 3 inches long.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; fleshy, cucumber-shaped, about 2½ -inches long, composed of 1-2-seeded carpels; seeds scarlet, drupe-like, -attached by slender extensile threads.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Grayish-brown, furrowed, with loose scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, durable, yellowish, resembling -Yellow Poplar, and used for interior finish and other purposes in -buildings.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New York to Georgia, west to Kansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—With other hardwoods throughout -the State. Most plentiful in the mountainous and high hilly -sections.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich soils of bottoms and hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Cucumber is valuable as a forest and shade tree and -should be propagated for these purposes. It can be distinguished -from the other West Virginia magnolias by its smaller leaves, its -greenish-yellow flowers, and its usually larger size.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_129.jpg" alt="UMBRELLA TREE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="UMBRELLA_TREE">UMBRELLA TREE</h2> - -<p><b>Magnolia tripetala</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 10-15 inches; trunk straight, -with spreading branches which form a broad, round-topped crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, arranged near the ends of the branches in an -umbrella-like circle, simple, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, -12-24 inches long, with short stout petioles, entire, smooth on both -sides when old.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Appear in May; perfect, solitary, erect, surrounded by -a whorl of leaves, petals creamy white, 4-5 inches long, slightly -scented.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; cylindric or oblong, cone-like, 2-4 -inches long, fleshy, composed of numerous rose-colored follicles which -split on the back at maturity and liberate small flat, red seeds.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, light gray, sometimes roughened by scattered -irregular projections.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with -white sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to northern -Mississippi and Arkansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found on swamp borders or -along streams in the following counties: Boone, Braxton, Fayette, -Kanawha, Logan, McDowell, Mingo, Nicholas, Randolph, Raleigh, -Upshur, Webster, Wyoming.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich soil of streams and swamps.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Umbrella Magnolia is chiefly valuable as an ornamental -tree. It is especially attractive in autumn when the bright, -rose-colored fruits are mature.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_131.jpg" alt="MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="MOUNTAIN_MAGNOLIA">MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA</h2> - -<p><b>Magnolia Fraseri</b>, Walt.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height, 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk straight -or inclining, undivided for half its length, or separating near the -ground into several stems.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, oblong-obovate or spatulate, eared at -the base, bluntly pointed at the apex, glabrous 10-24 inches long, -often crowded in whorls.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; perfect, solitary, 8-10 inches in diameter, creamy -white, sweet-scented.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; an oblong cone-like aggregate -of fleshy, rose-colored follicles, with sharp-pointed tips; seeds -obovoid, compressed, ⅝ inch long.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, or on old trunks roughened by irregular excrescences -or scales, dark brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brown with light -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—West Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama, west -to northern Mississippi and eastern Tennessee.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Infrequent, found scattered -through the mountainous parts of Clay, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Randolph, -Upshur and Webster counties; growing at 3,500 feet elevation -on the head of Cherry River.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Borders of streams and rich mountain-sides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Like the Umbrella Tree this species is of little value for -forestry purposes, but is highly ornamental. Its chief distinguishing -mark in summer is the leaf base which is prominently eared.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_133.jpg" alt="TULIP TREE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="TULIP_TREE">TULIP TREE</h2> - -<p><b>Liriodendron tulipifera</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 80-150 feet; diameter 3-10 feet; trunk long, clear -and straight; crown open, conical, of slender branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, and about as broad, -usually with four lobes, two at the truncate apex and one on each -side, smooth, bright green above, paler beneath; petioles angled, -slender, 5-6 inches long.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; solitary, terminal, perfect, tulip-shaped 1½-2 -inches long, greenish yellow with orange spots; petals 6, in two -rows; sepals greenish, early falling.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; oblong, cone-like, composed of -numerous brown flat pointed carpels, each bearing a 1-2-seeded nutlet -at its base.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough on old trunks, with prominent parallel connected -ridges, and deep fissures, light grayish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, not strong, easily worked, light yellow with -creamy white sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Rhode Island and Michigan, south to Florida and -Arkansas, not of commercial size at the extremes of its range.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found throughout the State -below the Spruce belt, rare on the Potomac waters.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich, moist soil of stream valleys and coves, but -adapts itself to less favorable situations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree, commonly known as Yellow Poplar, is of first -importance for forestry purposes; it reproduces readily from the seed, -is a rapid grower, and its wood is easily worked and desirable for -many purposes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_135.jpg" alt="COMMON PAWPAW" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="COMMON_PAWPAW">COMMON PAWPAW</h2> - -<p><b>Asimina triloba</b>, Dual.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 10-50 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk usually -straight and slender, bearing a broad or restricted crown of straight -branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed, 4-12 -inches long, margin entire, smooth except when young, dark green -above, paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May, with the leaves; scattered along the twigs, -perfect, 1-1½ inches wide, dark reddish purple, borne on stout hairy -stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; short, cylindric, resembling a -banana, 3-5 inches long, with a thin, greenish-yellow skin, enclosing -a yellow pulpy edible mass through which is scattered several brown -shiny seeds.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rather smooth, brown, often blotched, thin and close.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, coarse-grained, brown with yellowish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Western New York and central New Jersey, south to -Florida and west to Texas, Kansas and Michigan.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Scattered groups throughout the -State, except in the Spruce belt, and in the higher adjacent sections. -Common along the Ohio and Potomac river valleys.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers moist soils along streams, but grows well on -loamy slopes.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Pawpaw or Custard Apple is not important as a -forest tree but is interesting and attractive on account of its peculiar -fruits. It is very tolerant of shade and is suitable for underplanting -where production of wood is not the object.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_137.jpg" alt="SASSAFRAS" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SASSAFRAS">SASSAFRAS</h2> - -<p><b>Sassafras variifolium</b>, (Salis.) Kuntze.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk usually short, -stout, and bearing an open crown of contorted branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, ovate in outline, entire, or 2-5 lobed, -4-6 inches long, smooth, dark green above, paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; dioecious; both sexes about ½ -inch long, greenish yellow, in few-flowered, drooping racemes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; a dark blue, berry-like drupe, -one-third inch long, borne on a bright red thickened stalk with persistent -calyx.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough, with shallow fissures and flat-topped connected -ridges, light brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Soft, weak, brittle, durable in the soil, aromatic, dull -orange-brown with thin lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Texas, Kansas -and Michigan.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree distributed -throughout the State except at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers sandy loam. Common in thin soil of worn out -fields and along fence rows.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species is commonly considered a weed among -trees. The wood is very durable when in contact with the ground -but is not often used. The fruits are eagerly eaten by birds and the -aromatic bark is used for flavoring candy and medicine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_139.jpg" alt=" WITCH HAZEL" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="WITCH_HAZEL">WITCH HAZEL</h2> - -<p><b>Hamamelis virginiana</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 4-10 inches; trunk short, -often inclined, bearing an irregular crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, oval, 4-6 inches long, rounded at the -apex, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—October and November; perfect; with 4 slender, strap-shaped -yellow petals, clustered at the leaf axils.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in autumn from flowers of the previous year; a -two-celled, woody, nut-like pod, ½ inch long, containing black shining -seeds which are propelled a distance of several feet when the pods -burst open.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth or scaly, thin, light brown and blotched.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers moist rocky soils but thrives in a variety of -situations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This small abundant tree is interesting in that it blossoms -in the fall at the same time its fruit is maturing. It is not important -for forestry uses, and is seldom planted for any purpose.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_141.jpg" alt="SWEET GUM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SWEET_GUM">SWEET GUM</h2> - -<p><b>Liquidambar styraciflua</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-4 feet; trunk usually tall -and straight with narrow crown, except when grown in the open.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, irregularly star-shaped, -with five unequal pointed lobes, broader than long, margins -of lobes serrate, bright shining green above, paler beneath, petioles -long and round.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; usually monoecious; the staminate green, -borne in terminal racemes; the pistillate in heads on long axillary -stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A long-stalked spherical head, 1-1½ inches in diameter, -composed of numerous capsules, covered with curved, blunt, spine-like -appendages.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks gray with deep furrows and scaly ridges. -Corky bark is often present on limbs and twigs.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, reddish-brown with -whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Connecticut to Florida, west to Missouri and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found locally along the Great -Kanawha, New, Gauley, Elk, Tug Fork, and for short distances up -several of the tributaries of these rivers.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers deep rich soils along streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Sweet Gum cannot be classed as a valuable forest tree -in West Virginia, though in other states its wood is extensively used -for boxes, interior finish, etc. It is very desirable for planting in -parks or on lawns and is especially attractive when the leaves change -color in the fall.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_143.jpg" alt="SYCAMORE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SYCAMORE">SYCAMORE</h2> - -<p><b>Platanus occidentalis</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 100-150 feet, diameter 4-10 feet; trunk massive, -usually short, often inclined; crown open, irregular, of large limbs -and irregular branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, broadly oval, 4-10 inches long, 3-5-sinuate -lobed, the short lobes sharp-pointed, bright green above, pale -and somewhat pubescent or woolly beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; monoecious; the staminate dark red on short -axillary stalks, the pistillate greenish on long, slender terminal stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—October, persisting through the winter, in brown heads -about 1 inch in diameter and suspended on long slender stalks. The -chaffy achenes which compose the head are about ¾ of an inch long.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Covered with broad curling scales which are shed off -exposing the smooth greenish-white surface beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, difficult to split, reddish-brown with light -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common throughout the State -along streams below 3,000 feet elevation.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Moist soil of stream borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of Sycamore is considered valuable for interior -finish, furniture, crates and tobacco boxes. Its growth should be -encouraged whenever possible both as a forest and shade tree.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_145.jpg" alt="AMERICAN CRAB APPLE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="AMERICAN_CRAB_APPLE">AMERICAN CRAB APPLE</h2> - -<p><b>Pyrus coronaria</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-14 inches; trunk short and -usually armed with many stubby, thorn-like branches; crown narrow -when in a thicket but broad and flat-topped in the open.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, ovate, or elliptic, 3-4 inches long; -sharp-pointed apex, rounded base, serrate, smooth, dark green above, -paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the nearly full-grown leaves; perfect, rosy-white, -1½-2 inches across, arranged in umbel-like cymes; very fragrant.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; a depressed globose pome, 1-1½ -inches in diameter, yellowish green, fragrant, flesh firm and bitter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened with flat, scaly ridges; brownish-gray or reddish.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, light reddish brown.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada to Alabama, west to Louisiana, Missouri -and Michigan.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in most sections. Rare -in Boone, Logan, Mingo and other southwestern counties. Abundant -in the hilly regions of the central and northern parts of the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers a moist soil and is usually found in thickets in -open woods and neglected fields.