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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #51903 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51903)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of
-the Second Marquis of Worcester, by Henry Dircks
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester
-       To which is added a reprint of his Century of Inventions,
-       1663, with a Commentary thereon.
-
-Author: Henry Dircks
-
-Release Date: May 1, 2016 [EBook #51903]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF THE SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Chris Curnow, Eric Hutton and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: A Family Group, being Portraits of the Marquis of
-Worcester with Margaret his second wife, and their infant daughter
-Mary.]
-
-      Engraved by J. Cochran.
-
-      EDWARD SOMERSET, SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER,
-
-      Born about 1601. Died 3rd. April, 1667
-
-      WITH MARGARET, HIS SECOND WIFE, WHO DIED 26TH. JULY, 1681,
-      AND THEIR ONLY DAUGHTER MARY, WHO DIED AN INFANT.
-
-      _Drawn by Henry Dircks, C.E. from the Original of Hanneman
-      in the Collection of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort_
-
-      THE LIFE, TIMES, AND SCIENTIFIC LABOURS
-      OF THE SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-      TO WHICH IS ADDED, A REPRINT OF HIS
-      CENTURY OF INVENTIONS, 1663,
-      with a Commentary thereon,
-
-      BY
-      HENRY DIRCKS, ESQ.,
-      CIVIL ENGINEER, ETC. ETC.
-
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-      Inventas aut qui vitam excoluêre per artes.
-      Quinque sui memores alios fecere merendo.
-
-          VIRGIL.
-
-      How few men of genius are there who have not been the victims
-      of misfortune!
-
-          SIR EGERTON BRYDGES, BART.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      LONDON: BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY.
-      1865.
-
-
-[Illustration: Armorial bearings of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort]
-
-      TO THE MOST NOBLE
-      _Henry Charles FitzRoy_,
-      DUKE OF BEAUFORT,
-      MARQUIS AND EARL OF WORCESTER,
-      EARL OF GLAMORGAN, VISCOUNT GROSMONT, BARON HERBERT OF CHEPSTOW,
-      RAGLAND, AND GOWER, BARON BEAUFORT OF CALDECOT CASTLE,
-      AND BARON DE BATTETCOURT, ETC. ETC. ETC.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-MY LORD DUKE,
-
-THROUGHOUT your Grace’s most ancient and regal line of ancestry it
-would be impossible to name a more truly exalted character than
-EDWARD SOMERSET, the sixth Earl and second Marquis of Worcester,
-father of Henry, created first Duke of Beaufort by Charles the
-Second.
-
-This pre-eminence, due to his high intellectual gifts in CONSTRUCTIVE
-INGENUITY, distinguishes him not only amongst the illustrious
-descendants of Plantagenet, but renders it impossible to name his
-compeer, either among the highest nobility, or the most eminent
-scientific celebrities of Europe, during the last two centuries.
-Indeed, it may be justly said, that ancient lineage, noble descent,
-illustrious titles, even when crowned with all the glories of martial
-deeds, or senatorial honours, fade into comparative insignificance
-before the enduring renown, which it is alone the prerogative of
-original genius to confer on the memory of men remarkable for their
-discoveries in arts conducive to the elevation of mankind in the
-scale of being.
-
-The History of Science from the days of Archimedes presents a vast
-phalanx of men mighty in genius; but foremost in this intellectual
-group ranks the Marquis of Worcester, the originality, independence,
-and grandeur of whose mechanical conceptions have acquired a
-world-wide celebrity; for he it was who first evoked that Titanic
-power, which, through successive improvements, consequent on the
-accumulated ingenuity of two hundred years, has given to the present
-age the modern Steam-engine.
-
-It may be freely conceded that, _stupendous_ as he himself pronounced
-the parent engine to be, it was, nevertheless, only as the acorn
-compared to the time-honoured monarch of the forest. Just as the
-existence of the plant is dependant on that of the seed, so, had the
-Engine he constructed never existed, we might have been unacquainted
-even to this day with the mechanical application of steam.
-
-Living at a period when Civil War convulsed this country, and
-unhappily brought severe suffering on all who were conspicuous for
-their loyalty, the Marquis of Worcester, in common with the Royalist
-party, had to succumb to intolerant rulers. For while Cromwell
-enjoyed an income of £2,500 per annum, derived from a portion of his
-Lordship’s princely estates, the Protector proudly granted to THE
-INVENTOR OF THE STEAM ENGINE, a weekly stipend of Three pounds!
-
-Unfortunately, the Restoration of the monarchy contributed but little
-to ameliorate his Lordship’s sad condition; while his enthusiasm
-led him to sacrifice those personal comforts which his declining
-years would seem to have absolutely required; rather than jeopardize
-operations depending on his great invention.
-
-In offering for your Grace’s approval this first effort to realize a
-connected memoir of your Grace’s immortal ancestor, it is unnecessary
-to dwell on the fact of its matter being chiefly derived from very
-scattered sources, and often from but fragmentary materials, though
-in every instance the very best available authorities have been
-consulted; among which, the unique collection of Manuscripts, so
-freely and obligingly submitted for the present purpose by your Grace,
-being given entire, forms the most valuable and interesting portion.
-I sincerely regret my own insufficiency to do complete justice to
-this comprehensive labour. The result of my researches, however, may
-gratify your Grace’s curiosity, and prove interesting in respect to
-many early family details. And if my own earnestness of purpose,
-in prosecuting this attempt, does not mislead me, I may venture to
-hope, that the Memoir will not only meet with your Grace’s favourable
-reception, but prove, at the same time, acceptable to the general
-public.
-
-With warm acknowledgments of heart-felt obligation to your Grace, for
-the exceedingly handsome and liberal manner in which manuscripts and
-paintings have been placed at my disposal,
-
-      I have the honour to be,
-        My Lord Duke,
-          Your Grace’s most obliged,
-            And most humble, obedient servant,
-
-                 HENRY DIRCKS.
-
-BLACKHEATH, KENT,
- January, 1865.
-
-
-
-
-      PREFACE.
-
-
-That a Memoir of the Inventor of the Steam Engine, should appear for
-the first time two hundred years after his decease, is an occurrence
-in our literature, which, of itself, might almost be considered
-sufficient to arouse public inquiry in respect to such a production.
-But far more solid ground exists for believing that the great country
-which gave birth to the Inventor, and his Invention of one of man’s
-noblest productions in art, will peruse it with true national pride,
-when assured of the amount and strength of the evidence now first
-adduced to establish those claims which, although never entirely
-doubted, yet have hitherto borne too misty and mythical a character to
-satisfy common comprehension. The labour encountered in carrying out
-the required design may be appreciated from the fact, that the present
-work has been to a great extent the study of thirty years, although
-literally completed within only the last few years. This field of
-inquiry has been, consequently, long open to more ambitious pens, and
-sooner or later would, no doubt, have received, as it demands--the
-attention of men of letters and of science.
-
-Probably no other country furnishes so singular a fact, as that of
-being for two centuries without information much better than
-tradition, and accumulated diversities of opinions freely indulged
-in, respecting the political and private character, and inventive
-talent of one of its most remarkable, interesting, and glorious
-benefactors. And, during so long a period, in consequence of such
-defective and conflicting information, producing the most absurd and
-unreliable statements, even on the most ordinary points of individual
-history. In the whole range of English biography, within the same
-period of time, no important memoir has ever been so mythical as that
-of Edward Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester.
-
-So entirely unacquainted are his countrymen with the history of his
-life, that a very plausible work might be written to disprove both
-his authorship of the “Century,” and his invention of the
-steam-engine. Indeed Scotland has already contributed materials for
-the former, and M. Arago, late Astronomer Royal of France, has all
-but made out the latter! And such a production would excite little
-suspicion and probably no hostility of feeling. But this need not
-cause much surprise when it is mentioned, that it has not yet been
-the good fortune of any writer, touching on the Life of the Marquis
-of Worcester, to escape recording a mass of errors, such as occur in
-no other biography in our language; although the period usually
-selected seldom exceeds four or five years, out of a life of
-sixty-six. The reader, therefore, who takes up the present volume,
-under impressions derived from such dubious sources of information as
-those indicated, will find little to confirm his preconceived
-opinions. The histories of men as of nations require facts for their
-basis, judgment to guide in their arrangement, discretion to direct a
-wise selection, and a knowledge of the whole to perfect the desired
-work. The mixed character of the Marquis of Worcester has ever been a
-stumbling-block to the purely classical scholar, the divine, the
-politician, and the lawyer; while, on the other hand, the rapid
-advances in science during the last fifty years, have deprived “The
-Century” of more than half its interest. Science cannot hope to be
-advanced by discussing the automata of the 17th century, its
-fountains, improvements in fire-arms, bows, keys, stairs, boats,
-fortifications, and many other promising inventions. But a Life of
-the Marquis of Worcester, without the “Century,” would be a drama
-without its most important character. It is, therefore, no act of
-supererogation to give a commentary on that little, but perplexing
-book; it is something more than a mere amusement, it is a necessary
-adjunct, and is not wholly useless considered as a matter connected
-with the history of science. The commentator on the “Century” may
-hope to render the biography of its noble author interesting from
-another and most important point of view, which would be wholly lost
-by its omission, or by treating it as secondary or unimportant. The
-“Century” is the exponent of the man; the author without his
-pocket-journal of his life-long labours is reduced to a nonentity,
-with nothing higher left to him to boast of than his descent from
-royal blood, the unimpeachable character of his noble line of
-ancestry, and his own spotless rectitude of character--an amiable,
-unintellectual man!
-
-The “Century,” the only work he is known to have left to posterity,
-sorely perplexed the fastidious Horace Walpole, was too much of a
-mechanical production for the astute David Hume, and has thoroughly
-bewildered the legal acumen of Mr. Muirhead, the biographer of
-James Watt. It has challenged the skill of critics of every degree,
-from contributors to the Gentleman’s Magazine to those of the
-Harleian Miscellany, and even in all sketches of the history of the
-steam-engine, percolating thence through biographies, and popular
-accounts of Raglan Castle, to the latest and best illustrated works
-on our castles and abbeys. So many writers, so many minds, whose
-judgments in a collected form, would afford a very discordant and
-uninviting miscellany, a sad satire on the material and style of
-a certain class of criticism, too much encouraged in our current
-literature. It is painful to observe its constant want of sympathy
-with the pains and penalties which unhappily are the too frequent
-lot of lofty, original, inventive genius. The case might fairly be
-paralleled by supposing Voltaire and others to have successfully
-established a clique against Shakespeare, to misrepresent and malign
-the great dramatist up to the present time; when, suddenly should
-appear, the _first_ work, to settle his literary claims! Of course it
-is declared impossible; and so it is, with a literary work; but it is
-not so with Inventions. The fame of the Marquis of Worcester rests
-less on his book than on his Water-commanding Engine. The book we see
-and read, but probably not one man in ten thousand knows anything
-about the Engine. Here is the weak point when the tide turns against
-the Inventor, against the man, a man politically and religiously
-proscribed. A great man for his Engine but hated by those politicians
-who side with the Stuart dynasty, for his luckless association with
-Charles the First. And misunderstood by the dilettanti Walpole, a
-connoisseur in paintings and works of _vertu_, but in matters of
-science more ignorant of the Marquis of Worcester’s worth, than
-Voltaire was of Shakespeare’s genius. But we regret there is a third
-conspicuous offender in the field, and as he is the latest, so we hope
-he is the last of the clan of vituperative critics.
-
-Our largely gifted historian, Lord Macaulay, never wrote such feeble
-lines as those in which he attempted to depict the Marquis of
-Worcester; but the historian is a tower of strength, and his words may
-here be quoted without a fear of our object being either mistaken,
-or open to misrepresentation. Depreciation is not our object, and
-nothing could be a greater folly than to attempt it on such ground; we
-give them in evidence, to prove how little really is known, even in
-well-informed circles, respecting this extraordinary inventor, when so
-brilliant a writer as Macaulay could be at fault, from no other cause
-than defective information. Speaking of Charles the Second’s reign,
-he says:--“The Marquess of Worcester had _recently_[?] observed the
-expansive power of moisture rarified by heat. After _many_ experiments
-he had succeeded in constructing a _rude_ steam engine,[?] which he
-called a fire water-work, and which he pronounced to be an admirable
-and most forcible _instrument of propulsion_.[?] But the Marquess
-was suspected to be a _madman_[?] and known to be a Papist. His
-inventions, _therefore_, found no favourable reception.[?] His fire
-water-work _might_, _perhaps_, furnish matter for conversation at a
-meeting of the Royal Society,[?] but was not applied to _any practical
-purpose_.[?]” These few lines suggest seven inquiries, but we are
-satisfied Macaulay could never have written thus upon the life of any
-great man of that period, much less on this illustrious inventor, had
-the proper materials been at command. This example is valuable, in as
-much as it is well known that Lord Macaulay was master of much curious
-reading, particularly of the class referring to that interesting
-period of our country’s history, and also that he possessed a
-remarkably retentive memory. But he was here dealing with a shattered
-monument; its goodly form wholly gone, and its fragments scattered in
-every direction; here ground to dust, there altogether buried, and so
-disfigured and dishonoured that he made the most he could of the faint
-traces within his immediate reach, and unquestionably felt satisfied
-that, considering the limit of these few lines, he had boldly,
-graphically, and truthfully pourtrayed the character he had designed
-to delineate. How infinitely superior to this rough draught would have
-been the sketch, had Macaulay possessed proper documentary evidence.
-A more striking or satisfactory instance than is here adduced could
-not be presented for showing the paucity of information hitherto
-existing in a collected form; and those readers who might otherwise
-have doubted the fact, will readily gather from what is here brought
-forward, that the story of this singular man’s life has hitherto
-remained untold.
-
-The life of the Marquis of Worcester affords a tissue of the most
-violent contrasts, romantic in many incidents, exceeding any that
-have ever been experienced by any other descendant of our ancient
-nobility. He was a man of rigid honour and probity, remarkable too
-for his modesty, virtue, and genius, in an age distinguished for few
-excellencies, and notorious for many vices. He was the favourite of
-his Sovereign, although in but little favour at Court, and the very
-esteem which raises most men was his certain ruin; obliged to flee
-his country, he returned only to be imprisoned; and on his release,
-was allowed £156 per annum out of his own princely but confiscated
-estates! As the subject of Charles the Second, he received back
-his demolished castle, without the means to re-establish himself;
-and, steeped in debt, he sought royal patronage in vain, although
-his genius was perhaps of greater value to the state, than all the
-revenues of the Crown! Neglected by contemporaries, his memory has
-been preserved rather traditionally than by any literary effort
-(beyond fitful glimpses of doubtful praise), to raise a monument
-to the indisputable inventor of the Steam Engine--that greatest
-source of our country’s commercial and manufacturing greatness; and
-universal, moral and intellectual progress. Lord Macaulay has tersely
-and justly remarked that:--“The chief cause which made the fusion of
-the different elements of society (in the 17th century) so imperfect,
-was the extreme difficulty which our ancestors found in passing from
-place to place. Of all inventions, the alphabet and the printing press
-alone excepted, those inventions which abridge distance have done
-most for the civilization of our species.” He then adds, speaking of
-steam, that it has--“in our day, produced an unprecedented revolution
-in human affairs, which has enabled navies to advance in the face
-of wind and tide, and battalions, attended by all their baggage
-and artillery, to traverse kingdoms at a pace equal to that of the
-fleetest race-horse.”
-
-The general reader will be very likely to overlook one important
-fact, a golden hinge on which more rests than at first appears in
-the following narrative; and, therefore, a word of remark may not be
-altogether thrown away, in calling attention to the circumstance.
-There are very many persons, most intelligent and well informed on
-other matters, who have yet to learn that all invention is progressive
-in a regular series. There may be a long series of elementary
-principles developed without the occurrence of a single practical
-result, practical as regards any useful application to supply man’s
-wants. Then may arise a series combining these elements, so to speak,
-and for the first time producing a new instrument, machine, or engine.
-When a new machine is produced, we do not say, Why it only consists
-of a number of wheels and cylinders, therefore, surely there is
-nothing new in it! All the parts may be old, and yet the combination
-be quite new. To analyse an invention into its several parts, would
-be equivalent to finding that a poem was only composed of the letters
-of the alphabet, or the words in a dictionary. But there is another
-point of view not lightly to be passed over. Take this instance of
-the steam engine. We find a talented Scotch writer wondering that
-Englishmen take the trouble to claim the invention of the steam engine
-for the Marquis of Worcester, because of the “doubtfulness” existing
-respecting it, at the same time that he accompanies this statement
-with a large amount of evidence, but evidence which he does not
-fully admit. He thus places himself very much in the position of a
-philosopher, who should adopt as his theory some peculiar notion to
-the effect that the letter A, or the numeral 1, could be dispensed
-with, in consequence of some “doubtfulness existing” in respect to
-its value; and that, indeed, to retain either any longer would only
-be evidence of a “little national rivalry.” Although this may appear
-too absurd in this light, something very similar has been proposed as
-a kind of compromise in the contest between England and France, the
-“little national rivalry” between which countries might be settled,
-would Englishmen but give up all further advocacy of the Marquis of
-Worcester’s claim. This is not the reason given, but it is the happy
-result which would follow; and it is urged against the invention, that
-there is so much “doubtfulness existing” about it, that it is a wonder
-any one takes further trouble in the matter. So far as we can see,
-its value is A, or 1, it is the first of a series, it is the golden
-hinge, or link, on which all hangs; take this away, and we sever the
-head from the main body. Will any one in future be found to take up
-and maintain so foolish a line of argument? The Marquis of Worcester
-was unquestionably the Inventor of the Steam Engine in the first
-of its three stages, as a fire engine. Previous to the Marquis of
-Worcester, all that had been done, was solely in the series developing
-a principle, a mere idea, but still no invention, in the proper sense
-of such a term, as applied to works of practical utility. All other
-early efforts were purely elementary or experimental.
-
-Let us take an illustration from another branch of science. It is not
-unreasonable to suppose that Electricity, using the term in its most
-extended sense, will some day or other supersede steam. We probably
-only require to be able to collect it cheaply and to control it
-effectually, to employ the artillery of heaven on the wide ocean,
-on our network of iron rails, and throughout all our manufacturing
-establishments. A, we will suppose, invents the first efficient
-Electric Engine, which with fifty horse power is fully at work; and
-in the course of a few years we sit down to write the history of this
-engine invented by A. Where shall we start in our history? Did not
-Faraday years ago produce an electro-magnetic engine; then of course
-Faraday invented A.’s engine! But we need not stop here; we have the
-whole history of electricity before us. There is no end of machines
-and engines; and a patent specification may come to light, the nearest
-possible thing to A. But we have not done yet, we have to consider
-France, &c., where we may find some more elementary electrical models
-before Faraday, and then of course before A. So that, on this system,
-as hitherto adopted, in attempting to settle a claim for De Caus, and
-depreciating the claim of the Marquis of Worcester, we may venture
-to predict an analogous fate for the Electric Engine, _hereafter_ to
-be invented by some inventor, A. Here we must plainly see that all
-that has hitherto been invented in this electrical line, does _not_
-go beyond model or elementary apparatus, and that however nearly some
-of these may approach any plan hereafter to be invented, it would
-be ridiculous and highly reprehensible to set up claims based on
-_no_ practical value, and only colourably _similar_ in _some single
-particular_, but otherwise of no greater concern than as amusing
-or illustrative scientific toys. De Caus’ fountain was one of these
-pleasing toys, and De Caus himself could never have thought otherwise
-of it, taking his own large book and his own few lines of description;
-although it served the purpose of M. Arago to assume for it a
-pre-eminence over the Marquis of Worcester’s invention, merely because
-the latter came half a century later.
-
-The author is not aware of any portion of his work that is open to
-controversy, unless it be that relating to a second visit to Ireland,
-asserted to have been made by the Earl of Glamorgan. However, should
-it be contended, or proved, that his negotiations refer to a _single_
-visit there, the circumstance would not affect the main story. The
-author has, however, had one essential difficulty to deal with,
-arising from the quantity of correspondence and documentary evidence,
-which, under the circumstances, he was obliged to introduce, thus
-materially affecting the text. It certainly was open to him to throw
-the greater part into the Appendix, but with considerable drawbacks
-to all readers really interested in such a work. The course adopted
-has been to introduce documents, of whatever kind, in their order of
-date, and to modernise the orthography (and that alone) to render them
-generally readable. The few pieces admitted in their original style
-will satisfy any one how thoroughly unreadable the work would have
-become, if largely occupied with such orthography. The prayer (for
-example) is a strict copy of the original, which appears to be in the
-handwriting of the Marchioness, with several interlinear corrections
-made by the Marquis himself, which certify to its genuineness.[A]
-Every document is given with its own date, and no deviations occur
-beyond the modern spelling of words. The “Century,” however, being
-printed matter, has been re-produced verbatim, with scrupulous
-accuracy.
-
-The general reader will find that the really scientific portion of
-this memoir, is restricted to the “Century,” which has relieved the
-biographical portion of much technical detail: no more reference to
-inventions occurring therein than appeared absolutely necessary to
-preserve uniformity in the narrative.
-
-It was very desirable in such a work as the present to steer clear
-of a controversial strain, whether in reference to the past or the
-present. This has been effected in a great measure, as regards the
-numerous detractors that might be cited, who have given false views,
-both of the personal character of the Marquis, and the merit of some
-or most of his inventions, until we find the admiring biographer of
-the celebrated James Watt, as if blinded by too much light, speaking
-of the Marquis in the most disparaging terms. And lastly, it was
-impossible to escape recurring to the charge against Savery; the dates
-and facts, now for the first time supplied, going far to strengthen
-the belief, that the engine reputed to be Savery’s, is identical with
-that invented by the Marquis of Worcester.
-
-The materials of the present work are principally derived from
-original sources with respect to Manuscripts; and from the highest
-published authorities. All printed materials are scrupulously
-acknowledged in two catalogues, one historical and literary, the other
-wholly scientific. Through the kindness and liberality of His Grace
-the Duke of Beaufort, the entire collection of Manuscripts in his
-Grace’s possession, relative to the Marquis of Worcester, are here
-given at large. While at Raglan, on visiting Troy, Osmond A. Wyatt,
-Esq., was especially obliging in affording information; as well
-as John Cuxson, Esq., of Raglan; and at Badminton, John Thompson,
-Esq., materially assisted in procuring the required manuscripts, and
-affording facilities for copying them, for which kindly aid the author
-can but insufficiently here express his obligations. The author is
-likewise greatly indebted generally to the rich stores of the British
-Museum, and the obliging attentions of its principal officers; to
-the State Paper Office, where he was especially assisted through the
-kindness of Mrs. M. A. E. Green, with the uncalendered papers given
-at pages 249, 270, 286, and 287, and to John Bruce, Esq. Also to the
-excellent Libraries of the Royal Society; the London Institution; and
-the particularly valuable scientific collection of the Patent Office.
-At Oxford, the privilege of consulting works and manuscripts at the
-Bodleian Library, was freely granted, and every facility afforded.
-The author would especially notice among other contributions of
-information, the able assistance of Bennet Woodcroft, Esq., F.R.S.,
-&c. To the Rev. John Webb, of Hay, he is particularly indebted for the
-papers at pages 64, 88, and 142, to which that gentleman directed his
-attention, and which he might otherwise have overlooked. He has also
-received assistance from the collections of Robert Cole, Esq., and of
-the late Dawson Turner, Esq., which are noted where they occur. When
-inquiring for the autograph of “Glamorgan,” every possible effort to
-trace it, although unavailing, was kindly employed by the Librarian of
-St. Cuthbert’s College, Durham, and by the Rev. Dr. Grant, the Roman
-Catholic Bishop of Southwark.
-
-During the author’s visit to Dublin, Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King at
-Arms, very obligingly searched for any documents referring to the Earl
-of Glamorgan, that might be in Dublin Castle, but without success;
-and the author is also much indebted for general information most
-courteously given by the Rev. Dr. Todd, of Trinity College, Dr. R. G.
-Travers, Marsh’s Library, and the Rev. C. P. Meehan; and likewise,
-through correspondence, by the Rev. James Graves, of Stonyford.
-
-It now only remains for the author to say, that in the event of any of
-our nobility or gentry, or other collectors, possessing any manuscript
-whatever, even although only a copy of matter here produced, he would
-esteem it a very particular favour to be informed of it (through his
-publisher), and to be permitted to examine any record, bearing either
-directly or indirectly on this subject.
-
-      H. D.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] I am happy in being able to afford this testimony, were it only
-to dissipate the inuendoes of Mr. Muirhead.
-
-
-
-
-      CONTENTS.
-
-
-  DEDICATION                                               Page iii
-
-  PREFACE                                                   vii-xxi
-
-                             1599–1628.
-
-  Chap. I.--Marriage of Henry Somerset, Lord Herbert of Raglan  1–9
-
-                             1601–1639.
-
-  Chap. II.--Birth, home, education, early career, times, and
-    first marriage of Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert           10–29
-
-                             1639–1642.
-
-  Chap. III.--Edward, Lord Herbert’s second marriage          30–36
-
-                             1641–1642.
-
-  Chap. IV.--Henry, Earl of Worcester--created Marquis of
-    Worcester--Raglan Castle                                  37–54
-
-                             1642–1644.
-
-  Chap. V.--Lord Herbert in his military capacity             55–68
-
-                             1644–1645.
-
-  Chap. VI.--Lord Herbert created Earl of Glamorgan--Irish
-    affairs                                                   69–94
-
-                             1640–1645.
-
-  Chap. VII.--Raglan Castle--Royal visits                    95–111
-
-                             1645–1646.
-
-  Chap. VIII.--The Earl of Glamorgan’s second visit to
-    Ireland                                                 112–139
-
-                             1646–1647.
-
-  Chap. IX.--Raglan Castle; its defence and surrender--Death
-    of Henry, Marquis of Worcester                          140–156
-
-                             1645–1647.
-
-  Chap. X.--The Earl of Glamorgan’s transactions in Ireland,
-    concluded                                               157–185
-
-                             1646–1650.
-
-  Chap. XI.--The Marquis of Worcester in exile; resides in
-    France                                                  186–191
-
-                             1643–1659.
-
-  Chap. XII.--Affairs affecting the Marquis of Worcester’s
-    family, in respect to Worcester House and other
-    property in and near London                             192–200
-
-                               1651.
-
-  Chap. XIII.--The Marquis of Worcester’s son,
-    and two daughters                                       201–208
-
-                             1651–1661.
-
-  Chap. XIV.--His return to England--Imprisonment, and
-    liberation--his “_Century_”--pecuniary difficulties--
-    petitions--at Charles the Second’s Coronation--Lord
-    Herbert                                                 209–233
-
-                             1660–1662.
-
-  Chap. XV.--His prospects at the period of the Restoration--
-    Proceedings in Parliament respecting the Patent to
-    create him Duke of Somerset--Estates restored, &c.--
-    Parliamentary duties                                    234–246
-
-                             1660–1664.
-
-  Chap. XVI.--His Inventions--further Petitions--publication
-    of his “_Century_”--Charles II. visits Lord Herbert at
-    Badminton--Worcester House, Strand                      247–261
-
-                             1664–1670.
-
-  Chap. XVII.--His operations at Vauxhall--Petitions and
-    decease--Caspar Kaltoff and family--M. Sorbière--Cosmo,
-    Grand Duke of Tuscany--The Dowager Marchioness of
-    Worcester                                               262–308
-
-  Chap. XVIII.--A brief retrospect of the Marquis of
-    Worcester’s Genealogy, and his private, political,
-    and philosophical character; including his own
-    statement of expenditure during the Civil War           309–342
-
-
-      LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
-
-From Drawings and Sketches made, and Ciphers and Autographs traced, by
-the author.
-
-The steel engraved Portraits executed by Mr. J. Cochran, and the Wood
-Engravings by Mr. Stevens, and Mr. J. H. Rimbault; and Coats of Arms
-by Mr. Layton.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-      STEEL ENGRAVINGS.
-
-    A Family Group, being Portraits of the MARQUIS OF WORCESTER, with
-    Margaret his second wife, and their infant daughter Mary. From a
-    painting by Hanneman. (See pages 30,31.)      TO FACE TITLE PAGE.
-
-    Portrait of ELIZABETH LADY HERBERT, first wife of Edward Lord
-    Herbert, afterwards Marquis of Worcester. From a painting by
-    Vandyke                                                 PAGE 16.
-
-
-      WOOD ENGRAVINGS.
-                                                              PAGE.
- Armorial bearings of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort           iii
-
- Plan of the Castle and Citadel of Raglan, Monmouthshire      xxiv
-
- Baynard’s Castle, from Newcourt’s ancient Map of London, 1658   1
-
- Worcester House, 1658                                           8
-
- H. Herbert (autograph) Henry, 1st Marquis of Worcester         10
-
- E. Worcester (autograph) Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester         12
-
- Water-works side of the Citadel, Raglan Castle                 20
-
- Distant view of Raglan Castle                                  49
-
- Ed. L. Herbert (autograph) afterwards 2nd Marquis of Worcester 77
-
- The Earl of Glamorgan’s writing in the address of a Cipher
-   letter                                                      179
-
- The letter written in his Cipher. [See also page 553.]        180
-
- The Tower, Map of London, 1658.                               211
-
- Worcester [autograph, 1665–6, of the Author of the “Century”] 283
-
- St. Cadocus, Raglan Church                                    296
-
- --〃-- east end and plan                                       297
-
- Arms of the Marquis of Worcester, and his two wives           298
-
- C. Somerset (autograph) Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of
-   Worcester                                                   309
-
- One line of the Marquis of Worcester’s cipher writing         333
-
- A Cipher Seal                                                 377
-
- Portrait of Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards second Marquis
-   of Worcester, from a painting by Vandyke, in the
-   possession of his Grace, the Duke of Beaufort               389
-
- A one line Cipher                                             392
-
- The Marquis’s Cipher                                          398
-
- Ancient Paddle Boat                                           408
-
- A Balance Water-work                                          417
-
- A Bucket-fountain                                             418
-
- A double-drawing Engine                                       424
-
- A to and fro Lever                                            426
-
- A most easy level Draught                                     427
-
- Tobacco-tongs                                                 446
-
- A weighted wheel                                              454
-
- A water-flowing and ebbing motion                             457
-
- A musketeer, 1643                                             465
-
- De Caus’ Fountain                                             477
-
- A forcer                                                      483
-
- Savery’s Engine, 1699                                         485
-
- Engine to raise weights                                       532
-
- Porta’s steam apparatus                                       541
-
- A blowing Æolipile                                            542
-
- A steam blow-pipe                                             543
-
- A fire-blowing Æolipile                                       543
-
- A weather glass                                               546
-
- The Marquis of Worcester’s Engine                             551
-
- --his Cipher Alphabet                                         553
-
- Construction of a water-screw                                 554
-
- Christopher Copley (autograph)                                570
-
-
-      REFERENCES TO THE PLAN OF THE CASTLE AND CITADEL OF RAGLAN,
-      MONMOUTHSHIRE.
-
-*.* _All other portions are named on the plan._
-
-      THE CASTLE.
-
- 1. Outer portcullis; 1. A second portcullis within the arched entrance.
-
- 2. Gateway.
-
- 3. The gate.
-
- 4, 4. Two barbican towers.
-
- 5. A guard room.
-
- 6. Parlour or ante-room.
-
- 7. Stair-cases; all marked 7.
-
- 8. The Closet or Library Tower.
-
- 9, 10. Sitting Room or Parlour, originally wainscoted with oak, and
-     over which was the Marquis’s Dining room.
