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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31cc452 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53203 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53203) diff --git a/old/53203-0.txt b/old/53203-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5f5fa0a..0000000 --- a/old/53203-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1161 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Complete Treatise on the mare and foal at -the time of delivery, with illustrations., by Conrad Mitchell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Complete Treatise on the mare and foal at the time of delivery, with illustrations. - Also on cows and calves, with stallion and mare, when - diseased by Gonorrhea (clap) or Pox, also Diarrhea and - Costiveness in Colts. - -Author: Conrad Mitchell - -Release Date: October 3, 2016 [EBook #53203] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE TREATISE--MARE AND FOAL *** - - - - -Produced by Dianna Adair, Robert Cicconetti and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - - COMPLETE TREATISE - ON THE - MARE AND FOAL, - AT THE TIME OF DELIVERY, - - WITH - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - ALSO ON - COWS AND CALVES, - WITH - STALLION AND MARE, - WHEN DISEASED BY - Gonorrhea (clap) or Pox. - - ALSO - Diarrhea and Costiveness in Colts. - - BY - CONRAD MITCHELL. - - Volksfreund Print - Middleburg. PA. - 1869 - - Entered according to an Act of Congress, - in the year 1869, by - - CONRAD MITCHELL, - - in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court - of the United States for the Western - District of Pennsylvania. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -Of all the beasts of the field, which we are told, the Lord formed out -of the earth, and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call -them, none has more engaged the attention of the historian and the -philosopher--none has figured more in poetry, in war and in love, than -the horse. - -None of the writing, to which we could point the reader, contains more -frequent mention, or more glowing descriptions of the power and beauty -of the horse, than the great Book of Books. - -The Bible teaches us, that from whatever land this animal may have -been originally brought into Egypt, that country had already become -a great horse market, even before horses were known in Arabia, the -country with which we are apt to associate all that is most interesting -of this noble beast. Geological researches, however, have discovered -fossil remains of the horse in almost ever part of the world--from -the tropical plains of India, to the frozen regions of Siberia--from -the northern extremities of the new world, to the southern point of -America. But among the Hebrews, horses were rare previous to the -days of Solomon, who had horses brought out of Egypt, after his -marriage with the daughter of Pharaoh, and so rapidly did he multiply -them by purchase and by breeding, that those kept for his own use -required, as it is written, “four thousand stables, and forty thousand -stalls.” Hence, when honored by a visit from the beautiful queen of -Sheba, bringing with her, camels bearing spices, and very much gold -and precious stones, it was doubtless in the contemplation of his -magnificent stud of horses and chariots, kept for the amusement of his -wives and concubines, as well as for his other vast displays of power -and magnificence, that her majesty exclaimed, in the fulness of her -admiration: “Howbeit, I believed not the words, until I came and mine -eyes had seen it, and behold the half was not told unto me.” - -Veterinary science has also made great progress from that time down -to the present, and in particular, in the last half century, the -structure of the horse--injuries and diseases to which he is subject, -and the treatment of these, have been investigated, in this country -and abroad, with much diligence and success, both in colleges and in -societies devoted to the cultivation of veterinary knowledge, and by -practitioners, whose education and experience render their observations -worthy of great respect; but notwithstanding all this, there has always -been, to the present time, one point overlooked, which is of greater -importance, than any one that has ever been investigated. I refer here -to a complete treatise on the Mare and Foal at the time of delivery. -This has long been felt as a real want. Not a single engraving, -illustrating this subject has ever been handed to the public, and very -little has been written on the treatment of the mare and the foal at -the time of delivery. When the best authors come to this point, they -say, “call in a veterinary Surgeon.” But, I would ask, where is the -veterinary Surgeon to obtain his information? And yet, not only the -surgeon, but every farmer and breeder should possess a full knowledge -of it. - -The man that first enters the stable should be able to administer to -the wants of the mare and the foal. There is no time to be lost--no -time now to obtain information, or to proceed four or five miles for -a surgeon. If all is right, in five minutes all will be well, but if -a false position is presented, the first person that approaches the -animal should be able to administer to the wants of the mare and foal. -If not, there is much danger for the life of the foal, and in a few -hours much danger is to be feared for the safety of the mare. - -I have had a very extensive practice in the veterinary business for -more than nineteen years, and found it almost universally to be the -case, that in the event of mal-presentation, the foal had suffocated -before I could reach the spot, although I was but a very few miles -distant. If the foal is raised from its locality, it must be exposed -to the free atmosphere in twenty minutes or it will suffocate, and the -life of the mare will be much in danger. Often, after I had extracted -the foal, I could have obtained twenty dollars for restoring its life. - -I have frequently been urged by farmers and breeders, to give them full -instructions on this subject, and especially, at such times, when a -difficult case presented itself, but I always found it impracticable, -as verbal instruction would soon be forgotten, and as no work, -illustrating this subject was in existence. I was induced, therefore, -in order to benefit the farmer and breeder, to publish a complete -treatise on the mare and foal, at the time of delivery, illustrated -by engravings. I had made an effort about seven years ago, but that -little instrument, the “pen,” in my hand, is what the yoke is to the -ox, and so I abandoned it for that time. The cart-whip in my hand is -a fine instrument, but the pen is my abhorrence. Notwithstanding, at -the earnest request of numerous dealers in horses, I was induced in the -Spring of 1869, to offer this work to the public, for the benefit of -the farmer and breeder, and in mercy to the mare and foal. - -This work, as the reader will discover, embraces every particular -connected with the subject upon which it treats, with ample engravings, -illustrating the different positions in which a foal is presented--its -natural delivery--false presentations, etc., with lucid explanations -and instructions. - -CONRAD MITCHELL. - -New Berlin, Pa., July, 1869. - - - - -[Illustration: PLATE I.] - -The above Engraving represents the Foal, as it is folded up in the womb -of the Mare when fully developed, in the right flank of the animal, the -chest of the Foal toward the tail of the Mare, the front legs turned -backwards, and the hind legs turned forward under the body of the -Foal, the head and neck turned back in its left side, so that the head -will rest on the first false ribs. From the time of covering the Mare, -to the time of foaling, generally requires a period of three hundred -and thirty days. A few instances, however, came under my observation, -in which fine, full-grown, and healthy colts were delivered in three -hundred and twelve days, while others delayed their appearance for a -period of three hundred and ninety days, before the owner could rejoice -in the valuable prize brought to his stable. The full chested, round -trunked mare will develope a foal much sooner than the flat-sided, lean -and camel-backed one. - -In nine days after the covering of the mare, the womb will begin to -close about fifteen inches from the entrance; at the same time, the -fecund seed of the horse will change into bloody streaks, and the -balance becomes like cream on curdled milk about six hours after it is -strained, and in from forty to fifty days, the foal will be regularly -shaped, and about the size of a small rat. At the same time a membrane -or skin will spread around the entrance inside of the womb, from which -a number of small cords branch out, uniting together as they run along, -until they form one cord, extending to the navel of the foal, through -which the blood of the mare circulates in the foal, in order to give it -nourishment. At the same time another membrane or skin is formed around -the foal, in which are contained from four to six, and even eight -quarts of yellowish fluid, which answers a twofold purpose: first, it -prevents all friction between the foal and membrane, and secondly, it -assists in raising the foal from its locality. At the first throes of -the mare, the action of the womb will cause the membrane or skin to -protrude through the entrance of the womb, and the fluid will be forced -into it, and the weight will assist in raising the foal, until it will -be presented when the skin will break and the channel will be opened -for the foal to breath. - -[Illustration: PLATE II.] - -The above Engraving presents the natural position of the foal in -delivery. The two front feet will be presented first, and the muzzle -or the nostrils will rest on the top of the legs, and the membrane -or skin around the foal, spoken of in Plate I, will already protrude -about two feet. The hind legs will sink down more and