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Crab Apple is best known on account of its fragrant -blossoms. The wood is sometimes used for tool handles, turned -articles, and engravings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_147.jpg" alt="MOUNTAIN ASH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="MOUNTAIN_ASH">MOUNTAIN ASH</h2> - -<p><b>Pyrus americana</b> (Marsh.) D. C.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk short, supporting -a round-topped crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 6-9 inches long; leaflets 9-17, -2-3 inches long, nearly sessile, except the terminal one, lanceolate, -taper-pointed, sharply serrate above the entire base; glabrous, dark -green above, paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Appear in May; perfect, in flat cymes 3-4 inches across, -white.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn, persistent on the tree through the -winter; a round berry-like pome, ¼ inch in diameter, bright red, acid, -in large flat-topped clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth or slightly roughened, light gray.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, close-grained, soft, weak, light brown with lighter -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland west to Manitoba and Iowa, south along -the mountains to North Carolina.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Confined to high swamps and -mountains. Observed in the following counties: Pendleton, Pocahontas, -Preston, Randolph and Tucker.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Moist soil of swamps and rocky slopes.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree has no commercial value, being rare and of -small size. Its form, foliage, flowers and bright persistent fruits -make it a desirable tree for ornamental planting.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_149.jpg" alt="SHAD BUSH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SHAD_BUSH">SHAD BUSH</h2> - -<p><b>Amelanchier canadensis</b>, (L.) Medic.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 10-40 feet, diameter 4-16 inches; trunk short; -crown shallow and usually narrow, with numerous slender branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 3-4 inches long, ovate to ovate-oblong, -finely serrate, smooth when old, dark green above, paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April; perfect, white, borne in drooping racemes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—June-August; a berry-like, globular pome, one-third-½ -inch long, borne in racemes, red to purple, sweet and edible.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, or somewhat rough, with narrow scaly ridges -on old trees.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, warps and checks -easily, dark reddish-brown with thick whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland and Ontario, south to Florida and west -to Louisiana and Kansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in nearly all parts of -the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Dry, light soils of upland woods and hillsides. Grows -in a variety of soils and exposures.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Service tree and Juneberry are two other names of this -tree. The wood is rarely used for any purpose.</p> - -<p>At least two shrubby species of Amelanchier are native to West -Virginia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_151.jpg" alt="COCKSPUR THORN" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="COCKSPUR_THORN">COCKSPUR THORN</h2> - -<p><b>Crataegus crus-galli</b>, L.</p> - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short; -crown broad and flat-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, ovate-obovate, 1-3 inches long, sharply -serrate except toward the base, long tapering at the base, rounded -or blunt-pointed at the apex, thick, dark green and glossy above, paler -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June; perfect; white, two-thirds of an inch across, -arranged in many-flowered corymbs; stamens 10; styles 1-3.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; an ovoid or sub-globose pome two-fifths-½ -inch long, greenish to dull red, containing usually 2 boxy -nutlets which are 2-3-grooved on the back.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Grayish brown, roughened on old trees by small scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish brown with thick -light-colored sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada to northern Georgia, west to Missouri -and Michigan.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common thorn throughout the -State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Borders of woods and abandoned fields on many kinds -of soils.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—As indicated by the name, this species is armed with -long, curved thorns. The taper-based, serrate, glossy leaves and the -dull red-green fruits will help the student in identifying this common -tree.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_153.jpg" alt="DOTTED THORN" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="DOTTED_THORN">DOTTED THORN</h2> - -<p><b>Crataegus punctata</b>, Jacq.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 10-35 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk thick and -short; crown very broad and flat-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, oblanceolate-obovate, 1½-3 inches -long, tapering at the base, rounded or blunt-pointed at apex, irregularly -serrate or sometimes lobed, dull grayish-green and strongly -impressed-veined above.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; perfect; white, about ¾ of an inch across, -in corymbs with tomentose stalks; stamens usually about 20.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in autumn; an ovoid pome, ½-1 inch thick, red -(var. <i>rubra</i>, Ait.) or yellow, (var. <i>aurea</i>, Ait.) nutlets usually 3-4 with -2-5 ridges on the back.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Gray, with thin scales on old trunks.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, close-grained.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Minnesota and western New England, southward along -the mountains to Georgia.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree, especially at -high elevations. Found growing on Spruce Knob, Pendleton County, -at altitude 4,860 feet. Forming almost pure stands on Bickle Knob, -Randolph County, near Durbin, Pocahontas County, in Canaan -Valley, Tucker County, and at many places along the Alleghanies.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich sandy soil of stream borders and mountain -flats.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The large red or yellow fruits of this thorn help in the -identification of the species and give it a very attractive appearance -in the fall. The fruits are eaten by the Ruffed Grouse and other -birds, and are sometimes used for making jelly. The spines are -straight and from 1½ to 2¾ inches long.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_155.jpg" alt="BLACK CHERRY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_CHERRY">BLACK CHERRY</h2> - -<p><b>Prunus serotina</b>, Ehrh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk when in close -stands tall and straight, bearing a rather open irregularly-oblong -crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, 2-5 -inches long, thickish, serrate-crenate, with incurved teeth, smooth, -dark green above, paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; perfect; ¼ inch wide, white arranged in -drooping many-flowered racemes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in late summer and persists for two or three -months; a nearly black drupe, in drooping clusters, one-third-½ inch -thick, with purplish juicy slightly bitter edible flesh.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks roughened by thick, blackish, irregular -plates; inner bark aromatic, bitter.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown, with -thin yellowish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Dakota and Arizona.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common timber tree in the -more mountainous parts of the State; once plentiful on rich soils of -upland flats and stream valleys of Tucker, Randolph, Barbour, Webster, -Nicholas, Pocahontas, Greenbrier, and Monroe counties. Smaller -and less common in most other sections.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best in rich, loose soils of slopes and mountain -flats.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree, which is usually called Wild Cherry, produces -excellent lumber for furniture, and interior finish. It can be distinguished -from the Choke Cherry, which it most closely resembles, -by its larger size, longer narrower leaves, and rougher bark. Wild -cherry trees large enough for lumber are now becoming scarce.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_157.jpg" alt="CHOKE CHERRY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHOKE_CHERRY">CHOKE CHERRY</h2> - -<p><b>Prunus virginiana,</b> L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk usually -short with a rounded crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, oval, oblong, or obovate, -abruptly pointed, very sharply serrate, with slender teeth, glabrous, -dull dark green above, paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; perfect; about ½ inch broad, white, arranged -in a drooping, many-flowered raceme 3-6 inches long.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in late summer; a globular, dark crimson drupe, -borne on short pedicels in drooping clusters, astringent.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, dark gray, somewhat roughened on old trunks -by shallow fissures. Inner bark has a disagreeable odor.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, light-brown; sapwood light -colored.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Rare in most sections. Scattered -trees grow at high elevations along the Alleghanies. Most -common and of largest size on the borders of swamps from Cranesville, -Preston County, southward to Canaan Valley, Tucker County.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers damp soils of swamp borders, streams and -thickets.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Choke Cherry is in no sense a timber tree but is -attractive when growing wild or planted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_159.jpg" alt="WILD RED CHERRY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="WILD_RED_CHERRY">WILD RED CHERRY</h2> - -<p><b>Prunus pennsylvanica</b>, L. f.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 20-35 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk straight, -short, tapering, with upright branches forming a narrow crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, -pointed, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous, thin, bright green above, -paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; perfect; about ½ inch wide, -white on slender pedicels in 4-5-flowered umbels.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in July and persists until autumn; a globular -drupe, about ¼ inch in diameter, bright red, thick-skinned, sour.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, or somewhat roughened by loose, papery plates, -reddish brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown with thin yellowish -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Labrador to British Columbia and southward to North -Carolina and Colorado.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in West Virginia along -the mountains, especially in areas from which other timber has been -destroyed by fire.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Sandy soils of burned-over mountain-sides and flats, -and along streams at lower elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Fire Cherry and Bird Cherry are two common names of -this tree, the first denoting its habitat and the second the attractiveness -of its fruit to birds. This species performs its principal service -in covering otherwise bare, fire-burned areas to which the seeds -have been carried and dropped by birds.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_161.jpg" alt="WILD PLUM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="WILD_PLUM">WILD PLUM</h2> - -<p><b>Prunus americana</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short supporting -a wide-spreading crown of horizontal and drooping branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple 2-4 inches long, narrowly obovate, -long taper-pointed at apex, sharply and doubly serrate, firm, dark -green and rough above, paler and hairy below.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; perfect; 1 inch wide, white, -arranged in 2-5-flowered umbels.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in early autumn; a globose, red drupe about 1 -inch in diameter, the flesh sweet and edible; stone flattened.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Grayish-brown and rough on old trunks with thin, flat -plates.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, red-brown, with thin -light sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New York to Florida, west to Texas and Montana.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Scattered throughout the State -but nowhere common except in small areas.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Grows principally on swamp borders and along -streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Wild Plum is found growing in dense thickets in -some of our upland swamps where it produces large crops of fruit. -The tree is of little importance commercially but is sometimes used as -a stock upon which domestic plums are grafted.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_163.jpg" alt="HONEY LOCUST" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="HONEY_LOCUST">HONEY LOCUST</h2> - -<p><b>Gleditsia triacanthos</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk usually short -and armed with branched thorns; crown broad, round-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, singly or doubly compound, 7-8 inches long, -the single compound leaves having 18-28 leaflets; the double compound -leaves 8-14 divisions each, with 18-20 leaflets; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, -somewhat serrate.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; polygamous; small, greenish.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A flattened and twisted pod, 10-18 inches long, containing -oval brownish seeds.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Sometimes smooth but often roughened on old trunks, -by shallow fissures and thick ridges with projecting edges, and by -branched thorns.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, strong, durable in contact with the soil, -bright reddish brown heartwood, whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Ontario to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not common in any part of -West Virginia, but found in scattered stands throughout the State, -except at high elevations. Rare in Upshur and other high hilly -counties west of the Alleghanies, and also in the Eastern Panhandle.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best in fertile soil of river bottoms, but grows -well in other situations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of Honey Locust is used principally for fencing, -wheel hubs, and general construction; but the tree is too rare -and not of sufficient size to give it any commercial importance.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_165.jpg" alt="RED BUD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_BUD">RED BUD</h2> - -<p><b>Cercis canadensis</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 6-10 inches; trunk usually -inclined and short; crown broad, open and shallow.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, rounded, 3-5 inches long, with heart-shaped -base, and blunt apex; smooth, entire, bright pale green above, -paler beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April, before the leaves; perfect; in form like the sweet -pea, red-purple, arranged in umbel-like clusters along the branches -of the last or preceding years.