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diff --git a/53424-0.txt b/53424-0.txt index 9074953..ddfc096 100644 --- a/53424-0.txt +++ b/53424-0.txt @@ -1,17 +1,5 @@ *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 53424 *** -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustration. - See 53424-h.htm or 53424-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53424/53424-h/53424-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53424/53424-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertlord01malc - Transcriber's note: @@ -193,6 +181,9 @@ THE FIRST VOLUME. receives a Jaghire 364 +[Illustration: MAP OF INDIA] + + INTRODUCTION. diff --git a/53424-h/53424-h.htm b/53424-h/53424-h.htm index 9e382a1..75a625c 100644 --- a/53424-h/53424-h.htm +++ b/53424-h/53424-h.htm @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> -<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life of Robert, Lord Clive, Vol. I (of 3), by John Malcolm</title> -<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> -<style type="text/css"> +<meta charset="utf-8"> +<title>The Life of Robert, Lord Clive, Vol. I (of 3) | Project Gutenberg</title> +<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" > +<style> body { margin-left: 10%; @@ -61,8 +60,6 @@ table { text-align: center; } -.figcenter p {text-align: center;} - /* Footnotes */ .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} @@ -115,125 +112,85 @@ h2 { margin-top: 3em; } - - -/********** CSS taken from HTML best practices ***********/ - - h1.pg { font-size: 190%; - line-height: 1; } - h2.pg { line-height: 1; } - hr.full { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } - </style> +</style> </head> <body> <div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 53424 ***</div> -<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Life of Robert, Lord Clive, Vol. I (of -3), by John Malcolm</h1> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - <a href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertlord01malc"> - https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertlord01malc</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> +<figure class="figcenter" style="width: 75%;"> +<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="" style="width: 100%;"> +<figcaption class="caption">Engraved by Edwards, from a Painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds.<br > +ROBERT LORD CLIVE.<br > +London. Published by John Murray. 1836.</figcaption> +</figure> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 840px;"> -<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="840" height="1200" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>Engraved by Edwards, from a Painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds.<br /> -ROBERT LORD CLIVE.<br /> -London. Published by John Murray. 1836.</p></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > <h1> -THE<br /> -LIFE<br /> -OF<br /> -ROBERT, LORD CLIVE:<br /> +THE<br > +LIFE<br > +OF<br > +ROBERT, LORD CLIVE:<br > </h1> <p class="center spaced space-above"> -COLLECTED FROM THE FAMILY PAPERS<br /> -COMMUNICATED BY<br /> -THE EARL OF POWIS.<br /> +COLLECTED FROM THE FAMILY PAPERS<br > +COMMUNICATED BY<br > +THE EARL OF POWIS.<br > </p> <p class="center spaced space-above"> -BY<br /> -MAJOR-GENERAL<br /> -SIR JOHN MALCOLM, G.C.B. F.R.S. &c.<br /> -<br /> -IN THREE VOLUMES.<br /> -WITH A PORTRAIT AND MAP.<br /> -<br /> -VOL. I.<br /> +BY<br > +MAJOR-GENERAL<br > +SIR JOHN MALCOLM, G.C.B. F.R.S. &c.<br > +<br > +IN THREE VOLUMES.<br > +WITH A PORTRAIT AND MAP.<br > +<br > +VOL. I.<br > </p> <p class="center spaced space-above"> -LONDON:<br /> -JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.<br /> -MDCCCXXXVI.<br /> +LONDON:<br > +JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.<br > +MDCCCXXXVI.<br > </p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > <div class="center"> -TO<br /> -THE RIGHT HONOURABLE<br /> -THE EARL OF POWIS,<br /> -&c. &c. &c.<br /> +TO<br > +THE RIGHT HONOURABLE<br > +THE EARL OF POWIS,<br > +&c. &c. &c.<br > </div> <blockquote> <p> -<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,<br /> -<br /> -This Life of your illustrious Father is dedicated<br /> -to your Lordship, in the conviction<br /> -that, had the Author been spared to complete<br /> -this, his last and favourite work, he<br /> -would have thus endeavoured to testify<br /> -his gratitude for your unvaried kindness,<br /> -and his affectionate esteem for your public<br /> -and private character.<br /> +<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,<br > +<br > +This Life of your illustrious Father is dedicated<br > +to your Lordship, in the conviction<br > +that, had the Author been spared to complete<br > +this, his last and favourite work, he<br > +would have thus endeavoured to testify<br > +his gratitude for your unvaried kindness,<br > +and his affectionate esteem for your public<br > +and private character.<br > </p> <div class="right"> -I remain,<br /> -<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,<br /> -Your Lordship's faithful Servant,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Charlotte Malcolm</span>.<br /> +I remain,<br > +<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,<br > +Your Lordship's faithful Servant,<br > +<span class="smcap">Charlotte Malcolm</span>.<br > </div> <p> -Warfield, April, 1836.<br /> +Warfield, April, 1836.<br > </p> </blockquote> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> @@ -257,7 +214,7 @@ the chief enterprises in which he was engaged, and minutes of council on the leading measures of his government.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> <p>From these sources, aided by the Reports of the different Parliamentary Committees, and @@ -285,7 +242,7 @@ press, kindly offered to supply such a continuation as was necessary to bring down the narrative to the death of Lord Clive.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> <p>The materials which were here available were, of necessity, less abundant, less original, and @@ -310,7 +267,7 @@ under a difficulty which would have discouraged any person less influenced by friendship for the deceased, and by kindness for those on whom the publication devolved; but it has been surmounted -in a manner which, it is hoped, will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> +in a manner which, it is hoped, will<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> enable the reader to pursue the subject to its close, without any feeling of unsatisfied curiosity.</p> @@ -320,12 +277,12 @@ continuator of the work their warmest gratitude for the pains his affection has bestowed upon the last labours of his friend.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> -<h2>CONTENTS<br /> -OF<br /> +<h2>CONTENTS<br > +OF<br > THE FIRST VOLUME.</h2> <blockquote> @@ -333,66 +290,71 @@ THE FIRST VOLUME.</h2> INTRODUCTION.</div> <p> General View of the State of India in 1746</p> -<div class="right">Page <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /></div> +<div class="right">Page <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br ></div> <div class="center">CHAPTER I.</div> <p> -Clive's Family—his Boyhood.—Events of his early Life in<br /> +Clive's Family—his Boyhood.—Events of his early Life in<br > India.—History of the Carnatic to 1750</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a><br ></div> <div class="center">CHAP. II.</div> <p> -Wars in the Carnatic.—Siege of Arcot, and subsequent<br /> +Wars in the Carnatic.—Siege of Arcot, and subsequent<br > Operations of Clive till 1752</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a><br ></div> <div class="center">CHAP. III.</div> <p> -Clive returns to England, 1753.—Again sent to India in<br /> -1755.—Capture of Gheriah.—Operations in Bengal.—Calcutta<br /> -retaken, and Sujah-u-Dowlah forced to make<br /> +Clive returns to England, 1753.—Again sent to India in<br > +1755.—Capture of Gheriah.—Operations in Bengal.—Calcutta<br > +retaken, and Sujah-u-Dowlah forced to make<br > Peace</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a><br ></div> <div class="center">CHAP. IV.</div> <p> Surrender of Chandernagore.—Quarrel with Sujah-u-Dowlah</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a><br ></div> -<div class="center">CHAP. V.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span><br /></div> +<div class="center">CHAP. V.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span><br ></div> <p> -Conduct of Sujah-u-Dowlah.—Intrigues at his Court.—Battle<br /> -of Plassey.—He is deposed, and Meer Jaffier raised<br /> +Conduct of Sujah-u-Dowlah.—Intrigues at his Court.—Battle<br > +of Plassey.—He is deposed, and Meer Jaffier raised<br > to the Musnud.—Treaty</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a><br ></div> <div class="center">CHAP. VI.</div> <p> Transactions subsequent to the Battle of Plassey</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a><br ></div> <div class="center">CHAP. VII.</div> <p> -State of Parties in Bengal, and in the Court of Meer Jaffier.—Clive<br /> -proceeds to Patna.—Accepts the Government<br /> +State of Parties in Bengal, and in the Court of Meer Jaffier.—Clive<br > +proceeds to Patna.—Accepts the Government<br > of Bengal</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_316">316</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_316">316</a><br ></div> <div class="center">CHAP. VIII.</div> <p> -Clive projects an Expedition to occupy the northern Circars.—Intrigues<br /> -at the Court of Moorshedabad.—The<br /> -Shahzada's Invasion of Bahar.—Repelled by Clive—who<br /> +Clive projects an Expedition to occupy the northern Circars.—Intrigues<br > +at the Court of Moorshedabad.—The<br > +Shahzada's Invasion of Bahar.—Repelled by Clive—who<br > receives a Jaghire</p> -<div class="right"><a href="#Page_364">364</a><br /></div> +<div class="right"><a href="#Page_364">364</a><br ></div> </blockquote> +<hr class="chap" > +<figure class="figcenter" style="width: 100%;"> +<img src="images/map.jpg" alt="" style="width: 100%;"> +<figcaption class="caption">MAP <span style="font-size: small;">OF</span> INDIA</figcaption> +</figure> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> <h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> @@ -415,7 +377,7 @@ advantage of the dissensions in the imperial family, or the weakness of a reigning prince, to endeavour to render themselves independent. The same motives and principles which governed -the conduct of these vicegerents, actuated those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +the conduct of these vicegerents, actuated those<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> whose allegiance and obedience they claimed in virtue of their delegated powers from the nominal Sovereign of India. Hindoo rajahs, and @@ -424,7 +386,7 @@ of their superiors according to their means of resistance; while the Mahrattas, a name unknown to the military history of Asia before the middle of the seventeenth century, threatened, -by a system<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> of predatory warfare, to complete +by a system<a id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> of predatory warfare, to complete the destruction of these Mahomedan conquerors, whose chiefs, whether engaged in contest for the imperial Crown, the high office of soubahdar, @@ -441,7 +403,7 @@ which, in the eighteenth century, they began to contract with Europeans. The Portuguese, who had discovered a passage to India in 1498, enjoyed the exclusive commerce with that country -for a complete century; but their short and brilliant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +for a complete century; but their short and brilliant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> career was essentially different from that of the European nations who succeeded them. Their establishments were all maritime. They @@ -471,8 +433,8 @@ princes and chiefs who occupied or claimed the shores where they desired to settle.</p> <p>The effect of the victories gained over these -princes was improved by the valour, wisdom, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -energy of the great men<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> who first established +princes was improved by the valour, wisdom, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +energy of the great men<a id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> who first established the Portuguese power in India; but all these impressions were lost by the subsequent conduct of their degenerate successors, who, selected by @@ -499,7 +461,7 @@ fleets came in contact with those of Holland and England, their power fell as rapidly as it had risen; and, like a meteor, left no trace but a recollection of its dazzling and short-lived splendour.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> <p>The successful voyages of Drake and others excited the merchants of England to seek establishments in India: but the enterprise of individuals @@ -522,7 +484,7 @@ and central situation for commerce, soon rose to be the superior settlement in that part of India; while Madras obtained the same rank on the coast of Coromandel, and for some period counted -Calcutta<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> as one of its subordinates. The latter +Calcutta<a id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> as one of its subordinates. The latter at the period when Clive's career in India commenced, had become independent, and, like the settlements of Madras and Bombay, was under @@ -530,7 +492,7 @@ the government of a president and select committee; but it was still, in its establishment and means of defence, inferior to either of the other presidencies.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> <p>In the year 1698, another East India Company was formed, and received an exclusive right of trade in consideration of a loan to government; @@ -552,11 +514,11 @@ avoid (as being ruinous to their commercial pursuits) all grounds of offence to native states; and they had not even made those fortifications which were necessary to defend their property -from spoliation. The conduct which they thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -pursued had been strongly recommended<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> to +from spoliation. The conduct which they thus<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +pursued had been strongly recommended<a id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> to them by Sir Thomas Roe when ambassador at the court of the Emperor of Delhi, and a modern -historian<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> of India observes, that "if Sir Thomas +historian<a id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> of India observes, that "if Sir Thomas Roe had lived to the present day, he might have urged the trade with China as a proof, by experiment, of the proposition he advanced." But assuredly @@ -575,7 +537,7 @@ retaliation. This truth was never more completely evinced than in 1744, when war was declared between France and England. On receipt of this intelligence, the forces under the -control of the companies of the two nations on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +control of the companies of the two nations on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> the coast of Coromandel, prepared to prosecute hostilities by land and sea, upon a scale which involved both in a scene of operations more @@ -606,7 +568,7 @@ whom an unconnected force, where every individual acts for himself, can offer neither injury nor resistance.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> <p>It is to this fact far more than to the want of personal courage in the men, or pusillanimity @@ -638,7 +600,7 @@ view of the state of affairs in the Carnatic at that eventful period of our history in India.</p> <p>The Payeen Ghaut, or Lower Carnatic, well -known as the dominions of the Nabob of Arcot,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +known as the dominions of the Nabob of Arcot,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> extends along the coast of Coromandel, from the southern limits of the Guntoor Circar to Cape Comorin, a distance of about 560 miles. Its breadth, @@ -655,7 +617,7 @@ nephews, the eldest of whom, Doost Ali, on the death of his uncle, declared himself his successor; and the younger, Bauker, became governor of the strong fortress of Vellore. Nizam-ul-Mûlk, -who was at this period soubahdar of the Deckan<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +who was at this period soubahdar of the Deckan<a id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> to which district of the empire the Carnatic belonged, offended at the want of deference to his supremacy, evinced by this act of the self-constituted @@ -680,9 +642,9 @@ had several interviews, give reason to conclude that Chunda Sahib laid, at this period, the foundation of that friendship, which was subsequently publicly proclaimed between him and the French -government.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> +government.<a id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a><br /><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">[12]</a><br ><a id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> <p>Sufder Ali, the son of the nabob who had gone with Chunda Sahib to Trichinopoly, returned, @@ -705,7 +667,7 @@ Ragojee Bhonsela (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1740), invaded the Carnatic. In the first action with these plunderers, Doost Ali was slain, and his son, Sufder Ali, immediately assumed the title of nabob; but, -dreading the results of the Maratha invasion, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +dreading the results of the Maratha invasion, he<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> sent his family and treasures for protection to Pondicherry. When the war with the Marathas was concluded, he took his family away; but @@ -734,7 +696,7 @@ he meant to embark. His minister, Meer Assud, is stated to have advised him to put his family and property under the protection of the English, from a conviction of the intrigues the French -were carrying on at this period with Chunda<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +were carrying on at this period with Chunda<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> Sahib, of whose ambitious views he continued to entertain the most serious alarm.</p> @@ -768,12 +730,12 @@ having appointed a minister, the prince was conveyed to Wandewash, which fortress was commanded by one of his near relations.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> <p>Such was the state of the Carnatic, when Nizam-ul-Mûlk, Soubahdar of the Deckan, advanced to Arcot (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1743). His immense -army<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> met with no resistance. This old and +army<a id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> met with no resistance. This old and celebrated prince is said to have been shocked at the state of anarchy in which he found the fine country he now, for the first time, visited. @@ -795,21 +757,21 @@ more than by arms, persuaded Morari Row to evacuate Trichinopoly, completed the settlement of the Carnatic, and returned to his capital, Hyderabad.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> <p>Khojah Abdulla, a native Toork, from beyond the Oxus, one of his most distinguished officers, who had accompanied him upon his late expedition, was nominated to the government of the Carnatic; but on the morning on which he was to commence his march to Arcot, he was -found dead in his bed.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> The charge of this +found dead in his bed.<a id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> The charge of this important province was now given to Anwar-u-Deen, a brave and experienced soldier, of a respectable, though not noble family. He had filled several stations of consequence, and had, for sixteen years, been governor of the extensive districts of Ellore and Rajahmundry.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> <p>Nizam-ul-Mûlk, from regard to popular feeling, which was in favour of Mahomed Saeed, the son of Sufder Ali, signified his intention to @@ -856,7 +818,7 @@ country had enjoyed, for thirty years, under the administration of his ancestors.</p> <p>When war occurred between England and -France, the latter country had every thing to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +France, the latter country had every thing to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> expect from the ability and enterprise of La Bourdonnais, the commander of her fleet, in India, and Dupleix, the governor of the settlements @@ -888,14 +850,14 @@ government, to adopt a similar line of conduct.</p> he resolved to be fettered by no arrangements made on shore, from injuring, to the utmost of his power, the foes of his country. It is mortifying -to read the narrative of the events of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +to read the narrative of the events of this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> year (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1746), when the superior energy of the French so completely triumphed, both on sea and land. The English fleet, after some indecisive -efforts, left the coast, and Madras<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> was taken. +efforts, left the coast, and Madras<a id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> was taken. La Bourdonnais agreed, however, to restore it to the English, on the payment of a ransom.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> <p>Nothing could be more desperate than the situation of the Company's affairs: fortunately, the jealously and collision of the two great men, @@ -908,16 +870,16 @@ very early, the most ambitious views of raising his nation to unrivalled power in India. He saw, with jealousy, the independent power of La Bourdonnais; and, instead of entering into the -plans of that able officer<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>, which were directed +plans of that able officer<a id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>, which were directed to the conquest of all the English settlements in India, he acted in direct opposition to his views; nor did he hesitate to violate the pledge -the admiral had given.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> +the admiral had given.<a id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> <p>Possessed, as the French now were, of a very -superior force, Dupleix could not endure the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +superior force, Dupleix could not endure the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> thought of restoring Madras to the English; so that, when La Bourdonnais left the coast, he declared the capitulation null and void, and placed @@ -941,7 +903,7 @@ politics, neutralised the inclinations of the professed friend of the English, by promising to make him master of Madras, for the repossession of which he intimated that the English -would pay a rich ransom. The evasions of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +would pay a rich ransom. The evasions of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> the French governor, however, soon convinced the nabob that he had been duped; and he sent an army of 10,000 men, under his son, Maphuze @@ -964,8 +926,8 @@ their shore.</p> by troops left by La Bourdonnais, determined on the siege of Fort St. David (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1746), the second settlement of the English on the coast -of Coromandel.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> +of Coromandel.<a id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> <p>The authorities entrusted with that settlement applied for aid to the nabob of Arcot; and that prince, who was full of resentment at the French, @@ -974,7 +936,7 @@ having consented to defray part of the expenses of their auxiliaries.</p> <p>Maphuze Khan, and his brother, Mahomed -Ali, were sent with a considerable body of troops,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +Ali, were sent with a considerable body of troops,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> who, on their arrival, surprised a detachment of the French, that had been sent to take up an advanced position, and compelled them to retreat. @@ -1006,7 +968,7 @@ defensive.</p> <p>Admiral Boscawen, after an unsuccessful attempt to make himself master of the Mauritius, -anchored at Fort St. David with a very considerable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +anchored at Fort St. David with a very considerable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> armament. The siege of Pondicherry, which he immediately undertook, was the first military service in which Clive distinguished himself. @@ -1037,8 +999,8 @@ nation, having received great reinforcements of men, which they were afraid to disband while their rivals retained theirs, both parties appear to have resolved on employing them in the -contests of the native princes. "The English,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -according to a contemporary historian<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>, "in the +contests of the native princes. "The English,"<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +according to a contemporary historian<a id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>, "in the line they pursued on this occasion, acted with great indiscretion; the French, with the utmost ambition."</p> @@ -1056,17 +1018,17 @@ general narrative.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For a description of this system, see Malcolm's Central +<p><a id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For a description of this system, see Malcolm's Central India, vol. i. p. 66.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Of these the most celebrated were, Vasco de Gama, +<p><a id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Of these the most celebrated were, Vasco de Gama, Albuquerque, Nunez, and John de Castro.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A settlement at Hooghly was first made in 1640, by +<p><a id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A settlement at Hooghly was first made in 1640, by agents from Surat, who obtained permission to establish themselves, through the intercession of Mr. Boughton, a surgeon then in great favour with the Emperor of Delhi. @@ -1074,7 +1036,7 @@ This settlement was afterwards moved to Calcutta in 1686.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "It is not," Sir Thomas Roe observes, "a number of +<p><a id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "It is not," Sir Thomas Roe observes, "a number of forts, residences, and factories that will profit you: they will increase charge, but not recompense it. The conveniency of one with respect to your sales and the commodity @@ -1083,11 +1045,11 @@ servants, is all you need."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Mill, vol. i. p. 30.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Mill, vol. i. p. 30.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> The name Deckan, or Deckhan, which means South, a +<p><a id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> The name Deckan, or Deckhan, which means South, a very ancient name, continued to be given, when the power of the Moghul sovereigns of Delhi was in its zenith, to that part of the empire which lay to the southward of the Nerbuddah. @@ -1113,7 +1075,7 @@ to the east.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The following note, communicated by a friend eminently +<p><a id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The following note, communicated by a friend eminently acquainted with the history of India, will be perused with interest:— </p> @@ -1160,16 +1122,16 @@ being a vulgar appellation, often that of menial servants."—D. H.</p></div <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This army is stated to have consisted of 200,000 foot, +<p><a id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This army is stated to have consisted of 200,000 foot, and 80,000 horse.—Orme, vol. i. p. 51.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 52.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 52.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "This settlement," according to Orme, vol. i. p. 65., +<p><a id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> "This settlement," according to Orme, vol. i. p. 65., "had been, about 100 years, the principal establishment of the English nation on the coast of Coromandel. It was built on a territory granted by the Great Mogul to the East @@ -1202,7 +1164,7 @@ by Indian natives."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The representations of Dupleix received more attention +<p><a id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The representations of Dupleix received more attention in France than those of La Bourdonnais; and that great man, instead of the high rewards to which he was entitled, was imprisoned four years in the Bastille. The injustice @@ -1212,7 +1174,7 @@ own name, and of exposing the ingratitude of his country.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "M. Dupleix was greatly assisted in all his transactions +<p><a id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> "M. Dupleix was greatly assisted in all his transactions with the natives of India by his wife, a Creole, born and educated in Bengal, where he had married her, while he was there in the service of the French East India Company. Her knowledge @@ -1261,7 +1223,7 @@ they themselves had set up."—D. H.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Orme (vol. i. p. 78.), speaking of this settlement, observes:— +<p><a id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Orme (vol. i. p. 78.), speaking of this settlement, observes:— </p> <p> "The East India Company was here in possession of a @@ -1298,12 +1260,12 @@ on the coast of Coromandel."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 7.</p></div></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 7.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> <h2>MEMOIRS OF @@ -1329,7 +1291,7 @@ life, to practise that profession.</p> <p>Mrs. Clive had two sisters, the one of whom, Elizabeth, was married, in 1717, to Daniel Bayley, -Esq., of Hope Hall, near Manchester; and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +Esq., of Hope Hall, near Manchester; and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> other, Sarah, to the Right Hon. Hugh, eleventh Lord Sempill.</p> @@ -1341,7 +1303,7 @@ educated for several years, as his own son.</p> <p>In the end of the year 1728, the infant Clive seems to have had a dangerous attack of fever. "If I were given to be superstitious," says Mr. -Bayley, writing to the Rev. Mr. King at Styche<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>, +Bayley, writing to the Rev. Mr. King at Styche<a id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>, "and to believe things ominous, I think I should omit writing to you; for it has been poor Bob's fate to grow worse, just after I have finished my @@ -1358,7 +1320,7 @@ in a more hopeful way to recover than hitherto, if no relapse come upon him. He is, as you may well imagine, very weak; but the doctor doubts not his getting more strength if the fever continues -(as it has begun) to leave him. This is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +(as it has begun) to leave him. This is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> what account I can now send: you will excuse haste. Our services wait on Madame Clive and all the family."</p> @@ -1368,7 +1330,7 @@ King:—</p> <blockquote> <p> -"Monday Morning, Nine o'clock.<br /> +"Monday Morning, Nine o'clock.<br > </p> <p>"Thank God, I do now inform you that Bob @@ -1397,14 +1359,14 @@ usual remedies.</p> <p>Mr. Bayley, about a fortnight afterwards, informs Mr. King of his nephew's recovery:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> <blockquote> <p> -"Manchester, Jan. 26.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> 1728.<br /> -"Sabbath Day evening, ten o'clock.<br /> -<br /> -"<span class="smcap">Rev. and dear Sir</span>,<br /> +"Manchester, Jan. 26.<a id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> 1728.<br > +"Sabbath Day evening, ten o'clock.<br > +<br > +"<span class="smcap">Rev. and dear Sir</span>,<br > </p> <p>"Yesterday Bob came down into the parlour, @@ -1423,13 +1385,13 @@ produceth. Our sincere respects and services to all: conclude me," &c.</p> <p>"This afternoon, Bob, with some reluctance, -suffered his aunt Bay<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> to go to chapel."</p></blockquote> +suffered his aunt Bay<a id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> to go to chapel."</p></blockquote> <p>Young Clive seems to have resided chiefly with his aunt Bayley, down to at least the year 1732. In June of that year, Mr. Bayley gives his friend Mr. King some very characteristic traits of his -nephew's temper. "I hope," says he<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>, "I have +nephew's temper. "I hope," says he<a id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>, "I have made a little farther conquest over Bob, and that he regards me, in some degree, as well as his aunt Bay. He has just had a suit of new clothes, @@ -1446,7 +1408,7 @@ to himself, that he may be a good and virtuous man, to which no care of ours shall be wanting."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> <p>These strong and early indications of future character, for he had not yet attained the age of @@ -1463,7 +1425,7 @@ studies and occupations for the bustle and turmoil of war, so much more congenial to the ardour of his mind.</p> -<p>On the 26th of February, 1735, Clive lost his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +<p>On the 26th of February, 1735, Clive lost his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> aunt Mrs. Bayley, but he continued on an affectionate footing in the family, and always reverted with pleasure to the years he had spent among @@ -1495,7 +1457,7 @@ of the East India Company.</p> <p>The few anecdotes that are preserved of the early life of Clive tend chiefly to show that he -was endowed, in a remarkable degree, with that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +was endowed, in a remarkable degree, with that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> constitutional courage which so essentially promoted his rise in the military profession, and which, it is probable, led him to adopt it.</p> @@ -1510,7 +1472,7 @@ surprise and alarm, his companions, and some of the inhabitants, saw young Clive seated on this spout, and evincing by his manner an indifference, if not insensibility, to the danger of his -situation.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> +situation.<a id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> <p>Several of the oldest inhabitants of Market Drayton not only confirm this fact, but add, on @@ -1520,7 +1482,7 @@ in pence and trifling articles, in compensation to himself, and the little band he led, for abstaining from breaking their windows, and other mischievous tricks; and one old man mentioned -to a gentleman<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>, who resided near Styche, +to a gentleman<a id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>, who resided near Styche, that he had been repeatedly told by a person who witnessed the action, that, when a little dam broke, which the boys had made across the gutter @@ -1528,9 +1490,9 @@ in the street, for the purpose of overflowing a small shop, with the owner of which they had quarrelled, Clive unhesitatingly threw his body into the gutter, and remained there till they had -repaired their work of mischief.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> +repaired their work of mischief.<a id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> <p>Such anecdotes are not likely to have been invented, though they would long ago have been @@ -1553,7 +1515,7 @@ been often fretted by his son's boyish waywardness, and neglect of his studies, was, "After all, the booby has sense."</p> -<p>He had, however, laid such a foundation at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +<p>He had, however, laid such a foundation at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> school, as enabled him, after his arrival at Madras, to employ to advantage the short leisure then accidentally afforded him, in that self-education, @@ -1583,7 +1545,7 @@ that distinguished his future life.</p> <p>Though Clive in his boyhood was idle, and impatient of control, he was, notwithstanding, an affectionate -son and a kind brother; and he appears,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +son and a kind brother; and he appears,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> from his earliest communications with his family after he quitted England, to have had a mind imbued with good principles and feelings. He @@ -1613,7 +1575,7 @@ the ship in harbour, made his extraordinary expenses greater than usual. This delay was also the cause of his missing the gentleman to whom he had been recommended at Madras, who in -the interim had gone home; a circumstance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +the interim had gone home; a circumstance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> that made it necessary for him to incur a debt, for essential articles, to the captain in whose ship he went out, and of the extravagance of @@ -1642,7 +1604,7 @@ strength of the former. I have been contriving a scheme concerning my cousin Bobby, but whether it may take effect, or my uncle care to intrust him to these parts, I am entirely at a -loss to know. The Company keep two clergymen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +loss to know. The Company keep two clergymen<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> at this presidency: now, as there is a vacancy for one of them, if you could get him elected for this place, I cannot foresee any better @@ -1655,7 +1617,7 @@ such other particulars as he may have communicated.</p> <p>This defect is in part supplied by a letter to his uncle, Mr. Bayley, which has been fortunately -preserved<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>, and in which he describes the +preserved<a id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>, and in which he describes the feelings, so natural to a young man of ardent affections, far from his friends and from home, who turns with longing to the scenes of infancy @@ -1677,7 +1639,7 @@ revisit again my own country, but more especially Manchester (the centre of all my wishes), all that I could hope or desire for would be presented before me in one view."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> <p>In a letter to one of his cousins, written in February, 1745, he indulges in a strain of sentiment, so natural, and so creditable to a youthful @@ -1687,7 +1649,7 @@ may not be considered as here misplaced:—</p> <blockquote> <p> -"<span class="smcap">Dear Cousin</span>,<br /> +"<span class="smcap">Dear Cousin</span>,<br > </p> <p>"The want of a proper conveyance is the @@ -1704,7 +1666,7 @@ that the only effectual means to preserve it entire must be by letters, since the vast ocean which divides us so far asunder won't admit of it by word of mouth, and which I heartily wish -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>may turn out to the mutual satisfaction of both +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>may turn out to the mutual satisfaction of both of us. If there is any thing which may properly be called happiness here below, I am persuaded it is in the union of two friends, who @@ -1733,7 +1695,7 @@ myself without being asked. If the state I am now in will admit of any happiness, it must be when I am writing to my friends. Letters surely were first invented for the comfort of such -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>solitary wretches as myself. Having lost the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>solitary wretches as myself. Having lost the substantial pleasure of seeing them, I shall in some measure compensate this loss, by the satisfaction I shall find in their writings. When you @@ -1749,8 +1711,8 @@ the obligations of him, who esteems it his greatest happiness to be thought</p> <p> -"Your kind and loving Cousin,<br /> -"<span class="smcap">Robt. Clive</span>."<br /> +"Your kind and loving Cousin,<br > +"<span class="smcap">Robt. Clive</span>."<br > </p> <p>Fort St. George, Feb. 16th, 1744-5.</p></blockquote> @@ -1765,7 +1727,7 @@ melancholy which occasionally attended him through life. It is a curious, and not uninstructive sight, to observe the man who, in a few years, was to raise himself by his commanding -talents and heroic daring, to an acknowledged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +talents and heroic daring, to an acknowledged<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> pre-eminence above all his countrymen in the East, for several months after his first touching on the shores of that country, the scene of his @@ -1790,7 +1752,7 @@ but the secretary immediately after, before his irritation had time to subside, having invited him to dinner,—"No, Sir," replied Clive, "the governor did not command me to -<i>dine</i> with you."<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> He is stated to have hazarded, +<i>dine</i> with you."<a id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> He is stated to have hazarded, on more than one occasion, the loss of the service by acts of wildness: and a story was long current that, either in a fit of despair, or of low @@ -1819,17 +1781,17 @@ his leisure to study, and there can be little doubt that it was at this time he laid the foundation of that knowledge, which was so soon to surprise and benefit his country.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> <p>When Madras was taken by the French Admiral La Bourdonnais (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1746), Clive became a prisoner of war, and like others gave his parole. -It was agreed by the articles of capitulation that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +It was agreed by the articles of capitulation that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> the English should surrender themselves prisoners of war; that the town should, in the first instance, be given up, but should be ransomed; and M. de la Bourdonnais gave his promise that he would settle the ransom on easy and moderate -terms.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Dupleix, however, who was then at +terms.<a id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Dupleix, however, who was then at Pondicherry, ever at variance with the Admiral, insisted that Madras should be rased to the ground, and called upon the English officers to @@ -1839,7 +1801,7 @@ was viewed with indignation by all, and construed into a release from the engagement into which they had entered. De la Bourdonnais, with regret, found himself unable to fulfil -the conditions stipulated<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>; and Clive, accompanied +the conditions stipulated<a id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>; and Clive, accompanied by his friends Mr. Edmund Maskelyne, contrived, in the disguise of a native, to escape to Fort St. David.</p> @@ -1874,14 +1836,14 @@ at the card-table. "He has given me my life," he said, "and though I am resolved on never paying money which was unfairly won, or again associating with him, I shall never do him -an injury."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> +an injury."<a id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, when at Madras, had, as before stated, access to the governor's library, and, according to his own account, this opportunity of improving -himself was not neglected; but whatever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +himself was not neglected; but whatever<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> knowledge he might have attained, his general habits appear to have continued the same; and it is probable these might have arrested @@ -1911,7 +1873,7 @@ went to the person by whom it was made, to insist upon a distinct acknowledgment or disavowal of the slander. The latter was attempted, but not to his satisfaction, and a challenge -ensued. As they were retiring to settle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +ensued. As they were retiring to settle<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> this dispute, his opponent, irritated by some circumstance, struck him. Clive instantly drew his sword, but they were prevented fighting by @@ -1926,10 +1888,10 @@ unpardonable insult. On this being refused, he waved his cane over the head of his antagonist, telling him he was too contemptible a coward to be beaten. The day after this transaction the -person he had so disgraced resigned his commission.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> +person he had so disgraced resigned his commission.<a id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> <p>No one of these early disputes with his brother -officers can be traced to a perverse<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> or +officers can be traced to a perverse<a id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> or quarrelsome temper. Clive appears in all to have been the party offended. The resolute manner in which he resented the injuries done @@ -1937,15 +1899,15 @@ to him raised his reputation for courage, and no doubt protected him from further insult and outrage.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> <p>From the date of Clive's entering the army till the year 1756, we have no letters or papers of his own that can throw any light upon this active and eventful period of his life; but the deficiency is well supplied by the plain narrative -of the gallant commander<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> under whom he -served, and by an able writer<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>, who dwells upon +of the gallant commander<a id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> under whom he +served, and by an able writer<a id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>, who dwells upon the development of his character and his early exploits, with all the interest which their local importance was calculated to inspire in one, @@ -1974,7 +1936,7 @@ of the commander described Sahojee as being totally destitute of those adherents of whom he had boasted.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> <p>The failure of this expedition served only to stimulate to another effort those who had the @@ -2001,7 +1963,7 @@ not again to disturb the peace of the country.</p> lieutenant, was on this service: he solicited Major Lawrence to allow him to lead the storm of the embankment thrown up to defend the -breach: his request was readily complied with,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +breach: his request was readily complied with,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> for his reputation for gallantry stood high. Exposed to a severe fire, he passed with some difficulty a rivulet, with a design of taking the @@ -2031,7 +1993,7 @@ king of Tanjore. (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1749.)