-
- 10. Large bay-window looking towards the moat.
-
- 11. Broken porch.
-
- 12. Entrance from the courtyard to the vaults.
-
- 13, 13. Broken entrance to cellars.
-
- 14. Remains of a staircase.
-
- 15. This part is vaulted.
-
- 16. Suite of family apartments.
-
- 17. Gateway to the Bowling-green.
-
- 18. Bridge.
-
- 19. Bowling-green.
-
- 20, 20. Cellars.
-
- 21. Steps and door leading to--
-
- 22. Way to stable-yard.
-
- 23. One sipe of the outer wall of the Paved Court, where the first
-     breach was made by the Parliamentary forces, 1646.
-
- 24. Ruined tower.
-
- 25. The buildings formerly here completely obliterated, having suffered
-     most during the siege.
-
- 26. The bakery and remains of its ovens.
-
- 27. Entrance to the Wet Larder.
-
- 28. An outside high level walk.
-
- 29. Low ground.
-
- 30. Pier wall.
-
- 31. Deep space.
-
- 32. The Kitchen Tower, remarkable for its great strength, and remains
-     of a large fire-place.
-
- 33. A draw-well.
-
- 34. A long, narrow, vertical gap through former windows and door. The
-     building probably had a corridor at top.
-
- 35. Ruins of cellar or dry larder.
-
- 36. The uppermost window in this part indicates the situation of the
-     apartment occupied by Charles I.
-
- 37. The Buttery.
-
- 38. The Minstrels’ gallery was probably raised here.
-
- 39. Porch leading to--
-
- 40. The great Banqueting hall.
-
- 41. Spacious fire place, with centre window high above.
-
- 42. The large, handsome, and well-preserved bay-window, with a circular
-     opening or ventilator in the roof.
-
- 43. The recess.
-
- 44. The arms of the Beaufort Family, carved in stone, are inserted
-     centrally in the lofty wall on this side.
-
- 45. The Pantry.
-
- 46. Ruined entrance to the wine cellar.
-
- 47. End of the Picture Gallery, a narrow upper apartment of great
-     length, extending over and beyond the chapel.
-
- 48. Supposed to be the Bell tower.
-
- 49. The apartments above and below here were the ladies’ women’s rooms.
-
- 50. A through passage.
-
- 51. High watch tower.
-
- 52. An ancient Arbor Vitæ grows in the Fountain Court at this point.
-
- 53. Superior officers’ quarters, on the ground and upper floors.
-
- 54. Basin of the fountain.
-
-      THE CITADEL, OR KEEP,
-      _called_
-      THE MELIN-Y-GWENT, OR YELLOW TOWER OF GWENT.
-
- A. There was probably a drawbridge here.
-
- B. B. Two broken bastions.
-
- C. A temporary wooden bridge.
-
- D. Site of arched bridge to the Keep.
-
- E. The Water-works side of the Keep, presenting large grooves cut into
-    the stone work, probably to insert metal pipes, &c.
-
- F. Stone stair-case to the top, in good preservation.
-
- G. Outer entrance to F.
-
- H. I. Ruins of the massy walls varying from 4 to 10 feet high; the
-    upper portion destroyed in 1646, by order of Parliament.
-
- L. A well.
-
-
-[Illustration: Plan of the Castle and Citadel of Raglan, Monmouthshire]
-
-PLAN OF THE CASTLE AND CITADEL OF RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE, THE PROPERTY OF
- His Grace The Duke of Beaufort, &c. &c.
- From Drawings by H. DIRCKS, Civil Engineer 1865.
-
-
-
-
-      LIFE OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-
-      CHAPTER I.
-
-      MARRIAGE OF HENRY SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT OF RAGLAN.
-
-
-Towards the close of the sixteenth century there was a rumour afloat
-in London, among aristocratic circles, respecting a marriage in high
-life. At that time Blackfriars was as much the seat of fashion, as St.
-James’s at a later period; and was conveniently situated while Queen
-Elizabeth held her court at Greenwich.
-
-[Illustration: Baynard’s Castle, from Newcourt’s ancient Map of
- London, 1658]
-
-BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.
-
-A contemporary correspondent, writing in the usual quaint style of
-the day, states in a letter dated from Baynard’s Castle, the 23rd of
-November, 1599:--“I hear that the Lord Herbert, the Earl of Worcester’s
-son, shall marry Miss Anne Russell, and that it is concluded upon.”
-This announcement relates to no less a person than the future Marquis
-of Worcester, father of that Edward, Marquis of Worcester, whose life
-we shall hereafter have to detail, and whose prowess was severely
-tested by the evil times of his closing career; it will be interesting,
-at this early stage of that eminent nobleman’s personal history, to
-follow this same correspondent through his future gossiping epistles
-touching the proposed matrimonial alliance.
-
-Writing to Sir Robert Sydney on the ensuing 22nd of December, he
-acquaints him:--“This afternoon your little daughter was christened by
-Edward, Earl of Worcester, the Lady Nottingham, and the Lady Buckhurst.
-My Lord of Worcester sent his son, Henry Lord Herbert, because he
-himself waited on the Queen, who rode abroad to take the air. Among the
-presents were a very fair bowl and a cover from the Earl.”
-
-After a lapse of nearly four months, we have again news from Baynard’s
-Castle, under date the 19th of April, 1600, stating that--“The marriage
-between Lord Herbert and Mrs. Anne Russell is concluded; for my Lady
-Russell was at court, to desire the Queen’s leave, which is obtained.”
-
-But on the 16th of May we are assured--“The marriage between Lord
-Herbert and Mrs. Anne Russell is at a stay, till it please her
-Majesty to appoint a day.” And further, that--“It will be honourably
-solemnized; and many take care to do her all the possible honour they
-can devise. The feast,” it is added, “will be in Blackfriars, my Lady
-Russell making exceeding preparations for it.”
-
-Her Majesty appears to have been somewhat deficient in considering
-either the distraction she was occasioning the lovers, or the
-disarranged domestic economy of the several attendants, for another
-month is allowed to glide gloomily away, only to find on the 24th of
-May that--“My Lord of Bedford is come to town, and his lady to honour
-the marriage of Mrs. Anne Russell; but the day is not yet appointed by
-her Majesty, which troubles many of her friends, that stay in town to
-do her service.”
-
-Some weeks more pass on, when at length we learn from Greenwich, under
-date the 14th of June:--“Her Majesty is in very good health, and
-purposes to honour Mrs. Anne Russell’s marriage with her presence. It
-is thought she will stay there (at Blackfriars), Monday and Tuesday. My
-Lord Cobham prepares his house for her Majesty to lie in, because it is
-near the Bridehouse. There is to be a memorable masque of eight ladies;
-they have a strange dance newly invented; their attire is this: Each
-hath a skirt of cloth of silver, a rich waistcoat wrought with silks,
-and gold and silver, a mantle of carnation taffeta cast under the arm;
-and their hair loose about their shoulders, curiously knotted and
-interlaced. These are the masquers. My Lady Doritye, Mrs. Fitton, Mrs.
-Carey, Mrs. Onslow, Mrs. Southwell, Mrs. Bess Russell, Mrs. Darcy, and
-my Lady Blanch Somersett. These eight dance to the music Apollo brings;
-and there is a fine speech that makes mention of a ninth, much to her
-honour and praise. The preparation for this feast is sumptuous and
-great; but it is feared, that the house in Blackfriars will be little
-for such a company. The marriage is upon Monday.”
-
-Accordingly on Monday the 16th of June, 1600, her most gracious Majesty
-Queen Elizabeth, arrived at Blackfriars in all possible state to grace
-the marriage of the Lord Herbert and his wife. The Bride (the same
-gossiping authority states) met the Queen at the waterside, where my
-Lord Cobham had provided a Lectica, [used similar to a sedan chair]
-made like half a litter, whereon she was carried to my Lady Russell’s
-by six knights. Her Majesty dined there, and at night, went through
-Dr. Pudding’s house (who gave the Queen a fan), to my Lord Cobham’s,
-where she supped. After supper the masque came in; and delicate it
-was to see eight ladies so prettily and richly attired. Mrs. Fitton
-led, and after they had done all their own ceremonies, then eight lady
-masquers chose eight ladies more to dance the measures.
-
-Mrs. Fitton went to the Queen, and wooed her to dance.
-
-Her Majesty asked her what she was.
-
-“Affection,” she said.
-
-“Affection!” said the Queen; “Affection is false.”
-
-Yet her Majesty rose and danced. So did my Lady Marquis (of Winchester).
-
-The Bride was led to the Church by the Lord Herbert of Cardiffe, and my
-Lord Cobham; and from the Church by the Earls of Rutland and Cumberland.
-
-The gifts given that day were valued at one thousand pounds, in plate
-and jewels, at least.
-
-The entertainment was great and plentiful, and my Lady Russell much
-commended for it.
-
-Her Majesty, upon Tuesday (following) came back again to the Court.
-But the solemnities continued till Wednesday night. “And now the
-Lord Herbert, and his fair lady are at Court,” (writes this pleasant
-correspondent on the 23rd of the same month.)[28]
-
-The bride’s portion, as a younger daughter, was said to be about two
-thousand pounds in money; one hundred and fifty pounds a year in land;
-and a reversion of one thousand marks.[106]
-
-Thus was celebrated the marriage of Henry the young Lord Herbert, son
-of Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, then Master of the Horse, who was
-eminently distinguished alike for his noble and ancient lineage and
-courtly attainments. Greatly was his son’s marriage honoured, not only
-by the presence of royalty in the person of a queen of Elizabeth’s
-high-toned feelings and sentiments, but, if possible, more so by her
-condescending to participate in the dance on that festive occasion.
-
-The particulars afforded by this domestic incident take us far back to
-a most interesting period in our country’s history. The great Queen’s
-reign was then within three years of its close. The Pope had published
-his bulls to exclude King James from the throne of England. On the 19th
-of November following, was born at Dunfermline in Scotland, Prince
-Charles, whose future reign was destined materially to affect the
-family and fortunes of the Somersets, Earls of Worcester.
-
-The social habits of the aristocracy, as here briefly pourtrayed,
-evince a peculiarly primitive character. Three days’ feasting shows
-a singular lustihood of enjoyment in the revels attaching to such
-occasions of festivity. But, notwithstanding we are treating of the
-most elevated society, in the most flourishing period of the Augustan
-Age of our Literature, as it has been not inappropriately styled, a
-comparative grossness of habit prevailed, occasioning a particular
-relish for such carousals, during the period that viands and wine were
-served without stint or stay.
-
-Many of the modern common luxuries of the table were then unknown;
-asparagus, artichokes, cauliflowers, and other edibles were not
-introduced; while the finest clothing was costly, being of foreign
-manufacture. Considerations like these should check the forming of
-hasty judgments in reference to the manners and customs of olden times.
-
-The lady whom Henry Lord Herbert had thus espoused was Anne, sole
-daughter and heir of John Lord Russell, eldest son of Francis Russell,
-Earl of Bedford. She bore him nine sons, of whom Edward was the eldest
-son and heir, and four daughters, making in all a family of thirteen
-children.
-
-Sir John Somerset, the second son, married Mary, daughter of Thomas
-Arundel, Lord Arundel of Wardour; and, as will appear in the sequel, he
-resided at Troy House, near Monmouth.
-
-The fifth son, Thomas Somerset, lived at Rome, 1676; and his brother
-Charles was governor of Raglan Castle in 1646, and afterwards died a
-Canon at Cambray in Flanders.
-
-Four other sons died in infancy; and another, later in life, died
-unmarried.
-
-Kennet, the historian, records, in respect of one of the daughters,
-that King James reprimanded the Earl, her father, for his sending her
-to Brussels to be made a nun,[58] in 1620.
-
-But it will be our chief business hereafter to treat especially of the
-life and labours of the first-named son of this nobleman; only making
-such allusions to the father, and relating such circumstances affecting
-him, as serve to throw light on remote particulars of his son’s life.
-
-Of the age of Henry Lord Herbert, at the time of his marriage, we are
-afforded indirect evidence through Wood, who, speaking of him and his
-elder brother William (who died unmarried during his father’s lifetime)
-being at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1591, states the brothers to have
-been of the respective ages of 15 and 14; so that Henry, being then
-only 14 years of age, would have been born on or about the year 1577,
-and marrying in the year 1600, he would at that time be in his 23rd
-year.
-
-His age has been very variously, and, as it appears, vaguely stated;
-originating probably with hasty printed statements during the Civil
-War, when no particular purpose had to be served by accuracy on such a
-matter. Wood certainly was not likely to be ten years out of truth in
-recording the ages of youths. It is also more likely that his Lordship
-in his circumstances, and with his family, had married rather at 23
-than at 33 years of age.
-
-We meet with no accounts of the births or baptisms of his children,
-with the exception of his seventh son, Frederick Somerset, who,
-according to the Parish Registers of St. Dunstan’s in the West,[73]
-London, was baptized on the 26th March, 1613, in the house of Lady
-Morrison in the Friars, she being related through the Russells to Anne
-Lady Herbert.
-
-James I. was proclaimed on the 24th of March, 1603. The same month Lord
-Herbert was summoned to Parliament, being then 26 years of age. A great
-plague was at that time raging in the metropolis, having destroyed
-30,000 of the population, rendering his residence in town very perilous.
-
-His Lordship’s father was, in 1604, invested with the Order of the
-Garter, and on resigning his office of Master of the Horse, on the 1st
-of January, 1616, having retained it fifteen years, he was, on the 2nd
-of the same month, made Keeper of the Privy Seal.
-
-In a literary and scientific point of view, this was a period of
-great historical interest. In December, 1608, Milton was born; while
-in April, 1616, Shakespeare died. In 1611 the new translation of the
-Bible was published. Lord Napier, in Scotland, invented his system of
-logarithms; the great Harvey was propounding his discovery respecting
-the circulation of the blood; and Sir Hugh Myddleton had completed
-his great undertaking of forming the New River. Such are a few among
-the prominent facts that mark the intelligence and enterprise of those
-times.
-
-It is possible that Henry Lord Herbert’s parliamentary duties, his
-attendance at court, with other circumstances, might occasion prolonged
-residence at Worcester House, in the Strand, the ancient family town
-mansion, a locality which was occupied by many noble families above two
-centuries ago. Nothing transpires to indicate his presence at Raglan
-Castle at that period.
-
-[Illustration: Worcester House, 1658]
-
-BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.
-
-On the 24th of August, 1621, died Elizabeth, daughter of Francis
-Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon; and on the 3rd of March, 1627, in the
-79th year of his age, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, the honoured
-parents of Henry Lord Herbert, who succeeded to his father’s dignities
-and fortune. Their decease happened at their town residence, whence
-each was conveyed with great funeral solemnity to Raglan, where, being
-interred in the family vault of Raglan Church, suitable monuments were
-raised to their memory.
-
-Of Henry, now fifth Earl of Worcester, we have less intelligence as
-resident in London than as retired to his magnificent Castle of Raglan,
-in Monmouthshire. On the 13th of March, 1628, he obtained dispensation
-to be absent from Parliament,[A] which appears to have been the
-commencement of his decreased attention to public business.
-
-He had then been married twenty-eight years, being in the fifty-first
-year of his age. Of his numerous family he lost five sons and three
-daughters. Edward, his first born and heir was probably about
-twenty-six years old; Sir John Somerset, his second son, most likely
-occupied Troy House, a few miles off, while his next surviving and
-sixth son, Charles Somerset, he installed as Governor of his Castle.
-
-The noble Earl, inclined to a plethoric constitution, had not uniform
-good health, being subject to gout, yet was he of a joyous, hearty,
-kind, benevolent disposition. He was too a man of some learning,
-without being distinguished for its application, otherwise than in
-some verbal polemical discussions attributed to him by Dr. Bayly, the
-last chaplain in his service, who has preserved many of his witty
-apophthegms, presenting us with indications of his religious and
-political sentiments.
-
-Although our interest in this memoir concerns us less in reference to
-the father, than to be informed respecting his son, yet the intelligent
-reader cannot fail to discover, that Edward, now Lord Herbert, during
-the early years of his life, was necessarily so intimately associated
-with all matters of domestic history, affecting the large family then
-resident at Raglan Castle, that such relations as can be gathered
-respecting its several branches at that early period, are invested with
-a degree of interest which they might not under other circumstances
-possess.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[28] Collins.
-
-[106] Wiffin, v. ii. p. 56.
-
-[58] Kennet.
-
-[73] J. B. Nichols, vol. vi. p. 371.
-
-[A] Calendar of State Papers. Domestic Series. Charles I.
-    1628–1629. Edited by John Bruce, Esq. 8vo. 1859.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER II.
-
-      BIRTH, HOME, EDUCATION, EARLY CAREER, TIMES, AND FIRST MARRIAGE
-      OF EDWARD SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT.
-
-
-As already related, Henry,[A] fifth Earl of Worcester, married in
-June, 1600, while yet attached to the Court of Queen Elizabeth, and,
-therefore, most likely he was resident at Worcester House, in the
-Strand, a building of some importance from its magnitude and position,
-as well as from the princely character of the noble possessor of the
-property.
-
-There, it is reasonable to conclude, was born Edward Somerset early in
-1601, the son and heir whose eventful history will hereafter mainly
-occupy our attention, first as Lord Herbert, afterwards as the Earl of
-Glamorgan, and lastly, on succeeding to his father’s titles, as Earl
-and Marquis of Worcester.
-
-The birth of this Lord Herbert has never before been attempted to be
-ascertained, wherefore the present assumed date requires confirmation.
-On the 14th of July, 1609, when he would thus probably be only eight
-years of age, we find him associated with his grandfather and father in
-a lease of lands in the manor of Wondy, Monmouth, and of the fishing,
-or river of Usk and Carlion, for their lives.[B]
-
-His preceptor at Raglan Castle was Mr. Adams; but he does not appear,
-like his father, to have been at any college in England; as, however,
-he travelled much on the Continent at an early period of his life, it
-is possible he also finished his education at some foreign university.
-In a communication of singular interest, written late in life,
-hereafter given in full, he specially observes:--“Amongst Almighty
-God’s infinite mercies to me in this world, I account it one of the
-greatest that his divine goodness vouchsafed me parents as well careful
-as able to give me virtuous education, and extraordinary breeding at
-home and abroad, in Germany, France, and Italy, allowing me abundantly
-in those parts.” This summary is sufficiently explicit as regards the
-circuit of his travels, and the easy, agreeable circumstances under
-which it was performed, but still leaves it open to doubt whether he
-had completed his educational course before entering on his continental
-tour. Wood expressly states, in reference to Lord Herbert’s father,
-that after he had been two or three years at college he was sent to
-travel in France, Italy, &c., where he presumes he changed his religion
-for that of Rome.[109]
-
-During the reign of James I., and while his grandfather was Keeper of
-the Privy Seal, no mention occurs of Lord Herbert enjoying any favour
-at Court, his courtier life commencing only in that of Charles I.,
-according to allusions made in the document before noticed. On the
-accession of the latter monarch to the throne, Lord Herbert might be 24
-years of age. In alluding to his “education and breeding,” coupled with
-his travels, he adds: “And since most plentifully at my master of most
-happy memory, the late King’s Court;” making it almost conclusive that
-his education was considered as completed shortly prior to the King’s
-decease, in 1625.
-
-In 1627 his grandfather was at Worcester House, whence he wrote to the
-Earl of Huntingdon on the 11th of June, informing him of his illness
-and inability to leave his bedchamber.[C]
-
-The first year of the reign of Charles I. was an auspicious one,
-therefore, for the young Lord Herbert. His father, a stalwart, hale
-man, was in the prime of life, only 48 years of age, lord of one of
-the finest castles in the kingdom, whether considered for the beauty,
-strength and importance of its structure and its commanding situation,
-or the extent of its parks, pastures, plantations, and forests; it
-was a luxurious place well stored with paintings, furniture, and
-plate, while it was surrounded with every embellishment of fountains,
-fishponds, statuary, and gardens that art or wealth could command. Lord
-Herbert himself was rich in acquired knowledge, and in whatever way his
-natural genius then displayed itself, such a mind as he possessed must
-have afforded many evidences of latent talent. One important part of a
-young nobleman’s education in Elizabeth’s time, and later, was that of
-horsemanship, particularly in the tilt-yard, a kind of adjunct to noble
-residences, supposed by many to have existed even at Raglan Castle, but
-such an opinion is not even authorised by any tradition. Some interest
-he might take in tournaments, but we easily suspect without aiming at,
-or succeeding in that skill in manœuvres so requisite in the fierce
-and fiery jousts appertaining to such knightly contests, equipped in
-heavy armour, wielding a ponderous lance, and mimicking all the maddest
-encounters of the fellest enemies. We doubt if his talent lay that
-way. His grandfather’s horsemanship has been greatly extolled by all
-writers, in alluding to his character. In his youth (it is said) he
-was remarkable for his athletic acquirements, distinguishing himself
-by the manly exercises of riding and tilting, in which he was perhaps
-superior to any of his contemporaries. But we have no reason to extol
-the grandson for like success in these chivalric exercises.
-
-We conceive he was otherwise disqualified, that he was too light of
-weight and too short in stature. He appears to have been of slender
-figure, and rather under than above the middle standard in height. In
-another point, indirectly perhaps affecting this same matter, he did
-not possess that easy, boisterous speech which armed assailants may
-often be called on to assume, to strike terror into a foe, by throwing
-him off his guard. He himself acknowledges, later in life, to this
-vocal defect, when, in writing to Charles II. he admits that he takes
-up the pen, as he says,--“To ease your Majesty of a trouble incident
-to the prolixity of speech, and a _natural defect of utterance_ which
-I accuse myself of.” “The prolixity of speech” any one may imagine,
-both from the letter in which this passage occurs, as well as in the
-noble lord’s general correspondence throughout his life; it seems to be
-a style in which the close of each sentence, or its matter, suggests
-the next, to be followed again in like manner, until the main subject
-becomes so overlaid as to be lost in needless verbose amplification.
-But he could and did write tersely enough on occasion. No man could
-then better display the admirable art of compressing large meaning
-into small compass. If eloquence in speaking “troubled” him, eloquent
-writing assuredly cost him, it would appear, vastly more trouble in
-the labour of the pen. We suspect that concentration of thought was
-natural to him, but its elaboration to produce that roundness of
-period assumed necessary for the style of a courtly gentleman, confused
-and perplexed him. We imagine the prosy writer, being conversationally
-sententious; perhaps painfully so to the ears of fashionable society,
-delighting as it does in the trivialties of such conversation as that
-which would principally characterise the Court of those days; rendered
-perhaps only the more irksome by his continuance in its fashionable
-frivolities for three or more years.
-
-A very fair specimen of the mechanical knowledge of the period, when
-Lord Herbert was finishing his education, is afforded in the work of
-Henry Peacham, published in 1627, entitled “The Compleat Gentleman.”
-In his ninth chapter, treating of Geometry, he says: “Out of Egypt,
-Thales brought it into Greece, where it received that perfection we
-see it now hath. For by means hereof are found out the forms and
-draughts of all figures, greatness of all bodies, all manner of
-measures and weights, the cunning working of all tools; with all
-artificial instruments whatsoever. All engines of war, for many
-whereof (being antiquated) we have no proper names; as, Exosters,
-Sambukes, Catapultes, Testudos, Scorpions, &c. Petardes, Grenades,
-great Ordinance of all sorts.
-
-“By the benefit, likewise, of Geometry, we have our goodly ships,
-gallies, bridges, mills, chariots and coaches, (which were invented
-in Hungary, and there called Cotzki), some with two wheels, some with
-more; pullies and cranes of all sorts. She (Geometry) also with her
-ingenious hand rears all curious roofs and arches, stately theatres,
-the columns simple and compounded, pendant galleries, stately windows,
-turrets, &c. And first brought to light our clocks and curious
-watches (unknown unto the ancients); lastly, _our kitchen jacks,
-even the wheel-barrow_. Besides whatsoever hath artificial motion,
-either by air, water, wind, sinews or cords, as all manner of musical
-instruments, water works and the like.
-
-“Yea, moreover, such is the infinite subtilty, and immense depth of
-this admirable art, that it dares contend even with nature’s self, in
-infusing life, as it were, into the senseless bodies of wood, stone,
-or metal. Witness the wooden dove of Archytas, so famous not only by
-Agellius, but many other authors beyond exception; which by reason of
-weights equally poised within the body, and a certain proportion of air
-(as the spirit of life enclosed), flew cheerfully forth, as if it had
-been a living dove.”
-
-This Cambridge Master of Arts appears much delighted with these and
-certain minute automata, occupying two pages in describing Scaliger’s
-ship, to swim and steer itself by means of the pith of rushes, bladder,
-and little strings of sinews; a wooden eagle “which mounted up into the
-air, and flew before the Emperor to the gates of Nuremberg;” an iron
-fly that flew about a table; ants and other insects made of ivory, so
-small that the “joints of their legs could not be discerned;” a four
-wheeled coach, which a fly could “cover with her wings;” a ship with
-all its sails, “which a little bee could overspread;” and, “of later
-times, Hadrian Junius, tells us that he saw with great delight and
-admiration, at Mechlin, in Brabant, a cherry-stone cut in the form of
-a basket, wherein were fifteen pair of dice distinct, each with their
-spots and number, very easily of a good eye to be discerned;” how “the
-Ilias of Homer written, was enclosed within a nut;” while, to conclude,
-Scaliger, relates “of a flea he saw with a long chain of gold about its
-neck.” The account of these wonders of art, winds up with descriptions
-of brazen, glass, and silver models, or planetariums illustrating the
-situations and motions of the heavenly bodies.
-
-From this serious discourse, by a grave scholar, and contemporary,
-relating to the labours of the first mathematicians of a bygone as
-well as of the existing age, we may form a valuable conception of
-the state of science, in its popular character, when Edward, Lord
-Herbert, entered upon his own course of practical philosophical
-pursuits, affording the ground work of his Century of Inventions,
-the accumulated digest of whatever he had effected during the early,
-middle, and later years of his life. Viewed from any other point than
-the period in which he lived, the means of information around him, and
-the comparatively limited extent of scientific knowledge, the modern
-reader would form a serious misconception of his singular abilities,
-his versatile mechanical talent and the fecundity of his inventive
-ingenuity. There can be little or no doubt but that he was well versed
-in the mathematical knowledge of his times, and that it principally
-contributed in aiding him to obtain those mechanical results, to which
-we consequently find him restricting his attention.
-
-Lord Bacon had died but the year before the publication of Peacham’s
-work. Alchemy still ruled and had its adepts and votaries; and Ashmole
-made a large collection of alchemical writings, for Chemistry was but
-just faintly emerging from the mysticisms of its precursor, Alchemy.
-
-In the year 1628 Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert, being then about 27
-years of age, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Dormer,
-eldest son of Robert Lord Dormer of Weng, and sister to Robert Earl
-of Carnarvon.[5] She became in 1629 the mother of Henry[D] Somerset
-(afterwards created first Duke of Beaufort); and had besides two
-daughters, Anne, who married Henry Frederick, third Earl of Arundel of
-the Howards; and Elizabeth, who married William Herbert, first Marquis
-of Powis.
-
-[Illustration: Portrait of Elizabeth Lady Herbert, first wife of
- Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards Marquis of Worcester. From a painting
- by Vandyke]
-
-      Engraved by J. Cochran.
-
-      ELIZABETH, LADY HERBERT,
-
-      Died 31st. May, 1635.
-
-      FIRST WIFE OF EDWARD SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT.
-      AFTERWARDS SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-
-      _Drawn by Henry Dircks, C.E. from the Original of Vandyke in
-      the Collection of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort._
-
-      Published by B. Quaritch, Piccadilly, London, 1864.
-
-
-No contemporary or other hand has recorded any details of Lord
-Herbert’s marriage, or even any particulars of his early life; in the
-absence of decisive information, we can only surmise from stray facts
-the possibility of his having withdrawn from the Court, taken up his
-abode at Raglan Castle, and there occupied himself in those scientific
-studies and pursuits which were his special delight at that early
-period, and which were indeed the solace even of his declining years.
-
-Judging from a statement that occurs in his writings,[E] it is most
-likely that in 1628, soon after his marriage, he engaged the services
-of “the unparalleled workman both for trust and skill, CASPAR
-KALTOFF,” of whom we shall have occasion to speak more at length
-hereafter, and who, he says, was “as in a school under me employed;”[F]
-by which we understand that Kaltoff had the practical management of
-those mechanical and other inventions which, then commenced, became the
-principal study and employment of his Lordship’s leisure during the
-remainder of his life. He must have set up a complete laboratory or
-workshop in which to operate on the many varied ingenious contrivances
-and experiments, of only part of which he has left us a most
-interesting catalogue raisonné.
-
-The early genius of Lord Herbert would appear to have exhibited itself
-in an attachment to mathematical studies, and a singular predilection,
-in a young nobleman, for mechanical pursuits. He has himself mentioned
-two instances which we consider may fairly be referred to his earliest
-continental tour, accompanied by his tutor. Speaking of a certain
-contrivance for a fountain, he explicitly declares:--“This I confess, I
-have seen and learned of the great mathematician Claudius his studies
-at Rome, he having made a present thereof unto a Cardinal.” And when,
-alluding to a peculiar kind of lever, he pointedly remarks: “This I
-saw in the arsenal at Venice;”[G] thus showing how early his mind was
-impressed with those studies which became the distinguishing feature
-of his writings; and all the more surprising in him, considering
-his birth, his times, and the originality and fruitfulness of his
-inventive talent, which might have found ample scope in some branch of
-literature, in agriculture, or in military works.
-
-His employment of a foreign mechanic was quite in accordance with
-the spirit of the age. National and private undertakings, as well as
-manufacturing and other matters requiring engineering skill, were
-ordinarily superintended by eminent Italian, Dutch, German, French,
-Swiss, or other continental engineers.
-
-During a period of seven years, from the time of his marriage,
-his life appears to have borne an entirely studious and domestic
-character, spent, most likely, principally at Raglan. To the ample
-leisure and quiet thus afforded him we may attribute all his lesser
-inventions, such as the numerous schemes for effecting and conveying
-secret correspondence, which in early and troubled times were esteemed
-as highly useful; some of his automata, amusive toys, drawing and
-other instruments and mechanical devices. He appears to have taken
-considerable interest in multiplying these comparatively minor
-inventions almost to exhaustion, as it were, of the several subjects
-to which they apply. So fertile, indeed, was this inventive faculty in
-him, that he himself has stated: “The more that you shall be pleased to
-make use of my inventions, the more inventive shall you ever find me,
-one invention begetting still another.”[H]
-
-Among his larger works we must rank his water-raising engines, in which
-his earliest efforts are exhibited in the water-works he erected in
-connection with the Citadel or Keep of Raglan Castle; which, as will
-be more minutely explained in a future commentary, belongs to this
-period. It probably depended for its operation on the influence of heat
-from burning fuel acting on a suitably constructed boiler containing
-water, and so arranged as to be able to apply the expansive force of
-steam to the driving of water through vertical pipes to a considerable
-elevation, which in this instance is supposed to have been limited to
-a large cistern on the summit of the Citadel or Donjon, known as the
-Tower of Gwent. This early work may, in fact, have been the occasion
-of calling in the aid of Caspar Kaltoff; and once thus employed, his
-after retention by such a master is readily conceivable. But master,
-and man, and works have all disappeared, and no printed, written,
-or drawn record or model remains of the waterworks there set up, to
-enable us to point distinctly to precise particulars of arrangement.