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A flattened, many-seeded pod, the upper suture with a -winged margin.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thin, with shallow fissures and scaly reddish brown -ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, not strong, reddish brown with thick whitish -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota and Kansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in most parts of the -State, forming thickets along borders of woods and streams. Rare -in the higher counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich moist soil of abandoned fields, open woods and -stream banks.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree is chiefly ornamental. Its profuse purplish -flowers give it attractiveness early in the spring, when the Service -and Flowering Dogwood are in bloom.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_167.jpg" alt="COMMON LOCUST" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="COMMON_LOCUST">COMMON LOCUST</h2> - -<p><b>Robinia Pseudo-Acacia</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk when grown -in the forest often tall and free from limbs; crown loose and more -or less irregular.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, 8-14 inches long; -leaflets 7-21, ovate or oblong, 1-2 inches long, entire, very thin, -smooth, dull green above, paler beneath; stipules thorny or spine-like.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, after the leaves; perfect, pea-shaped, white, very -fragrant, borne on slender pedicels in loose drooping racemes 4-5 -inches long.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A flat pod 3-4 inches long, containing 4-8 small brown -seeds.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Deeply furrowed into firm, prominent ridges, reddish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, very durable -in contact with the soil, brownish with thin yellow sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Pennsylvania to Georgia west to Iowa and Kansas. -Naturalized over a large area in America and extensively cultivated -in Europe.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common throughout West Virginia, -but most abundant and healthiest in high limestone areas.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers rich limestone soil, but adapts itself to other -soils and to almost all exposures and elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Black Locust, Yellow Locust, and False Acacia are other -names of this tree. According to Sargent’s “Manual of the Trees -of North America” locust trees are “most abundant and of largest -size on the western slopes of the Alleghanies of West Virginia.” It -is a rapid grower, its wood is unsurpassed for many purposes and, as -a legume, it adds fertility to the soil wherever it grows.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_169.jpg" alt="HOP TREE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="HOP_TREE">HOP TREE</h2> - -<p><b>Ptelea trifoliata</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A shrub occasionally attaining the size and form of a -small tree.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 3-foliate, the leaflets entire, ovate, -pointed, downy when young.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June; polygamous; small, greenish-white, arranged in -compound terminal cymes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A 2-celled, 2-seeded, nearly circular samara, winged all -around, in drooping cymes; bitter, used as a substitute for hops.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, light brownish-gray.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Long Island to Minnesota and southward.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Rare, collected in Summers and -Morgan counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers sandy soils of river banks.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This small, shrubby tree is useful only for ornamental -planting for which purpose it will be found very interesting and -attractive.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_171.jpg" alt="STAGHORN SUMACH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="STAGHORN_SUMACH">STAGHORN SUMACH</h2> - -<p><b>Rhus typhina</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of -15-20 feet and a diameter of 8-10 inches; trunk short, bearing a broad -crown of ascending branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 16-24 inches long, and with 11-31 -leaflets; leaflets oblong, 2-5 inches long, nearly sessile, oblanceolate, -pointed, serrate, when mature dark green and smooth above, pale -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; polygamous, arranged in compact oblong -yellowish-green panicles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in late summer and persists through the winter; -numerous dry drupes aggregate in a compact pyramidal panicle, 5-8 -inches long; drupes thickly studded with red acid hairs, not poisonous.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks somewhat roughened by loose brown -scales. Twigs and leaf stalks are densely velvety-hairy.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Soft, light, coarse-grained, orange-colored, showing -plainly the annual growths.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and -Alabama.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common throughout the State -and reaching higher altitudes than some of the other sumachs.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Fertile dry upland soil, preferring abandoned fields, -borders of woods and fence rows.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of this species is sometimes used for sugar -spiles and for the manufacture of napkin rings, cups, etc. The leaves -are rich in tannin; the wood has little commercial value. Its beautiful -foliage and red fruit spikes give it value for ornamental planting.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_173.jpg" alt="DWARF SUMACH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="DWARF_SUMACH">DWARF SUMACH</h2> - -<p><b>Rhus copallina</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A shrub or small tree often attaining in West Virginia a -height of 15-20 feet and a diameter of 3-5 inches; trunk straight or -angular, supporting a loose irregular crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, 6-12 inches long, with petioles -wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate lanceolate, nearly -entire leaflets which are smooth and shining above and pubescent -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—July; polygamous; in terminal compact panicles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in late summer; small dry drupes in compact -erect panicles, red, turning dark later in the year, the panicles finally -drooping; not poisonous.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened on old trunk by brown papery scales or elevated -brown projections.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Soft, coarse-grained, light brown, richly striped with -yellow and black.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in most sections of the -State except at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Dry hillsides and ridges, frequenting abandoned fields.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This sumach, like others of the genus, is chiefly valuable -for landscape work, being especially ornamental in its autumnal foliage. -The wood is sometimes used in the manufacture of small -wooden novelties.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_175.jpg" alt="POISON SUMACH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="POISON_SUMACH">POISON SUMACH</h2> - -<p><b>Rhus vernix</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of -10-15 feet; trunk usually branching near the ground and separating -into a loose irregular head.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound, leaflets 7-13, oblong-obovate, -entire, poisonous.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June-July; polygamous; small, yellowish-green, arranged -in long drooping panicles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Small, nearly spherical, glossy, dull white drupes in long, -loose, drooping, axillary panicles; ripening in early autumn and persisting -into the winter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thin, streaked, smooth, covered with numerous raised -lenticels.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Soft, brittle, light yellow.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Ontario to Florida, west to Louisiana and Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Rare, found in swamps at -Cowen, Webster County and near Elkins, Randolph County.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best in swamps but may be found on moist -slopes.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder, and Poison Oak are -other names of this species. This is one of our most poisonous plants -and should be avoided except by those who are immune. It has no -commercial importance.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_177.jpg" alt="AMERICAN HOLLY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="AMERICAN_HOLLY">AMERICAN HOLLY</h2> - -<p><b>Ilex opaca</b>, Ait.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk short; -branches slender, spreading and ascending, forming a conic crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, glabrous, oval, -margins wavy with scattered spiny teeth, dark green above, pale green -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May to June; dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, the -staminate 2-9 on a common stalk, the pistillate usually solitary; small, -white.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in late summer and persists through the following -fall and winter; a bright red berry-like drupe about the size of -a pea, smooth, shining, containing a 4-ribbed, brown nutlet.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, or slightly rough with age, grayish or grayish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, tough, close-grained, chalky-white in color.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Observed in the following counties: -Boone, Braxton, Fayette, Logan, Mingo, McDowell, Nicholas, -Randolph, Upshur, Webster and Wyoming. Rare east of the mountains -and sparsely scattered in other counties along the Ohio River.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers moist soil near rivers or rich loamy and rocky -ground.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Holly wood is very valuable for inlaid work, cabinet -making, interior finish, and piano keys, but the trees in West Virginia -are usually small, and afford little timber. During the holidays the -evergreen foliage with bright red fruits are much sought after. The -tree is slow-growing but is otherwise very desirable for ornamental -planting.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_177.jpg" alt="MOUNTAIN HOLLY" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="MOUNTAIN_HOLLY">MOUNTAIN HOLLY</h2> - -<p><b>Ilex monticola</b>, Gray.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 2-8 inches; a shrub or small -tree with short trunk and slender ascending branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, deciduous, 4-5 inches long, ovate or -lance-oblong, taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply -serrate.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; polygamo-dioecious; staminate and pistillate -flowers on very short pedicels, white, clustered, about one-third -of an inch across.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in early autumn; globose, about two-fifths of an -inch in diameter, bright scarlet, containing 4-6 striate nutlets ridged -on the back.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thin, somewhat rough and warty on old trees, light -brownish-gray.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, close-grained, nearly white.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New York, southward along the Alleghanies.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not common except locally. -Found principally at high altitudes. Common near Davis, Tucker -County, and in various parts of Randolph and Pocahontas counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Upland sandy flats, cool mountainsides, and swamp -borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This small tree is not important except for ornamental -use. Its bright foliage and fruits recommend it for this purpose. -The species may easily be confused with Winterberry (<i>Ilex verticillata</i>, -(L.) Gray) which often grows with it. The nutlets of the latter, -however, are smooth and smaller, its flowers are shorter-stalked and -its leaves somewhat downy beneath.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_179.jpg" alt="STRIPED MAPLE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="STRIPED_MAPLE">STRIPED MAPLE</h2> - -<p><b>Acer pennsylvanicum</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk medium -short; crown irregular, usually broad.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, nearly as broad, 3-lobed -above the middle with short, pointed lobes, sharply and doubly -serrate, rounded or cordate at base, rather smooth above and rusty -pubescent beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; usually monoecious, yellow, bell-shaped, in -long, drooping, terminal racemes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; paired samaras in long racemose -drooping clusters, wing ¾ inch long, widely divergent, marked on -one side of each nutlet by a small cavity.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, thin, greenish or reddish-brown, marked longitudinally -by pale stripes.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, pinkish brown, with thick sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Novia Scotia south along the mountains to Georgia, -west to Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in shaded ravines and -rich slopes in the mountainous parts of the State, especially in Webster, -Randolph, Upshur, Pocahontas and Nicholas counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best in rich soil of rocky or sandy woods.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This small maple is also called Moosewood and Goosefoot -Maple, the latter name referring to the goosefoot shape of the -leaf. It is not a commercially valuable species, but always attracts -attention whether growing in its shady mountain habitat or on the -lawn.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_181.jpg" alt="MOUNTAIN MAPLE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="MOUNTAIN_MAPLE">MOUNTAIN MAPLE</h2> - -<p><b>Acer spicatum</b>, Lam.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree or shrub sometimes reaching a height of -20-25 feet and a diameter of 6-10 inches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, 4-5 inches long, 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, -the lobes taper-pointed, glabrous and dark green above, somewhat -downy beneath, petioles long and slender.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; polygamo-monoecious; small, yellow-green, -arranged in upright, dense, somewhat compound racemes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Early autumn; small, paired samaras, red, turning brown -and drooping when mature, in racemose clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Nearly smooth, light brown, thin; twigs reddish, slightly -hairy.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland and Labrador, south to Georgia and west -to Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in mountainous sections -and sometimes occurring at low elevations adjacent to the -mountains. Found growing from elevation 850 feet, in Monongalia -County, to elevation 4,800 feet, in Pendleton County.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Damp mountain forests, along streams and on rocky -slopes; thrives in the shade of other trees.