</p> <p>We have already seen how Anwar-u-Deen became possessed of his power in the Carnatic. -The military chiefs, however, and the principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +The military chiefs, however, and the principal<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> inhabitants of that country gave a reluctant obedience to his authority. The family of the former nabob continued to be popular; but the @@ -2060,7 +2022,7 @@ therefore, to aid Chunda Sahib, with whose family, which had remained at Pondicherry, he made the necessary arrangement for his release. A sum of seven lacs of rupees was -guaranteed to the Mahrattas as his ransom, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +guaranteed to the Mahrattas as his ransom, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> he left his prison, accompanied by a small party of horse. But fearing to enter the Carnatic with so few followers, he sought employment, @@ -2090,7 +2052,7 @@ own title in the Deckan. The proposal was immediately adopted. A body of 400 Europeans and 2000 sepoys joined from Pondicherry, and in the first battle, which was fought near Amboor, -Anwar-u-Deen was slain. The French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +Anwar-u-Deen was slain. The French<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> corps greatly distinguished themselves in this action, and above all Bussy, who on this day displayed to the admiring Mahommedan chiefs @@ -2120,7 +2082,7 @@ But they had not, like Dupleix, foreseen the events which were to occur, and had received no orders from England that could justify their entering upon a scene of extended operations; -nor could they with a good grace remonstrate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +nor could they with a good grace remonstrate<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> against the proceedings of the French. Their own conduct in aiding a pretender to the petty principality of Tanjore, though the object was @@ -2148,7 +2110,7 @@ by the capture of Madras. This communication had been favourably received, and orders had been sent to Anwar-u-Deen to redress the evils of which the English complained; but -these orders met with little or no attention.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> +these orders met with little or no attention.<a id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> The intercourse, however, which had been established with Nasir Jung was now revived; and when that prince, who had been proclaimed @@ -2159,12 +2121,12 @@ who carried with him 6000 of his own followers and a small body of English, the latter were, at Nasir Jung's request, reinforced by a body of 600 Europeans under Major Lawrence.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> <p>Nasir Jung, pleased with these proofs of allegiance and support, proclaimed Mahommed Ali Nabob of the Carnatic, with whose fortunes those of the English became from that day intimately -associated. An able author<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>, well qualified +associated. An able author<a id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>, well qualified from the extent and accuracy of his observation to decide upon the true character of the events he describes, has justly ridiculed the attempts @@ -2175,7 +2137,7 @@ The authority of the Emperor of Delhi over the south of India, during the long life of Nizam-ul-Mûlk, had been merely nominal. Nasir Jung rested his right of succession to his father on the -falsely assumed pretext of his elder brother<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> +falsely assumed pretext of his elder brother<a id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> having, in pursuit of his schemes of ambition at Delhi, resigned the office of subadar of the Deckan. Muzuffer Jung <i>asserted</i> his claim on a @@ -2195,7 +2157,7 @@ Jung, while exercising the power of subadar of the Deckan, to appoint whom he chose to be Nabob of Arcot.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> <p>These various pretensions, alike groundless as matters of right, were about to be referred @@ -2204,7 +2166,7 @@ of such a character. The troops of the rival trading companies of England and France, though these nations were at peace, stood arrayed as mercenaries in the opposing ranks of -Indian princes. Each endeavoured to cast the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +Indian princes. Each endeavoured to cast the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> blame upon the other, as the cause of this hostility; but it is sufficiently obvious, that whatever pretext the English might have afforded by @@ -2225,13 +2187,13 @@ their formidable opponents.</p> that time which should have been given to the attack of Trichinopoly, in levying tribute from the Rajah of Tanjore, who was also compelled -to give a sum of money<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>, and to make cession +to give a sum of money<a id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>, and to make cession of territory to the French. Alarmed at the rapid advance of Nasir Jung, they hastened to Pondicherry, where they were reinforced by Dupleix, who, besides an advance of money, increased the French contingent to 2000 Europeans, a large -body of sepoys, and a well-served train of artillery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +body of sepoys, and a well-served train of artillery<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1750). This formidable corps gave every promise of success to Muzuffer Jung, whose army, having strongly entrenched themselves, @@ -2260,7 +2222,7 @@ Pondicherry. The defection of the corps on which they so much relied defeated all the hopes of Chunda Sahib and Muzuffer Jung. The former, with his adherents, accompanied the -French corps; while the latter, fearing the dispersion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +French corps; while the latter, fearing the dispersion<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> or desertion of his army, hastened to throw himself on the mercy of his uncle, who proffered every kindness, but who, the moment he had @@ -2290,7 +2252,7 @@ territory, representing the ruin which must attend their affairs on the success of the French. This aid was granted, on his consenting to pay the troops, but the failure in his engagements, and -the weak and cowardly character of his military<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +the weak and cowardly character of his military<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> operations, led to its being withdrawn. He was soon afterwards defeated by the French, who followed up this success by one of still greater @@ -2321,10 +2283,10 @@ their last exploit, roused Nasir Jung from that dream of security into which he had fallen. He recalled that part of his army which he had sent to Golconda, and commenced a correspondence -with Dupleix. That able man, while he carried on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +with Dupleix. That able man, while he carried on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> a negotiation with this prince, had established a communication with some of the principal -persons<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> in his camp, who, when their plot +persons<a id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> in his camp, who, when their plot against him was matured, were to summon to their aid a French force of 4000 men encamped near Gingee. The treaty which Dupleix pretended @@ -2348,9 +2310,9 @@ Muzuffer Jung was released, and by nine o'clock of the same morning was, without opposition, installed as subadar of the Deckan, although no fewer than four brothers of the deceased were in -camp.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> +camp.<a id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> <p>Dupleix had evinced throughout these extraordinary scenes a mixture of European and @@ -2375,7 +2337,7 @@ their recent conduct, established with the natives of India a high military reputation, the maintenance of which could not have been entrusted to abler hands than those of Bussy, who was nominated -to the command of the subsidiary force<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +to the command of the subsidiary force<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> with Muzuffer Jung. That prince, however, was not destined long to enjoy the happy turn of his fortune. The Patan nabobs who raised him @@ -2406,7 +2368,7 @@ an European power in the interior of India. The detail of the remarkable scene of warfare and of politics which awaited that extraordinary man, in the territories of Hyderabad, is foreign to the -object of this memoir. We return, therefore, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +object of this memoir. We return, therefore, to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> the narration of events in the Carnatic, which becomes a more pleasing task, as our countrymen now ceased to be eclipsed, as they had hitherto @@ -2418,66 +2380,66 @@ French military commanders and statesmen.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Saturday Morning, Dec. 28th. 1728.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Saturday Morning, Dec. 28th. 1728.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Probably old style, and therefore 1729, N. S.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Probably old style, and therefore 1729, N. S.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Probably the name by which he designated his aunt +<p><a id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Probably the name by which he designated his aunt Bayley.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Manchester, June 9. 1732.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Manchester, June 9. 1732.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> His object is said to have been to get a smooth stone +<p><a id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> His object is said to have been to get a smooth stone which lay on this projecting stone spout, for the pleasure of jerking it.—<i>Biog. Brit.</i> art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The Rev. Mr. Smithwick related this anecdote to me +<p><a id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The Rev. Mr. Smithwick related this anecdote to me in 1827.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Mr. Gilbert Davis confirms this anecdote, as having +<p><a id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Mr. Gilbert Davis confirms this anecdote, as having been told him at Shrewsbury, upwards of forty years ago.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Dated Fort St. George, Dec. 10. 1744.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Dated Fort St. George, Dec. 10. 1744.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Biog. Brit.</i> art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Biog. Brit.</i> art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 68.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 68.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Ibid. pp. 70, 71.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Ibid. pp. 70, 71.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Biographia Britannica (2d edit.), art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>, written by +<p><a id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Biographia Britannica (2d edit.), art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>, written by Henry Beaufoy, Esq. M. P., from family papers and information: see also, Chalmers' Biographical Dictionary.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Biographia Britannica (2d edit.), art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Biographia Britannica (2d edit.), art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Mr. Mill in his History of India (vol. iii. p. 105.), in +<p><a id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Mr. Mill in his History of India (vol. iii. p. 105.), in reference to these early occurrences of Clive's life, describes him, at this period, as of a turbulent disposition; but the justice of the application of such an epithet is not borne out @@ -2485,15 +2447,15 @@ by the facts.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Colonel Lawrence's Narrative.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Colonel Lawrence's Narrative.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Orme, War in Hindustan.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Orme, War in Hindustan.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> This inattention to orders is referred by some native +<p><a id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> This inattention to orders is referred by some native agents of the company to the parsimony of the English governor, in not making presents to the nabob, which was contrasted with the liberality of Dupleix, who well knew how @@ -2501,21 +2463,21 @@ to gain his objects at such courts.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Colonel Wilks.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Colonel Wilks.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Ghazee-u-Deen.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Ghazee-u-Deen.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Two lacs of rupees were given to the French, and +<p><a id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Two lacs of rupees were given to the French, and eighty-one villages were ceded belonging to Karical, which place the French had seized in 1736, and built a fort there.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The Patan Nabobs of Kurpa, Karnoul, and Savanore +<p><a id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The Patan Nabobs of Kurpa, Karnoul, and Savanore were the chief persons in the conspiracy. They were discontented at the treatment they received from Nasir Jung. They were joined by Shandraz Khan, and other high officers @@ -2526,12 +2488,12 @@ pledges of his being kindly treated.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Wilks, vol. i. p. 269.</p></div></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Wilks, vol. i. p. 269.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> <h2>CHAP. II.</h2> @@ -2559,7 +2521,7 @@ party to recover Madura depressed still more the spirits of the adherents of their ally, who was soon besieged by the united forces of Chunda Sahib and the French. This desperate state of -his fortunes led to the renewal of his efforts to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +his fortunes led to the renewal of his efforts to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> obtain more efficient aid from the English, to whom he not only offered a considerable territory contiguous to Madras, but agreed to pay @@ -2572,7 +2534,7 @@ they were by their instructions from England, to depart from their neutrality, had not Dupleix insulted their forbearance by planting white flags, (to denote that they were French property) in -almost every field<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> around their boundary, and +almost every field<a id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> around their boundary, and some even within their limits.</p> <p>The English troops on the coast were, at @@ -2594,7 +2556,7 @@ desirous to avoid appearing as principals in this war; choosing, like the French, rather to have their forces considered as mercenaries in the pay of the native prince whom they supported.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, who had alternately been charged with civil and military duties, as the exigencies of the public service required, had resumed the civil @@ -2617,30 +2579,30 @@ the cold season, and returned with his health much improved; but the hardship and fatigue which he soon after underwent in the field, while his health was yet imperfectly re-established, -tended so much to shake his constitution, that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +tended so much to shake his constitution, that,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> during the remainder of his life, except when his mind was actively engaged, the oppression on his -spirits frequently returned.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> In his official capacity +spirits frequently returned.<a id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> In his official capacity of commissary, he now proceeded with Captain Gingen to Trichinopoly. (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1751, May.) As he did not then hold any station as a soldier, no share can be attributed to him in the -disgraceful affair at Volconda<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>, where the British +disgraceful affair at Volconda<a id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>, where the British troops were discomfited, more by the irresolution -and want of judgment of their officers<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>, than by +and want of judgment of their officers<a id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>, than by the efforts or ability of their adversaries.</p> <p>They retreated to Trichinopoly, pursued and harassed by the enemy, of whom there appears to have been such a dread, that they did not -even occupy the pagoda of Seringham<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>, though +even occupy the pagoda of Seringham<a id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>, though the strength of that post, and its vicinity to Trichinopoly, rendered it as tenable as it was important. It was instantly taken possession of by the French, and their ally Chunda Sahib, who thus, under the most favourable auspices, commenced their operations on a scene destined -to be that of their ultimate defeat. There were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +to be that of their ultimate defeat. There were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> at this period so few English officers of any experience, that the governor was compelled to send one of the members of council (Mr. Pigot), @@ -2669,7 +2631,7 @@ saved only by efforts more considerable than any that had been yet made. Clive suggested, that, as Chunda Sahib had drawn away almost all his forces to invest Trichinopoly, an attack should -be made upon his capital (Arcot). This suggestion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +be made upon his capital (Arcot). This suggestion<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> was adopted; and he was, at his own request, nominated to the conduct of an enterprise, which, whether we consider the means @@ -2683,7 +2645,7 @@ the capture and defence of Arcot forms too important a feature in the life of Clive to be slightly passed over; and as no man can ever give so clear and so eloquent a relation of this operation -as the historian<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>, who may almost be called +as the historian<a id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>, who may almost be called an eye-witness of the actions he so admirably described, no apology is necessary for adopting his narrative; which, in its very minuteness, is as @@ -2697,7 +2659,7 @@ Asiatic warfare.</p> Orme, "did not exceed 600 men; whereas the French had 900, and the troops of Chunda Sahib outnumbered the Nabob's ten to one. The -strength of the city, indeed, rendered the reduction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +strength of the city, indeed, rendered the reduction<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> of it very difficult; but the Nabob's army, at the same time that they were incapable of retrieving his affairs, exhausted his treasures, and his @@ -2727,7 +2689,7 @@ with only three field-pieces for their artillery, marched from Madras on the 26th of August, and on the 29th arrived at Conjeveram, a considerable town, with a large pagoda, lying about -forty miles inland, where they received intelligence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +forty miles inland, where they received intelligence<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> that the fort of Arcot was garrisoned by 1100 men; on which Captain Clive wrote word to Madras, desiring that two eighteen-pounders @@ -2756,7 +2718,7 @@ English interest. The fort was inhabited by 3000 or 4000 persons, who, at their own request, were permitted to remain in their dwellings.</p> -<p>"Captain Clive made it his first care to collect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +<p>"Captain Clive made it his first care to collect<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> such provisions and materials as might enable him to sustain a siege; and foreseeing that the enemy would soon recover from their @@ -2786,7 +2748,7 @@ up and dry. Their number now appeared to be 2000, and they had two field-pieces, which fired smartly as the English advanced, and killed three Europeans; on which accident the line -advanced more briskly towards the enemy, who,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +advanced more briskly towards the enemy, who,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> frightened by the vivacity of their approach, did not think themselves safe in the grove, but hurried with precipitation into the tank, and began @@ -2816,7 +2778,7 @@ round them as they retreated, but kept out of the reach of their fire.</p> <p>"The garrison remained in the fort ten days, -diligently employed in many necessary works;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +diligently employed in many necessary works;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> and the enemy, now augmented to 3000 men, imputing this intermission of their sallies to fear, encamped within three miles of the town, giving @@ -2846,7 +2808,7 @@ Thirty Europeans and fifty sepoys, with a field-piece, were sent from the fort to dislodge them, and, on their arrival found the pagoda abandoned; the enemy having retreated to a -fort in the neighbourhood, where they were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +fort in the neighbourhood, where they were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> continually reinforced from the main body. Much depending on the safe arrival of the convoy, Captain Clive, reserving only thirty Europeans @@ -2875,7 +2837,7 @@ away, trampling over the foot: but within an hour they recovered their spirits, and made such another attack at the other gate, where they were received and beaten off as at the first. -Their infantry continued their fire until daybreak,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +Their infantry continued their fire until daybreak,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> when the English detachment with the convoy entered the town; upon which they abandoned it with precipitation.</p> @@ -2907,7 +2869,7 @@ with the four field-pieces, sallied out of the north-west gate: this faced a street, which, after continuing about seventy yards in a direct line to the north, turned off to the east, and formed -another street, at the end of which, on the left<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +another street, at the end of which, on the left<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> hand, was situated the Nabob's palace. This fronted another street, which, striking to the south, continued on the eastern side of the fort. @@ -2936,7 +2898,7 @@ French guns, were all either killed or wounded. There was on one side of the street a large choultry: these are buildings intended for the reception of travellers, covered, and enclosed -on three sides with walls, but open in front,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +on three sides with walls, but open in front,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> where, instead of a wall, the roof is supported by pillars.</p> @@ -2966,7 +2928,7 @@ amongst them was lieutenant Trenwith, who, perceiving a sepoy from a window taking aim at Captain Clive, pulled him on one side; upon which the sepoy, changing his aim, shot lieutenant -Trenwith through the body. Lieutenant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +Trenwith through the body. Lieutenant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> Revel, the only artillery officer, with sixteen other men, was likewise disabled. This sally would be condemned by the rules of war established @@ -2996,7 +2958,7 @@ broad, intended for a fausse-braye; but this had no parapet at the scarp of the ditch. The fort had two gates, one to the north-west, the other to the east: both of them were large piles of masonry, -projecting forty feet beyond the walls; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +projecting forty feet beyond the walls; and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> the passage from these gates was, instead of a drawbridge, a large causeway crossing the ditch. The garrison had, from their arrival, employed @@ -3025,7 +2987,7 @@ of the siege, the garrison was deprived of the service of four of the eight officers who set out on the expedition; for one was killed, two wounded, and another returned to Madras; and -the troops fit for duty were diminished to 120<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +the troops fit for duty were diminished to 120<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> Europeans and 200 sepoys; these were besieged by 150 Europeans, 2,000 sepoys, 3,000 cavalry, and 5,000 peons.</p> @@ -3055,7 +3017,7 @@ to appear on the ramparts, excepting the few immediately necessary to avoid a surprise; but, notwithstanding this precaution, several were killed, and more wounded: for the enemy, -secure in the houses, and firing from resting-places,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +secure in the houses, and firing from resting-places,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> took such excellent aim, that they often hit a man when nothing but his head appeared above the parapet; and in this manner three serjeants @@ -3085,7 +3047,7 @@ and the next entirely disabled it. The garrison mounted the other eighteen-pounder; and this, after a few shot, was likewise dismounted; after which, it was employed only in such parts of the -fort, where it was not exposed to the enemy's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +fort, where it was not exposed to the enemy's<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> artillery. The three field-pieces were likewise cautiously reserved to repulse the enemy when they should storm; so that their battery, firing @@ -3116,7 +3078,7 @@ and removed the other, with one nine-pounder, to a battery which they erected to the south-west.</p> -<p>"The garrison, intending to convince Rajah<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +<p>"The garrison, intending to convince Rajah<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> Sahib that they were in a condition to execute even labours not indispensably necessary, thickened the highest tower of the ramparts, and then @@ -3146,7 +3108,7 @@ down, and upon this base raised a square mound of earth to such a height as commanded not only the gate, but likewise every part within the fort. From hence, they intended to fire on the rampart -with musketry and two small pieces of cannon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +with musketry and two small pieces of cannon.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> They were suffered to go on with their work until they had completed it and mounted the cannon; when the garrison began to fire from the @@ -3176,7 +3138,7 @@ their guns. The attempt succeeded, but not without a sharp contest, in which twenty of the English, and two of their officers were killed, and a greater number wounded. This loss deterred -the rest from continuing their march, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +the rest from continuing their march, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> they retreated to Poonamalee, a fort built by the Moors, and at this time belonging to the Company, fifteen miles west of Madras.</p> @@ -3207,7 +3169,7 @@ so much to their prejudice, that the Nabob's affairs were thought to be desperate, and his allies were suspected of having little intention to support him; and from this persuasion the -Mahrattas remained inactive. Captain Clive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +Mahrattas remained inactive. Captain Clive<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> had found means to send a messenger to inform them of his situation, and to request their approach to his relief. The messenger returning @@ -3238,7 +3200,7 @@ messenger was despatched, the flag of truce was pulled down; but, the enemy not understanding the rules of European war, numbers of them remained near the ditch, parleying with the sepoys, -and persuading them to desert. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +and persuading them to desert. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> crowd was several times warned to retire, but, continuing to disregard the injunction, was dispersed by a volley of small arms, which killed @@ -3270,7 +3232,7 @@ had received to his summons, and alarmed by the approach of the Mahrattas and the detachment from Madras, determined to storm the fort. In the evening, a spy brought intelligence of this -to the garrison; and at midnight another came,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +to the garrison; and at midnight another came,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> with all the enemy's dispositions, and the hour of attack, which was to begin at the dawn of the day, by the signal of three bombs.</p> @@ -3301,7 +3263,7 @@ of rage. Thus prepared, as soon as the morning broke, the army of Rajah Sahib advanced to the attack. Besides a multitude that came with ladders to every part of the walls that were accessible, -there appeared four principal divisions; two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +there appeared four principal divisions; two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> of these divisions advanced to the two gates, and the other two were allotted to the breaches.</p> @@ -3331,7 +3293,7 @@ from the top of the house fired likewise on the assailants, who in a few minutes abandoned the attack; when another body, and then another succeeded, who were driven off in the same -manner. In the mean time bombs, with short<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +manner. In the mean time bombs, with short<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> fusees, which had been prepared and lodged in the adjacent rampart, were thrown into the fausse-braye, and by their explosion drove the @@ -3362,7 +3324,7 @@ of the northern breach. He had distinguished himself with great bravery in the attack, and was so much beloved by his troops, that one of them crossed the ditch, and carried off his body, exposing -himself, during the attempt, to the fire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +himself, during the attempt, to the fire<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> of forty muskets, from which he had the good fortune to escape. It seemed as if the enemy expected that the garrison would permit them @@ -3392,7 +3354,7 @@ their fire smartly till two in the morning, when, on a sudden, it ceased totally; and, at daybreak, intelligence was brought that the whole army had abandoned the town with precipitation. -On receiving this joyful news, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +On receiving this joyful news, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> garrison immediately marched into the enemy's quarters, where they found four pieces of artillery, four mortars, and a large quantity of ammunition, @@ -3415,8 +3377,8 @@ with men capable of giving him much instruction in the military art, all the resources which he employed in the defence of Arcot, were such as are dictated by the best masters in the science -of war."<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> +of war."<a id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> <p>I have it in my power, from authority I cannot doubt, to add to the account of this celebrated siege an anecdote, singularly illustrative of the @@ -3424,7 +3386,7 @@ character of the native troops of India. When provisions became so scarce that there was a fear that famine might compel them to surrender, the sepoys proposed to Clive to limit them to the -water<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> in which the rice was boiled. "It is," +water<a id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> in which the rice was boiled. "It is," they said, "sufficient for our support: the Europeans require the grain."</p> @@ -3451,12 +3413,12 @@ success in stimulating the native part of his force to every effort, of which patient suffering, under privation and fatigue, or active and daring valour in front of the enemy, is capable.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> <p>Clive took full advantage of the impressions made by his successful defence of Arcot. Having increased his force by a detachment from Fort St. David of two hundred Europeans and seven -hundred sepoys, he took the small fort of Timery<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>; +hundred sepoys, he took the small fort of Timery<a id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>; and aided by a party of Mahrattas, sent by Morari-row, the chief of Goothy, he did not hesitate, by a forced march, to meet a party of @@ -3471,7 +3433,7 @@ from destruction. The Mahrattas, who had displayed courage in the action, were most eager in the pursuit, in which they took four hundred horses, and Rajah Sahib's military chest, containing -100,000 rupees.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> +100,000 rupees.<a id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> <p>These successes turned the tide of the public opinion, in that part of the country where they occurred, @@ -3482,7 +3444,7 @@ sepoys, having brought their arms, were enlisted, and added by Clive to the strength of his small force.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> <p>Clive next proceeded to the attack of Conjeveram, of which the French had made a post. @@ -3495,7 +3457,7 @@ by desire of the enemy, but trusted no consideration for them would for one instant stop operations. When battering cannon arrived, a breach was made; but the French garrison, -dreading the just resentment which their conduct<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> +dreading the just resentment which their conduct<a id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> had excited, did not await a storm, but abandoning the pagoda at night, left behind the two prisoners they had threatened to expose.</p> @@ -3516,11 +3478,11 @@ by a body of Mahrattas sent by Morari-row; but the comparatively small force of the English led their cautious commander, Captain Gingen, to limit himself to the defensive.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> <p>This excited a spirit of discontent in the garrison, and more in the Mahrattas, who, eager for action, upbraided the English for their want of -enterprise, telling them<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>, "they were not the +enterprise, telling them<a id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>, "they were not the same kind of men whom they had seen fight so gallantly at Arcot!"</p> @@ -3537,10 +3499,10 @@ Thomas's Mount.</p> <p>To arrest the progress of this party, a force of three hundred and eighty Europeans, one thousand three hundred sepoys, and six field pieces, -was placed under Clive. He immediately<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +was placed under Clive. He immediately<a id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> marched towards the enemy, who, notwithstanding their superiority in numbers, did not venture -to meet him, but abandoned different strong positions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +to meet him, but abandoned different strong positions<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> on his approach; till he came so unexpectedly upon them at the village of Coverspak, that the leading men of his party received a discharge @@ -3569,7 +3531,7 @@ victory, and discouraged by so large a party being detached, had given way; and on his return, it was not without great difficulty he rallied them, and made them recommence a firing, which was -continued, and the enemy amused, till a volley<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +continued, and the enemy amused, till a volley<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> from the party who had been sent to the rear announced their arrival and success at the same moment. For having reconnoitred the position @@ -3591,15 +3553,15 @@ the British arms was restored, or rather founded, in India:—for before his brilliant successes no event had occurred which could lead the natives to believe that the English, as soldiers, were equal -to the French.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> +to the French.<a id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p> <p>Clive was recalled to Madras to take charge of a considerable detachment destined to reinforce the garrison of Trichinopoly; but before he marched, Major Lawrence returned from England, and -assumed the command. The young<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> and successful +assumed the command. The young<a id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> and successful soldier placed himself under the veteran, whom he never ceased to regard with attachment and respect. Of the sentiments which Lawrence @@ -3631,9 +3593,9 @@ as well before as at the siege of Devecottah, where he behaved in courage and judgment much beyond what could be expected from his years; and his success afterwards confirmed -what I said to many people concerning him."<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> +what I said to many people concerning him."<a id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p> <p>The object of this memoir neither admits nor requires a detail of the military operations or political @@ -3655,7 +3617,7 @@ batteries and posts to the south of the Caveri, to which they were now sufficiently bold to remove their encampments.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> <p>The arrival, however, of Major Lawrence with his reinforcement, his established fame, and the @@ -3686,13 +3648,13 @@ the character of Clive, consulted him on all occasions. By his advice he divided his small force, at a hazard which a knowledge of the mind, or rather minds, of those opposed to him, -could alone have justified. While half of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +could alone have justified. While half of his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> troops remained at Trichinopoly, the other half was placed in a position between Seringham and Pondicherry, in order to interrupt that intercourse on which the French depended for their support. The successful result of these operations was the -capture and death of Chunda Sahib<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>, and the +capture and death of Chunda Sahib<a id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a>, and the surrender of the French troops. Whatever may have been the claim of Chunda Sahib to the station he assumed, and in which he was supported @@ -3734,11 +3696,11 @@ and bringing shame upon those who indulge in such barbarous and unmanly triumphs over the remains of gallant though unfortunate enemies.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> <p>The surrender of the French and the death of Chunda Sahib, instead of terminating hostilities, and fixing Mahommed Ali in the sovereignty of -the Carnatic, gave rise to disputes between that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +the Carnatic, gave rise to disputes between that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> prince and his allies, which seemed to place peace at a greater distance than ever. Reduced to extremity, Mahommed Ali purchased the aid of @@ -3754,7 +3716,7 @@ in the Carnatic were still in the hands of the enemy. The Mahratta leader, Morari-row, was called in as umpire. That gallant but wily chief, professing to be with both parties, had no -desire but to possess<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> himself of the place in +desire but to possess<a id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> himself of the place in dispute. He strongly advised the Mysorian to insist on the fulfilling of the treaty, and became publicly the advocate for its performance, while, @@ -3762,7 +3724,7 @@ in private with Mahommed Ali, he ridiculed the idea of any one entertaining the expectation, that he ever should be so absurd as to give up (when he could keep it) a fortress which was -now conveniently described<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> as the property of +now conveniently described<a id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> as the property of the Emperor of Delhi, and one which it would be treason in his delegate to surrender. But I quit this scene of evasion, intrigue, and perfidy, to @@ -3771,7 +3733,7 @@ which terminated this short campaign in a manner so honourable to the British arms. (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1752.)</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> <p>Major Lawrence, who, as he himself has observed, early discerned the extraordinary qualities @@ -3798,7 +3760,7 @@ of combination, self-possession, and intrepidity that were so conspicuous in his character. He suggested, as has been before stated, this bold operation to Major Lawrence, with whom he -lived on terms of the strictest intimacy; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +lived on terms of the strictest intimacy; and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> the latter, in adopting a plan which a contemporary historian describes "as risking the whole to gain the whole," trusted entirely for @@ -3815,7 +3777,7 @@ of their troops necessary to form this corps under any other but him who had defended Arcot.</p> -<p>The force with which Clive marched<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> from +<p>The force with which Clive marched<a id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> from Trichinopoly consisted of four hundred Europeans, seven hundred sepoys, three thousand Mahratta, and one thousand Tanjore horse, with @@ -3829,7 +3791,7 @@ with Pondicherry. His first care was to strengthen this position, and to plant cannon so as to command the road both to the north and south.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> <p>Dupleix, on learning the situation of affairs at Trichinopoly, had detached a party of seven hundred men under Monsieur D'Autueil, who @@ -3846,16 +3808,16 @@ at Semiaveram; but on finding that D'Autueil, alarmed at his approach, had hastened back to Utatore, he lost no time in returning. M. Law, who heard of his leaving his post, but not of -his return, detached<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>, as soon as it was dark, a +his return, detached<a id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>, as soon as it was dark, a corps of eighty Europeans, and seven hundred sepoys, to attack the few troops he imagined to be remaining at Samiaveram. Of these men forty were English deserters. The extraordinary events which followed cannot be better -related than in the words of the historian<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> to +related than in the words of the historian<a id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> to whom we have so often referred.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> <p>"The party arrived near the camp at midnight, when one of their spies informed the @@ -3886,7 +3848,7 @@ and immediately entered the pagoda, putting all they met to the sword. Captain Clive, starting out of his sleep, and not conceiving it possible that the enemy could have advanced into the -centre of his camp, imputed the firing to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +centre of his camp, imputed the firing to his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> own sepoys alarmed by some attack at the outskirts; he, however, ran to the upper pagoda, where the greatest part of his Europeans were @@ -3915,7 +3877,7 @@ he imagined to be in his own service, followed him to the gate, where, to his great surprise, he was accosted by six Frenchmen. His usual presence of mind did not fail him on this critical -occasion, but, suggesting to him all that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> +occasion, but, suggesting to him all that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> had happened, he told the Frenchmen with great composure, that he was come to offer them terms, and if they would look out they @@ -3944,7 +3906,7 @@ party, who, not knowing, in the time of darkness and confusion, that the enemy were in possession of the lower pagoda, carried them thither, and, on delivering them to the guard, found -out their error; but such was also the confusion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +out their error; but such was also the confusion of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> the French in the pagoda, that they suffered the serjeant and his party to return unmolested. The rest of the English troops had now joined the @@ -3973,7 +3935,7 @@ at the head of his men, who received so heavy a fire, that he himself, with twelve others who first came out of the gateway, were killed by the volley; on which the rest ran back to the -pagoda. Captain Clive then advanced into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +pagoda. Captain Clive then advanced into the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> porch of the gate, to parley with the enemy; and, being weak with the loss of blood and fatigue, stood with his back to the wall of the @@ -3984,7 +3946,7 @@ insolence, and, telling Captain Clive, with abusive language, that he would shoot him, fired his musket. The ball missed him, but went through the bodies of both the serjeants on -whom he was leaning, and they both fell mortally<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> +whom he was leaning, and they both fell mortally<a id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> wounded. The Frenchmen had hitherto defended the pagoda, in compliance with the English deserters; but, thinking it necessary to @@ -4013,7 +3975,7 @@ which the enemy fired into the choultry where he was sleeping, had shattered a box that lay under his feet, and killed a servant who lay close to him."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> <p>The mistakes of the night at Samiaveram were of a character more likely to be created by the imagination of a dramatic poet, to give incident @@ -4026,7 +3988,7 @@ Clive was distinguished.</p> <p>Major Lawrence, not wishing to hazard again the important post of Samiaveram, sent a party -of four hundred sepoys, five hundred Mahratta<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +of four hundred sepoys, five hundred Mahratta<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> horse, and four field-pieces, under Captain Dalton, to watch the movements of Monsieur d'Autueil, who still remained at Utatore. The French @@ -4056,10 +4018,10 @@ determined to take advantage of the state of the river to attack the French post of Pitchandah, on its northern bank, which M. Law could not now succour. Captain Dalton, being informed of his -resolution, and not wishing to interfere with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +resolution, and not wishing to interfere with his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> command, immediately placed his corps under Clive's orders, and requested to be employed as -a volunteer!<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> A higher testimony to acknowledged +a volunteer!<a id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> A higher testimony to acknowledged superiority of character cannot be adduced than this temporary resignation of the claims of senior rank by a gallant and able officer, and that @@ -4074,8 +4036,8 @@ enemy and to cover his operations against that place, converted into a six-gun battery a high mound on the north bank of the river, which had been raised to prevent its encroachment on the -low land.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> This mound completely commanded -the enemy's camp<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, and was at the same time +low land.