diff options
20 files changed, 17 insertions, 4801 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce03b44 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52853 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52853) diff --git a/old/52853-0.txt b/old/52853-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ca6be9e..0000000 --- a/old/52853-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2313 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sketches of St. Augustine, by R. K. Sewall - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Sketches of St. Augustine - -Author: R. K. Sewall - -Release Date: August 19, 2016 [EBook #52853] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif, Broward County Library and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - [Illustration: BAY ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.] - - - - - SKETCHES - OF - ST. AUGUSTINE. - - WITH A VIEW OF ITS - HISTORY AND ADVANTAGES - AS A - RESORT FOR INVALIDS. - - BY - R. K. SEWALL. - - NEW-YORK: - PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY - GEORGE P. PUTNAM, 155 BROADWAY. - 1848. - - - Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by - GEORGE P. PUTNAM, - in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District - of New-York. - - - LEAVITT, TROW & CO., - _Printers and Stereotypers_, - 49 Ann-street, N. Y. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -This brief account of one of the most interesting towns in this country, -in many historical points of view, has been prepared to meet the wants -of those who may desire to learn something of the place in view of a -sojourn, or who may already have come hither in search of health. - -The work makes no pretension to fullness of detail, nor to absolute -perfection in any particular. It is rather a glimpse at, than a full -history of, the place, though it gives such a connected view of the -course of events, as to satisfy the curiosity of such as come among us, -(and which every sojourner feels the want of,) so far as the lights we -now have can aid us in a knowledge of the past. - -I have availed myself of such helps, in the few works written, as I -could find, which speak of the place. - -But the field of historical researched upon which I have entered, I find -too extensive to be compressed in all its interesting particulars into a -work of this sort. The gleanings, therefore, must for the present -suffice. - - THE AUTHOR. - -_St. Augustine, June 20, 1848._ - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - CHAPTER I. - - .....PAGE. - - Location--Description--Antiquity--Distant Appearance--Public - Places--Public Works of the City.....7 - - - CHAPTER II. - - Early Settlement--Founder--The Objects of his Voyage from - Spain--Character--Entrance into the Harbor--Name--Massacre of the - Huguenot Protestants--Slaughter at Matanzas--Drake’s Attack--Indian - Assault--Contribution laid on the City by Davis, the Bucanier--The - Bucaniers--Expedition of Gov. Moore of South Carolina--Causes of - the same--Col. Palmer’s Attack--Oglethorp’s Invasion--Minorcan - Inhabitants--Patriot War--Purchase of Florida by the United - States--Change of Flags--Frost of 1835--Orange Trade and Groves--Fruit - Growing in East Florida--Tropical Luxuries produced--Inducements to - Agriculturists from the North.....18 - - - CHAPTER III. - - Climate of Florida--Testimony of Physicians--Coast Climate--Its - Advantages--Class of Diseases favorably affected by a Residence - in the Climate--St. Augustine as a Place of Resort for - Invalids--Accommodations--Society--Tables of Temperature of the - Climate, exhibiting the Degree of Changes during the Month and Year, - as compared with Foreign Places of Resort--Customs--Conveyances to the - City....49 - - - - - SKETCHES. - - - - -CHAPTER I - -LOCATION. - - -This city, the ancient metropolis of the Spanish Province of East -Florida, is situated near the Atlantic coast, little south of the 30th -parallel of north latitude. The southern point of a narrow peninsula, -formed by the confluence of the waters of the St. Sebastian River and -the sea, which here is backed in behind Anastatia Island, through the -inlets of North River and Matanzas bar, is the site on which the city -stands. - -The island, behind which takes place an expansion of these waters into a -beautiful harbor, accessible to all classes of vessels drawing nine -feet, which is the depth on the bar at low water, is a long, low, and -narrow body of sand and coquina, or shell rock, which is covered with -various shrubbery; and though it affords a barrier to the surf of the -Atlantic, it does not obstruct the cooling sea-breeze, nor indeed a -prospect of the ocean from elevated stations. - - -PECULIARITIES. - -The town is nearly surrounded with salt water. The face of the country, -skirting on the seaboard, from Cape Hatteras hither, is low, level, and -sandy. This feature prevails southward to near Cape Florida; when the -rock-bound shore, the rudiments of which begin with the coquina -formation opposite the city, again is made the barrier against the -encroachments of the sea, and continues until it is broken up among the -keys of the Florida archipelago. - -The country around the city, is a plain of sandy shell soil, termed -“pine barren.” With this the city is joined, on the west, by a -substantial bridge over the St. Sebastian River; and on the north, in a -neck of land over a stone causeway. Egress at this point is made from -the city by a thoroughfare, once commanded by a fortified trench and -gateway. On the east, are the harbor and bay, which open in a beautiful -sheet of water, over which, towering above the sand hills, on the -adjacent island, is seen the light-house, originally a fortified -“look-out,” where the Spanish sentry watched against danger. - -The peninsula on which the city stands is said to have been originally a -“shell hammock.” The soil consists of shell and sand, with an -intermixture of vegetable mould. The surface has but a slight elevation -above the level of the surrounding water. Both these circumstances are -favorable. In wet weather, the texture of the soil is favorable to a -rapid extraction of the super-abundant moisture from the surface; and in -dry weather, the slight elevation of the land above the sea, enables it -to withstand drought,--the waters percolating through the soil, refresh -vegetation. - -These things conspire to promote the health of the city, inclosed as it -is by the arms of the sea, to whose salubrious and refreshing breezes it -is entirely open. - - -DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY. - -The city of St. Augustine is built in the style of an ancient Spanish -military town. The plan of the city is a parallelogram, traversed -longitudinally by two principal streets the whole length. These are -intersected at right angles, transversely, by several cross streets, -which divide the city into squares. Though not larger than many of our -New England villages, the city is nevertheless regularly laid out, as it -was intended to be compactly built, each square having more or less -space, once occupied with groves of the orange, which a few years since -were the glory and wealth of the place. Indeed, it was once a forest of -sturdy orange trees, in whose rich foliage of deep green, variegated -with golden fruit, the buildings of the city were embosomed; and whose -fragrance filled the body of the surrounding atmosphere so as to attract -the notice of passers by on the sea; and whose delicious fruit was the -great staple of export. - -The harbor fronts on the east, and is furnished with good wharves. The -sandy beach of the St. Sebastian brings up the rear on the west, -affording space for a delightful drive around the city; while a once -thrifty but now ruinous suburb--the bubble of speculation in “morus -multicaulus” times--called the North City, fills the background on the -north. - - -BUILDINGS. - -The coquina rock, a concretion of sand and shell formed on the -neighboring sea-beach on the south side of the bar and on the -island--the upper extremity of which opens in sheets, ready for -quarrying, and on which quarries are now extensively worked--is the -principal building material. The streets are excessively narrow, and are -furnished with neither side-walks nor pavements. The houses are usually -two-story buildings, generally crowded into the streets; and are built -without much regard to architectural style or ornamental beauties. - -Not unfrequently a piazza projects from the base of the second story, -which in some cases is inclosed with movable Venetian shutters, so as to -control the draft of air, and increase or abate it at pleasure. - -These appendages, though they add greatly to the comfort of the -occupants, nevertheless disfigure the buildings by impairing their -symmetrical proportions. The piazza, especially, awakens a sensation of -peril, as one passes for the first time on horseback through the -streets, particularly if he has been accustomed to the broad -thoroughfares and elevated structures of a northern Anglo-American city. -The contrast is great. - - -GREAT ANTIQUITY OF THE CITY. - -In all its outlines and main features, this city is deeply traced with -the furrows of age. It also wears a foreign aspect to the eye of an -American. Ruinous buildings, of antique and foreign model, vacant lots, -broken inclosures, and a rough, tasteless exterior, scarred by the -ravages of fire and time, awaken a sense of discomfort and desolation in -the mind of a stranger. - - -APPEARANCE. - -From the sea, as you enter the inlet from the harbor, the city presents -a fine view. Any distant prospect is decidedly pleasing. Its -deformities--the narrow streets--dilapidated buildings, with their -projecting piazzas--are lost to the eye in the distance; in which, also, -unity of effect is produced by the regularity of the plan on which the -city is built; which effect is heightened greatly by the ornamental -trees, whose foliage screens many of the houses--the overshadowing pride -of India--and the vigorous “morus multicaulus.” There is, however, much -to relieve the first unfavorable impressions of a stranger. Its -comfortless appearance is the effect of first impressions, which of -course are superficial, and often delusive. The blighted stocks of -desolate orange groves--the tokens of decay--the obvious lack of -industry and taste, and the consequent want of thrift--on a close -inspection, are relieved by a constant succession of images of the past, -illustrative of the character of Castilian mind in a heroic and -barbarous age. Moreover, there is a rapid transition in progress. This -ancient city is being transformed into American features, both in its -external appearance, and in the habits and customs of the people. - -Many of its recent edifices are in the neat, attractive style of -American village architecture. Especially is this the case in the -neighborhood of the Magnolia House. - - -PUBLIC PLACES. - -The city has a public square, or inclosed common. In the centre, a -monument some sixteen or eighteen feet high, has been erected. It -commemorates the giving of a constitutional basis to the Spanish -government. On its fronts, the following Spanish sentence is -engraved:--“Plaza de la Constitution.” - -The three sides of this square, or plaza, are now bounded by as many -streets, fronting on which are the public buildings. The Government -House, now used as a hall of justice, and for public offices, stands on -the west front. On the east, near to the water, are the market -buildings. The Roman Catholic Cathedral, surmounted with the vertical -section of a bell-shaped pyramid, which supports a chime of bells, and -which terminates in a small cross, stands on the north; and on the -opposite south front is the Episcopal Church, a neat, well-proportioned -Gothic edifice, having a spire and bell. - -The Presbyterian and Methodist Churches, the former north and the latter -south from the common, on the same street, are well-built, substantial -houses of worship, of - -[Illustration: CATHOLIC CHURCH, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.] - -[Illustration: FORT MARION, ST. AUGUSTINE. E.F.] - -simple Grecian style of architecture and neat American finish. - - -PUBLIC WORKS. - -St. Francis Barracks, on the southern extreme of the city; Fort Marion, -on the north, with its water-battery and the sea-wall, are among the -objects of historical and military interest within the city. - -The sea-wall is erected of the native coquina rock. The upper stratum is -granite flagging stone. This important work is more than a mile in -extent, and of sufficient width for two to walk on it abreast. As a -public promenade, as well as a fortification against the encroachments -of the sea, it is of great use; and it is also a place of universal and -of delightful resort. - -This wall incloses two beautiful basins, furnished also with stone -steps. These are the points of embarkation and of debarkation for the -numerous boatmen who navigate the neighboring waters for pleasure and -for profit. - -The Castle is a fortress of great strength, covering several acres, and -built entirely of stone from the neighboring coquina quarries, and -according to the most approved principles of military science. It is -said to be a “good specimen of military architecture.” - -Its walls are twenty-one feet high, terminating in four bastioned -angles, at the several corners, each of which is surmounted with towers -corresponding. “The whole is casemated and bomb-proof.” This work is -inclosed in a wide and deep ditch, with perpendicular walls of -mason-work, over which is thrown a bridge, originally protected by a -draw. - -Within its massive walls are numerous cells. On the north side, opposite -the main entrance, is one fitted up as a Romish church. It has now -become converted into a storehouse for military fixtures. These rooms -are at best dark, dungeon-like abodes; and, by natural association, they -revive the recollection of scenes characteristic of a dark and cruel -age. - -Some of these gloomy retreats, though like Bunyan’s giant Despair they -now can only grin in ghastly silence at the Pilgrim stranger, yet look -as if they were once the strong-holds of despotic power. With this -character the gossip of common fame also charges them. - -The Castle commands the entrance to the harbor. Its water battery is -furnished with a complement of Paixhan guns of heavy caliber. These are -in a state of readiness to be mounted. - -The Castle is a place of chief and universal attraction to the curious -stranger. On approaching the main entrance, through the principal -gateway, the first object of interest is a Spanish inscription, engraved -on the solid rock immediately over head, and under the arms of Spain, -and is as follows, viz.:[1] “Reynando en Espana el son Don Fernando -Sexto y Sierdo Governador y Capitan General di esta Plaza de San -Augustine de Florida y su Provincia el Moriscal de Campo Dn. Alonzo -Fernandez de Herida se conduyo este Castello el ano de 1756 dirigendo -las abras et Capitan ynginero Don Pedro de Brazas y Garay.” - -On reaching the interior of the Fort, the several apartments may be -explored, except those where the magazine is found, and those which are -used as cells for prisoners--the State being permitted to confine its -prisoners therein. - -Within the bastion of the northeast angle, far under ground, is a dark, -dungeon-like recess, constructed of solid mason-work. Before entering -here, the guide will furnish himself with a torchlight of pitch-wood. - -This place was accidentally discovered soon after the work fell into the -hands of the American army. It was then walled up, and was not before -known to have had an existence. Of this concealed retreat, Rumor has -whispered strange things. - -A human skeleton, with the fragments of a pair of boots and an empty mug -for water, it is alleged were discovered within. As to the history of -the place--whether it was once an inquisitorial chamber, or the scene of -vengeance, where bigotry invoked the secular arm to silence heretical -tongues, and suppress heretical thoughts; and as to the name, character, -standing, guilt or innocence, pleasures or pains, of the poor -unfortunate to whom the boots and bones belonged, there is silence. -Either Fame has been unable to catch the echo through the lapse of -time, or shame bids her be silent, or horror has paralyzed her tongue. - -By these, and like rumors, either truth or fiction has succeeded in -investing this place with mysterious and melancholy interest to an -American citizen. - -The Barracks occupy a spot on which were the ruins of an ancient monkish -retreat, near the south end. The main building is a substantial -structure, of large dimensions and neat appearance. The prospect from -it, of the harbor, bar, ocean, and neighboring country, is delightful. -Its location is one of the most eligible in the city. A large space is -inclosed in rear of the main building, for a garden; the southern -extremity of which is occupied as a military burial ground, where repose -the ashes of the major part of the regular force of the United States, -who fell in battle during the recent bloody Seminole war. Chaste and -beautiful monuments with appropriate inscriptions, mark the spot where -sleep the gory dead. - -Here, beneath two pyramids, together in one bed repose the ashes of one -hundred and seven men--the gallant Major Dade and his intrepid -warriors--a sacrifice to the vengeance of the brave and warlike -Seminole, who with the Indian agent were the first fruits of the -terrible threat of Osceola, who having indignantly rejected all -overtures on the part of the government to leave the graves of his -fathers, on closing his intercourse with the government agent, being -refused the right of purchasing powder, thus addressed himself to Gen. -Thompson: “Am I a negro? a slave? My skin is dark, but not black. I am -an Indian--a Seminole. The - -[Illustration: MILITARY BURIAL GROUND, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.] - -white man shall not make me black! I will make the white man red with -blood; and then blacken him in the sun and rain, where the wolf shall -smell his bones, and the buzzard live upon his flesh!”[2] The extreme -point of the peninsula, south, on which the city is located, is occupied -with the outlines of an ancient breastwork, in a ruinous condition, and -the United States Arsenal buildings. - -On the whole, it will be seen, from the facts above stated, that this -city is not without its interest to the antiquary and to the historian. -If not old Spain in miniature, it is a chip of the block of the old in -the new world, a relic of the past interwoven with the texture of the -present age. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -HISTORY--EARLY SETTLEMENT. - - -This city is by forty years the oldest town within the limits of the -United States of America. It was the offspring of the religious bigotry, -fanaticism, and jealousy, of a barbarous but heroic age. - -On the 8th of September, 1565, at noonday, on the celebration of a -religious festival in honor of Mary, the virgin goddess of Papal homage -and superstitious reverence, a creature of the Spanish government, Pedro -Melendez by name, who had recently crossed from the old world, entered -this harbor, debarked, and taking formal possession of the country, -proclaimed Philip II king of North America, had the service of Mass -performed, and the foundations of the town immediately laid. - - -THE ORIGINAL FOUNDER. - -Pedro Melendez was a man of blood. His bigotry had been nourished, says -the historian, in the wars against the Protestants of Holland. He had -also acquired wealth and notoriety in the conquests of Spanish America. - -But there he had been guilty of such excesses, and pursued a course of -such rapacity, that his conduct had provoked inquiry. It ended in his -arrest and conviction. The king confirmed sentence against him. To -recover the favor of his sovereign, retrieve his character, if not to -atone for his crimes, Melendez devised the scheme of conquering, -colonizing, and converting to the faith of Papacy, the Province of -Florida. He agreed also to import five hundred negro slaves. - -In the meanwhile, a company of French Huguenots, in their flight from -the bloodhounds of persecution, let loose upon them from the -strong-holds of the Romish church, had found an asylum in the wilds of -America, and as they supposed, on the banks of the St. John’s River in -East Florida. Thither they had fled and planted their colony. Amid the -desert wilds and pestilential vapors of the morasses of Florida, they -fondly hoped to enjoy “freedom to worship God.” - -Delusive hope! Where could a poor Protestant hide from the wrath of the -“great red Dragon,” breathing out fire and death to worry and destroy -the saints, if the dens and caves of the earth could afford him no -shelter in Europe? - -Melendez, whose piety had been fed on the blood of Protestants till it -had become bloated with bigotry, smelling the scent of prey from afar, -“collected a force of more than twenty-five hundred persons:--soldiers, -sailors, priests, Jesuits, married men with their families, laborers and -mechanics.”[3] With this company he embarked, not merely to found, but -to root up and destroy a peaceful colony, solely because it was made up -of the followers of Calvin, and not of the Pope! - -In traversing the Atlantic he encountered a storm. His ships were by it -scattered; so that only one third of the number he embarked with from -Spain reached the coast of Florida. - -It was on a day consecrated to the memory of St. Augustine, a venerable -and pious father of the early ages of Christianity, that he came in -sight of the coast of Florida. Four days he sailed along this coast; and -on the fifth he landed, having discovered a fine haven and harbor. - - -TRANSACTIONS AT THE MOUTH OF THE ST. JOHN’S. - -Learning from the natives, the place where the French Huguenot colony -had established itself, and the position of Fort Caroline on the banks -of the St. John’s, and having named the harbor and haven here, where he -first set foot on shore, St. Augustine, Melendez immediately sailed -northward in quest of the infant Protestant community. - -Landonnier had conducted the expedition which had sought the shores of -Florida, to find an asylum for the persecuted Protestants of France. -Under the patronage of Admiral Coligni, he had on the 30th of June, in -1564, settled the mouth of the River St. John’s with Protestant -refugees, and erected Fort Caroline. This place Ribaut had reached on a -return voyage from France, a few days prior to the appearance of -Melendez. Melendez purposed to seize by treachery the French shipping, -which, however, by suddenly running to sea, eluded his grasp, and was -soon after wrecked; being driven by a storm on the coast below, while -menacing this place. - -The appearance of the Spanish fleet foreboded evil. The circumstances -excited the fears of the Protestant colonists. They inquired the name -and objects of the Spanish commander. To the deputation he answered: “I -am Melendez of Spain, sent with orders from my king to gibbet and behead -all the Protestants in this region. Frenchmen who are Catholics I will -spare--every heretic shall die!” - -Thus did he announce his mission to be one of blood with unblushing -boldness. Melendez now returned to this place, to prepare for, and put -it effectually into execution. Here his forces were collected, his plans -laid: and from the newly laid foundations of this--the first town within -the United States of America--even while they were wet in the holy water -of the Mother Church--armed with the blessing of her priesthood, -Melendez led a chosen band to the execution of his bloody mission. He -marched through the wilderness with eight days’ provisions, and reached -the forests and hammocks on the banks of the St. John’s near to Fort -Caroline, where the Protestant colony reposed, unconscious of the evil -impending. He now prepared himself and his followers for their work of -human butchery, “by kneeling and praying for success.”[4] All was -silence, save the calm voice of nature, whose soft whispers were wafted -through the branches of the gray old trees and sturdy oaks, that stood -round about and cast their protecting shade over the heads of a peaceful -colony. These, perhaps, sighed at what they saw, and against which they -could not warn. From prayers Melendez rose up to the slaughter. The -blood of the mother and of her innocent babe mingled in the same pool! -Helpless woman and decrepit age bowed together in death and violence! -The citizen and the soldier met the same fate! A scene of carnage and of -cruelty was enacted, unparalleled in the annals of human butchery! - -Some eighty-six persons, whose only crime was their Calvinism, fell -victims to the barbarity of a savage Popish bigot. But few escaped. Of -these, such as were afterwards taken were hung on the limbs of the next -tree, where their bodies became food to hungry birds of prey; and to -mark the spot, Melendez erected a monument of stone, on which he -engraved, in extenuation of his crime, “Not as Frenchmen, but as -heretics.”[5] - -Having executed his avowed mission of death to Protestantism in Florida, -he retraced his steps to the place where he had laid out his new town, -the work of the erection of which he was prepared to complete on the -foundations he had now consecrated with hands reeking in Protestant -blood, as well as with holy water. Here “Melendez was hailed as a -conqueror by a procession of priests and people who went out to meet -him.” “Te Deum was solemnly chanted!”[6] - -But the sacrifice offered could not satiate the thirst for blood which -inflamed the desires of this persecutor, whose life had been steeped in -atrocities. Perhaps he felt that a life of crime such as his, could have -its guilt washed out only in the blood of poor innocents, who presumed -to avow their purpose to worship God according to the dictates of their -own consciences. The taste of Protestant blood he had just sipped seemed -but to quicken his appetite. - -“Angry,” says Bancroft, “that any should have escaped, the Spaniards -insulted the corpses of the dead with wanton barbarity;” and having -celebrated mass, and reared a cross on the spot, and chosen for the site -of a church the ground still smoking with the blood of a peaceful -colony, Melendez went in pursuit of the shipwrecked fugitives, who were -now the only survivors of the French Protestant settlement in East -Florida. They had been cast upon the sands south of this city. In their -wandering along the beach, they had reached the inlet of the Matanzas. -Here they were found, a company of famished and forlorn men. To secure -the destruction of these men more effectually, the cowardly assassin, -Melendez, first contrived to obtain their confidence in his humanity, a -virtue of which this creature in human shape was utterly incapable. - -They surrendered by capitulation, though a few, suspicious of treachery, -distrusted the integrity of Melendez, and fled into the interior. The -major part being secured, the captives, in successive bands, were -ferried over the river and received among the Spaniards. On reaching the -opposite shore, each man’s hands were pinioned behind him; and thus, -like sheep to the slaughter, they were driven toward St. Augustine. But, -as the company approached the fort, “a signal was made.”