-All that the inquisitive and ingenious investigator can find to reward
-his most prying curiosity, are certain strange mysterious grooves
-in the external wall of the Citadel, on one side facing the moat
-and the castle, which point like a hieroglyphic inscription to the
-precise place where once stood in active operation the first practical
-application in a primitive form of a means of employing steam as a
-useful mechanical agent.
-
-[Illustration: Water-works side of the Citadel, Raglan Castle]
-
-The annexed engraving represents a view of that side of the Citadel
-which looks across the moat towards the castle; that is, across the
-place where a bridge once stood, and opposite the Fountain Court.
-Commencing from below we observe a gothic doorway, which was the
-entrance to the draw and the permanent bridges. Over the arched
-interior of this entrance is a chamber or cell, measuring about seven
-feet by five feet, and better than six feet high in the centre. On the
-outside front of the cell are seen indications of two square places;
-and above them, one to each, two upright channels or grooves, each
-one foot wide and the same in depth. Adjoining is another groove but
-terminating at bottom in two lesser grooves of four inches and a half
-in width, connected a little way up with the large groove. This second
-portion has a distinct cell behind it, less in dimensions than the
-first. From the summit of the three large vertical channels to the
-ground measures forty-six feet.
-
-Now it would have been quite possible to work a small steam boiler in
-each cell, and the pipes from those boilers might have been enclosed
-in the grooves described, entering inwards at top to discharge their
-contents into a cistern on the Citadel roof. And the boilers might have
-been conveniently supplied with water from the moat either by hand
-pumps, or by forming a vacuum for that purpose. It is here, however,
-unnecessary to enter upon mechanical details, as the subject will
-appear at large when describing his matured Invention.
-
-That inimitable portrait painter Vandyck, who was born 1598–9, studied
-under Rubens, and was an especial favourite with Charles the First, has
-undoubtedly left us a faithful portraiture of the features of both his
-Lordship and of Elizabeth his first wife; the former dating probably
-between 1621 and 1626, the latter between 1628 and 1635.
-
-The portrait of Lady Herbert, three-quarter size, is to be seen in the
-dining-room at Badminton House. It displays an intellectual countenance
-of a serious, dignified and most pleasing cast; her dark auburn hair
-is combed close from the forehead backwards, but so as still to leave
-a fringe of small curls in front; her hair braided and knotted behind
-is entwined with a string of pearls, while a portion of her tresses
-from behind falls in abundant ringlets about her neck and shoulders.
-She wears a large plain pearl necklace; with single pearl-drops as
-ear-rings. Her dress is low-bodied, of white satin, with the usual long
-tight stomacher, full short sleeves and large white vandyked frills
-or cuffs; on her arms, near each elbow, are single strings of pearls,
-like bracelets. Over her shoulders is thrown a light narrow fur tippet
-with long ends terminating backwards in short tails. The artist has
-represented her looking slightly aside as she might appear crossing her
-drawing-room, in the highly graceful and becoming style which Vandyck
-always so happily selected for the subjects of his magic pencil.
-
-This may have been the period to which his Lordship later in life
-fondly looked back as his “golden days.” He was, however, doomed to
-suffer his first great bereavement in the decease of his young wife at
-Worcester House in the Strand, on Sunday the 31st of May, 1635. She
-was buried at St. Cadocus, the parish church of Raglan, within the
-family vault beneath the Beaufort Chapel. He was thus left a widower
-with the charge of his son and heir not above six years of age, and two
-daughters.
-
-A singular error, as to the date, occurring in all genealogies and
-biographical accounts that mention the decease of Lady Herbert,
-renders it the more important to refer to the following certificate
-obtained from the Heralds’ Office:--
-
-
-“The right honourable Lady the Lady Elizabeth, late wife of the right
-honourable Edward Somerset Lord Herbert, son and heir to the right
-honourable Henry Earl of Worcester, and daughter of Sir William Dormer,
-Knight, eldest son of Robert Lord Dormer, of Wing, (which Sir William
-died in the lifetime of his father) and sister to the now Earl of
-Carnarvon, departed this mortal life at Worcester House in the Strand,
-near London, on Sunday the last of May, 1635, leaving issue, Mr. Henry
-Somerset, only son, about six years of age, Mrs. Anne eldest and Mrs.
-Elizabeth youngest daughter. Her body was honourably conveyed to
-Ragland, in the County of Monmouth in Wales, there to be interred. This
-Certificate was taken by George Owen Yorke, herald, the 1st day of
-June, 1635, to be registered in the Office of Arms, and testified by
-the right honourable Lord,
-
-      “EDWARD HERBERT.”
-
-
-Among the family papers is a letter bearing date this year, alluding
-to Lord Herbert, but addressed by Secretary Coke to his Lordship’s
-father:--
-
-
-“RIGHT HONOURABLE,
-
-“Upon a letter received from your noble son, the Lord Herbert, whereby
-he signifieth, that the Deputation is now come from the Lord President
-of Wales, I have according to his Lordship’s desire represented his
-thankfulness to his Majesty, and have order from his Majesty to signify
-to your Lordship that it is not only in this particular case; But
-hereafter also he will be graciously mindful of your good service done
-heretofore, in the Lieutenancies of Glamorgan and Monmouth, and your
-willing resigning of them. And he hath also commanded me to tell the
-Earl of Bridgewater, that he shall proceed therein with your Lordship
-in the same manner the Earl of Northampton his predecessor did, and not
-otherwise: which accordingly I have signified to his Lordship. And thus
-having imparted to your Lordship both his Majesty’s gracious favour
-towards yourself and your son, who in this business hath performed as
-much respect and duty as can be expected from a worthy son, I humbly
-take leave and so remain,
-
-      “Your Lordship’s humble servant,
-
-          “JOHN COKE.
-
-  “Whitehall, December 3rd. 1635.
-To the right honourable THE EARL OF WORCESTER, &c.”
-
-
-It is not at all unlikely that after the funeral his Lordship returned
-to Worcester House. London would afford him many advantages for the
-gratification of his scientific pursuits, not to be obtained in the
-country. It appears, indeed, pretty evident that about this period he
-set up in the Tower his large wheel for exhibiting self-motive power,
-which the learned assume to be a mechanical fallacy, but which no
-one has yet proved to general comprehension to be an impossibility.
-In a scientific point of view, but particularly in connection with
-the life of this remarkable man, a subject of this nature cannot be
-lightly passed over. It affects his reputation more than appears on the
-surface, as we shall show in the course of our observations.
-
-It was a machine, consisting of a wheel fourteen feet in diameter,
-carrying forty weights of fifty pounds each,[I] and is supposed to
-have rotated on an axle, supported on two pillars or upright frames.
-His Lordship has been very precise in describing all the circumstances
-under which it was shown. There were present Charles the First,
-accompanied by two extraordinary Ambassadors, the Duke of Richmond, the
-Duke of Hamilton, with most of the Court; and Sir William Balfour was
-at the time Lord Lieutenant of the Tower. Now the latter circumstance
-would fix the date as not being later than 1641, while other facts
-make it reasonable to suppose the experiment took place at least two
-or three years earlier. Up to 1638 Charles the First had reigned for
-ten years in comparative peace and leisure. May it not have been during
-this lull in the portending storm of public discontent that royalty
-deigned to inspect a singular piece of mechanism, supposed to move of
-itself without any aid from external agency? In 1642, Sir John Byron
-was made Lord Lieutenant of the Tower; and Sir William Balfour[J] was
-in command of the Parliamentary forces at Edge-hill.
-
-This wheel experiment may have been made in 1638–9, prior to the
-decease of his lady, and during the most peaceable portion of his
-Majesty’s reign; and indeed while his Lordship’s own domestic affairs
-were wearing their most cheerful and agreeable aspect.
-
-His Lordship has been charged with dealing in paradoxes, and none
-greater than the one under consideration need be sought for. It
-relates to a problem which for 2000 years has not only perplexed
-mathematicians, but likewise been a stumbling-block to many ingenious
-mechanicians during at least five centuries. What mathematicians
-fail to prove and what mechanicians fail to produce, every modern
-philosopher demands shall be stamped as an impossibility, as absurd
-as it is impossible. Now the dilemma is, How has the author of the
-“Century of Inventions” fallen into the common, vulgar error of
-believing in the possibility of perpetual motion; and not only so, but
-publicly exhibiting a machine pretending to that character?
-
-We are not disposed to question either his talent, or his veracity,
-hence the difficulty of offering any simple, direct, satisfactory reply
-to what otherwise appears to be an easily answered interrogative.
-Eminent writers of the seventeenth and previous centuries maintained
-that perpetual motion was possible. Dr. Dee, in his very curious
-preface to the first translation of Euclid into English, wrote
-favourably on this very topic; so that, however the modern scientific
-sceptic may blame his Lordship for want of skill, or, worse, of
-veracity, his opinion was quite in accordance with the estimation in
-which the subject was viewed in his day. But he goes a step farther, he
-speaks of a practical result. Hence he leaves us no alternative but to
-declare that he propounds either a truth or a falsehood; and if false
-that he was either himself mistaken, or deceived by others. But either
-way it is difficult to arrive at a thoroughly satisfactory conclusion,
-even as to what his Lordship actually intended and performed in this
-instance, owing to the usual vagueness of his own statements.
-
-At 38 years of age Lord Herbert had enjoyed seven years of matrimonial
-felicity, and had been during four years a widower. In 1639, his son
-Henry would be 10 years old, his two daughters much younger, so that as
-well for their education as for the gratification of his own scientific
-investigations, he may have continued for some time to reside at
-Worcester House: the Strand and all that neighbourhood being then in
-the occupancy of families of title, wealth and high position. During
-his father’s lifetime, the resident housekeeper was James Redman,
-Esquire, as we learn from the list of his household.
-
-The private studies and pursuits in which Lord Herbert was
-indefatigably engaged, must have occupied his attention from an
-innate love of physical science. The society in which he moved had no
-tendency that way, while the times in which he lived were far from
-affording any encouragement for such investigations as those in which
-he was principally engaged. The metropolis in his day was without
-coaches until 1625, when they were first used by the gentry, and ten
-years later hackney coaches were considered to have arrived at such a
-dangerous increase that their plying was restrained by law; and London
-streets were either so bad, or the treasury so low, that penalties
-were levied on all heavy vehicles passing over the highways. It is
-characteristic of the state of our laws at that period, that Dr.
-Leighton was for his writings sentenced to barbarous mutilations, as
-also happened in 1633 to the unfortunate learned Mr. Prynne, and four
-years later to John Lilburn. The pillory, whipping culprits through
-the streets, cropping ears and other mutilations and barbarities were
-ordinary punishments, and in 1636 the plague was raging throughout the
-metropolis and its suburbs, with all its accustomed terrors.
-
-But not in this view alone do we see little to inspirit him in the
-ardent pursuit of mechanical employments, another and more serious
-obstacle arose from his belonging, like his father and ancestors, to
-the Roman Catholic faith. The laws against Papists were inconsistently
-stringent in England on religious grounds; and strange to say,
-in imperial Rome, the very seat of the papacy, absurdly severe
-denunciations were pronounced against even the free discussion of
-scientific subjects. On the memorable 22nd of June, 1633, Galileo,
-prosecuted by the Inquisition at Rome, was compelled to abjure his
-astronomical theories and discoveries as heretical! The inquiry
-with its results must have deeply interested Lord Herbert; but what
-could he hope to gain even from his own party, as the inventor of
-a “semi-omnipotent engine?” Thus situated he was surrounded by
-circumstances nowise calculated to stimulate his mental activity in
-the peculiar occupations that employed his leisure and his fortune;
-but the fact offers an invaluable proof of the intense satisfaction
-an inquiring mind always experiences in the realization of its mental
-speculations.
-
-There is every reason to believe that his studies were completed, his
-tastes fixed, his experiments pretty well matured at this period,
-and that it was, therefore, the occasion of stamping his future
-character. He was then terminating his “golden days,” to enter upon a
-very different career. While, therefore, most anxious to avoid every
-appearance of substituting fictions for facts, we feel impelled to
-indulge in an attempt to account for his long serious devotion to
-employments so apparently foreign to either his education, his station
-in life, or the necessities of the times; while, indeed, on the other
-hand, all operated against him, owing to the darkness, ignorance,
-persecution and prevailing prejudices of the age.
-
-It appears from his published work that Lord Herbert was better versed
-in mathematical than in classical literature. His mental activity may
-have been promoted by physical causes, assuming that from delicacy
-of constitution he may have been thereby disposed to those studious
-habits, to which he was ever after so much attached; the Vandyck
-portrait of him in his youth would indicate that he was not constituted
-for undergoing much severity of exercise in the fatiguing sports and
-pastimes then in vogue.
-
-In 1639, his confidential workman, Caspar Kaltoff, would have expended
-eleven years in constructing models and machines to establish the
-practicability of the many novel schemes which his Lordship had, up to
-that time, developed. Meanwhile, his own reading was no doubt pursued
-with vigour, and we cannot believe him to have been unpossessed of
-the celebrated authorities among English and foreign writers. He must
-have studied with interest Ramelli’s very elaborate volume, 1588, on
-machines, illustrated with one hundred and ninety-five large, finely
-executed copper-plate engravings; the popular Spiritalia of Hero of
-Alexandria; with even, perhaps, the works of the engineer and architect
-Solomon De Caus, published in 1615; together with the labours of many
-kindred writers. Judging, however, from internal evidence, there was
-one, among many English authors, whose work especially gratified his
-taste, the “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” by John Bate, which went
-through two editions, dating 1634 and 1635, containing a “Booke of
-Water-workes,” treating of “evaporating water, and rarifying ayre.”
-The peculiarity of such studies was sufficient to separate him from
-the fashionable society of Courts, and the too frequently frivolous
-society attendant even at Raglan Castle. If he then made few enemies,
-his conversation and pursuits were little calculated to enlarge his
-social acquaintance, and may even have early inspired a belief in his
-possessing equal eccentricity and enthusiasm. His memory, however,
-cannot fail to be cherished by posterity as the illustrious possessor
-of a highly cultivated intellect, displaying a singularly powerful,
-original, protean inventive genius.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[Illustration: H. Herbert (autograph) Henry, 1st Marquis of Worcester]
-
-[A] The annexed specimen of his Lordship’s autograph, during
-    his father’s lifetime, is from a MS. certificate in the British
-    Museum dated 21st May, 1604.
-
-[B] Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1603–1610. Edited by
-    Mrs. M. A. E. Green. 8vo. 1857, page 529.
-
-[109] An. à Wood. Vol. 3, pp. 199–204.
-
-[Illustration: E. Worcester (autograph) Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester]
-
-[C] Bodleian Library, “Carte Papers--Earl of Huntingdon’s Papers, Temp.
-    Eliz. Car. II. 77.” No 120. The annexed engraving is a
-    facsimile of his autograph to the letter in question.
-
-[5] Atkyns.
-
-[D] Henry, Duke of Beaufort, died in 1699, at 70 years of age, so
-    that he must have been born in 1629.
-
-[E] Dedication to the “Century.”
-
-[F] Ibid.
-
-[G] “The Century,” articles Nos. 21 and 26.
-
-[H] The “Century,” Dedication.
-
-[I] The “Century,” Article No. 56.
-
-[J] It is not certain how long Sir William Balfour was Lord
-    Lieutenant of the Tower prior to 1641.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER III.
-
-      EDWARD, LORD HERBERT’S SECOND MARRIAGE.
-
-
-In 1639 Lord Herbert entered a second time into the matrimonial
-state, a prudential step as he was then situated, at the age of 38,
-having a young family without any sufficient guardian. He married the
-Lady Margaret, second daughter and co-heir of Henry O’Brien, Earl of
-Thomond; by which alliance he obtained some possessions, as well as a
-connexion with many of the best and most powerful families in Ireland.
-Of this, as of his first marriage, no particulars have been preserved,
-not even their date, or where celebrated; yet considering that both
-occurred during his father’s lifetime and greatest prosperity, we
-can readily believe that they were accompanied with all the usual
-demonstrations of joy, ceremony and feasting. They had but one
-daughter, Mary, who died during her infancy. In a family group, painted
-by Hanneman, a close imitator of Vandyck, Lord Herbert is represented
-as a Roman general, seated by his lady attired in a modern costume of
-pale blue satin, with their child standing before her in a reclining
-position. He has a very aged appearance, although one might presume
-that the portrait was executed when he was under forty-five. It is a
-very thinly and sketchily painted performance. His Lordship presents a
-singular appearance in a toga and tight fitting hose of deep scarlet,
-an ornamented leathern jerkin, and wearing a wig streaming over his
-breast and shoulders, sitting in a chair with his right hand resting
-on a walking stick, while his left hangs negligently over the arm of
-the chair in proximity with a mighty sheathed sword. His lady in
-ample folds of silk, with the usual long, tightly fitting, jewelled
-stomacher, has her hair in a fringe of small curls over her forehead,
-combed closely back, where it terminates in a knot from which a few
-ringlets flow behind; she wears also pearl ear-drops and a pearl
-necklace, which ornaments are repeated on her child.
-
-The same year, on the 8th of April, he lost his mother, Anne, Countess
-of Worcester, who was buried at Raglan. It is possible, therefore, that
-his marriage was deferred during her illness, and not celebrated until
-some months after her decease.
-
-It was then the 15th year of Charles the First’s reign. Before
-the close of the year following, the Long Parliament commenced
-its sittings, when Lenthall was chosen Speaker. All projectors and
-monopolists were denounced as incapable of holding office, several
-members, therefore, withdrew, whose places were speedily supplied. What
-must have been his Lordship’s impressions under the existing aspect of
-political affairs may easily be conceived, while as yet “Royalist” and
-“Roundhead” could scarcely be called popular terms of party distinction.
-
-In 1641, that martyr of science, Galileo, died, whose case so far
-assimilated with the Marquis’s own, that they were of the same
-religious persuasion: the one proscribed at home for the peculiar
-heretical turn his genius had taken, the other under the ban of
-suspicion for his papistical persuasion and supposed consequent
-prejudices.
-
-We now enter on the most critical era in the history of this great and
-good man. He was then residing in London, where he continued for some
-length of time, with the politic motive of avoiding as much as possible
-the suspicion of Parliament; for through his father’s liberality he
-had already commenced supplying Charles the First with heavy loans.
-
-In the collection of manuscripts at Badminton, is an unpublished letter
-from Charles the First, dated 3rd of August, 1641, and also copies, in
-an ancient and probably contemporary hand, of letters, the originals
-of which, according to Birch, form part of the Harleian collection.[A]
-In the first of these, dated 7th of December, 1641,--Charles the First
-requires Lord Herbert to repair to Whitehall, “not only for _his own
-particular use_, but _likewise for the good of the kingdom_,” so early
-had his Majesty taken him into his confidence and council. He had then
-not long returned from Scotland, and soon after he retreated to Hampton
-Court. He writes:--
-
-
-“CHARLES R.
-
-“Right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin, We greet you
-well,--whereas We have heretofore by many letters and messages signed
-by us, given you testimony of Our favour and inclination to reward the
-good service of you and yours: These are further to assure you, that
-neither the times nor business shall ever make us unmindful of them:
-Yet upon occasions when Our good intentions therein may be really
-manifested, We desire to be put in mind that we may readily concur to a
-speedy performance, of which you may be ever most confident. And being
-[seeing?] your indisposition of body is such, that before Our intended
-journey We cannot signify the same to yourself in person, We have
-thought good to express it by these our Letters, Given at our Palace of
-Westminster, 3 day of August, In the seventeenth year of Our Reign and
-1641.”
-
-      [Endorsed in an old handwriting, 1641.]
-
-“To Our Right trusty and right well beloved Cousin, HENRY EARL OF
-WORCESTER.”
-
-
-Next comes the following:--
-
-“HERBERT,
-
-“Yours of the 1st of December has given me a just reason for your
-absence but certainly I have juster cause for your attendance, for
-it is well known how that you are to give me account of matters not
-only for my particular use, but likewise for the good of the kingdom;
-wherefore I require your repair hither with all convenient diligence;
-And the rather that you may find out the authors of these lying and
-scandalous Pamphlets concerning your father and you, touching [which] I
-not only promise you protection to your innocency but justice against
-those offenders, assuring you likewise that I shall be so mindful of
-you that, if I live, you shall neither be a loser in, nor repent you
-for the services you have done me. And so I rest
-
-      “Your assured friend,
-
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“Whitehall, the 7th December, 1641.[13]
-
-
-“I send you herein the paper that I could not find when you were with
-me.”
-
-
-In his journey towards the north, his Majesty, on arriving at Royston,
-wrote to Lord Herbert as follows:--
-
-
-“HERBERT,
-
-“Your services are expressed to me in so noble a way that I cannot
-but acknowledge to you under my own hand, and that I should think
-myself very unhappy, if I did not live by real testimonies to express
-my gratitude to you. And for your sister, Carnarvon, though I cannot
-punctually answer your expectation therein, yet I hope you will be
-satisfied with the answer you will receive by your cousin Sir John
-Byron, to whom, referring myself for many things I have not time to
-write. I rest,
-
-      “Your most assured constant friend,
-
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“Royston, 6 March, [1641–2.]”
-
-
-And again he addressed him a few lines, shortly before being refused
-admittance to Hull:--
-
-
-“HERBERT,
-
-“I entrusted your cousin Byron with the particular answers to your
-letter, reserving only to myself to answer you, that I esteem your
-services such as my words cannot express them; but by showing myself at
-all occasions to be
-
-      “Your most assured constant friend,
-
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“York, 9 May, 1642.”
-
-
-We have here the earliest communications on record between these two
-remarkable individuals, whose personal histories have alike perplexed
-all political, polemical, and philosophical writers.
-
-Before setting out for Scotland, the King appears to have desired a
-personal interview with his Lordship, who seems to have been prevented
-from complying by some severe indisposition in July, 1641; his Majesty,
-therefore, conveys to him in writing, his “favour and inclination to
-reward the good service of you and yours.” His Lordship’s father had
-already made to the needy monarch some of those munificent advances,
-which, as long as he could obtain them, he was in the habit of repaying
-with ample promises and abundant flattery.
-
-In his second letter, he alludes to “lying and scandalous pamphlets
-concerning” his Lordship’s father, but what these may have been has not
-transpired; they may only have referred to him as connected with the
-Roman Catholic party.
-
-In another letter he expresses his “gratitude” for his Lordship’s
-noble expression of services; and alludes to his sister Carnarvon. And
-in the last of these letters, he flatteringly informs his Lordship,
-that,--“I esteem your services such as my words cannot express them;”
-yet by _words_ alone were they ever, as then, expressed, only to be as
-conveniently repudiated.
-
-Up to forty years of age, Lord Herbert had lived as became a gentleman
-of ancient nobility, great expectations, and in the enjoyment of the
-most friendly intercourse with his sovereign. Well educated, travelled,
-accustomed to courtly life, devoted to learned studies and given to
-scientific pursuits, he has been hitherto only presented to us, in his
-domestic relations, as a dutiful son, a husband and father, having
-few engagements to withdraw him from the management of his estates,
-or distract him from the enjoyment of country sports and social
-intercourse. During this period, he had probably nothing more serious
-on hand than an occasional change of residence, as he passed some
-portions of the year at Raglan Castle, and occupied at others the ample
-accommodations of Worcester House.
-
-In a statement[B] he wrote long after, he incidentally remarks:--“I
-was not privy, or present with his Majesty at Greenwich [26th
-February, 1641] when he first took his resolution for the North, and
-removed, without the Queen, to Theobalds; from which he was pleased
-to write me a lamentable letter by the hands of Sir John Byron,
-averring that he had but £600, and £300 of which was given to defray
-his horses, which the Marquis of Hamilton, then Master of the Horse,
-refused to do, fearing to displease the Parliament.”
-
-For awhile he was necessitated to act with consummate caution to
-conceal his true political bias from the Parliamentary party. But the
-drama of his life has now to change; his “golden days” are gone, and
-hereafter we view him only in evil times, times so distracted and
-turbulent, that the materials they afford us of his future life, are
-but like the fragments of a terrible wreck.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] Inquiry, 1756, page 349.
-
-[13] Birch, gives the date “11th of December, 1641.” p 356.
-
-[B] See Chapter XVIII.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER IV.
-
-      HENRY, EARL OF WORCESTER.--CREATED MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-      --RAGLAN CASTLE.
-
-
-The general aspect of public affairs in 1641, foreshadowed the coming
-storm. Charles the First had departed from Whitehall; civil war raged
-through the length and breadth of the land, terminating in fearful
-consequences to the monarch and all his wealthiest loyal supporters.
-
-On the 2nd of November, 1642,[88] Henry was created Marquis of
-Worcester, being the first of his family raised to that dignity. He
-would then be 65 years of age, but does not appear to have enjoyed
-uniform good health; he was corpulent in body, possessed a vigorous
-intellect, and was remarkable for his flow of humour. It is recorded of
-him, but without reference to any authority for the statement,[4] that
-he was singular for the custom of wearing a coat of frieze, a coarse
-narrow cloth much in use; the term being applied to garments having
-long wool, then said to be friezed. Sanderson speaks of him as a plain
-man, especially in his apparel.
-
-His great wealth enabled him to afford Charles the First early
-important pecuniary assistance, which, together with his great loyalty,
-although a papist, secured him all that esteem and favour, which the
-peculiar mental constitution of his royal master, alone best knew
-how to turn to the largest possible amount of personal profit, without
-being absolutely necessitated to make any adequate return other than
-his word and honour. If the materials for the personal character of
-Charles the First had to be drawn solely from his treatment of the
-first two Marquisses of Worcester--the veteran Lord of Raglan Castle,
-and his enthusiastic valorous son, the Lord Herbert, sufficient
-evidence would be found to establish that monarch’s perfidious nature,
-and the utter worthlessness of his plighted word and most solemn
-protestations.
-
-The Parliament took early notice of the proceedings of both the Earl
-of Worcester and his son Lord Herbert. The Journals of the House of
-Commons[A] inform us that on the 29th of January, 1640–41:--
-
-
-      “Die Veneris, 29 Jan., 1640.
-
-“Mr. Treasurer acquaints this House, that his Majesty’s pleasure is,
-that this House do attend his Majesty this afternoon, at two of [the]
-clock, in the Banqueting House, and that he had intimated his pleasure
-likewise to the Lords to attend him at the same time.
-
-“Ordered, That the consideration of the commission granted to the
-Earl of Worcester, and his eldest son the Lord Herbert, and the
-sub-commissions by them granted to others, for the levying of forces
-in several Counties of England and Wales, and all the circumstances
-depending thereupon, be referred to the Committee appointed to draw up
-the charge against the Earl of Stratford, &c.”
-
-
-And on the 11th of February following, that:--
-
-      “Die Jovis, 11º Feb 1640.
-
-“Mr. Reignolds reports from the Committee of the Earl of Worcester, the
-substance of that business. * * * * * * (thus printed in Journal.)
-
-“And then it was resolved, upon the question, That the particulars
-reported by Sir W. Erle, Sir Jo. Clotworthy, and Mr. Reignolds, shall
-be the heads of the Conference to be desired with the Lords, concerning
-the disbanding of the new-levied Irish Army, and disarming of the
-Popish Recusants here in England.”
-
-
-Later we find a guard set on his residence in London.[B]
-
-
-      “Die Martis, 16º Nov. 1641.
-
-“Mr. Wittacre, Sir John Francklin, Sir John Hippisley, Mr. Wheler,
-Mr. G. Long, are appointed to go immediately, and take order to set a
-good guard upon the house of the Earl of Worcester; and to search for
-persons suspected of high treason.
-
-“They are to take like care for setting a guard upon, and searching
-* * *; and likewise upon such other houses, as they shall be informed;
-and that they have power to search all such houses at such times as
-they shall think fit.
-
-“... To acquaint their Lordships, what this House has done for the
-searching, and setting a guard upon, the Earl of Worcester’s house, and
-upon what grounds.”
-
-
-On the 5th of January, 1642, his Majesty addressed the following letter
-to the Marquis, in which he says--
-
-
-“The large expressions which you and your son have made unto us of your
-forwardness to a service, shall _never be forgotten_.”
-
-
-“CHARLES R.
-
-“Right trusty and right entirely beloved Cousin, We greet you well.
-Your son, the Lord Herbert, hath excused your not writing unto us; but
-where we find so much royalty, there needs not ceremony, and your last
-performance of our desires hath crowned the rest. And we would have
-you confident that the mentioning of leaving few forces at Raglan,
-was not out of any diminution of our care of you, or meant to lessen
-any provision fitting thereto: For we well understand that there were
-never any of the forces raised in the county, applied thereunto more
-than a private company under servants of your own. But the Ward of
-Raglan was given as a general ward attributive to the country, as that
-time we understood it. The large expressions which you and your said
-son have made unto us of your forwardness to a service, shall never be
-forgotten. He now commands in chief in the absence of the Lord Marquis
-[of] Hertford, and besides his dutifulness unto you, our command is,
-that his power and yours shall [be] the same, as your hearts are to our
-service. The acceptance whereof we shall not fail to make appear on all
-occasions, whereof you may rest assured. Given under and signed at our
-Court at Oxford, the 5th day of January, in the eighteenth year of our
-reign, 1642.[C]
-
-“To Our Right trusty and right entirely beloved Cousin, HENRY,
-MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.”
-
-
-The earliest direct intimation we have of money passing from the
-Marquis to the King occurs in two letters from Sir John Byron. In his
-first communication he says:--
-
-
-“MY LORD,
-
-“The King is so oppressed with [a] multitude of business that he has
-commanded me to write unto your Lordship this inclosed letter, not
-having leisure himself to write more than a short postscript to give
-credit to what I have written. I had thought to have sent some of my
-own servants to convey the money hither, but Mr. Griffin tells me
-your Lordship would rather send it by him and some other, whom you
-should think fit to trust, and then it may be brought so privately to
-Newstead, where I shall be ready to receive it, that none but such
-as your Lordship trusteth need to know of it. I humbly desire your
-Lordship it may be sent with all possible speed, because his Majesty
-hath allotted it for a service that must immediately be gone in hand
-with all [speed]. I shall not need to trouble your Lordship any
-farther, and therefore humbly kissing your hands, rest ever,
-
-      “Your Lordship’s most humble Servant,
-
-          “JOHN BYRON.[D]
-
-“York, July 8, 1642.
-  “To the EARL OF WORCESTER.”
-
-
-On the 24th of the same month Sir John Byron[E] wrote a second letter
-as follows:--
-
-
-“MY MOST HONOURED LORD,
-
-“Your Lordship hath honoured me with a title which I value above any
-other that can be given me, and of which I shall ever endeavour to make
-myself worthy by all real expressions of faithful and humble service.
-It was my misfortune to be from home when Sir John Somerset came, and
-though I acquainted his Majesty therewith (upon whom I then attended),
-yet he would not permit me to go to him for a day or two, having some
-other service to employ me in by reason of his journey to Leicester,
-where it was thought he would have had some opposition; but upon his
-Majesty’s approach, his enemies fled, Hazelrick,[F] the chief of them,
-was said to be lurking hereabouts, whereupon the King commanded me and
-some other gentlemen, to go out and see if we could apprehend him; but,
-though we used the best diligence we could, riding both day and night,
-yet we came short of him.