<a id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> This mound completely commanded +the enemy's camp<a id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, and was at the same time protected from the guns at Pitchandah. The disorder created by the opening of this battery was great; men, women, children, elephants, @@ -4088,7 +4050,7 @@ an encampment out of reach of the English cannon, and at some distance from the pagoda of Seringham.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p> <p>This operation upon the most defenceless part of the enemy's force probably produced more @@ -4102,7 +4064,7 @@ reward—as these diminish or increase, their attachment ebbs or flows; but they seldom despair of a cause, till reverses so materially affect the safety of their numerous armed and unarmed -followers, that they can no longer keep them together.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +followers, that they can no longer keep them together.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> The feelings of the latter have an extraordinary influence upon success; for as the chief receives little, if any, pay from the prince, @@ -4132,21 +4094,21 @@ and his intrigues to gain the Mysorians and the Mahrattas were powerfully aided by his lady, who, born in India, and understanding not only the languages but the character of the natives, is -stated to have been on this occasion, as on various<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +stated to have been on this occasion, as on various<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> others, of the greatest use to her ambitious husband.</p> <p>The Regent of Mysore was promised Trichinopoly, and the Mahrattas plunder and money. Both had secretly entered into engagements, which they were encouraged to avow by the complete -failure of an expedition<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> which the governor and +failure of an expedition<a id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> which the governor and committee of Fort St. David sent to attack Gingee, contrary to the expressed opinion of Major Lawrence. Fortunately, however, the presumption of Dupleix gave that able officer an opportunity of correcting the bad impression which had been thus made, by completely defeating a French -force<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> (1752), under Monsieur Kirjean, a nephew +force<a id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> (1752), under Monsieur Kirjean, a nephew of the governor, who had been compelled against his better judgment, by the orders of his too ardent uncle, to hazard this engagement. The Mahrattas, @@ -4169,12 +4131,12 @@ consequence of his former fatigues,—volunteered to accept this unpromising command, and marched with his small and ill-composed detachment, and four twenty-four pounders, to -attack Covelong<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>, a square fort, which, though +attack Covelong<a id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>, a square fort, which, though it had no ditch, mounted thirty pieces of cannon, and was defended by fifty Europeans and three hundred sepoys.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> <p>A party having been sent in advance under Lieutenant Cooper, to take up a position in a @@ -4187,7 +4149,7 @@ their flight to Madras. The garden was retaken, a battery constructed, and a post formed on its left, near a large rock. The fire of the enemy, however, so disconcerted Clive's party, -that they seemed prepared to fly at every alarm<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>: +that they seemed prepared to fly at every alarm<a id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>: a shot which struck the rock, and with its splinters killed and wounded fourteen, so frightened the whole, that it was some time before they would @@ -4195,7 +4157,7 @@ again venture to expose themselves; and one of the advanced sentries was found, several hours afterwards, concealed in the bottom of a well!</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, wisely judging that shame would operate more powerfully than severity in reclaiming his men from such cowardice, exposed himself to the @@ -4218,11 +4180,11 @@ on their route, and the concealed troops (so close and so well directed was their fire) killed one hundred men at the first volley:—many threw down their arms and fled, while the commanding -officer of the corps, twenty-five Europeans,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +officer of the corps, twenty-five Europeans,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> and two hundred and fifty sepoys, with two pieces of cannon, were taken.</p> -<p>The news of this disaster soon reached Chingliput<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> +<p>The news of this disaster soon reached Chingliput<a id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> (1752). Clive was there almost as soon, and, knowing well the influence of the impression his success had made, he immediately advanced @@ -4231,7 +4193,7 @@ where it was first constructed, to within two hundred of the outer wall, which he soon breached as well as the inner: but there was still the ditch to be filled; for this fort, strong in some parts -by the impracticability<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> of approach, had been +by the impracticability<a id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> of approach, had been fortified with great care in others; and Clive, now confident in his men, determined on an assault. The French commandant, observing @@ -4241,7 +4203,7 @@ of war; terms which Clive very readily granted, as the place, if obstinately defended, still possessed means of formidable resistance.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p> <p>It would be difficult to find an example, in any regular army, of one so young and of such a subordinate @@ -4277,7 +4239,7 @@ and have grounded their opinion on the comparative smallness of the numbers of regular troops, and the composition of the other parts of the forces engaged in these contests; but, -with those who are qualified, by experience, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> +with those who are qualified, by experience, to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> decide on this subject, and who can appreciate the difficulties these very circumstances created, Clive's reputation will rise in proportion to @@ -4306,52 +4268,52 @@ them, was owing to his genius alone.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Orme vol. i. p. 171.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Orme vol. i. p. 171.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Biog. Brit.</i> art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>, p. 649.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Biog. Brit.</i> art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span>, p. 649.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 173.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 173.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Captain Gingen had on this occasion recourse to a +<p><a id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Captain Gingen had on this occasion recourse to a council of war, whose hesitation spread alarm among the troops. Orme, vol. i. p. 180.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> The island of Seringham lies between the Coleroon and +<p><a id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> The island of Seringham lies between the Coleroon and Caveri. It is famous for the pagoda from which it derives its name.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Orme.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Orme.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 183-196.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 183-196.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> This water is called Canjee, and contains a sufficient +<p><a id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> This water is called Canjee, and contains a sufficient infusion of the grain to be nutritive, resembling thin gruel.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 196.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 196.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Id. ibid., p. 199.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Id. ibid., p. 199.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Besides the unwarrantable threat of exposing their prisoners, +<p><a id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Besides the unwarrantable threat of exposing their prisoners, Orme (vol. i. p. 199.) states, that, though they gave quarter to the two officers, Revel and Glass, they had murdered in their litters five or six disabled soldiers, whom they @@ -4359,15 +4321,15 @@ took when on their route from Arcot to Fort St. David.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 206.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 206.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> He commenced his march, February 22. 1752.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> He commenced his march, February 22. 1752.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Clive, on his return to Fort St. David, marched by the +<p><a id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Clive, on his return to Fort St. David, marched by the new buildings of a town on the site where Nasir Jung was slain, to which the name of Dupleix-Fatiha Bad (or "the town of victory") had been given. A pompous pillar was in @@ -4378,15 +4340,15 @@ razed to the ground these monuments of pride.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Clive was, at this period, only twenty-six years of age.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Clive was, at this period, only twenty-six years of age.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Colonel Lawrence's Narrative, p. 14.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Colonel Lawrence's Narrative, p. 14.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> When the affairs of Chunda Sahib became desperate, +<p><a id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> When the affairs of Chunda Sahib became desperate, and he could no longer support his followers, the leaders of the parties of whom his army was composed, solicited permission to leave him, and this request was readily granted @@ -4397,27 +4359,27 @@ large arrears, should fortune ever again smile upon him.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 245.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 245.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Id., ibid.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Id., ibid.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> April 6th, 1752.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> April 6th, 1752.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> April 14th, 1752.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> April 14th, 1752.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 223.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 223.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> On this incident, Mr. Beaufoy has the following note:—"As +<p><a id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> On this incident, Mr. Beaufoy has the following note:—"As it may, perhaps, be difficult to conceive how one shot should destroy his two supporters and leave him unhurt, Mr. Archdeacon Clive mentioned this difficulty to Lord Clive, @@ -4428,16 +4390,16 @@ to be out of the line." <i>Biog. Brit.</i> art. <span class="smcap">Clive</span> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Captain Dalton was wounded in the subsequent operations +<p><a id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Captain Dalton was wounded in the subsequent operations against Pitchandah.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> April 15th, 1752.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> April 15th, 1752.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> The composition of the camp he cannonaded is well described +<p><a id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> The composition of the camp he cannonaded is well described by Orme. "Every common soldier," he observes, "in an Indian army is accompanied either by a wife or a concubine; the officers have several, and the generals whole @@ -4454,32 +4416,32 @@ the sun by a mat supported by sticks."—Orme, vol i. p. 228.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> This expedition was commanded by Major Kinneir.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> This expedition was commanded by Major Kinneir.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 256.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 256.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> This fort is situated twenty miles south of Madras.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> This fort is situated twenty miles south of Madras.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 263.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Orme, vol. i. p. 263.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> This fort is forty miles south-west of Covelong.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> This fort is forty miles south-west of Covelong.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> It is completely defended on one face by a lake, and on +<p><a id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> It is completely defended on one face by a lake, and on another by a swamp covered with rice fields.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p> @@ -4509,7 +4471,7 @@ by the name of General Clive, and are pleased to say they are under great obligations to you. I waited on the three principal directors last week, in order to find out, if I could, what they -proposed for you, but perceive they are desirous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +proposed for you, but perceive they are desirous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> to have the account the next ships bring, before they give me any positive answer, other than a general one, that they are very desirous to do you @@ -4536,7 +4498,7 @@ whole letter:—</p> <blockquote> <p> -"Dear Son,<br /> +"Dear Son,<br > </p> <p>"I cannot express the joy yours to your @@ -4544,7 +4506,7 @@ father gave to me. Your brave conduct, and success which Providence has blessed you with, is the talk and wonder of the public, the great joy and satisfaction of your friends; but more -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>particularly so to me, as it gives me hopes of +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>particularly so to me, as it gives me hopes of seeing you much sooner than I could possibly have expected. I find some of your friends wish your longer stay in India; but I earnestly @@ -4563,8 +4525,8 @@ safe to your native country, is the most sincere wish and prayer of</p> <p> -"Your ever affectionate mother,<br /> -(Signed) "<span class="smcap">Reb. Clive</span>."<br /> +"Your ever affectionate mother,<br > +(Signed) "<span class="smcap">Reb. Clive</span>."<br > </p> <p>"London, 16th Dec., 1752."</p></blockquote> @@ -4576,7 +4538,7 @@ marriage to Miss Margaret Maskelyne; a marriage to which he owed much of the comfort and happiness of his future life. This lady, the daughter of Edmund Maskelyne, Esq., of Purton -in Wiltshire, and sister of his friend Edmund<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +in Wiltshire, and sister of his friend Edmund<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> Maskelyne, and of the celebrated Dr. Nevil Maskelyne, afterwards Astronomer Royal, was possessed of both beauty and accomplishments. @@ -4593,7 +4555,7 @@ relations: the Court of Directors voted him a sword set with diamonds of the value of five hundred pounds, "as a token of their esteem, and of their sense of his singular services to -the Company on the coast of Coromandel<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>;" +the Company on the coast of Coromandel<a id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>;" and in society he was honoured with those elevating marks of regard, which always attend a fortunate soldier. Though but a short time in @@ -4604,7 +4566,7 @@ left him without any tie in India, but the fulfilment of the public duties he had to perform in that country, and the acquirement of sufficient fortune to maintain himself and family.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132">[132]</a></span></p> <p>He had not enjoyed himself two years in England, when the state of affairs in India made the Court of Directors anxious for his presence @@ -4632,7 +4594,7 @@ with three companies of Royal Artillery and three hundred infantry, destined to form, in conjunction with the Mahrattas, part of a force for the attack of the French and their allies in the -Deckan. When the project was first formed, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> +Deckan. When the project was first formed, it<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133">[133]</a></span> had been intended that he should command this force; and he was at the time the only man in the service from whose knowledge and experience @@ -4653,7 +4615,7 @@ defeat an appointment in which they had found themselves compelled to concur. It so happened, that Colonel Scott died before the troops arrived: but a provisional treaty had been entered -into<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> between Mr. Saunders, the Governor +into<a id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> between Mr. Saunders, the Governor of Madras, and Mr. Godeheu, the Governor of Pondicherry, by which, among other articles, it had been agreed, that neither the French nor English @@ -4664,12 +4626,12 @@ of Bombay refused to adopt any proceeding that could disturb the general peace of India; so that Clive lost the opportunity of opposing the celebrated Bussy on the plains of the Deckan.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134">[134]</a></span></p> <p>Admiral Watson was lying at Bombay when Clive arrived; and the opportunity was thought excellent for employing the means which accident had left disposable, to punish the pirate Angria by -the attack of Gheriah<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>, one of his strongholds, +the attack of Gheriah<a id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>, one of his strongholds, which lies a little more than two degrees south of Bombay, and which derived its strength from the reputed courage of its defenders, and from its site @@ -4685,7 +4647,7 @@ in the enterprise. The Admiral having attacked and burnt the fleet of the pirate, Clive interposed his force on the land side between the fort and the Mahratta general, who had hastened to co-operate. -The place soon fell<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>, and the booty +The place soon fell<a id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>, and the booty (about ten lacs of rupees) was divided by the British forces, without admitting their allies to any participation. This had been settled before @@ -4705,7 +4667,7 @@ made such previous arrangements indispensable, to prevent those disputes, which, but for such precautions, must subsequently have occurred.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> <p>It is pleasing on this occasion to record the conduct of both the naval and military commanders. @@ -4719,7 +4681,7 @@ Rear-Admiral Pocock, the second in command in the navy. This pretension was stated by Clive to Admiral Watson. The latter, as jealous a defender of what he deemed the rights of the -service to which he belonged, as he was careless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +service to which he belonged, as he was careless<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> of his own personal interest, rejected the claim, but told Clive he would make up from his own share the difference between the colonel's and @@ -4731,11 +4693,11 @@ satisfy the troops that he had supported the rights of their commander: they had been pleased with the admiral's conduct, and he would "never enrich himself with money taken from Mr. Watson's -personal share of the capture."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> +personal share of the capture."<a id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> <p>As nothing further remained to be done on the western coast, Clive proceeded to Fort St. -David<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>, of which he took charge on the 20th +David<a id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>, of which he took charge on the 20th June, 1756, the very day, by a remarkable coincidence, on which the Nabob of Bengal took Calcutta. Intelligence of that event was not received @@ -4748,7 +4710,7 @@ command of the expedition destined to recover Calcutta, and re-establish the Company's affairs in Bengal.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> <p>Accordingly, having been relieved at Fort St. David by Mr. A. Wynch, Colonel Clive proceeded @@ -4768,7 +4730,7 @@ take. Adlercron, irritated at the appointment of Clive, stated, in reply to the requisition of the government for men, that they should have whatever number of His Majesty's troops they chose -sent aboard the fleet: but added<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>, "As I cannot +sent aboard the fleet: but added<a id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>, "As I cannot answer to the King my master, nor to my own character, to remain cooped up in a garrison in a state of inaction, while any part of the forces @@ -4792,7 +4754,7 @@ undertake this service with the whole of His Majesty's troops, and pressing me to give the necessary orders accordingly, you should now be for putting me off upon such slight pretences."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p> <p>The resolutions taken in council on the receipt of this letter were as follow:—</p> @@ -4807,7 +4769,7 @@ going on the command; and we flatter ourselves that His Majesty will not be of opinion with Colonel Adlercron, that they are slight pretences, or that it will reflect dishonour on Colonel Adlercron -to stay for the defence of a colony of so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +to stay for the defence of a colony of so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> much consequence as Madras, where, besides, by much the largest force will remain, and above two thirds of his own regiment.</p> @@ -4838,7 +4800,7 @@ of His Majesty's forces, to proceed on the expedition.</p> which you represent things to be here, rather confirms me in my resolution not to part with His Majesty's train; but I have already given a -full answer in the letter I wrote this morning to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> +full answer in the letter I wrote this morning to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> the general council, to which I beg leave to refer you, as you have offered nothing which can induce me to alter my sentiments. Surely, gentlemen, @@ -4869,13 +4831,13 @@ of being the instrument to avenge the cruel wrongs which his countrymen had sustained, and to redeem the state he served from the disgrace and ruin brought upon it by a barbarous -enemy, are strongly expressed in the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +enemy, are strongly expressed in the following<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> letter to the Court of Directors, written before he sailed from Madras:—</p> <blockquote> <p> -"Honourable Gentlemen,<br /> +"Honourable Gentlemen,<br > </p> <p>"From many hands you will hear of the @@ -4905,7 +4867,7 @@ the Company's estate in those parts will be settled in a better and more lasting condition than ever. There is less reason to apprehend a check from the Nabob's forces, than from the nature of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>climate and country. The news of a war<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> may +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>climate and country. The news of a war<a id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> may likewise interfere with the success of this expedition: however, should that happen, and hostilities be committed in India, I hope we shall @@ -4922,7 +4884,7 @@ in the esteem of those to whom I have the honour to subscribe myself, with great respect,</p> <p> -(Signed) "<span class="smcap">R. Clive</span>."<br /> +(Signed) "<span class="smcap">R. Clive</span>."<br > </p> <p>"Fort St. George, 11th Oct., 1756."</p></blockquote> @@ -4954,7 +4916,7 @@ being recalled by the news of a war, or checked in our progress by the woods and swampiness of the country, which is represented as being almost impassable for a train of artillery."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></p> <p>In a letter to Mr. Roger Drake, a gentleman then high in the Court of Directors, Clive writes, "A few weeks ago I was happily seated at St. @@ -4965,7 +4927,7 @@ of improving and increasing the investment; but the fatal blow given to the Company's estate at Bengal has superseded all other considerations, and I am now at this presidency upon the point -of embarking on board His Majesty's squadron,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +of embarking on board His Majesty's squadron,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> with a very considerable body of troops, to attempt the recovery of Calcutta, and to gain satisfaction from the Nabob for the losses which the Company @@ -4995,8 +4957,8 @@ on the coast of Coromandel all for which they had so long contended; for, by the agreement of both parties to withdraw from any further interference with the native princes, Mahommed -Ali, whom they had supported through so many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> -vicissitudes, became the reigning<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> sovereign of +Ali, whom they had supported through so many<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> +vicissitudes, became the reigning<a id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> sovereign of the Carnatic.</p> <p>The territorial acquisitions, and the influence @@ -5021,7 +4983,7 @@ accounts were received at Madras, on the 12th of November, 1756, that war had broken out between France and England; and Clive had not sailed above a month, when a letter from the Governor -and Council of Fort St. George, after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +and Council of Fort St. George, after<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> suggesting an attack on the French settlement of Chandernagore, entreated his early return, with as many of his troops as could be spared, to protect @@ -5033,7 +4995,7 @@ Europe.</p> on the settlement of Calcutta is short and disgraceful. The kingdom of Bengal, which, with Orissa, had been, for fifteen years, subject to the -able and active rule of Aliverdi Khan, was now<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> +able and active rule of Aliverdi Khan, was now<a id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> governed by his grand nephew Suraj-u-Dowlah, a youth, who, to all the effeminacy and luxurious habits of an eastern prince, added the greatest @@ -5046,10 +5008,10 @@ weakness and reputed wealth, or by a desire to expel the English from Bengal, is a matter of little moment. The pretexts on which his aggressions were grounded are too slight to merit -consideration. He first accused the English of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +consideration. He first accused the English of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> an intention to fortify Calcutta. This was disproved. Then they were charged with giving -protection to one of his subjects<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> who had fled +protection to one of his subjects<a id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> who had fled with great treasure. The person of this subject, he was informed, should be reserved for his pleasure; and proof was offered, that the treasure he @@ -5063,11 +5025,11 @@ he made him prisoner, and afterwards attacked and gained possession of that fortified factory. But the great object of his ambition was the capture of Calcutta. When he approached that -city<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>, a feeble effort was made at defence; after +city<a id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>, a feeble effort was made at defence; after which it was decided that it would be expedient to retreat; but no orders were issued to render this measure regular or effective to its object of -saving the persons and property of the European<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> +saving the persons and property of the European<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> part of the population, by embarking them on board the vessels lying near the town. The consequence was, that when embarkation commenced, @@ -5094,11 +5056,11 @@ ignominiously neglected; for a single sloop, with fifteen brave men on board, might, in spite of all the efforts of the enemy, have come up, and, anchoring under the fort, have carried away all -who suffered in the dungeon."<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> +who suffered in the dungeon."<a id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> -<p>As the Governor<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> and commandant<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> of the +<p>As the Governor<a id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> and commandant<a id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> of the troops were among the fugitives, those who were left behind chose Mr. Holwell as their chief. Soon finding that resistance was impossible, he @@ -5118,7 +5080,7 @@ thrust into that prison emphatically called the Black Hole, from which, of a hundred and forty-six persons, only twenty-three came out alive.</p> -<p>"Some of our company," says Mr. Cooke<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>, +<p>"Some of our company," says Mr. Cooke<a id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>, "expired very soon after being put in: others grew mad, and having lost their senses, died in a high delirium. All we could urge to the guard @@ -5126,20 +5088,20 @@ set over us, could not prevail upon them either to set us at liberty, or separate us into different prisons; which we desired, and offered money to obtain; but to no purpose: and when we -were released at eight o'clock the next morning,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +were released at eight o'clock the next morning,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> only twenty-three came out alive."</p> <p>The indignation excited against Suraj-u-Dowlah in the breast of every Englishman, on account of the murder of these persons, was just; even -though he never intended<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> to perpetrate so +though he never intended<a id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> to perpetrate so cruel an action.</p> <p>Wrapt in proud indifference as to what befel those unfortunate beings, whom fortune had thrown into his power, the tyrant was not to be approached with the tale of their unexampled -sufferings, at the moment when they might have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +sufferings, at the moment when they might have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> been alleviated; and he never showed any sense of remorse when the dreadful catastrophe was narrated to him, nor evinced any resentment @@ -5166,9 +5128,9 @@ nine hundred European infantry, and fifteen hundred sepoys. Five hundred more sepoys were expected from Bombay. (<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1756.) All the fleet, with the exception of two vessels, -the "Cumberland"<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> and "Marlborough<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>," on -board of which were a considerable proportion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> -the troops, had reached Fulta<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> by the 22d of +the "Cumberland"<a id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> and "Marlborough<a id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>," on +board of which were a considerable proportion of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> +the troops, had reached Fulta<a id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> by the 22d of December, where they found the fugitives from Calcutta.</p> @@ -5186,14 +5148,14 @@ and a very small quantity of ammunition.</p> dated the 23d of December, to have been so unwell as to have committed to that officer the charge of preparations for immediate advance -upon the small fort of Budge-Budge<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>, the road +upon the small fort of Budge-Budge<a id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>, the road to which was through a low swampy country, covered with jungle and underwood.</p> <p>Though two hundred and fifty of his small European force, and four hundred and thirty sepoys, with almost all the artillery, military -stores, &c., were on board the two missing ships,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +stores, &c., were on board the two missing ships,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> Clive nevertheless determined to advance: but it appears from his private letter to Mr. Pigot (dated the 8th of January, 1757), that the march @@ -5213,11 +5175,11 @@ from Moidapoor, and we did not arrive off Budge-Budge till past eight next morning: at nine, the grenadier company and all the sepoys were despatched to the fort, where I heard Captain -Coote<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> was landed with the King's troops. At +Coote<a id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> was landed with the King's troops. At ten, Monichund, the Governor of Calcutta, attacked us with between two and three thousand -horse and foot, and was worsted.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> The -people of the country raise fabulous reports about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +horse and foot, and was worsted.<a id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> The +people of the country raise fabulous reports about<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> the killed and wounded; but there is reason to believe, from the smartness of the fire, and the nearness of the enemy, some of whom were within @@ -5228,7 +5190,7 @@ himself received a shot in his turban. Our two field pieces were of little or no service to us, having neither tubes nor portfires, and wrong carriages sent with them from Fort St. -David; indeed we still labour under every disadvantage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +David; indeed we still labour under every disadvantage<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> in the world, for want of the Marlborough. It seems the enemy were encamped within two miles of us, and we ignorant of the @@ -5257,7 +5219,7 @@ to the Company's representatives. That jealous claim to superiority on the part of His Majesty's commanders by sea and land, which created difficulty in every conjunct operation, was evinced -on this occasion in a manner that excited an indignation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +on this occasion in a manner that excited an indignation<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> in the mind of Clive which he could not conceal.</p> @@ -5287,14 +5249,14 @@ a syllable of before: and it seems this dirty underhand contrivance was carried on in the most secret manner, under a pretence that I intended the same thing, which, I declare, never entered -my thoughts. This affair was compromised, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +my thoughts. This affair was compromised, by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> the Admiral consenting that I should be Governor, and that the Company's troops should remain in the fort. The next day the Admiral delivered up the fort to the Company's representatives in the King's name."</p> -<p>According to Mr. Ives<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>, who must be supposed +<p>According to Mr. Ives<a id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>, who must be supposed to have given a faithful record of Admiral Watson's actions, as he was surgeon to the flag ship, and honoured with his commander's confidence, @@ -5329,7 +5291,7 @@ acceded to; the fort remained, during the day on which it was captured, under the Admiral, and was next day, as has been before mentioned, made over to the Company.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, in the letter before quoted to the Governor of Madras, notices the feelings of dissatisfaction which his independent powers had @@ -5346,7 +5308,7 @@ interfered with the performance of public duties.</p> <p>"The gentlemen here," he states, "seem much dissatisfied at the authority I am vested with. -It would be contradicting my own sentiments, if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> +It would be contradicting my own sentiments, if<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> I was not to acknowledge that I still preserve the opinion that the gentlemen of Madras could not have taken a step more prudent, or more consistent @@ -5376,7 +5338,7 @@ not induce me to dwell among them."</p> <p>The correspondence which has been noticed between Admiral Watson and Clive, and between the latter and the select committee at -Calcutta, is of consequence, as it exhibits the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +Calcutta, is of consequence, as it exhibits the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> obstacles with which Clive had to struggle at this critical period of his life, and of the interests of his country in India. It is, however, to be @@ -5397,7 +5359,7 @@ for his character.</p> difficult. He found it more easy to deal with the pretensions and prejudices of Admiral Watson, than with the weak and disunited select -committee of Bengal. In answer<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> to a letter +committee of Bengal. In answer<a id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> to a letter from the latter, demanding that he should surrender the power with which he was vested, and place himself under them, he observed, "I @@ -5409,7 +5371,7 @@ excuse me, gentlemen, if I refuse to give them up: I cannot do it without forfeiting the trust reposed in me by the Select Committee of Fort St. George.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p> <p>"It does not become me, as an individual, to give my opinion, whether the conduct of the gentlemen of Fort St. George has been faulty @@ -5417,13 +5379,13 @@ or not; that point must be determined by our superiors."</p> <p>After occupying Calcutta, the British commanders, -to take advantage, as Clive states<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>, +to take advantage, as Clive states<a id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>, of the consternation caused by their rapid progress, sent a naval and military force to attack -Hooghley. I transcribe from Orme<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> the following +Hooghley. I transcribe from Orme<a id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> the following account of this operation:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162">[162]</a></span></p> <p>"Mr. Drake, notwithstanding his adversities, had retained some correspondents, and the Company's @@ -5438,7 +5400,7 @@ ship, the sloop of war, and three other vessels, were appointed for this service; and on board of them were embarked one hundred and fifty Europeans, being those of Adlercron's regiment, -with two hundred sepoys.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> They sailed on the +with two hundred sepoys.<a id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> They sailed on the 4th of January, and hoped to reach Hooghley in one tide; but the twenty-gun ship struck upon a sand-bank, which stopped their progress for five @@ -5461,7 +5423,7 @@ the other division, accompanied by some sailors, mounted the breach before they were discovered by the garrison; who no sooner saw the English on the ramparts, than all of them quitted their -posts, and fled out at the lesser gate. Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +posts, and fled out at the lesser gate. Three<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> Europeans and ten sepoys were killed in the attack. On the 12th, Captain Coote, with fifty Europeans and one hundred sepoys, marched to @@ -5491,20 +5453,20 @@ and of their determination to use it, for the purpose of compelling him to make reparation for his unprovoked aggressions. They concluded (and his character and conduct justified -the conclusion) that it was not by conciliating,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> +the conclusion) that it was not by conciliating,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> but by alarming him, that they could obtain future exemption from his attacks. What had occurred gave good grounds for the belief they -entertained. Subsequent events proved its correctness.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> +entertained. Subsequent events proved its correctness.<a id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> <p>Clive's letters in January communicate to the Madras government information of the capture of Hooghley, and of the completion of the works to strengthen Calcutta. He also informs them, that the Select Committee of Bengal had confided -to him and Admiral Watson all correspondence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +to him and Admiral Watson all correspondence<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> with the Nabob, who was advancing towards Calcutta, making professions of an amicable disposition, and offering to make restitution @@ -5520,7 +5482,7 @@ Madras Government, by returning to that Presidency the moment he could do so without the most imminent hazard to the public interests.</p> -<p>"Mr. Watson," he observes<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>, "has not yet +<p>"Mr. Watson," he observes<a id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>, "has not yet come to any resolution about his departure; and I fear it will be difficult for me to leave this place without his concurrence and assistance: however, @@ -5533,7 +5495,7 @@ soon concluded, greatly to the honour and advantage of the Company. Be assured, gentlemen, I shall follow your instructions, and not draw out the war to length, on any consideration whatever."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p> <p>In his private letter of the 25th of January, to Mr. Pigot, he says, "I need not represent to you the immense consequence of Bengal to the Company; @@ -5562,7 +5524,7 @@ duty."</p> "The Admiral has not wanted a number of people to advise him to pay no manner of attention to any representations, but what come from -the gentlemen here; and that the gentlemen of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +the gentlemen here; and that the gentlemen of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> the coast cannot be judges of what is fit for the interest of the Company in these parts. He is very desirous of getting away by the latter end @@ -5582,9 +5544,9 @@ aside."</p> <p>The desire which Clive, at this period, entertained to return to Madras, and the causes by which he was detained, are strongly expressed in -his letter<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> to the Secret Committee of the Court +his letter<a id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> <p>"The gentlemen of the Committee of Fort Saint George, on advice of the war with France, immediately despatched letters to me directing @@ -5621,7 +5583,7 @@ was within about six days' march of Vizagapatam, and heard of the Cumberland's arrival there, he detached Monsieur Law with about three hundred Europeans to Masulipatam, to -defend it against any attempts from that ship, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +defend it against any attempts from that ship, as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> it is supposed; and he himself halted with the rest of his army, consisting, it is thought, of about four or five hundred Europeans, and a very @@ -5653,7 +5615,7 @@ on the Admiral to call at Vizagapatam, to know the state of the coast, and whether our services will be necessary in that neighbourhood."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p> <p>How little Clive contemplated any schemes of wealth, or personal aggrandizement, as likely to @@ -5689,7 +5651,7 @@ and think my nervous complaint decreases. Mrs. Clive was well when I last heard from her, which was the 4th of last month.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> <p>"Colonel Lawrence is Governor of St. David's during my absence. I believe it would be no @@ -5720,7 +5682,7 @@ stated his opinion, that, while the Committee endeavoured to obtain better terms, they should not hazard a renewal of hostilities by rejecting those with which the Nabob appeared ready to -comply. The sentiments they gave upon this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +comply. The sentiments they gave upon this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> occasion are too remarkable and too honourable to the individuals to be omitted.</p> @@ -5739,7 +5701,7 @@ the risk of losing those already granted them, having neither time nor the means of making the Nabob comply, should he retreat. We were the more confirmed in that way of thinking, as Runjut -Roy the Seit's<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> Vakeel, who has through +Roy the Seit's<a id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> Vakeel, who has through the whole course of this negotiation undertaken the Company's affairs, in his last letters to Col. Clive, declares that, if the last articles signed by @@ -5764,7 +5726,7 @@ The haughty manner in which his envoys were received, and the refusal to comply with his request, made Clive instantly determine on an attack.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p> <p>"As I now plainly perceived," he observes in his letter to the Secret Committee, dated 22d February, 1757, "that he only meant to amuse @@ -5778,7 +5740,7 @@ passed and got into the streets of the town, it would be too late to attempt it. Another pressing reason for the immediate execution of this enterprise, notwithstanding the smallness of my force, -was the sudden distress we found ourselves in,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +was the sudden distress we found ourselves in,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> upon the approach of the Nabob's army, by a general desertion of our workmen, coolies, and servants, the breaking up of our market, and no @@ -5807,7 +5769,7 @@ fully set down in my journal of military occurrences."</p> <p>Clive had wished to avoid hostilities, from a desire not to hazard the advantages which had been obtained, and from the great disparity of -numbers. While his force consisted of one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +numbers. While his force consisted of one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> thousand three hundred and fifty Europeans and eight hundred sepoys, that of the enemy exceeded forty thousand men; but, in the situation @@ -5836,7 +5798,7 @@ would have been, all the effects upon which Clive had calculated were produced. The alarmed Nabob left the town next day, and encamped on a plain within sight of the English -troops. Preparations were making for another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> +troops. Preparations were making for another<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> attack; but Suraj-u-Dowlah made overtures for peace, and Clive was too anxious for that object not to attend to them, though advised to the @@ -5866,7 +5828,7 @@ same occasion. You will pardon the liberty I take on this particular, when I assure you, I will do the utmost of my endeavours to assist you."