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Mountain Maple is often seen fruiting when only -4 or 5 feet high, but it frequently reaches tree size in favorable locations. -The wood is not found on the market. This species is one of -the most ornamental of the maples and should be planted more generally. -The erect flower spikes, small red fruits, reddish twigs, and -coarse-toothed leaves are characters that distinguish it from other -maples.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_183.jpg" alt="SUGAR MAPLE" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SUGAR_MAPLE">SUGAR MAPLE</h2> - -<p><b>Acer saccharum</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk of trees in -close stands long, clear and straight; crown conical or round-topped, -with many ascending and horizontal branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, 3-5 inches long, 5-lobed with rounded -sinuses and sparingly sinuate-toothed margins; smooth and dark -green above, paler and somewhat downy on the veins beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious; both -kinds of flowers on thread-like, hairy pedicels in drooping corymbs; -greenish yellow.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; clustered groups of paired samaras, -glabrous, with slightly diverging wings about 1 inch long.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Deeply fissured and with prominent dark gray, flaky -ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, light brown -to reddish.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found in nearly all parts of the -State; most abundant on upland flats and in rich coves along the Alleghanies -from Preston County through Tucker, Barbour, Randolph, -Pocahontas, Greenbrier and Monroe; common in the high hilly -sections lying west of the mountains, rare in the Eastern Panhandle.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Moist, rich soils of river valleys, coves, and high flats -and rocky loams of hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Sugar, or Rock Maple is one of our best known and -most valuable trees. Its timber is becoming more highly prized as -other species are disappearing. Interior finish, furniture, shoe-lasts -and cross-ties are among the common uses of this wood. It is the -principal species from which maple syrup and sugar are made, and -one of the very best trees for ornamental planting.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_185.jpg" alt="BLACK SUGAR MAPLE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_SUGAR_MAPLE">BLACK SUGAR MAPLE</h2> - -<p><b>Acer saccharum nigrum</b>, (Michx. f.) Britt.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 75-90 feet, diameter 2-3½ feet; trunk and crown -as in sugar maple.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, wider than long, -3-5-lobed, the lower lobes often reduced to a shallow rounded tooth, -thick and firm, green and usually downy beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May, with the leaves; monoecious, arranged in umbel-like -corymbs, yellow, on slender, hairy pedicels.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; paired samaras clustered on drooping -pedicels, wings slightly diverging.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Usually very dark gray, furrowed deeply.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, light yellow or -brownish, with thin, lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Quebec and western New Hampshire, southward and -westward.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Less common than sugar maple, -but often growing with it on low ground. Observed in the following -counties: Lewis, Monongalia, Randolph, Tyler, Upshur, Webster and -Wetzel.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Moist soil of river bottoms and slopes.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree, which is classed as a sub-species of the common -sugar maple, can scarcely be distinguished from the latter, -except by the leaves which are thicker, usually dropping, less deeply -lobed and slightly hairy beneath.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_187.jpg" alt="SILVER MAPLE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SILVER_MAPLE">SILVER MAPLE</h2> - -<p><b>Acer saccharinum</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually short -and soon divided into several large, ascending branches which subdivide -and form a large open, rounded, or vase-shaped crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, 3-6 inches long, deeply 5-lobed, the -lobes cut and toothed, sinuses deep, light green above, silvery-white -beneath, downy when young, petioles long and slender.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—March-April; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious, yellow-green -in crowded umbels.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in May; large paired samaras, with wings 1-2 -inches long.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks roughened by shallow fissures and flat-topped -ridges with thin, loose scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Medium hard, brittle, close-grained, not durable, light -brown, with thick whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New Brunswick to Florida, and west to Indian Territory.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common along the following -streams: Potomac River and its larger tributaries, Great Kanawha, -New, Elk, Little Coal, Big Sandy, Little Kanawha, Monongahela, and -Ohio rivers.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Confined to river banks and swamp borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This species, also known as White Maple, River Maple, -and Soft Maple, is one of the less valuable of the genus. Its lumber is -used principally for flooring, cheap furniture and paper pulp. Silver -Maple is extensively planted along streets and in parks. It grows -rapidly, often becoming too large, and has a less perfect crown than -some of the other maples.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_189.jpg" alt="RED MAPLE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_MAPLE">RED MAPLE</h2> - -<p><b>Acer rubrum</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-3½ feet; trunk usually -more or less inclined or twisted; crown rather narrow and rounded.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, 3-4 inches long, about as broad, lobes -3-5, coarsely toothed, green and glabrous above, whitish beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—March-April; polygamo-monoecious, or dioecious; in -few-flowered clusters on shoots of the previous year; petals linear-oblong, -red or orange.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—May-June; paired samaras, small, smooth, wings about 1 -inch long on long, drooping pedicels.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thick, roughened by shaggy ridges, gray. The smooth -bark of young trees and limbs of large trees are silvery gray.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, medium soft, close-grained, light brown, with -whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern Canada to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Occurs in all parts of the State. -Not common east of the Alleghanies.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best in swamps or on stream borders, but is -found also on hillsides and ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Red Maple is especially noticeable early in spring -on account of the red flowers and fruits, and in autumn when the -leaves turn bright scarlet. The wood is used for cheap furniture, -turnery, and paper pulp. It cannot be recommended highly for forestry -purposes.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_191.jpg" alt="BOX ELDER" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BOX_ELDER">BOX ELDER</h2> - -<p><b>Acer negundo</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 40-60 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually -short dividing into several large, spreading branches, forming an unequal, -open crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, compound, the 3-5 leaflets 2-4 inches long, -ovate, pointed, coarse-toothed above the middle, or sometimes slightly -3-lobed.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April; dioecious; small, yellow-green, the staminate on -slender drooping pedicels, the pistillate in narrow drooping racemes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in late summer and persists into the winter; -paired samaras hanging in racemose clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Somewhat roughened by narrow, close ridges, gray-brown; -twigs greenish.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, creamy-white with -scarcely lighter colored sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Ontario and Vermont to Florida, Texas and Mexico.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common locally along streams -at lower elevations. Plentiful in some sections of the following -counties: Boone, Braxton, Doddridge, Fayette, Jefferson, Lewis, -Monongalia, and Tyler.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Deep moist soils of stream banks and swamp borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Box Elder grows naturally along streams but thrives -when planted in drier soils. It is not important as a timber tree, -nor very desirable for ornamental uses. This tree is sometimes called -Ash-leaved Maple.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_193.jpg" alt="FETID BUCKEYE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="FETID_BUCKEYE">FETID BUCKEYE</h2> - -<p><b>Aesculus glabra</b>, Willd.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-20 inches; trunk short -supporting a deep, round-topped crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets usually 5, 3-6 -inches long, oval, tapered at base, sharp-pointed, irregularly and finely -toothed, pale green above, paler beneath, smooth, when old. The -foliage is ill-smelling when bruised.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or perfect; most of -the flowers with imperfect pistils; borne in downy terminal panicles -5-6 inches long; corolla yellow.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in October; a leathery round or pear-shaped -prickly pod or capsule about 1 inch in diameter, containing a large, -shining, brown nut.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened by even, scaly, broken gray ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, weak, pale yellow.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Pennsylvania to Alabama and west to Iowa and Oklahoma.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common along the Ohio River -at Wheeling. Reported from Wirt, Gilmer and Monongalia counties -and from points along the Ohio River north of Wheeling.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Moist soils of river banks and ravines.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Fetid or Ohio Buckeye is an unimportant tree of -stream borders, confined in its distribution here principally to the -western part of the State. It can easily be distinguished when in fruit -from the common species, next described, by its prickly pods. This -tree is sometimes planted on lawns but is less desirable than its European -relative the Horse Chestnut (<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i>).</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_195.jpg" alt="SWEET BUCKEYE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SWEET_BUCKEYE">SWEET BUCKEYE</h2> - -<p><b>Aesculus octandra</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually -short; crown conical or round-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets 5-7, oval, 4-10 -inches long, long-pointed, finely toothed, smooth and dark green -above, somewhat hairy and yellowish-green beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or perfect, borne in -terminal panicles 4-12 inches long; corolla yellow, with included -stamens.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—October; a large smooth irregularly rounded or pear-shaped -pod or capsule, 1-2 inches thick, 3-celled but usually bearing -only one large irregularly rounded, glossy, brown nut, which is somewhat -poisonous.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Evenly furrowed, the gray-brown ridges breaking up into -irregular scales.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, yellowish, or nearly white.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Oklahoma and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common locally. Found in the -following counties: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Calhoun, Doddridge, -Fayette, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, Marshall, Mingo, Monongalia, -Monroe, Pocahontas, Putnam, Ritchie, Summers, Tyler, Upshur -(rare), Webster (rare), and Wyoming.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich soil, preferring river valleys.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of Sweet Buckeye is not important commercially, -but is used to some extent for veneer, cooperage, candy boxes, -paper pulp, etc. The tree is a rapid grower and is sometimes planted -with satisfactory results on lawns and in parks. Variety <i>hybrida</i> -(D. C.) Sarg. with calyx and corolla tinged with purple has been -found at Weston and other points in the State.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_197.jpg" alt="BASSWOOD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BASSWOOD">BASSWOOD</h2> - -<p><b>Tilia americana</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2½-4 feet; trunk straight -and free from limbs to a considerable height; crown dense, ovoid or -round-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, obliquely heart-shaped, -coarsely serrate, thick and firm, dark-green and shining above, -pale green and almost glabrous beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June; perfect; yellowish-white, fragrant, 5-20, in -drooping cymes, the peduncle or flower stalk attached for half its -length to a flat narrow greenish bract.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—October; a woody, globose, nut-like drupe, about the size -of a pea and borne in drooping clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks deeply furrowed and with broad, scaly, -light brown ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, tough, light brownish-red, -with thick scarcely lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Manitoba to Georgia, and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common, especially in the mountainous -and high hilly parts of the State, though occurring less frequently -than the following species.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich, well-drained soil of bottoms and slopes.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of this species is used for paper pulp, wooden -ware, furniture, kegs, buckets, barrel heads, boxes, etc. It is one of -our valuable forest trees and should be encouraged to grow wherever -it is possible. Linden, Lynn, Beetree, and Lime Tree are others of -its common names. Its smooth leaves furnish the best distinguishing -characteristic.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_199.jpg" alt="WHITE BASSWOOD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="WHITE_BASSWOOD">WHITE BASSWOOD</h2> - -<p><b>Tilia heterophylla</b>, Vent.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk long, straight, -and slightly tapering; crown dense and rounded.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, oblong, ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5-8 -inches long, firm, apex pointed, truncate or heart-shaped and usually -very unequal at base, upper surface bright green, under surface silvery, -whitened with a fine down.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June-July; perfect; regular, fragrant, yellow-white; -5-15 in drooping cymose clusters; peduncle attached for half its length -to a thin, oblong, greenish bract.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—A spherical, woody, nut-like drupe about the size of a -pea, borne singly or in clusters on a common stalk attached to the -bract.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Deeply furrowed, grayish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Similar to and used for the same purposes as that of the -preceding species.