-
-“This is the cause of the delay in returning your Lordship an answer,
-for which I hope your Lordship will pardon me; and now, since Sir John
-Somerset is come hither, having left the £5000 your Lordship sent at
-Newstead, my house, his Majesty hath commanded me to make use of it
-for the levying of 500 horse, and withal, in his name, to return your
-Lordship all possible thanks for your seasonable assistance both now
-and heretofore, and that he hopes he shall not die in your debt. These
-are his own words, and desires to be excused for not writing himself,
-by reason of the little leisure he hath; for my own particular, I
-humbly beseech your Lordship to believe that, as there lives not any
-body more deeply engaged for real and noble favours to your Lordship
-than myself, so no man can be more sensible of them, or more ready upon
-all occasions to express myself, my Lord,
-
-      “Your Lordship’s most humble
-        “and faithful servant,
-            “JOHN BYRON.
-
-“Leicester Abbey, this Sunday, being the 24th of July, 1642.”
-
-
-Still later, and the House of Commons directs its attention to the
-disarming of the Earl, and the requiring of his son’s attendance.[G]
-
-
-      “Die Sabbati, 20 Augusti, 1642. Post meridiem.
-
-“Message from the Lords by Sir Robt. Riche and Mr. Page;
-
-“That the Lords had sent them with Three Orders: 1. For the disarming
-of the Earl of Worcester, and all Papists; wherein they desire the
-concurrence of this House, &c. &c.
-
-“Answer returned by the same messenger (as to two of the Orders); And
-as to that of disarming the Earl of Worcester, will send an answer by
-messengers of their own.”
-
-
-And again on the following month:--
-
-
-      “Die Martis, 3º Septembris, 1642.
-
-“That Mr. Speaker shall write his letter to the Lord Herbert, son of
-the Earl of Worcester, to appear here, and attend the House.
-
-“Mr. Glyn to prepare this letter.
-
-“That the Lords be moved to send for the Earl of Worcester, to attend
-the Parliament.”
-
-
-In August, 1642, had commenced that series of national disasters,
-which divided shires and even families into either Cavaliers or
-Roundheads--Royalists or Parliamentarians--Protestants or Puritans,
-in short, Tories or Whigs. It was then, or perhaps somewhat earlier,
-previous to his elevation, that the Earl of Worcester garrisoned
-Raglan Castle, strengthening his position by the raising of extensive
-earthworks on its most approachable side, and maintained there 800 men
-entirely at his own expense.
-
-In September, 1642, Lord Herbert was in personal communication with his
-Majesty at Nottingham. He was then, although 41 years of age, a man
-singularly inexperienced in the ways either of commerce or of courts.
-His studies, pursuits, domestic habits, were not calculated to foster
-that spirit of intrigue which a deep designing mind alone knows best
-how to conjure up and apply with consummate art, and the exercise
-of which base quality his position would seem to have frequently
-demanded. We have now to peruse a minute report, drawn up by Lord
-Herbert, of what passed between himself and the King in regard to a
-further loan.[H] The cunning and artfulness of the royal negotiator is
-mirrored forth in this affair in most unmistakeable characters. But the
-whole document is a striking example of the arts by which Charles the
-First could practise on his unsuspecting victims. It is an engrossed
-copy--not signed--but has been endorsed on the back, “Lord Herbert’s
-Message from the King to be delivered to his father from Nottingham,
-Sept. 9th, 1642,” and runs as follows:--
-
-
-“The effect of the message your Majesty desireth I should deliver to my
-father for your Majesty at Nottingham, the 9th of September, 1642.
-
-
-“That your Majesty with many thanks expresseth yourself most sensible
-of the great expense and charge his Lordship hath been at for your
-service, far more than any man else, considering what I have had as
-well as Sir John Byron’s [expenses], that it is most true at this
-time, much lieth at stake both of your Majesty’s honour and power
-for want of a little money, since £20,000, with what you have, would
-further your Majesty’s designs to a most hopeful condition; for want
-whereof, your Majesty is enforced to dally (though you will never
-yield), and at this present you offer that which is worth £100,000
-for £50,000, besides my Lord Capell, Sir William Savill and others
-of good estates do offer also theirs for security;--yet no want nor
-occasion can make your Majesty to press my Lord, who hath already done
-so much, but if he and his friends could procure £10,000, your Majesty
-would suddenly (if it please God to restore you) see it repaid, and
-would presently in token of thankfulness send my father the Garter,
-to be put on when he pleased, and also having the Great Seal in your
-Majesty’s own custody you would pass a patent of Marquis of what title
-my father should desire, and keep it private as long as he thought
-fitting; and to show that this proposition is far from urging him to
-his inconvenience, and so much doth your Majesty acknowledge yourself
-already beholding to him, as that even without procuring his Majesty
-this unspeakable advantage, your Majesty is graciously pleased that if
-he desire either or both these, your Majesty, at my return unto you,
-will vouchsafe them; but if this could be possibly performed, then the
-Crown, which hitherto your Majesty confesseth to stay upon your head
-by his assistance, will be then confirmed by him, and your Majesty;
-and your Majesty esteemeth so much of his understanding, as well as
-passionate zeal to your service, that if he will send your Majesty his
-advice (upon the relation of the state of business which your Majesty
-hath commanded me to make unto him) your Majesty will as soon follow
-it as any man’s, and the power you give, or intend to give me is, as
-I am subordinate, and most dutiful unto him to whom your Majesty
-esteemeth it to be given when it is to me; and your Majesty doth not
-only faithfully promise on the word of a King but of a Christian, that
-you will punctually perform your engagements advantageously to him and
-his, and never forsake either, whilst you breathe, joining his safety
-with your own, which is, and ever shall be your Majesty’s resolution.”
-
-
-We have here a summary of the interview between Charles the First and
-Lord Herbert at Nottingham. The King was no doubt very gloomy, and
-the discourse between them most serious. There was on all occasions
-an imperturbable dignity of manner about his Majesty, although his
-personal appearance operated against him, his visage being long, with a
-narrow forehead, large nose, grey eyes, thick lips, and peaked beard.
-He stammered, too, in his speech, being also somewhat impetuous and
-hurried amidst all the apparent coolness and calmness of his conduct
-and conversation. Lord Herbert, on the contrary, in the very prime
-of life, was a man of cheerful aspect, with small dark full eyes,
-and smooth, oval, delicately formed features. Both wore the flowing
-locks in fashion, the one in ample curls, the other in plain long
-wavy hair. The Marquis fastidiously observed all courtly etiquette;
-without the accomplishment of fluency in speech, his conversation would
-be deferential, simple, without any show of boldness other than what
-conscious integrity of purpose might naturally inspire; unaffected,
-direct, and straightforward; displaying much suavity without any taint
-of selfishness, and profound zeal without the slightest hypocrisy.
-
-We almost see and hear again the wily financier, (such is the freshness
-of the reported conversation) while the meek, unsophisticated Lord
-Herbert is scrupulously noting each suggestion as it is dictated
-by his suppliant royal master, anxious to give in their integrity
-the identical honeyed phrases the Sovereign employs in depicting his
-obligations, his necessities, his securities, with the readiest means
-for extricating the royal cause and assuredly giving stability to the
-already tottering crown. His Majesty is gracious to an extreme; he
-will in very “thankfulness send the Earl the Garter,” and having “the
-Great Seal” in his “own custody,” he offers to “pass a patent of what
-title the Earl should desire;” nay, should he desire unconditionally
-to have either or both “his Majesty will vouchsafe them.” It was by
-such unworthy arts in diplomacy that Charles the First drew the loyal,
-warm-hearted, sincerely attached Lord Herbert into his toils, inducing
-him by unremitting flattery, artfully simulated condescension, and
-consummate sophistry to become instrumental in the ruin of both himself
-and his father. There is not the slightest ground to suppose that from
-the first to the last advance of money made by this family to the King,
-a single offer in the first instance came direct from either the Earl
-or his son; but there are abundant proofs that his Majesty held out
-from time to time every possible inducement he could conceive to sap
-the wealth of the too-confiding Earl of Worcester. Transparent as the
-craftiness of the present transaction must appear to the reader, it was
-not so obvious to the peer whom it interested, for he having once made
-his election to support the royal cause magnanimously proceeded as he
-had begun, until he exceeded even the bounds of common prudence.
-
-It will be requisite, as we progress, to notice many particulars which
-might at first appear irrelevant, as relating more considerably to the
-father than to the son; but it is important to bear in mind, that Lord
-Herbert becomes intimately associated with events then apparently
-only concerning his father, but which really are those most seriously
-affecting that turn in events which colour all his future history,
-whether as regards his early military career or his later cheerless
-destiny.
-
-Raglan Castle was then in its glory; it was often gay with numerous
-noble visitors. Lord Herbert resided there with his lady, particularly
-at that disturbed period; his father too had a numerous family and
-household. Although rather isolated in position, it must have been a
-place possessing considerable internal comfort. The good old Marquis
-was constituted to make all around him as happy as circumstances would
-permit; with strong religious and moral principles he combined the
-strictest possible sense of honour, of a gentlemanly and military
-bearing, with a joyous temperament that refused no source of accidental
-innocent amusement, turning the very ills of life to sources either of
-merriment or moral reflection as the case might be: which, with his
-princely means and liberal spirit, must have largely contributed to the
-promoting of good feeling and hilarity within the fortress of Raglan.
-
-The Castle crowns one of the many broad low verdant hills occupying a
-valley of immense extent in Monmouthshire. It is at present so
-embowered in a forest of ancient lofty trees, as to be all but hid
-from view within the circuit of a mile radius. There is just one
-point from which may be seen at the same time towering above the
-foliage the Tower of Gwent or Citadel on the right, and the Closet
-Tower on the left. The Citadel, which in reality stands outside the
-Castle, as being the loftiest object, is visible from the village,
-the Warrage, and other points of view. In its palmy days there were
-attached to the Castle an extensive, well-wooded and highly
-picturesque home-park, with a well-stocked red-deer park; also
-various gardens, orchards, lawns, pleasure grounds, and fish-ponds
-artfully constructed, affording islands here, fountains there, and
-summer houses where they could be most advantageously placed. Thus
-were the demesnes of Raglan characteristic of its noble possessor’s
-distinguished position.
-
-[Illustration: Distant view of Raglan Castle]
-
-DISTANT VIEW OF RAGLAN CASTLE, MONMOUTHSHIRE.
-
-The most ancient portions of the Castle itself, were probably raised
-in the reign of Henry V., others are of more recent construction, but
-not much, if any of it, dates later than that of Elizabeth. Its mixed
-styles of architecture are very obvious. Among its later improvements
-were, no doubt, those large windows, which were better suited for an
-elegant domestic mansion, than for a fortress. The grand entrance was
-secured by its double portcullis, as likewise by a gate, leading to the
-paved or pitched court; a portcullis also protected the south-eastern
-entrance, leading from the fountain court to the pleasaunce or
-bowling-green, supposed by some to have originally been the tilt-yard;
-both of which entrances were further guarded by draw-bridges. The tower
-of Gwent, citadel, or keep, stands before, and a little removed from
-the castle, surrounded with a broad moat, which it would appear could
-be crossed by two bridges; one permanent, connected with, and for the
-special use of the castle, reaching to the walls of the bastions,
-whence communication was kept up by a draw-bridge with the keep itself;
-the other a draw-bridge only, in an opposite direction, whereby to
-pass over the moat to the sunk walk, for ordinary use. The tower is of
-extraordinary strength, its form hexagonal, its walls ten and a half
-feet thick, and its summit reached by a stone staircase.
-
-The Castle may be described as presenting two portions, distinguished
-by two courts and two fortified arched entrances. The grand entrance
-between two hexagonal towers leads to the paved court, with the closet
-tower or library to the right, a withdrawing or ball-room over head,
-and the banqueting or stately hall to the left, which last attracts
-much notice from its size, nobleness, and state of preservation. It had
-a magnificent oak roof lighted by a lantern or cupola window at the
-top; at one end is a large stone carving of the arms of the Beaufort
-family, with their celebrated motto, _Mutare vel timere, sperno_;
-at the opposite end rose the minstrels’ gallery. One entire side is
-occupied with an ample fire-place, having large windows above, and
-on the right hand side a magnificent bay window; the opposite side
-of this great apartment is a mere lofty blank wall. Returning to the
-court we see the kitchen-tower, larders, and other domestic offices.
-Passing to the second, or Fountain Court, we observe a small chapel,
-marked only by its foundation stones. Above it, on the same level and
-of no greater width, ran the picture gallery, which may have been
-126 feet long by 13 feet wide. In it were, among others, many family
-portraits, particularly one of Charles, the first Earl, and another of
-Henry, the second Earl of Worcester.[93] The Marquis’s private chamber
-was probably over the gate; but here, the outer walls excepted and
-the grand staircase, few remains of the ruin rise above the ground to
-distinguish their character.
-
-The vaults and cellars are numerous, but not so large as is generally
-supposed, although sufficiently capacious. Some were undoubtedly used
-as cells for prisoners, others for various stores, while certain vaults
-are even reputed to have served the purpose of underground stables.
-
-The Fountain Court, derives its name from formerly possessing a
-handsomely carved fountain which stood in its centre, supposed to
-have been supplied with water by means of water-works erected by Lord
-Herbert, in contiguity with the citadel, and sufficiently near for that
-purpose, as already noticed.
-
-Such then was Raglan Castle in the days of its magnificence, during
-the life-time of its last munificent lordly resident. But the time had
-arrived to protect it against the worst consequences of civil war. Its
-paved court afforded ample scope for the drilling of recruits, and
-the reviews of the regular soldiery, when the open ground could not
-be safely taken. A mill was also erected for the home manufacture of
-gunpowder, in which we imagine the combined skill of Lord Herbert and
-Caspar Kaltoff was actively exercised. The clang of arms, the beat of
-drum, the constant firing of artillery, with all the noise, the show,
-and circumstance of war, soon transformed the once quiet homestead
-into a most mortifying scene of discomfort, alarm, watchfulness, care,
-anxiety and activity.
-
-Charles, Lord Somerset, the Marquis’s sixth son, officiated as governor
-of the castle. The garrison, originally amounting to 300 foot,[93]
-was considerably augmented to meet the threatening aspect of public
-affairs.[90]
-
-Warfare, as at that time conducted, bore but a slight analogy to
-modern practice. The bow and cross-bow, it is true, were entirely
-superseded by the use of gunpowder, but that material was comparatively
-indifferent, and the ordnance and arms employed of the clumsiest
-possible description. Great guns weighing from 3½ tons to half and
-less that weight were denominated cannon, demi-cannon, culvering,
-demi-culvering, saker, minion, drake, &c. Then for small arms, they had
-the musket, carbine, arquebuse, blunderbuss, pistol, &c. Their weapons
-were chiefly swords and pikes. Armour was employed to a considerable
-extent. The curious in such military matters may consult with advantage
-“The exercise of arms for Calivers, Musketts, and Pikes,” in the
-masterly executed folio engravings by Jacob de Gheyne, printed at the
-Hague in 1607. The soldiers of the 17th century had to carry immense
-unwieldy fire-arms, requiring a crutch or rest on which to steady them
-while taking aim, and had to fire with the ignited end of prepared
-rope, used as a match for that purpose, and which for security against
-accidental extinction was usually kept lighted at both ends.
-
-In respect to the Marquis’s wealth, a contemporary authority informs
-us in reference to that period, that,--“His whole estate _ubique_ was
-esteemed 24 thousand pounds per annum.”[93] Indeed he was almost an
-universal landlord in the county.[29] He had then altogether raised
-1500 foot and near 500 horse, the command of which he gave to his son,
-Lord Herbert; thus raising the first horse levied by the King.
-
-The writer of a contemporary pamphlet published at Oxford, entitled--“A
-short view of the late troubles,” states: “Moreover, within few days
-following, one John Davis discovered [12th Nov.] to the House that the
-Earl of Worcester had large stables under ground, at Raglan Castle, and
-a number of light horse in them; likewise arms for a hundred and forty
-horse, and two thousand men, whereof seven hundred were then in pay,
-and ammunition proportionate.”[90]
-
-We learn little more personally affecting the Marquis of Worcester for
-about two years, during which his time must have been both fully and
-painfully absorbed in superintending the warlike preparations which
-environed his domicile.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[88] Sandford.
-
-[4] Annual Register, 1769.
-
-[A] 1640. 16 Car. I. vol. ii. p. 75.
-
-[B] Journals of House of Commons, 1641. 17 Car. I. vol. ii.
-    p. 317.
-
-[C] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[D] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[E] Ibid.
-
-[F] Sir Arthur Hazilrigge, Bart.
-
-[G] Journal, House of Commons, 1642. 17 Car. I. vol. ii.
-
-[H] From MSS. at Badminton.
-
-[93] Symonds.
-
-[93] Symonds.
-
-[90] Somers.
-
-[93] Symonds.
-
-[29] Corbet.
-
-[90] Somers.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER V.
-
-      LORD HERBERT IN HIS MILITARY CAPACITY.
-
-
-The sad necessities of the times and the perilous position in which his
-tortuous policy had placed him, obliged Charles the First to court the
-assistance and presence of the wealthiest among the nobility, than whom
-none then ranked higher than the Marquis of Worcester, who, as we have
-seen, his Majesty pressingly sues, through his son, Lord Herbert, at
-Nottingham, for still further monetary supplies.
-
-It is not surprising then to find Lord Herbert, even against his better
-judgment, considering his tastes, habits and experience, taking an
-active part in military affairs, and the mailed philosopher actually
-setting forth as an enthusiastic Cavalier.
-
-In one of the political tracts of the day, published at Oxford in 1642,
-the writer gives as a reason for the Marquis of Hertford declining the
-service in which the King had employed him:--“For that the King hath
-not only given way to the raising of a popish army in the North, but
-hath granted commission to the Marquis of Worcester, a known papist,
-to be general of the forces in those parts, where he is; whose army
-consists of profest papists.”[90]
-
-As early as 1640, rumours had been falsely circulated against the
-Marquis of Worcester, charging him with being concerned in a design to
-raise a large popish army in Lancashire, as also another in Ireland. In
-1642, however, he did raise a great number of Welsh in support of the
-royal cause;[105] and the same year Lord Herbert was made General of
-South Wales.[95]
-
-Thus Lord Herbert, in command of troops raised by his father, being in
-favour with his sovereign, and generally esteemed both for his high
-nobility and his wealth, held a most important influential position.
-Fully to prepare himself for such a post, it appears most likely that
-he commenced the requisite course of training even previous to his
-second marriage, for so early as March, 1638, Lady Harley writes to
-inform her son:--“They say, my Lord of Worcester’s son shall be general
-of the horse.”[46]
-
-In his first considerable exploit he appeared before Gloucester,
-then in the Parliamentary interest, stoutly defended by a company of
-volunteers, who had raised very extensive fortifications. In February,
-1642, it was summoned by Prince Rupert, and again later, but without
-effect. About the middle of the same month, Lord Herbert, with a body
-of about 1500 foot and 500 horse, well armed, attempted the reduction
-of the garrison. His eldest brother, Lord John Somerset, commanded the
-horse, while Sir Jeremiah Brett was general of the foot. A third time
-the city not only refused to surrender, but received with ridicule
-the summons from a Welsh brigade; the Welsh troops therefore encamped
-at Highnam within the distance of one mile and a half, where they lay
-still in their camp for five weeks in mistaken security, not even
-attacking the outguards, or attempting any great action, seemingly
-deluded by expectations of aid from Prince Rupert; who, however, could
-not leave Bristol. Sir William Waller, crossing the river by means of
-flat-bottomed boats, advanced on them with a body of light troops,
-numbering about 2000. The Welsh, without taking the least advantage
-arising from their strong position, sounded a parley, and surrendered
-on conditions which were readily granted; in consequence of which, 1300
-foot and three troops of horse were led prisoners into Gloucester,
-where several were kept for some time under strict confinement.
-Rushworth states, under date 19th of March, 1642–3, that Lord Herbert
-lost 500 men killed, and above 1000 taken prisoners. Lord Herbert, we
-find from his own account, was not present on the occasion of this
-defeat, for in reference to this disaster he says:--“God forgive those
-of the King’s party, who were the occasion that 1500 gentlemen were
-surprised, and I not despatched from Oxford until the day after. Yet
-at 14 days’ warning I brought 4000 foot and 800 horse to the siege of
-Gloucester.” But Rushworth and others erroneously speak of his escaping
-to Oxford.[87] From first to last the defeat cost his Lordship,
-according to his own showing, £60,000.[90] Such was the unpromising
-result of his earliest enterprise in his new career, offering a very
-gloomy foreboding of the future. He had been untiring in his exertions
-to raise those troops throughout Monmouthshire, Herefordshire, and
-adjacent counties, in which, as also in efforts to obtain sufficient
-stores for the garrison at Raglan, he appears to have acted with
-extraordinary energy.[A]
-
-During the progress of operations against Gloucester, Lady Harley
-in her correspondence with her son, on the 14th of February, 1642,
-says:--“Nine days past my Lord Herbert was at Hereford, where he stayed
-a week. There was held a council of war, what was the best way to take
-Brompton [Castle--her residence]. It was concluded to blow it up, and
-which counsel pleased them all. The sheriff of Radnorshire, with the
-trained bands of that county, and some of the Hereford soldiers, were
-to come against me. My Lord Herbert had appointed a day to come to
-Preston, that so his presence might persuade them to go out of their
-county. He had commanded them to bring pay to victuals for 10 days. The
-soldiers came to Preston, but it pleased God to call my Lord Herbert
-another way, for those in the Forest of Dean grew so strong, that they
-were afraid of them.”[102]
-
-We ascertain from his own later statement of expenditure that from
-February, 1641, to October, 1642, or thereabouts, he was actively
-engaged in dispensing his father’s immense loans in support of the
-royal cause; he says,--“With as much privacy as might be, keeping good
-correspondence with the Parliament; remaining in London, to avoid
-suspicion, being then trusted both by King and Parliament.”
-
-Taking amounts as stated by his Lordship, the dates may be pretty
-correctly supplied from Iter Carolinum.[90]
-
-
-  Between 28th February, and 18th March, 1641, he sent
-  to Theobalds for the “pressing necessities of his
-  dear master,” the sum of                             £3,000
-
-  About the same time to Huntingdon, after the King’s
-  departure from Theobalds                              3,000
-
-  On or after the 19th March, to York                   8,000
-
-  On or after 21st July, 1642, to Nottingham, “where
-  his Majesty set up his royal standard.”[90]           4,000
-
-  Officers’ expenses to York                            1,500
-
-  Besides, by his Majesty’s command, victualling the
-  Tower, Sir John Byron being Lord Lieutenant, for
-  which purpose, he “sent him in old plate, under
-  pretence of coining it”                               2,500
-
-  And further, obtaining through some pretence,
-  leave of absence, from the Parliament, he proceeded
-  with their pass to York, carrying to the King in
-  ready money                                          15,000
-
-  And in bills and assurances                          80,500
-
-  For these his Majesty giving his “note for
-  ninety-five thousand five hundred pounds,”
-  his Lordship returned in two days.
-
-  Raising Sir John Byron’s regiment of Horse,
-  the first completed                                   5,000
-                                                     --------
-  Representing a total of                            £122,500
-                                                     ========
-
-Annexed to the record of this vast outlay, Lord Herbert has left us
-a short piece of autobiography. “Things being thus set in order,
-(he says) between his Majesty and me, I fairly took leave of the
-Parliament, to go down to my father; where I no sooner arrived
-but there came directed unto me from his Majesty a Commission of
-Array; whereof I presently, by a servant of my own, sent word to the
-Parliament, with a letter to the House of Lords, which I directed to
-my Lord of Holland, and to the House of Commons, to Mr. Pym; in both
-which I offered to intercede to his Majesty, and conceived I should
-prevail to suspend the Commission of Array, if they should make an Act
-that their Militia should not come into my country. But they with civil
-compliments and thanks replied that his Majesty’s [proceedings] was so
-illegal, and theirs for the good of the kingdom so just and necessary,
-that by no means would they waive the one for the other. At which I
-declared myself irritated, to see that they durst tell me that anything
-commanded by my master was illegal, and professed I would obey his
-Majesty’s commands, and let them send at their perils. So immediately,
-and in eight days’ time, I raised six regiments, fortified Monmouth,
-Chepstow, and Raglan, fetching away the magazine [of powder and
-ammunition] from the Earl of Pembroke’s town, Carlyon, and placed it in
-Raglan Castle, leaving a garrison in lieu thereof. Garrisoned likewise
-Cardiff, Brecknock, Hereford, Goodrich Castle and the Forest of Dean,
-after I had taken them from the enemy.”
-
-We have here a striking instance of his unflinching loyalty, of his
-first public expression of his political sentiments, with a brief
-sketch of the course he adopted in his first decisive military measures.
-
-In the month of September several horses, the property of Lord Herbert,
-being seized in Gloucestershire, the same was formally reported, as
-appears first from the Journals of the House of Commons,[B] as follows:
-
-
-      “Diè Martis, 13º Septembris, 1642.
-
-“A letter, from the city of Gloucester, from Mr. Perry, &c. concerning
-the Lord Herbert, son of the Earl of Worcester, seven horses of war
-stayed there; and concerning some provisions they desire for the safety
-of the city; was this day read: And
-
-“It is ordered, that Sergeant Wilde do prepare an Order concerning both
-these particulars.
-
-“That Mr. Speaker shall write his letter to the Lord Herbert, son of
-the Earl of Worcester, to appear here, and attend the House.
-
-“Mr Glyn to prepare this letter.
-
-“That the Lords be moved to send for the Earl of Worcester, to attend
-the Parliament.”
-
-And further, afterwards, from the particulars afforded by the annexed
-document:--
-
-
-      “Die Jovis, 15º Septembris, 1642.
-
-“Whereas information hath been given to the Lords and Commons assembled
-in Parliament, that seven great horses or geldings, of the Lord
-Herbert, son of the Earl of Worcester, were lately brought to the city
-of Gloucester, to be by them employed (as is justly suspected) upon
-some design against the Parliament; and that great endeavours are used
-by divers commissioners of array, and other ill-affected persons, in
-the several counties of Hereford, Monmouth, Glamorgan, Carmarthen,
-Brecknock, and Radnor, to draw the said counties by way of association
-against the Parliament, and their adherents, and in particular against
-the said city, as a place the most advantageous for the furtherance
-of their malignant designs; therefore upon the humble desire of
-the citizens of the said city of Gloucester, and for the better
-preservation of the safety of the said city, being a place of great
-importance, and of the counties and parts adjoining; it is thought
-fit and ORDERED by the said Lords and Commons, that the
-Mayor, aldermen, and citizens of the said city, shall have the use and
-disposal of the said horses, for the defence of the said city and parts
-adjacent, and the services of the Parliament; and that, for the same
-purpose, they shall have power to raise one or more troop or troops of
-horse and men, and to train, exercise, and employ the same, and other
-forces of the said city, as by the ordinance concerning the militia
-is appointed; and further, that, for their better encouragement and
-assistance in this behalf, some such small pieces of ordnance shall be
-forthwith sent down to the said city, to be used, ordered, and employed
-for the uses and purposes aforesaid, as to them shall seem most meet
-and expedient; and that they and every of them, in so doing, shall be
-protected and assisted by the power and authority of both Houses of
-Parliament.”
-
-
-The records of Gloucester frequently allude to these seven great
-horses, which were afterwards placed under the command of Lieutenant
-Backhouse, and kept together till the close of the war.
-
-In February, Lord Herbert wrote to Prince Rupert,[100] as follows:--
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HIGHNESS [Prince Rupert],
-
-“Your commands came unto me but the last night late, and being now upon
-making my entry into the Forest [of Dean], I cannot so suddenly execute
-the same; but as soon as it is any way feasible, there shall be no
-delay therein. Upon Thursday next, I have given order, that accordingly
-as I shall receive intelligence from the other side of Severn (which
-when I have taken order to receive), there shall be men sent over,
-hoping by that time to master all on this side of Severn. And in what I
-may I shall ever most readily obey your Highness’ commands, and remain,
-Sir,
-
-      “Your Highness’ most affectionately
-        devoted Servant,
-            “ED. HERBERT.
-
-  “Raglan Castle,
-“This Tuesday morning, 7th Feb. 1643.”
-
-
-A contemporary, a clergyman,[29] has preserved an interesting account
-of Lord Herbert’s operations before Monmouth, on the 1st of April,
-1643. Sir William Waller having accepted the invitation of a number
-of resident gentlemen, when he came near the town of Monmouth, where
-Lord Herbert had begun to place a garrison, his presence occasioned
-the precipitate flight of his Lordship’s troops. But Waller, although
-so far victorious, failed in obtaining needful supplies, owing to the
-devotion of the stream of the people, most of whom were the Marquis’s
-tenantry.
-
-Lord Herbert afterwards united with Sir John Winter, the reputed plague
-of the Forest of Dean, who had strongly fortified and defended his own
-residence; he was, too, considered a most active enemy, as well as a
-chief agent of the popish faction. His Lordship’s horse so materially
-assisted Sir John’s operations as to compel the rebels to quit the
-forest, having made a passage over the Severn, at Newnham.
-
-Soon after this affair, rumours were current that forces were expected
-from Oxford for Paineswick and Stroud, while the Irish it was believed
-were to lie on one side of Berkeley, Lord Herbert and Sir John Winter
-holding the Forest. The same chronicler assures us that the taking of
-Monmouth gave a fearful alarm to the whole country, the Marquis of
-Worcester calling in Prince Rupert’s horse to their assistance. The
-result of these preparations was that Sir William Blaxton, with his
-brigade of horse, joined the country train-bands, with the forces from
-Raglan and Chepstow, making together about 500 horse and 1200 foot.
-They fell upon the enemy’s horse quarters, where were lodged two troops
-and ten musketeers; while 150 musketeers speedily came from Monmouth to
-their assistance. With these and further supplies of foot the Monmouth
-party routed the cavaliers, of whom many were slain and threescore
-taken prisoners.
-
-Sir John Winter, despairing of longer subsistence, at length deserted
-the Forest, after first firing his house at Lidney, and somewhat
-revenging himself for past disasters by spoiling the Forest itself.[29]
-
-In June, Charles I. addressed the following letter[C] to the harassed
-Marquis of Worcester, conveying promises as usual, after a personal
-interview with his son:--
-
-
-“WORCESTER,
-
-“I am very sensible of the miseries and dangers which of late you have
-been in, and do hope the time will come when I shall be able to requite
-all my good subjects, and none sooner than you; concerning the changing
-of your title, and other particulars, I leave to your son’s relation,
-who knows my mind therein, who will ever remain
-
-      “Your most assured constant friend,
-          “CHARLES R.”
-
-“Oxford, 19th, June, 1643.
-  “For the Marquis of Worcester.”
-
-
-Lady Harley, writing on the 13th of June, 1643, observes:--“My Lord
-Herbert and Colonel Vavasour, who is to be Governor of Hereford, is
-gone up into Montgomeryshire to raise soldiers.”[46]
-
-On the 25th of July, 1643, Lord Herbert, having sent a dispatch to
-Prince Rupert,[D] in which he found he had omitted some important
-particulars, afterwards transmitted the same day by letter, dated from
-Raglan Castle, to the following effect:
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HIGHNESS,
-
-“Since my dispatch to you this morning there occurs one thing which
-I then omitted, which I thought fit to represent to your Highness;
-that some Parliament ships now lie in and about Milford Haven, which
-hath hitherunto so far countenanced the county of Pembroke, that
-they (dissenting from all Wales besides) have only showed themselves
-refractory to his Majesty’s commands; and could your Highness so
-dispose, that some of the ships late come in might speedily (before
-notice be given them there of their professing themselves for the King)
-surprise them, or draw them to their allegiance that county would be
-soon reduced to its due obedience, which otherwise by land will not
-without much difficulty and loss be done. One other thing I likewise
-forgot in my last; that in case your Highness became master of the
-city of Bristol, and the castle holding out, your Highness should need
-pioneers, for undermining the same, which (the situation considered)
-will easily be effected, upon notice from your Highness I shall procure
-some of the forest miners, who being very expert at those works shall
-speedily attend your pleasure. I wish all fortunate success in all your
-attempts as becomes your Highness’
-
-      “Most obedient and humble servant,
-          “LD. HERBERT.[E]
-
-“Ragland Castle, 25th July.