more, until they -will be stretched out behind horizontally. Sometimes one foot will -raise up too high and be forced against the inside of the entrance. -The hand should be introduced and the foot pushed back a few inches -and then brought back into the channel. Sometimes the forehead will -project against the upper part of the entrance, when the hand should be -introduced, and hold should be taken back of the poll, with a downward -pressure, the other hand to the muzzle to raise it up, and a gentle -pull should be made, when all will be right in a few minutes. The cord -running to the navel of the colt should be tied about one inch from the -surface of the skin, then cut off about one inch from the string, or if -no string is at hand, the cord should be pressed very tightly between -the thumb and the two first fingers of the hand for a few minutes, then -cut off, and it will bleed no more. The colt should be drawn away a -few feet, but not toward the mare, as she should not be disturbed. -The mare will lie down flat, apparently dead, and will remain in this -situation, five, ten, and even sometimes thirty minutes, according to -the severity of the operation she has undergone. Suddenly she will -raise her head, look about the stable, lie down again, and roll three -or four times on her back, but never over her back, which is done for -the purpose of loosening the membrane or lining of the womb spoken of -in Plate I, when she will rise up, go after her offspring, lick and dry -it, after which the membrane and the afterbirth will be discharged. -When the colt is dry, it should be assisted to its mother to obtain -nourishment. - -Sometimes the membrane attached to the womb will remain fast, and in -this manner retain the afterbirth. In this case, bleeding from three -to four quarts, and giving following dose of medicine in one pint of -flaxseed tea is recommended, viz: - - 1 oz. Laudanum, - 1 oz. sweet Spirits of Niter. - -This will correct everything in a few hours. In some extreme cases, -the membrane, the afterbirth and the fluid contained with the foal -remained in the womb after a complete separation from the womb, causing -such a strong inflammation, that some parts had began to mortify. -I have bled copiously, and given one large tablespoonful of fever -medicine, composed of - - 4 oz. of Nitre, - ½ ” ” Digitalis, - ½ ” ” Tartar Emetic, - -in one pint of Linseed tea, every three hours, and by means of a -syringe, or bladder, with a clean piece of elder tied in the neck, I -have injected into the womb from four to six quarts of Linseed tea, -which caused a copious discharge of bloody matter from the womb, -amounting sometimes to a bucket full. In extraordinary cases, the -purifying organs were overpowered and the mortified blood was carried -through the whole system, and even then the mare recovered to a certain -degree, until in about a week afterwards her hoofs came off, caused by -the mortified blood, and she was accordingly destroyed. - -[Illustration: PLATE III.] - -The above Engraving represents a false presentation. The two fore feet -are presented, and the head remains behind in the right flank of the -mare. The operator will be able to tell whether they are the front -or hind feet, by examining the knee joints. Now, a bowl containing -two or three quarts of very warm water, with a large tablespoonful of -very fine lard or linseed oil on the surface of the water, should be -at hand. Under no circumstances should a hand or arm be introduced to -the mare, unless first thoroughly warmed and greased, otherwise they -are rank poison to the mare. After the arm is prepared, the fingers -and thumb should be brought to a point, and should be introduced, -following the channel, until the neck of the foal is reached at Fig. -1, when the full right hand should grasp the neck, the left hand being -supported against the mare, when the operator should pull with all his -strength, in order to draw the neck further up, when the hand should -pass down along the neck, still drawing as it passes along, until -reaching Fig. 2, the ear, when he can make good progress, until he -can insert the middle finger in the eye, at which point he is able to -raise the muzzle, Fig. 3, so far, that he may close his hand over it, -and in a minute, all will be right in the operation. But let no one -suppose, that this is accomplished in ten or fifteen minutes. Sometimes -it may, but in many instances, I have labored for an hour, and even -two and a half hours. In some cases, the severe exertion, and the heat -of the mare, caused my arterial circulation to force so powerfully in -my arm, that I was often afraid my veins would burst; in this case I -would withdraw my arm for a minute or two, and then go to work again. -In my entire practice, I have failed but in three cases, that of two -mares and one cow, to accomplish my object. I was often called, where -two, three, and even four men had been summoned before me, owing to the -distance I lived away, and succeeded in every instance where others -failed. I resolved not to fail in any case, but this determination -proved disastrous to myself, inasmuch, as I became subject to -palpitation of the heart, so that I could not follow my business for -more than twelve years. - -[Illustration: PLATE IV.] - -Of the cases represented in Plate III, I had a large number; of such as -are presented in Plate IV, only a few, of which I will describe only -one. On the 13th of June, 1854, I was called to the premises of Mr. -George Braucher, in Hartley township, Union county. - -In this case the hand and arm must be prepared, as already described, -and inserted to the elbow, Fig. 1. A great amount of force is required -to raise the leg, until the knee joint is brought up. The left hand -should then be warmed and greased by an assistant, and introduced, -placing it on the knee-joint; the right hand should then be passed -down, grasp the foot, and turn it backwards, when the left hand -should press inward with great force, and with the right hand bring -up the foot, keeping it turned backwards. When the foot is brought -up, a rope should be attached to the lower jaw of the foal, when an -assistant should take hold of the rope and pull in a slightly downward -direction; in this way the foal will be delivered with the greatest -ease. Sometimes one shoulder will present itself, and the other will -incline a little to the rear. Under such circumstances, too much force -should not be employed; the foal should be turned sometimes from right -to left, and then again from left to right, frequently introducing the -hand, and moving it around the foal. In all cases the membrane or skin -should be kept in its proper position around the foal, as this will -greatly assist the work, and make it one of comparative ease. - -In the above case, the foal presented itself in the afternoon of the -12th, and all the knowing men of the neighborhood were summoned, and -all of them labored until night, when they were obliged to give it up -and pronounce it a failure.--The next morning a messenger was sent for -me. I arrived at the spot at half past ten o’clock, in the morning, and -at twelve o’clock noon, I had the object accomplished, and we sat down -to a hearty dinner. In December 1868, the mare was still alive. - -[Illustration: PLATE V.] - -On the 30th day of April, 1855, when about ready to retire to bed after -a hard day’s drive, two messengers, Mr. B. Cramer, from Middlecreek, -and Mr. Uriah Berger, from Centre township, arrived at my house -together. After some consideration, I concluded to accompany Mr. -Berger, and on arriving, I found a foal, having presented itself as -represented in the preceding Engraving. Before my arrival, three men -had exerted all their strength for an hour or more, to extract it, but -having failed, they left before my arrival. - -In this case, the mare is very restless, repeatedly rising up and lying -down again. It will require one man to attend to the head of the mare, -and two men must take hold of the foal, raise it up toward the tail of -the mare, and bear inwards with all their strength, when the operator -must put all his force to one of the hind feet, and push that in at -full arm’s length; the other side must be treated in the same manner. -But let each one bear in mind, when the foal is moved inward, the mare -will have pain and that she will bear towards you, so that sometimes -but little is accomplished. - -We labored faithfully from eleven o’clock until one, when I took a -midnight meal and departed for Middlecreek township. - -In some cases of the above kind, however, I had accomplished my object -in much less time, than in this one. - -[Illustration: PLATE VI.] - -On the 5th of May, 1855, I was called to the premises of John Deabler, -in Beaver township, Snyder county, where I found a foal presenting the -tail, as represented in Plate VI. Presentations of this kind occur -but rarely. In this case the operator must prepare his hand and arm as -before stated, and introduce it, taking hold over the stifle-joint at -Fig. 1, then, by a strong effort, pull upward slipping his hand down to -Fig. 2, when he must draw up the knee-joint as far as possible; then -place the left hand on the knee joint, and pass the right hand down to -Fig. 3, the foot, grasp it firmly, and bend it backward, at the same -time pulling upward, and with left the hand bearing inward, when the -foot will yield in a moment. The other side must be dealt with in the -same manner. - -[Illustration: PLATE VII.] - -The above Engraving represents the foal with the hind feet foremost. -They will generally be projected against the upper part of the -entrance. It is best to extract them in this position, as turning -them is almost impossible. The head will remain so far behind, that it -cannot be reached. By keeping the membrane or skin properly over the -foal, there will be but little difficulty experienced in extracting -it. The foal should sometimes be drawn downward toward the feet of the -mare, and then upwards towards the tail, frequently