[7] Thereupon, -the man in whose perfidious honor and humanity they had -confided--(acting, it may be fairly presumed, on the principle that no -faith was to be kept with heretics--a principle worthy of the Romish -church, and which had been baptized and sanctified in oceans of -Protestant blood)--this man, I say, amid a flourish of trumpets and -drums, cut the throats of the whole company, not as “Frenchmen, but as -heretics.”[8] - -Though the government of France looked on this thrilling scene of -horror, in the destruction of her own peaceful subjects, unmoved, yet, -adds the historian, “history has been more faithful, and has assisted -humanity by giving to the crime of Melendez an infamous notoriety.” - - -RETRIBUTION. - -The site of the Huguenot colony was named Fort Caroline. De Gourgas was -a Roman Catholic and a Frenchman. He had been distinguished in public -life, but had retired to the enjoyment of his repose, when, on learning -the barbarous atrocities with which his countrymen on the St. John’s had -been sacrificed to Spanish bigotry, he emerged from private life--again -buckled on his armor for vengeance. At his own risk, he got up and -fitted out an expedition. He sailed from France, with a chosen band of -followers, to avenge the blood of his slaughtered countrymen. Between -the years 1569 and ’74 he reached the coast of Florida--debarked his -forces at the mouth of the St. John’s--carried several outworks--and -finally inclosed the Fort, now occupied by a Spanish colony. He entered -it, and the first sight that greeted his eyes, was the horrible vision -of the skeleton forms of his murdered countrymen, their bones and sinews -dangling from the limbs of the surrounding trees. Here too was the stone -set up by Melendez, with its inscription. The bones and relics of the -slaughtered Huguenots De Gourgas ordered to be buried. He then fell upon -the Spaniards. Hardly one escaped; and their bodies he ordered to be -hung in the places where those of his countrymen had been before -suspended, and underneath De Gourgas wrote this inscription--“_Not as -Spaniards, but as murderers._” He immediately returned to France. - -Thus the light of Protestantism, which had been first kindled by the -fugitive Huguenots of France on the coast of Florida, in the southern -extreme of these United States, was put out in the blood of those, who, -as pioneers, were the torch-bearers of religious liberty, which was not -to be again rekindled until it shot up from Puritan altars, and burst -forth in the frozen north, where it was cherished and protected by -chilling snows and frosts in those wintry wilds, till it had acquired -force and intensity sufficient to spread its beams over the whole land. - -Such is the connection of this city and its founders, in its early -history, with the early Protestant institutions of the republic! It can -hardly be credible to an American citizen, that there is within the -bounds of these United States a nook or corner so dark and -blood-stained! - -Melendez, for twelve years, presided over the destinies of this town, -directing his attention mainly to the subjection, and conversion to -papal superstitions, of the aboriginal inhabitants, aided by the -Franciscans, an order of monks. Their missions were established -throughout the interior. An ancient monkish retreat, occupying the -present site of the United States Barracks, was the head-quarters of the -order in this city. A number of the missionaries, while on their passage -from Cuba to this place, were wrecked on the bar at the entrance of this -harbor, and in full view of their convent, and, with the crew of the -vessel, were drowned. - - -INCIDENTS IN THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY. - -Some twenty-one years had elapsed since the founding of this city and -the massacre of the neighboring Protestant colony, when Drake, as he -coasted along the shore, discovered the “Look-out,” a tower on the -adjacent island. This led him to suspect a settlement inland. He ordered -his boats to be lowered and manned, to make a reconnoisance on the -shore. He landed on an island. In the exploration he perceived, across -the water, a town built of wood. Soon after, a French fifer deserted -from the Spanish forces--crossed the lagoon in a canoe, playing an -English air, the march of the Prince of Orange. This circumstance -recommended him to the favor of the English admiral--for Drake now -sailed as an admiral of the royal navy. The Frenchman described his -situation to be that of a captive. He probably told also of the recent -massacre, and described its horrors; and was himself, undoubtedly, one -of the fugitives from that scene, who had been spared for some reason. - -Elizabeth of England was a Protestant queen; Drake, her representative, -was a Protestant in his sympathies. Moreover, Spain and England were on -terms of hostility at this time. His marine force was disembarked, under -the command of Carlisle, his subordinate; the intervening sound was -crossed; and, notwithstanding the greatest caution had been observed in -all these movements, the reconnoitering officer was discovered by the -Spaniards. A cannon was fired, and thereupon they all fled to town. This -took place at an outpost. This work was immediately taken possession of -by the reconnoitering party under Carlisle. It was a fort built of -timber, mounting fourteen pieces of brass cannon. Drake then plundered -the garrison of a chest of silver, and next day marched for the town. As -he approached, he encountered the Spaniards. An action commenced; but at -the first fire of the invading force, the Spaniards fled, and the -inhabitants evacuated the town, which fell into the hands of Drake, who -burnt and plundered it; and then sailed for England, where he arrived in -July of the same year, 1586.[9] - -Twenty-five years[10] passed away before any other tragedy was enacted -within the precinct of this then new city. But vengeance did not slumber -long. The natives of Florida--a brave, warlike, and cruel, as well as -numerous band of savage men--assaulted, captured, and burned the city to -ashes. The details of this terrific scene of savage barbarity, and the -immediate causes thereof, we have not at hand. - -1665. In a quarter of a century more, Davis, the Bucanier, discovered -this Spanish retreat. He entered on a piratical expedition against it; -invested it with an armed band of freebooters; captured, and plundered -it. The circumstances of this movement, the details of the attack and -plunder of the town, are not to be found. - - -THE BUCANIERS. - -The Florida archipelago, and the neighboring keys and islands of the -West Indian seas, have been the resort of freebooters from an early -period. The security they afforded, as a place of retreat from -discovery, gave these points great eminence, as the centre of operations -for a large, bold, and ruthless band of sea-rovers. Their piratical -expeditions swarmed over the adjacent waters, and desolated the -neighboring coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Spanish West Indies. -This brotherhood of outlaws were termed Bucaniers. They hailed from -France, England, and Holland. They led a life of plunder; and reduced -piracy to a profession, regulated by its own laws and customs, which had -all the force of martial law among themselves. - -The existence of these desperate men as a class was owing to the -exclusive and arbitrary measures of the Spanish government, through -which, they endeavored to secure and maintain the exclusive control of -the commercial resources of the New World. - -In war, the Bucaniers preyed on commerce as commissioned privateers; in -peace, they resorted to hunting wild cattle, and contraband trade -against the Spanish. Finally, they entered upon a course of open piracy -and plunder. They are said to have originated on this wise. Soon after -the Spanish conquests on the Main had secured the fertile plains of -Mexico and extended over it the Spanish power, the island of Cuba was -nearly depopulated by a tide of emigration setting into the newly -acquired territory. The emigrants left their cattle behind. These, in -course of time, multiplied prodigiously. The hills and valleys of the -island of Cuba were at length covered with herds of wild cattle; and it -was soon found profitable to hunt them for their hides and tallow alone. -The first who engaged in this business were French. The distinctive term -applied to these men, had its origin in their customs. Bucanier is -supposed to be a derivative of the Carib word “boucan,” by which the -Indians designated flesh prepared for food by its being smoked and dried -slowly in the sun. The hunters prepared the flesh of the slaughtered -cattle for food in this way. From this circumstance, the term “Bucanier” -was first applied to the hunters; and subsequently, it was used to -designate all such as followed a contraband trade, or were engaged in a -predatory life upon the sea or shore. - -The Bucaniers, at first, made the island of Tortuga their head-quarters. -But the settlement being obnoxious to the Spaniards, they seized the -first opportunity to destroy it. This dispersed the company, who sought -other places of refuge; and from thence they worried the Spanish -settlements, actuated by motives of revenge. Several places and Spanish -towns were compelled to submit to the degradation of purchasing the -forbearance of the Bucaniers, by paying them contributions, equivalent -to black-mail levied by the banditti of Scotland. - -Being driven from their original retreat on the island of Tortuga, the -Bucaniers retired to the Keys. No doubt the inlets and islands of the -southern peninsula of Florida attracted their bands. Not only the towns -and settlements on the Spanish islands and on the Main became objects of -plunder, but the commerce of every nation also. - -It is not till within a few years, that the remnants of this desperate -class of men, who have long infested the waters in the neighborhood of -the West India islands, have been driven from their haunts, and hunted -down, by the American Navy. The Bucanier was terrible in his appearance, -as well as in his profession. - -His dress consisted of a shirt dipped in the blood of cattle--trousers -prepared in the same manner--buskins without stockings--a cap with a -small front, and a leathern girdle, into which were stuck around his -body, knives, sabres and pistols. Such was the filthy and terrific garb -of the Bucanier in full costume. - -Such was Davis, who laid this city under contribution some eighty years -after it was founded by Melendez. At this period, the Bucaniers seem to -have regarded the whole Spanish race as their natural enemies, and their -commerce and their cities as lawful objects of plunder. - - -CAUSES OF BORDER TROUBLES. - -At the close of the seventeenth and in the beginning of the eighteen -century, the English settlements of Carolina had acquired permanency and -importance. But Spain had proclaimed her exclusive right to American -possessions. By a permit from the Roman Pontiff, she had already seized -and subdued a greater part of the New World, and left the prints of her -bloody hand upon the rights and treasures of the aboriginal inhabitants. - -In the face of the civilized world, Spain, then one of the richest and -most powerful states on earth, having asserted a claim to and planted -her foot upon the soil of North America, how could she forego the -exclusive control of the same? How could she endure the presence, or -divide the occupancy of the soil with a rival state? She had already -acquired the proud title in her sovereign, of “Defender of the Faith,” -for the ardor and fidelity with which she supported the arrogant -pretensions of the See of Rome, having given her strength to the -extension of its interests, even to the prostitution of her civil power -to ecclesiastical domination. How then could Spain consent that the -Protestant religion should gain a foothold in North America? Had she not -already extinguished it on the coasts of Florida? Were not the English -colonies still in their infancy, as well as within the reach of her -arms? It required but a single well directed stroke, and the Anglo-Saxon -race and the hated Protestant faith would perish together. - -We have glanced at the barbarous scenes with which Spain opened her -schemes of colonization in North America. The same malign purposes and -bigoted spirit moved all her subsequent counsels, and hung like a dark -and portentous cloud over the future peace and prosperity of her border -settlements. - -In her efforts to make good her pretensions, a series of petty -jealousies and strife between the English and Spanish races ensued. -Distrust and jealousy were fostered. These feelings led to mutual -hostile demonstrations. Mutual depredations were perpetrated; and thus -the seeds of open war were sown. The struggle was maintained till -English blood and the Protestant faith acquired permanent ascendency in -the Floridas. - - -EXPEDITION OF GOV. MOORE. - -The Spaniards and Indians, stimulated by the bigoted and rapacious -spirit of the mother country, perpetrated acts of wanton barbarity on -the colonial settlements of Carolina and Georgia. Provoked to -retaliation by these depredations, Governor Moore, A. D. 1702, projected -an invasion of Florida, by the forces of South Carolina. In the month of -September, with an army of twelve hundred men, he embarked on an -expedition for the reduction of St. Augustine, which was esteemed the -centre of the predatory operations against the English settlers. - -Col. Daniel was ordered to scour the country inland, and penetrate to -the city by the route of the St. John’s River. An officer of -distinguished military skill and enterprise, Col. Daniel, with great -promptitude and success, marched through the country, captured and -plundered the city, and shut its inhabitants up within the walls of -their Castle. Such was the position of affairs when Gov. Moore reached -the scene of his military operations before St. Augustine. A regular -siege was advised. The Fort was invested. But the artillery of the -besieging army was too light, and no impression could be made on the -fortified works. - -Col. Daniel was despatched to procure guns of a larger caliber and more -effective powers. In the meanwhile, a Spanish naval armament made its -appearance off the coast. Governor Moore, in a panic, appalled at this -demonstration, raised the siege, abandoned his ships and stores, and -fled back to Carolina by the nearest inland route. - - -PALMER’S EXPEDITION. - -The original causes of disquietude were in nowise removed or abated. -They became, indeed, more and more active and aggravated, till they -ripened into further hostile demonstrations. - -The Spanish charged the English with intrusion. The grounds of complaint -were mutual. - -The English, on the other hand, charged the Spaniards with enticing away -their colored servants, and with exciting the Indians to murder and -depopulate their frontier towns. The Spanish governor not only justified -himself in these things, but immediately fitted out an expedition from -Augustine and marched into Georgia, laying waste the country, sparing -neither age nor sex. - -These provocations occurred twenty years after Gov. Moore had invaded -the Floridas. - -The tribe of the Yamasee Indians had been made the tools of Spanish -barbarity in their recent hostile operations against the English -colonies of Georgia and Carolina. - -The intrepid Col. Palmer immediately raised a force of militia and -friendly Indians, with which he marched into Florida to retaliate the -injuries of his countrymen. He pushed at once to the very gates of the -city, laying waste nearly every settlement. The citizens fled and -entrenched themselves within the city fortifications, leaving the poor -natives, their allies, to the mercy of the invaders; and the power of -the Yamasee tribe was broken under the walls of the city, being nearly -all killed or made prisoners by the English. - -All was destroyed but what lay within range and protection of the guns -of the Fort. - -The Georgians, in their fury, seized on the Papal Church of “Nostra -Seniora de Lache,” plundering and burning it to the ground, from which -they took the gold and silver ornaments for booty, and also an image -baby, which they found in the arms of the image of a woman, the Virgin -Mary, with which the church was adorned. - -This place of worship occupied a position a little without the city -gates. The point of land back from the old steam mill is alleged to have -been its site, the ruins of which, it is alleged, are still to be found -there. - -Palmer, with his Georgians, having taken ample vengeance, and being -unable to reduce the city without heavier ordnance than he then had at -command, gathered all the booty within his reach, which was -considerable, and retired to Georgia, leaving the Spaniards to obtain -satisfaction as best they could. - - -OGLETHORP’S INVASION, A. D. 1740. - -During the next fifteen years, no considerable overt act of hostility -was perpetrated, though the spirit and embers of war still glowed in the -hearts of the border colonists. The Georgians were still plundered of -their property. Their negroes were enticed and spirited away into the -wilds of Florida; and this was justified by the Governor of St. -Augustine, on the pretence that the Spaniards “were bound in conscience -to draw to themselves as many negroes as they could, in order to convert -them to the faith of the Roman Catholic Church.” Moreover, “a plot was -discovered, which contemplated the utter extinction of the English -settlements. A German Jesuit--one Christian Priben--a resident among the -Cherokees, was the master spirit in this conspiracy. He was taken by the -English traders. Upon his person was found his private journal, -revealing his design to bring about a confederation of all the southern -Indians, and to effect a new social and civil organization. He had noted -his expectations of assistance in the execution of his original design -from the French, and from another nation, whose name was left a blank. -Among his papers were found letters for the Florida and Spanish -governors, demanding their protection and countenance. Also, there were -found among his papers the plan and regulations for a new town. - -Many rights and privileges were enumerated, marriage was abolished, a -community of women and all kinds of licentiousness were to be allowed. - -In addition, the Spaniards had just made an abortive attempt to -dispossess the Georgian colonists of Amelia Island. - -At this juncture, Oglethorp appeared on the stage of action. He had been -recently appointed to the office of governor of the colony. - -The salvation of the English settlements required prompt and vigorous -measures. - -Oglethorp solicited and secured the co-operation of South Carolina, in a -combined effort to insure the safety of the English settlement. - -The invasion of Florida, and the reduction of St. Augustine, as the nest -where were hatched the broils and perils of a border serife, and from -whence swarmed the savage hordes which overran and devastated the land, -were determined upon. - -South Carolina promptly responded to the call of Oglethorp. Carolina -raised a regiment of five hundred men, and equipped one vessel of war, -carrying ten carriage guns and sixteen swivels, with a crew of fifty -men. Two hundred men enlisted as a volunteer force. In addition, -Oglethorp had his own regiment of five hundred men, two troops of -Highland and English rangers, and two companies of Highland and English -foot.”[11] His plan was to take the city by surprise. This however -failed. - -With a select force, he entered East Florida, invested and reduced Fort -Diego, situated some twenty-five miles north of St. Augustine. Having -left here a garrison force, and completed his arrangements, he marched -direct for St. Augustine and occupied Fort Mosa. This work he destroyed; -and then advanced to reconnoitre the city. The result of the -reconnoisance was disheartening. The town was strongly fortified. The -Spanish force within the intrenched city and castle, amounted to seven -hundred regulars, two troops of horse, with armed negroes, militia, and -Indians.[12] - -At the outset an oversight had been committed, in neglecting to blockade -the harbor, on account of which, supplies were thrown into the city, and -additional means of resistance. Oglethorp, however, soon afterward -enforced a blockade. The ships were moored across the entrance of the -bar; and lines of investment were drawn around the town on the land. -Col. Palmer, with a company of Highlanders and a small force of Indians, -occupied the old Fort Mosa, with orders to scour the country. A small -battery was planted on Point Quartele; while Oglethorp with his own -regiment erected and occupied field works on the northern extremity of -Anastatia Island, opposite the Castle. The ruins of these works are -marked by a clump of shrubbery and a slight elevation on the point. - -The arrangements being perfected, a bombardment of the town and Castle -was attempted. Oglethorp opened his batteries with a hot fire of shell -and shot, a great number of which were thrown into the town. The fire -was returned with spirit from the Castle, and from galleys in the -harbor; but the distance was too great for either party to do much -execution. The shallow water of the bar prevented any co-operation of -the English naval force with that of the land. The fire of the besieging -army at length abated. A counsel of war was held. In the meanwhile a -sortie was made by the besieged; and Col. Palmer, with his entire force, -were surprised in sleep, and all cut off at Fort Mosa, except a few who -escaped by a small boat, and crossed to Point Quartele, where the -Carolina regiment was stationed. The Indian allies soon grew impatient, -and left in disgust. The blockade of the inlet at Matanzas was raised, -and provisions and other supplies were thrown into the town, through -this approach to the city. The English troops became enfeebled by -disease, dispirited, and filled with discontent, and many deserted. The -naval force became short of provisions, and the hurricane season was at -hand. Oglethorp was taken down with fever, and the flux raged among his -troops. The siege was thereupon raised, and the army withdrawn into -Georgia. Thus the expedition became abortive, though the face and angles -of the Castle, fronting the harbor, bear the mark of Oglethorp’s storm -of shot and shells to this day. - -A counter invasion of Georgia was projected from this city, two years -after. But though the preparations were made on a scale of unusual -magnitude, and the expedition was well supported by competent naval -power, the Spaniards were whipped and frightened off from the -settlements of Georgia. They related, on their return, as an excuse for -their disgraceful and cowardly behavior, that, “the deep morasses and -thickets were so lined with wild Indians and fierce Highlanders, that -the devil could not penetrate to the strong-holds of the Georgians.” -Retaliation was, of course, the natural result. The very next year, -Oglethorp again visited Augustine, captured a fort in the vicinage of -the city; but being frustrated in some of his plans, retired again to -his province, without further molestation to the enemy. These -hostilities and differences continued to distract this city, till A.D. -1763, when the peace of Paris gave the Floridas into possession of the -government of Great Britain. For the twenty years that Florida remained -in possession of Great Britain, great improvements were made, -flourishing settlements begun; and the prosperity which industry and -skill insure began to show itself on every side. In 1784, the Floridas -were retroceded to Spain. The Anglo-Saxon race forsook their fields and -villages, and retired under the shield of British law and the Protestant -faith. - - -MINORCAN POPULATION. - -Says the historian, “A military government succeeded, together with a -sparse population, who barely subsisted on their pay, who neglected -improvements,--who suffered their gardens and fields to grow up with -weeds, their fences and houses to rot down, or be burned for fuel.” - -The Minorcan population, however, it is alleged, were an exception. -Their industry furnished fish and vegetables to the market. This is a -peculiar people, and they compose a large proportion of the population -of the city. The present race were of servile extraction. By the -duplicity and avarice of one Turnbull, they were seduced from their -homes in the Mediterranean--located at Smyrna--and forced to till the -lands of the proprietor, who had brought them into Florida for that -purpose. After enduring great privation, toil, and suffering, under the -most trying circumstances of a servile state, they revolted in a body, -reclaimed their rights, and maintained them under English law, by a -decision of the king’s court at Augustine, whither they had fled from -their oppressor, under the conduct of one of their number, a man by the -name of Palbicier. A location was assigned them in the north of this -city, which they occupy in the persons of their descendants to this day. -Their women are distinguished for their taste, neatness, and industry, a -peculiar light olive shade of complexion, and a dark, full eye. The -males are less favored, both by nature and habit. They lack enterprise. -Most of them are without education. Their canoes, fishing lines, and -hunting guns, are their main sources of subsistence. The rising -generation is, however, in a state of rapid transition. The spirit of -American institutions, and the reflex influence of an association with -Anglo-American society, are working an assimilating change in the whole -social structure of the native population of this city; the present -population of which is estimated at from 1800 to 2000 souls. - -From the time of the retrocession of the Floridas, till the disturbances -growing out of the late war with England, there was a state of -comparative quiet in the border settlements. But ancient jealousies and -the seeds of former dissensions, differences of religion, and the -remembrance of past injuries, had not been altogether eradicated. -Moreover, the occupants of lands on the line between the American and -Spanish nations found those within the Spanish domain who strongly -sympathized with the free and liberal spirit of American institutions, -as seen in contrast with the despotic features of a military government -under the control of an intolerant and bigoted hierarchy. - -A patriot war ensued.[13] A neutral territory was erected. Spanish -authority was rejected. Augustine was again invaded. But the American -government interposed, restored quiet, and immediately entered upon -negotiations with the king of Spain for the purchase of the Floridas. - -These negotiations were at length crowned with success; and on the 17th -of June, 1821, the “stars and stripes” of the United States of America -floated from the Castle, and St. Augustine became an Anglo-American -town, under the government of the American general, Andrew Jackson.