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New York to Florida, west to Alabama and Illinois.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree in Upshur, Randolph, -Tucker, Hampshire, Hardy, Grant, Braxton, Lewis, Webster, -Nicholas, Roane, Fayette, Kanawha, Gilmer, Monongalia, Marshall, -and in several other counties. It is more abundant than the foregoing -species of <i>Tilia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—With other hardwoods in rich soil of mountains and -high hills.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The White Basswood is a valuable forest tree in West -Virginia, though the commercial size is now becoming rare in most -sections. It is a rapid grower and is easily propagated. This tree -is highly recommended for timber and for ornamental use. The most -noticeable difference between this species and the foregoing is found -in the leaf surface.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_201.jpg" alt="HERCULES CLUB" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="HERCULES_CLUB">HERCULES CLUB</h2> - -<p><b>Aralia spinosa</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree or shrub sometimes attaining a height of -20-30 feet and a diameter of 6-8 inches. The trunk is usually without -branches for two-thirds of its length. Branches horizontal, stout, and -stubby. The trunk and branches are armed with large prickles.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, compound or doubly compound, often 3 feet -long and 2-2½ feet across; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate; pale beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June-August; polygamous; cream white, arranged in -large, spreading panicles made up of numerous small umbels.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; an ovoid black berry about ¼ inch -long each terminated with a black persistent style.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, except on old trunks which are roughened by -shallow furrows; brown outside, yellow inside, covered with stout -prickles.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Soft, brittle, weak, brown with yellow streaks.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New York to Missouri and southward.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common locally west of the Alleghanies.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Often associated with grape vines in thickets on burnt -hillsides, and in rich soil of bottom lands and swamp borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Hercules Club or Angelica-tree is often erroneously -called Prickly Ash. It has no commercial importance except as an -ornament. Whether in bloom or in fruit the tree is very attractive -and should be seen more often on the lawn. The fruit is eagerly -eaten by birds.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_203.jpg" alt="FLOWERING DOGWOOD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="FLOWERING_DOGWOOD">FLOWERING DOGWOOD</h2> - -<p><b>Cornus florida</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 15-35 feet, diameter 4-12 inches; trunk short, not -often straight; crown broad and round-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, ovate, 3-5 inches long, tapered to an -acute apex, wedge-shaped at the base, wavy or entire on margin, -bright green above, paler beneath, smooth; mid-rib and primary veins -prominent.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; perfect; greenish, small, arranged in a dense -cluster and surrounded by a showy, white (or rarely pinkish), -4-bracted corolla-like involucre. The white involucre and the cluster -of small flowers which it surrounds are frequently mistaken for a -single flower.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Ripens in September or October; a scarlet ovoid drupe, -with a grooved stone, borne solitary or in clusters of 2-5 on a stalk. -Undeveloped pistillate flowers often persist at base of fruit.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks broken into quadrangular scales, reddish-brown -to blackish.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, strong, tough, pale red-brown or pinkish, -with lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Ontario, Michigan and Massachusetts to Florida, west -to Texas and Missouri.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common in all parts of the -State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers moist, well-drained soils of slopes and bottoms.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This well-known tree is prized for its wood which is used -for many purposes about the farm and is also manufactured into -shuttles, wedges, golf-stick heads, engravers’ blocks, brush blocks, -tool handles and for turnery. As an ornamental tree it beautifies the -native woods or the lawn by its clusters of white-bracted flowers, and -later in the season by its scarlet fruits.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_205.jpg" alt="ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="ALTERNATE-LEAVED_DOGWOOD">ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD</h2> - -<p><b>Cornus alternifolia</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree or shrub sometimes 20-30 feet high with a -diameter of 6-8 inches; trunk short; crown broad, flat-topped and -rather dense.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends -of the limbs, ovate, taper-pointed, acute at base, entire, whitish and -minutely pubescent beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; cream-colored, small, borne in broad open -cymes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; a deep blue spherical drupe, about -one-third inch in diameter, on reddish stalks, in cymose clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth or slightly roughened by longitudinal fissures on -old trunks. The smooth bark of branches is greenish.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, tough, close-grained, brown tinged with -red.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia to Alabama, west to Minnesota.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found principally along the Alleghanies -and westward. Not common in the eastern part of the -State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers stream borders, cool ravines, and moist rich -soils of hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—No uses are reported for the wood of the Alternate-leaved -Dogwood. Whether in bloom or in fruit the tree is very -attractive in appearance.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_207.jpg" alt="BLACK GUM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_GUM">BLACK GUM</h2> - -<p><b>Nyssa sylvatica</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 40-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long, -clear and straight when in close stands; crown cylindrical or rounded, -of numerous horizontal and ascending slender branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, oval-obovate; acuminate, -entire, firm, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, often -hairy when young.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—April-May; polygamo-dioecious; greenish, the staminate -borne in many-flowered small heads on slender pedicels, the pistillate -sessile in several-flowered clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn; an ovoid, blue-black, fleshy drupe, -about ½ inch long and borne on long stalks in clusters of 1-3.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Deeply furrowed, on old trunks, the ridges broken into -rectangular or hexagonal blocks; light brown to gray-black.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, soft, strong, tough, difficult to split, not durable -in the soil, light yellow, with thick whitish sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Maine and Ontario to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—A common tree throughout the -State. Least common at high elevations and east of the Alleghanies.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best on low ground and borders of swamps, -but is common on dry slopes and ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Black Gum, also called Tupelo, Pepperidge, and Sour -Gum, is one of the less valuable of our forest trees, but its tough, -light wood is gaining in value and is used extensively for wheel -hubs, boxes, broom handles, wagon beds, ladders, ironing boards, -rolling pins, excelsior, baskets, and berry crates.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_209.jpg" alt="GREAT LAUREL" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="GREAT_LAUREL">GREAT LAUREL</h2> - -<p><b>Rhododendron maximum</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 20-25 -feet; trunk short and usually twisted and bent, with contorted -blanches forming a flat irregular top.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, mostly clustered at the -ends of branches, elliptical-oblong, 4-10 inches long, very thick, acute -apex, narrowed base, entire, smooth, dark green above, light green -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—June; perfect; pale rose to white, upper petals marked -with yellow-green dots, flowers arranged in umbel-like heads 4-5 -inches in diameter.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in late summer and persists through the winter; -a reddish-brown, 5-celled, many-seeded capsule, about ½ inch long, -terminated by a long persistent style.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened by thin, flaky scales, dark red-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown with -lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia and Lake Erie south along the mountains -to Georgia.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common locally throughout the -State, most abundant in the mountainous sections.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich soil of stream banks, rocky mountainsides and -flats.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The wood of Rhododendron is only occasionally used for -tool handles, engraving blocks, and other small articles, and is excellent -for fuel. On account of its small size the tree is not commercially -important. It is one of the most beautiful of our native species -and has been appropriately selected as the State flower.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_211.jpg" alt="MOUNTAIN LAUREL" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="MOUNTAIN_LAUREL">MOUNTAIN LAUREL</h2> - -<p><b>Kalmia latifolia</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A shrub or small tree occasionally attaining a height of -15-25 feet; trunk stout, usually forked and bearing stiff, divergent -branches which form an irregular, compact, rounded head.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, -3-4 inches long, acute at both ends, entire, green above and below, -persistent for two seasons.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; perfect, pink or white, in many-flowered -terminal corymbs.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; a globose, 5-valved, many-seeded -capsule, covered with viscid hairs and with persistent style -and calyx.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened by narrow, thin scales which peel off, exposing -brownish inner bark.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, reddish-brown with -lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New Brunswick, south to Florida and west to Arkansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found locally in all parts of the -State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Growing usually in thickets, sometimes with Great -Laurel, on high mountain flats and rocky slopes. Common on thin -hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Mountain Laurel does not grow large enough to be of -much importance as a wood producer. Occasionally small articles, -such as bucket handles, penholders, pipes, etc. are made from it. Its -rich evergreen foliage and its copious pink and white flowers are -scarcely less attractive than those of <i>Rhododendron Maximum</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_213.jpg" alt="SOURWOOD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SOURWOOD">SOURWOOD</h2> - -<p><b>Oxydendrum arboreum</b>, (L.) D. C.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk medium -long and slender; crown narrow and round-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, -smooth and shining, 5-7 inches long.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—July; perfect; small, white, in long, one-sided racemes -clustered in an open, terminal panicle.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; a 5-valved capsule, often persistent -into the winter.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Thick, roughened by fissures and broken, grayish ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, close-grained reddish-brown with lighter -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Pennsylvania and Indiana southward mostly along the -mountains to Florida and Louisiana.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found in all sections west of the -Alleghanies, rare in the eastern part of the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Light, well-drained soils of hillsides and bottoms.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Sour-wood, or Sour Gum, although quite common in -most parts of West Virginia, is not often used except for unimportant -domestic purposes. The tree is very ornamental when in bloom but -is infrequently planted.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_215.jpg" alt="COMMON PERSIMMON" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="COMMON_PERSIMMON">COMMON PERSIMMON</h2> - -<p><b>Diospyros virginiana</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk usually -short; crown broad and rounded when not too much crowded.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, 4-6 inches long, -smooth, entire, dark-green and shining above, often somewhat hairy -beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; polygamous, white or pale yellow; the -staminate in 2-3-flowered cymes; the pistillate solitary and borne on -short stalks.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures after frost in autumn; a spherical yellowish, -plum-like berry, containing from 1-8 large seeds, and with large, persistent -calyx; astringent when green, sweet and edible when fully -ripe.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Rough on old trunks, with dark gray ridges which are -broken into somewhat rectangular sections.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Hard, heavy, close-grained, taking a high polish, brown -to black with yellowish sapwood, sometimes streaked with black.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Connecticut to Florida and west to Texas and Iowa.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not abundant but common locally -in scattered clumps throughout the State, most common east of -the Alleghanies. Not found at high elevations.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Thrives best in light sandy soils of bottoms and hillsides.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree is not important as a wood-producer on account -of its small size and scattered distribution. It is well known because -of its peculiar fruit.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_217.jpg" alt="OPOSSUM WOOD" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="OPOSSUM_WOOD">OPOSSUM WOOD</h2> - -<p><b>Halesia Carolina</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree, reaching a height in this State of 30-50 feet -with a diameter up to 10 or 12 inches. Farther south it reaches a -much larger size.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong-ovate, finely -serrate, smooth above when old, slightly pubescent beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—Early spring with the leaves; perfect, white, about 1 -inch long, bell-shaped, drooping on slender pedicels in crowded fascicles -or short racemes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in autumn and persistent into the winter; a -4-celled, 4-winged, dry, drupaceous fruit, 1½-2 inches long, 1 inch -wide; greenish turning brown when mature.