turning it half way -round, and then back again. The foal will necessarily be dead. - -Many cases of this kind will occur in a neighborhood in the course of -twenty years. - -[Illustration: PLATE VIII.] - -The above Engraving represents a foal which has died from some cause -or other about nine days ago, the mare wanting the proper pains to -deliver it. The foal is now bloated to such an extent, that it is in -a condition to rupture the womb, and the hand can not be passed around -the foal. It is an utter impossibility to extract it in the usual way. -The operator must procure a knife, very straight in the blade, from -twelve to fifteen inches in length, wrap the whole blade in a piece -of muslin, take the point of the knife in his left hand, turning the -edge downward, put his hand in the entrance of the womb and run it -down until he reaches the chest of the foal. He must then introduce -the right hand, grasp the handle, and hold it firm; then with the left -hand he will slip the muslin from the blade, and with the first finger -of the left hand find the spot where the windpipe comes out of the -chest. After the point of the knife is set, the right hand must force -the blade, to its full length if possible, through the Diaphragm, and -then withdraw it. The left hand must retain its hold upon the muslin -during the entire operation, and as the blade is withdrawn from the -foal, it must again be carefully wrapped around the knife, the left -hand seizing the point in the same manner as when it was introduced. -After the arm holding the knife is withdrawn, a very nauseous gas -will escape, and in a short time the front feet may be reached, then -the head, after which the operation will proceed as described in the -foregoing pages. - -[Illustration: PLATE IX.] - -On the 20th day of May, 1854, I was called to the field of Mr. Sem -Schoch, of New Berlin, Union county, Pa., where I found a mare in the -act of foaling, in which the foal presented the four feet at once. -These cases are of rare occurrence, and it is well for the veterinary -Surgeon, or his life would be a brief one. I never injured myself at -any work to a greater extent, than I did in treating these cases. - -Sometimes the hoofs will only protrude from the entrance, leaving the -whole body of the foal in a curved position the head being turned -backward, as described in the foregoing Engraving. The head should be -brought forward, but I always found it impossible in every case of this -description, to accomplish this. A cord must be looped around the hind -legs, to avoid losing them; then the four legs must be put back again -as far as possible, and the foal must be turned, in order to get the -head down and the back up. - -If an effort was made to extract the foal as it is presented, the back -would come in below, and the operation would be impossible; but if it -is properly turned, it may be extracted in the same manner, as those -which present only the hind feet, as already described. These cases -require more aid than any others that I have ever treated. Two or three -men should take hold of the mare’s head and neck, to keep her down, -otherwise she will plunge about fearfully. One or two men should assist -the Surgeon, as the effort required for this operation is so great that -one man is soon exhausted. - -Two and three hours are often required to accomplish the object in -these cases, but I have succeeded in every one of them in preserving -the mare alive. - - - - -THE COW AND CALF. - - -[Illustration] - -The average period of gestation in the cow is 270 days; the shortest -120 days, and the longest 313 days. The calf is placed in the same -position, and in the same side of the cow, as is the foal in the mare. -Mal-presentations of calves are treated in the same manner as those of -the foal, with this advantage, that calves will live much longer than -the foal. I have had cases, where I extracted the calf twenty-four -hours after they were raised, and delivered them alive and sound. - -About two weeks before calving, the cow should have, in addition to -her ordinary food, a half pint of rye, evening and morning, as that is -a sure means of taking the cleaning right after the delivery of the -calf. Should this be neglected, she should be slopped with two quarts -of wheat bran and half a teacupful of flaxseed, twice a day. If the -cleaning does not come off on the third day, it should be twisted back -of the cow’s shape, until it becomes a solid cord, when a small knife -enclosed in the hand should be introduced into the womb, and the cord -cut off about fifteen inches from the entrance. This is about all that -will incommode the cow; the other will pass off about the ninth day, -and the cow will be all right. Should the cow have inflammation in the -udder, or any other place, she should be drenched with one lb. of Epsom -Salts. The horns should be examined, and if they are sometimes warm and -then cold again, a hole should be bored through them, about two inches -from the head, and the back of the cow should be fomented with very -strong salt-water; the tail should be slit on both sides about an inch -and a half. In extreme cases a charge should be boiled, and spread on -the loins, consisting of - - 1 pint of tar, - 2 oz. Rosin, - 2 oz. Beeswax. - -After the charge is spread on, it should be covered with tow or wool. - -Calves will sometimes, on account of the cow’s milk being burned, have -a severe Diarrhea. When this is the case they should be drenched with -milk from the cow, containing one large tablespoonful of wheat flour, -and half a teaspoonful of ginger. Should this not be sufficient, opium -may be added to it the size of two grains of wheat. - - - - -CLAP OR POX. - - -[Illustration] - -On the 7th day of June, 1853, a Stallion was brought under my -observation, owned by Christian Kerr, of Centre township, then -Union county, which had ten distinct ulcers on his penis, varying -in size from a pea to a dime. These ulcers were accompanied with a -discharge, sometimes bloody, emitting a very disagreeable odor, that -was perceptible at a distance of three or four rods. The attendant of -this horse, noticed these ulcers about five days previous to the time -I was consulted, when the marks were very small. He remarked to me, -that “people declined to allow his horse to cover their mares, stating, -that he was diseased with the pox.” And I actually found this to be the -case. I dressed the horse, and sent him away. - -That night I examined all the works veterinary Science that I could -command, and found but a single one that made the least mention of the -disease, but giving neither the cause or treatment of it. - -In less than a week, I had over twenty mares to attend, that were -affected by the horse. - -I treated the horse and mares according to the best of my judgment, -having first obtained the advice of an eminent human Physician, and I -soon became perfect master of the disease, and saved all but two mares -that were placed under my care. I found, that where the disease had -taken deep root and entered the system, every effort to save the animal -was in vain, and hence, I am satisfied, that where the disease has -been suffered to go unchecked, until it became so deeply rooted as to -vitiate the whole system, it is incurable. - - -CAUSE. - -Mares will sometime get in season early in the spring, when they will -discharge a thin, whitish fluid, resembling bluish milk, of a glutinous -nature, but very clean. If the mare does not become pregnant until the -latter part of May or the beginning of June, this fluid will change -into a mattery state, and will affect the parts in the region of the -womb to such an extent as to cause rawness and inflammation. - -A mare, that is in a condition as described above, is very apt to -communicate to the horse covering her, the disease of Gonorrhœa, or -Clap, especially if such horse be permitted to cover from five, twelve -and fifteen mares a day, where another horse, covering only once every -few days will escape unharmed. The reason of this is evident; the penis -of the one covering so many mares, becomes very tender and almost -transparent, so as almost to cause the blood to shine through it. - -Another instance in which a horse is apt to become diseased, is, when -he is suffered to cover a mare on the ninth day after she has undergone -the process of foaling. At this period there is still a discharge of -bloody matter, which is very apt to generate clap in an animal of the -opposite sex. - - -DESCRIPTION OF DISEASE. - -Sometimes there will appear on the penis of the Stallion, small white -blotches, on the surface of the skin, from the size of a pin’s head to -that of a grain of wheat, which, on the following day will be double -in size. On the third or fourth day, a pea might be set in the ulcers, -which will emit an offensive odor, and which will spread with great -rapidity. - -In the mare blotches will appear on the shape, of a deep red color, -apparently eaten through the surface of the skin, which will enlarge -very rapidly. In a day or two, small tumors will appear, extending from -the shape in a downward direction to the hams. These tumors are of -different sizes, varying from that of a pea to that of a half gallon -crock. They are of a very virulent nature, very often causing a painful -rawness in the entrance to the womb, and extending from one to one and -a half inches. - - -TREATMENT. - -The Stallion should be brought out to a fence, and a mare should be -placed on the other side of the fence, distant about one rod. This will -cause the Stallion to present his penis. A clean crock should be in -readiness, containing two ounces of chloride of lime, and two quarts -of lukewarm water. There should also be on hand a teacup, containing a -stem of nitrate of silver one fourth of an inch in length, which should -be pulverized and dissolved in tablespoonful of water. Another teacup -should be at hand, containing one teaspoonful of tincture of myrrh. - -In the crock there should be a sponge the size of an