-  “After 10 of the clock in the morning.”
-
-
-Lord Herbert (probably immediately after the defeat at Gloucester)
-raised a regiment of foot and ten troops of cavalry, offering,
-however, according to Sir William Vavasour, to act only under the
-command of Prince Rupert or the King: the former writes:--[F]
-
-
-“Whereas the Right Honourable Henry Marquis of Worcester hath by his
-care and expenses long saved the town and county of Monmouth from
-the hands of the enemies, and of late regained the said town from
-them; and in regard likewise that the towns of Monmouth and Chepstow
-are belonging to him of inheritance, and the interest he hath in the
-whole county, my desire is, that the Commander-in-chief of the said
-county and the Governors of both or each of those towns, or of any
-other garrison within the said county, should be complying with or
-observing any desires of his, intimated unto them: either concerning
-his Majesty’s service, the good of that county, or the particular
-safety and interest of him and his (whereof I am very tender). As also
-the High Sheriff, Commissioners of Array, Justices of the Peace, or
-other officers of the said county, martial or civil (as they tender my
-pleasure), and will answer the contrary at their perils. And for their
-so doing, the sight of these, or a copy hereof, attested by that Right
-Honourable Henry Marquis of Worcester, shall be their and either of
-their warrant. Given under my hand at Oxford, the 5th day of January,
-in the twentieth year of his Majesty’s reign.
-
-      “RUPERT.”[G]
-
-
-The accounts we have of Lord Herbert’s military operations are
-extremely meagre; in a patent hereafter to be noticed, the sieges
-and battles at which he was present are briefly announced; with what
-courage and successful conduct he took Goodrich Castle, the Forest
-of Dean, and the city of Hereford; indeed with what remarkable good
-fortune, with what unhoped-for success, he made himself master of the
-strongly fortified town of Monmouth.
-
-The achievements, as thus recorded, are sufficiently high sounding, but
-no contemporary historian seems to have considered them of sufficient
-importance to put on record. Neither his own letters, nor those of
-his numerous family and connexions, neither political nor religious
-partizans nor opponents give us a glimpse of our general’s skill,
-bravery, and final successes; while the few particulars actually
-recorded leave but a faint impression as regards facts, and a most
-unfavourable one as regards results. In short, in his military capacity
-he bears a most mythical character.
-
-We have his own statement[H] that, through the means supplied by his
-father and himself, the Marquis of Hertford, after his defeat in the
-West, was supplied with recruits to attend his Majesty at Oxford, at a
-cost of £8000. They also raised Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse, at
-an expense of £5000.
-
-He further expressly alludes to having rendered his Majesty’s army
-considerable service before Edge-hill, by the men he furnished. And he
-was likewise at the charge, if not personally engaged in the reducing
-of Abergavenny and Carlyon to the service of the Crown.
-
-His own troop of Life Guards, consisted of one hundred and twenty
-noblemen and gentlemen, whose estates amounted to above sixty thousand
-pounds per annum, most of whom he supplied with arms and horses. This
-troop he acknowledges to have raised without consulting his father, who
-reproving him said: “The consequence would be that the love and power
-he had in the country would be perspicuous, although he should have
-thanks from the King, yet others, though his Majesty’s well-wishers,
-through envy, would hate him for it.” His Lordship adds:--“which I
-confess I have found too true, my services having been more retarded
-by those who called themselves the King’s friends, than obstructed by
-his enemies.”
-
-It is certain that Lord Herbert acquired no military celebrity. He
-was bold, determined, and energetic when acting on the defensive, but
-he was not remarkable for any adventurous or brilliant aggressive
-successes. His troops were formidable in number, well paid, and
-abundantly supplied with every requisite; but in all his reputed
-sieges, in all his encounters with the foe, we seek in vain for any
-return of the slain, the wounded, the prisoners taken, the disasters
-surmounted and inflicted, and the splendid store of spoil acquired.
-The red hand and unpitying slaughter of war are only shadowed forth to
-us like shapeless forms, creations of the imagination rather than even
-faint pictures of reality. His Lordship’s naturally studious habits
-would seem to have incapacitated him from entering ardently into the
-wanton destruction of human life and the infliction of severe injuries
-on multitudes, regarded by him more as deluded neighbours than cruel
-adversaries. Above forty years having passed over his head in the
-experience only of plenteous, peaceful times, and scholarly pursuits,
-he was no longer like the pliant sapling, but partook more of the
-stability of the sturdy oak. In perfect agreement with his own noble
-and generous spirit, he no doubt expected, as he desired, an early
-and complete compromise of the political differences which were then
-spreading their baleful contagion over the land.
-
-Nevertheless, it is rather remarkable that operations on so extensive
-a scale, prosecuted at a large cost by a single family, should have
-obtained comparatively so little renown in the annals of the civil war:
-among which we search in vain for details characterising the martial
-deeds of Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert of Raglan.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[90] Somers’ Tracts, vol. iv. p. 459.
-
-[105] Whitelock.
-
-[95] Thomas--also Clarendon.
-
-[46] Harley.
-
-[87] Rushworth.
-
-[90] Somers’ Tracts, vol. v. p. 312.
-
-[A] Rapin states that after thus relieving Gloucester, Sir
-    William Waller took first Chepstow, and afterwards Monmouth.
-
-[102] Washbourn.
-
-[90] Somers’ Tracts, vol v. ed. 1811, 4to. page 263.
-
-[B] Journals of the House of Commons. 18 Car. I. 1642.
-    vol. ii. page 763.
-
-[100] Warburton.
-
-[29] Corbet.
-
-[29] Corbet.
-
-[C] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[46] Harley.
-
-[D] “Rupert’s correspondence, No. 18,980, vol. i.” Brit. Mus.
-
-[E] The letter is in a clerk’s writing; the autograph in a
-    different ink.
-
-[F] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[G] Endorsed in the same hand--“Prince Rupert, his Warrant.”
-    And endorsed by a private hand,--“Prince Rupert’s Warrant to the
-    Marquis of Worcester, Oxford, January 5, 1644.”
-
-[H] See Chapter XVIII, giving the entire statement.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER VI.
-
-      LORD HERBERT CREATED EARL OF GLAMORGAN. IRISH AFFAIRS.
-
-
-Although many successes had early attended the Royalists’ arms,
-the chances of war in 1643 were interminably perplexing to all
-parties. The royal cause was becoming desperate, and the King, never
-over-scrupulous, then endeavoured to obtain speedy assistance at all
-hazards. After taking the sacrament at Oxford, in sacred repudiation of
-employing papists, yet was he privately urging his generals to engage
-all who would serve. The fact of the Marquis of Worcester being of the
-proscribed religion was no obstacle to his maintaining correspondence
-with him, personally communicating with his son, and constantly
-draining their fortunes and other resources.
-
-The impoverished monarch was at least liberal in promises and niggardly
-in fulfilling even those referring to mere dignities in acknowledgment
-of immense services, so long as farther demands might thereby possibly
-be the better secured; such was his insincerity in all social
-relations, and such his intriguing policy in all his acts of sovereign
-power.
-
-At home the battle of Edge-hill had just been fought, and in Ireland
-a rebellion had to be suppressed, and troops to be raised to swell
-the royal army. The King must have been much confounded how best to
-conciliate friends and enemies, protestants and papists, until he could
-fearlessly assert his claims in accordance with his own construction of
-regal rights.
-
-In the early part of the year 1644, the King conferred on Lord Herbert,
-during his father’s lifetime, the dignity of Earl of Glamorgan. “But,”
-says Sir Harris Nicolas,[A] “great doubt exists whether the patent
-ever passed the great seal.” And Mr. Nichols states that, on reference
-to the original Docquet Book of grants made by the King at Oxford,
-commencing in December 1642, and ending in June 1646, nothing of the
-kind occurs among the numerous grants of Dignities there recorded.[74]
-Yet the title was constantly employed by Charles the First in his
-several letters and commissions, and later in a message to the Houses
-of Parliament; and the following is a copy of the PATENT he
-privily granted to his Lordship on the 1st April, 1644.[13]
-
-
-“Charles, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France,
-and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. to our right trusty and
-right well-beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, alias Plantagenet, Lord
-Herbert, Baron Beaufort of Caldicote, Grismond, Chepstow, Ragland,
-and Gower, Earl of Glamorgan, son and heir apparent of our entirely
-beloved cousin, Henry Earl and Marquis of Worcester, greeting. Having
-had good and long experience of your prowess, prudence, and fidelity,
-do make choice, and by these nominate and appoint you, our right
-trusty and right well-beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, &c. to be our
-Generalissimo of three armies, English, Irish, and foreign, and Admiral
-of a fleet at sea, with power to recommend your lieutenant-general
-for our approbation, leaving all other officers to your own election
-and denomination, and accordingly to receive their commission from
-you; willing and commanding them, and every of them, you to obey, as
-their general, and you to receive immediate orders from ourself only.
-And lest through distance of place we may be misinformed, we will and
-command you to reply unto us, if any of our orders should thwart or
-hinder any of your designs for our service. And there being necessarily
-great sums of money to the carrying on so chargeable an employment,
-which we have not to furnish you withal; we do by these empower you
-to contract with any of our loving subjects of England, Ireland, and
-dominion of Wales, for wardships, customs, woods, or any our rights and
-prerogatives; we by these obliging ourselves, our heirs and successors,
-to confirm and make good the same accordingly. And for persons of
-generosity, for whom titles of honour are most desirable, we have
-intrusted you with several patents under our Great Seal of England,
-from a Marquis to a Baronet; which we give you full power and authority
-to date and dispose of, without knowing our further pleasure, so great
-is our trust and confidence in you, as that, whatsoever you do contract
-for or promise, we will make good the same accordingly, from the date
-of this our commission forwards; which for the better satisfaction, we
-give you leave to give them, or any of them, copies thereof, attested
-under our hand and seal of arms. And for your encouragement, and in
-token of our gratitude, we give and allow you henceforward such fees,
-titles, preheminences, and privileges, as do and may belong unto your
-place and command above-mentioned, with promise of our dear daughter
-Elizabeth to your son Plantagenet, in marriage, with three hundred
-thousand pounds in dower or portion, most part whereof we acknowledge
-spent and disbursed by your father and you in our service; and the
-title of Duke of Somerset to you and your heirs male for ever; and
-from henceforward to give the Garter to your arms, and at your pleasure
-to put on the George and blue ribbon. And for your greater honour, and
-in testimony of our reality, we have with our own hand affixed our
-Great Seal of England unto these our Commissions and letters, making
-them patents.
-
-“Witness ourself at Oxford, the first day of April, in the 20th year
-of our reign, and the year of our Lord, One thousand six hundred and
-forty-four.”
-
-
-Under any ordinary circumstances there would appear to be no
-possibility of obscurity respecting this title, and that any should
-exist only occasions the more surprise, when considered in reference to
-a family so eminently in favour with Charles the First. But the subtle
-Monarch might have his own reasons for favouring any source of possible
-remote obscurity, until assurance of the Earl of Glamorgan’s success in
-his new enterprise should embolden him to make his title clear; for it
-has been well observed of him, that he was not only a most unscrupulous
-but a most unlucky dissembler.[67]
-
-This much disputed title is, however, acknowledged by Charles the
-Second in a royal warrant, bearing date the 6th of April, 1661, as one,
-he is informed, “settled by our Royal Father, of blessed memory.”[74]
-
-
-His Majesty gave the Earl the following instructions:[B]
-
-   “_Oxford, this 2nd of January, 1644. Several heads whereupon you
-     our right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin Edward Earl of
-     Glamorgan may securely proceed in execution of our commands._
-
-
-“First, you may engage your estate, interest and credit, that we will
-most really and punctually perform any our promises to the Irish, and
-as it is necessary to conclude a peace suddenly, whatsoever shall be
-consented unto by our Lieutenant the Marquis of Ormond, We will die a
-thousand deaths rather than disannul or break it; and if upon necessity
-anything be to be condescended unto, and yet the Lord Marquis not
-willing to be seen therein, or not fit for us at the present publicly
-to own, do you endeavour to supply the same.
-
-“If for the encouragement of the Lord Marquis of Ormond you see it
-needful to have the Garter sent him, or any further favour demonstrated
-from us unto him, we will cause the same to be performed.
-
-“If for the advantage of our service you see fit to promise any titles,
-even to the titles of Earls in either of our kingdoms, upon notice from
-you we will cause the same to be performed.
-
-“For the maintenance of our army under your commands, we are graciously
-pleased to allow the delinquents’ estates where you overcome to be
-disposed by you, as also any our revenues in the said places, customs
-or other, our profits, woods, and the like, with the contributions.
-
-“Whatever towns or places of importance you shall think fit to possess,
-you shall place commanders and governors therein at your pleasure.
-
-“Whatever order we shall send you (which you are only to obey) we give
-you leave to impart the same to your council at war, and if they and
-you approve not thereof, we give you leave to reply; and so far shall
-we be from taking it as a disobedience, that we command the same.
-
-“At your return we will accept of some officers upon your
-recommendation, to the end no obstacle or delay may be in the execution
-of your desires in order to our service, and our commands in that
-behalf.
-
-“At your return you shall have the command of South Wales,
-Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire of the Welsh side returned to you in
-as ample manner as before.
-
-“In your absence we will not give credit or countenance to anything
-which may be prejudicial to your father, you, or yours.
-
-      “C. R.”
-
-
-Next month his Majesty wrote the following letter:[C]
-
-“GLAMORGAN,
-
-“I herewith send you the rest of my dispatches for Ireland, whither
-I pray hasten, time being most considerable. I am sensible of the
-dangers you will undergo, and the great trouble and expenses you must
-be at, not being able to assist you, who have already spent a million
-of crowns [£250,000] in my service; neither can I say more than I well
-remember to have spoke and written to you that already words could not
-express your merits, nor my gratitude: and that next to my wife and
-children I was most bound to take care of you, whereof I have, besides
-others, particularly assured your Cousin Byron, as a person dear unto
-you.
-
-“What I can further think at this point is to send you the Blue Ribbon,
-and a Warrant for the Title of Duke of Somerset, both which accept, and
-make use of at your discretion; and if you should defer the publishing
-of either for a while to avoid envy, and my being importuned by
-others, yet I promise your antiquity for the one, and your Patent for
-the other shall bear date with the Warrants.
-
-“And rest assured, if God should cross me with your miscarrying, I will
-treat your son as my own, and that you labour for a dear friend as well
-as a thankful master, when time shall afford means to acknowledge, how
-much I am
-
-      “Your most assured, real, constant
-        “and thankful friend,
-            “CHARLES R.
-
-“Oxford, Feb. 12th, 1644.”
-
-
-The Earl being from some cause detained at home, his Majesty wrote in
-March, as follows:--[D]
-
-
-“HERBERT,
-
-“I wonder, you are not yet gone for Ireland; but since you have stayed
-all this time, I hope these will overtake you, whereby you will the
-more see the great trust and confidence I repose in your integrity,
-of which I have had so long and so good experience; commanding you to
-deal with all ingenuity and freedom with our Lieutenant of Ireland the
-Marquis of Ormond, and on the word of a King and a Christian I will
-make good anything, which our Lieutenant shall be induced unto upon
-your persuasion; and if you find it fitting, you may privately show
-him these, which I intend not as obligatory to him, but to myself;
-and for both your encouragements and warrantise, in whom I repose my
-chiefest hopes, not having in all my kingdoms two such subjects; whose
-endeavours joining, I am confident to be soon drawn out of the mire, I
-am now enforced to wallow in; and then shall I show my thankfulness to
-you both; and as you have never failed me, so shall I never fail you,
-but in all things show how much I am...
-
-“Oxford the 12th of March, 1644.”
-
-
-The newly created Earl of Glamorgan was now just entering on what
-afterwards proved to be the most perilous period of his life. He no
-doubt felt the weighty importance of the duties he was undertaking, and
-one cannot help imagining that it was under a lively impression of the
-possible change in his fortune, which, whether for good or for evil, it
-was past human wisdom to divine, that he addressed the following most
-reverential letter to his honoured father, in August, 1644.[E]
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR LORDSHIP,
-
-“Amongst other memorable expressions which have taken deep root in
-my heart, I assure your Lordship, that those you were pleased to use
-towards me on Sunday last, shall never be defaced out of my memory; for
-you were pleased so to interlace terror and comfort, as that I knew
-not whether joy or fear possessed me most, or whether you showed more
-justice or clemency; but at last a tender fatherly affection appeared
-to steer your words and deeds which shall be, God willing, answered
-with a filial duty and tenderness, and your unparalleled goodness shall
-not, with God Almighty’s grace, undo, but strengthen me in my duty to
-God and your Lordship, with as much zeal and true-hearted devotion as
-can be witnessed, with the uttermost endeavours of thought, word, and
-deed, lying in the power and uttermost abilities which I can at any
-time attain unto, whose ambition is not greater to anything in this
-world than really and entirely to appear, my Lord,
-
-      “Your Lordship’s most dutifully obedient son,
-        “and most devoted servant,
-
-[Illustration: Ed. L. Herbert (autograph) afterwards 2nd Marquis
- of Worcester]
-
-“This 13th of August, 1644.”
-
-
-His military career in Wales appears to have terminated late in 1644,
-at which time the Parliament having protested against the cessation
-made by the Marquis of Ormond with the Irish rebels, by the King’s
-express orders, his Majesty determined not only on a speedy peace in
-Ireland, but also on the raising of troops there to be sent over to
-England. Difficulties, however, arising consequent on the demands
-made by the Irish Roman Catholics, the King devised the expedient
-of engaging the services of the Earl of Glamorgan in that hazardous
-negotiation. Adopting his customary narrow policy, he planned and
-plotted alike with friends and foes. Ormond was to be flattered
-and deceived, next Glamorgan, and in succession all his ministers,
-council and court, yea, the very Parliament and the public were to
-be hood-winked by a master-stroke of double-dealing. Such a net-work
-of intrigue had he woven, before the least of his measures could
-be finally executed, that Charles the First’s course of conduct
-throughout this affair, has confounded early as well as later and most
-dispassionate politicians. That the King was wavering and uncertain,
-at least in his decisions, is admitted by all, and it is very evident
-that expediency was with him a sufficient plea for the most perfidious
-treachery, without distinction of parties. He first wrote to the
-Marquis of Ormond that well-known letter, in which he says:[25]
-
-
-“ORMOND,
-
-“My Lord Herbert having business of his own in Ireland (wherein I
-desire you to do him all lawful favour and furtherance), I have thought
-good to use the power I have, both in his affection and duty, to engage
-him in all possible ways to further the peace there; which he hath
-promised to do. Wherefore, as you find occasion, you may confidently
-use and trust him in this, or any other thing he shall propound to you
-for my service; there being none in whose honesty and zeal to my person
-and crown I have more confidence. So I rest,
-
-      “Your most assured constant friend,
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“Oxford, 27 Decemb. 1644.
-
-
-[F]“His honesty or affection to my service will not deceive you; but
-I will not answer for his judgment.”
-
-
-In this letter we detect the artful arrangement of its matter, making
-Lord Herbert’s real mission secondary to some private business of his
-own, to the forwarding of which the wily monarch solicits the kind
-offices of his minister. Yet, secondary as was his mission
-apparently, he is much lauded for his “honesty and zeal” to the royal
-person and crown; while the same hand adds a postscript in
-cipher,--“but I will not answer for his _judgment_.”
-
-Yet he was not so insufficient in “judgment,” but that the royal
-adept in deception could purpose his eventually superseding the Lord
-Lieutenant, whom he was thus cajoling meanwhile.
-
-On the 12th of January, 1644, his Lordship received a Commission under
-the Great Seal from the King, empowering him to levy any number of men
-in Ireland and elsewhere, with other considerable powers, requiring
-for their exercise a man of no ordinary “judgment.” So that when the
-King wrote one thing, he meant another, for his acts reversed his own
-statement, and offer the best proofs of the want of truth, although
-he might consider himself obliged to adopt this shallow species of
-subterfuge, in such an emergency.
-
-The Commission is as follows:--[13]
-
-
-“CHARLES R.
-
-“Whereas we have had sufficient and ample testimony of your approved
-wisdom and fidelity, so great is the confidence we repose in you, as
-that whatsoever you shall perform, as warranted under our sign-manual,
-pocket signet, or private mark, or even by word of mouth, without
-further ceremony, we do on the word of a King and a Christian, promise
-to make good to all intents and purposes, as effectually as if your
-authority from us had been under the Great Seal of England, with this
-advantage, that we shall esteem ourself the more obliged to you for
-your gallantry, in not standing upon such nice terms to do us service,
-which we shall, God willing, reward. And although you exceed what law
-can warrant, or any powers of ours reach unto, as not knowing what you
-have need of; yet it being for our service, we oblige ourself, not only
-to give you our pardon, but to maintain the same with all our might
-and power; and though either by accident, or by any other occasion, you
-shall deem it necessary to deposit any of our warrants, and so want
-them at your return, we faithfully promise to make them good at your
-return; and to supply anything wherein they shall be found defective,
-it not being convenient for us at this time to dispute upon them; for
-of what we have here set down you may rest confident, if there be faith
-and trust in men. Proceed, therefore, cheerfully, speedily, and boldly;
-and for your so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant.
-
-“Given at our Court at Oxford under our sign-manual and private signet,
-this 12th of January, 1644.”
-
-
-The Warrant his Lordship received from his Majesty, to treat and
-conclude with the Irish confederates, dated 12th of March, 1644,
-proceeds as follows:--[13]
-
-
-“CHARLES R.
-
-“Charles, by the grace of God, of England, Scotland, France, and
-Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., to our trusty and right
-well-beloved cousin, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, greeting. We, reposing
-great and especial trust and confidence in your approved wisdom and
-fidelity, do by these (as firmly as under our Great Seal, to all
-intents and purposes) authorise and give you power, to treat and
-conclude with the confederate Roman Catholics in our kingdom of
-Ireland, if upon necessity any be to be condescended unto, wherein our
-Lieutenant cannot so well be seen in, as not fit for us at present
-publicly to own. Therefore we charge you to proceed according to
-this our warrant, with all possible secrecy; and for whatsoever you
-shall engage yourself, upon such valuable considerations as you in
-your judgment shall deem fit, we promise on the word of a King and
-a Christian, to ratify and perform the same, that shall be granted
-by you, and under your hand and seal; the said confederate Catholics
-having by their supplies testified their zeal to our service. And this
-shall be in each particular to you a sufficient warrant.
-
-“Given at our Court at Oxford, under our signet and royal signature,
-the 12th of March, in the twentieth year of our reign, 1644.”
-
-
-It is generally asserted that the visit of the Earl of Glamorgan to
-Ireland was of a personal nature, having by his marriage become allied
-to some of the first Irish families; but no one can doubt that the
-important commission he had received from the monarch swayed all other
-considerations. He was then about 43 years of age. His royal master was
-profuse in the professions of the most sincere attachment to the person
-of his Lordship; his acts and words being such as were best calculated
-to ensnare an honourable man quite incapable of insincerity. But the
-King, after his own fashion, had sound reasons for his conduct; the
-Marquis of Worcester was still rich, and might continue his liberality;
-and, as belonging to the Roman Catholic faith, the son might promote
-his measures in Ireland. He only felt it necessary to flatter without
-serious meaning, and to promise without feeling the duty of performing,
-should expediency cause him to change his views.
-
-To Ormond, however, from whom he was not seeking any favour, yet whose
-suspicion he desired not to awaken, the royal diplomatist made light
-of this visit to Ireland--“having business of his own” there; spoke
-sneeringly of the Earl--“I will not answer for his judgment;” and yet
-employed him on matters of such vital importance for the success of
-his own measures, that we at once detect the sophistry of such language.
-
-The Earl of Glamorgan, it would appear, went to Ireland at the end of
-1644 or commencement of 1645, as his Majesty addressed the following
-letters to him in 1645;[G] the first in February:--
-
-
-“HERBERT,
-
-“I am confident that this honest trusty bearer will give you good
-satisfaction why I have not in every thing done as you desired, the
-want of confidence in you being so far from being the cause thereof
-that I am every day more and more confirmed in the trust that I have of
-you, for believe me it is not in the power of any to make you suffer in
-my opinion by ill offices, but of this and divers other things I have
-given so full instructions that I will say no more, but that I am
-
-      “Your most assured constant friend,
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“Oxford, 26th Feb. 1645.”[H]
-
-
-The next in June following:--
-
-
-“GLAMORGAN,
-
-“I am glad to hear that you are gone to Ireland, and assure you that
-as myself is no wise disheartened by our late misfortune so neither
-this country; for I could not have expected more from them, than
-they have now freely undertaken, though I had come hither absolute
-victorious, which makes me hope well of the neighbouring Shires. So
-that (by the grace of God) I hope shortly to recover my late loss
-with advantage, if such succours come to me from that kingdom which
-I have reason to expect, but the circumstance of time is that of the
-greatest consequence, being that which is chiefliest and earnestliest
-recommended you by
-
-      “Your most assured, real constant friend,
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“Hereford, 23rd June, 1645.”
-
-
-The Earl wrote the annexed letter to the Marquis of
-Ormond, dated from Kilkenny in February, 1645:--[I]
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,
-
-“I need not give you a relation of the public audience given to the
-Nuncio yesterday by the Assembly, nor of his addresses thereunto; all
-which (I am confident) will be at Dublin before this can have the
-happiness to arrive with your Excellency. Neither need I use many words
-to persuade your Lordship, that the expectance of a more advantageous
-peace, wrought by the powerful hand of her Majesty, soon wipes out
-the clandestine hopes of my endeavours to serve this nation, to which
-any professions of mine have never been other, and always in order
-to the King my master’s service, which my duty commands me ever to
-have before mine eyes. And my zeal unto that transports me beyond all
-other considerations. Neither was ever anything of vanity in me to
-be esteemed the person that should contribute to the satisfaction of
-this kingdom, which I have ever aimed more to do than to seem to do
-(as the private way of my proceedings may well testify for me). But
-the saying is, a burnt child dreads the fire; and, therefore, if I
-be contented to withdraw my hands from meddling with concessions, I
-conceive it is your Excellency’s own dictamen, not only as you are so
-great a public Minister of State, but likewise as your Excellency is
-pleased in all things to express yourself my noble friend. And sure
-I am in all things you will find me a devoted servant unto you; and
-according unto the freedom that your Excellency is pleased to give me
-in order to his Majesty’s service, I must needs deal so plainly with
-your Excellency, as to put you in mind how absolutely necessary it is
-not to disgust the Nuncio, since that the supplies out of this kingdom
-unto the King can be but men. And certainly, before I can put myself
-into a handsome posture to serve the King my master by sea and land,
-and in some kind to supply his Majesty’s private purse, I think it
-will stand me in little less than £100,000, within three months; all
-which whence can I have it but out of Catholic countries; and how cold
-I shall find Catholics bent to this service, if the Pope be irritated,
-I humbly submit to your Excellency’s better judgment. And here am I
-constrained, to your friends and mine here, absolutely to profess not
-to be capable to do the King that service which he expects at my hands,
-unless the Nuncio here be civilly complied with, and carried along with
-us in our proceedings. Besides (if there be understanding or reality
-in me), it is impossible to carry this nation, and make them do any
-notable service for the King my master, against the hair, and contrary
-to the Nuncio’s satisfaction. And (pardon me to tell you) he is not a
-friend to your Excellency that will persuade to the contrary, knowing
-very well that you place your happiness and contentment in serving
-his Majesty and this kingdom, as far as any great and public Minister
-of State and real Protestant can attain unto. According to which
-conditions I confess it is not fit for your Excellency to appear in it
-yourself; but if you please to interest myself and some others of your
-chief assured friends and servants here (even with whom your Excellency
-must give me leave to vie in reality and zeal to serve you), to deal
-with the Nuncio, I am most confident in a few days (if not in a few
-hours), we shall bring him so far to comply in order to his Majesty’s
-service, as may give your Excellency satisfaction. And for the present
-I alone have dealt with him so efficaciously, as that he hath not only
-given his consent and approbation for the 3000 men to go for Chester
-(for the transporting whereof I shall find shipping sufficient ready);
-and if that will not serve, he means to-morrow or the next day to
-make it his absolute business. And I beseech your Excellency to take
-what I have said here into your serious and speedy consideration, as
-proceeding from me, who am not only transported with zeal to the King
-my master’s service herein, but also to manifest myself how much I am
-
-      “Your Excellency’s, &c.
-          “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Kilkenny, the 8th of February, 1645.”
-
-
-To which the Marquis replied from Dublin Castle on the 11th of
-February:--[25]
-
-
-“I hope the supplies your Lordship labours for with so much diligence
-will yet come seasonably for the relief of Chester, notwithstanding
-the rumours raised here of the taking of it; but of this and the rest
-of the 10,000 men I can say no more than I lately have done, in a
-letter commended to Mr. Browne’s conveyance.”
-
-
-And in a letter of the 26th of March, he observes:--
-
-
-“By intercepted letters of the 16th (Feb.) of this month out of the
-North, I find it confirmed that Chester held out, and was not delivered
-on the second, as was confidently written hither out of North Wales by
-some that desired it should not be relieved; but it will infallibly be
-lost if the succours be not speedily sent.”
-
-And also writes desiring to be informed when the shipping and men will
-be in readiness.
-
-
-Again the Earl addressed the Lord Lieutenant on the 24th:--[J]
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,
-
-“I am now setting foot in stirrup for Waterford, having made an embargo
-of all the shipping there, at Wexford, and all other places of that
-coast, towards the exportation of six thousand men, and have likewise
-sent an express to St. Ives and Falmouth for shipping, either to convoy
-or to help to transport these men. And if your Excellency please to
-inform yourself what may be done to forward this business out of
-Dublin, I shall not fail to see performed any agreement your Excellency
-shall make, whose zeal to the service I know to be such as that it were
-vanity in me to recommend it unto you. I will, therefore, only desire
-to know your Excellency’s pleasure as soon as may be, and as it is my
-part, so it is my affection always to obey you, and ever to remain,
-
-      “Your Excellency’s, &c.
-          “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Kilkenny, the 24th Feb. 1645.”
-
-
-These letters seem at variance with the statement made by Dr. Birch and
-others, that “the Earl left Oxford, in March, 1644–5, in company with
-Sir Brian O’Neile and some Romish Priests, and went to Wales;”[K][22]
-unless we suppose he went to Ireland in December or January, and
-returned to England sometime in February or March, which, although not
-impossible, yet was a matter not so easily accomplished in those times
-and under existing circumstances.
-
-It is possible, however, that his own private, and the urgency of
-public affairs, might induce his setting out early to arrange the one,
-and to settle preliminaries in the other; for this latter purpose he
-would certainly require his commissions of the 6th and 12th of January,
-1644–5.
-
-Then in March, 1644–5, being returned from Ireland, he waits on his
-Majesty at Oxford, and receives from him his Warrant of the 12th of
-March, and on the 1st of April his extraordinary and ever-memorable
-patent; than which nothing could possibly show more convincingly his
-Majesty’s surpassing confidence in the newly-created Earl, and his
-determination to “answer for his judgment.”