[14] -Protected by the shadow of the American eagle, for the first time, the -genius of the American institutions called together her sons and -daughters in the old Government House, for the exercise of a right which -had been watered with Protestant blood in the soil of Florida centuries -before--“_freedom to worship God_.” On Friday, the 11th of June, 1824, -was organized the Presbyterian church. Subsequently, the Protestant and -Methodist Episcopal churches were established. Thus Protestant influence -and institutions gained a firm foothold in the ancient Spanish capital -of East Florida. - -It is related,[15] that immediately on the exchange of flags a strange -sight was seen in the city. A Methodist itinerant was observed, wending -his way from street to street and from house to house on a religious -mission, distributing Protestant religious books, and otherwise -intruding himself among the sons and daughters of the mother church. - -The circumstance, so unusual, and the great presumption of the stranger, -of course alarmed the Romish ecclesiastical authority. The priest could -not brook such intrusion. He went in pursuit of the presumptuous man in -black, and when he had overtaken him, menaced him with the indignation -of his ghostly power if he did not at once desist. - -The itinerant surveyed him for a moment in silence, as if measuring with -his eye the capacity of his power, and then, with the most imperturbable -coolness, and an impudent though significant movement of the eye, -pointed the wrathy shadow of the Pope to the “stars and stripes,” which -now proudly floated over the battlements of the Castle--when it -vanished, and left the Methodist minister to prosecute his favorite work -among the people as he listed. - -This, undoubtedly, was the first time that prelacy had been taught a -lesson of forbearance here, or to consider the nature of the change -which had come over the scene of its former undisputed sway, and to -understand, that under the flag of the United States of America man was -protected in the enjoyment of his high prerogative--“freedom to worship -God.” - - -DESTRUCTION OF THE ORANGE GROVES. - -Prior to February, 1835, groves of the sweet orange had for many years, -and with great care, been brought into a thrifty and productive state. -Then St. Augustine was one immense orange orchard, and appeared, says an -eye-witness, “like a rustic village, with its white houses peeping from -among the clustered boughs and golden fruit of the favorite tree, -beneath whose shade the invalid cooled his fevered limbs and imbibed -health from the fragrant air.” Much attention was given to the rearing -of orange orchards, and large investments had been made in planting out -nurseries of fruit trees, which, indeed, could hardly supply the demand -for the young trees. - -The season prior to February, 1835, was very productive. Some of the -orange groves paid from _one_ to _three thousand dollars_. I have been -informed, that twelve years ago the income to the city was some $72,000 -per annum. Mature, thrifty trees sometimes produced 6000 oranges; and -the average product per annum of a single tree was 500 oranges. - -In the vigor and thrift of the orange business, the annual export of -oranges was between 2 and 3,000,000 per annum from this city. - -The trade was brisk, and a source of revenue and profit to the place of -great value. In the orange season, the harbor was enlivened with a fleet -of fruit vessels, that thronged the city for the purchase and -transportation of oranges to the northern market. - -But on the night of the fatal month of February, 1835, a frost cut down -the entire species of the orange tribe, some of the trees rivaling in -stature the sturdy forest oak. At one fell stroke, the labor and profit -of years of toil--the inheritance of many generations--the little all of -many families, were swept away! The resources of the city were dried up! -Many were hurled in a night from the seat of affluence, into the lap of -poverty and distress! - -To this day, the city has not recovered from the blight of that dire -stroke. Shoots from the withered stocks of the old trees have indeed -sprung up, and been struggling for life ever since, but under the -pressure of disease; and all efforts to resuscitate the tree have been -rendered abortive by the ravages of insignificant animalculæ, which prey -on the life and vigor of the young shoots, and perpetuate the influence -of the frost of 1835. - - -TROPICAL FRUIT CULTURE OF EAST FLORIDA. - -There are important facts relative to these agricultural products and -resources of East Florida, which ought to be better understood by those, -who, on account of constitutional delicacy, consumptive habits, or other -causes, at the north, are disposed to seek other and more congenial -latitudes. On the east coast of South Florida the lands are productive, -and healthy in location. On the St. Lucie River and Sound, the banks are -high shell bluff, and exceedingly fertile for high lands. Though north -of the tropical latitude, yet the _climate is so genial_, that it -nourishes with luxuriance, in the open air, most of the fruits of -tropical climes. The cocoa, orange, lemon, lime, guava, citron, -pine-apple, banana, and other like products, together with the -semi-tropical fruits, the grape, fig, olive, &c., and garden vegetables, -the cabbage, potato, beet, onion, with various species of the melon -kind, grow with great luxuriance. Orange orchards, pine-apple fields, -banana and cocoa-nut groves, are now in process of cultivation by -settlers, many of whom are from the north, and have begun to clear their -lands within the last few years. - -Industry and perseverance are the chief investments of capital required, -in order to reap ample remuneration. Northern men, with their own hands, -are now thus engaged. It is no longer an experiment. On the banks of the -Indian River and St. Lucie Sound fruiteries are being raised. Fruit -groves and cane fields are being planted, which will probably ere long -furnish for northern markets the delicious products of tropical climes, -in a more perfect condition and of better quality than can be elsewhere -found. - -The lands of tropical Florida on the east coast, in the region of the -Indian River, appear to be of an older formation, and are on a higher -level above the sea, than those in this neighborhood. The landscape is -finer. The climate is more salubrious. Its attractions for those who -wish to make their own labor their capital, from which they shall be -enabled to draw a support for themselves and families, are great. The -orange, pine-apple, and sugar lands of South Florida are worthy more -attention from agriculturists, capitalists, and emigrants, than they -have received; and the day is not far distant, when their rich resources -will begin to be developed, and will excite interest. - -[Illustration: _Bromelia Ananas._ - -PINE APPLE - -_Lith. of F. Michelin 111 Nassau St. N.Y._] - -The orange culture has been proved to be a source of great profit. It -will be again, whenever in this country groves can be reared. The -culture of the pine-apple will be found to be of equal worth with that -of the orange. - -The pine is said to mature its fruit from the slips, when they are well -set out, in about eighteen months, and their stocks will continue to -bear for several years. One acre of land will produce some 40,000 pines, -and the sale of this fruit is made in market at say from _ten to -eighteen dollars per hundred_. - -Moreover, the fruit from the pine plants of South Florida need not be -plucked till it has matured on its stock. It will therefore come into -market in a more mature condition, and of finer flavor than any that can -elsewhere be grown. It will bring the highest market prices; and the -fruit of this kind that has already been grown, by competent judges is -said to be of the best quality. - -The lands which are adapted to this culture are, indeed, of limited -extent; but there are sufficient to supply the home market. - -These facts, together with the salubrity of the fruit-growing region, -must ere long attract attention from the public. Thousands, in that mild -and equable climate, might there live and labor, and enjoy a ripe old -age, who must soon die, amid the vicissitudes of the climate in the -north. - -Admitting that the pine-apple, on account of risks in transportation and -cost in getting to market, should be worth only about one-half the -market price in the field, yet an acre of thrifty, well cultivated -pines will yield from $1500 to $2000 per annum. At five cents each, the -product of an acre of pine-fruit would be $2000. - -These calculations show the great value of the pine lands and other -fruit soil of Tropical Florida. These facts have but to be known, to be -understood and appreciated. They indicate the great resources of South -Florida, in the soil of its tropical fruit lands, which is a region of -country lying some forty miles south of Cape Carnavaral. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -ST. AUGUSTINE AS A PLACE OF RESORT FOR INVALIDS. - - -ADVANTAGES OF CLIMATE. - -This city enjoys many advantages in respect to climate, which are -peculiar. The same may be true of the climate of the Florida peninsula -in general. An intelligent correspondent of the Army and Navy Chronicle, -in an interesting article, thus writes of the climate of Florida: - -“Florida, from its position, lying just north of the Tropic of Cancer, -and being nearly surrounded by water, would be judged to possess one of -the blandest and most equable climates in the world. And such, in fact, -for several months in the year, is found to be the case. - -“In the interior and upper portions, the variations in the annual -temperature are considerable--80 and 90 degrees. The diurnal variations -are considerable. On the sea-coast and in the lower part of the -territory, where regular trade-winds prevail, the temperature is so much -less variable, that the islands about capes Florida and Sable are in -this respect unexcelled perhaps by any other region of the globe.” - -Dr. Forry,[16] U. S. A., thus writes of the climate of this -region:--“Among the various systems of climate presented in the United -States, that of the peninsula of Florida is wholly peculiar. Possessing -an insular temperature, not less equable and salubrious in winter than -that afforded by the south of Europe, it will be seen that invalids -requiring a mild winter residence, have gone to foreign lands in search -of what might have been found at home. Florida therefore merits the -attention of physicians at the north; for here the pulmonary invalid may -exchange for the inclement seasons of the north, or the deteriorated -atmosphere of a room to which he may be confined, the mild, equable -temperature, the soft, balmy breezes of an evergreen land.” - -“For many years,” says Dr. Wardeman, “afflicted with phthisis, and -compelled to pass the last seven winters in the West Indies and the -southern parts of Florida, we have been necessarily placed in -communication with numerous invalids similarly affected, many of whom -were under our professional care; and from personal experience and the -observation of others, we have had ample opportunities for comparing the -effects of different climates on the disease. Premising that we have -passed five winters in Cuba, one at Key West, and one at Enterprise, -East Florida. Florida has the advantage over Italy, in having no -mountain ranges covered during winter with snows; the cold blasts from -the Apennines and the Jura mountains, rendering a large portion of Italy -and southern France unfit for invalids unable to bear a sudden and great -increase of temperature.” - -Dr. Bernard Byrne thus writes of the climate of Florida (see the -National Intelligencer of May 18th, 1843): “Taking it the year round, -the climate of East Florida is much more agreeable than any other in the -United States, or even than that of Italy. In the southern portion of -the peninsula frost is never (rarely) felt; even so far north as the -Suwanee River, there are generally but three or four nights in a whole -winter that ice as thick as a quarter of a dollar is formed. The winter -weather is delightful in East Florida, beyond description. It very much -resembles that season which in the Middle States is termed “Indian -Summer;” except that in Florida the sky is perfectly clear, and the -atmosphere more dry and elastic.” - -We now will consider the climate of St. Augustine in particular. There -is circulated a sentiment prejudicial to the virtue of the climate of -St. Augustine, as a resort for invalids in search of health. This may be -all very natural, when the interest north of this city, served by the -traveling public, is considered; but it is not just. Experience usually -contradicts this sentiment. It is encountered under various exaggerated -forms of statement, all along the southern inland route. In the face of -declarations designed to forestall opinion against the place, however, -many have persevered, and found experience the wisest counselor. - -Says a correspondent to the Florida Herald, 1848: “I have occasionally -been in the interior. In every instance, however, I have found the -climate of this city preferable on the whole. The same is true of every -place I have visited south, if I except the climate of south or tropical -Florida, which I believe to be without a parallel.” - -These remarks on the nature of the climate, exhibiting its advantages, -are founded on the experience and observation of individuals who have -thoroughly tested its virtues, and who were capable of forming and of -expressing an intelligent opinion--many of these writers being called, -in the course of professional duty, to analyze and study the nature and -effects of climate. - -Let me suggest certain peculiarities, which impart to the climate of St. -Augustine peculiar advantages over any interior or more northern -locality, and which are properties peculiarly favorable to a restoration -of impaired health. - -During the winter months, the extremes of temperature, though the -transitions are somewhat more sudden, are nevertheless not so great here -as in the interior. This peculiarity follows a law of climate, which, -both north and south, causes it to be _warmer in the neighborhood of the -sea in winter_, than in regions remote therefrom. It is also cooler in -summer. - -The east winds here are far different from the east winds at the north. -Though somewhat raw and gusty, they are nevertheless shorn of their -intensity, and greatly modified, in their passage across and along the -Gulf stream. They thus lose very much of their asperity, and would -hardly be recognized by a New Englander, being usually unattended with -rain. In summer, the air is neither so hot nor as sultry as it is -inland, where respiration is attended with a suffocating sensation. The -atmosphere of the sea-coast is not so highly rarefied. The process of -evaporation, which is perpetually going on, tends to equalize -temperature, and so to adapt the atmosphere to the action of the -respiratory organs, that one breathes freely and easily. By the same -process, the intensity of the heat is greatly abated. The afternoons and -evenings are invariably cool and refreshing. - -The atmosphere exhilarates. On one’s energies and spirits, it acts as a -stimulus, so that one does not suffer from lassitude here, as is usual -at the north. The nights are refreshing in the hottest season. This -remark is true, I believe, only of the atmosphere in the neighborhood of -the sea, amid the coast climate. Indeed, the whole body of the -atmosphere on the coast is more pure and healthful than in the interior; -and is believed also to be medicinal in its effects. The various -chemical ingredients of the atmosphere on the coast, are powerful -disinfecting agents, which are perpetually elaborated, from the -prodigious evaporation and other chemical combinations of the mineral -waters of the sea, whose grand elements are _soda_ and _chlorine_. These -impart to the atmosphere healing power and medicinal virtue. The sea and -the sun are laboratories of healthful energy and influence, which are -projected into this atmosphere from natural resources, and which are -taken into the system by the ordinary process of respiration. For _these -reasons_, invalids have often experienced as great, if not greater -benefit, from a summer residence here, than from a winter sojourn. -Disease, taken in its incipient stages, may be eradicated, under the -influence of the climate alone, aided by the “_vis medicatrix naturæ_.” -Air and exercise are the chief medicines required. - - -CLASS OF DISEASES REACHED AND FAVORABLY AFFECTED BY THIS CLIMATE. - -In relation to this interesting point of inquiry, the opinions and -reasoning of Dr. Samuel Forry (in the Journal of Medical Science, in the -year 1841) are full and explicit. _Bronchitis._--“The advantage of a -winter residence in a more southern latitude, as respects this disease, -becomes at once apparent. - -“If the invalid can avoid the transition of the seasons, that -meteorological condition of the atmosphere which stands first among the -causes that induce catarrhal lesions, he will do much towards -controlling the malady. - -“As regards the change of climate, it will be observed that in the -advantages enumerated, reference is made only to _chronic bronchitis_. - -“The climate of Florida has been found beneficial in cases of incipient -pulmonary consumption, and those threatened with disease from hereditary -or acquired indisposition. It is in _chronic bronchial_ affections more -particularly that it speedily manifests its salutary tendency. - -“But there are other forms of disease, in which such a climate as that -of East Florida is not unfrequently of decided advantage. To this class -belongs _asthma_. - -“In chronic disorders of the digestive organs, where no inflammation -exists, or structural changes have supervened in viscera important to -life, but the indication is merely to remove disease of a functional -character, a winter’s residence promises great benefit; but exercise in -the open air, aided by a _proper regimen_, are indispensable adjuncts. - -“In many of those obscure affections called nervous, unconnected with -inflammation, exercise and traveling in this climate, are frequently -powerful and efficient remedies. - -“_Chronic rheumatism_, though apparently much less under the influence -of meteorological causes than pulmonic affections, will be often -benefited by a winter residence in Florida. As these cases often resist -the best directed efforts of medicines, it is the only remedy which the -northern physician can recommend with a reasonable prospect of success. - -“When there exists a general delicacy of the constitution in -_childhood_, often the rubeola, or scarlatina manifesting itself by -symptoms indicative of a scrofulous disposition, a winter residence in a -warm climate frequently produces the most salutary effects. - -“Another form of disease remains to be alluded to, in which change of -climate promises healing power, viz.: _premature decay_ of the -_constitution_, characterized by general evidence of deteriorated -health, whilst some tissue or organ important to life commonly manifests -symptoms of abnormal action. This remarkable change occurs without any -obvious cause, and is not unappropriately termed in common parlance, ‘a -breaking up of the constitution.’ In treating of the climate of Florida, -the primary object held in view, is to direct attention to its fitness -as a winter residence for northern invalids. - -“A comparison with the most favored situation on the continent of Europe -and the islands held in the highest estimation for mildness and -equability of climate, affords results in no way disparaging. A -comparison of the mean temperature of winter and summer, that of the -coldest and warmest months and seasons, furnishes results generally in -favor of the Peninsula of Florida. - -“On the coast of Florida, the average number of fair days, is about 250; -while in the Northern States, the average number of fair days per annum, -is about 120. Though climate is one of the most powerful remedial -agents, and one, too, which in many cases will admit no substitute, yet -much permanent advantage will not result, either from traveling or -change of climate, unless the invalid adheres strictly to such regimen -as his case may require. - -“The attention of many persons suffering with pulmonary diseases having -been directed to the southern section of the United States, as a -temporary residence for the benefit of their health, and there being -much diversity of sentiment as to the location most proper for attaining -this desirable end, I propose to offer to the public some facts derived -from personal observation. Having in the early part of last year been -the subject of an attack, that threatened a rapid termination in -consumption, the unanimous opinions of several of my medical friends -concurred with my own judgment, to induce me to avoid the vicissitudes -of the approaching winter in our varying climate; and I felt compelled -to make an effort, which to every appearance was to decide the event of -my disease. - -“St. Augustine in East Florida, was the place to which my views had been -directed, and I arrived there soon after the commencement of the present -year. A few days’ residence convinced me of the efficacy of the climate -in promoting my own health; and from the observations I was continually -enabled to make, in reference to the invalids who had resorted there, -from motives similar to my own, I became assured of the excellent -effects of the climate: and am fully satisfied, that although prudence -would have dictated a removal two months earlier in the season, the -present great improvement of my health is to be attributed almost wholly -to having substituted for the variations of our own latitude, the -mildness of that favored region. St. Augustine is the most southern -location[17] _on our_ extensive seaboard to which a valetudinarian can -resort, with any prospect of obtaining the attentions and comforts -requisite for the improvement of health. - -“The climate of St. Augustine, seems peculiarly adapted to the -improvement of patients with consumptive chronic affections of the -lungs, asthma, spitting of blood, rheumatism, and dyspepsia. It is a -fact worthy of remark, that though it is universally acknowledged the -advanced stages of pulmonary consumption are often beyond the power of -medical skill to produce restoration, yet most of those who resort to a -change of climate for cure, reject the advantages to be derived from the -removal, until the disease shall have made such extensive ravages as to -render hopeless every prospect of renovation. - -“Many cases of this nature I had an opportunity of observing during the -last winter; and, in some instances, the patients seemed to have -hastened from their homes whilst the last glimmerings of life only -remained. - -“The benefit of the climate of St. Augustine will be particularly -evident in the incipient stages of those affections, for the cure of -which it has been celebrated; and those invalids who contemplate a -removal thither, ought not to allow the commencement of winter to -surprise them whilst preparing for departure. - -“The glowing, and even exaggerated reports of this climate, that have -been given by some persons of lively imagination, have occasioned -disappointment to a few whose expectations had been greatly excited. -Nevertheless, I am persuaded, generally, a residence there during the -winter season will contribute much to the advantage of every stage of -pulmonary affections.” _Extracts from a Circular published in -Philadelphia, 1830, by James Cox, M. D._ - -TEMPERATURE. - -TABLES OF THE COMPARATIVE AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE OF THIS CITY. - -TABLE I. - -_Exhibiting a Comparison between the Mean Temperature of the most -favorite Resorts for Health in other Countries and that of St. -Augustine--Fahrenheit’s Thermometer._ - - MEAN DIFFERENCE OF THE | MEAN ANNUAL RANGE. - SUCCESSIVE MONTHS. | - | - deg. | deg. - Pisa, 5.75 |Naples, 64 - Nice, 4.74 |Nice, 60 - Rome, 4.39 |Rome, 62 - Penzance, Eng., 3.5 |Penzance, 49 - Madeira, 2.41 |Madeira, -- - St. Augustine, Flor., 3.55 |St. Augustine, 59 - - -TABLE II. - -_Exhibition of the Mean Temperature of each Month at St. Augustine, East -Florida--Years 1825, 1828, 1830._ - - deg. - January, 62.15 - February, 64.97 - March, 66.53 - April, 68.68 - May, 76.44 - June, 81.12 - July, 82.36 - August, 82.68 - September, 77.55 - October, 73.61 - November, 67.47 - December, 61.31 - - -TABLE III. - -_Exhibition of the Mean Annual Monthly Range for the same Years._ - -Annual range, 59°. - - deg. - January, 35 - February, 30 - March, 25 - April, 31 - May, 20 - June, 17 - July, 14 - August, 12 - September, 14 - October, 22 - November, 22 - December, 36 - -TABLE IV. - -TROPICAL FLORIDA. - -_Northern Limits of the Tropical Fruit-growing Region--Fort Pierce, -Indian River Inlet._[18] - - -ABSTRACT FOR ONE YEAR. - -From Meteorological Reports on file in the Surgeon General’s Office. - -June 16th, 1848. - - |Hot-|Cold- - |test|est | WINDS. | - MONTHS THERMOMETER |day.|day.| | - ----------------+----+----+---------------------------------------+ - 1840 High-|Low-|Mean |Mean|Mean| N. |N.W.|N.E.| E. |S.E.| S. |S.W.| W. | - est°|est°| | T. | T. |d’ys|d’ys|d’ys|d’ys|d’ys|d’ys|d’ys|d’ys| - ==============+====+=====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+ - April, 86 | 68 |74.07| 78 | 69 | 8 | - | 3 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 1 | - May, 90 | 65 |76.43| 82 | 70 | 5 | - | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 6 | - | - June, 90 | 70 |78.61| 82 | 74 | 2 | - | 7 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 3 | - July, 88 | 72 |79.61| 81+| 76+| - | - | 1 | 13 | 6½| 2 | - | 8½| - August, 88 | 72 |78.95| 83 | 75+| - | - | 1½| 5½| 13½| 6 | 1 | 3½| - September, 90 | 72 |78.65| 82 | 75+| - | - | 13½| 9½| 6 | ½ | ½ | - | - October, 80 | 62 |75.88| 78 | 64 | ½ | 3½ | 8 | 9½| 3 | 3½| 1 | 2 | - November, 73 | 44 |64.40| 70 | 51+| 2 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 9½| 1½| - | - | - December, 72 | 46 |61.51| 68 | 48 | - | 4 | 15½| 1½| 6½| 2 | - | ½ | - January, 84 | 38 |66.13| 76 | 47+| ½ | 3½ | 3 | 6 | 14½| - | - | 3½| - February, 82 | 32 |63.18| 76 | 41+| 3½| 3 | 4½| 4½| 13 | 1 | - | 1½| - March, 80 | 48 |67.19| 74+| 54+| 4 | 4 | 4½| 9 | 5½| ½ | 1 | 2½| - - - | WEATHER. | Rain. - MONTHS | | - +----------------------+------- - 1840 |Fair|Cl’dy|Rain.|Sn’w.| - |d’ys|d’ys.|d’ys.|d’ys.