ordinary apple, -with a small stick tied to it. Each of the cups should be provided with -a small pencil, made of soft muslin, about the size of a quill. - -The operator should now draw on a pair of leather gloves, and seize the -penis at the point with the left hand, and with the right hand, take -the sponge and wash off the whole penis, from one end to the other. -Then stir up the cup containing the nitrate of silver, take the pencil -and anoint all the spots or marks on the penis; then follow with the -tincture of myrrh. - -This operation should be accomplished in less than fifteen minutes, and -the application should be made twice a day. - -The mare should be brought out with a blind bridle and collar on, and -tied with the head to a post. The tail should be doubled up and a rope -looped around it, and it should be drawn on the back and the rope tied -to the collar. Then the whole shape should be washed off with the -solution of chloride of lime; then anoint the marks with the nitrate of -silver, and also with the tincture of myrrh. At each operation these -preparations should be introduced about one and half inches within the -shape. - -Should any tumors have made their appearance, they must be dressed in -the same manner. If they are large and soft, they should be cut open -and then dressed in the same way. - -The foregoing disease has sometimes reappeared in other animals for -four years following my treatment of the above cases but by always -bringing them promptly to my notice, I succeeded invariably in checking -it, so that it never came to the same state as before. - - - - -COSTIVENESS IN COLTS. - - -Sometimes colts which are foaled early in the Spring, owing to the dry -food of the mare, will become so costive, that they will inevitably -die, if not relieved. As a general thing, this costiveness is confined -to the rectum. - -To relieve the colt, it should be drenched with half a teacupful of -milk from the mare, which should contain Barbadoes Aloes, the size -of a grain of corn, pulverized, and about an equal amount of ginger, -every six hours; at the same time an injection should be prepared, as -follows: take one quart of wheat bran, and pour on it three quarts of -boiling water. When cold draw off the liquid, add one teacupful of -sweet milk, half a teacupful of molasses. Then by means of a syringe -inject this composition into the rectum. Or, if a syringe cannot be -procured, a bladder with a clean piece of elder tied in the neck of -it may be introduced into the rectum. In a few minutes after, a finger -should be inserted in the rectum, when a small ball of excrement may -be taken out, about the size of a hickory-nut. I have often taken out -twelve and fourteen such balls in the course of twenty minutes. After -this no more medicine is needed. - - - - -DIARRHŒA. - - -Sometimes, the mare being fed too strong on rye chop feed, corn, or -mow-burned oats, or being overworked, the milk gets too strong, causing -a very severe diarrhœa in the colt. This will so much exhaust the colt, -that it will die in a week or two. - -TREATMENT.--If occasioned by feeding rye chop, or any of the above -named causes, discontinue the use of them, and substitute good oats and -hay, and give the colt, in half a teacupful of milk from the mare: - - One tablespoonful of wheat flour, - Opium, the size of two grains of wheat, - Ginger, half a teaspoonful, - -every six hours, until it will sere. Should the colt have pain, which -will be exhibited by lying down and attempting to roll on its back, and -groaning incessantly, the treatment should be changed. Take half a -teacupful of milk from the mare, - - One large teaspoonful of laudanum, - ” ” ” sweet spirits nitre, - ” ” ” spirits turpentine, - -every three hours, until relief is obtained. - -Or, boil very strong mint tea, and give two large tablespoonfuls every -hour until relieved. - - - - -FEEBLE COLTS. - - -Sometimes colts are very feeble when foaled. The cause may be -attributed to the atmosphere, or rather to an epidemic peculiar to some -localities. Many are brought forth so weak, that they are not able to -rise without assistance. A constant dropping of water from the navel -may be perceivable, and the colt becomes so much enfeebled that death -will shortly ensue. - - -CAUSE. - -Sometimes after death, on examination, the liver was found to be -decayed; at other times the kidneys. Sometimes a blister will be found -on one side of the lungs, the size of a hen’s egg, and as clear as -crystal, and filled with a fluid. At other times it is nothing but a -general debility of the system. - - -TREATMENT. - -The colt should be drenched with half a teacupful of milk from the -mare, which should contain, - - ½ teaspoonful of Ginger, - 1 tablespoonful of the best grape wine. - -A charge should be spread on the loins which should consist of - - ½ lb. of Tar, - 1 oz. of Rosin, - 1 oz. of Beeswax, - -boiled into pitch, the whole covered with tow or wool, and the colt -should be well attended to. They will sometimes recover in a few days. - -One came under my observation, that recovered after five weeks, and was -sold for an extra price four years afterwards. - - - - -CURE OF WOUNDS. - - -Horses are sometimes exposed to much danger, and will sometimes receive -the most extraordinary wounds. For the last ten years I have used very -little else, than a solution of the chloride of Lime. It is a sure -means of keeping out cold and inflammation. - -First clean the wound from all filthy matter, and bring it into a -healthy state, and in this manner nature will heal it as soon as the -best ointment in the world. - -Take chloride of Lime, 2 oz., dissolve it in 2 quarts of lukewarm -water. Then wash out the wound once a day. If it is deep and runs, a -syringe should be at hand in order to force the composition to every -part of it in the inside. Should proud flesh spring up at the entrance -of the wound, pulverized blue vitriol should be applied. In twenty-four -hours after the application, you can rub off from one fourth to one -half inch. Apply it again, until it gets below the surface of the -skin, then apply a little tincture of myrrh. - - - - -HINTS ABOUT FATTENING HOGS. - - -Give your hogs an abundance of charcoal. If any should be foundered, -take 2 ounces of Nitre, (salt-peter,) 1 ounce of Barbadoes Aloes, -pulverize it very fine, and give the one fourth part of it every six -hours. - - - - -HINTS ABOUT SHEEP. - - -Keep your sheep out of clover pasture. Scant blue grass is the pasture -for sheep. Salt once a week. Raise the floor of your fold from four to -six feet above the ground, board it only on three sides, and simply -lath it on the south side, and your sheep will be healthy and without -distemper. - - * * * * * - -ERRATA.--On page eleven, in the fifth line, instead of “entrance,” read -“whole.” - -FINIS. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Complete Treatise on the mare and foal -at the time of delivery, with illustra, by Conrad Mitchell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE TREATISE--MARE AND FOAL *** - -***** This file should be named 53203-0.txt or 53203-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/2/0/53203/ - -Produced by Dianna Adair, Robert Cicconetti and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Complete Treatise on the mare and foal at the time of delivery, with illustrations. - Also on cows and calves, with stallion and mare, when - diseased by Gonorrhea (clap) or Pox, also Diarrhea and - Costiveness in Colts. - -Author: Conrad Mitchell - -Release Date: October 3, 2016 [EBook #53203] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE TREATISE--MARE AND FOAL *** - - - - -Produced by Dianna Adair, Robert Cicconetti and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<h1>COMPLETE TREATISE<br /> -<span class="smaller">ON THE</span><br /> -MARE AND FOAL,<br /> -<span class="smaller">AT THE TIME OF DELIVERY,</span></h1> - -<p class="titlepage">WITH<br /> -ILLUSTRATIONS.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">ALSO ON<br /> -COWS AND CALVES,<br /> -<span class="smaller">WITH</span><br /> -<span class="larger">STALLION AND MARE,</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">WHEN DISEASED BY</span><br /> -<b>Gonorrhea</b> (clap) <b>or Pox</b>.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">ALSO</span><br /> -Diarrhea and Costiveness in Colts.</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -CONRAD MITCHELL.</p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">Volksfreund Print<br /> -Middleburg. PA.<br /> -1869</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage">Entered according to an Act of Congress,<br /> -in the year 1869, by</p> - -<p class="center">CONRAD MITCHELL,</p> - -<p class="center">in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court<br /> -of the United States for the Western<br /> -District of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> - -<p>Of all the beasts of the field, which -we are told, the Lord formed out of the -earth, and brought them unto Adam to -see what he would call them, none has -more engaged the attention of the historian -and the philosopher—none has figured -more in poetry, in war and in love, -than the horse.</p> - -<p>None of the writing, to which we could -point the reader, contains more frequent -mention, or more glowing descriptions of -the power and beauty of the horse, than -the great Book of Books.