-
-But this last favour had to be sent to him, as we find from his
-instructions to Edward Bosdon, accompanied by a letter to his Majesty,
-dated the 21st of March, 1644.
-
-We are here enabled to clear up a mystery which has hitherto hung over
-this portion of his personal history, through a very humble source,
-fortunately preserved in the Letter Book of Sir William Brereton,
-now in the British Museum, wherein is the copy of a letter from John
-Bythell, apparently the commander of the “Peter,” bound for Dublin.
-The circumstance is too interesting to epitomise, and might suffer in
-graphic description by any attempt to curtail its minute particulars
-intended to interest his father and family.
-
-From this document we learn that the party left Carnarvon for Dublin on
-the 25th of March, 1645:--
-
-
-  [L]“John Bythell his letter to his father Rich: Bythell, in Wyre
-      hall. Wherein the much admired Providence of God is to be
-      observed in commanding the seas, &c.
-
-
-“Loving Father and Mother,--
-
-“My duty remembered unto you, and my love to my brother Peter and my
-sister. These are to certify you that I am in health, but am very sorry
-that I have such an occasion as this to write to you of. But I pray you
-be not dismayed nor discouraged, for I trust that that God that hath
-preserved me from my child-hood, and brought me into these troubles,
-will in his good time deliver me from them again. For when I went into
-a place into Wales, called Carnarvon, with a small barque laden with
-corn, intending to go for Dublin, which [where] it was my fortune to
-stay some six weeks for a wind; in the interim there came some great
-men from Oxford, and pressed the barque for the King’s service to
-carry them to Dublin, and said if I did deny they would throw my corn
-overboard; and they being of that power forced the barque to go out
-with them. There was the Lord Herbert, and the Lord John Somerset, the
-Lord Herbert’s brother, and many knights and colonels and captains,
-all being strangers to me. But as it seemed, and so it fell out, God
-was not pleased to grant them a passage, for we left Carnarvon upon the
-25th day of March, being our Ladyday, with a very fair wind, although
-north-east, and as fair a day as possibly could be. But when we came
-over the bar of Carnarvon the wind began to calm, and to come to the
-south and south-east. And when we had not sailed past three or four
-leagues, but the wind came to the south-west, and began to blow very
-hard about two or three of the clock in the next morning, so that we
-could not possibly get the Holyhead; and it increased more and more
-still, insomuch that when we came to the Skerries the storm grew to
-that [remorselessness?] that the barque had much ado to recover for
-being swallowed up in those great waves. But when we had passed the
-Skerries the wind grew greater and greater, and with much ado we
-recovered the shore with the [ship], but could not possibly gain any
-harbour, but were driven to the main sea. And seeing the danger we were
-now in, the passengers threw over some of my corn and cheese, so we lay
-on the sea Tuesday and Wednesday; and on Thursday we could not gain any
-land but in the North of England, at a place called Pillen; there we
-came to anchor on Thursday about five of the clock in the afternoon.
-But Lord Herbert would not go on shore, nor suffer any that was in the
-barque to land before him. But on the Friday the storm increased more
-and more, insomuch that no man did expect life, but every man prepared
-himself for death. But God (out of his great mercy) was pleased to
-spare our lives for that time most miraculously; for about ten of the
-clock in the morning, about one hour before full sea, the barque not
-being able to ride, we were forced to cast our main-mast overboard,
-and presently after cut both her cables, and committed ourselves to
-God’s mercy. But it pleased God we run on a part of the sand called
-Cockram Sand, near to Pillen, but she struck many times before she came
-near any shore; but at the last we recovered shore, but had neither
-anchor nor cable to hold her, so she did [lie] all a-dry, and as soon
-as she did ebb a-dry all the great men went away that were papists,
-and are got to some garrison under the king’s command. But one Mr.
-Nutterfield and his wife, and one Mr. Argent and his daughter, and one
-Mr. Collour and his wife, and myself, went to Pillen with some few men
-more, to comfort ourselves with the fire and to refresh ourselves. And
-the next morning being Saturday, Mr. Collour and one Mr. Hambleton and
-myself hired horses from Pillen to go to the governor of that place
-to make him acquainted with our landing. His name is Colonel George
-Doddinge, and when we came to him and told him our cause, he said he
-could not do any less than commit us to Lancaster, where now I am, at
-a very good place, one Capt. Rippendshoupe’s. The Colonel was pleased
-to remove me out of the Castle to his house, a very good place, where I
-am well used; but it has pleased the Colonel to seize on all my corn,
-and to take it from me, so that I cannot tell what course to take; for
-all our names are sent up to the Parliament, and the Colonel cannot
-release any till he receives an answer, how we must be disposed of.
-The best course that you can take to have me released will be to make
-some friends to Sir Wm. Brereton and Colonel More, and to procure
-their answer to Colonel Doddinge, and to inform him where I lived,
-and that I never took up any arms on either side, but have lived in
-Ireland this ten years. And so I hope that will be answer to procure my
-enlargement, for here I am a stranger, and am not known by anybody,
-so I desire this truly may be certified, and by the hands of Sir Wm.
-Brereton and Colonel More; and I hope that will give satisfaction.
-I desire my brother Peter to use his best endeavour herein for my
-liberty, and to come to see me. The Colonel hath granted Mr. Collour
-and me the favour [and me _sic_] to send to his friends, being at
-Namptwich, and the same messing [messenger?] to come down from thence
-to you with my letter for fear [if] ours were sent before [they] should
-miscarry, so we sent letters by the Colonel’s directions to Namptwich
-from hence on Wednesday, being the first of April; my letters were
-inclosed in Mr. Collour’s letters, and he desired his father-in-law,
-Lieut.-Col. Jones, Sir Wm. Brereton, Lieut. Coa, that as soon as his
-letters came to his hands, to send my letters down to you. But for fear
-these should miscarry, we have sent the bearer to you with this letter.
-I had all my money taken from me, therefore I pray you to make shift
-to procure me four or five pounds, for I have not a penny but what I
-do borrow. I pray you to send a shirt and two or three bands, for I
-have none left me. I hope my brother Peter will not fail to come and to
-bring these things along with him, that I have written for; so desiring
-you to remember my love to all our friends, especially to Mr. Glegg and
-Mrs. Gregg, to Capt. Edw. and Capt. John Glegg, and to Capt. Robert,
-and to Mr. Wm. and Mrs. Elizabeth and Miss Jones, and all the rest; so
-desiring a happy meeting, I rest,
-
-      “Your loving and obedient son, till death,
-          “JO. BYTHELL.
-
-“Lancaster, 6 April, 1645.
-
-
-“I pray you give the bearer hereof, Mary Goadfine, 2_s_ and 6_d_, and
-make much of her. But let her make what haste she can back again to me.”
-
-
-We have next:--[M]
-
-
-“A list of their names that were aboard the ‘Peter,’ bound for Dublin
-and distressed by storms, and cast upon the coast of Lancashire, and
-[who] afterwards escaped to Skipton Castle.”
-
-
-(The name of the Prisoners taken at Lancaster, 1st April, 1645.)
-
-  The Earl of Glamorgan, the Lord Herbert.
-  The Lord John his brother.
-  Sir Brian, uncle of Sir Francis Edmonds.
-  Sir Charles Hayward, the Duke of Norfolk’s grandchild.
-  Lieut. Vivian Mouelex, a man who was very decrepid.
-  Col. Cave, Col. Mitchell (Irish).
-  Mr. F. Flemmia, a Lancashire man.
-  Captain Mulbrian, Captain Bacon.
-  Mr. Peters, the Lord Peters’ brother, Mr. Poynes.
-  Mr. Hutton, Col. Pristoe, Captain Butler.
-
-
-“Some two or three more whose names are not known to any passenger, but
-they were men of ordinary quality.
-
-“The Protestants that are now prisoners at Lancaster, and went of their
-own voluntary will, and not taken by force, and hired horses.
-
-“Mr. Collham, Mr. Jones, James Hambleton, Jo. Bythell, Mr. Rob.
-Noterfield, his wife and children and three servants; not siding with
-the papists, Mr. Argent a gentleman, his daughter, and Boyes, and his
-maid; Mr. Barker, Mr. Floyde, a minister.
-
-“Two of the Lord Herbert’s men who were taken in their escape after
-their Lordship; two poor sailors.”
-
-Mr. Carte, in his Life of the Duke of Ormond,[22] and Dr. Birch,[19]
-following the same authority, assert that--“The Earl of Glamorgan,
-having embarked on board a small vessel, was near being taken by a
-Parliament ship, which pursued him till he took refuge in a port of
-Cumberland.” This, however, must refer to his second, and not to his
-first, attempt to set sail from Wales.
-
-We can now understand the occasion of delay previously unaccounted for;
-thus, Dr. Birch, after informing us through Mr. Trevor’s letter of the
-9th of April, 1645,[N] that the Earl has actually “gone into Ireland,”
-proceeds in the next page to quote a passage from Lord Digby’s letter,
-dated Dublin, 8th of May, 1645:--“Though I have no full knowledge of
-what Lord Herbert was to bring with him; yet by his letter to me out of
-Wales, I guess his _missing this place_ (Dublin) was a great misfortune
-to the King’s service, even in relation to the credit I found the Irish
-were apt to give to his services and undertakings; and therefore if he
-be where he can _get once more to the water’s edge, and will venture
-over_, I am very confident the little frigate I now send to stay the
-return of the bearer, will land him in some safe port of Ireland.”
-
-In consequence of this arrangement he at length arrived at Dublin about
-the end of July or beginning of August,[22] 1645, being a space of
-about six months from the time of his leaving Oxford.
-
-An incident with which the Earl of Glamorgan was connected occurred
-during his stay in Wales, affords an amusing episode illustrating the
-prevailing superstition of the age, against which his Lordship was
-by no means proof. Dr. Bayly states that: “The Earl, accompanied by
-officers, knights, and gentlemen of high rank, all of the red letter,
-as they were in their journey for Ireland, quartered in the town of
-Carnarvon, a sea-port in North Wales, where they were entertained with
-discourse at their table by some of the gentlemen of the country, who
-informed them of the fulfilling of an old Welsh prophecy, at that
-very time and place.” The legend related to the building of nests in
-the crown on the head of King Edward I., over the gate of Carnarvon
-Castle, and was interpreted as significant of the times. “Dinner being
-ended, they all went to the castle gate.” Thereon the Earl of Glamorgan
-“commanded the nest to be pulled down, which was done accordingly; and
-being thrown down, they found the materials of the nest to be such, as
-wherewith never any bird did build her nest, viz. with white thorn,
-which, for a memorandum or rarity, every one of them stuck a thorn in
-his hat-band, and wore it.”[7]
-
-But we must now, however, revert to Raglan Castle, to keep in view what
-had been passing there in the interim.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] Synopsis of the Peerage.
-
-[74] Nichols.
-
-[13] Birch and others.
-
-[67] Macaulay.
-
-[74] Nichols.
-
-[B] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[C] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[D] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[E] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[25] Carte, Birch and others.
-
-[F] Several lines of numerals have been deciphered as here
-    given.
-
-[13] Birch and others.
-
-[13] Birch and others.
-
-[G] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[H] Birch, p. 359, gives the date 28 Feb. 1645.
-
-[I] Bodleian Library, MS. Vol. “Carte Papers, 1634–57,
-    Ireland,” No. 159.
-
-[25] Carte, vol. vi. p. 353.
-
-[J] Bod. Lib. MS. Vol. “Carte Papers, 1634–1657, Ireland, 63,”
-    Nos. 160 and 161.
-
-[K] Birch’s Inquiry, p. 56.
-
-[22] Carte.
-
-[L] Additional Manuscripts, Brit. Museum, 11,331, Plnt. CLXXIII. E,
-    3 vols. folio. Lettered--“Letter-Book of Sir W. Brereton, 1645.”
-    3 vols. folio. Vol. I. (old page, 13; pencil page, 15.)
-    Indexed--“From John Bythell to his father Richard Bythell in
-    Wyrehall, wherein the providence of God, in commanding the seas,
-    is observable.”
-
-[M] From additional MSS. Brit. Museum, 11,338–3. “Letter Book
-    of Sir W. Brereton, 1645.” 3 vols. folio, Vol. 1, page 69.
-
-[22] Carte.
-
-[19] Birch.
-
-[N] Birch’s Inquiry, p. 58.
-
-[7] Bayly, Ap. XIX.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER VII.
-
-      RAGLAN CASTLE--ROYAL VISITS.
-
-
-While the Earl of Glamorgan was zealously prosecuting Charles the
-First’s designs in Ireland, he had left his Countess under his father’s
-protection at Raglan Castle. At the commencement of this period the
-noble Marquis would be in about the 63rd year of his age, rather
-feeble, and a martyr to gout, which his fondness for claret may have
-aggravated; a pleasant story being related by his chaplain, that on
-the physician recommending abstinence from his favourite beverage, he
-declared that he would rather incur the attacks of his old enemy than
-abandon his favourite claret.[7]
-
-Between the years 1640 and 1641 Raglan Castle had been strongly
-garrisoned, when much activity was evinced in providing and securing
-stores, arms, and the munitions of war. It must, therefore, have worn a
-very animated and impressive appearance, occupied as it was by hundreds
-of soldiers, with a large number of war-horses. The exercising of the
-troops would most likely take place daily in the extensive paved or
-pitched court, under full view of the drawing-room windows, a spacious
-upper apartment, ranging behind the hexagonal towers of the grand
-entrance, all of which remain to this day.
-
-A contemporary writer[93] states that in the hall windows of this
-princely castle might be seen the ancient arms:--Argent, a lion
-rampant, sable, within a garter. Thomas Lord Morley, died 1416; and an
-old carving on the outside walls, representing three lions rampant,
-impaling, a fess, in chief three martlets.
-
-In the adjoining village of Raglan the old parish church of St. Cadocus
-had its large pedestal sun-dial perfect, its yew-tree flourishing, and
-its burial-ground hedged in with trees. Within the sacred edifice, the
-Worcester chapel possessed its funeral ornaments in varieties of fine
-marble, sculptured with artistic skill. Against the north wall was the
-statue of an armed knight, in parliamentary robes, decorated with the
-Garter, in memory of William Somerset, who died 21st of March, 1589,
-aged 61 years. Another fair monument consisted of two statues, male
-and female, under an arch between the chancel and this chapel; he in
-parliamentary robes, garter, badge, _sans gloire_, an earl’s crown, and
-the privy-seal purse. Edward Somerset died 1627–8.[93]
-
-Dr. Bayly, in his capacity of chaplain to the then Marquis of
-Worcester, appears to have resided in the Castle from 1643 to 1646. His
-collection of the Marquis’s sayings and family anecdotes, under the
-title of “Apophthegms,” includes some antecedent matters related on the
-authority of others. He expressly remarks:--“I have lived in Raglan
-Castle three years, and in all that time I never saw a man drunk, nor
-heard an oath amongst any of all his servants; neither did I ever see a
-better ordered family.”
-
-He describes from hearsay, in his usual gossiping strain, the ceremony
-of a mock wedding, which was conducted as a kind of masque at the
-Castle some years previously, on the occasion of the marriage of
-the Marquis’s fourth daughter Elizabeth to Francis Brown, Viscount
-Montagu, the particulars of which graphically illustrate the domestic
-manners and customs prevailing in those times, affording also a fair
-example of the Marquis’s own peculiar humour, and further offering a
-scene in which there can be little doubt that the then Lord Herbert
-fully participated: for he would scarcely have absented himself on so
-important an occasion as that of his sister’s marriage.
-
-Dr. Bayly expresses himself as not being sure whether the mock ceremony
-happened on the occasion of Lord Herbert’s marriage, or on that of his
-fourth sister Elizabeth.[23] However, it seems that no sooner had the
-marriage party been seated at the feast provided for the occasion,
-than, as the chaplain states, “Tom Deputy, an old bachelor, chanced
-to cast his eye upon a pretty piece of waiting woman, one of the
-appurtenances of this honourable bride. He, this jovial Tom, having
-whetted his wits by the sides of the marriage bowl, fixes upon her,
-being enabled sufficiently thereby to follow any humour, as a fit
-subject to make their lordships some sport; which happened to be so
-suitable to the occasion and so well performed, that it soon captivated
-the ears also.” Tom, being informed he may have the lady for asking,
-makes that request of the fair bride, remarking, “I protest I will
-marry her, and fancy myself to be a lord, and herself a lady. _My mind
-to me a kingdom is_, which shall make her a sufficient jointure.”
-
-“Tom, Tom,” said the Marquis, “such men as you and I, whose joints are
-enfeebled with the strokes of many years, must not think to win young
-maids, by promising to make them jointures of the mind, but will you
-make her Deputy of Deputy Hall? and landlady of all the land that is
-belonging to it? and mistress of all the stock that is upon the land,
-and goods that are within the house, and then you shall hear what my
-daughter[A] and her waiting woman will say unto you.”
-
-“With all my heart,” said Tom, “and all the hogs and poultry that are
-about the house to boot, and she shall lie upon six feather-beds the
-first night.”
-
-Matters being arranged after some jocular preliminary promises, Tom
-telling the bride that they were agreed, the lady drank to him, he
-promising to marry her after dinner; the only difficulty appearing to
-arise from the want of wedding clothes. The Marquis, willing to remove
-that obstacle, told Tom that he thought his clothes would fit him, and
-bid him go into his wardrobe, and take what he had a mind to.
-
-“Give me your key,” said Tom; and receiving it, went up, and equipped
-himself with the Marquis’s beaver hat, satin cloak laid with plush,
-daubed with a gold and silver lace, suit of the same, silk-stockings,
-with roses and garters suitable, inside and outside, cap-a-pie, all as
-brave as if he carried a lordship on his back.
-
-“The lady bride takes her woman aside, and dresses her in one of her
-richest and newest gowns, with all things answerable thereto, not
-without some store of slight jewels, and brings her down as glorious as
-the morn that breaks from the eastern hill, and chases night away.
-
-“Tom acted this scene of mirth in the Hall, which proved to be a thing
-of that convenience, as if it had been an act of some set policy to
-keep the crowd out of the parlour, that the Masquers might have room
-enough to dance in. At last, when the Masque was ended, and Time had
-brought in supper, the Cushion led the dance out of the Parlour into
-the Hall,[B] and saluted the old new-made bridgroom and his lady,
-leading them into the parlour to a table which was furnished with the
-same allowance that was allotted for all the nobles; where they were
-soon forced to sit down,” and were bountifully served.
-
-“Supper being ended, the Marquis of Worcester asked the Lady, his
-daughter, if she had a hundred pounds about her. No, my Lord, she
-answered, but I can send for as much. I pray do, said the Marquis, but
-it must be all in gold. She sent for it accordingly, presenting it to
-her father, who pulled out another purse of a hundred pieces; and put
-the two hundred pieces in the basin, saying--‘Madam, if you do not
-give earnest, Deputy will tell you in the morning, that he married
-your woman but in jest.’ Whereupon some gave fifty, others forty, some
-twenty, others ten, the least gave five pieces, who sat at the table,
-in all seven hundred pounds; the apparel and other gifts amounting to
-no less value than one thousand pounds, which so transported the old
-man, that he protested, that now he was in the humour, he would marry
-all the waiting gentlewomen they had; one every day in the week, as
-long as the wedding lasted.”
-
-Thomas, however, was at that period of the entertainment overcome with
-the potent effects of the good wine of which he had freely partaken.
-The Marquis, desirous of making the practical experiment of trying
-whether Thomas could be persuaded that the past was all a dream; had
-him carried to his old lodging in the Porter’s Lodge, and disrobed
-of his fine clothes, which was done accordingly. Next morning the
-experiment realized all their expectations; and the Marquis, after many
-good exhortations to both parties, delivered unto them the money that
-had been collected.
-
-During the troubles preceding the civil war, a circumstance occurred
-at the castle which establishes the early attachment of the Earl of
-Glamorgan to scientific and mechanical pursuits, whilst it affords
-tolerably conclusive proof of his having actually constructed the
-identical invention which has immortalized his name.
-
-Dr. Bayly informs us, to quote his own words, that “At the beginning
-of this Parliament (Nov. 1640), there were certain rustics who came
-into Raglan Castle to search for arms, his Lordship being a Papist.”
-The Marquis met them at the castle gate, desiring to know whether they
-came to take away his money, seeing they intended to disarm him. They
-stated that they made the application merely in consequence of his
-being a recusant. To which he replied, “he was a peer of the realm, and
-no convict recusant, therefore the law could not in reason take notice
-of any such things.” Finding some sharp and dubious expressions coming
-from the Marquis, they were at last willing to take his word; but he,
-not wishing to part with them on such easy terms, had before resolved
-to return them one fright for another. With that view he conveyed them
-up and down the castle, until at length he “brought them over a high
-bridge that arched over the moat, that was between the castle and the
-great tower,[C] wherein the Lord Herbert had newly contrived certain
-water-works, which, when the several engines and wheels were to be set
-a-going, much quantity of water, through the hollow conveyances of the
-aqueducts, was to be let down from the top of the high tower; which,
-upon the first entrance of these wonderful asinegoes, the Marquis had
-given order that these cataracts should begin to fall, which made
-such a fearful and hideous noise, by reason of the hollowness of the
-tower, and neighbouring echoes of the castle, and the waters that were
-between, and round about, that there was such a roaring as if the mouth
-of hell had been wide open, and all the devils conjured up, occasioning
-the poor silly men to stand so amazed, as if they had been half dead;
-and yet they saw nothing. At last, as the plot was laid, up came a man
-staring and running, crying out, _Look to yourselves, my masters, for
-the lions are got loose_. Whereupon the searchers tumbled so over one
-another escaping down the stairs, that it was thought one half of them
-would break their necks, never looking behind them until out of sight
-of the castle.”[23]
-
-It was probably not long after the commencement of the civil war that
-the occurrence we have next to notice happened at the castle, affecting
-the then Lord Herbert, which is related by the family chronicler in
-his 48th Apophthegm thus:--“My Lord Herbert of Raglan (eldest son of
-the Marquis) came into Raglan Castle, attended with 40 or 50 officers
-and commanders; and his business with his father being about procuring
-from the old man more money for the King, the Lord Herbert in his
-request unto his father (unhappily and unawares) chanced to use the
-word _must_; which his father (the Marquis) laying hold on, asked him,
-_Must you? I pray take it_; and threw him the keys of his treasury, out
-of his pocket; whereat his son was wonderfully out of countenance,
-and abashed (being otherwise ever a dutiful and respectful son to his
-father) replied:‘Sir, the word was out before I was aware, I do not
-intend to put it in force; I pray will you put up your key again?’
-
-“To which the Marquis returned his son these words. ‘Truly, son, I
-shall think my keys not safe in my pocket, whilst you have so many
-swords by your side; nor that I have the command of my house whilst you
-have so many officers in it; nor that I am at my own disposal, whilst
-you have so many commanders.’
-
-“My Lord (replied the son), I do not intend that they shall stay in the
-castle, I mean they shall be gone.
-
-“I pray let them (said the Marquis), and have care that _must_ do not
-stay behind.
-
-“Whereat, after my Lord Herbert was gone out of the room, there were
-some who, as mannerly as they could, blamed the Marquis for his too
-much severity to his son, after that he had seen him express so much
-of sorrow for that over-slip; whereupon the Marquis replied:--‘Hark
-ye, if my son be dejected, I can raise him when I please; but it is
-a question, if he should once take a head, whether I could bring him
-lower when I list. Ned was not wont to use such courtship to me, and I
-believe he intended a better word for his father; but _must_ was for
-the King.’”[23]
-
-In August, 1644, Charles the First wrote to the Marquis, in the
-following gracious and flattering terms:[D]
-
-
-“WORCESTER,
-
-“I am sensible of the great affection which you and your son have
-expressed unto me, by eminent services, and of the means he may have
-of doing me more in that way wherein he is now engaging himself, that
-I cannot choose, before his going, but express unto you, in a very
-particular manner, the value I have of you both, and to assure you,
-that if God bless me, I will not be behind-hand with either of you. In
-the meantime, finding your son so much more desirous that there should
-be placed upon you some mark of my favour, rather than upon himself,
-I have thought fit to let you know that as soon as I shall confer the
-Order of the Garter upon any, you shall receive it as a testimony of my
-being,
-
-      “Your assured constant friend,
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“Liskeard, Aug. 2nd, 1644.”
-
-
-And again, the same month, he further assured and
-promised him as follows:--[E]
-
-
-“WORCESTER,
-
-“Yours and your son’s daily endeavours to serve me, makes me think
-which way to give you assurance of my gracious acceptance. And,
-therefore, as a further testimony, I have sent you this enclosed,
-only known to him and me, and fit, for several reasons of importance
-to you and me, to be kept private, until I shall esteem the time
-convenient, when, as God shall enable me, I will show my tender care
-of you and yours; as, by a match propounded for your grandchild, you
-will easily judge; the particulars I leave to your son, Glamorgan his
-relation, which I have commanded him to make to you only; and you may
-be confident that I so much esteem your merits, and your upholding your
-son in my service (wherein no subject I have equals either of you), as
-that I cannot think anything too much that lies in my power; though,
-as yet, some considerations hinder me from doing all I would towards
-you and yours. But, by your son’s endeavours, I make no question but
-in short time to pass them so over, as that I shall make good the
-intentions I have, to manifest that I esteem your services such as
-my words cannot express them; nor I, but by showing myself at all
-occasions, and in all things to be,
-
-      “Your assured friend,
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“For the Marquis of Worcester.”
-
-
-Which communication conveyed the following enclosure, prepared some
-time previously.[F]
-
-
-“CHARLES R.
-
-“Our will and pleasure is, that you prepare a bill for our signature,
-for creating our right trusty and entirely-beloved cousin, Henry,
-Marquis of Worcester, Duke of Somerset, to him and the heirs male of
-his body issuing, with all the privileges and immunities thereunto
-belonging, and with a grant of an annuity of fifty pounds yearly, to
-be paid to him and them, out of our customs of Swansea, in our county
-of Glamorgan, for the support of the said dignity, for which this
-shall be your sufficient warrant. Given at our Court in Oxford, the
-sixth day of January, in the twentieth year of our reign.
-
-      “To our Attorney or Solicitor-General
-        “for the time being.”
-
-
-After the fatal battle of Naseby, 14th June, 1645, the position of
-Charles the First becoming desperate, he early sought the repose and
-security afforded by Raglan Castle, with the equally or more important
-purpose of stimulating a further drain on the fast diminishing
-resources of its munificent proprietor. It will be requisite to
-relate some particulars in reference to these royal visits from their
-connection with this memoir, incidentally proving the position and
-prospects of the Earl of Glamorgan; while they account for much of both
-his father’s and his own misplaced confidence in the fickle monarch
-and false friend, whose obligations to the aged Marquis of Worcester
-and his noble minded son were equally of personal as well as political
-importance to him, during the many mischances of his career at that
-most critical period of his reign.
-
-On Thursday, the 3rd of July, 1645, late in the afternoon, Charles the
-First arrived at Raglan Castle, where he was received with all possible
-state and ceremony. We are informed that:--When the King first entered
-the castle, the Marquis having kissed the King’s hand, on rising, he
-saluted his Majesty with the compliment--_Domine non sum dignus_. The
-King replied:--“My Lord, I may very well answer you again; I have not
-found so great faith in Israel; for no man would trust me with so much
-money as you have done.” To which the Marquis rejoined:--“I hope your
-Majesty will prove a defender of the faith.”[23] He was entertained to
-supper on the occasion, remaining at the castle until Wednesday, the
-16th of the same month, when his Majesty left to proceed to Cardiff.
-
-From a Warrant issued on the 5th of July, 1645, we learn the losses
-sustained by and the situation of the Earl of Glamorgan’s regiment of
-horse. It is a manuscript in the Harleian Collection, as follows:--[G]
-
-“Whereas the Earl of Glamorgan’s regiment of horse being over at least
-200, is now by reason of continual duty, 2 troops taken from it, and
-60: (_sic_) more lost in fight, much weaker, therefore it is desired
-that the remainder of this horse may be by order secured in Colonel
-Lingen’s regiment; till such time the rest of the money by the said
-Earl, appointed for the raising of his regiment, may be received.”
-
-On Friday, the 18th of July, his Majesty returning to the Castle dined
-there, continuing his visit until the 22nd, when he set out for a
-place called The Creek. In the evening, however, he had supper at the
-Castle, and remained there until Thursday, the 24th. He purposed going
-to Bristol, but apprehending the approach of the Scots, on arriving
-at The Creek, he went thence to Newport, Cardiff, Radnor, and Ludlow
-Castle. After a lapse of six weeks, his Majesty, on Sunday, the 7th of
-September, paid his third visit to Raglan Castle in time to partake of
-supper. He staid until Monday, the 15th of September,[H] when he took a
-final leave of his bountiful host. During this last visit his Majesty
-appears, on different occasions, to have gone to Abergavenny on the 8th
-and 11th, attended with his guards.[56]
-
-Much misapprehension prevails respecting these royal visits, which it
-is clear were made on three distinct occasions, his Majesty staying the
-first time thirteen days, on the second six days, and on the last eight
-days.
-
-A singular instance of the Marquis’s freedom in addressing the King
-occurs in the following statement made by his chaplain:--[23]
-
-“The Marquis had a mind to tell the King as handsomely as he could,
-of some of his (as he thought) faults; and thus he contrived his plot
-against the time that his Majesty was wont to give his Lordship a
-visit, as commonly he used to do, after dinner. His Lordship had the
-book of John Gower[I] lying before him on the table; the King, casting
-his eye upon the book, told the Marquis that he had never seen it
-before.
-
-“Oh,” said the Marquis, “it is a book of books, which if your Majesty
-had been well versed in, it would have made you a King of Kings.”
-
-“Why so, my Lord?” said the King.
-
-“Why,” said the Marquis, “here is set down how Aristotle brought up and
-instructed Alexander the Great in all his rudiments, and the principles
-belonging to a prince.”
-
-“And under the persons of Alexander and Aristotle, he read the King
-such a lesson, that all the standers by were amazed at his boldness;
-and the King, supposing that he had gone further than his text would
-have given him leave, asked the Marquis whether he had his lesson by
-heart, or whether he spoke out of the book.
-
-“Sir,” the Marquis replied, “if you could read my heart, it may be you
-might find it there; or if your Majesty please to get it by heart, I
-will lend you my book.”
-
-“Which latter proffer the King accepted, and did borrow it.
-
-“Nay,” said the Marquis, “I will lend it you upon these conditions: 1.
-That you read it; and 2. That you make use of it.”
-
-“But perceiving how some of the new made Lords fretted and bit their
-thumbs at certain passages in the Marquis’s discourse, he thought a
-little to please his Majesty, though he displeased them, the men who
-were so much displeased already, protesting unto his Majesty that no
-man was so much for the absolute power of a King as Aristotle. Desiring
-the book out of the King’s hand, he told the King he would show him one
-remarkable passage to that purpose; turning to that place that had this
-verse, viz.:--
-
-
-    “A king can kill, a king can save,
-     A king can make a lord a knave,
-       And of a knave, a lord also, &c.”
-
-
-“Whereupon there were divers new-made Lords who slunk out of the room,
-which the King observing, told the Marquis--
-
-“My Lord, at this rate you will drive away all my nobility.”
-
-“I protest unto your Majesty,” the Marquis replied, “I am as new a made
-lord as any of them all, but I was never called knave and rogue so much
-in all my life, as I have been since I received this last honour; and
-why should they not bear their shares?”