</p> -<p>Clive was not induced by this advice to depart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> +<p>Clive was not induced by this advice to depart<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> from the course he had determined to pursue. He anticipated that what had passed would dispose the Nabob to peace; and he dreaded that, @@ -5897,7 +5859,7 @@ enemies as their own, and to grant him any aid in their power.</p> <p>Various opinions were formed of the policy -of this peace. Clive, in a private letter to Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> +of this peace. Clive, in a private letter to Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> Payne, Chairman of the Court of Directors, points out, with great force, the grounds on which he acted.</p> @@ -5928,7 +5890,7 @@ than fifty lacs of rupees to the Company.</p> <p>"Believe me, Sir, I have constantly had this consideration in view, and my conduct has been always regulated agreeably to it. I can further -say, I never undertook an expedition attended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +say, I never undertook an expedition attended<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> with half so many disagreeable circumstances as this: the natural jealousy subsisting between sea and land service has given me much uneasiness; @@ -5958,7 +5920,7 @@ become bankrupts by the unfortunate loss of Calcutta. This consideration, I must confess, added to their apprehensions of being dismissed the service, has often induced me to wish the -gentlemen of Madras had taken the entire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +gentlemen of Madras had taken the entire<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> management of affairs into their hands, till the Company's pleasure was known.</p> @@ -5990,7 +5952,7 @@ be convinced of our friendship and power at the same time.</p> <p>"I shall conclude this letter with submitting -my conduct to your opinion. It would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> +my conduct to your opinion. It would have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> required greater abilities than I am master of to reconcile and satisfy so many different interests. If I have erred, it has not been with @@ -6004,7 +5966,7 @@ I owe every thing."</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> This vote is dated the 6th of Feb., 1754. With that +<p><a id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> This vote is dated the 6th of Feb., 1754. With that delicacy and tenderness to the feelings of his old commander, Colonel Lawrence, which he always manifested, he objected to receiving this mark of distinction, unless a similar present @@ -6012,40 +5974,40 @@ was made to that officer; which was done accordingly.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> December, 1754.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> December, 1754.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Severndroog, another fort belonging to Angria, had been +<p><a id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Severndroog, another fort belonging to Angria, had been taken a few months previously by Commodore James, of the Bombay marines.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Feb. 13, 1756.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Feb. 13, 1756.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Vide Lieutenant-Colonel Clive's evidence, <i>Reports of the +<p><a id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Vide Lieutenant-Colonel Clive's evidence, <i>Reports of the House of Commons</i>, vol. iii., and <i>Ives's Voyage</i>, p. 82.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Vide extract of consultations, Fort St. David, June 20. +<p><a id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Vide extract of consultations, Fort St. David, June 20. 1756.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 88.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 88.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> A war was at this time expected between England and +<p><a id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> A war was at this time expected between England and France.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> It is to be observed, that though the French gave upon +<p><a id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> It is to be observed, that though the French gave upon this occasion their support to the pretensions of their favourite Nabob, yet Mahommed Ali was not at that time acknowledged by Salabut Jung, then subadar of the Deckan, his @@ -6054,7 +6016,7 @@ in 1763, that he was acknowledged by the French government.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Aliverdi Khan died on the 9th of April, 1756; and +<p><a id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Aliverdi Khan died on the 9th of April, 1756; and Suraj-u-Dowlah, having been nominated successor, mounted the throne without opposition. The name of this prince was Mirza Mahmud, but he is best known by his title of @@ -6062,7 +6024,7 @@ Suraj-u-Dowlah, which means "the sun of the state."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The person the Nabob alluded to was Kishendass, the +<p><a id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The person the Nabob alluded to was Kishendass, the son of the late Dewan of the Nabob of Dacca, who visited Calcutta on his way to Juggernaut; and as he was strongly recommended to Mr. Drake, the President of Calcutta, by @@ -6072,28 +6034,28 @@ kindness and attention.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> The outposts of Calcutta were attacked on the 18th +<p><a id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> The outposts of Calcutta were attacked on the 18th of June, 1756.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 78.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 78.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. Drake.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. Drake.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Captain Minchin.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Captain Minchin.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Vide Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 144.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Vide Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 144.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Mr. Mill, by his quotation from Seir Mutaquerin, and +<p><a id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Mr. Mill, by his quotation from Seir Mutaquerin, and his observations upon the former state of prisons in England and India, appears desirous not only of palliating the guilt of the Nabob and his servants, but of throwing a share of @@ -6119,35 +6081,35 @@ almost all certain.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The "Cumberland" seventy-four had Sir G. Pocock's +<p><a id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The "Cumberland" seventy-four had Sir G. Pocock's flag on board.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> The "Marlborough" Indiaman carried a large proportion +<p><a id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> The "Marlborough" Indiaman carried a large proportion of the troops and stores.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> A village on the left bank of the river Hooghly, twenty +<p><a id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> A village on the left bank of the river Hooghly, twenty miles in a straight direction below Calcutta, but more than double that distance by water.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Situated on the left bank of the river Hooghly, ten +<p><a id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Situated on the left bank of the river Hooghly, ten miles below Calcutta in a straight line, but double that number by the windings of the river.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> This officer (afterwards the celebrated Sir Eyre Coote) +<p><a id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> This officer (afterwards the celebrated Sir Eyre Coote) commanded a company of H. M. 49th on board the flag ship.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> The grenadier volunteers and sepoys had been pushed +<p><a id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> The grenadier volunteers and sepoys had been pushed as near the fort as they could be, under cover, to be ready for an assault. The remainder had been halted in a hollow plain, to intercept the garrison in the event of an attempt @@ -6174,32 +6136,32 @@ must have been seen, and the possibility of surprise defeated.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Vide Ives's Voyage, p. 102.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Vide Ives's Voyage, p. 102.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Clive to select committee, +<p><a id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Clive to select committee, of date 20th of January, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Clive's letters to the Governor of Madras, 8th January, +<p><a id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Clive's letters to the Governor of Madras, 8th January, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> vol. ii. p. 126.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> vol. ii. p. 126.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Major Kilpatrick and Captain Eyre Coote commanded +<p><a id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Major Kilpatrick and Captain Eyre Coote commanded the King's and Company's troops. The naval armament was commanded by Admiral Watson.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> It is with pain I read, in the page of a modern historian, -the following passage<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>:—"The English were very +<p><a id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> It is with pain I read, in the page of a modern historian, +the following passage<a id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a>:—"The English were very desirous to make their peace with that formidable ruler (Suraj-u-Dowlah); but the capture of Hooghley, undertaken solely with a view to plunder, had so augmented his rage, @@ -6260,28 +6222,28 @@ principles and abstract theories.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Mill's British India, vol. ii. p. 128.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Mill's British India, vol. ii. p. 128.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Letter to the Hon. G. Pigot, Esq. and Select Committee +<p><a id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Letter to the Hon. G. Pigot, Esq. and Select Committee of Fort St. George, dated Camp, Barnague Plain, January 28. 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Dated Camp, on Barnague Plain, 1st February, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Dated Camp, on Barnague Plain, 1st February, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Jugget Seit, here alluded to, was at the head of a +<p><a id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Jugget Seit, here alluded to, was at the head of a great banking-house, and, from his immense wealth and credit, had much influence in the country.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p> <h2>CHAP. IV.</h2> @@ -6310,7 +6272,7 @@ summoned to aid their prince in effecting this object, but the Mahrattas, also, were called in. The French general took possession of a palace called the Chahar-Mahal, within the city of -Hyderabad, where he sustained a memorable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +Hyderabad, where he sustained a memorable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> siege against this combined force; and on being reinforced by a party from Pondicherry, commanded by M. Law, he ultimately triumphed @@ -6326,7 +6288,7 @@ been greatly exaggerated.</p> <p>Whatever might be Bussy's intention, it was sufficiently obvious that he possessed the power -of forming a junction<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> with the French force on +of forming a junction<a id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> with the French force on the Ganges; and it was equally obvious, that such a junction would be ruinous to the English interests.</p> @@ -6339,7 +6301,7 @@ French, the weakness of the English force, and the fear of producing a rupture with the Nabob, who was known to be most adverse to such an attack.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, alluding to the expressed sentiments of Suraj-u-Dowlah on this subject observes, in the postscript of a letter (under date of the 1st @@ -6372,7 +6334,7 @@ Chandernagore, made Admiral Watson very reluctant to sanction an engagement so liable to be broken, whenever it should suit the convenience of the enemy. Clive endeavoured for -a period to overcome the Admiral's scruples,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> +a period to overcome the Admiral's scruples,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> from an impression that, should the Nabob join the French, the English force in Bengal was too weak to maintain a protracted contest; and so @@ -6387,7 +6349,7 @@ Admiral Watson till the first week of March. That officer, understanding that the Committee still continued apprehensive of the bad consequences likely to result from the attack of -Chandernagore, wrote<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> to Clive as follows:—</p> +Chandernagore, wrote<a id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> to Clive as follows:—</p> <p>"If the Nabob should not give his consent to our attacking the French, I will desist, provided @@ -6404,7 +6366,7 @@ commit any hostility against the French here, unless the Governor-General and Superior Council of Pondicherry will not consent to a neutrality within the Ganges."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p> <p>Admiral Watson had for some time carried on a correspondence with the Nabob, from which it appears that he was as anxious as Clive @@ -6430,7 +6392,7 @@ the treaty, in case any commander of theirs should come with a greater power after my departure! You are too reasonable not to see, that it is impossible for me to conclude a treaty -with people who have no power to do it; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +with people who have no power to do it; and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> which, besides, while it ties my hands, leaves those of my enemies at liberty to do me what mischief they can. They have also a long time @@ -6460,7 +6422,7 @@ satisfied the Admiral of the Nabob's insincerity. Suraj-u-Dowlah, while he delayed the execution of the engagements he had entered into with the English, intrigued with French -agents, and detached a body of men to reinforce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +agents, and detached a body of men to reinforce<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> the Governor of Hooghley, which it was fully believed was meant to aid the neighbouring garrison of Chandernagore.</p> @@ -6468,7 +6430,7 @@ of Chandernagore.</p> <p>This intelligence caused the Admiral to address him in a style calculated to put an end to all further evasions:—"I now acquaint you," -were the concluding words of this letter<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>, "that +were the concluding words of this letter<a id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>, "that the remainder of the troops which should have been here long ago (and which I hear the Colonel told you he expected), will be at Calcutta @@ -6495,7 +6457,7 @@ protection, you will give him his life; but then you must be well satisfied of the innocence of his intentions; if not, whatsoever you think right, that do."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p> <p>Mr. Watts, Resident with the Nabob, had communicated to the Committee the fullest evidence of that prince's intrigues with the French; and, @@ -6522,12 +6484,12 @@ Watts states, that the Nabob desired him to inform Colonel Clive that if he attacked the French he would not intermeddle.</p> -<p>The receipt of these letters, and the arrival of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +<p>The receipt of these letters, and the arrival of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> reinforcements from Bombay, led to the attack of Chandernagore being ultimately determined upon. The negotiation for an armistice, which was far advanced, was broken off. The letters -subsequently written by the Nabob<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>, retracting +subsequently written by the Nabob<a id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>, retracting his assent to this measure, were deemed an indignity; and the very ground which he urged, the expected advance through Cuttack of Bussy, @@ -6541,7 +6503,7 @@ daring boldness and admirable skill and intrepidity of Admiral Watson, and to the valour of those under his command.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192">[192]</a></span></p> <p>Few naval achievements have excited more admiration; and even at the present day, when @@ -6551,7 +6513,7 @@ navigated to Chandernagore, and laid alongside the batteries of that settlement, is a subject of wonder. The Kent and Tiger, with the flags of Admirals Watson and Pocock on board, were -the only vessels engaged.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> They were so close, +the only vessels engaged.<a id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> They were so close, that the musketry from the tops and poop were most annoying to the enemy, who behaved with great gallantry, keeping up a heavy and destructive @@ -6572,7 +6534,7 @@ of the French, no doubt hastened their surrender.</p> causes which led to the attack of Chandernagore, than in the words of Clive in his report to the governor of Fort St. George.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193">[193]</a></span></p> <p>"I acquainted you," he observes, "that the neutrality with the French was not likely to be concluded. I continued encamped on the same @@ -6598,7 +6560,7 @@ the Admiral received a letter from the Nabob, the purport of which was, that we might act as we pleased with respect to the French; and, having intelligence at the same time that the troops -he had sent to their assistance were withdrawn,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> +he had sent to their assistance were withdrawn,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> I summoned the place to surrender that night; but, receiving no answer, the next morning I attacked their western battery, which they defended @@ -6628,7 +6590,7 @@ several cohorns and royals, had played incessantly the whole night; and when the ships weighed, we opened two batteries very near the walls, one of four pieces of cannon, the other three, all -twenty-four-pounders; and kept a continual discharge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +twenty-four-pounders; and kept a continual discharge<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> of musketry from the adjacent houses. In short, the fire from the ships and the shore was so great, that they capitulated in three hours. @@ -6644,7 +6606,7 @@ have done, and that it was impossible for him to do the officers of the squadron justice on that occasion."</p> -<p>In a private letter<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> to Mr. Pigot, written upon +<p>In a private letter<a id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> to Mr. Pigot, written upon the same occasion, Clive observes, "I make no doubt but the forces are impatiently expected at Madras. It is a very great blow that has @@ -6664,7 +6626,7 @@ been wanting, either on the Admiral's part or mine, to render their condition supportable: their clothes, their linen, and every thing have been suffered to go out.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p> <p>"I must refer you to the Committee's letter for many particulars. I fear I shall not be able to send a list of military and artillery stores by @@ -6686,7 +6648,7 @@ and perhaps will induce the Nabob to give up all the French factories. This will be driving them out root and branch. I am well informed, without Chandernagore, the Islands must starve, -and Pondicherry suffer greatly. My inclinations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> +and Pondicherry suffer greatly. My inclinations<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> always tend towards the coast; and I hope to be with you, with a very considerable force, in September. The lateness of the season makes the @@ -6707,7 +6669,7 @@ heavy metal, under which were sunk four or five ships and vessels to prevent the passage of the squadron, which could never have been effected without mastering that battery. We erected one -of five<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> twenty-four-pounders within a hundred +of five<a id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> twenty-four-pounders within a hundred yards of the south-east bastion, and another of three twenty-four-pounders within a hundred and fifty yards of the north-east bastion; besides @@ -6716,7 +6678,7 @@ and kept up such a fire of musketry, that the enemy could not appear either on the ramparts or bastions, by which means the fire was insignificant to what it would have been."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p> <p>From this letter, and from one he wrote to Mr. Mabbot, the Chairman of the Directors, there can be no doubt that Clive's intention was to return @@ -6746,7 +6708,7 @@ Company that he should pursue; and he had to balance against that obedience which he owed, and was anxious to pay to his superiors, the imminent danger which his departure from Bengal -would produce. The attack of Chandernagore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +would produce. The attack of Chandernagore<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> had been indispensable to give security to the English against an European enemy: but the very success which had attended their arms upon this @@ -6762,14 +6724,14 @@ you must go further. Having established yourself by force, and not by the consent of the Nabob, he by force will endeavour to drive you out again." In a private letter to Mr. Pigot, written -a month after the fall of the French settlement<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>, +a month after the fall of the French settlement<a id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>, he gives a vivid description of the Nabob's character, and of the motives and feelings which he supposes to agitate his weak and vacillating mind, at a period critical both for himself and for the Company's establishments in Bengal.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> <p>"The most of the articles of the peace," he observes, "are complied with; yet, from the tyranny, cowardice, and suspicion of the Nabob, @@ -6799,7 +6761,7 @@ soon as the Nabob is secured. For my own part, I am persuaded, there can be neither peace nor security while such a monster reigns."</p> -<p>"Mr. Watts and Omichund<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> are at Moorshedabad, +<p>"Mr. Watts and Omichund<a id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> are at Moorshedabad, and have many meetings with the great men. The last letter I received from Mr. Watts, he desires that our proposals may be sent, and @@ -6817,7 +6779,7 @@ disagreeable circumstance, to find that the troubles are likely to commence again: but the opinion here is universal, that there can be neither peace nor trade without a change of government."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> <p>When Chandernagore was taken, Clive's next object was to root out the French from this quarter of India. This appears from all his letters, @@ -6834,7 +6796,7 @@ capture of such of the European enemy as yet remained in Bengal.</p> <p>The corps under the command of M. Law, -when joined by the deserters and French officers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +when joined by the deserters and French officers,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> and men who had broken their parole, or escaped from Chandernagore, amounted to only a hundred Europeans and sixty sepoys; but they were, notwithstanding @@ -6864,7 +6826,7 @@ Godeheu, who succeeded Dupleix, and who, at first, appeared only anxious to abandon all his predecessor had gained, now sought to preserve and improve every advantage which yet remained, -as the result of former measures. Bussy was promised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> +as the result of former measures. Bussy was promised<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> early support, and directed to maintain the possessions ceded to France, which extended six hundred miles along the coast of Coromandel, @@ -6895,7 +6857,7 @@ public and private; and these afford strong evidence that he by no means contemplated success as certain. In a letter (dated the 11th of March) to Mr. Orme, who was his agent at Madras, he -requests him to remit his money to Calcutta, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +requests him to remit his money to Calcutta, to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> be sent to England, as "the times were dangerous." Such facts are important, as they prove, that the measures he found himself compelled at @@ -6926,7 +6888,7 @@ frequently to pay the Mahrattas, to purchase either exemption from attack, or the retreat of their predatory bands from Bengal. The sums thus levied were, during Aliverdi's government, -not immoderate; and the policy of that able<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +not immoderate; and the policy of that able<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> prince made him so vary the time of his demands, that they came at distinct periods, and under different pretexts, upon the different factories: for @@ -6956,7 +6918,7 @@ of plunder after he ascended the musnud, or throne, the English settlements at Cossimbazar and Calcutta attracted his peculiar attention, on account of the reputed wealth, not only of the -Europeans, but of the natives who had settled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> +Europeans, but of the natives who had settled<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> under their protection. The injuries and cruelties he had, in the prosecution of this object, inflicted upon the nation and upon the individuals @@ -6986,7 +6948,7 @@ the total expulsion of the other from his territories. Acting upon this knowledge, and with that deep exasperation which belongs to the wounded pride of a despot, he secretly courted -the French, to avenge himself on those by whom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +the French, to avenge himself on those by whom<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> he had been defeated and humbled. He at first sent aid to Chandernagore. His subsequent assent, imperfect as it was, to the attack of that @@ -7016,7 +6978,7 @@ mind of Suraj-u-Dowlah was quite incapable of comprehending the nature and force of such grounds of action. He probably thought they would act as he would have done if success had -favoured his arms: perhaps he still rested on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +favoured his arms: perhaps he still rested on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> his own strength, and the hopes held out by the French. Whatever were his motives, so far from showing a disposition to pursue a course which @@ -7037,16 +6999,16 @@ prince, must now be stated.</p> <p>The sentiments Clive had formed of the Nabob's character and policy have been fully given -in his letter<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> to Mr. Pigot, already quoted. The +in his letter<a id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> to Mr. Pigot, already quoted. The proofs that his conclusions were just are to be found in various documents, but particularly in -the letters from Mr. Watts<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>, and in the communications +the letters from Mr. Watts<a id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>, and in the communications made by the Nabob to the French officers Bussy and Law, some of which were intercepted at the time, and others found after the battle of Plassey.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> <p>Before Chandernagore was taken, accounts of the Nabob's overtures to Bussy had been sent by @@ -7056,11 +7018,11 @@ and their truth subsequently confirmed, by the copies of the letters being found at Moorshedabad.</p> <p>In a letter to Bussy, about the end of February, -the Nabob observes<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>: "These disturbers of my +the Nabob observes<a id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>: "These disturbers of my country, the Admiral and Colonel Clive (Sabut -Jung<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>), whom bad fortune attend! without any +Jung<a id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>), whom bad fortune attend! without any reason whatever, are warring against Zubat ul -Toojar<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> (M. Renault), the governor of Chandernagore. +Toojar<a id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> (M. Renault), the governor of Chandernagore. This you will learn from his letter. I, who in all things seek the good of mankind, assist him in every respect, and have sent him the @@ -7079,7 +7041,7 @@ Further particulars you will learn from M. Renault. Oblige me with frequent news of your health."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p> <p>In another letter, written in the end of March, the Nabob adds: "I am advised that you have @@ -7104,7 +7066,7 @@ on any pretence, impede your march, both at Cuttack, Ballasore, and Midnapore."</p> <p>Copies of these letters had been seen at the -time of dispatch by Cojah Wazeed, who had communicated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +time of dispatch by Cojah Wazeed, who had communicated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> their contents to Mr. Watts; and this intelligence was corroborated by the fact that servants of the Nabob, in charge of an elephant @@ -7118,12 +7080,12 @@ surrender of this small party of the French to the English; he afterwards pretended to banish them from his dominions, and they marched from Moorshedabad for Patna, but in consequence of -a note<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> from the Nabob, M. Law remained at +a note<a id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> from the Nabob, M. Law remained at Rajhmahal, the manager of which district had been directed to supply him with money, and to aid him, in every way he could, until Bussy's approach.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> <p>The Nabob by these acts, by his positive refusal to allow the English to proceed up the river, by his non-performance of some of the articles of @@ -7147,7 +7109,7 @@ from the departure of their force and the arrival of his French allies, he could accomplish his design of extirpating them from his dominions.</p> -<p>An intercepted letter<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> from M. Law to the +<p>An intercepted letter<a id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> from M. Law to the chief of one of the lesser French factories, afforded, of itself, proof of this fact, had any been wanting: but the indiscretion of the Nabob was @@ -7159,7 +7121,7 @@ sought the alliance of the English, concluding that they must desire the dethronement of a prince whose continuance in power was incompatible with their existence.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p> <p>One of the chief causes that had hitherto kept the Nabob in check, was the dread of the Affghân conquerors of Delhi: but news had arrived of @@ -7169,7 +7131,7 @@ in the threatening language and conduct of Suraj-u-Dowlah towards the resident, who now earnestly recommended Clive to lose no time in decidedly attaching himself to the party already formed -against the Nabob. In one letter<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> Mr. Watts +against the Nabob. In one letter<a id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> Mr. Watts observes, "Jugget Seit, Runjutroy, Omichund, and others, in short all degrees of persons, are persuaded he (the Nabob) will break his agreement, @@ -7177,7 +7139,7 @@ and attack us whenever he is disengaged, or our forces weakened by your leaving us and the departure of the men-of-war, or whenever he can be assisted by the French."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214">[214]</a></span></p> <p>The resident commences a letter, written two days after the one quoted, with the following strong expression: "The Nabob will not keep @@ -7209,7 +7171,7 @@ all connection with their enemies. Admiral Watson, in his correspondence with him, had insisted strongly upon this point. Alluding to the Nabob's frequent evasions upon this and other subjects, -the Admiral writes in his letter<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +the Admiral writes in his letter<a id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> 19th of April, "I observe in your letter the following particulars, viz. That for my satisfaction, and according to our mutual agreement to @@ -7238,7 +7200,7 @@ my satisfaction, and in observance of the mutual agreement, you have taken this measure? Is this an act of friendship? Or is it in this manner I am to understand you will assist me? Or am I -to draw a conclusion from what you write? or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> +to draw a conclusion from what you write? or<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> what you do? You are too wise not to know, when a man tells you one thing, and does the direct contrary, which you ought to believe. Why @@ -7268,14 +7230,14 @@ immediately after the fall of Chandernagore, urges the surrender or expulsion of the French, as an indispensable condition of the Nabob's continued friendship with the English. Every artifice was -used by Suraj-u-Dowlah to evade compliance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +used by Suraj-u-Dowlah to evade compliance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> with this urgent and repeated demand. He first pleaded the debts due by the French to his subjects:—he was told, that the property of their Company could be made responsible for such debts. He next stated the loss of revenue to the Emperor, from duties paid on their trade:—this -duty<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>, he was told, had been estimated at 60,000 +duty<a id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>, he was told, had been estimated at 60,000 rupees, and would henceforward be paid by the English. Driven by these propositions from every ground of evasion, and not yet willing to @@ -7292,7 +7254,7 @@ occupy an entrenched camp at Plassey. This armed force, which was meant to awe the English into attention to the Nabob's wishes, was not only continued after the French settlement was taken, -but was reinforced by a party under the Bukhshee<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> +but was reinforced by a party under the Bukhshee<a id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> (or commander of the army), Jaffier Ali Khan, and the future intentions of the Nabob were almost publicly proclaimed, when his officers @@ -7301,7 +7263,7 @@ up the river to Cossimbazar, but stopped the supplies of ammunition and stores necessary to restore that factory to its former state.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218">[218]</a></span></p> <p>These orders, Mr. Watts wrote Clive, the Nabob's officers were commanded to enforce, by @@ -7327,23 +7289,23 @@ or else to abandon his half-executed enterprise.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> The distance of the northern part of the country ceded +<p><a id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> The distance of the northern part of the country ceded to Bussy was not two hundred miles from Calcutta, through Cuttack.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Admiral Watson's letter, dated March 6th, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Admiral Watson's letter, dated March 6th, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> 7th March, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> 7th March, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Mr. Scrafton, in a letter to Mr. Watts, dated the 20th of +<p><a id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Mr. Scrafton, in a letter to Mr. Watts, dated the 20th of March, 1757, written by desire of Colonel Clive, observes, -"The ten<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> letters received from the Nabob yesterday are +"The ten<a id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> letters received from the Nabob yesterday are sufficient evidences of his irresolution and variable disposition. Besides these letters, one Mutrumul, whom the Nabob mentions as a person in whom he has great confidence, has @@ -7358,60 +7320,60 @@ fate."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <i>Sic</i>: query, <i>two</i>?</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <i>Sic</i>: query, <i>two</i>?</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Owing to the anchor of the Kent not holding, she +<p><a id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Owing to the anchor of the Kent not holding, she drifted from her appointed station to that fixed upon for the Salisbury, close to the south-east bastion; and the latter vessel was, consequently, thrown out of action.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> 29th March, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> 29th March, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Called a four-gun battery in Clive's report to the +<p><a id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Called a four-gun battery in Clive's report to the Governor of Fort St. George, p. 194.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> 30th April, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> 30th April, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Omichund was a native agent employed by Mr. Watts. +<p><a id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Omichund was a native agent employed by Mr. Watts. A full account of this person will be given hereafter.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Vide p. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Vide p. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Mr. Watts continued through this period Resident at +<p><a id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Mr. Watts continued through this period Resident at the Nabob's court at Moorshedabad.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Reports of House of Commons, vol. iii. p. 221.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Reports of House of Commons, vol. iii. p. 221.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Sabut Jung (which signifies "daring in war") is the title +<p><a id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Sabut Jung (which signifies "daring in war") is the title by which Clive is to this day known among the natives of India.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Zubat-ul-Toojar, the title of the French chief, means +<p><a id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Zubat-ul-Toojar, the title of the French chief, means "the essence or excellence of merchants."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> The following is the translation of the note from Suraj-u-Dowlah +<p><a id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> The following is the translation of the note from Suraj-u-Dowlah to M. Law: "I send you ten thousand rupees for expenses. Remain quiet at Rajhmahal. When M. Bahadre, &c. come on this side Cuttack, I will then send for you." @@ -7419,7 +7381,7 @@ Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 221.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> The following is a copy of this letter: "Je viens de +<p><a id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> The following is a copy of this letter: "Je viens de recevoir une lettre du Nabob, par laquelle il m'ordonne de retourner à Muxadabad. Il vient, dit-il, se joindre à nous, pour tomber sur les Anglais. J'ai reçu aussi une lettre du @@ -7434,29 +7396,29 @@ irai-je bientôt vous trouver."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> 26th April, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> 26th April, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Ive's Voyage, p. 149.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Ive's Voyage, p. 149.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The particulars of this offer are in a letter from Mr. +<p><a id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The particulars of this offer are in a letter from Mr. Walsh to Mr. Watts of the 11th April, 1757, written by order of Colonel Clive.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Bukhshee, literally means "Paymaster;" but that office +<p><a id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Bukhshee, literally means "Paymaster;" but that office is, in native armies, almost invariably associated with the station of commander-in-chief.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219">[219]</a></span></p> <h2>CHAP. V.</h2> @@ -7485,7 +7447,7 @@ but well-educated Hindus of the Brahmin or the mercantile castes continued, as under the martial princes of their own tribe, to manage almost all the concerns of the state. A Hindu, -under the denomination of minister, or as Naib<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> +under the denomination of minister, or as Naib<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> (or deputy), continued at the head of the exchequer; and in this office he was connected with the richest bankers and monied Hindus of the @@ -7500,7 +7462,7 @@ prince, anxious only for the means necessary for his purposes of pleasure or ambition, was not over-scrupulous as to the terms he granted to the financial agents: and the advantages they gained, -combined with their simple and frugal habits<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>, +combined with their simple and frugal habits<a id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>, enabled them to amass immense wealth. This they well knew how to employ, for purposes both of accumulation, and of establishing political influence; @@ -7512,7 +7474,7 @@ severity was certain to incur obloquy, and often defeated its aim, since, by their natural character, they were as patient of suffering as they were tenacious of their gains.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p> <p>Besides, the wealth of Hindu ministers and managers was usually deposited with bankers; and the injury done to credit by acts of injustice @@ -7532,14 +7494,14 @@ prepared, both from the great profits they made, and from their parsimonious habits.</p> <p>A very quick and intelligent Mahommedan -prince<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>, on being asked why he gave so decided +prince<a id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>, on being asked why he gave so decided a preference to Hindu managers and renters over those of his own religion, replied, "that a Mahommedan was like a sieve,—much of what was poured in went through; while a Hindu was like a sponge, which retained all, but on pressure gave back, as required, what it had absorbed!"</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222">[222]</a></span></p> <p>But there were other reasons which prompted Mahommedan princes to employ and encourage Hindus, both at their court and in their armies. @@ -7568,7 +7530,7 @@ tribe; and as there was complete religious toleration, and their ancient and revered usages were seldom or never outraged, they were too divided a people upon other subjects to unite in any effort -to expel conquerors, who, under the influence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +to expel conquerors, who, under the influence<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> of various motives, left to them almost all, except the name, of power.</p> @@ -7598,7 +7560,7 @@ continually exposed, by those rules which apply to nations which enjoy civil liberty and equal laws. Treachery and ingratitude to their chief or patron are with them the basest of crimes: -and obedience and attachment to those who support<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +and obedience and attachment to those who support<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> them, the highest of virtues. According as they fail in, or fulfil, the obligations which the relations of the society in which they live impose, @@ -7629,7 +7591,7 @@ subverted.</p> <p>The construction of the government of Suraj-u-Dowlah was like that of other Mahommedan -states: but the elements of which it was composed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> +states: but the elements of which it was composed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> wanted the controlling spirit of a superior like Aliverdi Khan.</p> @@ -7661,14 +7623,14 @@ of Patna, and Raja Ram the manager of Midnapore, were the principal—were almost all Hindus. Nor were the station and influence of this tribe less in the army and at court. Monick -Chund, who had been governor of Calcutta, held<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> +Chund, who had been governor of Calcutta, held<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> a high military rank, and Roydullub, the dewan, or minister of finance, had great influence, which was increased by his being intimately associated with Jugget Seit, the representative of the richest soucar, or banking firm, in India; and who, through means of his riches and extensive connections, -possessed equal influence at Lucknow<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> +possessed equal influence at Lucknow<a id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> and Delhi as at Moorshedabad.</p> <p>The above were the leading persons of the @@ -7685,7 +7647,7 @@ named Mohun Lal, held a distinguished place, and without filling any high office, had at one period more power than any person in this weak and divided government.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p> <p>Considerations of mutual security had for some time led Roydullub and Meer Jaffier to a secret understanding, and pledges of friendship had @@ -7713,11 +7675,11 @@ too wide for concealment; and which, combining men of all classes and all interests, could only obtain success by the existence of a general sentiment of distrust and detestation of the ruler, -against whom it was directed.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> +against whom it was directed.<a id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> <p>Notwithstanding appearances and professions, it was with the greatest hesitation that the Committee -of Calcutta ventured on the scene<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> that +of Calcutta ventured on the scene<a id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> that now opened to them; and certainly nothing could have justified the course of proceeding that was adopted, but a conviction that a @@ -7732,10 +7694,10 @@ honour, through a labyrinth of such apparently inextricable windings that even his experience and courage were at times startled by its intricacies.