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Somewhat roughened by shallow fissures and narrow -ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter -colored sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Southern West Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, -Arkansas and Illinois.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common along the Great Kanawha -and New rivers from the eastern part of Kanawha County -through Fayette and Summers counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich slopes and banks of streams.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Opossum Wood has two other common names, -Snowdrop, and Silver-bell Tree, both names referring to the white -bell-shaped flowers. The tree is of no commercial importance here, -but is very attractive when planted as an ornament. Variety -<i>monticola</i>, with longer leaves and fruit, also occurs with this species.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_219.jpg" alt="WHITE ASH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="WHITE_ASH">WHITE ASH</h2> - -<p><b>Fraxinus americana</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long -and free from branches for many feet; crown pyramidal and open.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long; the -7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, nearly or -quite entire, glabrous, dark green above, pale and either smooth or -pubescent beneath.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; dioecious; the staminate in dense red-purple -clusters; the pistillate in loose panicles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn, and persists into the winter; -samaras 1-2 inches long in drooping paniculate clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Furrowed deeply, the ridges firm, narrow, flattened, -brownish-gray.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough and elastic, -brown with thick sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Grows in many situations, but prefers rich moist loamy -soil.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The White Ash is one of our valuable timber trees, producing -wood which is manufactured into agricultural implements, -wagons, furniture, tool handles, and interior finish. It is by far -the most common Ash but is nowhere abundant.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_221.jpg" alt="RED ASH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="RED_ASH">RED ASH</h2> - -<p><b>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 30-65 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk straight and -clear with many upright branches which form a compact, broad, irregular -crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 10-12 inches long, with -7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost -entire, pale or more or less pubescent.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; dioecious; in downy panicles on shoots of the -previous season.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn and is persistent for several -months; samaras 1-2 inches long, borne copiously in drooping clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Twigs usually pubescent, on old trunks rough with scaly -dark gray-brown ridges.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, strong, brittle, light brown, with thick, yellow-streaked -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Vermont and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Collected along New River, -Fayette County; reported from Randolph, Upshur, Wood and Mason -counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers moist soils of river bottoms and borders of -swamps.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—Red Ash is occasionally found along some of the streams -of the State but does not grow in sufficient quantities to be of any -commercial importance. It can usually be distinguished from the -White Ash by its pubescent twigs and petioles, and its somewhat -different fruits. A variety of this species, <i>lanceolata</i>, is also to be -found in some places along the streams.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_223.jpg" alt="BLACK ASH" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_ASH">BLACK ASH</h2> - -<p><b>Fraxinus nigra</b>, Marsh.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk rather slender, -and straight, bearing a narrow-ovoid or rounded crown of upright -branches.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 12-16 inches long; leaflets -7-11, 3-5 inches long, sessile, except the terminal one, oblong to -oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, glabrous.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; polygamo-dioecious; borne in loose drooping -panicles.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Matures in early autumn; samaras 1-1½ inches long, in -open drooping clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Soft, ash-gray, and scaly on old trunks, not deeply fissured. -The outside corky bark is easily rubbed off with the hand.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, coarse-grained, weak, rather soft, brown with -thin lighter sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Newfoundland and Manitoba south to Virginia and -Arkansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Not common. Found in Fayette, -Preston and Tucker counties. Reported from Randolph, Webster, -Monongalia, Summers, and Wirt counties.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Low river bottoms and swamps.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This tree is only occasionally found in West Virginia and -cannot be considered as an important species. When in leaf it is -easily distinguished from the other Ashes by the leaflets which are -sessile on the main petiole.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_225.jpg" alt="FRINGE TREE" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="FRINGE_TREE">FRINGE TREE</h2> - -<p><b>Chionanthus virginica</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small, slender tree sometimes reaching a height of -20-30 feet; trunk short, bearing numerous stout ascending branches -which form a deep, narrow crown.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, ovate, 4-8 inches long, entire, acute -at apex, glabrous.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; complete or polygamous; white, fragrant, -borne in loose and drooping graceful panicles 4-6 inches long.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Purple berry-like ovoid drupes, ½-¾ of an inch long, -borne in drooping clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Smooth, or somewhat scaly, thin, and reddish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown with thick lighter-colored -sapwood.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania to Florida and -Texas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found principally in the southern -and eastern parts of the State but nowhere common.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Rich, moist soil of stream banks and swamp borders.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—The Fringe-tree is valuable only as an ornament for -which its fringe-like flower clusters and dark purple fruits give it a -decided value.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_227.jpg" alt="SWEET VIBURNUM" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="SWEET_VIBURNUM">SWEET VIBURNUM</h2> - -<p><b>Viburnum lentago</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A shrub or small tree sometimes 15-25 feet high; trunk -short and crown round-topped.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple 2½ inches long, ovate, long, abruptly -taper-pointed, finely and sharply serrate; petioles winged.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May-June; perfect; small, white, in large many-flowered -cymes which are usually 3-5 inches broad.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Black, ovoid, or ellipsoid drupe, which is sweet and juicy -and contains a flat, oval, stone; borne on reddish stalks in often drooping -clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—On old trunks roughened by thin scales; reddish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Heavy, hard, yellow-brown, with a disagreeable odor.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Quebec and Manitoba southward to Georgia and Missouri.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Found in Tucker and Grant -counties and reported from Randolph County.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Banks of streams and in swamps.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—This Viburnum can be most easily distinguished by its -leaves which are very finely serrate and are abruptly tapered into long -slender points. Its flowers, fruit and foliage make it very desirable -as an ornamental tree. Sheep-berry and Nanny-berry are also common -names by which the species is known.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span></p> - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_229.jpg" alt="BLACK HAW" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="BLACK_HAW">BLACK HAW</h2> - -<p><b>Viburnum prunifolium</b>, L.</p> - - -<p><b>Form</b>.—A small tree or shrub reaching a height of 20-30 feet in -favorable locations.</p> - -<p><b>Leaves</b>.—Opposite, simple, oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, 1-3 -inches long, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous.</p> - -<p><b>Flowers</b>.—May; perfect; small, white, borne in large terminal -cymes.</p> - -<p><b>Fruit</b>.—Dark blue, fleshy, sweet, persistent drupes with large flat -stones; borne on reddish stalks in few-fruited clusters.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b>.—Roughened by plate-like scales, reddish-brown.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b>.—Similar to that of Sweet Viburnum.</p> - -<p><b>Range</b>.—Connecticut and Michigan south to Georgia and -Arkansas.</p> - -<p><b>Distribution in West Virginia</b>.—Common locally throughout the -State.</p> - -<p><b>Habitat</b>.—Prefers dry, rocky hillsides and low ridges, growing in -thickets along fences.</p> - -<p><b>Notes</b>.—As a wood-producer this tree has no value. The bark -of its roots has a medicinal value and it deserves to be planted extensively -for ornamental purposes.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span></p> - -<h2><a name="NOT_NATIVE" id="NOT_NATIVE">TREES FOUND IN WEST VIRGINIA BUT NOT NATIVE</a></h2> -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_231.jpg" alt="TREES FOUND IN WEST VIRGINIA BUT NOT NATIVE" /> -</div> -<div class="legend"> -<ol><li>Red Pine</li> -<li>Scotch Pine</li> -<li>Bald Cypress</li> -<li>European Larch</li> -<li>Norway Spruce</li> -<li>White Willow</li> -<li>Osage Orange</li></ol> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_232.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> -<div class="legend"> -<ol><li>Norway Maple</li> -<li>Sycamore Maple</li> -<li>Gray Birch</li> -<li>Horse Chestnut</li> -<li>Catalpa</li> -<li>Tree of Heaven</li> -<li>Kentucky Coffee Tree</li> -</ol></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="WEST_VIRGINIA_NATIVE_SHRUBS_AND_SHRUBBY_VINES">WEST VIRGINIA NATIVE SHRUBS AND SHRUBBY VINES</h2> - - -<div class="hang"> - -<p><b>Taxus canadensis</b>, Marsh. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. A rare red-berried -evergreen. Randolph: Glady; Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades and -Winterburn; Grant: Greenland Gap; Preston: Cranesville; Raleigh: -Piney River.</p> - -<p><b>Salix cordata</b>, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Monongalia: Aaron’s Run, near -Morgantown.</p> - -<p><b>Salix humilis</b>, Marsh. Prairie Willow. Webster: near Upper Glade; Preston: -near Terra Alta. (Millspaugh’s Flora).</p> - -<p><b>Salix sericea</b>, Marsh. Silky Willow. Monongalia: Decker’s Creek.</p> - -<p><b>Myrica asplenifolia</b>, L. Sweet Fern. Hampshire: Cacapon Creek. Rare. Morgan: -Cacapon Mountain.</p> - -<p><b>Corylus americana</b>, Walt. Hazelnut. A common shrub.</p> - -<p><b>Corylus rostrata</b>, Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Pocahontas: Cranberry Mountain; -Mercer: Bluestone River; Hampshire: Little Cacapon.</p> - -<p><b>Alnus rugosa</b>, (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder. Abundant along streams.</p> - -<p><b>Alnus alnobetula</b>, (Ehrh.) K.K. Mountain Alder. Greenbrier: Columbia Sulphur -Springs; Fayette: near Nuttallburg; Pocahontas: at Traveler’s -Repose; Randolph: along Cheat River. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)</p> - -<p><b>Alnus incana</b>, (L.) Moench. Hoary Alder (?). Rare. Pocahontas: Cranberry -Glades.</p> - -<p><b>Pyrularia pubera</b>, Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut. “Colic-nut.” Common in many -sections.</p> - -<p><b>Phoradendron flavescens</b>, (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. Evergreen parasite. -On trees along southern rivers.</p> - -<p><b>Aristolochia macrophylla</b>, Pam. Pine Vine. Dutchman’s Pipe. Woody vine. -Frequent in rich mountain forests.</p> - -<p><b>Zanthorhiza apiifolia</b>, L’Her. Shrub Yellow-root. Small shrub on banks of -streams. Upshur: near Buckhannon; Webster: on Gauley River near -Bolair.</p> - -<p><b>Berberis canadensis</b>, Mill. American Barberry. Southern part of the State. -Mercer: near Spanishburg.</p> - -<p><b>Calycanthus floridus</b>, L. Sweet-scented shrub. Randolph, Webster, Nicholas, -Fayette, and Summers counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)</p> - -<p><b>Calycanthus fertilis</b>, Walt. Sweet Shrub. McDowell: back of R. R. water -tank near Welsh. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)</p> - -<p><b>Benzoin aestivale</b>, (L.) Nees. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. Abundant shrub.</p> - -<p><b>Hydrangea arborescens</b>, L. Wild Hydrangea. Abundant throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Ribes Cynosbati</b>, L. Prickly Gooseberry. Common in rocky woods.</p> - -<p><b>Ribes rotundifolium</b>, Michx. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. Pendleton: Spruce -Mountain.</p> - -<p><b>Ribes prostratum</b>, L’Her. Fetid Currant. Pendleton: Spruce Knob; Hampshire: -Ice Mountain.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span></p> - -<p><b>Ribes floridum</b>, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Randolph, Grant. Preston, Fayette, -and Ohio counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)</p> - -<p><b>Physocarpus opulifolius</b>, (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark. Common shrub along -streams.</p> - -<p><b>Spiraea salicifolia</b>, L. Meadow-sweet. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Randolph: -Elkins.</p> - -<p><b>Spiraea tomentosa</b>, L. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush. Infrequent. Randolph: Elkins; -Pocahontas: Seebert.</p> - -<p><b>Spiraea corymbosa</b>, Raf. Birch-leaved Meadow-sweet. Webster: near Upper -Glade. Hardy: near Moorefield. (Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Spiraea virginiana</b>, Britt. West Virginia Meadow Sweet. Monongalia: along -the Monongahela River, near Morgantown. (Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Pyrus melanocarpa</b>, (Michx.) Wild. Black Chokeberry. Frequent, in many -sections.</p> - -<p><b>Pyrus arbutifolia</b>, (L.) L.f. Chokeberry. Webster, Preston, Nicholas, Fayette, -and Upshur counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Amelanchier oligocarpa</b>, (Michx.) Roem. Oblong-fruited Juneberry. Rare. -Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Tucker: Canaan Valley.</p> - -<p><b>Robinia hispida</b>, L. Rose Acacia. Monongalia, Preston, and Summers counties. -(Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Rhus glabra</b>, L. Smooth Sumach. Common throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Rhus canadensis</b>, Marsh. Fragrant Sumach. Infrequent. Hampshire: Little -Cacapon.</p> - -<p><b>Rhus Toxicodendron</b> var. <b>radicans</b>, L. Torr. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. Abundant -throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Ilex verticillata</b>, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. Abundant in low grounds -along rivers and in glades.</p> - -<p><b>Ilex longipes</b>, Chapm. Long-stemmed Holly. Randolph: near Cheat Bridge. -Collected Sept. 1915, by C. S. Sargent.