-
-An incident is related as occurring during one of the entertainments
-given to the royal visitor, which is too characteristic to be omitted.
-A dessert of Welsh grown fruit having been provided, had to be
-presented to the King. Sir Thomas Somerset, the Marquis’s brother,
-living at Troy House, five miles from Raglan, delighted much in fine
-gardens and orchards, ordering and replenishing them with all the
-varieties of choicest fruits. He sent his brother a present of fair,
-ripe fruit, which the Marquis could not suffer to be presented to
-the King by any other hands than his own, the particulars of which
-are circumstantially detailed by Dr. Bayly, who was very likely an
-eye-witness. He says:--“In comes the Marquis to the King, at the latter
-end of the supper, led by the arm, having such a goodly presence
-with him, that his being led became him, rather like some ceremony
-of state, than show of impotence; and his slow pace, occasioned by
-his infirmity, expressed a Spanish gravity rather than feebleness.
-Thus, with a silver dish in each hand filled with rarities, and a
-little basket upon his arm, as a supply in case his Majesty should be
-over-bountiful of his favours to the ladies that were standers by.”
-Making his third obeisance, he, in his own peculiar mode of pleasantry,
-presenting the fruit, observed: “I assure your Majesty that this
-present came from Troy.”
-
-The royal reply was no less witty. The King, smiling, said, “Truly, my
-Lord, I have heard that corn now grows where Troy town stood, but I
-never thought there had grown any apricots there before.”[23]
-
-During his stay at Raglan the King made the tour of neighbouring towns.
-At the Castle he was sumptuously entertained; the apartment he occupied
-is still marked by its fine large remaining window, and its proximity
-to the picture gallery; also the Pleasaunce or Bowling-green, where he
-sought amusement and exercise.
-
-It was most likely about or soon after the King’s last visit that the
-next circumstance occurred we shall have to record affecting the Earl
-of Glamorgan, which is related as follows by Dr. Bayly:--[23]
-
-“My Lord Herbert, after that he had sufficiently exhausted his father,
-by all the means he could possibly use, for his Majesty’s relief, and
-had taken up all his father’s moneys far and near, where he could
-either prevail with force or argument, he chanced to hear of a sum of
-money to the value of £6000, which the Marquis had committed to the
-Lord John (his son), his care and trusty preservation abroad. This
-money my Lord Herbert happened to hear of, and acquaints the King
-therewith, engaging the King in the business, and tells the King,
-that if he would send for his brother the Lord John, to come unto him,
-and would say but thus and thus unto him, that he would undertake he
-might have the £6000. The King’s occasions were then urgent (being then
-before Gloucester, and hard pinched for lack of money); through my Lord
-Herbert’s persuasion, my Lord John was sent for, came, and the business
-took effect; the King promising to repay it by such a time. When time
-and suspicion persuaded the Marquis to call in his money, excuses
-made delays for a time, but at last all excuses being set apart, by
-importunity, the Marquis wished his son John to go and fetch the money,
-or else never to see his face any more; part of which injunction the
-Lord John performed, but never the other. Not long after the Lord
-Herbert coming to his father, his father received him with wonted, but
-unexpected, cheerfulness. It so happened that my Lord Herbert began to
-excuse himself unto his father, concerning this business; on whom the
-father bestowed this language:--‘Son, I pray save yourself the labour,
-for I do not blame you at all, neither am I angry with you; for I never
-trusted you with the money. I love no man the worse for following his
-profession; and you have made it your profession (all along) to deceive
-your father, to help the King; but I do not love a man that will take
-away another man’s profession from him, and deceive his own father of
-his money, and his brother of his calling.’”
-
-In 1650, the chronicler of this anecdote dedicated his book to the
-subject of it, in the following strain:--“The many favours which I
-received from your noble family, especially from your Lordship, wrought
-upon a disposition, some-deal a pretender unto gratitude, how it might,
-in some measure or other, answer the respect and clear the heart, that
-had lain charged so long with benefits.” Such expressions seem to
-qualify the sense in which the affair just related should be taken,
-coming as it does from no unfriendly hand, and certainly could never
-have been indited in the way of serious censure on the prevailing
-character of Lord Herbert. While we cannot omit relating so striking a
-family incident, it evidently should not be too rigidly construed, when
-the recorder of it dedicates the recital to Lord Herbert himself at a
-future day, without offering any apology for introducing a narrative,
-which, to modern ears, reads exceedingly harsh and offensive; but it is
-clear that the Sub-Dean of Wells, never contemplated any unfavourable
-construction, relying probably on the generally well known character of
-his Lordship at the time of publication.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[7] Bayly.
-
-[93] Symonds.
-
-[93] Symonds.
-
-[23] Bayly, Ap. XX.
-
-[A] Elizabeth, his fourth daughter.
-
-[B] The Banqueting Hall. See plan, preceding Chapter I.
-
-[C] The Citadel, or Yellow tower of Gwent. The bridge crossing the
-    moat was a gothic arched bridge, terminating with a drawbridge,
-    leading direct from the tower to the bridge. See Plan of the
-    Castle, preceding Chapter I.
-
-[23] Bayly, Ap. LI.
-
-[23] Bayly, Ap. XLVIII
-
-[D] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[E] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[F] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[23] Bayly, Ap. VIII.
-
-[G] Mus. Brit. Bibl. Harl. 6852. Plut. LXIV. F.
-
-[H] Symonds in his Diary states that, on “Sunday, 14th [Sep.],
-    About noon his Majesty left Raglan, and marched to Monmouth; thence
-    that night to Hereford.”
-
-[56] Somers’ Tracts,--Iter Carolinum.
-
-[23] Bayly, Ap. XIV.
-
-[I] Gower, the poet.
-
-[23] Bayly, Ap. IX. and Ap. XLIX.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER VIII.
-
-      THE EARL OF GLAMORGAN’S SECOND VISIT TO IRELAND.
-
-
-The Earl of Glamorgan, actuated by private claims and public business
-visited Ireland early in 1645, as already stated. Returning to England
-he again set out for Ireland in March of the same year, but being
-defeated in his intentions, he had to delay his departure until some
-months later, arriving at length in Dublin either in July or August.
-
-The Marquis of Ormond had been fully apprized of his Lordship’s mission
-through Charles the First’s letter from Oxford, dated the 27th of
-December, 1644, as also by personal communications with his Lordship
-during his first visit. The powers granted by the Crown to the Earl of
-Glamorgan and the nature of his patent, dated 1st of April, 1644–5,
-are matters of history, so remarkable as to have been already made
-the subject of distinct treatises, and their peculiar features ably
-discussed by Dr. Birch and others.
-
-The dates of his Lordship’s several commissions and powers are:--I. On
-the 6th of January, 1644–5, a commission, of which a Latin translation
-is given in the Nuncio’s Memoirs.[A] II. Another commission dated the
-12th of January, 1644–5.[B] III. Another warrant dated the 12th of
-March, 1644–5. And IV. a patent granting him, as Earl of Glamorgan,
-most extensive and extraordinary powers, dated the 1st of April, 1644–5.
-
-At this period the Marquis of Ormond addressed a letter to the Earl,
-as follows:--[C]
-
-
-“MY LORD,
-
-“Mr. O’Neill hath with him, to be delivered to the Commissioners that
-treated here, two kinds of dispatches, the one an answer to their
-paper of the 11th of November, which contains likewise conditional
-answers to the several requests made upon the propositions that were,
-for the most part, debated on in your Grace’s presence. This is drawn
-and sent with the full approbation of the Council; the other contains
-some observations of mine, together with undertakings in some points
-wherein I held it unseasonable to press the Council to a concurrence,
-considering that, in the paper transmitted by their advice, there
-is a clear and full obligation, both upon them and me, to transmit
-as bills whatsoever his Majesty shall hereafter direct for the good
-of his subjects. In these two I have stretched my authority to the
-uttermost that, either with safety to the treaty or myself it will
-endure, which meeting with equal desires of accommodation there, I
-doubt not will produce the intended effects of seasonable succour to
-his Majesty; and therein of safety to his kingdom. Having told your
-Grace that I am at the highest I will venture on in this great affair,
-I should beseech your Grace for accomplishment of those noble ends that
-induced you through so great and apparent dangers to undertake this
-your journey, now to set all your strength upon bringing it to a good
-(that is a speedy) conclusion; but my experience of your judgment and
-indefatigable industry informs me that such a request is needless.
-
-“We have here reports (made I believe without ground of truth) of the
-manner of the Italian Bishop’s reception at Kilkenny; but though I
-believe not all here said of his errand, yet I conceive your Grace may
-observe something, the knowledge whereof might direct me how to govern
-myself, in the account I take myself obliged to give his Majesty of the
-coming of so unbidden a guest into his kingdom.
-
-“I have not yet had time to put your commands touching the parties
-mentioned in your last letter, received by Col. Fitzwilliams, into a
-way of execution; but I shall not fail to satisfy your Grace, either in
-doing the things or in giving such reasons why I could not, as shall
-still manifest my being
-
-      “Your Grace’s most faithful Kinsman,
-        “and humblest servant,
-            “ORMOND.
-
-“Dub. Cast. 22 of Novem. 1645.”
-
-
-This communication contains the Marquis’s remarkable expression of
-confidence in the Earl of Glamorgan, when he says--“my experience of
-your judgment and indefatigable industry.” Only that courtiers are as
-little to be put faith in as princes, one might take this as sufficient
-evidence of the King’s false estimate of his Lordship’s “judgment,” as
-expressed in his letter to the Marquis.[D]
-
-His Lordship’s negotiations with the Irish related to the raising of
-a body of 10,000 men to be transported to England in the royal cause;
-their first destination being for the relief of Chester, which measure
-was to be promoted through certain arrangements to conclude a peace
-with the rebellious party in Ireland: to be mainly effected through
-important concessions being made to the Irish Roman Catholic Clergy, to
-afford extended religious liberty to their cause in Ireland.
-
-It had been arranged that the political articles of peace, to be
-made with the Lord Lieutenant, should be published at once; but other
-articles, affecting the Roman Catholic religion, concluded with the
-Earl of Glamorgan, were meanwhile to be kept secret, until ratified by
-his Majesty himself. The Lord Lieutenant was disposed to act liberally;
-but the Earl of Glamorgan, from his political and religious bias,
-combined with his warm, enthusiastic disposition, was fully disposed to
-approve and support demands in which he saw no extravagance, but, on
-the contrary, anticipated much real benefit to his own party.
-
-All his Lordship’s negotiations, treaties, plans, promises, all
-his well laid schemes, and all the plottings of his party broke
-down through delays and repeated disasters, further promoted by the
-pertinacity with which the clergy held out to the last for the entire
-acceptance and complete settlement of their every demand; indeed the
-Nuncio went so far as to insist on the necessity of having a Roman
-Catholic Lord Lieutenant.
-
-On the 24th of December, 1645, the Earl of Glamorgan went from Kilkenny
-to Dublin to confer with the Marquis of Ormond. On the 25th he was
-received by the Lord Lieutenant with the greatest possible civility,
-and every assurance of regard for his Lordship. But on the 27th, the
-whole course of events had changed, causing his Excellency to adopt a
-totally different line of conduct; an unexpected circumstance having
-meanwhile brought to light transactions of which he was not previously
-cognisant, which naturally aroused his worst suspicions, at so critical
-a period.
-
-Dr. Birch has very lucidly narrated the particulars. The Popish
-Archbishop of Tuam, President of Connaught, and one of the Supreme
-Council at Kilkenny, going into Ulster to visit his diocese, and put
-into execution an order for arrears of his Bishopric, granted to
-him by that Council, met with a body of Irish troops marching to
-besiege Sligo, and joined with them. When they came near that town,
-the garrison made a sally on the 17th of October, charged the troops,
-utterly routed them, killing the Archbishop of Tuam in the encounter;
-among whose baggage was found an authentic copy, attested and signed
-by several bishops, of the treaty concluded with them by the Earl of
-Glamorgan; together with an order from the Supreme Council for the
-arrears of his Archbishopric; a bull of the Pope; and several letters
-between the Archbishop and his agents at Rome, Paris, and other
-places.[E]
-
-The result of these disclosures was, that when the Council was
-assembled at Dublin on the 26th of December, 1645, the Lord Digby came
-to the board, and charging the Earl with suspicion of high treason,
-moved that his person might be secured. This done, he proceeded to
-substantiate the charge on most irrefragable evidence; wherefore the
-Lord Lieutenant and Council gave a warrant for the commitment of the
-Earl to the custody of the Constable of Dublin Castle, in condition of
-a close prisoner.[13]
-
-We have uninterruptedly, thus far, followed Lord Herbert, seen him
-created Earl of Glamorgan, and eventually engaged by Charles the First
-in an extraordinary and extra-official capacity in Ireland; where he
-was delegated by the King to act in certain matters intended to promote
-the royal cause. So secret and so unheard of was this mysterious
-affair, that it is without a parallel in history. A Protestant monarch
-and a Roman Catholic nobleman are the sole actors in this strange
-drama; a monarch whose crown was tottering to its fall consequent
-on successive losses, opposed to surprising successes continually
-accruing to his enemies; for the battle fields of Marston Moor and of
-Naseby were alone sufficiently disheartening to have paralysed even
-a stouter heart; yet he finds in addition that, to the surrender of
-Bristol, he may soon have to add that of the strong city of Chester.
-His immediate necessities, added to the increasing expenses of the
-long continued war, were rapidly impoverishing not only his nobles
-but the country. While his own and the public distress thus gradually
-lessened every prospect of success, one last ray of hope seemed to
-present itself to the unhappy monarch. There was still a chance of
-succour from Ireland, the acceptance of which, however, was fraught
-with many difficulties. The loyalty of the Irish, it was quite evident,
-could only be ensured by nothing short of conciliatory measures of a
-more than ordinary nature, especially if desired to bring over to his
-service ten thousand of his Irish subjects.
-
-The King had written from Liskeard, in August, 1644, to the enfeebled
-Marquis of Worcester, respecting himself and his son, of “the value I
-have of you both,” assuring him, “that if God bless me, I will not be
-behindhand with either of you.”
-
-The most ordinary delays pressed heavily on his Majesty, whose nerves
-seem to have been completely unstrung by successive misfortunes and
-the pitiable state of his entire kingdom. In June, 1645, he expressed
-himself to the Earl of Glamorgan, “I am _glad_ to hear that you
-are gone to Ireland;” so keenly alive was he to the importance of
-the mission on which he had engaged him, and in one short sentence
-expresses the sincere trust of his heart, when he says--“So that,
-by the grace of God, I hope shortly to recover my late loss with
-advantage, if such succours come to me from that kingdom, which I
-have reason to expect, _but_ the circumstance of _time_ is that
-of the _greatest consequence_, being that which is _chiefliest and
-earnestliest_ recommended you.”
-
-No one better knew than Charles the First himself, that he was
-incurring great risk, that he was adopting a bold, daring course, which
-success would scarcely palliate, which nothing but his own ideas of
-expediency could extenuate, and from the effects of which, at best, he
-could only hope to escape by artifice or by some strange amplification
-of his royal prerogative. Whatever might be the issue, the King well
-knew that the means he had taken would divide the opinions of all
-classes, and leave the final decision open to endless litigation. Such,
-indeed, has been the result even of its failure, but the success of the
-Earl’s negotiations would have brought far more important interests to
-bear on the questions involved in such strange transactions, than has
-ever yet occupied the pens of historians or biographers.
-
-The plan for realizing this last hopeful event appeared well arranged.
-The agent employed was unexceptionable, he was eminently loyal, he had
-laid his fortune in his royal master’s lap, and zealously offered to
-do his bidding to the utmost of his power. The King was not wanting
-in condescension, affability and every gracious expression in the
-acknowledgment of the money and means raised by, and the energetic
-operations throughout, of the Earl of Glamorgan. He and his father
-were further each offered a dukedom; and a matrimonial alliance was to
-rivet their future connexion. But the King had his confidence in this
-singular mission strengthened materially by his intimate knowledge
-that both as being in accordance with his religious and political
-sympathies, the Earl was the most fitting instrument he could employ
-in so delicate an undertaking. In what respect the Earl of Glamorgan
-acted inconsistently or over-zealously in this perilous affair does not
-appear; while, on the contrary, his wonderful tact, patient submission,
-and judgment throughout make his remarkable discretion in every act
-conspicuous.
-
-The Earl of Glamorgan, on the 5th of January, 1645–6, was formally
-examined before the Lord Lieutenant and the Council of Ireland, a copy
-of which proceeding the Committee forwarded to Secretary Nicholas,
-the nature of which will be understood from the following copy of
-interrogations put to him, with his replies annexed:--[F]
-
-1. “Did your Lordship enter into Articles of Agreement with the Rt.
-Hon. Richard Lord Viscount Mountgarret, Donogh Lord Viscount Muskerry,
-Alexander McDonnell, and Nicholas Plunkett, Esq.; Sir Robert Talbott,
-Bart; Dermott O’Bryen, John Dillon, Patrick Darcy and Geffry Browne,
-Esqs., for and on the behalf of his Majesty’s Roman Catholic subjects,
-and the Catholic Clergy of Ireland, or with any of them, and with
-which of them in the month of August last, or at any time since
-your Lordship’s coming into Ireland, for or concerning any grants,
-or commissions, to be made on behalf of his Majesty, his heirs and
-successors, to his Roman Catholic subjects, or their clergy; or did
-your Lordship make any articles or agreement with any other person or
-persons, for or concerning any such grants or commissions?”
-
-_Earl of Glamorgan’s Answer._ “That being at Kilkenny, he did before
-Michaelmas last (but knows not the exact time), enter into Articles
-of agreement with the Lord Viscount Mountgarret, and for and on the
-behalf, &c.; for and concerning certain grants or concessions made
-on the behalf of his Majesty, &c.; and he did not make any Articles
-or agreements with any other person or persons for or concerning any
-such grants or concessions other than those in this his examination
-mentioned, for the matter of which he refers himself to the Articles;
-and that an oath of secrecy was taken by himself and the others to
-keep the said Articles secret, and conceives he hath done nothing but
-what he hath warrant for; and done without intention of prejudice to
-his Majesty’s peace and service, or to the Protestant religion, all
-circumstances considered.”
-
-2. “Was there any counterpart of the said Articles delivered by the
-persons above named, or any of them, or by any other, unto your
-Lordship? And if so what have you done therewith? Who were the
-witnesses at the signing, sealing and delivering thereof; and where or
-in whose custody or keeping are the said Articles or counterpart? And
-were not John Somerset, Geffry Brown and Robert Barry present at the
-signing, sealing, and delivering of the said Articles, and subscribed
-their names?”
-
-_Answer._ “That there was a counterpart to deliver to him, and it
-remains among his things at Kilkenny or Bonretty; he remembers not all
-witnesses, but refers to the counterpart, only he remembers Geffry
-Brown (who was entrusted to write the Articles), signed as a witness,
-and so did Lord John Somerset, whom he called to sign, but he did not
-read the Articles.”
-
-3. “What is the substance of the said Articles?”
-
-_Answer._ “He refers to the Articles for the substance.”
-
-4. “Did your Lordship grant, conclude, and agree on the behalf of
-his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, to and with the persons
-in the first interrogatory named, or any of them, or any others,
-that the Roman Catholic Clergy of the said kingdom should and might
-from thenceforth for ever hold and enjoy all, and every such lands,
-tenements, tithes, hereditaments whatsoever by them respectively
-enjoyed within this kingdom, or by them possessed at any time since the
-23rd of October, 1641, and all other such lands, tenements, tithes,
-and hereditaments belonging to the Clergy within this kingdom, other
-than such as are now actually enjoyed by all his Majesty’s Protestant
-Clergy; or did your Lordship make any grant, conclusion, or agreement
-to the like effect.”
-
-_Answer._ “He refers as before, but conceives the Articles are not
-obligatory to his Majesty (to which he afterwards desired might be
-added these words, _and yet without any just blemish of my honour, my
-honesty, or my conscience_.)”
-
-5. “Did the said Richard Lord Viscount Mountgarret and the rest of
-the persons above named, or any of them, or any others agree with
-your Lordship on the behalf of the Confederate Roman Catholics of
-Ireland, that two parts in three parts to be divided of all the said
-lands, tithes, and hereditaments whatsoever mentioned in the precedent
-question, shall for three years next ensuing the feast of Easter,
-which shall be A. D. 1646, be disposed of and converted for
-and to the use of his Majesty’s forces, employed or to be employed in
-his service; and the other third part to the use of the said Clergy
-respectively; and so the like disposition to be renewed from three
-years to three years by the said Clergy during the wars? Or, did your
-Lordship make any agreement to that or the like effect?”
-
-_Answer._ “Refers to the Counterpart.”
-
-6. “Did your Lordship agree for and in the behalf of his Majesty, his
-heirs and successors, that the Lord Marquis of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant
-of Ireland, or any other or others authorised by his Majesty, should
-not disturb the professors of the Roman Catholic religion in their
-present possession and continuance of the possession of their churches,
-lands, tenements, tithes, and hereditaments, jurisdiction, or any other
-of the matters aforesaid, until his Majesty’s pleasure were signified
-for confirming and publishing the said grants? Or, did your Lordship
-make any agreement to that or the like effect?”
-
-_Answer._ “That (for aught he knows), he did not agree for, &c.; but
-saith that he promised to use his best endeavours therein with the Lord
-Lieutenant.”
-
-(And so on to the 15th Interrogatory.)
-
-16. “Did your Lordship take an oath in these following words, viz.: I,
-Edward Earl of Glamorgan, do protest and swear faithfully to acquaint
-the King’s most excellent Majesty, with the proceedings of this
-kingdom, &c.”[G]
-
-_Answer._ “He remembers something to this effect, but refers to
-original or copy, which he will produce.”
-
-The proceedings involved by this affair, the Earl’s examination
-before the Council, the documents in evidence against him, his own
-counter-statements, the correspondence between parties, and especially
-Charles the First, who entirely repudiated and ignored the acts of his
-duped agent; together with the proceedings in Parliament, and opinions
-expressed there, with others published in the political tracts of
-those agitated times, have been handled by every eminent historian,
-and still afford abundant matter for dispute. Those who take up the
-cause of the King, censure the Earl of Glamorgan in most unmeasured
-terms: Hume assails his intellect, Carte charges him with forgery.
-While those who see in the whole transaction but another instance of
-the King’s duplicity, of his contempt of every obligation (which a
-Christian feels bound to respect), so long as he fancies expediency
-offers him, in his high position, a sufficient excuse for the boldest
-tergiversation, exonerate the Earl from the charge of having acted on
-his own responsibility.
-
-Indeed it requires a large amount of credulity to believe that any
-subject, much less a man of the mild and honourable tone characteristic
-of the Earl’s whole conduct, could have acted as he did, otherwise
-than with a full and perfect previous understanding with his misguided
-sovereign, and empowered with sufficient proofs, if even legally
-insufficient instruments under his hand and seal to warrant his
-proceedings. That he had such powers is well authenticated, and that
-he did not abuse them is his highest merit. He did not coin money, or
-appropriate property, or commit any other extravagance, such as a man
-deficient in “judgment” possibly would have done, under the grant of
-similar powers.
-
-We cannot be mistaken as advocates of his acts in the Irish affairs,
-by merely showing that those acts were in strict conformity with the
-injunctions of the Royal will; for so long as troops were required,
-no means were to be spared that were found absolutely requisite to
-gain the desired end. We rejoice that the warm-hearted Earl did _not_
-succeed, that all his negotiations failed, and that the exorbitant
-demands made on him destroyed the measures they were intended to
-render unbounded and permanent; at the same time, as a Roman Catholic,
-the Earl of Glamorgan acted honestly, consistently, and by no means
-extravagantly. The folly and blame and entire shame of the whole affair
-weighs heavily on the King’s memory.
-
-While the death of the Archbishop of Tuam in October, 1645, led to
-this exposure in Ireland, very different circumstances conveyed the
-intelligence to England.
-
-Sir Thomas Fairfax, having some dragoons at Padstow in Cornwall,
-boarded a packet boat from Ireland, and seized Captain Allen, one of
-the passengers, who threw a parcel and some loose papers overboard;
-among those recovered were the Earl of Glamorgan’s articles of
-agreement with the Confederate Irish Roman Catholics, and letters
-from himself. These were published by order of Parliament, the 17th
-of March, 1645–6[43]: viz. “Articles of Agreement made and concluded
-between the Right Honourable Edward Earl of Glamorgan, in pursuance,
-and by virtue of his Majesty’s authority under his signet and royal
-signature, bearing date at Oxon, the 12th day of March, in the 20th
-year of his reign, signed, sealed and delivered by the Earl, 25th
-August, 1645, in the presence of John Somerset, Jeffrey Browne, and
-Robert Barry.”
-
-To this document was appended his declaration as follows:--
-
-
-“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, do protest and swear faithfully to
-acquaint the King’s most excellent Majesty with the proceedings of this
-kingdom, in order to his service and in the endearment of this nation,
-and punctual performance of what I have (as authorized by his Majesty)
-obliged myself to see performed, and in default not to permit the army
-intrusted to my charge to adventure itself, or any considerable part
-thereof, until conditions from his Majesty, and by his Majesty, be
-performed.
-
-      “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Sep. 3. 1645.”
-
-
-From the same source we have a letter addressed to Lord Culpepper, in
-which the Earl says:--
-
-
-“MY LORD,
-
-“Having overpassed many rubs and difficulties, the expected work is at
-last compassed, which by what means it was retarded, your Lordship,
-perhaps, before hath learned; and will be more faithfully and amply
-related by the bearer, Captain Bamber, whom I have employed to his
-Highness the Prince, to give an account of the state of affairs here,
-and in what a mist we are for want of intelligence, whereby we might
-be ascertained of the King’s and Prince’s condition, which one Allen,
-a merchant of Waterford, proposeth to undertake a course for. And ----
-his Highness desire, which moved for 300 men for the Prince’s Life
-Guard, which the Irish party is willing should be sent him, by the
-return of such shipping as I have humbly desired from his Highness,
-might be sent hither to Waterford for to waft over the men, whereof
-six thousand are in readiness for the relief of Chester, which yet we
-hear holds out, and the other four thousand by the first of May are
-to follow. Your Lordship would extremely further the service by your
-representing to his Highness the necessity of a course of intelligence,
-that we might not [be] as we are now, buried in ignorance of his
-Majesty’s and the Prince’s being and condition: of which I hope your
-Lordship will vouchsafe me some light, that our motion may be according
-thereunto; by which likewise to be ascertained of your Lordship’s
-welfare and happiness would be most welcome news to,
-
-  “My Lord,
-    “Your Lordship’s most affectionate
-      “and humble servant,
-          “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Waterford, the 27th of Febr. 1645.”
-
-
-Also to Lord Hopton he wrote as follows:--
-
-
-“MY NOBLE LORD,
-
-“If the report of the many difficulties wherewith I have struggled
-in compassing the designs of his Majesty’s service, have not before
-this reached you, a faithful relation of the whole will be made to
-you by the bearer hereof, Captain Allen, whom I desire your Lordship
-to present unto the Prince his Highness as an honest man, and one
-that proposeth a course of intelligence to pass between this country
-and his Majesty’s quarters, whereof there is great need. Now (God be
-thanked) the business is brought to that upshot, that the 10,000 men
-are designed for his Majesty’s service, 6000 whereof are ready for
-transportation; the means for which are wanting, unless your Lordship
-will please to solicit his Highness the Prince for transmitting what
-shipping those parts are furnished with, that all possible expedition
-may be used. We hear, God be thanked, that as yet Chester holds out, to
-relieve which the 6000 men are ready are transportation. This bearer
-hath intimated the Prince’s desire for having 300 men hence for his
-Highness’ Life-Guard, which may be transported to his Highness by the
-return of such shipping as shall be sent hither, for the aforesaid
-service. By his return I desire to learn from your Lordship, the King’s
-present state and being, that we may shape our designs accordingly.
-Thereby I should be most glad to know the Prince’s and your Lordship’s
-good success and prosperity, for which none can be more solicitous than
-I who am,
-
-        “My Lord,
-      “Your Lordship’s most affectionate
-          “humble servant,
-              “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Waterford, 28 Feb. 1645.”
-
-
-In the same publication appears Fairfax’s communication to the
-Parliament, that he had given Captain Moulton of the Lyon, cruising
-on the Irish Seas, intimation of the enemy’s intentions, which
-resulted in his capturing a barque from Dublin, taking her into
-Milford Haven, and seizing various letters intrusted to one of the
-passengers.
-
-Among these are copies of a long undated letter from his Lordship to
-his Lady, the Countess of Glamorgan, then resident at Raglan Castle.
-He writes:--[43]
-
-
-“MY DEAR HEART,
-
-“I hope these will prevent any news shall come unto you of me, since
-my commitment to the Castle of Dublin, to which I assure thee I went
-as cheerfully and as willingly as they could wish, whosoever they
-were by whose means it was procured; and should as unwillingly go
-forth, were the gates both of the Castle and Town open unto me, until
-I were cleared: as they are willing to make me unserviceable to the
-King, and lay me aside, who have procured for me this restraint; when
-I consider thee a Woman, as I think I know you are, I fear lest you
-should be apprehensive. But when I reflect that you are of the House
-of _Thomond_, and that you were once pleased to say these words unto
-me, That I should never, in tenderness of you, desist from doing,
-what in honour I was obliged to do, I grow confident, that in this
-you will now show your magnanimity, and by it the greatest testimony
-of affection, that you can possibly afford me; and am also confident,
-that you know me so well, that I need not tell you how clear I am,
-and void of fear, the only effect of a good conscience; and that I am
-guilty of nothing, that may testify one thought of disloyalty to his
-Majesty, or of what may stain the honour of the family I come of,
-or set a brand upon my future posterity. Courage (my heart), were I
-amongst the King’s enemies you might fear; but being only amongst his
-friends and faithful subjects, you need doubt nothing, but that this
-cloud will be soon dissipated, by the sunshine of the King my Master;
-and did you but know how well and merry I am, you would be as little
-troubled as myself, who have nothing that can afflict me; but lest
-your apprehension might hurt you, especially since all the while I
-could get no opportunity of sending, nor yet by any certain probable
-means, but by my Cousin _Brereton’s_, Master _Mannering’s_, our Cousin
-_Constable_ of the Castle, and my Lord Lieutenant’s leave: and hope you
-and I shall live to acknowledge our obligations to them, there being
-nothing in this world that I desire more, than you should at least hear
-from me. And believe it (sweet heart), were I before the Parliament
-in _London_, I could justify both the King and myself in what I have
-done. And I pray acquaint my father, who I know so cautious, that he
-would hardly accept a letter from me, but yet I presume most humbly to
-ask his blessing, and as heartily as I send mine to pretty _Mall_; and
-I hope this day or to-morrow will set a period to my business, to the
-shame of those who have been occasioned of it. But I must needs say
-from my Lord Lieutenant, and the Privy Council here, I have received
-as much justice, nobleness, and favour, as I could possibly expect.
-The circumstances of these proceedings are too long to write unto you,
-but I am confident all will prove to my greater honour. And my Right
-Honourable accuser, my Lord _George Digby_, will be at last rectified
-and confirmed in the good which he is pleased to say he ever had of me
-hitherto, as the greatest affliction that he ever had, did do what his
-conscience enforced him unto; and indeed did wrap up the bitter pill
-of the impeachment of suspicion of high treason in so good words, as
-that I swallowed it, with the greatest ease in the world, and it hath
-hitherto had no other operation than that it hath purged melancholy:
-for I was not at the present any way dismayed, so have I not since been
-any way at all disheartened. So I pray let not any of my friends that’s
-there, believe anything, until ye have the perfect relation of it from
-myself. And this request I chiefly make unto you, to whom I remain a
-most faithful, and most passionately devoted husband and servant,
-
-      “GLAMORGAN.