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229">[229]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, having received several despatches from -Mr. Watts<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>, which, while they established the +Mr. Watts<a id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>, which, while they established the justice of the conclusions regarding what was to be expected from Suraj-u-Dowlah, pointed out the dangers of delay, wrote to Admiral @@ -7748,9 +7710,9 @@ be at present in this river, when every thing is done that they are capable of undertaking. You, gentlemen of the Committee, will therefore best judge what steps will now be necessary for the -Company's interest."<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> +Company's interest."<a id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230">[230]</a></span></p> <p>In a letter to Mr. Watts, of the 23d of April, Clive expresses the following sentiments upon @@ -7776,7 +7738,7 @@ are gone—you would send the money and effects to Calcutta immediately, for fear of the worst.</p> -<p>"If Mr. Law and all the gentlemen could be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> +<p>"If Mr. Law and all the gentlemen could be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> prevailed upon to allow the common men to be made prisoners, and themselves to be free on condition of going to Pondicherry, it would @@ -7791,10 +7753,10 @@ in the proceedings regarding the French, having their thoughts fixed on trade and merchandise."</p> <p>In a private letter from the Resident to Mr. -Walsh<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>, secretary of Colonel Clive (dated 20th +Walsh<a id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>, secretary of Colonel Clive (dated 20th April), he observes, "Before I received your letter enclosing the Nabob's, that letter which -was forwarded by Nuncomar<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> was delivered, on +was forwarded by Nuncomar<a id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> was delivered, on which the Nabob was much displeased; and on our vakeel going to him this afternoon, before he had time to speak or deliver the Colonel's @@ -7810,7 +7772,7 @@ patience was worn out. He could suffer no more, but saw he must be obliged again to march down against us."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p> <p>Other circumstances occurred at this period, which distinctly proved the jealous and hostile @@ -7820,14 +7782,14 @@ under Captain Grant, had been ordered to Cossimbazar; but Mr. Watts wrote, desiring that officer to return. In his letter to Clive, of the 28th of April, he observes, "As the Nabob -will not allow a Tellingy<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> soldier, or any ammunition, +will not allow a Tellingy<a id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> soldier, or any ammunition, to come this way, and as he has threatened to treat those he takes severely, I thought it prudent to desire Captain Grant and his party to return, lest they should meet with some affront."</p> -<p>Clive, in a letter to Mr. Watts<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>, observes, +<p>Clive, in a letter to Mr. Watts<a id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>, observes, "After the Nabob's last message I cannot depend upon his friendship; and therefore shall get every thing ready for a march. I shall consult @@ -7839,7 +7801,7 @@ will be no objection to sparing the fifty cannon, if the Nabob will but convince us of his sincerity of intention by securing the French."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233">[233]</a></span></p> <p>A letter of the same date was despatched to Mr. Collet, in charge of the factory at Cossimbazar.</p> @@ -7863,13 +7825,13 @@ who are to come. No particular secrecy is to be used in this matter, but to be transacted in the usual manner."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234">[234]</a></span></p> <p>Notwithstanding these preparations, it appears that even at this period hopes were entertained of Suraj-u-Dowlah changing his proceedings so far as to make it possible to preserve peace with -him. In answer to a letter<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> from Mr. Watts, +him. In answer to a letter<a id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> from Mr. Watts, Clive observes, "I wrote the Nabob a letter a few days ago, which will reconcile him to us, and calm his resentment:" but emphatically @@ -7880,7 +7842,7 @@ avoid it by striking the first blow."</p> his course in the most infatuated manner, while the storm gathered thick around him. The state of the Nabob's mind, and the intrigues now -forming, are strongly depicted in a secret letter<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> +forming, are strongly depicted in a secret letter<a id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> from Clive to Admiral Watson. "I should be very glad," he observes, "to pay you my respects at Calcutta; but the critical situation of @@ -7905,7 +7867,7 @@ Khuda Yar Khan Lattee, a man of great family, power, and riches, supported tooth and nail by Jugget Seit."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, at this critical juncture, was not merely left alone to the resources of his own mind, but @@ -7922,7 +7884,7 @@ themselves dissatisfied with the expense which attended the troops having remained so long in the field.</p> -<p>Clive, in his reply to this letter<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>, after stating +<p>Clive, in his reply to this letter<a id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>, after stating his surprise at its purport, observes, "You surely forget, gentlemen, that at a committee held here as late as the 23d, I laid my letters @@ -7936,7 +7898,7 @@ and, indeed, I cannot think I have ever been deficient in acquainting you with all particulars, and advising with you whenever the subject was important enough to require it.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236">[236]</a></span></p> <p>"It will not be improper to send a European of capacity and secrecy, as you observe, to Mr. Watts; but if you mean thereby, that nothing @@ -7955,7 +7917,7 @@ kept them in the field. Give me leave to say, gentlemen, I am equally desirous with you of saving every possible expense to the Honourable Company, and that it is long that I have waited -for an opportunity of going into quarters: but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> +for an opportunity of going into quarters: but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> let me ask you, whether the situation of affairs has admitted of it hitherto? I fully intend, in a day or two, to put the coast troops into garrison @@ -7985,7 +7947,7 @@ appears to have been entertained as to the character of the communication. It was even surmised to be an artifice of Suraj-u-Dowlah to discover the real sentiments and designs of the British authorities. -Clive, who had no intention of inviting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> +Clive, who had no intention of inviting<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> the destructive aid of a Mahratta army, sent the letter to the Nabob, concluding, that, if it was genuine, he would receive such a mark of confidence @@ -8017,7 +7979,7 @@ army from Plassey; and that he would hasten the payment of the money, and other articles of the treaty."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p> <p>The Nabob expressed great satisfaction with these proofs of friendship; but, either from a suspicion @@ -8048,7 +8010,7 @@ management.—Now for business.</p> <p>"To-morrow morning we decamp; part of our forces go to Calcutta, the other will go into garrison -here; and, to take away all suspicion, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> +here; and, to take away all suspicion, I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> have ordered all the artillery and tumbrils to be embarked in boats and sent to Calcutta.</p> @@ -8059,7 +8021,7 @@ Enter into business with Meer Jaffier as soon as you please. I am ready, and will engage to be at Nusary in twelve hours after I receive your letter, which place is to be the rendezvous of the -whole army. The major<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>, who commands at Calcutta, +whole army. The major<a id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>, who commands at Calcutta, has all ready to embark at a minute's warning, and has boats sufficient to carry artillery-men and stores to Nusary. I shall march by land and @@ -8082,7 +8044,7 @@ lacs of rupees, should be granted for the reimbursement of private losses: and that ten lacs should be given to the Company for the expense of the expedition, and as a gratuity for the army.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> <p>At this critical period, it must have been a satisfaction to Clive to receive such aid as could be afforded by Admiral Watson, who, though he @@ -8107,7 +8069,7 @@ this aid, to have still entertained fears for the result of the expedition. "I don't think," he observes, "your letters convey the most promising appearance of success. You cannot, therefore, -be too cautious to prevent a false step being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> +be too cautious to prevent a false step being<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> taken, which might be of very fatal consequences to our affairs."</p> @@ -8139,8 +8101,8 @@ have led to the occasional utterance of some hasty and unqualified opinions; but his manly mind was incapable of such a compromise of his honest feelings, as to express himself in terms of -friendship and regard for the individual whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> -acts he was at the same moment describing<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> as +friendship and regard for the individual whose<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> +acts he was at the same moment describing<a id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> as dishonourable and iniquitous.</p> <p>We discover from Clive's private letters, and @@ -8164,7 +8126,7 @@ calculated to give Clive confidence in his new ally, who, within a few days, had sworn upon the Koran to be faithful both to the English and to their enemy Suraj-u-Dowlah.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244">[244]</a></span></p> <p>Notwithstanding these changes, Mr. Watts continued confident in Meer Jaffier and those with whom he was combined; but he had for @@ -8194,7 +8156,7 @@ or failure of the enterprise was considered, by this sordid man, as secondary to the promotion of his personal interests; and that he chiefly valued the confidence placed in him, as he could -make it subservient to his private views. Clive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> +make it subservient to his private views. Clive<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> appears to have been very reluctant to admit the truth of the suspicions entertained of Omichund; and it was not till proof which he deemed conclusive @@ -8207,7 +8169,7 @@ the 17th of May, states, "Meer Jaffier is determined he will by no means trust Omichund. If I had followed the interested counsel of the latter, all affairs would have been overset, all confidence -of us lost. Contrary to Petrus's<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> and +of us lost. Contrary to Petrus's<a id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> and my advice, he went yesterday to the Nabob, and told him he had a secret of great importance to communicate to him; which, if discovered, he @@ -8239,7 +8201,7 @@ write. From him I have learned many particulars relating to Omichund, which would be too tedious to mention: they will astonish you."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> <p>These acts, however, were only the prelude to one more daring. Omichund waited on Mr. Watts, when all was prepared for action, and @@ -8253,7 +8215,7 @@ the estimated amount of his losses at Calcutta. The ground of the present demand, therefore, rested exclusively on his means of enforcing it, from being in possession of a secret -which, if revealed, must not only sacrifice the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> +which, if revealed, must not only sacrifice the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> life of Mr. Watts, of Meer Jaffier, and of all connected with them, but prove most injurious, if not ruinous, to the interests of the English. @@ -8271,10 +8233,10 @@ The account of this transaction was probably communicated through Cojah Wazeed, or some confidential person, as we find no details of what passed with Omichund in any of Mr. Watts's -letters.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> In one to Mr. Scrafton, of the 20th +letters.<a id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> In one to Mr. Scrafton, of the 20th of May, he merely states, "We are deceived,—Omichund is a villain; but this to yourself."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248">[248]</a></span></p> <p>The obvious results of his treachery were not expected to deter Omichund from his purpose: he was believed to be so infatuated by the love @@ -8299,12 +8261,12 @@ made him receive with equal surprise and indignation the incontrovertible proofs now offered of his guilt. Viewing him, from the position which he had taken, as a public enemy, he considered -(as he stated at the period, and publicly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> -avowed<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> afterwards), every artifice that could +(as he stated at the period, and publicly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> +avowed<a id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> afterwards), every artifice that could deceive him to be not only defensible, but just and proper.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span></p> -<p>"I have your last letter<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>," he observes to Mr. +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250">[250]</a></span></p> +<p>"I have your last letter<a id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>," he observes to Mr. Watts, in his communication on this subject, "including the articles of agreement. I must confess the tenor of them surprised me much. @@ -8335,11 +8297,11 @@ Nabob, which would fully amount to the other ten lacs. Though Omichund appeared satisfied with this proceeding, Mr. Watts conceived there was no safety till he left Moorshedabad. But he -had yet received only half the money for which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> +had yet received only half the money for which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> the Nabob had given him orders: and such was his avarice, that he could not suffer the thoughts of leaving the other half unpaid, even though -he stayed at the hazard<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> of his life.</p> +he stayed at the hazard<a id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> of his life.</p> <p>Though Mr. Watts had succeeded in persuading Omichund that he could be employed by @@ -8358,7 +8320,7 @@ was surprised to learn that his name was not in the treaty; but Mr. Scrafton told him, with truth, that the last secret treaty had not, for various reasons, been communicated to Roydullub.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></p> <p>When Omichund arrived at Calcutta, he was received by Clive and by the members of the Committee with apparent cordiality; for Mr. @@ -8386,7 +8348,7 @@ to endeavour to make it pass that we have had the whole management of this affair. If our friend is not set out, keep him a few days. Affairs are not yet settled here; hereafter I will -write you the particulars. You have a good understanding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> +write you the particulars. You have a good understanding,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> therefore there's no occasion to write you much. Our success depends upon each other; all my hopes are in you."</p> @@ -8407,9 +8369,9 @@ exertions he hoped to mount the throne; Mr. Becher, a member of the Committee, stated, that as they (the Committee) had set the machine in motion, it was reasonable and proper that they -should be considered.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> This suggestion, as may +should be considered.<a id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> This suggestion, as may be imagined, was unanimously adopted, and -Clive stated to Mr. Watts<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>, that the Committee +Clive stated to Mr. Watts<a id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>, that the Committee had agreed, "that Meer Jaffier's private engagement should be obtained in writing, to make them (the Committee, in which you are included) @@ -8417,7 +8379,7 @@ a present of twelve lacs of rupees, and a present of forty lacs to the army and navy, over and above what is stipulated in the agreement.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254">[254]</a></span></p> <p>All preliminaries being arranged, and Meer Jaffier having agreed to separate himself, with a @@ -8445,7 +8407,7 @@ up the right bank of the river, the army, on the 16th, halted at Patlee; whence, on the 17th, Major Coote, with a party, was pushed forward to attack the fort of Cutwa, which next day fell -into his hands. The same evening, the army<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> +into his hands. The same evening, the army<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> reached Cutwa and encamped in the plain; but on the 19th the rainy season began with such violence, that the troops were obliged to seek @@ -8463,12 +8425,12 @@ accused of not fulfilling the treaty into which he had entered; of having infringed its main article, by proffering only a fifth part of the sum to be paid into the treasury, and yet demanding -a receipt for the whole<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>; and of cherishing the +a receipt for the whole<a id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>; and of cherishing the intention of attacking the English settlements, the moment the absence of the fleet and troops gave him a prospect of doing so with success.</p> -<p>For these reasons, Clive stated in this letter<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>, +<p>For these reasons, Clive stated in this letter<a id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a>, "he had determined (with the approbation of all who are charged with the Company's affairs) to proceed immediately to Cossimbazar, and @@ -8485,7 +8447,7 @@ by telling him, "that the rains being so near, and it requiring many days to receive an answer, he found it necessary to wait upon him immediately!"</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256">[256]</a></span></p> <p>The style of this communication, and the military movements which followed, left no @@ -8493,7 +8455,7 @@ doubt as to the hostile intentions of the English; and the Nabob hastened to assemble his whole force, with which he advanced to Plassey.</p> -<p>Clive marched with an army<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> of about three +<p>Clive marched with an army<a id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> of about three thousand men, and nine pieces of artillery, and was for some days, after the commencement of operations, in a state of extreme anxiety, from @@ -8502,9 +8464,9 @@ himself and his adherents from the Nabob; whence it might be concluded, either that he was treacherous, or that his party was much weaker than had been represented.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> <p>Under these impressions Clive wrote to the -Secret Committee<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>: "The party I sent has +Secret Committee<a id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>: "The party I sent has taken Cutwa town and fort. Both are strong. Notwithstanding which, I feel the greatest anxiety at the little intelligence I receive from Meer Jaffier; @@ -8523,27 +8485,27 @@ them, we may always have it in our power to bring about a revolution, should the present not succeed. They say, there is a considerable quantity of grain in and about this place. If -we can collect eight or ten thousand maunds<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>, +we can collect eight or ten thousand maunds<a id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>, we may maintain our situation during the rains, which will greatly distress the Nabob; and either reduce him to terms which may be depended upon, or give us time to bring in the -Beer-Boom<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> Rajah, Mahrattas, or Ghazee-u-Deen.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> +Beer-Boom<a id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> Rajah, Mahrattas, or Ghazee-u-Deen.<a id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> I desire you will give your sentiments freely, how you think I should act, if Meer Jaffier can give us no assistance."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258">[258]</a></span></p> <p>On the 21st of June, two days after he had despatched this letter, Clive held a council of -war<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>, to which he proposed the following question:—"Whether +war<a id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a>, to which he proposed the following question:—"Whether in our present situation, without assistance, and on our own bottom, it would be prudent to attack the Nabob; or whether we should wait till joined by some country power?"</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> <p>A majority of the officers composing the council voted against an immediate attack; a minority for giving battle to the Nabob; and at @@ -8554,15 +8516,15 @@ so distinguished in Indian history.</p> appears, almost immediately afterwards, to have satisfied himself, that there was no other road to safety and honour, but by moving forward; -and without consulting<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> any individual, much +and without consulting<a id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> any individual, much less the council of war he had so unwisely assembled, on the very evening of the day on -which the council had been held<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, changing +which the council had been held<a id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, changing his purpose, he determined to march against the enemy, and accordingly gave orders for his army to cross the river the following morning.</p> -<p>It is stated<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>, that before he carried this resolution +<p>It is stated<a id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>, that before he carried this resolution into effect, he had received a letter from Meer Jaffier, which, though it in some degree removed the doubts he had before entertained @@ -8571,7 +8533,7 @@ his opinion, that the success of the enterprize must wholly depend upon the advance of the British troops.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260">[260]</a></span></p> <p>Though mature deliberation appears to have convinced Clive, that the object he had in view, @@ -8591,7 +8553,7 @@ to their engagements.</p> which he was placed that we can understand the hesitating conduct of Clive previous to his advance to Plassey, the defensive character -of the action, and the solicitude<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> which he +of the action, and the solicitude<a id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> which he showed to repress that ardour and forward spirit in those under him, which on ordinary occasions it was his habit and his pride to stimulate @@ -8599,8 +8561,8 @@ and encourage. It is obvious, that his qualities as a soldier, in this short and almost bloodless, but eventful campaign, were rendered strictly subordinate to the talents of the statesman.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p> -<p>At sunrise next morning<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> the army began +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p> +<p>At sunrise next morning<a id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> the army began to pass the Hooghley, and at four in the afternoon were all landed on the left bank of the river. The boats were then towed up the @@ -8608,7 +8570,7 @@ stream with great toil, accompanied by the army, and having advanced fifteen miles in eight hours, about one in the morning of the 23d of June, reached Plassey. The troops immediately -took possession of an adjoining grove.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p> +took possession of an adjoining grove.<a id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p> <p>Clive's intelligence had led him to expect that the enemy lay a few miles from Cossimbazar; @@ -8623,7 +8585,7 @@ off. Guards were immediately stationed, and the troops were permitted to take rest for the night.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262">[262]</a></span></p> <p>At sunrise the enemy, now aware of his march, issued from their camp in all their force, @@ -8638,7 +8600,7 @@ see his friends separate from his foes, ready to take advantage of that trepidation and confusion which such movements must produce. The charge of the English forces was accelerated by -one of the Nabob's principal commanders<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> being +one of the Nabob's principal commanders<a id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> being killed: Clive advanced to an easy victory. But the account of the events which preceded this battle, the occurrences which gave success to @@ -8648,7 +8610,7 @@ after he reached Moorshedabad, to the Secret Committee of the Court of Directors. In this letter, which is dated the 26th of July, Clive observes:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263">[263]</a></span></p> <p>"I gave you an account of the taking of Chandernagore; the subject of this address is an event of much higher importance, no less @@ -8676,7 +8638,7 @@ Meer Jaffier to put the crown on his head. All necessary preparations being completed with the utmost secrecy, the army, consisting of about one thousand Europeans, and two thousand sepoys, -with eight pieces of cannon, marched from Chandernagore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> +with eight pieces of cannon, marched from Chandernagore<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> on the 13th, and arrived on the 18th at Cutwa Fort, which was taken without opposition. The 22d, in the evening, we crossed @@ -8705,7 +8667,7 @@ had left but a few days before, and which he had fortified with a good ditch and breast-work. We immediately sent a detachment, accompanied with two field-pieces, to take possession -of a tank with high banks, which was advanced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> +of a tank with high banks, which was advanced<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> about three hundred yards above our grove, and from whence the enemy had considerably annoyed us with some cannon managed by Frenchmen. @@ -8733,8 +8695,8 @@ pieces of cannon; and the former by a large body of blacks, both foot and horse. On this, a general rout ensued, and we pursued the enemy six miles, passing upwards of forty pieces -of cannon they had abandoned, with an infinite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> -number of hackaries<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>, and carriages filled with +of cannon they had abandoned, with an infinite<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> +number of hackaries<a id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>, and carriages filled with baggage of all kinds. Suraj-u-Dowlah escaped on a camel, and reaching Moorshedabad early next morning, despatched away what jewels and @@ -8760,7 +8722,7 @@ that he would faithfully perform his engagement to the English. He then proceeded to the city, which he reached some hours before Suraj-u-Dowlah left it.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p> <p>"As, immediately on Suraj-u-Dowlah's flight, Meer Jaffier found himself in peaceable possession of the palace, I encamped without, to prevent the @@ -8793,7 +8755,7 @@ set out together to visit him, which being complied with, solemn engagements were entered into by the three parties, for a strict union and mutual support of each other's interests. Jugget -Seit then undertook to use his whole interest at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> +Seit then undertook to use his whole interest at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> Delhi (which is certainly very great), to get the Nabob acknowledged by the Mogul, and our late grants confirmed; likewise to procure for us any @@ -8834,7 +8796,7 @@ within the Mahratta ditch, which runs round Calcutta, to be vested in the Company: also, six hundred yards, all round, without the said ditch.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p> <p>"9thly. The Company to have the zemindary of the country to the south of Calcutta, lying @@ -8868,7 +8830,7 @@ that the other half should be discharged in three years, at three equal and annual payments.</p> <p>"The part to be paid in money is received -and safely arrived at Calcutta; and the goods,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> +and safely arrived at Calcutta; and the goods,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> jewels, &c. are now delivered over to us; the major part of which will be bought back by the Nabob for ready money, and on the remaining @@ -8900,7 +8862,7 @@ road to many of the jemidars of the army, and occasioned some commotions among those in his favour.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></p> <p>"Monsieur Law and his party came as far as Rajahmahul to Suraj-u-Dowlah's assistance, and @@ -8933,7 +8895,7 @@ being firmly and durably seated on the throne.</p> him, and even the apprehension of an inroad from the side of Delhi is vanished; so that this great revolution, so happily brought about, seems -complete in every respect. I persuade myself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> +complete in every respect. I persuade myself<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> the importance of your possessions now in Bengal will determine you to send out, not only a large and early supply of troops and good @@ -8944,23 +8906,23 @@ civil branches of your business."</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> This observation alludes to their general habits. On +<p><a id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> This observation alludes to their general habits. On religious festivals, and on their own marriages, and those of their children, the most parsimonious Hindu often spends great sums.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Ameer-ul-Omra, the second son, and for some period +<p><a id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Ameer-ul-Omra, the second son, and for some period minister, of Mahommed Ali, the former Nabob of the Carnatic.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Lucknow is the capital of the vizier of Oude.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Lucknow is the capital of the vizier of Oude.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> It is believed to have been principally at the suggestion +<p><a id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> It is believed to have been principally at the suggestion of the great banker Jugget Seit, that the English were applied to as the instruments of this revolution. One great reason assigned, was the good faith they had always shown @@ -8974,10 +8936,10 @@ revolution.—D. H.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> The grounds upon which the Bengal Committee were +<p><a id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> The grounds upon which the Bengal Committee were ultimately induced to come to a resolution to join the confederacy against Suraj-u-Dowlah, are fully explained in -their letter of the 14th July, 1757, to the Secret Committee<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> +their letter of the 14th July, 1757, to the Secret Committee<a id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> in England. They state, that they had no doubt but that the Nabob would attack them whenever the squadron and the troops left the river; that they not only @@ -8997,11 +8959,11 @@ which their weakness had before exposed them.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Vide Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 216.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Vide Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 216.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Mr. Watts writes, under date the 14th of April:—"The +<p><a id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Mr. Watts writes, under date the 14th of April:—"The Nabob, before our success at Chandernagore, threatened, in the presence of Runjutroy and others, to impale, or cut off my head; and yesterday repeated those threats in the @@ -9014,21 +8976,21 @@ measures you may intend to pursue on my account."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> 22d April, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> 22d April, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Mr. Walsh was paymaster to the Madras troops, but +<p><a id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Mr. Walsh was paymaster to the Madras troops, but acted throughout the expedition as secretary to Colonel Clive.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Governor of Hooghley.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Governor of Hooghley.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Tellingy means a native of Tellingana, one of the +<p><a id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Tellingy means a native of Tellingana, one of the ancient Hindu divisions of India, which includes the north-eastern parts of the Deckan. Some tribes of the natives of Tellingana have long been celebrated as foot-soldiers; hence @@ -9036,27 +8998,27 @@ the term Tellingy and sepoy became synonymous.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> 23d April, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> 23d April, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> 28th April, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> 28th April, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> 26th April, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> 26th April, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> 29th April, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> 29th April, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Major Kilpatrick.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Major Kilpatrick.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Such are the terms said to have been used by Admiral +<p><a id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Such are the terms said to have been used by Admiral Watson, in speaking of those who had signed the treaty (proposed by Clive) to deceive Omichund. This is stated in evidence by Captain Brereton (Parl. Reports, vol. iii. p. 151.); @@ -9065,11 +9027,11 @@ was given.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Petrus, an Armenian, was the agent of Meer Jaffier.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Petrus, an Armenian, was the agent of Meer Jaffier.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> The evidence of Mr. Sykes, as taken before a Committee +<p><a id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> The evidence of Mr. Sykes, as taken before a Committee of the House of Commons, fully corroborates all that Mr. Watts represented regarding the substance and manner of Omichund's demand, as well as the threat by which it was @@ -9089,7 +9051,7 @@ p. 145.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Lord Clive, being examined by the Committee of the +<p><a id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Lord Clive, being examined by the Committee of the House of Commons regarding the fictitious treaty, stated, "That when Mr. Watts had nearly accomplished the means of carrying that revolution into execution, he acquainted him @@ -9123,11 +9085,11 @@ Reports, vol. iii. p. 149.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> 19th May, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> 19th May, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Omichund had been on the most intimate footing with +<p><a id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Omichund had been on the most intimate footing with the Nabob, who, trusting to him for secret information, was averse to his leaving Moorshedabad. But as he now desired to go to Calcutta, he told Mr. Scrafton to remove this impediment, @@ -9141,74 +9103,74 @@ remaining at his court.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 145.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 145.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Letter from Col. Clive to Mr. Watts, May 19th.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Letter from Col. Clive to Mr. Watts, May 19th.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> This demand of a full acquittance, on paying one fifth +<p><a id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> This demand of a full acquittance, on paying one fifth of what was due, had been made some weeks before through Mr. Watts. It had been rejected with indignation by Admiral Watson and Col. Clive.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Scrafton's Letters, p. 88.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Scrafton's Letters, p. 88.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> +<p><a id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Clive's force consisted of—</p> <p> -Six hundred and fifty European infantry,<br /> -One hundred topases,<br /> -One hundred Malabar Portuguese,<br /> -One hundred and fifty artillery, including fifty seamen;<br /> -Two thousand one hundred sepoys;<br /> -Eight six-pounders;<br /> -One howitzer.<br /> +Six hundred and fifty European infantry,<br > +One hundred topases,<br > +One hundred Malabar Portuguese,<br > +One hundred and fifty artillery, including fifty seamen;<br > +Two thousand one hundred sepoys;<br > +Eight six-pounders;<br > +One howitzer.<br > </p> </div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Clive's letters to the Secret Committee, June 19th, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Clive's letters to the Secret Committee, June 19th, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> A maund is 80 pounds.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> A maund is 80 pounds.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> A considerable province of the kingdom of Bengal, the +<p><a id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> A considerable province of the kingdom of Bengal, the Rajah (or Prince) of which was hostile to Suraj-u-Dowlah.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Ghazee-u-Deen, the eldest son of the celebrated Nizam-ul-Mûlk, +<p><a id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Ghazee-u-Deen, the eldest son of the celebrated Nizam-ul-Mûlk, was at this period chief minister of Delhi, and had almost uncontrolled power.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> The following is the list of the officers of this council, +<p><a id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> The following is the list of the officers of this council, and the order in which they voted:— </p> -<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="center"><i>Negative.</i></td><td align="center"><i>For immediate attack.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Clive.</td><td align="left">Eyre Coote.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">James Kilpatrick.</td><td align="left">G. Alex. Grant.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Arch<sup>d</sup>. Grant.</td><td align="left">G. Muir.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Geo. Fred. Goupp.</td><td align="left">Cha<sup>s</sup>. Palmer.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Andrew Armstrong. </td><td align="left">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Campbell.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Tho<sup>s</sup>. Rumbold.</td><td align="left">Peter Carstairs.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Christian Firkan.</td><td align="left">W. Jennings.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">John Corneille.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">H. Popham.</td></tr> +<table style="border: none; padding: 2px; border-spacing: 0px;"> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><i>Negative.</i></td><td style="text-align: center;"><i>For immediate attack.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Clive.</td><td style="text-align: left;">Eyre Coote.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">James Kilpatrick.</td><td style="text-align: left;">G. Alex. Grant.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">Arch<sup>d</sup>. Grant.</td><td style="text-align: left;">G. Muir.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">Geo. Fred. Goupp.</td><td style="text-align: left;">Cha<sup>s</sup>. Palmer.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">Andrew Armstrong. </td><td style="text-align: left;">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Campbell.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">Tho<sup>s</sup>. Rumbold.</td><td style="text-align: left;">Peter Carstairs.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">Christian Firkan.</td><td style="text-align: left;">W. Jennings.</td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">John Corneille.</td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: left;">H. Popham.</td><td></td></tr> </table> <p> @@ -9218,7 +9180,7 @@ Clive MSS.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> It has been asserted that Clive was induced to change +<p><a id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> It has been asserted that Clive was induced to change his opinion by the representations of Major Coote. This was contradicted by the latter, in his evidence before the House of Commons. He said, "After the council of war, @@ -9228,15 +9190,15 @@ subject."—Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 153.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> June 21st.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> June 21st.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Scrafton's Letters, p. 90.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Scrafton's Letters, p. 90.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Major Kilpatrick, observing an opportunity of attacking +<p><a id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Major Kilpatrick, observing an opportunity of attacking an advanced party, under a French officer, by whom the troops in the grove were annoyed, put himself at the head of two companies and two guns, to charge; sending, at the @@ -9253,24 +9215,24 @@ scenes, a few minutes to necessary repose.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> June 22d.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> June 22d.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 171.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 171.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Moodeen Khan.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Moodeen Khan.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> A species of cart drawn by a couple of bullocks.</p></div></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> A species of cart drawn by a couple of bullocks.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_273">[273]</a></span></p> @@ -9300,7 +9262,7 @@ stated honestly and decidedly his doubts of its success. The Select Committee of Calcutta threw off all responsibility. Thus unaided and alone, Clive had to counteract treachery, to -stimulate timidity into action, and when the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> +stimulate timidity into action, and when the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> period arrived, openly and boldly to confront danger. He was throughout this arduous labour supported by the conviction, that the end he @@ -9331,14 +9293,14 @@ Suraj-u-Dowlah; and endeavour to lay all the facts before the reader, in such a manner as will enable him to judge how far Clive has merited the reproaches which have been cast -upon his memory by those who have desired to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> +upon his memory by those who have desired to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> find in the record of his glory the means of destroying his reputation.</p> <p>The great amount which Meer Jaffier had stipulated to pay by his first treaty was increased by the addition of the sum of fifty lacs, as a donation -to the army and navy, besides a gift to<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> each +to the army and navy, besides a gift to<a id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> each of the Members of the Secret Committee, and of Council. In addition to these sums, Meer Jaffier was induced by gratitude and policy, as well as @@ -9348,10 +9310,10 @@ him on the throne. No exact account of the latter presents exists on record, but that of Clive is stated by himself to have amounted to sixteen lacs of rupees, or 160,000<i>l.</i></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p> <p>The treasures of Suraj-u-Dowlah had been greatly over estimated by Mr. Watts, who states, -in one letter<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>, that they were computed to +in one letter<a id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>, that they were computed to amount to 40,000,000<i>l.</i> sterling, a sum so extravagantly beyond what the revenues of the country could have enabled Aliverdi Khan, or his @@ -9373,7 +9335,7 @@ receive as prize or donation, (for it was indifferently called by both names) had the usual effect of a sudden influx of money among such a body of men.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_277">[277]</a></span></p> <p>Disputes arose of a very serious nature, as to the division of prize money with the navy. In order that this, and various other points, should @@ -9384,7 +9346,7 @@ that every question should be decided by the majority; and so selfish were the principles by which many of them were influenced, that, contrary to the strong protest of Clive, a resolution -was carried, that the officers<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> and sailors belonging +was carried, that the officers<a id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> and sailors belonging to the squadron, which came with the army on this expedition, should not share the prize money.</p> @@ -9397,7 +9359,7 @@ that he immediately over-ruled their votes, and broke up the council. His letter to Admiral Watson of the 7th of July fully explains his conduct on this occasion.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_278">[278]</a></span></p> <p>"I took the first opportunity," he observes, "of a little spare time to call a Council of War for the division of that share of the prize money @@ -9433,7 +9395,7 @@ writing: I promised to comply with his request, so that I beg you will not make this public, till you hear further from me."