</p> - -<p><b>Nemopanthus mucronata</b>, (L.) Trel. Wild or Mountain Holly. Rare. Pendleton: -Spruce Knob; Preston: Cranesville; Pocahontas: Head of -Greenbrier River.</p> - -<p><b>Evonymus atropurpureus</b>, Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Boone: near Madison; -Monongalia: near Morgantown; Upshur: near Buckhannon.</p> - -<p><b>Evonymus americanus</b>, L. Strawberry Bush. A common shrub.</p> - -<p><b>Evonymus obovatus</b>, Nutt. Marshall: Cameron and Board Tree. (Millspaugh’s -Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Celastrus scandens</b>, L. Waxwork. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Frequent along -streams and on dry hills.</p> - -<p><b>Staphylea triloba</b>, L. American Bladder Nut. Not common. Monongalia: -near Morgantown; Wayne: near Wayne; Greenbrier: near Ronceverte.</p> - -<p><b>Rhamnus lanceolata</b>, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. Rare. Hampshire: Little -Cacapon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span></p> - -<p><b>Rhamnus alnifolia</b>, L’Her. Dwarf Alder. Rare. Pocahontas: head of east -Fork of Greenbrier River.</p> - -<p><b>Rhamnus caroliniana</b>, Walt. Indian Cherry. McDowell: Tug Fork. (Millspaugh’s -Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Ceanothus americanus</b>, L. New Jersey Tea. Common on dry gravelly ground.</p> - -<p><b>Vitis labrusca</b>, L. Northern Fox Grape. Infrequent. Upshur: French Creek; -Monroe: Sinks Grove.</p> - -<p><b>Vitis aestivalis</b>, Michx. Summer Grape. Frost Grape. Abundant in most sections.</p> - -<p><b>Vitis cordifolia</b>, Michx. Chicken Grape. Pigeon Grape. A common species.</p> - -<p><b>Vitis vulpina</b>, L. Randolph, Summers, and Jefferson counties. (Millspaugh’s -Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Vitis bicolor</b>, LeConte. Winter Grape. Webster: Hacker Valley. (Millspaugh’s -Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Vitis rupestris</b>, Sch. Sand Grape. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. (Millspaugh’s -Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Vitis rotundifolia</b>, Michx. Muscadine. Randolph, Fayette, and Summers counties. -(Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Hypericum prolificum</b>, L. Shrubby St. John’s wort. Plentiful in glady regions.</p> - -<p><b>Hypericum densiflorum</b>, Pursh. St. John’s wort. Glades.</p> - -<p><b>Dirca palustris</b>, L. Leatherwood. Wicopy. Infrequent. Webster: near Webster -Springs; Randolph: Tygarts Valley River near Valley Head; Pocahontas: -on Greenbrier River.</p> - -<p><b>Cornus canadensis</b>, L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunchberry. A small shrubby plant. -Rare. Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: near Osceola; -Hampshire: Ice Mountain.</p> - -<p><b>Cornus Amomum</b>, Mil. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Frequent along streams.</p> - -<p><b>Cornus paniculata</b>, L’Her. Panicled Dogwood. Rare. Grant: on Abram Creek; -Preston: Reedsville.</p> - -<p><b>Cornus circinata</b>, L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Upshur: near Lorentz. -(Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Cornus stolonifera</b>, Michx. Red Osier. Ohio: near Wheeling. (Millspaugh’s -Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Clethera acuminata</b>, Michx. White Alder. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. (Millspaugh’s -Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Rhododendron catawbiense</b>, Michx. Lilac-colored Laurel. Mountain Rose Bay. -Pendleton, Fayette, Greenbrier, and Summers counties.</p> - -<p><b>Rhododendron viscosum</b>, (L) Torr. Clammy Azalea. White Swamp Honeysuckle. -Frequent along mountain streams.</p> - -<p><b>Rhododendron canescens</b>, (Michx.) G. Don. Mountain Azalea. Rare. Pendleton: -summit Spruce Knob.</p> - -<p><b>Rhododendron nudiflorum</b>, (L.) Torr. Purple Azalea. Pinxter Flower. Abundant -in many sections.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span></p> - -<p><b>Rhododendron calendulaceum</b>, (Michx.) Torr. Flame Azalea. Common in -many sections.</p> - -<p><b>Menziesia pilosa</b>, (Michx.) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia. Not common. Pendleton: -Spruce Knob; Randolph: Point Mountain.</p> - -<p><b>Kalmia angustifolia</b>, L. Sheep Laurel. Calhoun, Upshur, Nicholas, Randolph, -and Hardy counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Andromeda glaucophylla</b>, Link. (?) Bog Rosemary. Rare. Pocahontas: -Cranberry Glades. Plants not in bloom or fruit when collected.</p> - -<p><b>Andromeda floribunda</b>. Pursh. Mountain Fetter-bush. Infrequent. Pocahontas: -Greenbank; Greenbrier: near Neola.</p> - -<p><b>Lyonia lingustrina</b>, (L.) DC. Male Berry. Not common. Upshur: near Buckhannon; -Webster: near Cowen.</p> - -<p><b>Gaylussacia dumosa</b>, (And.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. Kanawha: near -Charleston; Hardy: near Moorefleld. (Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Gaylussacia frondosa</b>, (L.) T. & G. Dangleberry. Fayette: near Hawk’s Nest; -Webster: Upper Glade. (Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Gaylussacia baccata</b>, (Wang.) C. Koch. Black Huckleberry. “Buckberry”. -Abundant on dry ground.</p> - -<p><b>Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum</b>, var. <b>nigrum</b>, Wood. Low Black Blueberry. Common -in many localities. Pendleton: Spruce Mountain; Monongalia: -near Morgantown.</p> - -<p><b>Vaccinium canadense</b>, Kalm. Sour-Top. Velvet-Leaf. Blueberry. Rare. -Tucker: Canaan Valley; Preston: Cranesville.</p> - -<p><b>Vaccinium vacillans</b>, Kalm. Late Low Blueberry. An abundant species.</p> - -<p><b>Vaccinium corymbosum</b>, L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Common in some localities.</p> - -<p><b>Vaccinium erythrocarpum</b>, Michx. Southern Mountain Cranberry. Rare. Pendleton: -summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: Shavers Mountain.</p> - -<p><b>Vaccinium Oxyoccos</b>, L. Small Cranberry. In glades. Pocahontas and Tucker.</p> - -<p><b>Vaccinium macrocarpon</b>, Ait. Large or American Cranberry. In glades. -Pocahontas and Webster.</p> - -<p><b>Cephalanthus occidentalis</b>, L. Button Bush. Found in Greenbrier, Hampshire, -Jefferson, Monongalia, and Wetzel. Doubtless occurs in many other -sections.</p> - -<p><b>Diervilla Lonicera</b>, Mill. Bush Honeysuckle. Rare. Pendleton: Spruce Mountain.</p> - -<p><b>Lonicera canadensis</b>. Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle. Rare. Pendleton: -Spruce Knob.</p> - -<p><b>Viburnum alnifolium</b>, Marsh. Hobble-bush. Moosewood. “Hobble-rod.” Abundant -in mountain regions.</p> - -<p><b>Viburnum Opulus</b> var. <b>Americanum</b>. (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry-tree. High Bush -Cranberry. Infrequent. Tucker: Canaan Valley.</p> - -<p><b>Viburnum acerifolium</b>, L. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood. A common shrub.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span></p> - -<p><b>Viburnum dentatum</b>, L. Arrow-wood. Infrequent. Pocahontas: Cranberry -Glades; Randolph: near Elkins.</p> - -<p><b>Viburnum cassinoides</b>, L. Withe-rod. Wild Raisin. Not common. Webster: -Gauley River; Pendleton: Big Run; Monongalia: Deckers Creek.</p> - -<p><b>Viburnum nudum</b>, L. Randolph: Middle Fork River. Webster: Upper Glade. -(Millspaugh’s Flora)</p> - -<p><b>Viburnum pubescens</b>, (Ait.) Pursh. Greenbrier: White Sulphur Springs.</p> - -<p><b>Sambucus canadensis</b>, L. Common Elder. Abundant throughout the State.</p> - -<p><b>Sambucus racemosa</b>, L. Red-berried Elder. Frequent in rocky woods.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="GLOSSARY">GLOSSARY</h2> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Abortive</b></td> - <td align="left">That which is brought forth prematurely; coming to -naught before it is completed.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Achene</b></td> - <td align="left">A small hard, dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit which does not -open by valves.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Acrid</b></td> - <td align="left">Sharp or biting to the taste.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Acuminate</b></td> - <td align="left">Decidedly tapering at the end.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Acute</b></td> - <td align="left">Tapering at the end.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Aesthetic</b></td> - <td align="left">Pertaining to the beautiful.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Alternate</b></td> - <td align="left">Not opposite to each other, but scattered singly along the -axis.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Ament</b></td> - <td align="left">A peculiar, scaly, unisexual spike.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Anther</b></td> - <td align="left">The enlarged terminal part of a stamen which bears the -pollen.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Apex</b></td> - <td align="left">The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i. e., the part opposite -the base.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Apical</b></td> - <td align="left">Pertaining to the tip, end, or apex.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Appressed</b></td> - <td align="left">Lying tight or close against.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Arborescent</b></td> - <td align="left">Tree-like in appearance, size and growth.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Aromatic</b></td> - <td align="left">Fragrant; with a pleasing odor.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Astringent</b></td> - <td align="left">Contracting; drawing together; binding.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Awl-Shaped</b></td> - <td align="left">Tapering from the base to a slender or rigid point.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Axil</b></td> - <td align="left">The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Axillary</b></td> - <td align="left">Situate in an axil.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Axis</b></td> - <td align="left">The central line of an organ; a stem.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Basal</b></td> - <td align="left">Pertaining to or situated at base.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Berry</b></td> - <td align="left">A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Bloom</b></td> - <td align="left">A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Bract</b></td> - <td align="left">A modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Calyx</b></td> - <td align="left">The outer portion of a flower, usually green in color.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Cambium</b></td> - <td align="left">A thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Capsule</b></td> - <td align="left">A dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting -open at maturity.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Catkin</b></td> - <td align="left">An ament or spike of unisexual flowers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Ciliate</b></td> - <td align="left">Fringed with hairs on the margin.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Complete</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of flowers when all parts are present.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Compound</b></td> - <td align="left">Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Compressed</b></td> - <td align="left">Flattened, especially laterally.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Conical</b></td> - <td align="left">Cone-shaped.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Conifers</b></td> - <td align="left">A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the -form of a cone.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Coniferous</b></td> - <td align="left">Cone-bearing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Contorted</b></td> - <td align="left">Twisted together or back upon itself.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Cordate</b></td> - <td align="left">Heart-shaped.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Corolla</b></td> - <td align="left">The inner portion of perianth, composed of petals. The -bright colored part of most flowers.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Corymb</b></td> - <td align="left">A flat-topped or convex flower cluster, blooming first at -the edges.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Corrugated</b></td> - <td align="left">Shaped into grooves, folds, or wrinkles.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Crenate</b></td> - <td align="left">Having rounded teeth.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Crown</b></td> - <td align="left">The upper mass of branches, also known as head.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Cyme</b></td> - <td align="left">A flower cluster blooming from apex or middle first, usually -somewhat flat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Cymose</b></td> - <td align="left">In a cyme; cyme-like.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Deciduous</b></td> - <td align="left">Falling off, usually at the close of the season.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Decurrent</b></td> - <td align="left">Extending down the stem below the insertion.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Defoliation</b></td> - <td align="left">Removal of foliage.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Dehiscent</b></td> - <td align="left">Splitting open.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Deltoid</b></td> - <td align="left">Delta-like, triangular.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Dentate</b></td> - <td align="left">Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Depressed</b></td> - <td align="left">Flattened from above.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Digitately-compound</b></td> - <td align="left">With the members arising at the same point at the end or -top of the support.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Dioecious</b></td> - <td align="left">Unisexual, with the two kinds of flowers on different -plants.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Disseminated</b></td> - <td align="left">Scattered; thrown broadcast.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Divergent</b></td> - <td align="left">Pointing away; extending out. Said of buds which point -away from the twigs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Downy</b></td> - <td align="left">Covered with fine hairs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Drupaceous</b></td> - <td align="left">Resembling or constructed like a drupe.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Drupe</b></td> - <td align="left">A fleshy fruit with a pit or stone.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Elongated</b></td> - <td align="left">Long drawn out.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Emarginate</b></td> - <td align="left">Having a shallow notch at the apex.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Entire</b></td> - <td align="left">Margin smooth, not cut or roughened.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Epidermis</b></td> - <td align="left">The outer layer or covering of plants.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Exotic</b></td> - <td align="left">Of foreign origin.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Exudation</b></td> - <td align="left">Oozing out of sap, resin, or milk.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Falcate</b></td> - <td align="left">Scythe-shaped.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Fascicle</b></td> - <td align="left">A cluster, usually dense.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Fetid</b></td> - <td align="left">Ill-smelling.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Fibrous</b></td> - <td align="left">Consisting of fibers; woven in texture.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Filament</b></td> - <td align="left">The stalk bearing the anther.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Fissures</b></td> - <td align="left">Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the bark.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Flora</b></td> - <td align="left">The complete system of plants found in a given area.