|Inches. - ==============+====+=====+=====+=====+======= - April, | 25 | 1 | 4 | - |No instrument - May, | 26 | - | 5 | - |to measure rain. - June, | 25 | - | 5 | - | - July, | 26 | 5 | - | - | - August, | 20½| 10½ | - | - | - September, | 19½| 10½ | - | - | - October, | 24½| 6½ | - | - | - November, | 18 | 12 | - | - | - December, | 15 | 16 | - | - | - January, | 24½| 6½ | - | - | - February, | 25½| 2½ | - | - | - March, | 26 | 5 | - | - | - -[Illustration: MAGNOLIA HOUSE, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.] - - -ADVANTAGES OF ACCOMMODATION. - -The accommodations for invalids, in this city, are comparable with any -that can be furnished in this region, and will be ample. - -There are four public houses, two of which, in regard to style, -convenience, and comfort, will compare well with any like -establishments. - -The “Magnolia House,” erected by B. E. Carr, is a spacious and -attractive resort. Its style of architecture is neat; its grounds are -laid out with taste; its location is eligible. Its host was trained in -one of the best establishments of the city of New-York, and of course -understands well how both to _satisfy_ and _please_ those who make his -house the home of their sojourn. The Magnolia House, though recently -opened for public accommodation, it has been found necessary -considerably to enlarge. This work its enterprising proprietor is now -engaged upon. It will be also modified so as to suit the convenience and -meet the wants of the public, by affording many comforts and -conveniences not generally attached to a hotel. Seventeen additional -rooms, with a new and spacious dining hall, are to be added, which in -many respects will make it one of the most desirable places of sojourn -for families and travelers in this city, as well as for invalids. - -The “Planters’ Hotel” is a spacious and convenient public house, well -adapted to the accommodation of the public. This large establishment is -to be opened the ensuing fall, under the supervision of its present -proprietor, Mr. Loring. The “Florida House,” on the side opposite, is a -large, well-kept establishment, belonging to Mr. Cole; the “City Hotel,” -under Mr. Bridier, is also open. - -There are several neat private residences, where strangers and -sojourners can be accommodated, at reasonable prices. The boarding -establishment of Mrs. Reid is an attractive establishment, capable of -accommodating many persons, both families and single. - -The residence of Mrs. Dr. Anderson is conspicuous on the avenue leading -over the bridge near the St. Sebastian River. It is built of the native -coquina rock, and was embosomed in a grove of young orange trees, of -which the decaying stumps and sickly shoots are all that remain, -together with the hedge of Spanish bayonet, which inclosed it. These -suffice to designate “Markland,” though shorn of its glory--which is -partially supplied by a grove of olive trees now in bearing. - -“Yallaha” is the neat cottage residence of P. B. Dunnas. It is the -Indian word for orange. Yallaha is situated on the river St. Sebastian, -and is distinguished for the beauty and healthfulness of its position, -and also for the delicious strawberries which enrich its blushing -gardens in the month of March. - -It was in orange times the site of a beautiful and extensive grove of -trees, variegated with green foliage and golden fruit and fragrant -blossoms. - -It is the purpose of the proprietor to erect on his grounds commodious -boarding establishments. - - -RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT. - -This city contains a small circle of intelligent and cultivated society. -It is not as yet deformed with the arts and moral conveniences of more -fashionable circles, in the higher walks of life. It needs not the -blandishments--it dreads not the encroachments which, if tolerated in -higher circles, would dissipate the fictitious colors that glow to -deceive around fashionable intercourse. Its very simplicity is at once -its greatest charm and surest defence against impertinent intrusion. The -city affords comfortable, if not elegant homes, to the invalid -sojourner, both in public houses and private families, through which he -will have a more or less direct connection with the avenues to the -Anglo-American society. Excellent medical aid can here be commanded, -from resident members of the profession; and the institutions of -religion can be enjoyed under the several forms of the Episcopal, -Presbyterian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic churches. The invalid will -here find a home in his sojourn, where he will meet with some of the -advantages which distinguish the more cultivated circles of northern -society. - -The sportsman, with his line and gun, can satisfy his largest desires in -the way of game and angling. The boatman has a spacious harbor and the -broad Atlantic open to him for health and pleasure, though it must be -confessed that _good boats_ are in great demand without a supply. - -The active, agile “_Indian Pony_,” is a luxury to those who seek health -in horsemanship. In the neighborhood, on the estate of Capt. Hanham, of -the ordnance department, are springs, which are alleged to contain -mineral waters; and to which invalids sometimes ride in a conveyance the -proprietor has had fitted up, and runs for that purpose. - -And then pleasure excursions over the beach are frequent. A boatman with -his crew are secured the day beforehand, a party having been made up for -such an expedition. - -The boatman and crew are usually negroes. The party having provided -themselves with a lunch, apparatus for making coffee, knives and forks, -and other necessary and useful articles for an oyster pic-nic, embark in -the morning. They wend their way across the harbor, debark, and arrange -matters so as that the scattered fragments of the expedition shall be -gathered at the proper time and place, to partake of the refreshments, -and then disperse,--some for the light-house, and others for the -quarry--while the boat’s crew are left to collect oysters, and gather -fuel for the roast on the beach. - -When the repast has been finished, the party return, loaded with -specimens of rocks and natural history, fatigued, indeed, but gratified -and benefited. This excursion is both pleasant and useful; and should -the resort to this watering place for health increase as it has been -doing, there doubtless will be afforded greater facilities for more -extended and healthful water excursions: such expeditions, whether for -shell or fish, in this climate being healthful and pleasant. Ordinarily, -exposure does not induce colds, and may be taken without risk. - -The moonlight walks, are truly delightful beyond description. Those who -reside at the north, and have never beheld, can have no adequate -conception of a moonlight scene on the coast of Florida. A recent writer -thus speaks of it: “The nocturnal aspect of the heavens differs from a -northern one, in the same manner that two paintings may differ, the -warmth and richness of the one contrasting with the coldness and poverty -of the other.” It is no unusual thing for ladies to appear abroad on the -public promenade, in their light, loose, flowing dresses, without shawl -or bonnet, with denuded neck and arms, till near midnight, and not -suffer the least risk or inconvenience. Nature, in silence, majesty, and -beauty, invites her children to enjoy her moonlight luxuries. She fans -them with soft and fragrant breezes. She allures them into the open air, -and charms them with the gorgeous magnificence of the nocturnal scene, -in which every object, earth, sea, and sky, are made to glow in rich and -pure effulgence. Who can restrain himself from the enjoyment of health -and exercise, amid such attractions? and that, too, without peril from -evening dews and tainted atmosphere? - -The maiden and her lover, the matron and her spouse, the youth and -children, alike participate in the enjoyment of these natural luxuries; -and make the welkin ring at midnight often, with the merry peal of joy -and life, or with the notes of music, accompanied with the soft -mellifluous strains of the guitar and viol. - -There are various customs, relics of Popish superstition and Spanish -practice, yet prevalent in the city. - - -CARNIVAL. - -Carnival is here observed, though not with its ancient excess of folly. -This is a religious festival, observed in Roman Catholic countries, as a -season of feasting, by which another religious festival called Lent is -introduced. It is usually celebrated “by feasts, operas, balls, -concerts, &c.” In this city it is celebrated by masquerade dances by -night, idle and frivolous street sport, in processions of vagrant men -and boys, disguised in masks and grotesque array by daylight. - -A most ridiculous burlesque is exhibited in honor of St. Peter, the -fisherman of Galilee, by which his professional skill in the use of the -net is attempted to be illustrated. This is the closing farce of the -feast of carnival. The description of this, as it passed under the eye -of the author at the very last carnival, may suffice to give a stranger -some idea of its folly. - -As I passed along one of the narrow streets of the city, my attention -was arrested by the various exclamations and boisterous cries of a -motley crowd of black and white, who thronged the street, occasionally -surging to the right hand and left. - -I was at first at a loss to account for it. On a nearer approach, I -perceived two half-grown men heading a rabble of boys and others, with -the face masked and concealed, and the person attired in a coarse, -shabby fisher’s dress. Over the shoulder of each was flung a common -Spanish net. Whenever a boy black or white came within range of a cast, -the net was suddenly spread, and thrown over the lad’s head so as to -inclose his person. There was seldom more than one throw of the net; and -if it were not successful, it was seldom repeated on the same -individual. Thus the streets were beset till the farce--the solemn -farce--in illustration of the call of Peter to become a “fisher of men” -was ended. - - -SHERIVAREE. - -On an evening after the celebration of the nuptials of an inhabitant of -the city, who has been before married, and thus emerges from a state of -widowhood, the welkin is made to ring with a most discordant concert of -voices, horns, tin pans, and other boisterous sounds. It is an -excessively annoying exhibition, to say nothing of its ill-manners, and -gross violation of the peace and good order of society. The whole city -is usually disturbed by such riot and confusion, as in any orderly -community would consign the perpetrators to a guardhouse, or prison, -till they had taken some practical lessons in decency. This is what is -here termed Sherivaree. The residence of the newly married pair is beset -by the rabble in some cases, till it is bought off with money, or -whisky. - -There are some other customs and practices growing out of the foreign -extraction of the city, and connected with religious festivals, and -which are the relics of the past, that are now passing rapidly away. - - -FACILITIES OF COMMUNICATION. - -There are two routes, by which invalid strangers from the north may -reach this city. - -The one is direct by sea, from either Charleston or New-York; the other -is by the inland steam and stage route. The former is occasional; the -latter is always available, though there is some prospect that a direct -communication will be opened, and sustained between this city and -Charleston ere long. - -The voyage from New-York, by sailing or steam-packet, through to -Charleston or Savannah, is the most reliable and expeditious. Twice a -week, steamboats connect between Savannah and the St. John’s River, at -Picolata. The distance from Picolata to St. Augustine, is over land, and -about eighteen miles. This distance is overcome by stage-coach, and a -new and convenient omnibus the present proprietor of the line, Mr. -Bridier, has just had completed for that route. Passengers are met by -these conveyances, and usually reach St. Augustine by 4 o’clock P. M., -and often about noon. There is an inland steam connection between -Charleston, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., with which the Florida boats -connect twice in a week. - -The most expeditious and economical route to Florida is that by which -the traveler takes passage direct from New-York to Savannah, where he -will be received by the steamer, with his baggage, and brought into -Florida and landed within eighteen miles of St. Augustine; the distance -to which, from Savannah, is 218 miles. - -The passage from Savannah, especially over the waters of the noble river -of the St. John’s, is pleasant and instructive. The lover of nature--the -curious stranger--may each be gratified. In passing along this route, -the traveler will get a “bird’s-eye view” of a considerable portion of -the southern country, on the seaboard. The plantations--marshes--and -peculiar varieties of trees, among which the noted cabbage-tree will be -conspicuous--creeks--inlets--and the various specimens of natural -history--the alligator--and peculiar species of water-fowl met with--and -the various contrasts between northern and southern habits, as presented -in agricultural life--will be novelties, more or less interesting and -instructive to the curious traveler. Many prejudices will be -dissipated--many errors will be corrected--many contrasts will be -presented. - -FINIS. - - * * * * * - - -FOOTNOTES: - - [1] TRANSLATION.--“Don Ferdinand the Sixth being King of - Spain, and the Field Marshal, Don Alonzo Fernandos de Herida being - Governor and Captain General of this place, St. Augustine of Florida - and its province, this fortress was finished in the year 1756. The - works were directed by the Capt. Engineer, Don Pedro de Brazas y - Garay.”--_See Williams’s Hist. Flor._ - - [2] Sprague’s Hist. War in Florida. - - [3] Bauer. - - [4] Johnson’s Life of General Green. - - [5] As there are some slight variations among historians in respect - to the order of the events in the destruction and overthrow of the - colony on the St. John’s and of this massacre, I have inclined to the - numerical preponderance of historical proof, inclining to Bancroft, - reconciling the several particulars. - - [6] Williams. - - [7] Bancroft’s Hist. U. S. A. - - [8] Ibid. - - [9] Family Library. - - [10] Cohen. - - [11] Stephen’s Hist. Geo., art. in Southern Quarterly; April No. 1848. - - [12] Spanish accounts say less than this. - - [13] It is more than probable that the American government connived - at, if it did not encourage, these transactions.--EDITOR. - - [14] It is well known that the Spanish governor of West Florida - attempted to withhold from the United States the public papers, - and that Governor Jackson was under the necessity of resorting to - compulsory measures to obtain them. - - The same disposition was exhibited by the governor of the East. - Captain Hanham had been appointed sheriff of East Florida, and was - dispatched for St. Augustine, and required to be there in seventeen - days. He arrived within the given time, and applied to Governor - Coppinger for the public records. The governor declined, and gave him - to understand that he should resist his authority. Understanding that - a vessel lay in the offing ready to receive the papers and convey them - to Cuba, Hanham forced his way into the governor’s room. There he - found the papers nearly all packed in eleven strong boxes. He seized - them all, and delivered them over into the hands of the collector - of the United States. It was afterwards found that the papers thus - rescued were of the greatest importance to the United States. - - These summary proceedings created an excitement at the time, which - however soon passed away. - - [15] This was told the author as coming from the lips of the man who - was the subject of this anecdote, who still lives. - - [16] Author of a standard work on climate, and of the highest - professional authority. - - [17] There are now points in South Florida in a tropical climate, - where preparations are being made for the accommodation of invalid - strangers. The banks of the Indian River, St. Lucia Sound, and the - Miami, possess advantages over any other place in this country. - - [18] The region of fruit of tropical growth is clearly defined by the - appearance and change in the vegetable kingdom, especially by the - mangrove tree. - - The eye will detect the line of demarcation, as one sails along Indian - River northward. The Table No. IV. indicates the temperature of the - climate where this region begins. - - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Sketches of St. Augustine, by R. K. Sewall - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE *** - -***** This file should be named 52853-0.txt or 52853-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/8/5/52853/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif, Broward County Library and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/52853-0.zip b/old/52853-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f2a82d9..0000000 --- a/old/52853-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h.zip b/old/52853-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index aef9880..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/52853-h.htm b/old/52853-h/52853-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 46f052b..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/52853-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2488 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" -"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> - -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> - <head> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> -<title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sketches of St. Augustine, by R. K. Sewall. -</title> -<style type="text/css"> - p {margin-top:.2em;text-align:justify;margin-bottom:.2em;text-indent:4%;} - -.c {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} - -.cb {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;} - -.hang {text-indent:-2%;margin-left:2%;} - -.nind {text-indent:0%;} - -.r {text-align:right;margin-right: 5%;} - -.rt {text-align:right;} - -small {font-size: 70%;} - -.spc {letter-spacing:.1em;} - -big {font-size: 130%;} - - h1 {margin-top:5%;text-align:center;clear:both; -font-size:120%;font-family:courier, serif;} - - h2 {margin-top:4%;margin-bottom:2%;text-align:center;clear:both; - font-size:120%;font-family:courier, serif;} - - h3,h4,h5,h6 {margin:2% auto 1% auto;text-align:center;clear:both; -font-size:80%;} - - hr {width:10%;margin:2em auto 2em auto;clear:both;color:black;} - - hr.full {width: 60%;margin:2% auto 2% auto;border-top:1px solid black; -padding:.1em;border-bottom:1px solid black;border-left:none;border-right:none;} - -hr.putc {width:70%;margin:.1em auto .1em auto;clear:both;color:black;} - - table {margin-top:2%;margin-bottom:2%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border:none;} - -th {padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:.5em;} - -.bldbl {border-left:3px double black;padding-left:.52em;} - - body{margin-left:4%;margin-right:6%;background:#ffffff;color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;font-size:medium;} - -a:link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} - - link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} - -a:visited {background-color:#ffffff;color:purple;text-decoration:none;} - -a:hover {background-color:#ffffff;color:#FF0000;text-decoration:underline;} - -.smcap {font-variant:small-caps;font-size:100%;} - - img {border:none;} - -.caption {font-weight:bold;font-family:"AR DELANEY", serif;} -.caption1 {font-weight:bold;font-family:serif;} - -.figcenter {margin-top:3%;margin-bottom:3%;clear:both; -margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} - @media print, handheld - {.figcenter - {page-break-before: avoid;page-break-after: avoid;} - } - -.footnotes {border:dotted 3px gray;margin-top:5%;clear:both;} - -.footnote {width:95%;margin:auto 3% 1% auto;font-size:0.9em;position:relative;} - -.label {position:relative;left:-.5em;top:0;text-align:left;font-size:.8em;} - -.fnanchor {vertical-align:30%;font-size:.8em;} - -.pagenum {font-style:normal;position:absolute; -left:95%;font-size:55%;text-align:right;color:gray; -background-color:#ffffff;font-variant:normal;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0em;} -@media print, handheld -{.pagenum - {display: none;} - } - -</style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sketches of St. Augustine, by R. K. Sewall - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Sketches of St. Augustine - -Author: R. K. Sewall - -Release Date: August 19, 2016 [EBook #52853] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif, Broward County Library and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="313" height="500" alt="" title="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/front_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/front_sml.jpg" width="400" height="215" alt="Image unavailable: BAY ST. AUGUSTINE E.F." /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">BAY ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a>{1}</span></p> - -<h1> -<span class="spc">SKETCHES</span><br /> -<small>OF</small><br /> -<span class="spc">ST. AUGUSTINE.</span><br /> -<br /> -<small>WITH A VIEW OF ITS</small><br /><br /> -<span class="spc">HISTORY AND ADVANTAGES</span><br /> -<small>AS A</small><br /><br /> -RESORT FOR INVALIDS.</h1> - -<p class="c"> -<small>BY</small><br /> -R. K. SEWALL.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p class="c"> -NEW-YORK:<br /> -<small>PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY</small><br /> -GEORGE P. PUTNAM, 155 BROADWAY.<br /> -1848.<br /> <br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a>{2}</span></p> - -<hr class="putc" /> -<p class="c"> -Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by<br /> -<span class="smcap">George P. Putnam</span>,<br /> -in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District<br /> -of New-York.<br /> -</p> -<hr class="putc" /> - -<p class="c"> <br /> <br /> -<span class="smcap">Leavitt, Trow & Co.</span>,<br /> -<i>Printers and Stereotypers</i>,<br /> -49 Ann-street, N. Y.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a>{3}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> brief account of one of the most interesting towns in this country, -in many historical points of view, has been prepared to meet the wants -of those who may desire to learn something of the place in view of a -sojourn, or who may already have come hither in search of health.</p> - -<p>The work makes no pretension to fullness of detail, nor to absolute -perfection in any particular. It is rather a glimpse at, than a full -history of, the place, though it gives such a connected view of the -course of events, as to satisfy the curiosity of such as come among us, -(and which every sojourner feels the want of,) so far as the lights we -now have can aid us in a knowledge of the past.</p> - -<p>I have availed myself of such helps, in the few works written, as I -could find, which speak of the place.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a>{4}</span></p> - -<p>But the field of historical researched upon which I have entered, I find -too extensive to be compressed in all its interesting particulars into a -work of this sort. The gleanings, therefore, must for the present -suffice.</p> - -<p class="r"> -THE AUTHOR.</p> - -<p><i>St. Augustine, June 20, 1848.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a>{5}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:auto auto;max-width:80%;font-size:95%;"> - -<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></th></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="rt"><small>PAGE.</small></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="hang">Location—Description—Antiquity—Distant Appearance—Public -Places—Public Works of the City</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_007">7</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="hang">Early Settlement—Founder—The Objects of his Voyage from -Spain—Character—Entrance into the Harbor—Name—Massacre -of the Huguenot Protestants—Slaughter at Matanzas—Drake’s -Attack—Indian Assault—Contribution laid on the -City by Davis, the Bucanier—The Bucaniers—Expedition -of Gov. Moore of South Carolina—Causes of the same—Col. -Palmer’s Attack—Oglethorp’s Invasion—Minorcan Inhabitants—Patriot -War—Purchase of Florida by the United -States—Change of Flags—Frost of 1835—Orange Trade -and Groves—Fruit Growing in East Florida—Tropical Luxuries -produced—Inducements to Agriculturists from the -North</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_018">18</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="hang">Climate of Florida—Testimony of Physicians—Coast Climate—Its -Advantages—Class of Diseases favorably affected by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a>{6}</span> -Residence in the Climate—St. Augustine as a Place of -Resort for Invalids—Accommodations—Society—Tables of -Temperature of the Climate, exhibiting the Degree of -Changes during the Month and Year, as compared with -Foreign Places of Resort—Customs—Conveyances to the -City</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_049">49</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a>{7}</span></p> - -<h1>SKETCHES.</h1> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2> - -<h3>LOCATION.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> city, the ancient metropolis of the Spanish Province of East -Florida, is situated near the Atlantic coast, little south of the 30th -parallel of north latitude. The southern point of a narrow peninsula, -formed by the confluence of the waters of the St. Sebastian River and -the sea, which here is backed in behind Anastatia Island, through the -inlets of North River and Matanzas bar, is the site on which the city -stands.</p> - -<p>The island, behind which takes place an expansion of these waters into a -beautiful harbor, accessible to all classes of vessels drawing nine -feet, which is the depth on the bar at low water, is a long, low, and -narrow body of sand and coquina, or shell rock, which is covered with -various shrubbery; and though it affords a barrier to the surf of the -Atlantic, it does not obstruct the cooling sea-breeze, nor indeed a -prospect of the ocean from elevated stations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a>{8}</span></p> - -<h3>PECULIARITIES.</h3> - -<p>The town is nearly surrounded with salt water. The face of the country, -skirting on the seaboard, from Cape Hatteras hither, is low, level, and -sandy. This feature prevails southward to near Cape Florida; when the -rock-bound shore, the rudiments of which begin with the coquina -formation opposite the city, again is made the barrier against the -encroachments of the sea, and continues until it is broken up among the -keys of the Florida archipelago.</p> - -<p>The country around the city, is a plain of sandy shell soil, termed -“pine barren.” With this the city is joined, on the west, by a -substantial bridge over the St. Sebastian River; and on the north, in a -neck of land over a stone causeway. Egress at this point is made from -the city by a thoroughfare, once commanded by a fortified trench and -gateway. On the east, are the harbor and bay, which open in a beautiful -sheet of water, over which, towering above the sand hills, on the -adjacent island, is seen the light-house, originally a fortified -“look-out,” where the Spanish sentry watched against danger.</p> - -<p>The peninsula on which the city stands is said to have been originally a -“shell hammock.” The soil consists of shell and sand, with an -intermixture of vegetable mould. The surface has but a slight elevation -above the level of the surrounding water. Both these circumstances are -favorable. In wet weather, the texture of the soil is favorable to a -rapid extraction of the super-abundant moisture from the surface; and in -dry weather,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a>{9}</span> the slight elevation of the land above the sea, enables it -to withstand drought,—the waters percolating through the soil, refresh -vegetation.</p> - -<p>These things conspire to promote the health of the city, inclosed as it -is by the arms of the sea, to whose salubrious and refreshing breezes it -is entirely open.