</p> -<p>The answer to the officers, of which Clive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> +<p>The answer to the officers, of which Clive<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> sent a copy to the Admiral, is too remarkable a document to be omitted. It singularly exhibits the openness and decision of his character. It @@ -9442,7 +9404,7 @@ remonstrance and protest," and proceeds:——</p> <blockquote> <p> -"Gentlemen,<br /> +"Gentlemen,<br > </p> <p>"I have received both your remonstrance and @@ -9468,7 +9430,7 @@ In short, Gentlemen, it pains me to remind you, that what you are to receive is entirely owing to the care I took of your interest. Had I not interfered greatly in it, you had been left to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>Company's generosity, who perhaps would have +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>Company's generosity, who perhaps would have thought you sufficiently rewarded, in receiving a present of six months' pay; in return for which, I have been treated with the greatest @@ -9497,15 +9459,15 @@ same manner as the rest of the public money, at three yearly equal payments.</p> <p> -"I am, Gentlemen,<br /> -"Your most obedient, humble servant,<br /> -(Signed) "<span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Clive</span>.<br /> +"I am, Gentlemen,<br > +"Your most obedient, humble servant,<br > +(Signed) "<span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Clive</span>.<br > </p> -<p>"Moorshedabad,<br /> +<p>"Moorshedabad,<br > 5th July, 1757."</p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_281">[281]</a></span></p> <p>The officers to whom this letter was addressed sent an acknowledgment of their error; to which @@ -9513,7 +9475,7 @@ Clive instantly replied in the following terms:—</p> <blockquote> <p> -"Gentlemen,<br /> +"Gentlemen,<br > </p> <p>"I have ever been desirous of the love and @@ -9524,12 +9486,12 @@ I shall always be glad of an opportunity of convincing you how much</p> <p> -"I am, Gentlemen,<br /> -"Your most obedient, humble servant,<br /> -(Signed) "<span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Clive</span>.<br /> +"I am, Gentlemen,<br > +"Your most obedient, humble servant,<br > +(Signed) "<span class="smcap">Rob<sup>t</sup>. Clive</span>.<br > </p> -<p>"Moorshedabad,<br /> +<p>"Moorshedabad,<br > 9th July, 1757."</p></blockquote> <p>On the 19th of July Clive wrote to Admiral @@ -9545,7 +9507,7 @@ find, in a letter from Captain Latham to Clive, dated the 3d of July, an honest proof of Admiral Watson's approbation of his proceedings at this period:—"The Admiral drinks every day," -Captain Latham observes, "a bumper to your<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> +Captain Latham observes, "a bumper to your<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> health." The amount of the sums to be given, as a donation to the members of the Committee, Council, and others, had not been determined @@ -9574,17 +9536,17 @@ of liberal justice.</p> <p>The conduct of the Select Committee before the battle of Plassey had excited Clive's just -indignation. "I have received<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>," he observes, +indignation. "I have received<a id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>," he observes, "a letter from Mr. Drake, in answer to my letter to the Committee, which is very unusual on such important occasions; and I cannot help thinking, that had the expedition miscarried, you would have laid the whole blame on me."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span></p> -<p>A subsequent communication<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> called forth +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_283">[283]</a></span></p> +<p>A subsequent communication<a id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> called forth more severe animadversions. "I have received" (he indignantly states) "your letter of -the 23d instant<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>, the contents of which are so +the 23d instant<a id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>, the contents of which are so indefinite and contradictory, that I can put no other construction upon it than an intent to clear yourself at my expense, had the expedition @@ -9609,7 +9571,7 @@ eyes and all hearts turned with admiration and gratitude to him by whom this great change had been chiefly effected.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_284">[284]</a></span></p> <p>But such sentiments are not enduring; and a few years only elapsed before acts, which were @@ -9635,7 +9597,7 @@ this eventful period the military operations of Clive were subordinate to his political negotiations. But independent of this fact, which placed his conduct as a military officer beyond -the common rules of judgment, I confess that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> +the common rules of judgment, I confess that I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> have little faith in the correctness of that general criticism which refers exclusively to the numbers and quality of the troops engaged, and to the @@ -9664,7 +9626,7 @@ resistance may be expected, from their attachment to their chief. Others, probably from being lukewarm in the cause, and discontented with their leader, require only a pretext to fly. -No corps places confidence in, or expects support<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> +No corps places confidence in, or expects support<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> from, that which is next to it. The consequence is, that the mere suspicion of treachery, or any misfortune or misconduct in the Prince @@ -9695,7 +9657,7 @@ the interests and honour of his country. When he acted, as he did upon this occasion, against the positive and reiterated orders of the government of Madras, he did so under a deep and -alarming responsibility: but in such extreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> +alarming responsibility: but in such extreme<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> cases, the greater the hazard which an individual incurs the greater his merit, if he can establish that the public interests have been promoted by @@ -9706,7 +9668,7 @@ issue uncertain. The dangers at Bengal, had Clive abandoned the scene, were immediate; and even if we suppose that Calcutta had not been retaken by the resentful Suraj-u-Dowlah, -aided by the party of French<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> who still remained, +aided by the party of French<a id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> who still remained, it was certain that all those impressions and advantages which had been gained by the combined efforts of Admiral Watson and Clive @@ -9718,16 +9680,16 @@ for from the moment they had been compelled to undertake offensive operations against the native sovereign of the country their reverting to their former condition of merchants was impossible.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_288">[288]</a></span></p> <p>Such was the actual situation of affairs. The penetrating eye of Clive saw, at this moment, the future importance of Bengal; and though fully aware of the dangers that threatened Madras, rested, with a confidence that was not disappointed, upon the able civil and military -officers<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> to whom its affairs were entrusted. +officers<a id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> to whom its affairs were entrusted. He had no such consolatory feelings when he -looked to those<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> on whom the chief authority +looked to those<a id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> on whom the chief authority must devolve at Calcutta; and the details which have been given fully prove the correctness of that judgment which he early formed upon a @@ -9736,7 +9698,7 @@ point so important in the decision of the question.</p> <p>Orme ascribes Clive's disobedience to his "being convinced that the Nabob would never fulfil the terms of the treaty." The situation of -this writer<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> gave him the completest means of +this writer<a id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> gave him the completest means of forming a correct judgment; and the events which we have detailed fully prove, that from the day on which Chandernagore fell Clive could at no @@ -9745,9 +9707,9 @@ an abandonment of the public interests. The facts already stated will also show that, as long as a hope existed of its practicability, he laboured to effect such a settlement as would enable him -to return to Fort St. George.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p> +to return to Fort St. George.<a id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_289">[289]</a></span></p> <p>The next point on which the character and conduct of Clive have been arraigned, is the @@ -9766,7 +9728,7 @@ dealings on his own account; and was much connected, not only with Hindu merchants, but with the ministers of that religion at the court of Moorshedabad. The latter connection led to -his occasional employment by the heads of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> +his occasional employment by the heads of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> English factory, as a medium of communication with the ministry of the Nabob of Bengal.</p> @@ -9778,7 +9740,7 @@ and an increase of the price of the articles furnished by him to the Company, gave sufficient grounds to suspect some dishonest proceedings.</p> -<p>A new system<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> of providing the investment +<p>A new system<a id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> of providing the investment was adopted, and Omichund lost the profitable employ he had hitherto monopolized. Though fond of display, and maintaining a large establishment @@ -9794,7 +9756,7 @@ particular intimacy with the Rajah Dullub, whose son Kishendass, when he came to reside at Calcutta, was received and treated by Omichund with kindness and hospitality.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_291">[291]</a></span></p> <p>Suraj-u-Dowlah had endeavoured to persuade his predecessor, Aliverdi Khan, that the English were plotting against him, and giving protection @@ -9802,7 +9764,7 @@ to his subjects. The moment he succeeded to the throne, he demanded that Kishendass should be delivered up; but the extraordinary mode in which this demand was made, -through a man<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> who came clandestinely to Calcutta, +through a man<a id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> who came clandestinely to Calcutta, and went first to Omichund's house, gave rise to a belief that this communication was part of an intrigue to re-establish the importance of @@ -9817,13 +9779,13 @@ principal instigators of the attack with which the English settlement was threatened. A conviction of this fact led to his being seized, and imprisoned in the fort. His guest Kishendass, -and his brother-in-law<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> Hazarimul, were also +and his brother-in-law<a id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> Hazarimul, were also made prisoners: the search after the latter was attended with circumstances of violence, which led to the death of several of Omichund's family.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_292">[292]</a></span></p> <p>When Calcutta was taken, Omichund and Kishendass were released, and treated with civility @@ -9843,7 +9805,7 @@ overwhelmed.</p> as contractor for the investment, his imprisonment, and the cruel fate of part of his family, were circumstances calculated to have separated -him for ever from any connection with the English:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> +him for ever from any connection with the English:<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> but all feelings and passions in his mind were absorbed by the desire of gain. To that object his abilities, which were considerable, @@ -9866,14 +9828,14 @@ his character and the scenes in which he was employed, that he had recovered a great part of his losses before he prevailed upon the Nabob to direct, not only the restoration of his property, -but the payment of four<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> lacs of rupees +but the payment of four<a id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> lacs of rupees that had been plundered from his house at Calcutta. Suraj-u-Dowlah also gave him an order, -commanding the Rajah of Purneah<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> to pay him +commanding the Rajah of Purneah<a id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> to pay him a debt he had long owed him of four lacs and fifty thousand rupees.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_294">[294]</a></span></p> <p>Omichund, as has been shown, became an active agent in forming the confederacy against @@ -9901,7 +9863,7 @@ treachery.</p> <p>Deceitful professions, promises, and engagements, which are adopted at a particular crisis -to lull suspicion for the moment, can never be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> +to lull suspicion for the moment, can never be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> defended but in those extreme cases where, after confidence has been established, the violation of faith by one party enables him to take such advantage @@ -9930,7 +9892,7 @@ treaty, thirty lacs of rupees, or I will this night inform the Nabob of your plot for his dethronement, and have you all put to death," was the direct emphatic meaning, if not exact words, -of his speech to Mr. Watts. This is proved by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> +of his speech to Mr. Watts. This is proved by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> three short notes written by that gentleman on the day the communication was made; by Clive's letters written the moment he learned @@ -9939,7 +9901,7 @@ and by the expedient which it was thought necessary to adopt, to disappoint his avarice and to guard against his treachery. Orme, describing the conduct of Omichund on this occasion, -observes<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a>, "Grounded on his importance by +observes<a id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a>, "Grounded on his importance by knowing the secret, he held out the terror of betraying it to secure his own advantages. Whether he would have betrayed it is uncertain; @@ -9956,7 +9918,7 @@ confederated with Jaffier, the twenty lacs of rupees he expected should have been paid to him, and he left to employ them in oblivion and contempt."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p> <p>It was not twenty lacs of rupees, but thirty, that Omichund expected; for he was promised five per cent. upon the whole amount, independent @@ -9990,7 +9952,7 @@ could not have occurred than a successful issue of the treachery of Omichund.</p> <p>These considerations, however, relate only to -the policy or impolicy of complying with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> +the policy or impolicy of complying with his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> demand. We have now to examine the mode that was adopted to defeat its object; and here, it must be admitted, that of all modes by which @@ -10019,7 +9981,7 @@ agreeing to the fictitious treaty, which was prepared for the sole purpose of being shown to Omichund, to lull him into security till the hour of danger from his hostility was past. This -distinction is important: for, though it does not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> +distinction is important: for, though it does not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> clear the parties concerned of deliberate deceit towards an individual, it removes all imputation of their having brought a stain on the good faith @@ -10035,7 +9997,7 @@ were unanimously adopted by the Committee.</p> this engagement; but it is at the same time affirmed, and apparently on undoubted testimony, that he offered no objection to the signature -of his name<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> by another person. The +of his name<a id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> by another person. The Admiral had withheld himself from taking any active part in the scenes at Moorshedabad; and, in the proceeding towards Omichund, he probably @@ -10045,7 +10007,7 @@ lend his name to an act which must have been repugnant to the feelings even of those who deemed themselves compelled by duty to have recourse to such an artifice.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_300">[300]</a></span></p> <p>Orme, speaking of the difference which arose between Mr. Watts and Omichund, after explaining the grounds upon which he supposes @@ -10067,13 +10029,13 @@ a pathetic account of the effect which the communication of the deception had upon Omichund. He was, Mr. Orme states, overwhelmed by it at the moment, fainted on the spot, was carried -home, evinced symptoms of a disturbed reason<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>, +home, evinced symptoms of a disturbed reason<a id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>, and subsequently went upon a pilgrimage to a holy Hindu shrine near Maulda, whence he returned in a state of idiotism, from which he never recovered.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_301">[301]</a></span></p> <p>The story of the termination of Omichund's life is affecting, and must make an impression @@ -10089,24 +10051,24 @@ and by the situation in which they were placed, to repress all private feeling, and even to incur obloquy, in the performance of their public duty. With such sentiments I cannot, -like Mr. Mill<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>, proclaim my sympathy and regret +like Mr. Mill<a id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>, proclaim my sympathy and regret for this martyr to avarice; and stamp, with -the term of "consummate treachery<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>," -the expedient by which his exorbitant demands and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> +the term of "consummate treachery<a id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>," +the expedient by which his exorbitant demands and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> wicked designs were disappointed and frustrated; far less can I admit the truth of the historian's remark, "That Clive was a person to whom deception, when it suited his purpose, never gave a pang." This general and sweeping assertion, far from being supported by any -facts that have come to my knowledge<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a>, is contradicted +facts that have come to my knowledge<a id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a>, is contradicted by every evidence we possess, and is altogether contrary to the general character of his open and manly, but sensitive mind. I do not pretend to look into the hearts of men, and to pronounce dogmatically upon their inmost thoughts and feelings; but, in admitting that -Clive, in the extraordinary situation in which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> +Clive, in the extraordinary situation in which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> he was placed, resisted art by art, and counteracted the treachery of the enemies of the Government he served, by deceiving them, I @@ -10132,11 +10094,11 @@ a subject of reproach, and even of accusation; I shall, therefore, offer a few observations upon the subject.</p> -<p>I have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> +<p>I have elsewhere<a id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> adverted to this point, and shown that Clive, in accordance with the usages of the Company's service in India, at that period, -received presents, as Commander in Chief,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> +received presents, as Commander in Chief,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> to a very large amount. His acceptance of this reward (as it was termed) of his labours and success, was open and avowed; and, though @@ -10156,13 +10118,13 @@ occasions, were derived from a per centage on particular branches of revenue, privileges of trade, or presents from inferiors, and were always considerable; but when such events occurred -as negotiating a peace<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>, or replacing a -monarch upon a throne, the money, gifts, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> +as negotiating a peace<a id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>, or replacing a +monarch upon a throne, the money, gifts, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> territorial grants to the chief instruments of such changes, were limited only by the moderation of one party and the ability of the other.</p> -<p>Public servants<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>, in receiving, instead of a +<p>Public servants<a id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a>, in receiving, instead of a regulated salary, the fees and profits which had been enjoyed by the natives to whose offices they had succeeded in newly-acquired territories, @@ -10180,11 +10142,11 @@ sources, was no more blamable than some of the first men in England, who hold offices that continue to be paid by fees or fines, in the manner established by their ancestors.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_306">[306]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, independent of the share of the donation to the Select Committee, of which he was a member, was offered a present of sixteen lacs -of rupees<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> by Meer Jaffier, after he had placed +of rupees<a id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> by Meer Jaffier, after he had placed that prince on the throne; and he took it, as a boon which he deemed himself fully warranted in accepting. He acquired, on this occasion, as @@ -10193,7 +10155,7 @@ no interests either of individuals or of the state he served; and did not, in the slightest degree, compromise the obligations of public duty; for the gift was unsolicited, free, and unconditional.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_307">[307]</a></span></p> <p>Of the sense Clive entertained of this transaction we have the best proof, not only in his private, but in his official letters, in which he @@ -10236,7 +10198,7 @@ who can accuse me of receiving any thing of value but from the Nabob himself. I have troubled you with these particulars," he concludes, "because among some it may be considered -as a crime my being rich. If it be a crime,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> +as a crime my being rich. If it be a crime,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> you, Sir, are truly acquainted with the nature of it."</p> @@ -10266,7 +10228,7 @@ and to such of the English who, by their rank and abilities, had been instrumental in the happy success of so hazardous an enterprise, suitable to the rank and dignity of a great prince. I was -one, amongst the many, who benefited by his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> +one, amongst the many, who benefited by his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> favour. I never sought to conceal it; but declared publicly, in my letter to the Secret Committee of the India Directors, that the Nabob's generosity @@ -10295,7 +10257,7 @@ their forces under my command,—when ample restoration had been made to those whose fortunes suffered by the calamity of Calcutta,—and when individuals had, in consequence of that -success, acquired large estates,—what would the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> +success, acquired large estates,—what would the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> world have said, had I come home and rested upon the generosity of the present Court of Directors? It is well known to every gentleman @@ -10324,7 +10286,7 @@ preferring the reputation of the English nation, the interest of the Nabob, and the advantage of the Company, to all pecuniary considerations, I refused all offers that were made me, not only -then, but to the last hour of my continuance in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> +then, but to the last hour of my continuance in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> the Company's service in Bengal; and do challenge friend or enemy to bring one single instance of my being influenced by interested @@ -10349,7 +10311,7 @@ for the world."</p> <p>His liberal behaviour toward Admiral Watson has been noticed. On this occasion, and on -several others<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>, he chose rather to diminish the +several others<a id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>, he chose rather to diminish the amount of his own portion than allow further demands upon the Nabob. Of his great generosity to his family and friends I shall speak @@ -10361,7 +10323,7 @@ possessing less liberal minds; in whom they oftener generate a spirit of cupidity than a desire, such as Clive felt, to dispense to others the relief and blessings they can afford.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_312">[312]</a></span></p> <p>I have it in my power to add a remarkable testimony to show the circumstances under which Clive acted upon the occasion to which I have @@ -10382,7 +10344,7 @@ from being inimically disposed to his Lordship; and never can I forget what passed at the Committee on that day. Governor Johnstone, after some deliberation, suddenly rose, and with apparent -exultation observed, 'It was now sufficiently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> +exultation observed, 'It was now sufficiently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> proved on the proceedings, that his Lordship had received upwards of 100,000<i>l.</i> soon after the battle of Plassey;' when Lord Clive, @@ -10415,7 +10377,7 @@ Moorshedabad; I have great pleasure, however, in referring to his subsequent general remarks on this subject.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_314">[314]</a></span></p> <p>The chairman of the Select Committee of the House of Commons of 1773, when he brought @@ -10445,7 +10407,7 @@ to those of the country in which they were received, and to the expectations of the parties by whom they were bestowed; that the treachery to Omichund was countenanced and palliated by -some of the principles and many of the admired<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span> +some of the principles and many of the admired<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_315">[315]</a></span> incidents of European diplomacy; that Clive, though never inattentive to his own interests, was actuated by a sincere desire to promote the @@ -10456,13 +10418,13 @@ have required an extraordinary man, which no one ought to be punished for not being, to have acted, in that most trying situation in which he was placed, with greater disinterestedness than -he displayed."<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p> +he displayed."<a id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p> <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Though Clive, in his letter to Mr. Watts of the 19th of +<p><a id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Though Clive, in his letter to Mr. Watts of the 19th of May, estimates this gift at 12 lacs, the precise amount, and the proportions in which it was to be given, were not settled by Mr. Watts till some time afterwards. The shares made @@ -10491,11 +10453,11 @@ soon as his circumstances will admit of it."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Letter to Clive, June 26th, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Letter to Clive, June 26th, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> The officers and men so excluded became, in consequence, +<p><a id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> The officers and men so excluded became, in consequence, entitled to no more than their share with the naval force in the river, to whom was allotted half the donation given by the Nabob. This share appears to have been less @@ -10505,20 +10467,20 @@ put on an equal footing.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Maudipoor, June 26th, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Maudipoor, June 26th, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Cossimbazar, June 27th, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Cossimbazar, June 27th, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> June 23d. The very day on which the battle of Plassey +<p><a id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> June 23d. The very day on which the battle of Plassey was fought.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Supposing Bussy neither came to Bengal, as was expected, +<p><a id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Supposing Bussy neither came to Bengal, as was expected, nor sent any reinforcements to his countrymen, the strength of the party under Law was above two hundred men, and a large proportion of officers. Clive's whole strength of @@ -10528,24 +10490,24 @@ hundred.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Mr. Pigot was governor, and Colonel Lawrence commanded +<p><a id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Mr. Pigot was governor, and Colonel Lawrence commanded the troops.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Sufficient evidence of their incompetency appears in +<p><a id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Sufficient evidence of their incompetency appears in this narrative. I refrain from quoting passages in the correspondence before me, in which more serious charges than those of incapacity are stated.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Mr. Orme was, at this period, one of the Council at +<p><a id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Mr. Orme was, at this period, one of the Council at Madras.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> I leave, however, this question to the judgment of my +<p><a id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> I leave, however, this question to the judgment of my readers, who will also decide on the assertion of Mr. Mill, that "Clive, on beholding an opening for exploits both splendid and profitable in Bengal, overlooked all other considerations, @@ -10556,18 +10518,18 @@ by the facts of the case.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> In 1753 gomastahs (or agents) were sent to several +<p><a id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> In 1753 gomastahs (or agents) were sent to several parts of the country, where the cloths for the Company's investment were manufactured.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> The name of this messenger was Narraindass. He was +<p><a id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> The name of this messenger was Narraindass. He was brother to the Nabob's head spy.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Orme, from whom we have taken the above facts, adds, +<p><a id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Orme, from whom we have taken the above facts, adds, "His (Omichund's) brother-in-law, Hazarimul, who had the chief management of his affairs, concealed himself in the apartments of the women until the next day, when the @@ -10584,7 +10546,7 @@ mortally."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Omichund received, upon the spot, one half of this +<p><a id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Omichund received, upon the spot, one half of this amount: the date of the payment of the remainder was deferred, and it was probably to gain time to recover this sum, that he created those delays in the proceedings of the confederates, @@ -10592,15 +10554,15 @@ of which Mr. Watts accused him.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Purneah is a province of Bengal.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Purneah is a province of Bengal.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 182.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 182.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Lord Clive's evidence goes to prove, that Admiral +<p><a id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Lord Clive's evidence goes to prove, that Admiral Watson did not object to his name being put by Mr. Lushington to the fictitious treaty; and his knowledge of the transaction, at the period it occurred, is established by the @@ -10614,7 +10576,7 @@ Reports, vol. iii. p. 152.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> One month after Omichund was informed of the fictitious +<p><a id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> One month after Omichund was informed of the fictitious treaty, Clive, in a letter to the Committee at Calcutta, requests their support to enable Omichund to perform his contract for the supply of saltpetre at Patna: and in a subsequent @@ -10629,11 +10591,11 @@ Orme's narrative.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> History of India, vol. iii. p. 170.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> History of India, vol. iii. p. 170.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> An author for whom I entertain sincere respect, and +<p><a id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> An author for whom I entertain sincere respect, and with whose sentiments my own, in most points, coincide, startled at the means taken to deceive Omichund, expresses an opinion, "That the principles of honour and integrity @@ -10650,7 +10612,7 @@ to his duty to his client and to his professional reputation.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> I received from Lord Powis several trunks full of his +<p><a id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> I received from Lord Powis several trunks full of his father's papers unexamined by himself. In these were documents of every description, from copies of all his despatches, to the most private notes: and I have not discovered one @@ -10658,11 +10620,11 @@ line that can justify the sweeping assertion of Mr. Mill.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Pol. India, vol. ii.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Pol. India, vol. ii.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> A remarkable instance of this mode of paying those +<p><a id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> A remarkable instance of this mode of paying those concerned in such important transactions, is afforded in the treaty of peace with Tippoo Sultaun, concluded by Lord Cornwallis in 1792. Thirty lacs of rupees were demanded, @@ -10680,27 +10642,27 @@ death gave 60,000<i>l.</i> to his son and successor.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Political India, vol. ii. p. 188.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Political India, vol. ii. p. 188.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> 180,000<i>l.</i></p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> 180,000<i>l.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> It appears from his papers and accounts that he gave +<p><a id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> It appears from his papers and accounts that he gave away large sums, not only to those who had personal claims upon him, but to others whose merit, as public servants, had not, he thought, been sufficiently rewarded.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Mill's History of British India, vol. iii. p. 454.</p></div></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Mill's History of British India, vol. iii. p. 454.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_316">[316]</a></span></p> <h2>CHAP. VII.</h2> @@ -10730,7 +10692,7 @@ and Mahommedan adherents, were alike desirous of removing and plundering the wealthy and experienced Hindus who were at the head of the administration, and governed the richest -provinces of Bengal. Roy Dullub, who saw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span> +provinces of Bengal. Roy Dullub, who saw<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_317">[317]</a></span> that his ruin was their object, had fenced himself round with his followers, and withdrawn from all personal communication with the Nabob. @@ -10761,7 +10723,7 @@ the Direction, written immediately subsequent to its occurrence, he observes:—</p> <p>"Mr. Watson is no more. Every one here -received the melancholy news of his death with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span> +received the melancholy news of his death with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_318">[318]</a></span> much concern: his generosity, disinterestedness, and zeal for the service, must for ever endear his memory to the Company. Unhappy fate! @@ -10772,7 +10734,7 @@ This is but one of the many lessons given us of the instability of human nature. Concern for this good man's death hastens me to a conclusion."</p> -<p>It appears from Clive's letter<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> to the Court +<p>It appears from Clive's letter<a id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> to the Court of Directors from Calcutta, that he still cherished a hope that he might be able to return to Madras when the season admitted. "Your @@ -10796,7 +10758,7 @@ up of the monsoon, which will be as early as the two contending parties can take the field; and upon my arrival there I shall with pleasure resign the sword to my superiors."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_319">[319]</a></span></p> <p>During the period Clive was at Calcutta he was much occupied in settling the distribution of the sums allotted for the remuneration of @@ -10807,8 +10769,8 @@ satisfaction, but the discussions regarding the latter, though they had been once settled, were revived, and took a more acrimonious shape; and it was not till after much trouble and -vexation that they were ultimately adjusted.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span></p> +vexation that they were ultimately adjusted.<a id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_320">[320]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, after having settled these disputes, found himself compelled to make preparations to accompany the Nabob to Patna; for, independent @@ -10825,7 +10787,7 @@ of Nepaul, stretched to near Delhi on the north, and on the south bordered on Bahar, one of the richest provinces subject to the rule of Meer Jaffier. Sujah-u-Dowlah was to be dreaded both -from his character and resources: he had, besides,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> +from his character and resources: he had, besides,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> the aid of the French party, and was believed to have established the ties of friendship with Ram Narrain, the discontented ruler of the country @@ -10846,11 +10808,11 @@ made him decline accepting their unwilling services.</p> <p>"Notwithstanding your offer," he observes -in his reply<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> to the Admiral, "of putting the +in his reply<a id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> to the Admiral, "of putting the King's detachment under my command on this expedition, I am sorry to inform you I cannot accept it, without prejudicing the service; for all -the officers (Captain Weller<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> and Captain Coote +the officers (Captain Weller<a id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> and Captain Coote excepted) have expressed by letter a disinclination to go upon it. Under these circumstances, I think it is better for the Company to be @@ -10865,7 +10827,7 @@ and be ready to render the Company all the service, which every wellwisher to his country is bound to do."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_322">[322]</a></span></p> <p>The rising talents of Major Coote were already employed in the command of a detachment. @@ -10874,7 +10836,7 @@ who had been highly distinguished throughout the scenes above described, occasioning a vacancy in the command of the military at Bengal, Clive recommended that the station -should be offered to Colonel Forde<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>, an officer +should be offered to Colonel Forde<a id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>, an officer of whom he entertained the highest opinion. The terms, in which this offer was conveyed, are honourable to the reputation of him to @@ -10893,7 +10855,7 @@ service, except Captain Carnac, who joined Clive, by whom he was early noticed; and his subsequent career in Bengal did ample credit to the judgment of his penetrating commander.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_323">[323]</a></span></p> <p>I have deemed it of importance to dwell on these particulars. In nothing does the power of genius more strikingly display itself than in @@ -10907,11 +10869,11 @@ sphere of Clive's selection, however, was very limited; and there are, in his private letters of this period, continual complaints of his being forced, from want of aid, to make personal -efforts injurious to his health<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>, which had never +efforts injurious to his health<a id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>, which had never been good, and which he now represents as declining from the effects of a nervous complaint, to which he had been subject from his youth.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_324">[324]</a></span></p> <p>Affairs at Moorshedabad had, from the moment Clive left that city, become worse. Besides other evils, the Nabob had hitherto @@ -10925,12 +10887,12 @@ Clive to hasten to Moorshedabad, with or without his force; as his presence appeared the only means of averting confusion and ruin.</p> -<p>"I shall march," said Clive, in answer<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> -to several of Mr. Scrafton's letters<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, -"with the whole army. I have wrote to the Nabob and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> +<p>"I shall march," said Clive, in answer<a id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> +to several of Mr. Scrafton's letters<a id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>, +"with the whole army. I have wrote to the Nabob and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> Ram Narrain, of which copies are enclosed you. Do not suffer yourself to be unquieted beyond -reason at the situation of affairs, but consider<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> +reason at the situation of affairs, but consider<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> them coolly, and give me daily accounts of what is passing. The march of the army is absolutely necessary, as well to support the Nabob against @@ -10960,13 +10922,13 @@ valuable possessions.</p> me a visit. After discoursing for some time on the promising prospect of his affairs, he desired I would march with him to Patna. This I consented -to, on condition he gave us security for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> +to, on condition he gave us security for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> paying the rest of his debts. The orders upon Burdwaun, Nuddea, Hooghley, and Fugellie are making out, which I hope to send you in a day or two: I have reason to think you will receive in ready money the full of the half-year's -payment. As Ram Narrain<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> refuses +payment. As Ram Narrain<a id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> refuses to trust his person in the Nabob's power without a letter from me, I have wrote him that he may come with safety, having the Nabob's authority @@ -10978,13 +10940,13 @@ an expense which he is not well able to bear, and ease you of all apprehensions from the arrival of a French squadron."</p> -<p>In Clive's letter<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> from Rajahmahul to the +<p>In Clive's letter<a id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> from Rajahmahul to the Select Committee of the Directors, we find a concise and clear account of the condition of the Nabob's government, as well as the measures which were adopted for its settlement.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_328">[328]</a></span></p> <p>"In laying open the state of this government," he observes, "I am concerned to mention @@ -11015,7 +10977,7 @@ his submission, and the Nabob had sworn to continue him in his government, apparent measures were taken for his overthrow.</p> -<p>"The prime minister, Roy Dullub, who was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> +<p>"The prime minister, Roy Dullub, who was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_329">[329]</a></span> one of the chief instruments of the Nabob's promotion, and had received in return solemn assurances of continuing his Dewan, was suspected @@ -11044,7 +11006,7 @@ of our troops, excuses himself from any knowledge of the transaction, and lays the whole blame on his son, who was left in government of the city; but many circumstances induced us to -believe otherwise. Roy Dullub, on pretence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> +believe otherwise. Roy Dullub, on pretence of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> sickness, was still at Moorshedabad, having a large body of his own troops with him, as is usual in these governments; but it is not improbable @@ -11074,7 +11036,7 @@ Rajah Ram's submission may be deemed a very fortunate event in all respects; for his good sense, long experience in the affairs of this government, and the great influence he has in -the country, would have made him as dangerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span> +the country, would have made him as dangerous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_331">[331]</a></span> an enemy to the Nabob as he is now a useful friend to us. Upon our approach, and some of the Nabob's troops having passed the river into @@ -11104,7 +11066,7 @@ way for the present. The Nabob's confirmation is not yet procured at Delhi, nor can I judge when it will. The difficulty is in the price.</p> -<p>"I have waited for Roy Dullub's arrival with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> +<p>"I have waited for Roy Dullub's arrival with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> great impatience, as Durbar business cannot be transacted without him; and we have some points to settle of great consequence to your @@ -11133,7 +11095,7 @@ averse to our carrying this point, as he may become, by it, a good deal less necessary to us, than when our applications were to be directed to him; but as the Nabob has -given his promise, and the matter now wholly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> +given his promise, and the matter now wholly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_333">[333]</a></span> rests with him, he cannot find any way of evading a compliance, without a manifest breach of friendship, which I think he would not venture @@ -11165,7 +11127,7 @@ safety. All parties looked to Clive, who was encamped at Bankapore, a village a few miles west of Patna.