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Fluted</b></td> - <td align="left">Grooved, corrugated, channeled.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Follicles</b></td> - <td align="left">A dry fruit of one carpel, splitting on one side only.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Forestry</b></td> - <td align="left">The rational treatment of woodlands for their products.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Fruit</b></td> - <td align="left">The seed-bearing product of a plant of whatever form.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Fungus</b></td> - <td align="left">A plant devoid of green color such as mushrooms and rots.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Genus</b></td> - <td align="left">A group of related species, as the pines or the oaks.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Glabrous</b></td> - <td align="left">Smooth, without hairs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Glandular</b></td> - <td align="left">Bearing glands, or gland-like.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Glaucous</b></td> - <td align="left">Covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating; a bloom.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Globose</b></td> - <td align="left">Ball-like, or nearly so.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Globular</b></td> - <td align="left">Ball-like.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Habitat</b></td> - <td align="left">The home of a plant.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Head</b></td> - <td align="left">A dense cluster of sessile flowers or the crown of a tree.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Heartwood</b></td> - <td align="left">The dead, central, usually highly colored portion of the -trunk.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Herbaceous</b></td> - <td align="left">Herb-like, soft.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Imbricated</b></td> - <td align="left">Overlapping like the slate on a roof.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Impressed</b></td> - <td align="left">Hollowed or furrowed as if by pressure.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Incomplete</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of flowers in which one of the outer parts is wanting.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Indigenous</b></td> - <td align="left">Applied to plants that are native to a certain locality.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Inflorescence</b></td> - <td align="left">The flowering part of a plant, and especially its arrangement.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Intolerant</b></td> - <td align="left">Not shade enduring. Requiring sunlight.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Involucre</b></td> - <td align="left">A circle of bracts surrounding a flower or cluster of flowers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Irregular</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of flowers showing inequality in the size, form, or -union of similar parts.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Keeled</b></td> - <td align="left">With a central ridge, like the keel of a boat.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Lanceolate</b></td> - <td align="left">Shaped like a lance; several times longer than wide.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Lateral</b></td> - <td align="left">Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the twig.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Leaflet</b></td> - <td align="left">One of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Lenticel</b></td> - <td align="left">A corky growth on young or sometimes older bark which -admits air to the interior of the twig or branch.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Linear</b></td> - <td align="left">Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Lobed</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or -divided.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Midrib</b></td> - <td align="left">The central or main rib or vein of a leaf.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Monoecious</b></td> - <td align="left">Bearing stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the -same plant.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Mucronate</b></td> - <td align="left">Tipped with a short, sharp point.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Naval Stores</b></td> - <td align="left">Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Nerve</b></td> - <td align="left">One of the lines or veins running through a leaf.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Node</b></td> - <td align="left">A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Nut</b></td> - <td align="left">A dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a hard covering.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Nutlet</b></td> - <td align="left">A small nut.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Ob-</b></td> - <td align="left">A prefix meaning inverted or reversed.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Oblique</b></td> - <td align="left">Slanting, uneven.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Oblong</b></td> - <td align="left">About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Obovate</b></td> - <td align="left">Reversed egg shaped.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Obtuse</b></td> - <td align="left">Blunt.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Odd-pinnate</b></td> - <td align="left">With an odd or unpaired leaflet at the tip of the compound -leaf.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Opposite</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of leaves and buds directly across from each other.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Orbicular</b></td> - <td align="left">Circular.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Ovary</b></td> - <td align="left">The part of the pistil producing the seed.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Ovate</b></td> - <td align="left">Egg-shaped in outline.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Ovoid</b></td> - <td align="left">Egg-shaped or nearly so.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Palmate</b></td> - <td align="left">Hand-shaped; radiately divided.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Panicle</b></td> - <td align="left">A compound flower cluster, the lower branches of which -are longest and bloom first.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Parasite</b></td> - <td align="left">Growing upon and obtaining its nourishment from some -other plant.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pedicel</b></td> - <td align="left">The stalk of a single flower.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Peduncle</b></td> - <td align="left">The stalk of a flower cluster or of a solitary flower.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pendulous</b></td> - <td align="left">Hanging.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Perennial</b></td> - <td align="left">Lasting for more than one year.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Perfect</b></td> - <td align="left">A flower with both stamens and pistils.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Persistent</b></td> - <td align="left">Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Petal</b></td> - <td align="left">The part of a corolla, usually colored.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Petiole</b></td> - <td align="left">The stalk of a leaf.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pinna</b></td> - <td align="left">A division, part, or leaflet of a pinnate leaf.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pinnate</b></td> - <td align="left">With leaflets on both sides of a stalk.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pistil</b></td> - <td align="left">The central part of the flower containing the prospective -seed.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pistillate</b></td> - <td align="left">Bearing pistils but no stamens.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pith</b></td> - <td align="left">The soft, central part of a twig.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pod</b></td> - <td align="left">Any dry and dehiscent fruit.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pollen</b></td> - <td align="left">The dust-like substance found in the anthers of a flower.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Polygamous</b></td> - <td align="left">With both perfect and imperfect, staminate or pistillate, -flowers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pome</b></td> - <td align="left">A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Prickle</b></td> - <td align="left">A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Psuedo-</b></td> - <td align="left">A prefix meaning false, not true.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pubescent</b></td> - <td align="left">Hairy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pungent</b></td> - <td align="left">Ending in a sharp point; acrid.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Pyramidal</b></td> - <td align="left">Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the -base.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Raceme</b></td> - <td align="left">A simple inflorescence of flowers borne on pedicels of -equal length and arranged on a common, elongated axis.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Reflexed</b></td> - <td align="left">Abruptly turned backward or downward.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Regular</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of flowers which are uniform in shape or structure.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Rugose</b></td> - <td align="left">Wrinkled.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Saccharine</b></td> - <td align="left">Pertaining to or having the qualities of sugar.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Samara</b></td> - <td align="left">An indehiscent winged fruit.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sapwood</b></td> - <td align="left">The recently formed, usually light wood, lying outside of -the heartwood.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Scales</b></td> - <td align="left">The small, modified leaves which protect the growing-point -of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds.<br /> -The small flakes into which the outer bark of a tree divides.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Scurfy</b></td> - <td align="left">Covered with small bran-like scales.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sepal</b></td> - <td align="left">One of the parts of the calyx.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Serrate</b></td> - <td align="left">Having sharp teeth pointing forward.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sessile</b></td> - <td align="left">Seated; without a stalk.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sheath</b></td> - <td align="left">A tubular envelope or covering.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Shrub</b></td> - <td align="left">A low woody growth which usually branches near the base.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Silky</b></td> - <td align="left">Covered with soft, straight, fine hairs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Simple</b></td> - <td align="left">Consisting of one part, not compound.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sinuate</b></td> - <td align="left">Having a strongly wavy margin.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sinus</b></td> - <td align="left">The cleft or opening between two lobes.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Species</b></td> - <td align="left">A group of like individuals as Red Oak, White Oak, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Spike</b></td> - <td align="left">An elongated axis bearing sessile flowers.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Spine</b></td> - <td align="left">A sharp woody outgrowth.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Stamen</b></td> - <td align="left">The part of a flower which bears the pollen.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Staminate</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of flowers which bear only stamens. Sometimes -spoken of as male.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sterile</b></td> - <td align="left">Barren; unproductive.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Stigma</b></td> - <td align="left">The end of a pistil through which pollination takes place.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Stipule</b></td> - <td align="left">A leaf appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Striate</b></td> - <td align="left">Marked with fine elongated ridges or lines.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Strobile</b></td> - <td align="left">A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the Pine, -Birches, etc.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Style</b></td> - <td align="left">The pin-like portion of a pistil bearing the stigma.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sub-</b></td> - <td align="left">A prefix meaning under or nearly.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Sucker</b></td> - <td align="left">A shoot arising from an underground bud.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Suture</b></td> - <td align="left">A line of dehiscence.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Symmetrical</b></td> - <td align="left">Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same number -of parts in each circle.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Terete</b></td> - <td align="left">Having a circular transverse section.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Terminal</b></td> - <td align="left">Pertaining to buds located at the end of twigs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Thorn</b></td> - <td align="left">A stiff, woody, sharp-pointed projection.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Tolerant</b></td> - <td align="left">Applied to trees which endure certain factors, particularly -shade.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Tomentum</b></td> - <td align="left">A dense layer of hairs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Tomentose</b></td> - <td align="left">Densely pubescent; hairy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Truncate</b></td> - <td align="left">Ending abruptly as if cut off at the end.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Tubercle</b></td> - <td align="left">A small tuber or tuber-like body.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Tufted</b></td> - <td align="left">Growing in clusters.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Umbel</b></td> - <td align="left">A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the same -point.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Valvate</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of buds in which the scales merely meet without -overlapping.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Vegetative</b></td> - <td align="left">Said of buds which do not contain reproductive organs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Veins</b></td> - <td align="left">Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Viscid</b></td> - <td align="left">Glutinous; sticky.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Whorl</b></td> - <td align="left">A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves or buds, -arranged about the same place of attachment.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left"><b>Whorled</b></td> - <td align="left">Borne in a whorl.</td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="transnote"> -<h3> Transcriber’s Notes</h3> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. All other -variations in hyphenation spelling and punctuation remain unchanged.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of West Virginia Trees, by A. B. 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