</p> - -<h3>DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY.</h3> - -<p>The city of St. Augustine is built in the style of an ancient Spanish -military town. The plan of the city is a parallelogram, traversed -longitudinally by two principal streets the whole length. These are -intersected at right angles, transversely, by several cross streets, -which divide the city into squares. Though not larger than many of our -New England villages, the city is nevertheless regularly laid out, as it -was intended to be compactly built, each square having more or less -space, once occupied with groves of the orange, which a few years since -were the glory and wealth of the place. Indeed, it was once a forest of -sturdy orange trees, in whose rich foliage of deep green, variegated -with golden fruit, the buildings of the city were embosomed; and whose -fragrance filled the body of the surrounding atmosphere so as to attract -the notice of passers by on the sea; and whose delicious fruit was the -great staple of export.</p> - -<p>The harbor fronts on the east, and is furnished with good wharves. The -sandy beach of the St. Sebastian brings up the rear on the west, -affording space for a delightful drive around the city; while a once -thrifty<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a>{10}</span> but now ruinous suburb—the bubble of speculation in “morus -multicaulus” times—called the North City, fills the background on the -north.</p> - -<h3>BUILDINGS.</h3> - -<p>The coquina rock, a concretion of sand and shell formed on the -neighboring sea-beach on the south side of the bar and on the -island—the upper extremity of which opens in sheets, ready for -quarrying, and on which quarries are now extensively worked—is the -principal building material. The streets are excessively narrow, and are -furnished with neither side-walks nor pavements. The houses are usually -two-story buildings, generally crowded into the streets; and are built -without much regard to architectural style or ornamental beauties.</p> - -<p>Not unfrequently a piazza projects from the base of the second story, -which in some cases is inclosed with movable Venetian shutters, so as to -control the draft of air, and increase or abate it at pleasure.</p> - -<p>These appendages, though they add greatly to the comfort of the -occupants, nevertheless disfigure the buildings by impairing their -symmetrical proportions. The piazza, especially, awakens a sensation of -peril, as one passes for the first time on horseback through the -streets, particularly if he has been accustomed to the broad -thoroughfares and elevated structures of a northern Anglo-American city. -The contrast is great.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a>{11}</span></p> - -<h3>GREAT ANTIQUITY OF THE CITY.</h3> - -<p>In all its outlines and main features, this city is deeply traced with -the furrows of age. It also wears a foreign aspect to the eye of an -American. Ruinous buildings, of antique and foreign model, vacant lots, -broken inclosures, and a rough, tasteless exterior, scarred by the -ravages of fire and time, awaken a sense of discomfort and desolation in -the mind of a stranger.</p> - -<h3>APPEARANCE.</h3> - -<p>From the sea, as you enter the inlet from the harbor, the city presents -a fine view. Any distant prospect is decidedly pleasing. Its -deformities—the narrow streets—dilapidated buildings, with their -projecting piazzas—are lost to the eye in the distance; in which, also, -unity of effect is produced by the regularity of the plan on which the -city is built; which effect is heightened greatly by the ornamental -trees, whose foliage screens many of the houses—the overshadowing pride -of India—and the vigorous “morus multicaulus.” There is, however, much -to relieve the first unfavorable impressions of a stranger. Its -comfortless appearance is the effect of first impressions, which of -course are superficial, and often delusive. The blighted stocks of -desolate orange groves—the tokens of decay—the obvious lack of -industry and taste, and the consequent want of thrift—on a close -inspection, are relieved by a constant succession of images of the past, -illustrative of the character of Castilian mind in a heroic and -barbarous age. Moreover, there is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a>{12}</span> a rapid transition in progress. This -ancient city is being transformed into American features, both in its -external appearance, and in the habits and customs of the people.</p> - -<p>Many of its recent edifices are in the neat, attractive style of -American village architecture. Especially is this the case in the -neighborhood of the Magnolia House.</p> - -<h3>PUBLIC PLACES.</h3> - -<p>The city has a public square, or inclosed common. In the centre, a -monument some sixteen or eighteen feet high, has been erected. It -commemorates the giving of a constitutional basis to the Spanish -government. On its fronts, the following Spanish sentence is -engraved:—“Plaza de la Constitution.”</p> - -<p>The three sides of this square, or plaza, are now bounded by as many -streets, fronting on which are the public buildings. The Government -House, now used as a hall of justice, and for public offices, stands on -the west front. On the east, near to the water, are the market -buildings. The Roman Catholic Cathedral, surmounted with the vertical -section of a bell-shaped pyramid, which supports a chime of bells, and -which terminates in a small cross, stands on the north; and on the -opposite south front is the Episcopal Church, a neat, well-proportioned -Gothic edifice, having a spire and bell.</p> - -<p>The Presbyterian and Methodist Churches, the former north and the latter -south from the common, on the same street, are well-built, substantial -houses of worship, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a>{13}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_003_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_003_sml.jpg" width="400" height="214" alt="Image unavailable: CATHOLIC CHURCH, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F." /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">CATHOLIC CHURCH, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_001_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_001_sml.jpg" width="400" height="217" alt="Image unavailable: FORT MARION, ST. AUGUSTINE. E.F." /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">FORT MARION, ST. AUGUSTINE. E.F.</span> -</div> - -<p class="nind">simple Grecian style of architecture and neat American finish.</p> - -<h3>PUBLIC WORKS.</h3> - -<p>St. Francis Barracks, on the southern extreme of the city; Fort Marion, -on the north, with its water-battery and the sea-wall, are among the -objects of historical and military interest within the city.</p> - -<p>The sea-wall is erected of the native coquina rock. The upper stratum is -granite flagging stone. This important work is more than a mile in -extent, and of sufficient width for two to walk on it abreast. As a -public promenade, as well as a fortification against the encroachments -of the sea, it is of great use; and it is also a place of universal and -of delightful resort.</p> - -<p>This wall incloses two beautiful basins, furnished also with stone -steps. These are the points of embarkation and of debarkation for the -numerous boatmen who navigate the neighboring waters for pleasure and -for profit.</p> - -<p>The Castle is a fortress of great strength, covering several acres, and -built entirely of stone from the neighboring coquina quarries, and -according to the most approved principles of military science. It is -said to be a “good specimen of military architecture.”</p> - -<p>Its walls are twenty-one feet high, terminating in four bastioned -angles, at the several corners, each of which is surmounted with towers -corresponding. “The whole is casemated and bomb-proof.” This work is -inclosed in a wide and deep ditch, with perpendicular walls<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a>{14}</span> of -mason-work, over which is thrown a bridge, originally protected by a -draw.</p> - -<p>Within its massive walls are numerous cells. On the north side, opposite -the main entrance, is one fitted up as a Romish church. It has now -become converted into a storehouse for military fixtures. These rooms -are at best dark, dungeon-like abodes; and, by natural association, they -revive the recollection of scenes characteristic of a dark and cruel -age.</p> - -<p>Some of these gloomy retreats, though like Bunyan’s giant Despair they -now can only grin in ghastly silence at the Pilgrim stranger, yet look -as if they were once the strong-holds of despotic power. With this -character the gossip of common fame also charges them.</p> - -<p>The Castle commands the entrance to the harbor. Its water battery is -furnished with a complement of Paixhan guns of heavy caliber. These are -in a state of readiness to be mounted.</p> - -<p>The Castle is a place of chief and universal attraction to the curious -stranger. On approaching the main entrance, through the principal -gateway, the first object of interest is a Spanish inscription, engraved -on the solid rock immediately over head, and under the arms of Spain, -and is as follows, viz.:<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> “Reynando en Espana<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a>{15}</span> el son Don Fernando -Sexto y Sierdo Governador y Capitan General di esta Plaza de San -Augustine de Florida y su Provincia el Moriscal de Campo Dn. Alonzo -Fernandez de Herida se conduyo este Castello el ano de 1756 dirigendo -las abras et Capitan ynginero Don Pedro de Brazas y Garay.”</p> - -<p>On reaching the interior of the Fort, the several apartments may be -explored, except those where the magazine is found, and those which are -used as cells for prisoners—the State being permitted to confine its -prisoners therein.</p> - -<p>Within the bastion of the northeast angle, far under ground, is a dark, -dungeon-like recess, constructed of solid mason-work. Before entering -here, the guide will furnish himself with a torchlight of pitch-wood.</p> - -<p>This place was accidentally discovered soon after the work fell into the -hands of the American army. It was then walled up, and was not before -known to have had an existence. Of this concealed retreat, Rumor has -whispered strange things.</p> - -<p>A human skeleton, with the fragments of a pair of boots and an empty mug -for water, it is alleged were discovered within. As to the history of -the place—whether it was once an inquisitorial chamber, or the scene of -vengeance, where bigotry invoked the secular arm to silence heretical -tongues, and suppress heretical thoughts; and as to the name, character, -standing, guilt or innocence, pleasures or pains, of the poor -unfortunate to whom the boots and bones belonged, there is silence. -Either Fame has been unable to catch the echo through<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a>{16}</span> the lapse of -time, or shame bids her be silent, or horror has paralyzed her tongue.</p> - -<p>By these, and like rumors, either truth or fiction has succeeded in -investing this place with mysterious and melancholy interest to an -American citizen.</p> - -<p>The Barracks occupy a spot on which were the ruins of an ancient monkish -retreat, near the south end. The main building is a substantial -structure, of large dimensions and neat appearance. The prospect from -it, of the harbor, bar, ocean, and neighboring country, is delightful. -Its location is one of the most eligible in the city. A large space is -inclosed in rear of the main building, for a garden; the southern -extremity of which is occupied as a military burial ground, where repose -the ashes of the major part of the regular force of the United States, -who fell in battle during the recent bloody Seminole war. Chaste and -beautiful monuments with appropriate inscriptions, mark the spot where -sleep the gory dead.</p> - -<p>Here, beneath two pyramids, together in one bed repose the ashes of one -hundred and seven men—the gallant Major Dade and his intrepid -warriors—a sacrifice to the vengeance of the brave and warlike -Seminole, who with the Indian agent were the first fruits of the -terrible threat of Osceola, who having indignantly rejected all -overtures on the part of the government to leave the graves of his -fathers, on closing his intercourse with the government agent, being -refused the right of purchasing powder, thus addressed himself to Gen. -Thompson: “Am I a negro? a slave? My skin is dark, but not black. I am -an Indian—a Seminole. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a>{17}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_002_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_002_sml.jpg" width="400" height="217" alt="Image unavailable: MILITARY BURIAL GROUND, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F." /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">MILITARY BURIAL GROUND, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.</span> -</div> - -<p class="nind">white man shall not make me black! I will make the white man red with -blood; and then blacken him in the sun and rain, where the wolf shall -smell his bones, and the buzzard live upon his flesh!”<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The extreme -point of the peninsula, south, on which the city is located, is occupied -with the outlines of an ancient breastwork, in a ruinous condition, and -the United States Arsenal buildings.</p> - -<p>On the whole, it will be seen, from the facts above stated, that this -city is not without its interest to the antiquary and to the historian. -If not old Spain in miniature, it is a chip of the block of the old in -the new world, a relic of the past interwoven with the texture of the -present age.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a>{18}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.<br /><br /> -<small>HISTORY—EARLY SETTLEMENT.</small></h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> city is by forty years the oldest town within the limits of the -United States of America. It was the offspring of the religious bigotry, -fanaticism, and jealousy, of a barbarous but heroic age.</p> - -<p>On the 8th of September, 1565, at noonday, on the celebration of a -religious festival in honor of Mary, the virgin goddess of Papal homage -and superstitious reverence, a creature of the Spanish government, Pedro -Melendez by name, who had recently crossed from the old world, entered -this harbor, debarked, and taking formal possession of the country, -proclaimed Philip II king of North America, had the service of Mass -performed, and the foundations of the town immediately laid.</p> - -<h3>THE ORIGINAL FOUNDER.</h3> - -<p>Pedro Melendez was a man of blood. His bigotry had been nourished, says -the historian, in the wars against the Protestants of Holland. He had -also acquired wealth and notoriety in the conquests of Spanish America.</p> - -<p>But there he had been guilty of such excesses, and pursued a course of -such rapacity, that his conduct had<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a>{19}</span> provoked inquiry. It ended in his -arrest and conviction. The king confirmed sentence against him. To -recover the favor of his sovereign, retrieve his character, if not to -atone for his crimes, Melendez devised the scheme of conquering, -colonizing, and converting to the faith of Papacy, the Province of -Florida. He agreed also to import five hundred negro slaves.</p> - -<p>In the meanwhile, a company of French Huguenots, in their flight from -the bloodhounds of persecution, let loose upon them from the -strong-holds of the Romish church, had found an asylum in the wilds of -America, and as they supposed, on the banks of the St. John’s River in -East Florida. Thither they had fled and planted their colony. Amid the -desert wilds and pestilential vapors of the morasses of Florida, they -fondly hoped to enjoy “freedom to worship God.”</p> - -<p>Delusive hope! Where could a poor Protestant hide from the wrath of the -“great red Dragon,” breathing out fire and death to worry and destroy -the saints, if the dens and caves of the earth could afford him no -shelter in Europe?</p> - -<p>Melendez, whose piety had been fed on the blood of Protestants till it -had become bloated with bigotry, smelling the scent of prey from afar, -“collected a force of more than twenty-five hundred persons:—soldiers, -sailors, priests, Jesuits, married men with their families, laborers and -mechanics.”<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> With this company he embarked, not merely to found, but -to root up and destroy a peaceful<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a>{20}</span> colony, solely because it was made up -of the followers of Calvin, and not of the Pope!</p> - -<p>In traversing the Atlantic he encountered a storm. His ships were by it -scattered; so that only one third of the number he embarked with from -Spain reached the coast of Florida.</p> - -<p>It was on a day consecrated to the memory of St. Augustine, a venerable -and pious father of the early ages of Christianity, that he came in -sight of the coast of Florida. Four days he sailed along this coast; and -on the fifth he landed, having discovered a fine haven and harbor.</p> - -<h3>TRANSACTIONS AT THE MOUTH OF THE ST. JOHN’S.</h3> - -<p>Learning from the natives, the place where the French Huguenot colony -had established itself, and the position of Fort Caroline on the banks -of the St. John’s, and having named the harbor and haven here, where he -first set foot on shore, St. Augustine, Melendez immediately sailed -northward in quest of the infant Protestant community.</p> - -<p>Landonnier had conducted the expedition which had sought the shores of -Florida, to find an asylum for the persecuted Protestants of France. -Under the patronage of Admiral Coligni, he had on the 30th of June, in -1564, settled the mouth of the River St. John’s with Protestant -refugees, and erected Fort Caroline. This place Ribaut had reached on a -return voyage from France, a few days prior to the appearance of -Melendez. Melendez purposed to seize by treachery the French shipping,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a>{21}</span> -which, however, by suddenly running to sea, eluded his grasp, and was -soon after wrecked; being driven by a storm on the coast below, while -menacing this place.</p> - -<p>The appearance of the Spanish fleet foreboded evil. The circumstances -excited the fears of the Protestant colonists. They inquired the name -and objects of the Spanish commander. To the deputation he answered: “I -am Melendez of Spain, sent with orders from my king to gibbet and behead -all the Protestants in this region. Frenchmen who are Catholics I will -spare—every heretic shall die!”</p> - -<p>Thus did he announce his mission to be one of blood with unblushing -boldness. Melendez now returned to this place, to prepare for, and put -it effectually into execution. Here his forces were collected, his plans -laid: and from the newly laid foundations of this—the first town within -the United States of America—even while they were wet in the holy water -of the Mother Church—armed with the blessing of her priesthood, -Melendez led a chosen band to the execution of his bloody mission. He -marched through the wilderness with eight days’ provisions, and reached -the forests and hammocks on the banks of the St. John’s near to Fort -Caroline, where the Protestant colony reposed, unconscious of the evil -impending. He now prepared himself and his followers for their work of -human butchery, “by kneeling and praying for success.”<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> All was -silence, save the calm voice of nature, whose soft whispers were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a>{22}</span> wafted -through the branches of the gray old trees and sturdy oaks, that stood -round about and cast their protecting shade over the heads of a peaceful -colony. These, perhaps, sighed at what they saw, and against which they -could not warn. From prayers Melendez rose up to the slaughter. The -blood of the mother and of her innocent babe mingled in the same pool! -Helpless woman and decrepit age bowed together in death and violence! -The citizen and the soldier met the same fate! A scene of carnage and of -cruelty was enacted, unparalleled in the annals of human butchery!</p> - -<p>Some eighty-six persons, whose only crime was their Calvinism, fell -victims to the barbarity of a savage Popish bigot. But few escaped. Of -these, such as were afterwards taken were hung on the limbs of the next -tree, where their bodies became food to hungry birds of prey; and to -mark the spot, Melendez erected a monument of stone, on which he -engraved, in extenuation of his crime, “Not as Frenchmen, but as -heretics.”<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - -<p>Having executed his avowed mission of death to Protestantism in Florida, -he retraced his steps to the place where he had laid out his new town, -the work of the erection of which he was prepared to complete on the -foundations he had now consecrated with hands reeking in Protestant -blood, as well as with holy water. Here<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a>{23}</span> “Melendez was hailed as a -conqueror by a procession of priests and people who went out to meet -him.” “Te Deum was solemnly chanted!”<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - -<p>But the sacrifice offered could not satiate the thirst for blood which -inflamed the desires of this persecutor, whose life had been steeped in -atrocities. Perhaps he felt that a life of crime such as his, could have -its guilt washed out only in the blood of poor innocents, who presumed -to avow their purpose to worship God according to the dictates of their -own consciences. The taste of Protestant blood he had just sipped seemed -but to quicken his appetite.</p> - -<p>“Angry,” says Bancroft, “that any should have escaped, the Spaniards -insulted the corpses of the dead with wanton barbarity;” and having -celebrated mass, and reared a cross on the spot, and chosen for the site -of a church the ground still smoking with the blood of a peaceful -colony, Melendez went in pursuit of the shipwrecked fugitives, who were -now the only survivors of the French Protestant settlement in East -Florida. They had been cast upon the sands south of this city. In their -wandering along the beach, they had reached the inlet of the Matanzas. -Here they were found, a company of famished and forlorn men. To secure -the destruction of these men more effectually, the cowardly assassin, -Melendez, first contrived to obtain their confidence in his humanity, a -virtue of which this creature in human shape was utterly incapable.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a>{24}</span></p> - -<p>They surrendered by capitulation, though a few, suspicious of treachery, -distrusted the integrity of Melendez, and fled into the interior. The -major part being secured, the captives, in successive bands, were -ferried over the river and received among the Spaniards. On reaching the -opposite shore, each man’s hands were pinioned behind him; and thus, -like sheep to the slaughter, they were driven toward St. Augustine. But, -as the company approached the fort, “a signal was made.”<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Thereupon, -the man in whose perfidious honor and humanity they had -confided—(acting, it may be fairly presumed, on the principle that no -faith was to be kept with heretics—a principle worthy of the Romish -church, and which had been baptized and sanctified in oceans of -Protestant blood)—this man, I say, amid a flourish of trumpets and -drums, cut the throats of the whole company, not as “Frenchmen, but as -heretics.”<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> - -<p>Though the government of France looked on this thrilling scene of -horror, in the destruction of her own peaceful subjects, unmoved, yet, -adds the historian, “history has been more faithful, and has assisted -humanity by giving to the crime of Melendez an infamous notoriety.”</p> - -<h3>RETRIBUTION.</h3> - -<p>The site of the Huguenot colony was named Fort Caroline. De Gourgas was -a Roman Catholic and a Frenchman. He had been distinguished in public -life, but had retired to the enjoyment of his repose, when, on learning<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a>{25}</span> -the barbarous atrocities with which his countrymen on the St. John’s had -been sacrificed to Spanish bigotry, he emerged from private life—again -buckled on his armor for vengeance. At his own risk, he got up and -fitted out an expedition. He sailed from France, with a chosen band of -followers, to avenge the blood of his slaughtered countrymen. Between -the years 1569 and ’74 he reached the coast of Florida—debarked his -forces at the mouth of the St. John’s—carried several outworks—and -finally inclosed the Fort, now occupied by a Spanish colony. He entered -it, and the first sight that greeted his eyes, was the horrible vision -of the skeleton forms of his murdered countrymen, their bones and sinews -dangling from the limbs of the surrounding trees. Here too was the stone -set up by Melendez, with its inscription. The bones and relics of the -slaughtered Huguenots De Gourgas ordered to be buried. He then fell upon -the Spaniards. Hardly one escaped; and their bodies he ordered to be -hung in the places where those of his countrymen had been before -suspended, and underneath De Gourgas wrote this inscription—“<i>Not as -Spaniards, but as murderers.</i>” He immediately returned to France.</p> - -<p>Thus the light of Protestantism, which had been first kindled by the -fugitive Huguenots of France on the coast of Florida, in the southern -extreme of these United States, was put out in the blood of those, who, -as pioneers, were the torch-bearers of religious liberty, which was not -to be again rekindled until it shot up from Puritan altars, and burst -forth in the frozen north, where it was cherished and protected by -chilling snows and frosts in those wintry<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a>{26}</span> wilds, till it had acquired -force and intensity sufficient to spread its beams over the whole land.</p> - -<p>Such is the connection of this city and its founders, in its early -history, with the early Protestant institutions of the republic! It can -hardly be credible to an American citizen, that there is within the -bounds of these United States a nook or corner so dark and -blood-stained!</p> - -<p>Melendez, for twelve years, presided over the destinies of this town, -directing his attention mainly to the subjection, and conversion to -papal superstitions, of the aboriginal inhabitants, aided by the -Franciscans, an order of monks. Their missions were established -throughout the interior. An ancient monkish retreat, occupying the -present site of the United States Barracks, was the head-quarters of the -order in this city. A number of the missionaries, while on their passage -from Cuba to this place, were wrecked on the bar at the entrance of this -harbor, and in full view of their convent, and, with the crew of the -vessel, were drowned.</p> - -<h3>INCIDENTS IN THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY.</h3> - -<p>Some twenty-one years had elapsed since the founding of this city and -the massacre of the neighboring Protestant colony, when Drake, as he -coasted along the shore, discovered the “Look-out,” a tower on the -adjacent island. This led him to suspect a settlement inland. He ordered -his boats to be lowered and manned, to make a reconnoisance on the -shore. He landed on an island. In the exploration he perceived, across -the water, a town built of wood. Soon after, a French fifer deserted -from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a>{27}</span> Spanish forces—crossed the lagoon in a canoe, playing an -English air, the march of the Prince of Orange. This circumstance -recommended him to the favor of the English admiral—for Drake now -sailed as an admiral of the royal navy. The Frenchman described his -situation to be that of a captive. He probably told also of the recent -massacre, and described its horrors; and was himself, undoubtedly, one -of the fugitives from that scene, who had been spared for some reason.</p> - -<p>Elizabeth of England was a Protestant queen; Drake, her representative, -was a Protestant in his sympathies. Moreover, Spain and England were on -terms of hostility at this time. His marine force was disembarked, under -the command of Carlisle, his subordinate; the intervening sound was -crossed; and, notwithstanding the greatest caution had been observed in -all these movements, the reconnoitering officer was discovered by the -Spaniards. A cannon was fired, and thereupon they all fled to town. This -took place at an outpost. This work was immediately taken possession of -by the reconnoitering party under Carlisle. It was a fort built of -timber, mounting fourteen pieces of brass cannon. Drake then plundered -the garrison of a chest of silver, and next day marched for the town. As -he approached, he encountered the Spaniards. An action commenced; but at -the first fire of the invading force, the Spaniards fled, and the -inhabitants evacuated the town, which fell into the hands of Drake, who -burnt and plundered it; and then sailed for England, where he arrived in -July of the same year, 1586.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a>{28}</span></p> - -<p>Twenty-five years<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> passed away before any other tragedy was enacted -within the precinct of this then new city. But vengeance did not slumber -long. The natives of Florida—a brave, warlike, and cruel, as well as -numerous band of savage men—assaulted, captured, and burned the city to -ashes. The details of this terrific scene of savage barbarity, and the -immediate causes thereof, we have not at hand.</p> - -<p>1665. In a quarter of a century more, Davis, the Bucanier, discovered -this Spanish retreat. He entered on a piratical expedition against it; -invested it with an armed band of freebooters; captured, and plundered -it. The circumstances of this movement, the details of the attack and -plunder of the town, are not to be found.</p> - -<h3>THE BUCANIERS.</h3> - -<p>The Florida archipelago, and the neighboring keys and islands of the -West Indian seas, have been the resort of freebooters from an early -period. The security they afforded, as a place of retreat from -discovery, gave these points great eminence, as the centre of operations -for a large, bold, and ruthless band of sea-rovers. Their piratical -expeditions swarmed over the adjacent waters, and desolated the -neighboring coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Spanish West Indies. -This brotherhood of outlaws were termed Bucaniers. They hailed from -France, England, and Holland. They led a life of plunder; and reduced -piracy to a profession, regulated by its own laws and customs, which had -all the force of martial law among themselves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a>{29}</span></p> - -<p>The existence of these desperate men as a class was owing to the -exclusive and arbitrary measures of the Spanish government, through -which, they endeavored to secure and maintain the exclusive control of -the commercial resources of the New World.</p> - -<p>In war, the Bucaniers preyed on commerce as commissioned privateers; in -peace, they resorted to hunting wild cattle, and contraband trade -against the Spanish. Finally, they entered upon a course of open piracy -and plunder. They are said to have originated on this wise. Soon after -the Spanish conquests on the Main had secured the fertile plains of -Mexico and extended over it the Spanish power, the island of Cuba was -nearly depopulated by a tide of emigration setting into the newly -acquired territory. The emigrants left their cattle behind. These, in -course of time, multiplied prodigiously. The hills and valleys of the -island of Cuba were at length covered with herds of wild cattle; and it -was soon found profitable to hunt them for their hides and tallow alone. -The first who engaged in this business were French. The distinctive term -applied to these men, had its origin in their customs. Bucanier is -supposed to be a derivative of the Carib word “boucan,” by which the -Indians designated flesh prepared for food by its being smoked and dried -slowly in the sun. The hunters prepared the flesh of the slaughtered -cattle for food in this way. From this circumstance, the term “Bucanier” -was first applied to the hunters; and subsequently, it was used to -designate all such as followed a contraband trade, or were engaged in a -predatory life upon the sea or shore.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a>{30}</span></p> - -<p>The Bucaniers, at first, made the island of Tortuga their head-quarters. -But the settlement being obnoxious to the Spaniards, they seized the -first opportunity to destroy it. This dispersed the company, who sought -other places of refuge; and from thence they worried the Spanish -settlements, actuated by motives of revenge. Several places and Spanish -towns were compelled to submit to the degradation of purchasing the -forbearance of the Bucaniers, by paying them contributions, equivalent -to black-mail levied by the banditti of Scotland.</p> - -<p>Being driven from their original retreat on the island of Tortuga, the -Bucaniers retired to the Keys. No doubt the inlets and islands of the -southern peninsula of Florida attracted their bands. Not only the towns -and settlements on the Spanish islands and on the Main became objects of -plunder, but the commerce of every nation also.</p> - -<p>It is not till within a few years, that the remnants of this desperate -class of men, who have long infested the waters in the neighborhood of -the West India islands, have been driven from their haunts, and hunted -down, by the American Navy. The Bucanier was terrible in his appearance, -as well as in his profession.</p> - -<p>His dress consisted of a shirt dipped in the blood of cattle—trousers -prepared in the same manner—buskins without stockings—a cap with a -small front, and a leathern girdle, into which were stuck around his -body, knives, sabres and pistols. Such was the filthy and terrific garb -of the Bucanier in full costume.</p> - -<p>Such was Davis, who laid this city under contribution<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a>{31}</span> some eighty years -after it was founded by Melendez. At this period, the Bucaniers seem to -have regarded the whole Spanish race as their natural enemies, and their -commerce and their cities as lawful objects of plunder.</p> - -<h3>CAUSES OF BORDER TROUBLES.</h3> - -<p>At the close of the seventeenth and in the beginning of the eighteen -century, the English settlements of Carolina had acquired permanency and -importance. But Spain had proclaimed her exclusive right to American -possessions. By a permit from the Roman Pontiff, she had already seized -and subdued a greater part of the New World, and left the prints of her -bloody hand upon the rights and treasures of the aboriginal inhabitants.</p> - -<p>In the face of the civilized world, Spain, then one of the richest and -most powerful states on earth, having asserted a claim to and planted -her foot upon the soil of North America, how could she forego the -exclusive control of the same? How could she endure the presence, or -divide the occupancy of the soil with a rival state? She had already -acquired the proud title in her sovereign, of “Defender of the Faith,” -for the ardor and fidelity with which she supported the arrogant -pretensions of the See of Rome, having given her strength to the -extension of its interests, even to the prostitution of her civil power -to ecclesiastical domination. How then could Spain consent that the -Protestant religion should gain a foothold in North America? Had she not -already extinguished it on the coasts of Florida? Were not the English -colonies still in their infancy, as well as within<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a>{32}</span> the reach of her -arms? It required but a single well directed stroke, and the Anglo-Saxon -race and the hated Protestant faith would perish together.</p> - -<p>We have glanced at the barbarous scenes with which Spain opened her -schemes of colonization in North America. The same malign purposes and -bigoted spirit moved all her subsequent counsels, and hung like a dark -and portentous cloud over the future peace and prosperity of her border -settlements.</p> - -<p>In her efforts to make good her pretensions, a series of petty -jealousies and strife between the English and Spanish races ensued. -Distrust and jealousy were fostered. These feelings led to mutual -hostile demonstrations. Mutual depredations were perpetrated; and thus -the seeds of open war were sown. The struggle was maintained till -English blood and the Protestant faith acquired permanent ascendency in -the Floridas.</p> - -<h3>EXPEDITION OF GOV. MOORE.</h3> - -<p>The Spaniards and Indians, stimulated by the bigoted and rapacious -spirit of the mother country, perpetrated acts of wanton barbarity on -the colonial settlements of Carolina and Georgia. Provoked to -retaliation by these depredations, Governor Moore, A. D. 1702, projected -an invasion of Florida, by the forces of South Carolina. In the month of -September, with an army of twelve hundred men, he embarked on an -expedition for the reduction of St. Augustine, which was esteemed the -centre of the predatory operations against the English settlers.</p> - -<p>Col. Daniel was ordered to scour the country inland,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a>{33}</span> and penetrate to -the city by the route of the St. John’s River. An officer of -distinguished military skill and enterprise, Col. Daniel, with great -promptitude and success, marched through the country, captured and -plundered the city, and shut its inhabitants up within the walls of -their Castle. Such was the position of affairs when Gov. Moore reached -the scene of his military operations before St. Augustine. A regular -siege was advised. The Fort was invested. But the artillery of the -besieging army was too light, and no impression could be made on the -fortified works.</p> - -<p>Col. Daniel was despatched to procure guns of a larger caliber and more -effective powers. In the meanwhile, a Spanish naval armament made its -appearance off the coast. Governor Moore, in a panic, appalled at this -demonstration, raised the siege, abandoned his ships and stores, and -fled back to Carolina by the nearest inland route.</p> - -<h3>PALMER’S EXPEDITION.</h3> - -<p>The original causes of disquietude were in nowise removed or abated. -They became, indeed, more and more active and aggravated, till they -ripened into further hostile demonstrations.</p> - -<p>The Spanish charged the English with intrusion. The grounds of complaint -were mutual.</p> - -<p>The English, on the other hand, charged the Spaniards with enticing away -their colored servants, and with exciting the Indians to murder and -depopulate their frontier towns. The Spanish governor not only justified -himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a>{34}</span> in these things, but immediately fitted out an expedition from -Augustine and marched into Georgia, laying waste the country, sparing -neither age nor sex.</p> - -<p>These provocations occurred twenty years after Gov. Moore had invaded -the Floridas.</p> - -<p>The tribe of the Yamasee Indians had been made the tools of Spanish -barbarity in their recent hostile operations against the English -colonies of Georgia and Carolina.</p> - -<p>The intrepid Col. Palmer immediately raised a force of militia and -friendly Indians, with which he marched into Florida to retaliate the -injuries of his countrymen. He pushed at once to the very gates of the -city, laying waste nearly every settlement. The citizens fled and -entrenched themselves within the city fortifications, leaving the poor -natives, their allies, to the mercy of the invaders; and the power of -the Yamasee tribe was broken under the walls of the city, being nearly -all killed or made prisoners by the English.</p> - -<p>All was destroyed but what lay within range and protection of the guns -of the Fort.</p> - -<p>The Georgians, in their fury, seized on the Papal Church of “Nostra -Seniora de Lache,” plundering and burning it to the ground, from which -they took the gold and silver ornaments for booty, and also an image -baby, which they found in the arms of the image of a woman, the Virgin -Mary, with which the church was adorned.</p> - -<p>This place of worship occupied a position a little without the city -gates. The point of land back from the old steam mill is alleged to have -been its site, the ruins of which, it is alleged, are still to be found -there.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a>{35}</span></p> - -<p>Palmer, with his Georgians, having taken ample vengeance, and being -unable to reduce the city without heavier ordnance than he then had at -command, gathered all the booty within his reach, which was -considerable, and retired to Georgia, leaving the Spaniards to obtain -satisfaction as best they could.</p> - -<h3>OGLETHORP’S INVASION, A. D. 1740.</h3> - -<p>During the next fifteen years, no considerable overt act of hostility -was perpetrated, though the spirit and embers of war still glowed in the -hearts of the border colonists. The Georgians were still plundered of -their property. Their negroes were enticed and spirited away into the -wilds of Florida; and this was justified by the Governor of St. -Augustine, on the pretence that the Spaniards “were bound in conscience -to draw to themselves as many negroes as they could, in order to convert -them to the faith of the Roman Catholic Church.” Moreover, “a plot was -discovered, which contemplated the utter extinction of the English -settlements. A German Jesuit—one Christian Priben—a resident among the -Cherokees, was the master spirit in this conspiracy. He was taken by the -English traders. Upon his person was found his private journal, -revealing his design to bring about a confederation of all the southern -Indians, and to effect a new social and civil organization. He had noted -his expectations of assistance in the execution of his original design -from the French, and from another nation, whose name was left a blank. -Among his papers were found letters for the Florida and Spanish -governors, demanding their protection and countenance. Also, there<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a>{36}</span> were -found among his papers the plan and regulations for a new town.</p> - -<p>Many rights and privileges were enumerated, marriage was abolished, a -community of women and all kinds of licentiousness were to be allowed.</p> - -<p>In addition, the Spaniards had just made an abortive attempt to -dispossess the Georgian colonists of Amelia Island.</p> - -<p>At this juncture, Oglethorp appeared on the stage of action. He had been -recently appointed to the office of governor of the colony.</p> - -<p>The salvation of the English settlements required prompt and vigorous -measures.</p> - -<p>Oglethorp solicited and secured the co-operation of South Carolina, in a -combined effort to insure the safety of the English settlement.</p> - -<p>The invasion of Florida, and the reduction of St. Augustine, as the nest -where were hatched the broils and perils of a border serife, and from -whence swarmed the savage hordes which overran and devastated the land, -were determined upon.</p> - -<p>South Carolina promptly responded to the call of Oglethorp. Carolina -raised a regiment of five hundred men, and equipped one vessel of war, -carrying ten carriage guns and sixteen swivels, with a crew of fifty -men. Two hundred men enlisted as a volunteer force. In addition, -Oglethorp had his own regiment of five hundred men, two troops of -Highland and English rangers, and two companies of Highland and English -foot.”<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> His<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a>{37}</span> plan was to take the city by surprise. This however -failed.</p> - -<p>With a select force, he entered East Florida, invested and reduced Fort -Diego, situated some twenty-five miles north of St. Augustine. Having -left here a garrison force, and completed his arrangements, he marched -direct for St. Augustine and occupied Fort Mosa. This work he destroyed; -and then advanced to reconnoitre the city. The result of the -reconnoisance was disheartening. The town was strongly fortified. The -Spanish force within the intrenched city and castle, amounted to seven -hundred regulars, two troops of horse, with armed negroes, militia, and -Indians.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> - -<p>At the outset an oversight had been committed, in neglecting to blockade -the harbor, on account of which, supplies were thrown into the city, and -additional means of resistance. Oglethorp, however, soon afterward -enforced a blockade. The ships were moored across the entrance of the -bar; and lines of investment were drawn around the town on the land. -Col. Palmer, with a company of Highlanders and a small force of Indians, -occupied the old Fort Mosa, with orders to scour the country. A small -battery was planted on Point Quartele; while Oglethorp with his own -regiment erected and occupied field works on the northern extremity of -Anastatia Island, opposite the Castle. The ruins of these works are -marked by a clump of shrubbery and a slight elevation on the point.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a>{38}</span></p> - -<p>The arrangements being perfected, a bombardment of the town and Castle -was attempted. Oglethorp opened his batteries with a hot fire of shell -and shot, a great number of which were thrown into the town. The fire -was returned with spirit from the Castle, and from galleys in the -harbor; but the distance was too great for either party to do much -execution. The shallow water of the bar prevented any co-operation of -the English naval force with that of the land. The fire of the besieging -army at length abated. A counsel of war was held. In the meanwhile a -sortie was made by the besieged; and Col. Palmer, with his entire force, -were surprised in sleep, and all cut off at Fort Mosa, except a few who -escaped by a small boat, and crossed to Point Quartele, where the -Carolina regiment was stationed. The Indian allies soon grew impatient, -and left in disgust. The blockade of the inlet at Matanzas was raised, -and provisions and other supplies were thrown into the town, through -this approach to the city. The English troops became enfeebled by -disease, dispirited, and filled with discontent, and many deserted. The -naval force became short of provisions, and the hurricane season was at -hand. Oglethorp was taken down with fever, and the flux raged among his -troops. The siege was thereupon raised, and the army withdrawn into -Georgia. Thus the expedition became abortive, though the face and angles -of the Castle, fronting the harbor, bear the mark of Oglethorp’s storm -of shot and shells to this day.</p> - -<p>A counter invasion of Georgia was projected from this city, two years -after. But though the preparations were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a>{39}</span> made on a scale of unusual -magnitude, and the expedition was well supported by competent naval -power, the Spaniards were whipped and frightened off from the -settlements of Georgia. They related, on their return, as an excuse for -their disgraceful and cowardly behavior, that, “the deep morasses and -thickets were so lined with wild Indians and fierce Highlanders, that -the devil could not penetrate to the strong-holds of the Georgians.” -Retaliation was, of course, the natural result. The very next year, -Oglethorp again visited Augustine, captured a fort in the vicinage of -the city; but being frustrated in some of his plans, retired again to -his province, without further molestation to the enemy. These -hostilities and differences continued to distract this city, till <small>A.D.</small> -1763, when the peace of Paris gave the Floridas into possession of the -government of Great Britain. For the twenty years that Florida remained -in possession of Great Britain, great improvements were made, -flourishing settlements begun; and the prosperity which industry and -skill insure began to show itself on every side. In 1784, the Floridas -were retroceded to Spain. The Anglo-Saxon race forsook their fields and -villages, and retired under the shield of British law and the Protestant -faith.</p> - -<h3>MINORCAN POPULATION.</h3> - -<p>Says the historian, “A military government succeeded, together with a -sparse population, who barely subsisted on their pay, who neglected -improvements,—who suffered their gardens and fields to grow up with -weeds, their fences and houses to rot down, or be burned for fuel.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a>{40}</span></p> - -<p>The Minorcan population, however, it is alleged, were an exception. -Their industry furnished fish and vegetables to the market. This is a -peculiar people, and they compose a large proportion of the population -of the city. The present race were of servile extraction. By the -duplicity and avarice of one Turnbull, they were seduced from their -homes in the Mediterranean—located at Smyrna—and forced to till the -lands of the proprietor, who had brought them into Florida for that -purpose. After enduring great privation, toil, and suffering, under the -most trying circumstances of a servile state, they revolted in a body, -reclaimed their rights, and maintained them under English law, by a -decision of the king’s court at Augustine, whither they had fled from -their oppressor, under the conduct of one of their number, a man by the -name of Palbicier. A location was assigned them in the north of this -city, which they occupy in the persons of their descendants to this day. -Their women are distinguished for their taste, neatness, and industry, a -peculiar light olive shade of complexion, and a dark, full eye. The -males are less favored, both by nature and habit. They lack enterprise. -Most of them are without education. Their canoes, fishing lines, and -hunting guns, are their main sources of subsistence. The rising -generation is, however, in a state of rapid transition. The spirit of -American institutions, and the reflex influence of an association with -Anglo-American society, are working an assimilating change in the whole -social structure of the native population of this city; the present -population of which is estimated at from 1800 to 2000 souls.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a>{41}</span></p> - -<p>From the time of the retrocession of the Floridas, till the disturbances -growing out of the late war with England, there was a state of -comparative quiet in the border settlements. But ancient jealousies and -the seeds of former dissensions, differences of religion, and the -remembrance of past injuries, had not been altogether eradicated. -Moreover, the occupants of lands on the line between the American and -Spanish nations found those within the Spanish domain who strongly -sympathized with the free and liberal spirit of American institutions, -as seen in contrast with the despotic features of a military government -under the control of an intolerant and bigoted hierarchy.</p> - -<p>A patriot war ensued.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> A neutral territory was erected. Spanish -authority was rejected. Augustine was again invaded. But the American -government interposed, restored quiet, and immediately entered upon -negotiations with the king of Spain for the purchase of the Floridas.</p> - -<p>These negotiations were at length crowned with success; and on the 17th -of June, 1821, the “stars and stripes” of the United States of America -floated from the Castle, and St. Augustine became an Anglo-American -town, under the government of the American general, Andrew Jackson.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> -Protected by the shadow of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a>{42}</span> American eagle, for the first time, the -genius of the American institutions called together her sons and -daughters in the old Government House, for the exercise of a right which -had been watered with Protestant blood in the soil of Florida centuries -before—“<i>freedom to worship God</i>.” On Friday, the 11th of June, 1824, -was organized the Presbyterian church. Subsequently, the Protestant and -Methodist Episcopal churches were established. Thus Protestant influence -and institutions gained a firm foothold in the ancient Spanish capital -of East Florida.</p> - -<p>It is related,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> that immediately on the exchange of flags a strange -sight was seen in the city. A Methodist<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a>{43}</span> itinerant was observed, wending -his way from street to street and from house to house on a religious -mission, distributing Protestant religious books, and otherwise -intruding himself among the sons and daughters of the mother church.</p> - -<p>The circumstance, so unusual, and the great presumption of the stranger, -of course alarmed the Romish ecclesiastical authority. The priest could -not brook such intrusion. He went in pursuit of the presumptuous man in -black, and when he had overtaken him, menaced him with the indignation -of his ghostly power if he did not at once desist.</p> - -<p>The itinerant surveyed him for a moment in silence, as if measuring with -his eye the capacity of his power, and then, with the most imperturbable -coolness, and an impudent though significant movement of the eye, -pointed the wrathy shadow of the Pope to the “stars and stripes,” which -now proudly floated over the battlements of the Castle—when it -vanished, and left the Methodist minister to prosecute his favorite work -among the people as he listed.</p> - -<p>This, undoubtedly, was the first time that prelacy had been taught a -lesson of forbearance here, or to consider the nature of the change -which had come over the scene of its former undisputed sway, and to -understand, that under the flag of the United States of America man was -protected in the enjoyment of his high prerogative—“freedom to worship -God.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a>{44}</span></p> - -<h3>DESTRUCTION OF THE ORANGE GROVES.