</p> -<p>While affairs were yet unsettled, an affray occurred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> +<p>While affairs were yet unsettled, an affray occurred<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_334">[334]</a></span> in the market between some of the English sepoys and Ram Narrain's horsemen, in which several lives were lost. The excited @@ -11183,7 +11145,7 @@ until Clive, in a personal conference, succeeded in convincing him that both his honour and his interests were concerned in the re-establishment of Ram Narrain. Clive has stated what occurred -on this occasion in a letter<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> to the Court +on this occasion in a letter<a id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> to the Court of Directors. "The Nabob," he observes in this despatch, "applying to me to accommodate between him and Ram Narrain, and promising @@ -11194,7 +11156,7 @@ engaging myself to be security for the Nabob's promise. On receipt of my letter, he immediately left Patna, and met me the 25th ultimo at Hybut-Gunge. It was the 29th before he -could wait on the Nabob, for want of a lucky<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span> +could wait on the Nabob, for want of a lucky<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_335">[335]</a></span> day, and then I sent Mr. Watts to introduce him. The wavering disposition of the Nabob, and the ear he gives to evil counsellors, who endeavour @@ -11223,7 +11185,7 @@ to Ram Narrain; and intimated, as well as the nicety of the subject would bear, the advantage of trusting the government to a person of his moderate and peaceable disposition, rather than -putting it into imprudent, and at the same time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> +putting it into imprudent, and at the same time<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> dangerous, hands. My discourse had weight, and Ram Narrain was confirmed."</p> @@ -11254,7 +11216,7 @@ to act for his own interest and that of the Company.</p> <p>"Though there is nothing I so earnestly -wish for as returning to the coast, that I may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> +wish for as returning to the coast, that I may<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> have a good plea for quitting the service entirely, yet I have set my heart so much upon a happy conclusion of the Moorshedabad expedition, that @@ -11285,7 +11247,7 @@ and since my joining him he has already paid twenty-five lacs, and given security for the payment of ten more."</p> -<p>Clive's negotiations with the Nabob were finally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span> +<p>Clive's negotiations with the Nabob were finally<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_338">[338]</a></span> attended with all the success that such a court and so weak a character allowed. A supply of money was procured for the extraordinary expenses @@ -11296,7 +11258,7 @@ discharge of all arrears on the first six months of the Nabob's debt, and the revenues of Burdwan, Nuddea, and Hooghley assigned over for payment of the rest: "so that," says Clive, -writing<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> to the Court of Directors, "the discharge +writing<a id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> to the Court of Directors, "the discharge of the debt is now become independent of the Nabob, which precaution is become absolutely necessary, as his calls for money are @@ -11326,7 +11288,7 @@ whole, we may pronounce, that this expedition, without bloodshed, has been crowned with all the advantages that could be expected or wished, both to the Nabob and the Company."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_339">[339]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, nevertheless, saw every moment more and more the necessity of the English permanently emancipating themselves from dependence @@ -11344,9 +11306,9 @@ be placed on the friendship of Meer Jaffier, however recent and great his obligation to the English.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_340">[340]</a></span></p> -<p>"We cannot," they observe<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>, "avoid differing +<p>"We cannot," they observe<a id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>, "avoid differing greatly in opinion from you, gentlemen, on the subject of requesting the Nabob to have a large force down at Hooghley, to be ready for @@ -11371,14 +11333,14 @@ rest of his treaty; neither does this prospect of danger appear to us so near as to oblige us to make known our apprehensions to the whole province."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_341">[341]</a></span></p> <p>The same feeling of the necessity of the Presidency of Bengal providing for its own security, led Clive at this period to express to the Select Committee at Fort William his pointed disapprobation of their delays in repairing their fortifications.</p> -<p>"I cannot conclude," he observes in a letter<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> +<p>"I cannot conclude," he observes in a letter<a id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> written the day he left Patna, "without representing to you, gentlemen, in the strongest terms, the great stake the Company have in @@ -11389,7 +11351,7 @@ that the works go on very slowly. At a time like this, no private workmen should be allowed, but all employed for the public service; and if the want of hands arise only from the want of a -few pice<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> more, I think such a saving does not +few pice<a id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> more, I think such a saving does not merit one moment's consideration, or that such economy can meet with the Company's approbation at this juncture. Be assured, gentlemen, @@ -11414,7 +11376,7 @@ by Roy Dullub, with whom he had to adjust many points connected with the full performance of the treaty.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_342">[342]</a></span></p> <p>The object of Clive, throughout this short expedition to Patna, was to reconcile, as far as @@ -11436,7 +11398,7 @@ of safety to his life and property.</p> <p>Clive, on the expedition to Patna, and on all other occasions, communicated with Meer Jaffier upon every subject. He often visited him; -and giving scope to the natural bent of his temper,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span> +and giving scope to the natural bent of his temper,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_343">[343]</a></span> entered into his amusements. But it was impossible to reconcile that prince to his condition; which was more humiliating from the circumstance @@ -11465,7 +11427,7 @@ the English. This the latter were in many cases under the necessity of granting; for, from the first, they had not intrinsic strength which could enable them to cope with those with whom they -were hourly exposed to come in collision. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span> +were hourly exposed to come in collision. They<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_344">[344]</a></span> could not have remained in Bengal without the means of self-defence; they could not repel or retaliate an attack without counteracting and @@ -11488,9 +11450,9 @@ their proud followers to obedience and submission to those whom they deemed foreign upstarts, and whose power became every day more galling from the abuses committed by the -meanest of the natives<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> of India employed in +meanest of the natives<a id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> of India employed in their service, or guarded by their protection?</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_345">[345]</a></span></p> <p>It is not meant, by these observations, to question the necessity which compelled our advance to power in Bengal. There was no alternative @@ -11520,7 +11482,7 @@ them, and for all whose fame and fortune were associated with them, to seek, through every means, emancipation from such humiliating thraldom. I have expressed my sentiments very -strongly upon this subject, and may be condemned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> +strongly upon this subject, and may be condemned<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> by those who, alike regardless of usage and of feeling, are guided in their judgment of every public and private act by partial principles, @@ -11551,7 +11513,7 @@ of men, who could neither conceal their jealousy of his power, nor their own inability to cope with his superior mind.</p> -<p>The natives of Bengal, as yet ignorant of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> +<p>The natives of Bengal, as yet ignorant of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_347">[347]</a></span> construction of the English government, ascribed every thing to Clive. They considered him as the exclusive author of the success which had @@ -11581,7 +11543,7 @@ this young man, as far as it had yet developed itself, was sanguinary and rapacious. He was, as has been related, the cause of Suraj-u-Dowlah's being put to death: and this act, with the -more recent assassination of the son of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> +more recent assassination of the son of that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> Prince, and the imprisonment of his mother, had made him unpopular with the more peaceable part of his father's subjects, particularly the @@ -11611,8 +11573,8 @@ avert the danger with which his life was threatened by the hostility of Roy Dullub. He not only made these sentiments public, but went out of the city in apparent alarm as Clive entered -it. Clive, who had received a private letter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span> -from Mr. Scrafton<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> informing him of Meeran's +it. Clive, who had received a private letter<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_349">[349]</a></span> +from Mr. Scrafton<a id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> informing him of Meeran's conduct, was not prepared for this step, which threw Moorshedabad into the utmost consternation. To this was added the receipt of intelligence @@ -11622,7 +11584,7 @@ nation had acquired in land forces. To counteract the bad impressions which such news might make at so critical a moment, Clive exaggerated a slight naval success which had been -obtained by the English into a complete victory.<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> +obtained by the English into a complete victory.<a id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> He also wrote to the Nabob on the same day, complaining of the strange behaviour of Meeran, and stating that he could not continue @@ -11633,11 +11595,11 @@ of his error, had returned to the city, and made the most submissive apologies for his conduct.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_350">[350]</a></span></p> <p>Clive remained only a few days at Moorshedabad. Soon after his arrival at Calcutta, a -vessel<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> from England brought out the arrangements +vessel<a id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> from England brought out the arrangements made by the Directors subsequently to their receiving the intelligence of their misfortunes in Bengal. The first measure, adopted in @@ -11646,7 +11608,7 @@ Committee of five, in which Clive was to preside. This was changed in November; and it was resolved to dismiss Mr. Drake, upon whose incompetency all appear to have been agreed; -and a council of ten was nominated, the four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span> +and a council of ten was nominated, the four<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_351">[351]</a></span> senior members of which were to preside alternately, each for three months. In this second arrangement no mention whatever was made of @@ -11675,12 +11637,12 @@ the councils of the local government.</p> Clive from the new Council, not more from its containing an excellent summary of the reasons which led them to request he would fill the -station of their President, than because I deem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> +station of their President, than because I deem<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_352">[352]</a></span> it alike honourable to their zeal and disinterestedness.</p> <blockquote> <p> -"Sir,<br /> +"Sir,<br > </p> <p>"Our most serious attention has been devoted @@ -11709,7 +11671,7 @@ at this settlement.</p> <p>"The difficulties we may be liable to by a rotation in the executive part of government, -with its consequences, are sufficiently obvious in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span> +with its consequences, are sufficiently obvious in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_353">[353]</a></span> our present state of affairs; we will, however, mention only a few points: the treaty with the Nabob not perfected in all its branches, the @@ -11738,7 +11700,7 @@ foregoing reasons, would be extremely prejudicial to the real interest of the Company; in which opinion we unanimously concur, and judge it for the welfare of our honourable employers, -and of the settlement in general, to deviate in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> +and of the settlement in general, to deviate in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> this instance from the commands of our honourable masters, and fix the presidentship in a single person till we hear further from @@ -11768,16 +11730,16 @@ employers, and zeal for the welfare of their affairs, which we doubt not you are, as well as ourselves, convinced will be much prejudiced by a rotation in the executive part of government. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span>"We wait your reply, and have the honour +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_355">[355]</a></span>"We wait your reply, and have the honour to be,</p> <p> -"Sir,<br /> -"Your most obedient,<br /> -"and most humble servants.<br /> +"Sir,<br > +"Your most obedient,<br > +"and most humble servants.<br > </p> -<p>"Fort William,<br /> +<p>"Fort William,<br > "26th June, 1758."</p></blockquote> <p>Clive appears to have been so much hurt by @@ -11792,7 +11754,7 @@ critical a period. His answer to this letter is remarkable, as it shows the feelings under which he acted.</p> -<p>"I have considered<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>," he states, "what you +<p>"I have considered<a id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>," he states, "what you proposed to me, and judge myself under a necessity of declining the Government. Both the public and my private advices, I think, plainly @@ -11809,7 +11771,7 @@ of the disinterestedness which you, and the gentlemen of the Council have shown in this generous offer, and of the honour you have thereby conferred on me."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_356">[356]</a></span></p> <p>The representations of all ranks and parties, and the conviction of the truth of the grounds on which they were founded, led Clive to alter @@ -11818,7 +11780,7 @@ to the Council.</p> <blockquote> <p> -"Gentlemen,<br /> +"Gentlemen,<br > </p> <p>"I have received your letter of this day's @@ -11834,7 +11796,7 @@ me aside in their new form of Government, without any reason assigned, after having named me as head of the General Committee in the letter of the 3d of August last, yet, animated by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span>the noble example of public spirit which you +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_357">[357]</a></span>the noble example of public spirit which you have set me, I have determined to wave all private considerations, where the general good is concerned; and as there is no doubt but the @@ -11865,7 +11827,7 @@ constituted.</p> <p>"Unequal as I am to the weighty task of directing this Presidency, especially in civil matters, to which I have never been able to give -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>due attention, on account of my military avocations, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>due attention, on account of my military avocations, I am now, Gentlemen, to beg the assistance of your advice, and therefore hope you will persevere in the zeal you have hitherto so @@ -11877,12 +11839,12 @@ a thought of leaving me, till affairs are finally determined from home.</p> <p> -"I am, Gentlemen,<br /> -"Your most obedient, humble Servant,<br /> -(Signed) "<span class="smcap">R. Clive.</span><br /> +"I am, Gentlemen,<br > +"Your most obedient, humble Servant,<br > +(Signed) "<span class="smcap">R. Clive.</span><br > </p> -<p>"Calcutta,<br /> +<p>"Calcutta,<br > "June 26th, 1758."</p></blockquote> <p>Clive states that he was in a great degree @@ -11894,7 +11856,7 @@ was a strong feeling, in some of that body, as well as the principal members of the administration in England, to treat him with favour and distinction.</p> -<p>"I have a perfect sense<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>," Mr. Payne states, +<p>"I have a perfect sense<a id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>," Mr. Payne states, "of the many disagreeable circumstances that may have attended the several expeditions of this year, wherein you have had so great a @@ -11916,7 +11878,7 @@ could not have had it less in your power to show and exercise your readiness and abilities in serving the Company, which I am persuaded you have done without mean or selfish views."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_359">[359]</a></span></p> <p>The Chairman, after noticing in this communication the difficulty the Court of Directors have had in framing a temporary arrangement @@ -11928,7 +11890,7 @@ force.</p> <p>"After being disappointed," he observes, "in various attempts for raising recruits in Germany, -Ireland, Scotland, and England, His Majesty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> +Ireland, Scotland, and England, His Majesty<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> has been pleased to order us a battalion of about one thousand men out of the new regiments. Mr. Pitt was the first to propose the measure to @@ -11953,7 +11915,7 @@ the name of Colonel Lawrence also. "I could not be unmindful," he adds, "of your most genteel and disinterested conduct on a former occasion in England, in regard to that -mark<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> of the Company's respect for you, which +mark<a id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> of the Company's respect for you, which you rather declined and were unwilling to accept of, without Colonel Lawrence sharing with you. I am well persuaded you will continue to act @@ -11969,7 +11931,7 @@ should be taken no notice of, though he was not immediately concerned in the late actions, which had particularly attracted His Majesty's attention in regard to yourself."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_361">[361]</a></span></p> <p>Mr. Payne further informed Clive that the Duke of Newcastle had written to the Court of Directors, regarding the propriety of conferring @@ -11985,7 +11947,7 @@ at all events, that he would be acquitted of having been actuated by any little motive in the part he had taken on that occasion. "Be assured, Sir," Mr. Payne concludes, "I shall -always be as ready to propose as to concur in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> +always be as ready to propose as to concur in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> any measures that may be hereafter thought of to do you honour or pleasure; and that it is a great one to me to reflect, that your attention to @@ -12016,24 +11978,24 @@ the case, is proved by the fact of the subsequent appointment of Clive to the station of Governor, the moment they heard of the battle of Plassey. They appear, also, to have recognised the high -and disinterested motives which induced the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> +and disinterested motives which induced the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> Council to invite him to be their President; and, though sufficiently alive on such points, we cannot discover from the records, that they ever viewed the setting aside of their arrangement on this extraordinary and unprecedented occasion as a measure that evinced contempt for their -judgment and authority.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p> +judgment and authority.<a id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p> <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> 22d August, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> 22d August, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> By Clive's letter to Colonel Adlercron (dated 27th September) +<p><a id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> By Clive's letter to Colonel Adlercron (dated 27th September) it appears that some of the officers had resisted his endeavours to make an arrangement that should put an end to the discontents which had arisen from the share of a @@ -12065,11 +12027,11 @@ them by complaining to you, Sir, or any of my superiors."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> 16th November, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> 16th November, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Clive found himself compelled to decline the offer of +<p><a id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Clive found himself compelled to decline the offer of Captain Weller, in terms which, although they disappointed his forward zeal, must have gratified him. His employment, distinct from his corps, would, in effect, have superseded several @@ -12078,11 +12040,11 @@ have rendered discontented.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> This officer belonged to Col. Adlercron's regiment.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> This officer belonged to Col. Adlercron's regiment.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> In a letter, under date the 2d of August, 1757, to his +<p><a id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> In a letter, under date the 2d of August, 1757, to his friend Mr. Pigot, he observes, "If I was to consult my own interests only, every thing conspires to make me desirous of leaving this province. An unhealthy climate, a bad constitution, @@ -12092,11 +12054,11 @@ to all these obliges me to continue some time longer."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> 6th November, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> 6th November, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> The letters from Mr. Scrafton, at this period, convey a +<p><a id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> The letters from Mr. Scrafton, at this period, convey a vivid picture of the state both of Meer Jaffier's mind and his own. In his letter of the 3d November, in which he reports a visit to the durbar, he describes the Nabob @@ -12141,7 +12103,7 @@ carries Bengal."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> When Ram Narrain was believed to have joined the +<p><a id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> When Ram Narrain was believed to have joined the Vizier of Oude, Clive (according to Scrafton) advised the Nabob to remove him openly. The Nabob dreaded the consequences of such a direct proceeding. Subsequently to @@ -12153,38 +12115,38 @@ to the course he pursued.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> 23d December, 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> 23d December, 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Dated Rockypoor, near Patna, 18th February, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Dated Rockypoor, near Patna, 18th February, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> 18th February, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> 18th February, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> 6th March, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> 6th March, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> 12th January, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> 12th January, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> A small copper coin, forty to a rupee.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> A small copper coin, forty to a rupee.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Clive early saw all the evils that would arise from the +<p><a id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> Clive early saw all the evils that would arise from the conduct of the natives employed by the English, and adopted every measure he could to check the growth of this danger; but this subject will be fully noticed hereafter.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Mr. Scrafton, in his private letter, under date 15th +<p><a id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Mr. Scrafton, in his private letter, under date 15th May, 1758, observes, "In the morning, early, I was informed the young Nabob's troops were ready for a march, and presently Petrus came to me and told me the Nabob had @@ -12214,33 +12176,33 @@ son, and could not spare him."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> In the indecisive action between Sir G. Pocock and +<p><a id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> In the indecisive action between Sir G. Pocock and M. D'Aché, one of the enemy's vessels was stranded. It was reported at Moorshedabad that two were taken.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> The Hardwicke Indiaman.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> The Hardwicke Indiaman.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> The date of Clive's private letter to Mr. Watts is the +<p><a id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> The date of Clive's private letter to Mr. Watts is the 22d June, four days previous to the date of the above public letter and of his answer to it, in which he accepted the government.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Nov. 11. 1757.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Nov. 11. 1757.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> This probably alludes to the diamond-hilted sword +<p><a id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> This probably alludes to the diamond-hilted sword which the Court of Directors voted Clive for his services in the Carnatic.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Mr. Mill, when noticing the Council's request to Clive, +<p><a id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Mr. Mill, when noticing the Council's request to Clive, observes, "Convinced that he alone had sufficient authority to overcome the Nabob into the performance of his obligations, the Council (including the four gentlemen who were @@ -12250,9 +12212,9 @@ disregard and contempt for the judgment and authority of their superiors."—Mill, vol. iii. p. 244.</p></div></div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_364">[364]</a></span></p> <h2>CHAP. VIII.</h2> @@ -12263,7 +12225,7 @@ Government of Bengal, was to give what aid he could to Fort St. George. The view he took of the dangers of that settlement, and the measures he adopted to afford it relief, are thus described -by a contemporary historian.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p> +by a contemporary historian.<a id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p> <p>"No one doubted that Madras would be besieged, as soon as the monsoon had sent the @@ -12277,7 +12239,7 @@ this year, they would probably arrive in the first months of the next. Nevertheless it was necessary, if possible, to alleviate the inequality between the English and French force in Coromandel.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_365">[365]</a></span></p> <p>"But the preference which each of the Company's Presidencies was naturally inclined to give to its own safety, as the only ground on @@ -12304,7 +12266,7 @@ defence of his territory against foreign enemies.</p> determined not to send a body of troops to Madras, but to employ all that could with prudence be spared, in concert with Anunderauze, -against the French in the ceded provinces<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>; +against the French in the ceded provinces<a id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>; which would either occasion a diversion of their troops in the Carnatic, or, if they neglected this assistance, would deprive them at once of all @@ -12313,7 +12275,7 @@ the Soubah of the Deckan; and, lest any danger during the expedition should threaten Bengal, the troops were only to obey the immediate orders of Calcutta.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_366">[366]</a></span></p> <p>"The conduct of the expedition was committed to Lieutenant-Colonel Forde, who, on the invitation of the Presidency to take the command @@ -12337,7 +12299,7 @@ sixty thousand rupees, were in the military chest for immediate expenses. The embarkation was made on three of the Company's ships arrived lately from Europe, on the Thames, -a private ship of seven hundred tons, with two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span> +a private ship of seven hundred tons, with two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_367">[367]</a></span> of the pilot sloops of the river. The Thames, likewise, carried a great quantity of provisions intended for Madras, whither she was to proceed @@ -12348,9 +12310,9 @@ them, and by delays in the equipment, the vessels were detained in the river till the end of September. Their departure left the English force in the province barely equal to what they -carried away."<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p> +carried away."<a id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_368">[368]</a></span></p> <p>Of the brilliant success which attended the expedition under Colonel Forde I shall speak @@ -12382,7 +12344,7 @@ do not entertain the high opinion of him which he seems to have gained upon the coast; and, indeed, his late behaviour has confirmed me in this opinion. Captain Monchanin, who is -here, received a letter from his brother at Paris,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span> +here, received a letter from his brother at Paris,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_369">[369]</a></span> informing him of the manner in which these troops were raised: they were not draughted out of any of the regiments of France, but are @@ -12412,7 +12374,7 @@ and of consequence our resources must be more than those of the French. This will be another inducement for us to hazard an engagement, whenever we can do it with the least probability -of success. A victory on our side must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> +of success. A victory on our side must<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> confine the French within the walls of Pondicherry; and when that happens, nothing can save them from destruction, but a superior force @@ -12442,7 +12404,7 @@ gone south. If the King of Tanjore be not overawed into a compliance with M. Lally's demands, and give assistance to Captain Caillaud, I have such an opinion of that gentleman's -abilities, and the goodness of his garrison, that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> +abilities, and the goodness of his garrison, that I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> sincerely believe the French will meet with some disgrace before Trichinopoly.</p> @@ -12469,8 +12431,8 @@ is the greatest prospect of tranquillity.</p> <p>"If this (expedition) only throw the country into such confusion, as to prevent our enemies collecting any revenues, it will in a great measure -answer the design and the expense."<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span></p> +answer the design and the expense."<a id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_372">[372]</a></span></p> <p>"Since my last, the three Europe ships, one country, and two sloops, are dropped down to Ingillie. The stores are on board, and the troops @@ -12502,16 +12464,16 @@ may prevent his forces from joining M. Lally.</p> <p>"You may be persuaded that whilst I preside the most vigorous measures shall be pursued, -and I think the present expedition a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> +and I think the present expedition a very<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> strong proof of it; for I will not conceal from you, that we are in no condition to receive the French, should there be any possibility of their paying us a visit during the absence of our troops. Our effectives are not two hundred and eighty, and those the very scum of the men. -Our garrison is drained of stores and ammunition."<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p> +Our garrison is drained of stores and ammunition."<a id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p> -<p>"The detachment of King's<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> troops on the +<p>"The detachment of King's<a id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> troops on the Warren will return in the same ship, which will sail in a few days for Madras. Not a man shall be kept, but you may depend upon every assistance @@ -12521,12 +12483,12 @@ You may draw upon us for what money you choose: we have twenty lacs of rupees in the treasury, but no bullion: the gold in the Warren will be sent you. The Warren and Cuddalore -sloops will be loaded with provisions."<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p> +sloops will be loaded with provisions."<a id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p> -<p>Clive wrote<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> on the same subject to Colonel +<p>Clive wrote<a id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> on the same subject to Colonel Lawrence as follows:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_374">[374]</a></span></p> <p>"Colonel Forde is in the Deckan with a very fine detachment of men. The news from thence @@ -12564,7 +12526,7 @@ only marched towards Patna, but while on that expedition directed that Colonel Forde should proceed to Madras if required.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_375">[375]</a></span></p> <p>Clive was anxious for many reasons that Meer Jaffier should pay him a visit at Calcutta. He @@ -12573,7 +12535,7 @@ would be most useful by the impressions it was likely to produce both upon friends and enemies. This became the more necessary from the state of affairs at Moorshedabad. A packet had been -intercepted from the French chief<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> at Masulipatam, +intercepted from the French chief<a id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> at Masulipatam, by which it appeared that some of the Nabob's generals had offered to join him. Cojah Wazeed was apparently the principal @@ -12601,13 +12563,13 @@ Mahommedans. Besides being such an object for the rapacity of the Nabob and his son, Roy Dullub's professed dependence upon the English was a crime not to be forgiven.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_376">[376]</a></span></p> <p>Mr. Watts, who had been deputed to invite the Nabob to Calcutta, succeeded in his mission. The few obstacles which interposed were easily overcome, the proposed meeting being for the interest of both parties. Besides, we are assured -by one<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> who had a full opportunity of +by one<a id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> who had a full opportunity of knowing his most secret sentiments, that Meer Jaffier, notwithstanding his jealousy and discontent with his condition, never could divest himself @@ -12633,7 +12595,7 @@ good faith, to protect the life and honour of a man to whom it was pledged, they had no desire to impose upon Meer Jaffier the employment of a minister to whom he was adverse.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_377">[377]</a></span></p> <p>The Nabob was received at Calcutta with every mark of honour and respect: great presents were given to him, and every thing done @@ -12645,9 +12607,9 @@ best effects had been produced upon Meer Jaffier's mind by this visit.</p> <p>Mr. Scrafton at this period left Moorshedabad, -and Clive<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> nominated Mr. Warren Hastings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span> +and Clive<a id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> nominated Mr. Warren Hastings<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_378">[378]</a></span> resident at the court of the Nabob; giving, in -the selection of this young<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> but promising civil +the selection of this young<a id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> but promising civil servant, another proof of that discernment which enabled him to promote his own fame, and the interests of his country, by the employment @@ -12673,7 +12635,7 @@ Clive, seems to have been, at different times, very much dissatisfied with the situation in which he was placed.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_379">[379]</a></span></p> <p>The first affair in which Mr. Hastings became engaged was of a very delicate nature. Roy @@ -12703,7 +12665,7 @@ daughter from him. As for his brothers, it is not worth interfering about them. In short, I would have you act upon all occasions so as to avoid coming to extremities, and at the same -time show as much spirit and resolution as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span> +time show as much spirit and resolution as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_380">[380]</a></span> will convince the durbar that we always have it in our power to make ourselves respected."</p> @@ -12715,7 +12677,7 @@ Ali Khan, two Mahommedan leaders, who were supposed to be attached to the ex-minister, were dismissed, and afterwards cut off. They were charged with real or pretended plots -against the Nabob's life<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>; and, in the hope of +against the Nabob's life<a id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>; and, in the hope of inducing the English government to abandon the protection of Roy Dullub, Meer Jaffier informed Mr. Hastings that Clive and that minister @@ -12730,13 +12692,13 @@ take the present occasion to put it into execution; that both Mr. Watts and Mr. Scrafton had consented to the enterprise; and that he (Roy Dullub) had engaged to be responsible for your -tunkaws."<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p> +tunkaws."<a id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_381">[381]</a></span></p> <p>Clive appears to have been little pleased with the degree of attention paid by Mr. Hastings to -this intrigue. "You have not yet<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>," he observes +this intrigue. "You have not yet<a id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>," he observes in reply, "been long enough at the durbar to make yourself acquainted with the dark designs of these Mussulmen. The moment I perused @@ -12763,7 +12725,7 @@ money. The withdrawing of our protection from a man to whom it has been once promised would entail disgrace and infamy on the English nation.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_382">[382]</a></span></p> <p>"I cannot avoid entertaining the strongest resentment against the Nabob, if what you write about Cajah Haddee be true. The man who @@ -12780,16 +12742,16 @@ us."</p> <p>The future inquiries of Mr. Hastings left no doubt that the letter said to be from Roy Dullub -to Cajah Haddee was a fabrication<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> contrived +to Cajah Haddee was a fabrication<a id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> contrived to injure that person with the English, and to afford a pretext for plundering or destroying all at Moorshedabad who were connected with, or attached to, the ex-minister.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_383">[383]</a></span></p> <p>The Nabob evinced the greatest anxiety to justify himself to Clive, for his conduct on this occasion; and as the unwearied object of the -latter was to conciliate Meer Jaffier, and inspire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> +latter was to conciliate Meer Jaffier, and inspire<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> him with confidence in the alliance, his explanations were readily received.</p> @@ -12817,8 +12779,8 @@ grievance was redressed. This remonstrance was addressed to the Council at Calcutta, who referred it to Clive, in his station of Commander of the army. His opinion upon this case will -be found in the following letter<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span></p> +be found in the following letter<a id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>:—</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_385">[385]</a></span></p> <p>"The remonstrating captains," he observes, "have either wilfully, or ignorantly, misrepresented the nature of superseding. An officer @@ -12849,7 +12811,7 @@ and, therefore, to have sent him back, after having been so formally ordered here, would have been the highest indignity to the Council of Bombay, as well as to the gentleman -himself; and, as he remained here, he had an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> +himself; and, as he remained here, he had an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> undoubted right to maintain that rank which the seniority of the commission gave him.</p> @@ -12881,7 +12843,7 @@ and not the rank."</p> <p>No reasoning could be more clear, no opinions more correct, than those contained in this letter. The principles inculcated, both as to general -rules and exceptions, are alike just. It breathes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> +rules and exceptions, are alike just. It breathes,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> also, that calm but high spirit of command, and that firmness of purpose, which could alone support discipline in an army so constituted and @@ -12895,7 +12857,7 @@ of Bengal by the expedition under Colonel Forde; but all his private letters show that he was very sanguine in his anticipation of that brilliant success which was the result of this -measure. After expressing to one of the Directors<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> +measure. After expressing to one of the Directors<a id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> his hope of expelling, by the operations of this detachment, the French from Golconda, and aiding the Presidency of Fort St. George, @@ -12913,9 +12875,9 @@ confidence, and a belief in the good fortune of an individual, had an almost superstitious influence, and gave him a strength which more than made amends for the inefficiency of his force.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_388">[388]</a></span></p> <p>In the beginning of the year 1759, intelligence -was received that the Shah Zada<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a>, Shah +was received that the Shah Zada<a id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a>, Shah Alum (eldest son of the Emperor of Delhi), had arrived at Benares, accompanied by a force of eight thousand men, and that his purpose was @@ -12924,14 +12886,14 @@ was invited by Ram Narrain, the Governor of that province, whose fidelity to his allegiance continued to be suspected by the Prince Meeran, and by the Mahommedan nobles of Meer Jaffier's -court.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> Before we detail the measures which the +court.<a id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> Before we detail the measures which the advance of the Prince led the Nabob and the English to adopt, it will be useful to say a few words upon the actual condition at this period of the imperial family of Delhi.</p> <p>The power of the Emperors of Delhi, subsequent -to the death of Aurungzebe<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> had +to the death of Aurungzebe<a id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> had rapidly declined. That artful prince had struggled through life to maintain the appearance of health in an empire which was in a disordered @@ -12940,7 +12902,7 @@ by his crooked policy accelerated that destruction which was completed by the weakness of his successors.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_389">[389]</a></span></p> <p>Forty years after his decease, and after the murder or death of five intermediate princes, Mahommed @@ -12966,7 +12928,7 @@ sacked by Nadir Shah, who, after his terrible invasion, restored to the unhappy sovereign of India his degraded throne and distracted dominions.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_390">[390]</a></span></p> <p>Mahommed Shah died in 1747. He was succeeded by Ahmed Shah, who reigned but a few @@ -12976,10 +12938,10 @@ Alumgeer the Second, with whom perished even that semblance of authority which his immediate predecessors had preserved. Soon after his accession, he became a mere instrument in the -hands of his vizier (or minister) Ghazee-u-Deen<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>, +hands of his vizier (or minister) Ghazee-u-Deen<a id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a>, the grandson of the celebrated Nizam-ul-Mûlk.</p> -<p>Shah Alum<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>, the eldest son of the Emperor of +<p>Shah Alum<a id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>, the eldest son of the Emperor of Delhi, fled from that capital. His first object was emancipation from that thraldom in which his father and family were kept by the cruel and @@ -12998,23 +12960,23 @@ kept in the back-ground, until he saw the result of the attempt upon Patna, the capital of that province.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_391">[391]</a></span></p> <p>The belief of the Shah Zada being connected with the Vizier, combined with the report of his -being joined by the French party under Law<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>, +being joined by the French party under Law<a id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>, (added to the doubts entertained of Ram Narrain's fidelity), created serious alarm to the Nabob, whose mind was agitated by other causes. -His son<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> continued to pursue a conduct calculated +His son<a id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> continued to pursue a conduct calculated to give him very serious uneasiness, while his troops mutinied, and refused to march unless their arrears were paid. To add to these difficulties, Jugget Seit and his brother, who have been often mentioned as the principal soucars (or bankers) of the country, had obtained leave to proceed on -a pilgrimage to Pursnath<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a>, -and had commenced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> +a pilgrimage to Pursnath<a id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a>, +and had commenced<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> their journey, when information was received that they were in correspondence with the Shah Zada, and had actually furnished him with the @@ -13039,7 +13001,7 @@ exactions; and the prince who has recourse to violence towards one of this class is not only likely to fail in his immediate object of plunder, but is certain to destroy his future resources, -and to excite an impression of his character that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> +and to excite an impression of his character that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> must greatly facilitate those attempts against his life and power to which it is the lot of despots to be continually exposed.</p> @@ -13058,7 +13020,7 @@ accompanied with such marks of regard and esteem, as induced him to forego his intention of going to England, and to determine to remain fourteen or fifteen months longer, "by which -time," he observes, in a letter<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> to the Council +time," he observes, in a letter<a id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> to the Council at Fort William, "I persuade myself the treaty with the Nabob will be fulfilled, the fortifications in a state of defence, and such a force arrived @@ -13071,7 +13033,7 @@ their expectations, and will approve of my returning to Europe, to enjoy the fruits of war, which has been carried on for upwards of seven years almost without intermission."