</p> - -<p>The Bible teaches us, that from whatever -land this animal may have been -originally brought into Egypt, that country -had already become a great horse -market, even before horses were known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> -in Arabia, the country with which we are -apt to associate all that is most interesting -of this noble beast. Geological researches, -however, have discovered fossil -remains of the horse in almost ever part -of the world—from the tropical plains of -India, to the frozen regions of Siberia—from -the northern extremities of the new -world, to the southern point of America. -But among the Hebrews, horses were rare -previous to the days of Solomon, who had -horses brought out of Egypt, after his -marriage with the daughter of Pharaoh, -and so rapidly did he multiply them by -purchase and by breeding, that those -kept for his own use required, as it is -written, “four thousand stables, and forty -thousand stalls.” Hence, when honored -by a visit from the beautiful queen of -Sheba, bringing with her, camels bearing -spices, and very much gold and precious -stones, it was doubtless in the contemplation -of his magnificent stud of horses and -chariots, kept for the amusement of his -wives and concubines, as well as for his -other vast displays of power and magnificence, -that her majesty exclaimed, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> -the fulness of her admiration: “Howbeit, -I believed not the words, until I came -and mine eyes had seen it, and behold -the half was not told unto me.”</p> - -<p>Veterinary science has also made great -progress from that time down to the present, -and in particular, in the last half -century, the structure of the horse—injuries -and diseases to which he is subject, -and the treatment of these, have been -investigated, in this country and abroad, -with much diligence and success, both in -colleges and in societies devoted to the -cultivation of veterinary knowledge, and -by practitioners, whose education and experience -render their observations worthy -of great respect; but notwithstanding all -this, there has always been, to the present -time, one point overlooked, which is of -greater importance, than any one that -has ever been investigated. I refer here -to a complete treatise on the Mare and -Foal at the time of delivery. This has -long been felt as a real want. Not a single -engraving, illustrating this subject -has ever been handed to the public, and -very little has been written on the treatment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -of the mare and the foal at the time -of delivery. When the best authors come -to this point, they say, “call in a veterinary -Surgeon.” But, I would ask, where -is the veterinary Surgeon to obtain his -information? And yet, not only the surgeon, -but every farmer and breeder should -possess a full knowledge of it.</p> - -<p>The man that first enters the stable -should be able to administer to the wants -of the mare and the foal. There is no -time to be lost—no time now to obtain -information, or to proceed four or five -miles for a surgeon. If all is right, in -five minutes all will be well, but if a false -position is presented, the first person that -approaches the animal should be able to -administer to the wants of the mare and -foal. If not, there is much danger for -the life of the foal, and in a few hours -much danger is to be feared for the safety -of the mare.</p> - -<p>I have had a very extensive practice in -the veterinary business for more than -nineteen years, and found it almost universally -to be the case, that in the event -of mal-presentation, the foal had suffocated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -before I could reach the spot, although -I was but a very few miles distant. -If the foal is raised from its locality, it -must be exposed to the free atmosphere -in twenty minutes or it will suffocate, and -the life of the mare will be much in danger. -Often, after I had extracted the -foal, I could have obtained twenty -dollars for restoring its life.</p> - -<p>I have frequently been urged by farmers -and breeders, to give them full instructions -on this subject, and especially, -at such times, when a difficult case presented -itself, but I always found it impracticable, -as verbal instruction would -soon be forgotten, and as no work, illustrating -this subject was in existence. I -was induced, therefore, in order to benefit -the farmer and breeder, to publish -a complete treatise on the mare and foal, -at the time of delivery, illustrated by -engravings. I had made an effort about -seven years ago, but that little instrument, -the “pen,” in my hand, is what the yoke -is to the ox, and so I abandoned it for -that time. The cart-whip in my hand is -a fine instrument, but the pen is my abhorrence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -Notwithstanding, at the earnest -request of numerous dealers in horses, I -was induced in the Spring of 1869, to -offer this work to the public, for the benefit -of the farmer and breeder, and in -mercy to the mare and foal.</p> - -<p>This work, as the reader will discover, -embraces every particular connected with -the subject upon which it treats, with ample -engravings, illustrating the different -positions in which a foal is presented—its -natural delivery—false presentations, etc., -with lucid explanations and instructions.</p> - -<p class="right">CONRAD MITCHELL.</p> - -<p>New Berlin, Pa., July, 1869.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate1"> - -<img src="images/plate1.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE I.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The above Engraving represents the -Foal, as it is folded up in the womb of -the Mare when fully developed, in the -right flank of the animal, the chest of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -the Foal toward the tail of the Mare, the -front legs turned backwards, and the hind -legs turned forward under the body of -the Foal, the head and neck turned back -in its left side, so that the head will rest -on the first false ribs. From the time of -covering the Mare, to the time of foaling, -generally requires a period of three hundred -and thirty days. A few instances, -however, came under my observation, in -which fine, full-grown, and healthy colts -were delivered in three hundred and -twelve days, while others delayed their -appearance for a period of three hundred -and ninety days, before the owner could -rejoice in the valuable prize brought to -his stable. The full chested, round trunked -mare will develope a foal much sooner -than the flat-sided, lean and camel-backed -one.</p> - -<p>In nine days after the covering of the -mare, the womb will begin to close about -fifteen inches from the entrance; at the -same time, the fecund seed of the horse -will change into bloody streaks, and the -balance becomes like cream on curdled -milk about six hours after it is strained,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -and in from forty to fifty days, the foal -will be regularly shaped, and about the -size of a small rat. At the same time a -membrane or skin will spread around the -entrance inside of the womb, from which -a number of small cords branch out, uniting -together as they run along, until they -form one cord, extending to the navel -of the foal, through which the blood of -the mare circulates in the foal, in order -to give it nourishment. At the same -time another membrane or skin is formed -around the foal, in which are contained -from four to six, and even eight quarts of -yellowish fluid, which answers a twofold -purpose: first, it prevents all friction -between the foal and membrane, and secondly, -it assists in raising the foal from -its locality. At the first throes of the -mare, the action of the womb will cause -the membrane or skin to protrude through -the entrance of the womb, and the fluid -will be forced into it, and the weight will -assist in raising the foal, until it will be -presented when the skin will break and -the channel will be opened for the foal -to breath.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate2"> - -<img src="images/plate2.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE II.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The above Engraving presents the natural -position of the foal in delivery. -The two front feet will be presented first, -and the muzzle or the nostrils will rest on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -the top of the legs, and the membrane -or skin around the foal, spoken of in <a href="#plate1">Plate -I</a>, will already protrude about two feet. -The hind legs will sink down more and -more, until they will be stretched out behind -horizontally. Sometimes one foot -will raise up too high and be forced against -the inside of the entrance. The -hand should be introduced and the foot -pushed back a few inches and then brought -back into the channel. Sometimes the -forehead will project against the upper -part of the entrance, when the hand -should be introduced, and hold should be -taken back of the poll, with a downward -pressure, the other hand to the muzzle to -raise it up, and a gentle pull should be -made, when all will be right in a few -minutes. The cord running to the navel -of the colt should be tied about one inch -from the surface of the skin, then cut off -about one inch from the string, or if no -string is at hand, the cord should be pressed -very tightly between the thumb and -the two first fingers of the hand for a few -minutes, then cut off, and it will bleed no -more. The colt should be drawn away<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -a few feet, but not toward the mare, as -she should not be disturbed. The mare -will lie down flat, apparently dead, and -will remain in this situation, five, ten, -and even sometimes thirty minutes, according -to the severity of the operation -she has undergone. Suddenly she will raise -her head, look about the stable, lie down -again, and roll three or four times on her -back, but never over her back, which is -done for the purpose of loosening the -membrane or lining of the womb spoken -of in <a href="#plate1">Plate I</a>, when she will rise up, go -after her offspring, lick and dry it, after -which the membrane and the afterbirth -will be discharged. When the colt is -dry, it should be assisted to its mother to -obtain nourishment.</p> - -<p>Sometimes the membrane attached to -the womb will remain fast, and in this -manner retain the afterbirth. In this case, -bleeding from three to four quarts, and -giving following dose of medicine in one -pint of flaxseed tea is recommended, viz:</p> - -<ul> -<li>1 oz. Laudanum,</li> -<li>1 oz. sweet Spirits of Niter.