</h3> - -<p>Prior to February, 1835, groves of the sweet orange had for many years, -and with great care, been brought into a thrifty and productive state. -Then St. Augustine was one immense orange orchard, and appeared, says an -eye-witness, “like a rustic village, with its white houses peeping from -among the clustered boughs and golden fruit of the favorite tree, -beneath whose shade the invalid cooled his fevered limbs and imbibed -health from the fragrant air.” Much attention was given to the rearing -of orange orchards, and large investments had been made in planting out -nurseries of fruit trees, which, indeed, could hardly supply the demand -for the young trees.</p> - -<p>The season prior to February, 1835, was very productive. Some of the -orange groves paid from <i>one</i> to <i>three thousand dollars</i>. I have been -informed, that twelve years ago the income to the city was some $72,000 -per annum. Mature, thrifty trees sometimes produced 6000 oranges; and -the average product per annum of a single tree was 500 oranges.</p> - -<p>In the vigor and thrift of the orange business, the annual export of -oranges was between 2 and 3,000,000 per annum from this city.</p> - -<p>The trade was brisk, and a source of revenue and profit to the place of -great value. In the orange season, the harbor was enlivened with a fleet -of fruit vessels, that thronged the city for the purchase and -transportation of oranges to the northern market.</p> - -<p>But on the night of the fatal month of February, 1835,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a>{45}</span> a frost cut down -the entire species of the orange tribe, some of the trees rivaling in -stature the sturdy forest oak. At one fell stroke, the labor and profit -of years of toil—the inheritance of many generations—the little all of -many families, were swept away! The resources of the city were dried up! -Many were hurled in a night from the seat of affluence, into the lap of -poverty and distress!</p> - -<p>To this day, the city has not recovered from the blight of that dire -stroke. Shoots from the withered stocks of the old trees have indeed -sprung up, and been struggling for life ever since, but under the -pressure of disease; and all efforts to resuscitate the tree have been -rendered abortive by the ravages of insignificant animalculæ, which prey -on the life and vigor of the young shoots, and perpetuate the influence -of the frost of 1835.</p> - -<h3>TROPICAL FRUIT CULTURE OF EAST FLORIDA.</h3> - -<p>There are important facts relative to these agricultural products and -resources of East Florida, which ought to be better understood by those, -who, on account of constitutional delicacy, consumptive habits, or other -causes, at the north, are disposed to seek other and more congenial -latitudes. On the east coast of South Florida the lands are productive, -and healthy in location. On the St. Lucie River and Sound, the banks are -high shell bluff, and exceedingly fertile for high lands. Though north -of the tropical latitude, yet the <i>climate is so genial</i>, that it -nourishes with luxuriance, in the open air, most of the fruits of -tropical climes. The cocoa, orange, lemon, lime, guava, citron, -pine-apple, banana, and other like products<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a>{46}</span>, together with the -semi-tropical fruits, the grape, fig, olive, &c., and garden vegetables, -the cabbage, potato, beet, onion, with various species of the melon -kind, grow with great luxuriance. Orange orchards, pine-apple fields, -banana and cocoa-nut groves, are now in process of cultivation by -settlers, many of whom are from the north, and have begun to clear their -lands within the last few years.</p> - -<p>Industry and perseverance are the chief investments of capital required, -in order to reap ample remuneration. Northern men, with their own hands, -are now thus engaged. It is no longer an experiment. On the banks of the -Indian River and St. Lucie Sound fruiteries are being raised. Fruit -groves and cane fields are being planted, which will probably ere long -furnish for northern markets the delicious products of tropical climes, -in a more perfect condition and of better quality than can be elsewhere -found.</p> - -<p>The lands of tropical Florida on the east coast, in the region of the -Indian River, appear to be of an older formation, and are on a higher -level above the sea, than those in this neighborhood. The landscape is -finer. The climate is more salubrious. Its attractions for those who -wish to make their own labor their capital, from which they shall be -enabled to draw a support for themselves and families, are great. The -orange, pine-apple, and sugar lands of South Florida are worthy more -attention from agriculturists, capitalists, and emigrants, than they -have received; and the day is not far distant, when their rich resources -will begin to be developed, and will excite interest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a>{47}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_004_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_004_sml.jpg" width="311" height="400" alt="Image unavailable: Bromelia Ananas. - -PINE APPLE - -Lith. of F. Michelin 111 Nassau St. N.Y." /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption1"><i>Bromelia Ananas.</i></span> -<br /> -<span class="caption"> -PINE APPLE</span> -<br /> -<span class="caption1"><i>Lith. of F. Michelin 111 Nassau St. N.Y.</i></span> -</div> - -<p>The orange culture has been proved to be a source of great profit. It -will be again, whenever in this country groves can be reared. The -culture of the pine-apple will be found to be of equal worth with that -of the orange.</p> - -<p>The pine is said to mature its fruit from the slips, when they are well -set out, in about eighteen months, and their stocks will continue to -bear for several years. One acre of land will produce some 40,000 pines, -and the sale of this fruit is made in market at say from <i>ten to -eighteen dollars per hundred</i>.</p> - -<p>Moreover, the fruit from the pine plants of South Florida need not be -plucked till it has matured on its stock. It will therefore come into -market in a more mature condition, and of finer flavor than any that can -elsewhere be grown. It will bring the highest market prices; and the -fruit of this kind that has already been grown, by competent judges is -said to be of the best quality.</p> - -<p>The lands which are adapted to this culture are, indeed, of limited -extent; but there are sufficient to supply the home market.</p> - -<p>These facts, together with the salubrity of the fruit-growing region, -must ere long attract attention from the public. Thousands, in that mild -and equable climate, might there live and labor, and enjoy a ripe old -age, who must soon die, amid the vicissitudes of the climate in the -north.</p> - -<p>Admitting that the pine-apple, on account of risks in transportation and -cost in getting to market, should be worth only about one-half the -market price in the field,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a>{48}</span> yet an acre of thrifty, well cultivated -pines will yield from $1500 to $2000 per annum. At five cents each, the -product of an acre of pine-fruit would be $2000.</p> - -<p>These calculations show the great value of the pine lands and other -fruit soil of Tropical Florida. These facts have but to be known, to be -understood and appreciated. They indicate the great resources of South -Florida, in the soil of its tropical fruit lands, which is a region of -country lying some forty miles south of Cape Carnavaral.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a>{49}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.<br /><br /> -<small>ST. AUGUSTINE AS A PLACE OF RESORT FOR INVALIDS.</small></h2> - -<h3>ADVANTAGES OF CLIMATE.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> city enjoys many advantages in respect to climate, which are -peculiar. The same may be true of the climate of the Florida peninsula -in general. An intelligent correspondent of the Army and Navy Chronicle, -in an interesting article, thus writes of the climate of Florida:</p> - -<p>“Florida, from its position, lying just north of the Tropic of Cancer, -and being nearly surrounded by water, would be judged to possess one of -the blandest and most equable climates in the world. And such, in fact, -for several months in the year, is found to be the case.</p> - -<p>“In the interior and upper portions, the variations in the annual -temperature are considerable—80 and 90 degrees. The diurnal variations -are considerable. On the sea-coast and in the lower part of the -territory, where regular trade-winds prevail, the temperature is so much -less variable, that the islands about capes Florida and Sable are in -this respect unexcelled perhaps by any other region of the globe.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Forry,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> U. S. A., thus writes of the climate of this -region:—“Among the various systems of climate<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a>{50}</span> presented in the United -States, that of the peninsula of Florida is wholly peculiar. Possessing -an insular temperature, not less equable and salubrious in winter than -that afforded by the south of Europe, it will be seen that invalids -requiring a mild winter residence, have gone to foreign lands in search -of what might have been found at home. Florida therefore merits the -attention of physicians at the north; for here the pulmonary invalid may -exchange for the inclement seasons of the north, or the deteriorated -atmosphere of a room to which he may be confined, the mild, equable -temperature, the soft, balmy breezes of an evergreen land.”</p> - -<p>“For many years,” says Dr. Wardeman, “afflicted with phthisis, and -compelled to pass the last seven winters in the West Indies and the -southern parts of Florida, we have been necessarily placed in -communication with numerous invalids similarly affected, many of whom -were under our professional care; and from personal experience and the -observation of others, we have had ample opportunities for comparing the -effects of different climates on the disease. Premising that we have -passed five winters in Cuba, one at Key West, and one at Enterprise, -East Florida. Florida has the advantage over Italy, in having no -mountain ranges covered during winter with snows; the cold blasts from -the Apennines and the Jura mountains, rendering a large portion of Italy -and southern France unfit for invalids unable to bear a sudden and great -increase of temperature.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Bernard Byrne thus writes of the climate of Florida (see the -National Intelligencer of May 18th, 1843):<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a>{51}</span> “Taking it the year round, -the climate of East Florida is much more agreeable than any other in the -United States, or even than that of Italy. In the southern portion of -the peninsula frost is never (rarely) felt; even so far north as the -Suwanee River, there are generally but three or four nights in a whole -winter that ice as thick as a quarter of a dollar is formed. The winter -weather is delightful in East Florida, beyond description. It very much -resembles that season which in the Middle States is termed “Indian -Summer;” except that in Florida the sky is perfectly clear, and the -atmosphere more dry and elastic.”</p> - -<p>We now will consider the climate of St. Augustine in particular. There -is circulated a sentiment prejudicial to the virtue of the climate of -St. Augustine, as a resort for invalids in search of health. This may be -all very natural, when the interest north of this city, served by the -traveling public, is considered; but it is not just. Experience usually -contradicts this sentiment. It is encountered under various exaggerated -forms of statement, all along the southern inland route. In the face of -declarations designed to forestall opinion against the place, however, -many have persevered, and found experience the wisest counselor.</p> - -<p>Says a correspondent to the Florida Herald, 1848: “I have occasionally -been in the interior. In every instance, however, I have found the -climate of this city preferable on the whole. The same is true of every -place I have visited south, if I except the climate of south or tropical -Florida, which I believe to be without a parallel.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a>{52}</span></p> - -<p>These remarks on the nature of the climate, exhibiting its advantages, -are founded on the experience and observation of individuals who have -thoroughly tested its virtues, and who were capable of forming and of -expressing an intelligent opinion—many of these writers being called, -in the course of professional duty, to analyze and study the nature and -effects of climate.</p> - -<p>Let me suggest certain peculiarities, which impart to the climate of St. -Augustine peculiar advantages over any interior or more northern -locality, and which are properties peculiarly favorable to a restoration -of impaired health.</p> - -<p>During the winter months, the extremes of temperature, though the -transitions are somewhat more sudden, are nevertheless not so great here -as in the interior. This peculiarity follows a law of climate, which, -both north and south, causes it to be <i>warmer in the neighborhood of the -sea in winter</i>, than in regions remote therefrom. It is also cooler in -summer.</p> - -<p>The east winds here are far different from the east winds at the north. -Though somewhat raw and gusty, they are nevertheless shorn of their -intensity, and greatly modified, in their passage across and along the -Gulf stream. They thus lose very much of their asperity, and would -hardly be recognized by a New Englander, being usually unattended with -rain. In summer, the air is neither so hot nor as sultry as it is -inland, where respiration is attended with a suffocating sensation. The -atmosphere of the sea-coast is not so highly rarefied. The process of -evaporation, which is perpetually going on,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a>{53}</span> tends to equalize -temperature, and so to adapt the atmosphere to the action of the -respiratory organs, that one breathes freely and easily. By the same -process, the intensity of the heat is greatly abated. The afternoons and -evenings are invariably cool and refreshing.</p> - -<p>The atmosphere exhilarates. On one’s energies and spirits, it acts as a -stimulus, so that one does not suffer from lassitude here, as is usual -at the north. The nights are refreshing in the hottest season. This -remark is true, I believe, only of the atmosphere in the neighborhood of -the sea, amid the coast climate. Indeed, the whole body of the -atmosphere on the coast is more pure and healthful than in the interior; -and is believed also to be medicinal in its effects. The various -chemical ingredients of the atmosphere on the coast, are powerful -disinfecting agents, which are perpetually elaborated, from the -prodigious evaporation and other chemical combinations of the mineral -waters of the sea, whose grand elements are <i>soda</i> and <i>chlorine</i>. These -impart to the atmosphere healing power and medicinal virtue. The sea and -the sun are laboratories of healthful energy and influence, which are -projected into this atmosphere from natural resources, and which are -taken into the system by the ordinary process of respiration. For <i>these -reasons</i>, invalids have often experienced as great, if not greater -benefit, from a summer residence here, than from a winter sojourn. -Disease, taken in its incipient stages, may be eradicated, under the -influence of the climate alone, aided by the “<i>vis medicatrix naturæ</i>.” -Air and exercise are the chief medicines required.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a>{54}</span></p> - -<h3>CLASS OF DISEASES REACHED AND FAVORABLY AFFECTED BY THIS CLIMATE.</h3> - -<p>In relation to this interesting point of inquiry, the opinions and -reasoning of Dr. Samuel Forry (in the Journal of Medical Science, in the -year 1841) are full and explicit. <i>Bronchitis.</i>—“The advantage of a -winter residence in a more southern latitude, as respects this disease, -becomes at once apparent.</p> - -<p>“If the invalid can avoid the transition of the seasons, that -meteorological condition of the atmosphere which stands first among the -causes that induce catarrhal lesions, he will do much towards -controlling the malady.</p> - -<p>“As regards the change of climate, it will be observed that in the -advantages enumerated, reference is made only to <i>chronic bronchitis</i>.</p> - -<p>“The climate of Florida has been found beneficial in cases of incipient -pulmonary consumption, and those threatened with disease from hereditary -or acquired indisposition. It is in <i>chronic bronchial</i> affections more -particularly that it speedily manifests its salutary tendency.</p> - -<p>“But there are other forms of disease, in which such a climate as that -of East Florida is not unfrequently of decided advantage. To this class -belongs <i>asthma</i>.</p> - -<p>“In chronic disorders of the digestive organs, where no inflammation -exists, or structural changes have supervened in viscera important to -life, but the indication is merely to remove disease of a functional -character, a winter’s residence promises great benefit; but exercise in -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a>{55}</span> open air, aided by a <i>proper regimen</i>, are indispensable adjuncts.</p> - -<p>“In many of those obscure affections called nervous, unconnected with -inflammation, exercise and traveling in this climate, are frequently -powerful and efficient remedies.</p> - -<p>“<i>Chronic rheumatism</i>, though apparently much less under the influence -of meteorological causes than pulmonic affections, will be often -benefited by a winter residence in Florida. As these cases often resist -the best directed efforts of medicines, it is the only remedy which the -northern physician can recommend with a reasonable prospect of success.</p> - -<p>“When there exists a general delicacy of the constitution in -<i>childhood</i>, often the rubeola, or scarlatina manifesting itself by -symptoms indicative of a scrofulous disposition, a winter residence in a -warm climate frequently produces the most salutary effects.</p> - -<p>“Another form of disease remains to be alluded to, in which change of -climate promises healing power, viz.: <i>premature decay</i> of the -<i>constitution</i>, characterized by general evidence of deteriorated -health, whilst some tissue or organ important to life commonly manifests -symptoms of abnormal action. This remarkable change occurs without any -obvious cause, and is not unappropriately termed in common parlance, ‘a -breaking up of the constitution.’ In treating of the climate of Florida, -the primary object held in view, is to direct attention to its fitness -as a winter residence for northern invalids.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a>{56}</span></p> - -<p>“A comparison with the most favored situation on the continent of Europe -and the islands held in the highest estimation for mildness and -equability of climate, affords results in no way disparaging. A -comparison of the mean temperature of winter and summer, that of the -coldest and warmest months and seasons, furnishes results generally in -favor of the Peninsula of Florida.</p> - -<p>“On the coast of Florida, the average number of fair days, is about 250; -while in the Northern States, the average number of fair days per annum, -is about 120. Though climate is one of the most powerful remedial -agents, and one, too, which in many cases will admit no substitute, yet -much permanent advantage will not result, either from traveling or -change of climate, unless the invalid adheres strictly to such regimen -as his case may require.</p> - -<p>“The attention of many persons suffering with pulmonary diseases having -been directed to the southern section of the United States, as a -temporary residence for the benefit of their health, and there being -much diversity of sentiment as to the location most proper for attaining -this desirable end, I propose to offer to the public some facts derived -from personal observation. Having in the early part of last year been -the subject of an attack, that threatened a rapid termination in -consumption, the unanimous opinions of several of my medical friends -concurred with my own judgment, to induce me to avoid the vicissitudes -of the approaching winter in our varying climate; and I felt compelled -to make an effort, which to every appearance was to decide the event of -my disease.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a>{57}</span></p> - -<p>“St. Augustine in East Florida, was the place to which my views had been -directed, and I arrived there soon after the commencement of the present -year. A few days’ residence convinced me of the efficacy of the climate -in promoting my own health; and from the observations I was continually -enabled to make, in reference to the invalids who had resorted there, -from motives similar to my own, I became assured of the excellent -effects of the climate: and am fully satisfied, that although prudence -would have dictated a removal two months earlier in the season, the -present great improvement of my health is to be attributed almost wholly -to having substituted for the variations of our own latitude, the -mildness of that favored region. St. Augustine is the most southern -location<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> <i>on our</i> extensive seaboard to which a valetudinarian can -resort, with any prospect of obtaining the attentions and comforts -requisite for the improvement of health.</p> - -<p>“The climate of St. Augustine, seems peculiarly adapted to the -improvement of patients with consumptive chronic affections of the -lungs, asthma, spitting of blood, rheumatism, and dyspepsia. It is a -fact worthy of remark, that though it is universally acknowledged the -advanced stages of pulmonary consumption are often beyond the power of -medical skill to produce restoration,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a>{58}</span> yet most of those who resort to a -change of climate for cure, reject the advantages to be derived from the -removal, until the disease shall have made such extensive ravages as to -render hopeless every prospect of renovation.</p> - -<p>“Many cases of this nature I had an opportunity of observing during the -last winter; and, in some instances, the patients seemed to have -hastened from their homes whilst the last glimmerings of life only -remained.</p> - -<p>“The benefit of the climate of St. Augustine will be particularly -evident in the incipient stages of those affections, for the cure of -which it has been celebrated; and those invalids who contemplate a -removal thither, ought not to allow the commencement of winter to -surprise them whilst preparing for departure.</p> - -<p>“The glowing, and even exaggerated reports of this climate, that have -been given by some persons of lively imagination, have occasioned -disappointment to a few whose expectations had been greatly excited. -Nevertheless, I am persuaded, generally, a residence there during the -winter season will contribute much to the advantage of every stage of -pulmonary affections.” <i>Extracts from a Circular published in -Philadelphia, 1830, by James Cox, M. D.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a>{59}</span></p> - -<h3>TEMPERATURE.</h3> - -<h4>TABLES OF THE COMPARATIVE AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE OF THIS CITY.</h4> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Table I.</span></h5> - -<p class="hang"><i>Exhibiting a Comparison between the Mean Temperature of the most -favorite Resorts for Health in other Countries and that of St. -Augustine—Fahrenheit’s Thermometer.</i></p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td class="c" colspan="2"><small>MEAN DIFFERENCE OF THE<br /> SUCCESSIVE MONTHS.</small></td><td class="bldbl" colspan="2"> <small>MEAN ANNUAL RANGE.</small></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="rt">deg.</td><td class="bldbl"> </td><td class="rt"> deg.</td></tr> -<tr><td>Pisa,</td><td class="rt"> 5.75</td><td class="bldbl">Naples,</td><td class="rt"> 64</td></tr> -<tr><td>Nice,</td><td class="rt"> 4.74</td><td class="bldbl">Nice,</td><td class="rt"> 60</td></tr> -<tr><td>Rome,</td><td class="rt"> 4.39</td><td class="bldbl">Rome,</td><td class="rt"> 62</td></tr> -<tr><td>Penzance, Eng.,</td><td class="rt"> 3.5</td><td class="bldbl">Penzance,</td><td class="rt"> 49</td></tr> -<tr><td>Madeira, </td><td class="rt">2.41</td><td class="bldbl">Madeira, </td><td class="rt">—</td></tr> -<tr><td>St. Augustine, Flor.,</td><td class="rt"> 3.55</td><td class="bldbl">St. Augustine, </td><td class="rt">59</td></tr> -</table> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Table II.</span></h5> - -<p class="hang"><i>Exhibition of the Mean Temperature of each Month at St. Augustine, East -Florida—Years 1825, 1828, 1830.</i></p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td> </td><td class="rt">deg.</td><td class="bldbl"> </td><td class="rt">deg.</td></tr> -<tr><td>January,</td><td class="rt">62.15</td><td class="bldbl">July,</td><td class="rt">82.36</td></tr> -<tr><td>February,</td><td class="rt">64.97</td><td class="bldbl">August,</td><td class="rt">82.68</td></tr> -<tr><td>March,</td><td class="rt">66.53</td><td class="bldbl">September,</td><td class="rt">77.55</td></tr> -<tr><td>April,</td><td class="rt">68.68</td><td class="bldbl">October,</td><td class="rt">73.61</td></tr> -<tr><td>May,</td><td class="rt">76.44</td><td class="bldbl">November,</td><td class="rt">67.47</td></tr> -<tr><td>June,</td><td class="rt">81.12</td><td class="bldbl">December, </td><td class="rt">61.31</td></tr> -</table> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Table III.</span></h5> - -<p class="hang"><i>Exhibition of the Mean Annual Monthly Range for the same Years.</i></p> - -<p class="c">Annual range, 59°.</p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td> </td><td class="rt">deg.</td><td class="bldbl"> </td><td class="rt">deg.</td></tr> -<tr><td>January,</td><td class="rt">35</td><td class="bldbl">July,</td><td class="rt">14</td></tr> -<tr><td>February,</td><td class="rt">30</td><td class="bldbl">August,</td><td class="rt">12</td></tr> -<tr><td>March,</td><td class="rt">25</td><td class="bldbl">September,</td><td class="rt">14</td></tr> -<tr><td>April,</td><td class="rt">31</td><td class="bldbl">October,</td><td class="rt">22</td></tr> -<tr><td>May,</td><td class="rt">20</td><td class="bldbl">November,</td><td class="rt">22</td></tr> -<tr><td>June,</td><td class="rt">17</td><td class="bldbl">December,</td><td class="rt">36</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a>{60}</span></p> - -<h5><span class="smcap">Table IV.</span></h5> - -<p class="c">TROPICAL FLORIDA.</p> - -<p class="c"><i>Northern Limits of the Tropical Fruit-growing Region—Fort Pierce, -Indian River Inlet.</i><a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> - -<h6>ABSTRACT FOR ONE YEAR.</h6> - -<p class="c">From Meteorological Reports on file in the Surgeon General’s Office.</p> - -<p class="c">June 16th, 1848.