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_394">[394]</a></span></p> <p>Clive complains in this letter of the intention signified by several of the members of Council to quit the service, and particularly calls upon @@ -13079,13 +13041,13 @@ Mr. Manningham and Mr. Frankland to alter their resolution, and to continue to him and to the public their valuable aid. He concludes this despatch with a merited compliment to Mr. -Watts<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>, whom he considers to have had just +Watts<a id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>, whom he considers to have had just cause given him for resigning the service.</p> <p>The moment the report of the Shah Zada's advance was confirmed, Clive gave the Nabob every assurance of complete support. He wrote -also to Mr. Hastings<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a>, directing him to give confidence +also to Mr. Hastings<a id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a>, directing him to give confidence to the court of Moorshedabad. "The dissensions," he states, "subsisting between the Nabob and his people give me much more concern @@ -13094,10 +13056,10 @@ as there would be little to fear from the latter, did the former take the proper measures to secure his being well served."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_395">[395]</a></span></p> <p>Alluding to the mutinous commanders who -had signified, through Golam Shah<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>, their willingness +had signified, through Golam Shah<a id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>, their willingness to march, and do their duty, if Clive would give them his protection, he observes in the same letter, "I don't think it would be @@ -13110,21 +13072,21 @@ apprehend in future."</p> <p>Ram Narrain had with reason taken alarm at the Nabob's designs, and communicated his -fears through Mr. Amyatt<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a>, the chief of the +fears through Mr. Amyatt<a id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a>, the chief of the factory at Patna. Clive desired he might be assured of his constant support and protection. "Should any movements," he wrote, "be made with an ill design towards him, I will march myself in person to his assistance."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_396">[396]</a></span></p> <p>When Clive found that the Shah Zada was advancing to Allahabad, and had summoned Ram Narrain to obey his orders, he wrote to Meer Jaffier, stating that he did not think there was much to be apprehended from the Emperor's -son. "I would not," he observes<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a>, "have you +son. "I would not," he observes<a id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a>, "have you think of coming to any terms with him, but proceed to take the necessary measures to defend your city to the last. On Monday, the @@ -13135,7 +13097,7 @@ English are your stanch and firm friends, and that they never desert a cause in which they have once taken a part."</p> -<p>Clive subsequently wrote<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> Meer Jaffier that, +<p>Clive subsequently wrote<a id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> Meer Jaffier that, though he considered the troops at Patna quite equal to repel the Shah Zada, the apprehension entertained of the latter being joined or supported @@ -13143,12 +13105,12 @@ by Sujah-u-Dowlah required that an army should march. In this letter he entreats the Nabob to have confidence in Ram Narrain.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_397">[397]</a></span></p> <p>"He is not a great sepoy (soldier)," he observes, "but he is an honest man."</p> -<p>A letter<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> from Ram Narrain to Clive, at this +<p>A letter<a id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> from Ram Narrain to Clive, at this period, showed that his allegiance depended exclusively upon the assurances of support he received from the English Government.</p> @@ -13170,19 +13132,19 @@ wicked people have been representing me in a bad light to the Nabob, and that he is very angry with me. God knows, it is on your account that I am the Nabob's servant. If at this -time the Chuta Nabob<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> only should be sent +time the Chuta Nabob<a id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> only should be sent with forces to my assistance, it will raise doubts in many people's minds, and I myself shall be suspicious. I have no dependance on any soul living but yourself. Mr. Amyatt's letter will give you many particulars about this city."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_398">[398]</a></span></p> <p>The suspicions which Ram Narrain entertained of the Nabob's hostile disposition were well founded: many documents prove this fact. -Mr. Hastings, in a letter<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> to Clive, observes, +Mr. Hastings, in a letter<a id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> to Clive, observes, "What the Nabob's design is in sending Cassim Ali Khan to Patna, or in deferring his own departure, I am not informed; but, as it is past a @@ -13209,7 +13171,7 @@ associated required, or more calmly and firmly maintained that high reputation for good faith on which the stability of the British power so much depended.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_399">[399]</a></span></p> <p>The fears of Meer Jaffier were so great, that he proposed, as one expedient, to purchase the retreat of the Shah Zada; but Clive, the @@ -13217,7 +13179,7 @@ moment he heard of this intention, wrote to dissuade him from a measure which could have no effect but that of inviting others to like profitable inroads. "I have just heard," Clive -writes to the Nabob, "a piece of intelligence<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>, +writes to the Nabob, "a piece of intelligence<a id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>, which I can scarce give credit to; it is, that your Excellency is going to offer a sum of money to the King's son. If you do this, you @@ -13236,10 +13198,10 @@ has scarce a soldier with him? I beg your Excellency will rely on the fidelity of the English, and of those troops which are attached to you."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_400">[400]</a></span></p> <p>To Ram Narrain Clive reiterated his assurances of aid and protection. "It was," he -states, in a letter<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> to that ruler, "on account +states, in a letter<a id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> to that ruler, "on account of your strictness for justice, your courage, and your fidelity, that I got the Nabob to confirm you in the Subahship of Patna. It surprises me @@ -13253,10 +13215,10 @@ my tent, and (with the blessing of God), if it be necessary, I will come to your assistance."</p> <p>Clive received a very flowery and complimentary -letter<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> from the Shah Zada, and another -from his minister Maddar-u-Dowlah. The purport<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span> +letter<a id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> from the Shah Zada, and another +from his minister Maddar-u-Dowlah. The purport<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_401">[401]</a></span> of both was to invite him to pay his -personal respects; and a letter from Fyaz Ali<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span> +personal respects; and a letter from Fyaz Ali<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_402">[402]</a></span> Khan, received at the same time, intimated that the Prince had thoughts of doing great things by Clive's counsel, and in conjunction with @@ -13287,7 +13249,7 @@ after remaining a short time at Moorshedabad, he proceeded, accompanied by the Nabob's son, towards Patna.</p> -<p>Though the Emperor of Delhi possessed, personally,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span> +<p>Though the Emperor of Delhi possessed, personally,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_403">[403]</a></span> no authority; though his mandates were evaded or disregarded throughout the greater part of his dominions, on the just ground @@ -13315,7 +13277,7 @@ entitled, that no usurper, however daring, could outrage the general feeling so far as to treat his name with disrespect, or neglect forms to which consequence continued to be attached long -after all the substance of authority was fled from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> +after all the substance of authority was fled from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> that family for whose support they were instituted.</p> <p>Clive appears to have been deeply impressed @@ -13325,13 +13287,13 @@ influence at the Court of Delhi. When Meer Jaffier obtained the sunnud (or commission) and investiture as Nabob of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, Clive was honoured, at the same time, -with a high title<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> of nobility, and the grade of +with a high title<a id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> of nobility, and the grade of Munsubdar, or Commander in the Imperial Army; distinctions to which he appears to have attached considerable importance, and which were, no doubt, of value, as they increased his consequence in the eyes of the natives.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_405">[405]</a></span></p> <p>I have elsewhere given my opinion very fully upon this subject, and have expressed my sentiments as to the motives by which Clive was @@ -13350,15 +13312,15 @@ have existed from time immemorial in India. They grow out of the habits, the sentiments, and sometimes the superstition, of human beings; and wise statesmen, referring to their source, will -ever treat them with consideration and respect."<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p> +ever treat them with consideration and respect."<a id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p> <p>Clive, when he dismissed the agents of Shah Alum, wrote to that prince in a manner which left him without the slightest hope of success in forming a connection with the English. The -substance of this letter<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> was as follows:—"I +substance of this letter<a id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> was as follows:—"I have had the honour to receive your Highness's -firman.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> It gives me great concern to find that +firman.<a id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> It gives me great concern to find that this country must become a scene of troubles. I beg leave to inform you that I have been favoured with a sunnud from the Emperor, appointing @@ -13375,7 +13337,7 @@ the present Subadar of these provinces to assist him at all times; and it is not the custom of the English nation to be guilty of insincerity."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_406">[406]</a></span></p> <p>This communication was expressed in terms which could not be misunderstood; but it, at @@ -13397,7 +13359,7 @@ and his loss of the confidence of all classes of his subjects had the natural consequence of inviting foreign invasion. These truths, he appeared to hope, might make some impression; -and he further informed the Committee, that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span> +and he further informed the Committee, that,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_407">[407]</a></span> though he had stated his sentiments so frankly, he had, at the same time, complied with the Nabob's solicitation to ride on the same elephant @@ -13427,7 +13389,7 @@ having gained me some degree of influence in the country), I have put myself at the head of the forces. They consist of about four hundred and fifty Europeans, and two thousand five hundred -sepoys; and with these, few as they are, I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span> +sepoys; and with these, few as they are, I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_408">[408]</a></span> trust we shall give a good account of the Shah Zada, though his army is said to be thirty thousand strong, provided the Nabob's people keep @@ -13457,13 +13419,13 @@ countries of Oude and Bahar. It is yet uncertain whether M. Law, with his few fugitives, will join him, or not."</p> -<p>When the troops reached Shahabad, advices<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> -reached Meeran<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> that Ram Narrain had actually +<p>When the troops reached Shahabad, advices<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_409">[409]</a></span> +reached Meeran<a id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> that Ram Narrain had actually gone over to the Shah Zada. This, however, proved incorrect; the wary Hindu had only faltered in his allegiance until he heard Clive was advancing.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_410">[410]</a></span></p> <p>His visit to the Shah Zada, which gave rise to the report of his defection, was merely to gain time. It was now learnt from subsequent accounts @@ -13484,10 +13446,10 @@ to save the city. Every assault was repelled, and the enemy drew back after they had possessed themselves of some of the bastions. Discouraged at these defeats, and alarmed at the -near approach of the corps under Mathews<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a>, +near approach of the corps under Mathews<a id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a>, and Clive's rapid advance, the Shah Zada broke up his camp, and retreated.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_411">[411]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, in a letter to Mr. Spencer of the Bombay establishment, thus shortly describes the Shah Zada's advance and flight:—"The King's son, @@ -13510,7 +13472,7 @@ being entirely in the English interest, what with small presents and negotiation, delayed the attack of the city for some time: but on the 23d of March the fighting began, and lasted till the -4th of April, when our advanced guard arrived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span> +4th of April, when our advanced guard arrived<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_412">[412]</a></span> within four coss of the city, upon which the Shah Zada and his forces retired with the utmost precipitation, and are now getting much faster @@ -13530,14 +13492,14 @@ King's son on the day of their retreat, but could not prevail upon him to make another attack."</p> <p>While Clive was advancing towards Patna, a -letter<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> from Meer Jaffier informed him that he +letter<a id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> from Meer Jaffier informed him that he had received the command of the Emperor to seize the person of the Shah Zada. The imperial edict was enclosed; its contents were as follows:—"Know that you are under the shadow of my favour. Some ill-designing people have turned the brain of my beloved son Mahommed Ali -Gohur<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a>, and are carrying him to the eastern +Gohur<a id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a>, and are carrying him to the eastern part of the empire, which must be the cause of much trouble and ruin to my country. I therefore order you, who are my servant, to proceed @@ -13548,15 +13510,15 @@ take warning thereby. In doing this you will gain my favour and have a good name. Know this must be done."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_413">[413]</a></span></p> -<p>The Vizier<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a>, Ghazee-u-Deen, addressed a +<p>The Vizier<a id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a>, Ghazee-u-Deen, addressed a letter of the same purport to Clive, who, as well as the Nabob, appears to have considered it an object to proclaim, that, in opposing the Shah Zada, they were acting in conformity with the commands of his offended father.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_414">[414]</a></span></p> <p>The retreat of the Shah Zada was precipitate. He hastened to cross the Caramnassa, a river which divides the territories of the Nabob of @@ -13566,12 +13528,12 @@ him had he been successful, now proclaimed himself the enemy of that unhappy prince, who, abandoned by his followers, and not knowing whither to fly, sought the protection of the -English Government.<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p> +English Government.<a id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p> <p>Clive communicates the overture which he made in a letter, under date the 24th of April, to Mr. Manningham.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_415">[415]</a></span></p> <p>"The force of the Shah Zada," he observes, "is now entirely broken: he has himself been obliged to repass the Caramnassa for fear of @@ -13585,7 +13547,7 @@ I find he wants, in his present distress, to throw himself upon the English, from a conviction that there is none else in whom he can trust. I have consulted with Ram Narrain, who -is of opinion<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> that the Nabob can never be safe, +is of opinion<a id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> that the Nabob can never be safe, should a person of his high rank be admitted into these provinces; and that his presence would expose the country to continual commotions. @@ -13595,7 +13557,7 @@ nature, as would not allow of my affording him any protection; and on that account advised him to keep out of the way, as I was now on the point of marching to the Caramnassa. M. -Law has passed the Great River<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>, but, we are +Law has passed the Great River<a id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>, but, we are informed, has only from twenty to thirty men with him: if so, a great number must have deserted from him, and it is probable we shall @@ -13613,15 +13575,15 @@ to refuse his request, he did so in a manner calculated to add as little as possible to the distress and difficulties with which he was surrounded.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_416">[416]</a></span></p> -<p>"I have had," he observes in a letter<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> to +<p>"I have had," he observes in a letter<a id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> to Mr. Manningham, "repeated letters from the Shah Zada, evidently intending to throw himself upon us; but, for the reasons alleged in my last, have absolutely determined against receiving him. I have indeed, (so great is his distress), -sent him a present of five hundred gold mohurs<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a>, +sent him a present of five hundred gold mohurs<a id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a>, to enable him to get out of our country; and he has, in consequence thereof, passed the Caramnassa, and is endeavouring to cross the Great @@ -13652,17 +13614,17 @@ is not. I am now on my march to the Caramnassa, and earnestly recommend it to you to withdraw before I arrive there."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_417">[417]</a></span></p> <p>Clive, as already stated, had received several -letters<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a>, written by command of the Emperor, +letters<a id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a>, written by command of the Emperor, to urge him to act against the Shah Zada. When -all was settled, he addressed a letter<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> to the +all was settled, he addressed a letter<a id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> to the Vizier, in which he states, that, "after putting an end to the troubles in Bahar, agreeable to his Excellency's orders, he had set out for Bengal."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_418">[418]</a></span></p> <p>Clive had proceeded with the troops of the Nabob against the Rajpoot and hill chiefs, who @@ -13690,7 +13652,7 @@ the city of Patna from being plundered, and the rich province under his rule from being laid waste; and, when the Shah Zada fled, the personal reliance of the Rajpoot chiefs of Bahar on -the British commander accelerated the settlement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span> +the British commander accelerated the settlement<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_419">[419]</a></span> of those districts which the advance of the Prince had incited to rebellion.</p> @@ -13701,19 +13663,19 @@ the Court of Delhi. The information of the modern historian of India appears here very defective, from the observations he has made upon this part of Clive's conduct. In describing the -invasion of Bahar, Mr. Mill<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> states, that "the +invasion of Bahar, Mr. Mill<a id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> states, that "the Prince (Shah Alum) having obtained from the Emperor legal investiture as Subadar of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, crossed the Caramnassa;" and, after detailing the result of his enterprise, -observes<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a>, "The hardihood of Clive was seldom +observes<a id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a>, "The hardihood of Clive was seldom overcome by scruples. Yet the Emperor Alumgeer was legitimate sovereign of Bengal, and had undoubted right to appoint his eldest son to be his deputy in the government of that province: to oppose him, was undisguised rebellion."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_420">[420]</a></span></p> <p>The facts of the case are directly opposed to the statement here given by the historian. The @@ -13750,7 +13712,7 @@ given me great joy; nor can I sufficiently express your praises for what you have done. Continue to behave with the same fidelity; seize the rebel, and send him to court. By the will -of God, this service performed, the King will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span> +of God, this service performed, the King will<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_421">[421]</a></span> show you the greatest favour, and your honours shall be increased."</p> @@ -13783,7 +13745,7 @@ obtain possession of his person. Mr. Hastings at one time thought he would have recourse to force for this purpose; and conjectured that a body of Mahrattas, approaching from Cuttack, -which the Nabob had first invited from dread<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span> +which the Nabob had first invited from dread<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_422">[422]</a></span> of his own troops, and the invasion of the Shah Zada, were meant to be subsequently employed in seizing the person of Roy Dullub. He appears @@ -13811,17 +13773,17 @@ a jaghire (or estate) of the reputed value of thirty lacs of rupees.</p> <p>The first mention of his intention to bestow -this gift on Clive is in a letter<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> from Mr. +this gift on Clive is in a letter<a id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> from Mr. Hastings, in which he observes, "He (the Nabob) expresses the most grateful sense of the services which you have performed for him, and declared to me his resolution to use every means -in his power to procure an order from the Court<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> +in his power to procure an order from the Court<a id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> for your jaghire, being ashamed that you should do so much for him without the prospect of reaping any advantage to yourself by it."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_423">[423]</a></span></p> <p>This letter was written immediately after the Nabob had received full accounts of the flight of @@ -13836,7 +13798,7 @@ Meer Jaffier was influenced by additional motives to this munificent act.</p> <p>In his evidence before the House of Commons, -Mr. Sykes stated to the Committee<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a>, that +Mr. Sykes stated to the Committee<a id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a>, that the Nabob, speaking to him of the expedition to Patna, "mentioned the sense he entertained of Lord Clive's conduct towards him, and likewise @@ -13861,7 +13823,7 @@ Company to the southward of Calcutta; that he thought it would interfere the least with his government, and stood the clearest in relation to the Company's affairs.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_424">[424]</a></span></p> <p>"Mr. S. said that, to the best of his remembrance, he mentioned to the Nabob that he thought it was a large sum; but the Nabob told @@ -13874,7 +13836,7 @@ that none of them had experienced a conduct of that kind, for that their persons, as well as their properties, were entirely secured to them."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_425">[425]</a></span></p> <p>Mr. Sykes states, that the Nabob, having prepared the deeds, desired him to be present at @@ -13883,7 +13845,7 @@ when the Nabob went to meet and welcome him on his return from Patna.</p> <p>The next mention of this subject is made in a -letter<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> to Clive from Mr. Hastings, after his return +letter<a id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> to Clive from Mr. Hastings, after his return to Moorshedabad, in which he observes, "The Nabob desired me to draw out the form of the letter to be written to the Council about your @@ -13897,8 +13859,8 @@ upon the subject in this place.</p> <p>Though Clive appears to have thought that the high titles obtained for him from Delhi -should have been accompanied<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> by a jaghire, -there exists no evidence, amongst all the documents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span> +should have been accompanied<a id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> by a jaghire, +there exists no evidence, amongst all the documents<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_426">[426]</a></span> I have examined, to show that he had any previous intimation of its amount, or that he, in any shape, compromised either his personal honour, @@ -13908,7 +13870,7 @@ had performed great services to the Nabob, he received this reward as a recompence which that prince had a right to bestow, and which was one conformable to the usage of the country, and -rendered more appropriate, according to that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span> +rendered more appropriate, according to that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_427">[427]</a></span> usage, from the high honour which the Emperor of Delhi had, at the request of Meer Jaffier, conferred upon him. Clive gave a complete @@ -13937,7 +13899,7 @@ person in Clive's situation ought not to have received a reward of a nature so likely to establish a precedent dangerous to the future integrity of the service: it was probably answered, that this -was no doubt correct as a common rule; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span> +was no doubt correct as a common rule; but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_428">[428]</a></span> that the circumstances in which he was placed were altogether peculiar, and never likely to recur to any individual; that he first saved from @@ -13966,7 +13928,7 @@ ungraciously the munificent reward spontaneously proffered to him by a prince, who, though he had already enriched him with a liberal share of the treasures which he distributed to the -English government and its army when they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> +English government and its army when they<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> placed him upon the throne, now owed him an obligation of almost equal magnitude? For there could be no doubt, the defenders of Clive would @@ -13996,7 +13958,7 @@ if, even with ourselves, there is not a man who thinks the more meanly of Cornwallis or Wellesley for the large pecuniary donations which they received from the Company, or of -our Marlborough and our Wellington for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> +our Marlborough and our Wellington for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> splendid estates which they received from the government of a grateful country; can it be deemed honest or fair to apply a different rule @@ -14013,32 +13975,32 @@ the Duke of Bronte, and the Duke of Vittoria.</p> <div class="center"> -<br /><br /> -END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.<br /><br /><br /> -<span class="smcap">London</span>:<br /> -Printed by <span class="smcap">A. Spottiswoode</span>,<br /> -New-Street-Square.<br /><br /><br /> +<br ><br > +END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.<br ><br ><br > +<span class="smcap">London</span>:<br > +Printed by <span class="smcap">A. Spottiswoode</span>,<br > +New-Street-Square.<br ><br ><br > </div> <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 363.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Orme, vol. ii. p. 363.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> The country usually known by the name of the Northern +<p><a id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> The country usually known by the name of the Northern Circars, which had been ceded by the Soubah Salabut Jung to the French.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> A modern writer has noticed Clive's conduct on this +<p><a id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> A modern writer has noticed Clive's conduct on this occasion in less favourable terms:— </p> <p> -"Clive," Mr. Mill observes<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>, "chose to remain in Bengal, +"Clive," Mr. Mill observes<a id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>, "chose to remain in Bengal, where he was master, rather than go to Madras, where he would be under command; and determined not to lessen his power by sending troops to Madras, which the Presidency, @@ -14052,51 +14014,51 @@ struggle, and afforded a colour for detaining the troops." I conceive no remark is necessary upon the first part of this paragraph. Every one acquainted with our condition in India at this period must be sensible that Clive's presence -was comparatively of little consequence at Fort St. George<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>, +was comparatively of little consequence at Fort St. George<a id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>, and that it was essential to the very existence of our power in Bengal; he, therefore, having the option, very properly chose to remain where he was most urgently required.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Vol. iii. p. 247.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Vol. iii. p. 247.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Mr. Pigot was governor, and Colonel Lawrence commanded the +<p><a id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Mr. Pigot was governor, and Colonel Lawrence commanded the troops.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Calcutta, 14th August, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Calcutta, 14th August, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Calcutta, 15th September, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Calcutta, 15th September, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Two companies of Draper's regiment.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Two companies of Draper's regiment.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Calcutta, 26th December, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Calcutta, 26th December, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Calcutta, 25th December, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Calcutta, 25th December, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> M. Moracin.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> M. Moracin.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Mr. Scrafton.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Mr. Scrafton.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> In a letter from Mr. Hastings to Clive, of the 13th +<p><a id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> In a letter from Mr. Hastings to Clive, of the 13th August, 1758, he observes:— </p> <p> @@ -14113,13 +14075,13 @@ always have the happiness to meet with your approbation."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Mr. Hastings could not have been above twenty-five +<p><a id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Mr. Hastings could not have been above twenty-five years of age when appointed to this arduous and responsible situation.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Mr. Hastings, in a letter to Clive of the 18th September, +<p><a id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Mr. Hastings, in a letter to Clive of the 18th September, reports the suspicious circumstances that led to the dismission of Cajah Haddee, who was accused of having armed his followers with an intention of murdering the Nabob @@ -14131,16 +14093,16 @@ of Clive.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Tunkaws are the orders upon the revenue of the +<p><a id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Tunkaws are the orders upon the revenue of the country.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> 6th October, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> 6th October, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The Nabob gave a copy of this letter to Mr. Hastings, +<p><a id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The Nabob gave a copy of this letter to Mr. Hastings, to forward to Clive. Its purport was as follows:— </p> <p> @@ -14182,15 +14144,15 @@ at least that I can discover."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> To the Council of Fort William, 5th December, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> To the Council of Fort William, 5th December, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Private letter to Mr. Drake, sen., 30th December, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Private letter to Mr. Drake, sen., 30th December, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Shah Zada means "King's son;" but, in India, has latterly +<p><a id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Shah Zada means "King's son;" but, in India, has latterly been always applied, by way of distinction, to the princes of the family of Delhi. Indeed, before the assumption of the title of Sultan by Tippoo, and of that of Shah by the present @@ -14199,7 +14161,7 @@ recent times, ever styled himself Sovereign.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Mr. Hastings, in his letter to Clive of the 8th July, +<p><a id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> Mr. Hastings, in his letter to Clive of the 8th July, 1759, observes, "The Nabob suspects Ram Narrain to have taken the part of the King's son; which I do not wonder at, as the Nabob has never been thoroughly reconciled to Ram @@ -14207,18 +14169,18 @@ Narrain."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Aurungzebe died at Ahmednagar, in the Deckan, on the +<p><a id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Aurungzebe died at Ahmednagar, in the Deckan, on the 21st February, 1707.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> The name of this chief was Meer Shah-u-Deen. He +<p><a id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> The name of this chief was Meer Shah-u-Deen. He took the title of his father, Ghazee-u-Deen, or, "The Champion of the Faith."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> This prince is often called Ali Gohur; but the title +<p><a id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> This prince is often called Ali Gohur; but the title of Shah Alum (or, "King of the World") is that by which he designates himself in all his letters written at this period. The Vizier, in his letters to Clive, gives the Prince this title; @@ -14228,7 +14190,7 @@ vicissitude and misfortune.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> M. Law, who was an able man, and well acquainted +<p><a id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> M. Law, who was an able man, and well acquainted with the natives, was incessant in his intrigues at this period. Clive obtained copies of his letters to Sujah-u-Dowlah, whom he endeavoured to stimulate to action by representing the @@ -14238,22 +14200,22 @@ MSS. vol. xiii.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <i>Antè</i>, pp. 348, 349.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <i>Antè</i>, pp. 348, 349.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Pursnath is the name given by the Jains (the sect to +<p><a id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Pursnath is the name given by the Jains (the sect to which the Seits belonged) to their principal idol; and their pilgrimage was to Samet Sechara, at which there is one of his most celebrated temples.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> 23d November, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> 23d November, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> "I cannot close this letter," Clive states, "without +<p><a id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> "I cannot close this letter," Clive states, "without doing that justice to Mr. Watts which I think his great services entitle him to. That gentleman, at the manifest hazard of his life, brought to perfection the treaty with the new @@ -14267,11 +14229,11 @@ given him for resigning the service."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> 4th March, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> 4th March, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Mr. Hastings, in a letter to Clive of the 4th March, +<p><a id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Mr. Hastings, in a letter to Clive of the 4th March, observes, "Golam Shah was yesterday with me, with whom I had some discourse upon the subject of the present dissensions betwixt the Nabob and his sepoys. He said the @@ -14287,47 +14249,47 @@ service."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Letter to Mr. Amyatt, 29th December, 1758.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Letter to Mr. Amyatt, 29th December, 1758.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> 10th February, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> 10th February, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> 13th February.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> 13th February.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Received at Calcutta 11th February.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Received at Calcutta 11th February.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Chuta Nabob means, "the Little Nabob;" by which +<p><a id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Chuta Nabob means, "the Little Nabob;" by which name the son of Meer Jaffier was always known.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> 20th February, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> 20th February, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> The Nabob, in his answer to Clive, denied the truth of +<p><a id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> The Nabob, in his answer to Clive, denied the truth of this report.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> 12th February, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> 12th February, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> The following is a translation of this letter:— +<p><a id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> The following is a translation of this letter:— </p> <blockquote> <p>"To the most High and Mighty, Protector of the Great, -Colonel Sabut Jung Bahader.<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> +Colonel Sabut Jung Bahader.<a id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> </p> <p> @@ -14355,7 +14317,7 @@ this must be done."</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> The following remarks on this title, communicated by David Haliburton, +<p><a id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> The following remarks on this title, communicated by David Haliburton, Esq., to his friend Sir John Malcolm, are too curious to be omitted. </p> @@ -14395,7 +14357,7 @@ would command his procuring a high title from the Court of Delhi."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Clive's sunnud (of which a translation was made by Mr. +<p><a id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Clive's sunnud (of which a translation was made by Mr. Hastings) is a curious document, not only as being a good specimen of that florid style in which such patents were written, but as it exhibits their form, and the various offices @@ -14406,20 +14368,20 @@ this sunnud in the Appendix.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Polit. Hist. of India, vol. i. p. 510.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Polit. Hist. of India, vol. i. p. 510.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> 27th February, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> 27th February, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> A letter from a prince to a subject is, in India, invariably +<p><a id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> A letter from a prince to a subject is, in India, invariably termed a firman, or mandate.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Clive, on the assurance of Meeran, appears, for the +<p><a id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Clive, on the assurance of Meeran, appears, for the moment, to have believed this report. He wrote to Meer Jaffier, urging him to abandon the play of the Hooley (a Hindu feast), and to hasten to the field, if he desired to preserve @@ -14463,7 +14425,7 @@ coming shortly to your aid."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Ensign Mathews writes to Clive, from Patna, on the 6th +<p><a id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Ensign Mathews writes to Clive, from Patna, on the 6th of April, as follows:—"The Shah Zada's army, on the arrival of the English advanced guard (as they term it), raised the siege yesterday morning. Had we not been so expeditious @@ -14472,16 +14434,16 @@ they meant to storm, and had undermined one place."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> 19th March, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> 19th March, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> The Prince, in his letter to Clive, assumed his title of +<p><a id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> The Prince, in his letter to Clive, assumed his title of "Shah Alum," by which we denominate him.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> The Vizier wrote two letters to the Nabob, to the same +<p><a id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> The Vizier wrote two letters to the Nabob, to the same purport as that from the Emperor. He further states, in the second letter, that Mahommed Hedayet-Buksh, second son of the Emperor, was appointed Subadar of Patna, and Meer @@ -14495,7 +14457,7 @@ left Benares.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Clive, in a letter to Mr. Manningham of the 24th of April, +<p><a id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> Clive, in a letter to Mr. Manningham of the 24th of April, makes the following observations on Shah Alum's situation at this period:—"The Prince, beset as he is on all sides, must be in great distress, and much puzzled where to retire @@ -14511,29 +14473,29 @@ throwing himself upon us for protection."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> There cannot be a greater proof of Ram Narrain's desire +<p><a id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> There cannot be a greater proof of Ram Narrain's desire to preserve his fidelity to Meer Jaffier, than this opinion; for had he cherished different sentiments, the ex-Prince was a fit instrument to aid his future designs.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Ganges.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Ganges.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> 8th May, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> 8th May, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> About 1000<i>l.</i></p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> About 1000<i>l.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> He received one, on the 23rd of May, from Ahmed +<p><a id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> He received one, on the 23rd of May, from Ahmed Khan, the Vizier's brother, who states, "I have heard, with pleasure, of your great fame, good actions, and sincerity. -Your coming with Nabob Nasser-ul-Mulk<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a>, to assist and join +Your coming with Nabob Nasser-ul-Mulk<a id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a>, to assist and join Ram Narrain Bahader against the Shah Zada, who went into these parts against the Emperor's pleasure, and that of the Vizier my brother, and raised disturbances, was very proper @@ -14545,41 +14507,41 @@ we should have been obliged to take a long journey."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> 29th June, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> 29th June, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> The title of Meeran.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> The title of Meeran.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Hist. of India, vol. iii. p. 254.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Hist. of India, vol. iii. p. 254.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Vol. iii. p. 255.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Vol. iii. p. 255.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> 24th April, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> 24th April, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> This means the Court of Delhi. No jaghire, or other +<p><a id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> This means the Court of Delhi. No jaghire, or other grant, was deemed complete in form till sanctioned by the command of the Emperor.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> House of Commons Reports, vol. iii. p. 154.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> House of Commons Reports, vol. iii. p. 154.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> 9th August, 1759.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> 9th August, 1759.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> In a letter to Mr. Amyatt, Chief of Patna, Clive objects, +<p><a id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> In a letter to Mr. Amyatt, Chief of Patna, Clive objects, on the ground of having as yet no jaghire, to pay the enormous sum demanded as a fee for the patent of nobility sent him from Delhi; but he desires Mr. Amyatt to give the @@ -14619,7 +14581,7 @@ and a man of great interest and weight with the Nabob."—Parliamentary Reports, vol. iii. p. 154.</p></div></div> <p> </p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > <p> </p> <div class="transnote"> @@ -14658,4 +14620,3 @@ numbers in the text itself.</p> <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 53424 ***</div> </body> </html> - diff --git a/53424-h/images/map.jpg b/53424-h/images/map.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad82db1 --- /dev/null +++ b/53424-h/images/map.jpg diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt index 6312041..b5dba15 100644 --- a/LICENSE.txt +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements, metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. @@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. 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