</li> -</ul> - -<p>This will correct everything in a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -hours. In some extreme cases, the membrane, -the afterbirth and the fluid contained -with the foal remained in the womb -after a complete separation from the womb, -causing such a strong inflammation, that -some parts had began to mortify. I have -bled copiously, and given one large tablespoonful -of fever medicine, composed -of</p> - -<ul> -<li>4 oz. of Nitre,</li> -<li>½ <span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-small">”</span> Digitalis,</li> -<li>½ <span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-small">”</span> Tartar Emetic,</li> -</ul> - -<p class="noindent">in one pint of Linseed tea, every three -hours, and by means of a syringe, or -bladder, with a clean piece of elder tied -in the neck, I have injected into the womb -from four to six quarts of Linseed tea, -which caused a copious discharge of bloody -matter from the womb, amounting sometimes -to a bucket full. In extraordinary -cases, the purifying organs were overpowered -and the mortified blood was carried -through the whole system, and even then -the mare recovered to a certain degree, -until in about a week afterwards her -hoofs came off, caused by the mortified -blood, and she was accordingly destroyed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate3"> - -<img src="images/plate3.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE III.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The above Engraving represents a false -presentation. The two fore feet are presented, -and the head remains behind in -the right flank of the mare. The operator<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -will be able to tell whether they are -the front or hind feet, by examining the -knee joints. Now, a bowl containing two -or three quarts of very warm water, with -a large tablespoonful of very fine lard or -linseed oil on the surface of the water, -should be at hand. Under no circumstances -should a hand or arm be introduced -to the mare, unless first thoroughly -warmed and greased, otherwise they are -rank poison to the mare. After the arm -is prepared, the fingers and thumb should -be brought to a point, and should be introduced, -following the channel, until the -neck of the foal is reached at Fig. 1, when -the full right hand should grasp the neck, -the left hand being supported against the -mare, when the operator should pull with -all his strength, in order to draw the neck -further up, when the hand should pass -down along the neck, still drawing as it -passes along, until reaching Fig. 2, the -ear, when he can make good progress, -until he can insert the middle finger in -the eye, at which point he is able to raise -the muzzle, Fig. 3, so far, that he may -close his hand over it, and in a minute,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -all will be right in the operation. But -let no one suppose, that this is accomplished -in ten or fifteen minutes. Sometimes -it may, but in many instances, I -have labored for an hour, and even two -and a half hours. In some cases, the -severe exertion, and the heat of the mare, -caused my arterial circulation to force so -powerfully in my arm, that I was often -afraid my veins would burst; in this -case I would withdraw my arm for a minute -or two, and then go to work again. In -my entire practice, I have failed but in -three cases, that of two mares and one -cow, to accomplish my object. I was often -called, where two, three, and even -four men had been summoned before me, -owing to the distance I lived away, and -succeeded in every instance where others -failed. I resolved not to fail in any case, -but this determination proved disastrous -to myself, inasmuch, as I became subject -to palpitation of the heart, so that I could -not follow my business for more than -twelve years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate4"> - -<img src="images/plate4.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE IV.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Of the cases represented in <a href="#plate3">Plate III</a>, I -had a large number; of such as are presented -in <a href="#plate4">Plate IV</a>, only a few, of which -I will describe only one. On the 13th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -of June, 1854, I was called to the premises -of Mr. George Braucher, in Hartley -township, Union county.</p> - -<p>In this case the hand and arm must be -prepared, as already described, and inserted -to the elbow, Fig. 1. A great amount of -force is required to raise the leg, until the -knee joint is brought up. The left hand -should then be warmed and greased by -an assistant, and introduced, placing it -on the knee-joint; the right hand should -then be passed down, grasp the foot, and -turn it backwards, when the left hand -should press inward with great force, and -with the right hand bring up the foot, -keeping it turned backwards. When the -foot is brought up, a rope should be attached -to the lower jaw of the foal, when -an assistant should take hold of the rope -and pull in a slightly downward direction; -in this way the foal will be delivered -with the greatest ease. Sometimes -one shoulder will present itself, and the -other will incline a little to the rear. Under -such circumstances, too much force -should not be employed; the foal should -be turned sometimes from right to left,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -and then again from left to right, frequently -introducing the hand, and moving -it around the foal. In all cases the -membrane or skin should be kept in its -proper position around the foal, as this -will greatly assist the work, and make it -one of comparative ease.</p> - -<p>In the above case, the foal presented -itself in the afternoon of the 12th, and -all the knowing men of the neighborhood -were summoned, and all of them labored -until night, when they were obliged to -give it up and pronounce it a failure.—The -next morning a messenger was sent -for me. I arrived at the spot at half past -ten o’clock, in the morning, and at twelve -o’clock noon, I had the object accomplished, -and we sat down to a hearty dinner. -In December 1868, the mare was -still alive.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate5"> - -<img src="images/plate5.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE V.</p> - -</div> - -<p>On the 30th day of April, 1855, when -about ready to retire to bed after a hard -day’s drive, two messengers, Mr. B. Cramer, -from Middlecreek, and Mr. Uriah<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -Berger, from Centre township, arrived at -my house together. After some consideration, -I concluded to accompany Mr. -Berger, and on arriving, I found a foal, -having presented itself as represented in -<a href="#plate5">the preceding Engraving</a>. Before my arrival, -three men had exerted all their -strength for an hour or more, to extract -it, but having failed, they left before my -arrival.</p> - -<p>In this case, the mare is very restless, -repeatedly rising up and lying down again. -It will require one man to attend -to the head of the mare, and two men -must take hold of the foal, raise it up -toward the tail of the mare, and bear inwards -with all their strength, when the -operator must put all his force to one of -the hind feet, and push that in at full -arm’s length; the other side must be -treated in the same manner. But let -each one bear in mind, when the foal is -moved inward, the mare will have pain -and that she will bear towards you, so that -sometimes but little is accomplished.</p> - -<p>We labored faithfully from eleven -o’clock until one, when I took a midnight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -meal and departed for Middlecreek -township.</p> - -<p>In some cases of the above kind, however, -I had accomplished my object in -much less time, than in this one.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate6"> - -<img src="images/plate6.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE VI.</p> - -</div> - -<p>On the 5th of May, 1855, I was called -to the premises of John Deabler, in Beaver -township, Snyder county, where I found -a foal presenting the tail, as represented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -in <a href="#plate6">Plate VI</a>. Presentations of this kind -occur but rarely. In this case the operator -must prepare his hand and arm as before -stated, and introduce it, taking hold -over the stifle-joint at Fig. 1, then, by -a strong effort, pull upward slipping his -hand down to Fig. 2, when he must draw -up the knee-joint as far as possible; then -place the left hand on the knee joint, and -pass the right hand down to Fig. 3, the -foot, grasp it firmly, and bend it backward, -at the same time pulling upward, -and with left the hand bearing inward, -when the foot will yield in a moment. -The other side must be dealt with in the -same manner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate7"> - -<img src="images/plate7.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE VII.</p> - -</div> - -<p><a href="#plate7">The above Engraving</a> represents the -foal with the hind feet foremost. They -will generally be projected against the -upper part of the entrance. It is best<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -to extract them in this position, as turning -them is almost impossible. The head -will remain so far behind, that it cannot -be reached. By keeping the membrane -or skin properly over the foal, there will -be but little difficulty experienced in extracting -it. The foal should sometimes -be drawn downward toward the feet of -the mare, and then upwards towards -the tail, frequently turning it half way -round, and then back again. The foal -will necessarily be dead.</p> - -<p>Many cases of this kind will occur in -a neighborhood in the course of twenty -years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate8"> - -<img src="images/plate8.