</p> - -<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="" -style="margin:auto auto;font-size:85%;"> -<tr class="c"><td class="c" rowspan="3"> -MONTHS<br />1840</td> -<td class="c" rowspan="1" colspan="3"> -THERMOMETER</td> -<td class="c" rowspan="1"> -Hottest<br /> day.</td> -<td class="c" rowspan="1"> -Coldest<br /> day.</td> -<td class="c" colspan="8"> -WINDS.</td> -<td class="c" colspan="4"> -WEATHER.</td> -<td class="c" rowspan="2"> -RAIN.</td></tr> - -<tr class="c"><td rowspan="2"> -Highest°</td> -<td rowspan="2"> -Lowest°</td> -<td rowspan="2"> -Mean</td> -<td rowspan="2"> -Mean T.</td> -<td rowspan="2"> -Mean T.</td> -<td> -N.</td> -<td> -N.W.</td> -<td> -N.E.</td> -<td> -E.</td> -<td> -S.E.</td> -<td> -S.</td> -<td> -S.W.</td> -<td> -W.</td> -<td> -Fair</td> -<td> -Cl’dy</td> -<td> -Rain.</td> -<td> -Sn’w.</td></tr> - -<tr class="c"><td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> -<td> -d’ys</td> - -<td>Inches.</td></tr> - -<tr><td>April,</td><td class="rt"> 86</td><td class="rt"> 68</td><td class="rt">74.07</td><td class="rt"> 78 </td><td class="rt"> 69 </td><td class="rt"> 8</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 3</td><td class="rt"> 4</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> 10</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> 1</td><td class="rt"> 25</td><td class="rt"> 1</td><td class="rt"> 4</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="c" rowspan="12">No <br />instrument<br /> to <br />measure <br />rain.</td></tr> -<tr><td>May,</td><td class="rt"> 90</td><td class="rt"> 65</td><td class="rt">76.43</td><td class="rt"> 82 </td><td class="rt"> 70 </td><td class="rt"> 5</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 3</td><td class="rt"> 7</td><td class="rt"> 8</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> 6</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 26</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 5</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>June,</td><td class="rt"> 90</td><td class="rt"> 70</td><td class="rt">78.61</td><td class="rt"> 82 </td><td class="rt"> 74 </td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 7</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> 9</td><td class="rt"> 4</td><td class="rt"> 3</td><td class="rt"> 3</td><td class="rt"> 25</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 5</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>July,</td><td class="rt"> 88</td><td class="rt"> 72</td><td class="rt">79.61</td><td class="rt"> 81+</td><td class="rt"> 76+</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 1</td><td class="rt"> 13</td><td class="rt"> 6½</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 8½</td><td class="rt"> 26</td><td class="rt"> 5</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>August,</td><td class="rt"> 88</td><td class="rt"> 72</td><td class="rt">78.95</td><td class="rt"> 83 </td><td class="rt"> 75+</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 1½</td><td class="rt"> 5½</td><td class="rt"> 13½</td><td class="rt"> 6</td><td class="rt"> 1</td><td class="rt"> 3½</td><td class="rt"> 20½</td><td class="rt"> 10½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>September,</td><td class="rt">90</td><td class="rt"> 72</td><td class="rt">78.65</td><td class="rt"> 82 </td><td class="rt"> 75+</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 13½</td><td class="rt"> 9½</td><td class="rt"> 6</td><td class="rt"> ½</td><td class="rt"> ½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 19½</td><td class="rt"> 10½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>October,</td><td class="rt"> 80</td><td class="rt"> 62</td><td class="rt">75.88</td><td class="rt"> 78 </td><td class="rt"> 64 </td><td class="rt"> ½</td><td class="rt"> 3½</td><td class="rt"> 8</td><td class="rt"> 9½</td><td class="rt"> 3</td><td class="rt"> 3½</td><td class="rt"> 1</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> 24½</td><td class="rt"> 6½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>November,</td><td class="rt"> 73</td><td class="rt"> 44</td><td class="rt">64.40</td><td class="rt"> 70 </td><td class="rt"> 51+</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> 7</td><td class="rt"> 8</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> 9½</td><td class="rt"> 1½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 18</td><td class="rt"> 12</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>December,</td><td class="rt"> 72</td><td class="rt"> 46</td><td class="rt">61.51</td><td class="rt"> 68 </td><td class="rt"> 48 </td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 4</td><td class="rt"> 15½</td><td class="rt"> 1½</td><td class="rt"> 6½</td><td class="rt"> 2</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> ½</td><td class="rt"> 15</td><td class="rt"> 16</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>January, </td><td class="rt">84</td><td class="rt"> 38</td><td class="rt">66.13</td><td class="rt"> 76 </td><td class="rt"> 47+</td><td class="rt"> ½</td><td class="rt"> 3½</td><td class="rt"> 3</td><td class="rt"> 6</td><td class="rt"> 14½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 3½</td><td class="rt"> 24½</td><td class="rt"> 6½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>February,</td><td class="rt"> 82</td><td class="rt"> 32</td><td class="rt">63.18</td><td class="rt"> 76 </td><td class="rt"> 41+</td><td class="rt"> 3½</td><td class="rt"> 3</td><td class="rt"> 4½</td><td class="rt"> 4½</td><td class="rt"> 13</td><td class="rt"> 1</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> 1½</td><td class="rt"> 25½</td><td class="rt"> 2½</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td>March, </td><td class="rt">80</td><td class="rt"> 48</td><td class="rt">67.19</td><td class="rt"> 74+</td><td class="rt"> 54+</td><td class="rt"> 4</td><td class="rt"> 4</td><td class="rt"> 4½</td><td class="rt"> 9</td><td class="rt"> 5½</td><td class="rt"> ½</td><td class="rt"> 1</td><td class="rt"> 2½</td><td class="rt"> 26</td><td class="rt"> 5</td><td class="rt"> -</td><td class="rt"> -</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a>{61}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_005_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_005_sml.jpg" width="400" height="217" alt="Image unavailable: MAGNOLIA HOUSE, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F." /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">MAGNOLIA HOUSE, ST. AUGUSTINE E.F.</span> -</div> - -<h3>ADVANTAGES OF ACCOMMODATION.</h3> - -<p>The accommodations for invalids, in this city, are comparable with any -that can be furnished in this region, and will be ample.</p> - -<p>There are four public houses, two of which, in regard to style, -convenience, and comfort, will compare well with any like -establishments.</p> - -<p>The “Magnolia House,” erected by B. E. Carr, is a spacious and -attractive resort. Its style of architecture is neat; its grounds are -laid out with taste; its location is eligible. Its host was trained in -one of the best establishments of the city of New-York, and of course -understands well how both to <i>satisfy</i> and <i>please</i> those who make his -house the home of their sojourn. The Magnolia House, though recently -opened for public accommodation, it has been found necessary -considerably to enlarge. This work its enterprising proprietor is now -engaged upon. It will be also modified so as to suit the convenience and -meet the wants of the public, by affording many comforts and -conveniences not generally attached to a hotel. Seventeen additional -rooms, with a new and spacious dining hall, are to be added, which in -many respects will make it one of the most desirable places of sojourn -for families and travelers in this city, as well as for invalids.</p> - -<p>The “Planters’ Hotel” is a spacious and convenient public house, well -adapted to the accommodation of the public. This large establishment is -to be opened the ensuing fall, under the supervision of its present -proprietor<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a>{62}</span>, Mr. Loring. The “Florida House,” on the side opposite, is a -large, well-kept establishment, belonging to Mr. Cole; the “City Hotel,” -under Mr. Bridier, is also open.</p> - -<p>There are several neat private residences, where strangers and -sojourners can be accommodated, at reasonable prices. The boarding -establishment of Mrs. Reid is an attractive establishment, capable of -accommodating many persons, both families and single.</p> - -<p>The residence of Mrs. Dr. Anderson is conspicuous on the avenue leading -over the bridge near the St. Sebastian River. It is built of the native -coquina rock, and was embosomed in a grove of young orange trees, of -which the decaying stumps and sickly shoots are all that remain, -together with the hedge of Spanish bayonet, which inclosed it. These -suffice to designate “Markland,” though shorn of its glory—which is -partially supplied by a grove of olive trees now in bearing.</p> - -<p>“Yallaha” is the neat cottage residence of P. B. Dunnas. It is the -Indian word for orange. Yallaha is situated on the river St. Sebastian, -and is distinguished for the beauty and healthfulness of its position, -and also for the delicious strawberries which enrich its blushing -gardens in the month of March.</p> - -<p>It was in orange times the site of a beautiful and extensive grove of -trees, variegated with green foliage and golden fruit and fragrant -blossoms.</p> - -<p>It is the purpose of the proprietor to erect on his grounds commodious -boarding establishments.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a>{63}</span></p> - -<h3>RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT.</h3> - -<p>This city contains a small circle of intelligent and cultivated society. -It is not as yet deformed with the arts and moral conveniences of more -fashionable circles, in the higher walks of life. It needs not the -blandishments—it dreads not the encroachments which, if tolerated in -higher circles, would dissipate the fictitious colors that glow to -deceive around fashionable intercourse. Its very simplicity is at once -its greatest charm and surest defence against impertinent intrusion. The -city affords comfortable, if not elegant homes, to the invalid -sojourner, both in public houses and private families, through which he -will have a more or less direct connection with the avenues to the -Anglo-American society. Excellent medical aid can here be commanded, -from resident members of the profession; and the institutions of -religion can be enjoyed under the several forms of the Episcopal, -Presbyterian, Methodist, and Roman Catholic churches. The invalid will -here find a home in his sojourn, where he will meet with some of the -advantages which distinguish the more cultivated circles of northern -society.</p> - -<p>The sportsman, with his line and gun, can satisfy his largest desires in -the way of game and angling. The boatman has a spacious harbor and the -broad Atlantic open to him for health and pleasure, though it must be -confessed that <i>good boats</i> are in great demand without a supply.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a>{64}</span>The active, agile “<i>Indian Pony</i>,” is a luxury to those who seek health -in horsemanship. In the neighborhood, on the estate of Capt. Hanham, of -the ordnance department, are springs, which are alleged to contain -mineral waters; and to which invalids sometimes ride in a conveyance the -proprietor has had fitted up, and runs for that purpose.</p> - -<p>And then pleasure excursions over the beach are frequent. A boatman with -his crew are secured the day beforehand, a party having been made up for -such an expedition.</p> - -<p>The boatman and crew are usually negroes. The party having provided -themselves with a lunch, apparatus for making coffee, knives and forks, -and other necessary and useful articles for an oyster pic-nic, embark in -the morning. They wend their way across the harbor, debark, and arrange -matters so as that the scattered fragments of the expedition shall be -gathered at the proper time and place, to partake of the refreshments, -and then disperse,—some for the light-house, and others for the -quarry—while the boat’s crew are left to collect oysters, and gather -fuel for the roast on the beach.</p> - -<p>When the repast has been finished, the party return, loaded with -specimens of rocks and natural history, fatigued, indeed, but gratified -and benefited. This excursion is both pleasant and useful; and should -the resort to this watering place for health increase as it has been -doing, there doubtless will be afforded greater facilities for more -extended and healthful water excursions: such expeditions, whether for -shell or fish, in this climate being healthful and pleasant. Ordinarily, -exposure<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a>{65}</span> does not induce colds, and may be taken without risk.</p> - -<p>The moonlight walks, are truly delightful beyond description. Those who -reside at the north, and have never beheld, can have no adequate -conception of a moonlight scene on the coast of Florida. A recent writer -thus speaks of it: “The nocturnal aspect of the heavens differs from a -northern one, in the same manner that two paintings may differ, the -warmth and richness of the one contrasting with the coldness and poverty -of the other.” It is no unusual thing for ladies to appear abroad on the -public promenade, in their light, loose, flowing dresses, without shawl -or bonnet, with denuded neck and arms, till near midnight, and not -suffer the least risk or inconvenience. Nature, in silence, majesty, and -beauty, invites her children to enjoy her moonlight luxuries. She fans -them with soft and fragrant breezes. She allures them into the open air, -and charms them with the gorgeous magnificence of the nocturnal scene, -in which every object, earth, sea, and sky, are made to glow in rich and -pure effulgence. Who can restrain himself from the enjoyment of health -and exercise, amid such attractions? and that, too, without peril from -evening dews and tainted atmosphere?</p> - -<p>The maiden and her lover, the matron and her spouse, the youth and -children, alike participate in the enjoyment of these natural luxuries; -and make the welkin ring at midnight often, with the merry peal of joy -and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a>{66}</span> life, or with the notes of music, accompanied with the soft -mellifluous strains of the guitar and viol.</p> - -<p>There are various customs, relics of Popish superstition and Spanish -practice, yet prevalent in the city.</p> - -<h3>CARNIVAL.</h3> - -<p>Carnival is here observed, though not with its ancient excess of folly. -This is a religious festival, observed in Roman Catholic countries, as a -season of feasting, by which another religious festival called Lent is -introduced. It is usually celebrated “by feasts, operas, balls, -concerts, &c.” In this city it is celebrated by masquerade dances by -night, idle and frivolous street sport, in processions of vagrant men -and boys, disguised in masks and grotesque array by daylight.</p> - -<p>A most ridiculous burlesque is exhibited in honor of St. Peter, the -fisherman of Galilee, by which his professional skill in the use of the -net is attempted to be illustrated. This is the closing farce of the -feast of carnival. The description of this, as it passed under the eye -of the author at the very last carnival, may suffice to give a stranger -some idea of its folly.</p> - -<p>As I passed along one of the narrow streets of the city, my attention -was arrested by the various exclamations and boisterous cries of a -motley crowd of black and white, who thronged the street, occasionally -surging to the right hand and left.</p> - -<p>I was at first at a loss to account for it. On a nearer approach, I -perceived two half-grown men heading a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a>{67}</span> rabble of boys and others, with -the face masked and concealed, and the person attired in a coarse, -shabby fisher’s dress. Over the shoulder of each was flung a common -Spanish net. Whenever a boy black or white came within range of a cast, -the net was suddenly spread, and thrown over the lad’s head so as to -inclose his person. There was seldom more than one throw of the net; and -if it were not successful, it was seldom repeated on the same -individual. Thus the streets were beset till the farce—the solemn -farce—in illustration of the call of Peter to become a “fisher of men” -was ended.</p> - -<h3>SHERIVAREE.</h3> - -<p>On an evening after the celebration of the nuptials of an inhabitant of -the city, who has been before married, and thus emerges from a state of -widowhood, the welkin is made to ring with a most discordant concert of -voices, horns, tin pans, and other boisterous sounds. It is an -excessively annoying exhibition, to say nothing of its ill-manners, and -gross violation of the peace and good order of society. The whole city -is usually disturbed by such riot and confusion, as in any orderly -community would consign the perpetrators to a guardhouse, or prison, -till they had taken some practical lessons in decency. This is what is -here termed Sherivaree. The residence of the newly married pair is beset -by the rabble in some cases, till it is bought off with money, or -whisky.</p> - -<p>There are some other customs and practices growing<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a>{68}</span> out of the foreign -extraction of the city, and connected with religious festivals, and -which are the relics of the past, that are now passing rapidly away.</p> - -<h3>FACILITIES OF COMMUNICATION.</h3> - -<p>There are two routes, by which invalid strangers from the north may -reach this city.</p> - -<p>The one is direct by sea, from either Charleston or New-York; the other -is by the inland steam and stage route. The former is occasional; the -latter is always available, though there is some prospect that a direct -communication will be opened, and sustained between this city and -Charleston ere long.</p> - -<p>The voyage from New-York, by sailing or steam-packet, through to -Charleston or Savannah, is the most reliable and expeditious. Twice a -week, steamboats connect between Savannah and the St. John’s River, at -Picolata. The distance from Picolata to St. Augustine, is over land, and -about eighteen miles. This distance is overcome by stage-coach, and a -new and convenient omnibus the present proprietor of the line, Mr. -Bridier, has just had completed for that route. Passengers are met by -these conveyances, and usually reach St. Augustine by 4 o’clock P. M., -and often about noon. There is an inland steam connection between -Charleston, S. C., and Savannah, Ga., with which the Florida boats -connect twice in a week.</p> - -<p>The most expeditious and economical route to Florida is that by which -the traveler takes passage direct from New-York to Savannah, where he -will be received by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a>{69}</span> the steamer, with his baggage, and brought into -Florida and landed within eighteen miles of St. Augustine; the distance -to which, from Savannah, is 218 miles.</p> - -<p>The passage from Savannah, especially over the waters of the noble river -of the St. John’s, is pleasant and instructive. The lover of nature—the -curious stranger—may each be gratified. In passing along this route, -the traveler will get a “bird’s-eye view” of a considerable portion of -the southern country, on the seaboard. The plantations—marshes—and -peculiar varieties of trees, among which the noted cabbage-tree will be -conspicuous—creeks—inlets—and the various specimens of natural -history—the alligator—and peculiar species of water-fowl met with—and -the various contrasts between northern and southern habits, as presented -in agricultural life—will be novelties, more or less interesting and -instructive to the curious traveler. Many prejudices will be -dissipated—many errors will be corrected—many contrasts will be -presented.</p> - -<p class="c">F I N I S.</p> - -<p> </p> - -<div class="footnotes"> -<p class="cb">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Translation.</span>—“Don Ferdinand the Sixth being King of Spain, -and the Field Marshal, Don Alonzo Fernandos de Herida being Governor and -Captain General of this place, St. Augustine of Florida and its -province, this fortress was finished in the year 1756. The works were -directed by the Capt. Engineer, Don Pedro de Brazas y Garay.”—<i>See -Williams’s Hist. Flor.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Sprague’s Hist. War in Florida.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Bauer.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Johnson’s Life of General Green.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> As there are some slight variations among historians in -respect to the order of the events in the destruction and overthrow of -the colony on the St. John’s and of this massacre, I have inclined to -the numerical preponderance of historical proof, inclining to Bancroft, -reconciling the several particulars.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Williams.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bancroft’s Hist. U. S. A.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Family Library.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Cohen.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Stephen’s Hist. Geo., art. in Southern Quarterly; April -No. 1848.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Spanish accounts say less than this.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> It is more than probable that the American government -connived at, if it did not encourage, these transactions.—<span class="smcap">Editor.</span></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> It is well known that the Spanish governor of West Florida -attempted to withhold from the United States the public papers, and that -Governor Jackson was under the necessity of resorting to compulsory -measures to obtain them. -</p><p> -The same disposition was exhibited by the governor of the East. Captain -Hanham had been appointed sheriff of East Florida, and was dispatched -for St. Augustine, and required to be there in seventeen days. He -arrived within the given time, and applied to Governor Coppinger for the -public records. The governor declined, and gave him to understand that -he should resist his authority. Understanding that a vessel lay in the -offing ready to receive the papers and convey them to Cuba, Hanham -forced his way into the governor’s room. There he found the papers -nearly all packed in eleven strong boxes. He seized them all, and -delivered them over into the hands of the collector of the United -States. It was afterwards found that the papers thus rescued were of the -greatest importance to the United States. -</p><p> -These summary proceedings created an excitement at the time, which -however soon passed away.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> This was told the author as coming from the lips of the -man who was the subject of this anecdote, who still lives.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Author of a standard work on climate, and of the highest -professional authority.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> There are now points in South Florida in a tropical -climate, where preparations are being made for the accommodation of -invalid strangers. The banks of the Indian River, St. Lucia Sound, and -the Miami, possess advantages over any other place in this country.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The region of fruit of tropical growth is clearly defined -by the appearance and change in the vegetable kingdom, especially by the -mangrove tree. -</p> -<p> -The eye will detect the line of demarcation, as one sails along Indian -River northward. The Table No. IV. indicates the temperature of the -climate where this region begins.</p></div> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Sketches of St. Augustine, by R. K. Sewall - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SKETCHES OF ST. AUGUSTINE *** - -***** This file should be named 52853-h.htm or 52853-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/8/5/52853/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif, Broward County Library and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7acf517..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/front_lg.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/front_lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9771594..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/front_lg.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/front_sml.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/front_sml.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f8fa67f..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/front_sml.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_001_lg.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_001_lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7d02e42..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_001_lg.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_001_sml.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_001_sml.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c21761f..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_001_sml.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_002_lg.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_002_lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f0d018d..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_002_lg.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_002_sml.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_002_sml.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c97ca35..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_002_sml.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_003_lg.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_003_lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 81b7cfd..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_003_lg.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_003_sml.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_003_sml.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e775c83..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_003_sml.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_004_lg.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_004_lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7a54930..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_004_lg.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_004_sml.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_004_sml.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cab328b..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_004_sml.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_005_lg.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_005_lg.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fc45c75..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_005_lg.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52853-h/images/ill_005_sml.jpg b/old/52853-h/images/ill_005_sml.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 99f23b7..0000000 --- a/old/52853-h/images/ill_005_sml.jpg +++ /dev/null |