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE VIII.</p> - -</div> - -<p><a href="#plate8">The above Engraving</a> represents a foal -which has died from some cause or other -about nine days ago, the mare wanting -the proper pains to deliver it. The foal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> -is now bloated to such an extent, that it -is in a condition to rupture the womb, -and the hand can not be passed around -the foal. It is an utter impossibility to -extract it in the usual way. The operator -must procure a knife, very straight in -the blade, from twelve to fifteen inches -in length, wrap the whole blade in a piece -of muslin, take the point of the knife in -his left hand, turning the edge downward, -put his hand in the entrance of the womb -and run it down until he reaches the -chest of the foal. He must then introduce -the right hand, grasp the handle, -and hold it firm; then with the left hand -he will slip the muslin from the blade, -and with the first finger of the left hand -find the spot where the windpipe comes -out of the chest. After the point of the -knife is set, the right hand must force -the blade, to its full length if possible, -through the Diaphragm, and then withdraw -it. The left hand must retain its -hold upon the muslin during the entire -operation, and as the blade is withdrawn -from the foal, it must again be carefully -wrapped around the knife, the left hand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> -seizing the point in the same manner as -when it was introduced. After the arm -holding the knife is withdrawn, a very -nauseous gas will escape, and in a short -time the front feet may be reached, then -the head, after which the operation will -proceed as described in the foregoing -pages.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="plate9"> - -<img src="images/plate9.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLATE IX.</p> - -</div> - -<p>On the 20th day of May, 1854, I was -called to the field of Mr. Sem Schoch, of -New Berlin, Union county, Pa., where I -found a mare in the act of foaling, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -which the foal presented the four feet at -once. These cases are of rare occurrence, -and it is well for the veterinary Surgeon, -or his life would be a brief one. I never -injured myself at any work to a greater -extent, than I did in treating these -cases.</p> - -<p>Sometimes the hoofs will only protrude -from the entrance, leaving the whole -body of the foal in a curved position -the head being turned backward, as described -in <a href="#plate9">the foregoing Engraving</a>. The -head should be brought forward, but I -always found it impossible in every case -of this description, to accomplish this. -A cord must be looped around the hind -legs, to avoid losing them; then the four -legs must be put back again as far as -possible, and the foal must be turned, in -order to get the head down and the back -up.</p> - -<p>If an effort was made to extract the -foal as it is presented, the back would -come in below, and the operation would -be impossible; but if it is properly turned, -it may be extracted in the same manner, -as those which present only the hind<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -feet, as already described. These cases -require more aid than any others that I -have ever treated. Two or three men -should take hold of the mare’s head and -neck, to keep her down, otherwise she -will plunge about fearfully. One or two -men should assist the Surgeon, as the effort -required for this operation is so great -that one man is soon exhausted.</p> - -<p>Two and three hours are often required -to accomplish the object in these cases, -but I have succeeded in every one of them -in preserving the mare alive.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<h2>THE COW AND CALF.</h2> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/cow.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="A group of farm animals: pigs, cows and sheep" /> - -</div> - -<p>The average period of gestation in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -cow is 270 days; the shortest 120 days, -and the longest 313 days. The calf is -placed in the same position, and in the -same side of the cow, as is the foal in the -mare. Mal-presentations of calves are -treated in the same manner as those of -the foal, with this advantage, that calves -will live much longer than the foal. I -have had cases, where I extracted the -calf twenty-four hours after they were -raised, and delivered them alive and -sound.</p> - -<p>About two weeks before calving, the -cow should have, in addition to her ordinary -food, a half pint of rye, evening -and morning, as that is a sure means of -taking the cleaning right after the delivery -of the calf. Should this be neglected, -she should be slopped with two quarts -of wheat bran and half a teacupful of -flaxseed, twice a day. If the cleaning -does not come off on the third day, it -should be twisted back of the cow’s shape, -until it becomes a solid cord, when a -small knife enclosed in the hand should -be introduced into the womb, and the cord -cut off about fifteen inches from the entrance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -This is about all that will incommode -the cow; the other will pass -off about the ninth day, and the cow will -be all right. Should the cow have inflammation -in the udder, or any other -place, she should be drenched with one -lb. of Epsom Salts. The horns should -be examined, and if they are sometimes -warm and then cold again, a hole should -be bored through them, about two inches -from the head, and the back of the cow -should be fomented with very strong salt-water; -the tail should be slit on both -sides about an inch and a half. In extreme -cases a charge should be boiled, -and spread on the loins, consisting of</p> - -<ul> -<li>1 pint of tar,</li> -<li>2 oz. Rosin,</li> -<li>2 oz. Beeswax.</li> -</ul> - -<p>After the charge is spread on, it should -be covered with tow or wool.</p> - -<p>Calves will sometimes, on account of -the cow’s milk being burned, have a severe -Diarrhea. When this is the case they -should be drenched with milk from the -cow, containing one large tablespoonful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -of wheat flour, and half a teaspoonful of -ginger. Should this not be sufficient, -opium may be added to it the size of two -grains of wheat.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<h2>CLAP OR POX.</h2> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> - -<img src="images/pox.jpg" width="400" height="300" alt="A horse with a diseased penis. Glad you've got images turned off?" /> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the 7th day of June, 1853, a Stallion -was brought under my observation, -owned by Christian Kerr, of Centre township, -then Union county, which had ten -distinct ulcers on his penis, varying in -size from a pea to a dime. These ulcers -were accompanied with a discharge, sometimes -bloody, emitting a very disagreeable -odor, that was perceptible at a distance -of three or four rods. The attendant -of this horse, noticed these ulcers -about five days previous to the time I was -consulted, when the marks were very -small. He remarked to me, that “people -declined to allow his horse to cover -their mares, stating, that he was diseased -with the pox.” And I actually found -this to be the case. I dressed the horse, -and sent him away.</p> - -<p>That night I examined all the works<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -veterinary Science that I could command, -and found but a single one that made the -least mention of the disease, but giving -neither the cause or treatment of it.</p> - -<p>In less than a week, I had over twenty -mares to attend, that were affected by -the horse.</p> - -<p>I treated the horse and mares according -to the best of my judgment, having -first obtained the advice of an eminent -human Physician, and I soon became -perfect master of the disease, and saved -all but two mares that were placed under -my care. I found, that where the disease -had taken deep root and entered the -system, every effort to save the animal -was in vain, and hence, I am satisfied, -that where the disease has been suffered -to go unchecked, until it became so deeply -rooted as to vitiate the whole system, -it is incurable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> - -<h3>CAUSE.</h3> - -<p>Mares will sometime get in season -early in the spring, when they will discharge -a thin, whitish fluid, resembling -bluish milk, of a glutinous nature, but -very clean. If the mare does not become -pregnant until the latter part of -May or the beginning of June, this fluid -will change into a mattery state, and will -affect the parts in the region of the womb -to such an extent as to cause rawness and -inflammation.</p> - -<p>A mare, that is in a condition as described -above, is very apt to communicate -to the horse covering her, the disease of -Gonorrhœa, or Clap, especially if such -horse be permitted to cover from five, -twelve and fifteen mares a day, where -another horse, covering only once every -few days will escape unharmed. The -reason of this is evident; the penis of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -the one covering so many mares, becomes -very tender and almost transparent, so -as almost to cause the blood to shine -through it.</p> - -<p>Another instance in which a horse is -apt to become diseased, is, when he is -suffered to cover a mare on the ninth day -after she has undergone the process of -foaling. At this period there is still a -discharge of bloody matter, which is -very apt to generate clap in an animal of -the opposite sex.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> - -<h3>DESCRIPTION OF DISEASE.</h3> - -<p>Sometimes there will appear on the -penis of the Stallion, small white blotches, -on the surface of the skin, from the -size of a pin’s head to that of a grain of -wheat, which, on the following day will -be double in size. On the third or fourth -day, a pea might be set in the ulcers, -which will emit an offensive odor, and -which will spread with great rapidity.</p> - -<p>In the mare blotches will appear on -the shape, of a deep red color, apparently -eaten through the surface of the skin, -which will enlarge very rapidly. In a -day or two, small tumors will appear, -extending from the shape in a downward -direction to the hams. These tumors are -of different sizes, varying from that of a -pea to that of a half gallon crock. They -are of a very virulent nature, very often -causing a painful rawness in the entrance -to the womb, and extending from -one to one and a half inches.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> - -<h3>TREATMENT.</h3> - -<p>The Stallion should be brought out to -a fence, and a mare should be placed on -the other side of the fence, distant about -one rod. This will cause the Stallion to -present his penis. A clean crock should -be in readiness, containing two ounces of -chloride of lime, and two quarts of lukewarm -water. There should also be on -hand a teacup, containing a stem of nitrate -of silver one fourth of an inch in -length, which should be pulverized and -dissolved in tablespoonful of water. Another -teacup should be at hand, containing -one teaspoonful of tincture of myrrh.</p> - -<p>In the crock there should be a sponge -the size of an ordinary apple, with a -small stick tied to it. Each of the cups -should be provided with a small pencil, -made of soft muslin, about the size of a -quill.</p> - -<p>The operator should now draw on a -pair of leather gloves, and seize the penis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -at the point with the left hand, and with -the right hand, take the sponge and wash -off the whole penis, from one end to the -other. Then stir up the cup containing -the nitrate of silver, take the pencil and -anoint all the spots or marks on the penis; -then follow with the tincture of -myrrh.</p> - -<p>This operation should be accomplished -in less than fifteen minutes, and the application -should be made twice a day.</p> - -<p>The mare should be brought out with a -blind bridle and collar on, and tied with -the head to a post. The tail should be -doubled up and a rope looped around it, -and it should be drawn on the back and -the rope tied to the collar. Then the -whole shape should be washed off with -the solution of chloride of lime; then -anoint the marks with the nitrate of silver, -and also with the tincture of myrrh. -At each operation these preparations -should be introduced about one and half -inches within the shape.</p> - -<p>Should any tumors have made their -appearance, they must be dressed in the -same manner. If they are large and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -soft, they should be cut open and then -dressed in the same way.</p> - -<p>The foregoing disease has sometimes reappeared -in other animals for four years -following my treatment of the above cases -but by always bringing them promptly -to my notice, I succeeded invariably in -checking it, so that it never came to the -same state as before.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> - -<h2>COSTIVENESS IN COLTS.</h2> - -<p>Sometimes colts which are foaled early -in the Spring, owing to the dry food of -the mare, will become so costive, that -they will inevitably die, if not relieved. -As a general thing, this costiveness is -confined to the rectum.</p> - -<p>To relieve the colt, it should be drenched -with half a teacupful of milk from the -mare, which should contain Barbadoes -Aloes, the size of a grain of corn, pulverized, -and about an equal amount of -ginger, every six hours; at the same time -an injection should be prepared, as follows: -take one quart of wheat bran, and -pour on it three quarts of boiling water. -When cold draw off the liquid, add one -teacupful of sweet milk, half a teacupful -of molasses. Then by means of a syringe -inject this composition into the rectum. -Or, if a syringe cannot be procured, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> -bladder with a clean piece of elder tied -in the neck of it may be introduced into -the rectum. In a few minutes after, a -finger should be inserted in the rectum, -when a small ball of excrement may be -taken out, about the size of a hickory-nut. -I have often taken out twelve and -fourteen such balls in the course of twenty -minutes. After this no more medicine -is needed.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> - -<h2>DIARRHŒA.</h2> - -<p>Sometimes, the mare being fed too -strong on rye chop feed, corn, or mow-burned -oats, or being overworked, the -milk gets too strong, causing a very severe -diarrhœa in the colt. This will so much -exhaust the colt, that it will die in a -week or two.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Treatment.</span>—If occasioned by feeding -rye chop, or any of the above named -causes, discontinue the use of them, and -substitute good oats and hay, and give -the colt, in half a teacupful of milk from -the mare:</p> - -<ul> -<li>One tablespoonful of wheat flour,</li> -<li>Opium, the size of two grains of wheat,</li> -<li>Ginger, half a teaspoonful,</li> -</ul> - -<p class="noindent">every six hours, until it will sere. Should -the colt have pain, which will be exhibited -by lying down and attempting to roll -on its back, and groaning incessantly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -the treatment should be changed. Take -half a teacupful of milk from the mare,</p> - -<ul> -<li>One large teaspoonful of laudanum,</li> -<li><span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> sweet spirits nitre,</li> -<li><span class="ditto-small">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> <span class="ditto-large">”</span> spirits turpentine,</li> -</ul> - -<p class="noindent">every three hours, until relief is obtained.</p> - -<p>Or, boil very strong mint tea, and give -two large tablespoonfuls every hour until -relieved.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> - -<h2>FEEBLE COLTS.</h2> - -<p>Sometimes colts are very feeble when -foaled. The cause may be attributed to -the atmosphere, or rather to an epidemic -peculiar to some localities. Many are -brought forth so weak, that they are not -able to rise without assistance. A constant -dropping of water from the navel -may be perceivable, and the colt becomes -so much enfeebled that death will shortly -ensue.</p> - -<h3>CAUSE.</h3> - -<p>Sometimes after death, on examination, -the liver was found to be decayed; at -other times the kidneys. Sometimes a -blister will be found on one side of the -lungs, the size of a hen’s egg, and as clear -as crystal, and filled with a fluid. At -other times it is nothing but a general debility -of the system.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> - -<h3>TREATMENT.</h3> - -<p>The colt should be drenched with half -a teacupful of milk from the mare, which -should contain,</p> - -<ul> -<li>½ teaspoonful of Ginger,</li> -<li>1 tablespoonful of the best grape wine.</li> -</ul> - -<p>A charge should be spread on the loins -which should consist of</p> - -<ul> -<li>½ lb. of Tar,</li> -<li>1 oz. of Rosin,</li> -<li>1 oz. of Beeswax,</li> -</ul> - -<p class="noindent">boiled into pitch, the whole covered with -tow or wool, and the colt should be well -attended to. They will sometimes recover -in a few days.</p> - -<p>One came under my observation, that -recovered after five weeks, and was sold -for an extra price four years afterwards.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CURE OF WOUNDS.</h2> - -<p>Horses are sometimes exposed to much -danger, and will sometimes receive the -most extraordinary wounds. For the -last ten years I have used very little else, -than a solution of the chloride of Lime. -It is a sure means of keeping out cold -and inflammation.</p> - -<p>First clean the wound from all filthy -matter, and bring it into a healthy -state, and in this manner nature will -heal it as soon as the best ointment in the -world.</p> - -<p>Take chloride of Lime, 2 oz., dissolve -it in 2 quarts of lukewarm water. Then -wash out the wound once a day. If it -is deep and runs, a syringe should be at -hand in order to force the composition -to every part of it in the inside. Should -proud flesh spring up at the entrance of -the wound, pulverized blue vitriol should -be applied. In twenty-four hours after -the application, you can rub off from one -fourth to one half inch. Apply it again,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -until it gets below the surface of the -skin, then apply a little tincture of myrrh.</p> - -<hr /> - -<h2>HINTS ABOUT FATTENING HOGS.</h2> - -<p>Give your hogs an abundance of charcoal. -If any should be foundered, take -2 ounces of Nitre, (salt-peter,) 1 ounce -of Barbadoes Aloes, pulverize it very -fine, and give the one fourth part of it -every six hours.</p> - -<hr /> - -<h2>HINTS ABOUT SHEEP.</h2> - -<p>Keep your sheep out of clover pasture. -Scant blue grass is the pasture for sheep. -Salt once a week. Raise the floor of your -fold from four to six feet above the ground, -board it only on three sides, and simply -lath it on the south side, and your sheep -will be healthy and without distemper.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Errata.</span>—On <a href="#Page_11">page eleven</a>, in the fifth -line, instead of “entrance,” read “whole.”</p> - -<p class="titlepage">FINIS.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Complete Treatise on the mare and foal -at the time of delivery, with illustra, by Conrad Mitchell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE TREATISE--MARE AND FOAL *** - -***** This file should be named 53203-h.htm or 53203-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/2/0/53203/ - -Produced by Dianna Adair, Robert Cicconetti and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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