-
-
-“Remember my service to my brother, my cousin _Browne_, and the rest of
-my good friends.”
-
-
-There is also a letter from her Ladyship’s relative in Dublin, Mr.
-Roger Brereton, probably very near the same date, being the 5th of
-January, 1645–6.[43]
-
-
-“MADAM,
-
-“I presume that some rumours of my Lord of Glamorgan’s being confined
-in the Castle of Dublin for some matters laid to his charge by the Lord
-George Digby have before this time come to your Ladyship’s hearing; I
-thought fit therefore by these few lines to let you know that my Lord
-is in perfect health, hearty and very cheerful, not doubting to give a
-satisfactory answer to what may be laid to his charge, I have so much
-confidence in your Ladyship’s accustomed discretion, that I know there
-needs no dissuasive arguments to your Ladyship from either grieving or
-taking any reports you may receive to heart too much, not doubting but
-his Lordship will ere long see your Ladyship, when you may partake of
-all things more fully than may be by writing. My Lord your uncle is in
-health at Bunraly, and with him there the Earl of P. my Lord John and
-my Lady Honora. I wish your honour all health and happiness, and am,
-
-      “Your Ladyship’s still faithful servant
-        “and kinsman,
-            “ROGER BRERETON.”
-
-
-Mr. Brereton likewise wrote, as follows, to Colonel Pigot:--
-
-
-“WORTHY COUSIN,
-
-“I have here enclosed sent two letters to the Countess of Glamorgan
-at Raglan, her Lord being lately confined here to the Castle of
-Dublin; and lest her Ladyship may take things too much to heart,
-these letters are sent to add some comfort. Both my Lord and I shall
-acknowledge our thankfulness unto you, if you be pleased to use the
-best and speediest course you may, for conveying them to my Lady.***
-
-      “Yours, &c.,
-          “ROGER BRERETON.
-
-“Dublin, January 5, 1645–6.”
-
-
-The King in his message of the 29th of January, 1645–6, to Parliament,
-as Sir Thomas Fairfax and others believed, and as Vittorio Siri
-declares,--“thundered against the Earl in his Declaration only in
-appearance, that he might be thought not to have been privy to the
-obnoxious concessions made by the Earl in his Majesty’s name to the
-Irish Roman Catholics.”[13]
-
-The next day the King addressed a _private_ letter to the Lord
-Lieutenant, affording sufficient evidence of the shifts to which he had
-recourse to uphold his miserable policy, which no experience of ensuing
-hazards and vexations could induce him to abandon.
-
-
-“ORMOND,[13][25]
-
-“I cannot but add to my long letter, that, upon the word of a
-Christian, I never intended Glamorgan should treat anything without
-your approbation, much less without your knowledge. For besides the
-injury to you, I was always diffident of his judgment (though I could
-not think him so extremely weak) as now to my cost I have found, which
-you may easily perceive by the postscript in a letter of mine to
-you,[H] that he should have delivered you at his coming into Ireland,
-which if you have not had, the reason of it will be worth the knowing;
-for which I have commanded Digby’s service, desiring you to assist
-him. And albeit I have too just cause, for the clearing of my honour,
-to command (as I have done) to prosecute Glamorgan in a legal way; yet
-I will have you suspend the execution of any sentence against him,
-until you inform me fully of all the proceedings. For I believe it was
-his misguided zeal, more than any malice, which brought this great
-misfortune on him and on us all. For your part, you have in this, as in
-all other actions, given me such satisfaction, that I mean otherwise,
-more than by words, to express my estimation of you. So I rest
-
-      “Your most assured,
-        “constant, real friend,
-            “CHARLES R.
-
-“Jan. 30, 1645–6.”
-
-
-On the 31st of January, 1645, Secretary Nicholas wrote to the Lord
-Lieutenant and Council of Ireland, as follows:--[13a][25a]
-
-
-“MY LORDS,
-
-“His Majesty having, with the Lords of the Privy Council here, heard
-and duly weighed your Lordship’s [letter] to me of the 5th present,
-concerning your prudent and grave proceedings, in the business of the
-Lord Edward Herbert of Raglan, so highly importing his Majesty, hath
-commanded me to send your Lordships his royal thanks, as well for your
-affectionate expressions of your tenderness of his honour, as your
-just resentment, how scandalous and disadvantageous such the said
-Lord Herbert’s proceedings might have been to his Majesty’s affairs
-and service here, and on that side, if the wise course your Lordships
-have taken to vindicate his Majesty, had been deferred. Your Lordships
-will, by the King’s own letter herewith sent, receive the particulars
-of all, that his Majesty can call to mind or imagine he may have done
-or said to the Lord Herbert in that business. And since the Warrant,
-whereby his Lordship pretends to be authorised to treat with the Roman
-Catholics there, is not sealed with the signet, as it mentions, nor
-attested by either of his Majesty’s Secretaries, as it ought, nor
-written in the style that Warrants of that nature used to be; neither
-refers to any instructions at all; your Lordships cannot but judge it
-to be, at least, surreptitiously gotten, if not worse; for his Majesty
-saith, he remembers it not. And as the Warrant is a very strange one,
-so hath been also the execution of it. For it is manifest, the Lord
-Herbert did not acquaint the Lord Lieutenant with any part of it,
-before he concluded with the said Roman Catholics, nor ever advertised
-his Majesty, the Lord Lieutenant, or any of the Council here or there,
-what he had done in an affair of so great moment and consequence four
-months before, till it was discovered by accident. This doth not sound
-like good meaning; and I am sure is not fair dealing. But his Majesty
-having, by his letter to your Lordships, left the charge against the
-Lord Herbert, to be prosecuted by your Lordships, I shall say no more
-of that unhappy subject.”
-
-
-To the Lord Lieutenant he wrote the same day another and separate
-letter, viz.--[25][13]
-
-
-“We are all here much amazed at the news of the Lord Herbert’s
-imprudent action (to say no more of it) which hath most extremely
-prejudiced his Majesty and his affairs here. Your Excellency, and the
-Council there, will herewith receive a full and particular relation
-from his Majesty, of all that he can call to mind concerning that
-business, wherein as the Lord Herbert hath dealt very unworthily
-with his Majesty, so it is believed, that even the Roman Catholics
-themselves will condemn him for his imprudent proceeding therein.
-For if his pretended Warrant had been authentic, yet to do anything
-thereupon without your Excellency’s privity, was a madness, rather than
-a folly; and the concealing so long what he had done argues something
-worse. The King hath commanded me to advertise your Lordship, that the
-patent for making the said Lord Herbert of Raglan Earl of Glamorgan is
-not passed the Great Seal here, so as he is no Peer of this kingdom;
-notwithstanding he styles himself, and hath treated with the rebels in
-Ireland, by the name of Earl of Glamorgan, which is as vainly taken
-upon him, as his pretended Warrant (if any such be) was surreptitiously
-gotten. And I am sure, that honour cannot be conferred upon him under
-the signet (as firmly as under the Great Seal, to all intents and
-purposes) as his Lordship’s pretended warrant and power is alleged to
-be, though there be no signet to it.”
-
-
-In a letter from the King dated Oxford, March 22nd, 1645–6, addressed
-to the Queen while in France, he says:--[16]
-
-
-“DEAR HEART,
-
-* * * “I find that Sir Edw. Nicholas his gloss upon Lord Glamorgan’s
-business hath made thee apprehend that I had disavowed my hand, but
-I assure thee I am very free from that in the understandings of all
-men here, for it is taken for granted the Lord Glamorgan neither
-counterfeited my hand, nor that I have blamed him more than for not
-following his instructions, as Secretary Nicholas will more at large
-show thee.”
-
-
-On the 3rd of February, 1645, the King addressed the Earl himself, by
-his title, which we have just seen disputed:--
-
-
-“GLAMORGAN,
-
-“I must clearly tell you, both you and I have been abused in this
-business; for you have been drawn to consent to conditions much beyond
-your instructions, and your treaty hath been divulged to all the world.
-If you had advised with my Lord Lieutenant (as you promised me), all
-this had been helped. But we must look forward. Wherefore, in a word, I
-have commanded as much favour to be shown to you as may possibly stand
-with my service or safety; and if you will yet trust my advice (which I
-have commanded Digby to give you freely), I will bring you so off, that
-you may be still useful to me; and I shall be able to recompense you
-for your affection. If not, I cannot tell what to say. But I will not
-doubt of your compliance in this; since it so highly concerns the good
-of all my Crowns, my own particular, and to make me have still means to
-show myself
-
-      “Your most assured friend,
-          CHARLES R.[I]
-
-“Oxford, 3rd Feb. 1645.”
-
-
-But this letter was no doubt written by the King under some restraint,
-as it might be read both by Ormond and Digby. Yet no further evidence
-need be required of Charles the First’s consummate duplicity, or how
-thoroughly he could make a convenience of his subjects to serve his own
-subtle and deceitful policy.
-
-The tone of these last three letters sufficiently shows the weakness
-of the cause in which they were interested; if we credit the
-statements they contain we are required to believe that Lord Herbert
-presumptuously assumed the title of Earl of Glamorgan; and that his
-treaty with the Irish Catholic party was without the privity, much less
-instructions of his sovereign!
-
-Lingard says, “I have in my possession the original warrant itself,
-with the King’s signature and private seal; bearing the arms of the
-three kingdoms, a crown above, and C. R. on the sides, and endorsed
-in the same handwriting with the body of the warrant,--‘The Earl of
-Glamorgan’s especial warrant for Ireland.’”[62]
-
-The Earl’s imprisonment created great sensation, many insisting on
-his release by force of arms. The General Assembly of the Confederate
-Catholics pressed for his being liberated, as absolutely necessary
-for the relief of Chester, then besieged, and in distress; for which
-service 3000 men were reported as being ready to embark, waiting only
-for the ships contracted for by the Earl, for their transport; the
-expedition being thus delayed through his imprisonment, and likewise
-the treaty of peace frustrated.
-
-The Earl of Glamorgan was set at liberty on the 21st of January,
-on giving up to the Lord Lieutenant the Instrument by which the
-Confederate Catholics obliged themselves to the articles of their
-treaty; but he would not resign the command of the Irish troops, for
-England, intended for the King’s service; bail being accepted in
-£20,000, on his own recognizance, and the Marquis of Clanricarde, and
-the Earl of Kildare, for £10,000 each, to appear on thirty days’ notice.
-
-Returning to Kilkenny, he zealously endeavoured to obtain from the
-Confederate Catholics acceptance of the Lord Lieutenant’s offer of
-terms to conclude a peace; but they, persisting in their exorbitant
-demands, refused to accept the slightest modification of their own
-views, so that the Earl was at length compelled to abandon his own
-measures in despair, only to fall under the suspicion of his own
-party as well as of his opponents. On the 11th of March, he wrote the
-following letter to the Marquis of Ormond:--[J]
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,
-
-“The perfect knowledge I have of your Excellency’s desire to perform
-what may be of most advantage to the King our master’s service, makes
-me confident to lay before you what I humbly conceive may most conduce
-thereto; my duty and affection obliging me not only to adventure my
-life and fortune therein, but also plainly to declare my sense thereof;
-which being made known to your Excellency, I shall ever most willingly
-and readily submit to your better judgment. I, therefore, take the
-boldness to acquaint you, that as I intend (God willing) to go into
-France, without which journey I cannot possibly bring things to that
-height of advantage to his Majesty’s service, either in the business of
-shipping, ammunition or money, as I have designed to myself, and can
-(God willing) infallibly perform; yet if, before my own return, and
-during my abode in any of those places, the Articles of Peace should
-be proclaimed here, and not appear so really advantageous, as is by
-them in other countries expected. It would not only prove a cooling
-card to many, whose zeal otherwise would transport them to supply me
-gallantly in order to his Majesty’s service, but also perhaps render
-me incapable thereof; for which reason of great importance, I should
-humbly beseech that the cessation should be continued until about the
-middle of June next; yet so as that the condition of having the residue
-of the ten thousand men by the first of May next may be enforced by
-your Excellency, against which time, though I return not myself, yet
-shipping shall be provided, and that service no way neglected. But
-with this motion of mine I have not acquainted the Commissioners that
-are gone to Dublin, nor the Supreme Council, lest in some I might have
-raised a spirit I could not lay down: who might have taken a rise at
-this my inclination for the furtherance of his Majesty’s service,
-to countenance their backwardness in preparing the supplies, or in
-their unwillingness to submit to a perfect peace; than which nothing
-is more heartily desired or aimed at by me, to the end that, under
-your Excellency’s most judicious and wise conduct, all things may
-unanimously proceed to the furtherance of the King my master’s service,
-and the happiness and contentment of this kingdom. And to receive
-your Excellency’s commands hereupon I have sent Sir Vivien Molineux,
-who goes with me into France. And give me leave to tell you that the
-continuance of the cessation upon the terms above mentioned (without
-which I cannot resolve to go myself into France), will be likewise
-advantageous to your Excellency and this kingdom; since during it,
-the Nuncio (whose mission is only to the Confederate Catholics) will
-plentifully contribute here to the maintenance of the war against
-the common enemy. And your Excellency, giving me a power to engage
-your word with mine, I will promise you at my return, to bring for
-the King’s service and the good of this kingdom, ten, if not twenty
-thousand pounds sterling; which, if managed by you, I conceive will
-be better than £60,000, as hitherto moneys have been disposed. And of
-this business, if you please, you may acquaint my Lord Digby, to whom I
-have intimated something thereof in my letter. But your Excellency, nor
-my Lord Digby, need not be told with what secrecy my intended journey
-ought to be kept, though I fear not the Parliament, since I have bought
-a gallant ship at Galway, with 16 pieces of ordnance, and victualled
-for two months, manned with 34 good seamen, an excellent captain, and
-good pilots, of 300 tons, English built, and a good sailer. And for my
-return, I intend (God willing) it shall be with a fleet, which how it
-is to be left under your Excellency’s command, I hope you are already
-well assured, as you may be of anything within my power, who am,
-
-      “Your Excellency’s, &c. &c.
-          GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Kilkenny, 11th of March, 1645–6.”
-
-
-Ormond wrote from Dublin Castle, 4th March, 1645, naming “the sad
-certainty of the loss of Chester,”--the men, long expected, he hopes
-will arrive “seasonably for some other service;” and says, “there are
-many reasons against the prolonging of the cessation till the midst of
-June,” but especially “the inevitable ruin that must in the meantime
-come upon all his Majesty’s true servants,” promising in his next to
-send the “authority to engage me for such money as you shall be able,
-upon so small an assurance as mine, to get.”
-
-On the 29th of September, 1645–6, the Earl addressed a letter of
-explanations to the Lord Lieutenant.
-
-
-“For to endear myself to some, the better to do his Majesty service, it
-is true I did declare a promise from the King of the assent that after
-your Excellency’s time he would make me Lord Lieutenant. But it is no
-meaning of mine but to keep your Excellency in during your life, and
-not really to pretend unto it, or anything in discrimination of your
-Excellency’s honour or profit; or derogating from the true amity and
-real service which I have professed, and will ever make good towards
-your Excellency. And my intention was ever to acquaint your honour
-herewith, and I once intended to do it before my going to Kilkenny,
-but never to conceal it totally from you, though for some reasons it
-being hitherto omitted, I think it not necessary for the present but as
-an obligation upon me thereunto. And in witness of my true intent and
-meaning, I leave this sealed in your Excellency’s hands this 29th of
-September, 1645, at Dublin.
-
-      GLAMORGAN.”
-
-
-The Earl being thus bound to continue his residence in Ireland,
-notwithstanding the unpromising aspect of affairs, we shall proceed,
-in order of date, to consider the position of his father, at Raglan
-Castle.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] Fol. 713. Also Carte, vol. i. p. 557.
-
-[B] Nuncio’s Mem. fol. 715; and Carte, vol. i. p. 554.
-
-[C] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[D] See page 78.
-
-[E] Husband’s Collection, p. 787, &c. edit. London, 1646, fol.
-    and Rushworth, Part IV. Vol. I. p. 239.
-
-[13] Birch, p. 94.
-
-[F] Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634–57, Ireland, 63.” No. 150.
-
-[G] See page 124.
-
-[43] Glamorgan.
-
-[43] Glamorgan.
-
-[43] Glamorgan.
-
-[13] Birch, p. 121, and p. 124–5.
-
-[13] Birch, p. 121, and p. 124–5.
-
-[25] Carte, vol. ii. Append. No. xxiii. p. 12.
-
-[H] See page 78.
-
-[13a] Birch, p. 121, and p. 124–5.
-
-[25a] Carte, vol. iii. No. 426, p. 446.
-
-[25] Carte, vol. iii. p. 447.
-
-[13] Birch, p. 133.
-
-[16] Bruce.
-
-[I] Harl. libr. 163, c. 3, 147. Birch, p. 356.
-
-[62] Lingard, 5th edition, Vol. vii. p. 627.
-
-[J] Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634–1657, Ireland, 63.”
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER IX.
-
-      RAGLAN CASTLE: ITS DEFENCE AND SURRENDER. DEATH OF HENRY,
-      MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-
-
-From the close of 1645 to the middle of 1646 the military operations
-within and surrounding the strong fortress of Raglan were conducted
-with untiring energy. Parties from the castle were continually annoying
-the enemy, while they on their part pushing their works with vigour at
-several points caused many disasters, keeping the favourably situated
-garrison in a state of constant agitation and watchfulness; finding
-their course of operations gradually limited to acting entirely on
-the defensive, not being in sufficient force to disperse the stronger
-besieging army, against whom it is next to a miracle how they
-maintained their position so long, Raglan Castle having held out longer
-than any other.
-
-The Marquis of Worcester, the last lord of Raglan Castle, usually
-occupied, as is supposed, a handsomely carved oak wainscotted parlour
-or sitting room in the ground floor of the south side of the castle,
-nearly the whole side of which was a large, handsome window looking
-over the moat towards the tall, massive tower or citadel. Over that
-chamber was his dining room, and from his table the various dishes
-would be conveyed to the grand banqueting hall, the most complete and
-spacious apartment within the present ruin.
-
-The great state in which the noble Marquis was accustomed to live may
-be gathered from the following authentic account of the order of his
-household:--[A]
-
-At 11 o’clock the Castle gates were shut and the tables laid--two in
-the Dining Room, three in the Hall, one in Mrs. Watson’s apartment
-where the Chaplains eat (Sir Toby Mathews being the first), in the
-Housekeeper’s room for the Ladies’ women.
-
-The Earl came into the Dining Room attended by his gentlemen. As soon
-as he was seated Sir Ralph Blackstone, Steward of the House retired,
-the Comptroller, Mr. Holland, attended with his staff, the Sewer, Mr.
-Blackburn, the Daily Waiters, Mr. Clough, Mr. Selby and Mr. Scudamore,
-with many gentlemen’s sons, from £2. to £700. a year, bred in the
-castle. My Lady’s Gentleman Usher, Mr. Harcourt. My Lord’s Gentlemen of
-the Chamber, Mr. Morgan and Mr. Fox.
-
-At the first table sat the noble family and such of the nobility as
-came there.
-
-At the second table in the dining room sat Knights and honourable
-gentlemen attended by footmen.
-
-  Sir Ralph Blackstone, Steward.
-  The Comptroller.        The Secretary.
-  The Master of the Horse, Mr. Delaware.
-  The Master of the Fish ponds, Mr. Andrews.
-  My Lord Herbert’s preceptor, Mr. Adams,
-with such gentlemen as came there under the degree of a knight,
-attended by footmen and plentifully served with wine.
-
-At the second table in the Hall, served from my Lord’s table and with
-other hot meat--The Sewer, with the gentlemen waiters and pages, to the
-number of twenty-four or more.
-
-At the third table in the Hall--The Clerk of the Kitchen, with the
-Yeomen Officers of the House, two Grooms of the Chamber, &c.
-
-  Chief Auditor, Mr. Smith.
-  Clerk of the Accounts, George Wharton.
-  Surveyor of the Castle, Mr. Salisbury.
-  Ushers of the Hall, Mr. Moyle and Mr. Cook.
-  Closet Keeper.
-  Gentleman of the Chapel, Mr. Davies.
-  Keeper of the Record.
-  Master of the Wardrobe.   Master of the Armory.
-  Master Groom of the Stables for the war horses, twelve.
-  Master of the Hounds.   Master Falconer
-Porter and his Men, two Butchers, two Keepers of the Home Park, two
-Keepers of the Red Deer Park, Footmen, Grooms, and other menial
-servants to the number of 150. Some of the footmen were butchers and
-bakers.
-
-
-      Out Officers.
-
-Steward of Raglan, Wm. Jones, Esq. Governor of Chepstow, Sir Mich.
-Keneys, Bart. Housekeeper of Worcester House in London, James Redman,
-Esq. Bailiffs thirteen; two Counsel for the Bailiffs to have recourse
-to. Solicitor, Mr. Jos. Smith.
-
-His Lordship appears to have been very indifferently informed
-respecting his son’s operations in Ireland. The conveyance of
-communications of any kind was difficult, hazardous, and uncertain. Of
-this a rather romantic instance occurs in the relation given of his
-adventures, by Allen Boteler, in his documentary evidence entitled:--“A
-most true account of my business from his Majesty at Oxford, intended
-for the most honourable the Marquis of Ormond, it being the last of my
-[engagements in?] these employments.” It is a long, prolix account,
-but sufficiently interesting from the facts it details to be given in
-extenso. He states:--
-
-“On Friday night being the 22nd of February, 1646, I was conveyed to
-Abbington by Sir George Lisle, and a party under his command, and from
-thence near Cisseter, where I parted from them, took a guide and went
-to Sir William Pooles, from whence by night I was carefully guided to
-Sir Robert Poyntz’s at Acton, which his Majesty conceived to be the
-safest way; there by Sir Robert was I exceedingly welcomed as coming
-from his Majesty, and in that employment, and for the space of five
-days I was concealed in Sir Robert’s house whilst he did continually
-employ some of his trusty servants to endeavour a way for my passage
-over Severn, which both by land and water was very strongly guarded;
-yet having disguise from him I hired a boat for Black Rock, and passed
-as a grazier, and a farmer, a friend of his with me, to assist me; but
-no sooner had we landed but we had, by a grazier, intelligence that
-in the village, and in all that country of the Moors, were Parliament
-forces driven by his Majesty’s party from Newport and Carlisle.
-Thereupon the farmer brought me to a church on a rock [a] few yards
-from the sea side, into which rock I conveyed my dispatches, and myself
-and horse into the porch, whilst the farmer bought [brought?] me a
-guide, a man of his acquaintance, well known to the enemy’s party but
-honest to his Majesty’s; and after night he conveyed me through their
-guards by the name of a butcher of Bristol, and on the break of day,
-three Parliament officers, newly landed at Gouldcliffe from Bristol,
-seeing me riding fast, charged me in a lane and questioned me who I
-was for; and I answered that it was then no time to ask impertinences,
-by my being here you may judge who I am for; I intended for Newport or
-Carleon in business for the States, but my guide tells me that there
-is my Lord Charles Somerset with 300 horse, for God’s sake tell me how
-I shall avoid them. Whereupon they being as much affrighted with my
-word, as I with their summons, hastily pointed me out a way, and ran
-themselves another way into the Moors. By this means I came to Carleon,
-from whence the King’s party were marched two days before; and being
-then within four miles of Raglan I came (as I thought) undiscovered
-to Colonel Richard Herbert’s, and finding the passage full of dangers,
-by reason of Langibby Castle and many soldiers quartered in the way,
-I sent to the Lord Charles, desiring a convoy, and acquainting him
-with what business I was in. His Lordship returned me answer that by
-one of the clock, the next day, by a windmill on Christ Church hill,
-a party should meet me punctually; and so there did, but it was of
-the enemy, who having foot with the horse made me distrust and betake
-myself to a wood adjoining; and when they were past, no convoy coming,
-nor intended, as it appeared afterwards, I returned to the Lady Mary
-Herbert’s, who then lay in, and some intelligence being given to the
-enemy, so soon as it was dark, a party being sent to take me, my Lady
-Mary secured the despatches in or under her bed, commanded a servant
-of hers to go with me, called my horse hers; and [I] going on foot all
-night in most bitter weather and bad way, full of danger, I came to
-the Castle about the day’s dawning, where I presently appeared myself
-to my Lord Charles, made my relation, and besought him for a present
-convoy. His answer was that that house was their own, and not as other
-garrisons, they must look on their own securities, and had done more
-than they had thanks for, but would bring me to his father, so soon
-as he was ready. His Lordship did so, and in the first place my Lord
-asked me whether in my despatches I had any letters from his Majesty
-to his son Glamorgan. I answered, not that I knew of, but there might
-be within the Lord Marquis of Ormond’s; on that I delivered to his
-Lordship his Majesty’s most gracious and comfortable message concerning
-my Lord his son, with thanks for their former loyal expressions; unto
-which my Lord Marquis answered that it was the grief of his heart that,
-he was inforced to say that the King was wavering and fickle, and that
-at his Majesty’s last being there, he lent him a book[B] to read in his
-chamber, the beginning of which he knows he read, but if he had ended,
-it would have showed him what it was to be a fickle prince; for was it
-not enough, said his Lordship, to suffer him, the Lord Glamorgan to
-be unjustly imprisoned by the Lord Marquis of Ormond for what he had
-his Majesty’s authority for; but that the King must in print protest
-against his proceedings and his own allowance, and not yet recall it.
-
-That message I well remember and so will his Majesty, I
-having set it down so soon as I went out of the bed chamber.
-
-But I will pray for him, and that he may be more constant to his
-friends, saith my Lord; and so soon as my other employments will give
-leave, you shall have a convoy to fetch securely your despatches;
-that I daily pressed and expected, sometimes it was delayed with fair
-language and sometimes with such as was very unwelcome to me, both
-from the father and the son; it being invectives against his Majesty
-and the Lord Marquis of Ormond, and after fourteen days delay,[C] I
-advised with Colonel Ratcliffe Jarrard, Colonel Thomas Butler, Major
-Hugh Butler, and William Watkins, Receiver General for South Wales,
-being all Protestants, and of the Council of War, who agreed in opinion
-that the delay was of purpose, and caused by jealousy, conceiving
-that if I got over before Captain Bacon who was then attending for a
-despatch to his Lord the Lord Glamorgan, my despatch might tend to
-the prejudice of his said Lord. On this I took occasion to wait on my
-Lady Glamorgan, and remembering her of the King’s gracious intentions
-towards her Lord, I besought her assistance, to which she answered
-that my going so hastily was not material whatsoever I considered of
-it, for that there were others gone with duplicates of business to her
-Ladyship’s knowledge, of whom her cousin Will. Winter was one, and he
-had no relation to the Lord Marquis of Ormond, but was her husband’s
-friend. To which I answered that my Lord was her Lord’s very good
-friend, as I was very much his servant, but if his Majesty’s business
-be done I care not by whose hand it is; but I thank your honour, for
-now I know wherefore I am stayed here; and from her Ladyship I went to
-my Lord Charles, and told him that by his neglect his Majesty might
-be undone, and that to acquit myself I must lay the blame on those
-that deserved it; but if his Lordship would yet give way Captain Spite
-would undertake to do the business with twenty horse. His Lordship
-answered, that he took my importunity ill, but would impart it to
-the Council of War, and take their advice, which he did indeed, but
-that caused so general a knowledge, that the country was laid for me
-and my business, as I had very good intelligence; and thereupon the
-Protestant party showed themselves to be much discontented, insomuch
-that Colonel Butler, Major Butler, and others quitted the Castle the
-next day, being the nineteenth of my stay there. My Lord sent a party,
-who bringing the despatches, I desired my Lord, in obedience to his
-Majesty’s Warrant to afford me a convoy, or if not, two guides, one
-to ride before me to discous [discover or discourse?] and the other
-to direct me in my way, both which he refused because, as he said, I
-had no letters to his brother. Thereupon I went discontentedly away to
-Aburgainy [Abergavenny] with Colonel Ratcliffe Jarrard, Colonel Butler,
-and Major Butler, with whom I advised, and sent with their approbation
-for a woman who was continually employed betwixt the Castle of Denby
-in North Wales and Raglan in South Wales. I agreed with her to go to
-Denby, Conway, or Harlo Castles, with the letters quilted up in a truss
-of linen and tied next to her body, and with her my own man disguised
-to receive them from her, and to go over with them, if I could not make
-my way to overtake him, but directed him by the Governors to whom I
-wrote. The man and woman were taken and carried before Howell Gwynn,
-then High Sheriff; but what became of the despatches, or how the woman
-concealed or made them away, I know not, nor dare enquire, but she saw
-the man taken, being a great distance from her, as I had directed them,
-to keep in sight one of the other, but not to go together; and she
-was not taken in two or three hours after, so that by all likelihood
-she conveyed them away, otherwise the Parliament pamphlets would have
-told us of it as they did not, for with much fear, I expecting it,
-perused all the diurnals for more than a quarter of a year. This is all
-I can deliver of it, and the particulars of these will be punctually
-justified by those several parties formerly meant, some of them being
-now about the Court, and for the truth of this I am ready to make Oath
-when I shall there unto be called.
-
-      “ALLAN BOTELER.”[D]
-
-
-Boteler or Butler’s evidence would appear to have been taken during the
-Marquis of Ormond’s temporary sojourn in England, after his leaving
-Dublin in June, 1647, previous to his shortly after going to Paris for
-six months, when he returned to Ireland to assume his post of Lord
-Lieutenant.[13] The document derives considerable interest from its
-conveying to us the sentiments of the Marquis of Worcester, in his
-reflections on the King’s conduct affecting himself and his son. It was
-on no light grounds he charged Charles the First with being “wavering
-and fickle;” declaring his son to have been “unjustly imprisoned;” and
-bitterly lamenting that the King should, in print, “protest against
-his [son’s] proceedings;” being no doubt well satisfied through his
-Majesty’s own discourse and his after written instructions, that the
-Earl of Glamorgan had, in every sense, been most unworthily used from
-first to last by his royal master. The upright old Marquis, touched
-in a tender part, was not disposed to overlook the injury done to his
-family, although coming from so high a quarter, for he must have felt
-it as nothing short of a gratuitous maligning and blackening of his
-son’s character from the most sordid, selfish motives, reckless of all
-risks and hazards. No considerations swayed him to conceal his utmost
-anger at the indignity put on himself and his house, rendered perhaps
-all the keener by the presence of the unsuspecting messenger from that
-prince who had so utterly deceived him, and that peer who had aided
-in his dishonour. The blunt Boteler adds, in a marginal notification,
-“That message I well remember, and so will his Majesty; I having set it
-down, as soon as I went out of the bed chamber.”[E]
-
-The Marquis, a shrewd, observant man, appears to have expressed his
-wrath not only by words but acts; not caring that the messenger should
-return with any favourable account of his reception or dismissal, for
-after having so unequivocally expressed his mind to him, he is left to
-shift for himself, is long detained, and at length departs at his own
-expense.
-
-The siege of Raglan Castle was maintained by Colonel Morgan, Major
-General Laughorne, Sir Trevor Williams, Baronet, and Colonel Robert
-Kirle, with about 5000 horse and foot.
-
-It became necessary for the besieged, in their extremity, in the
-pleasant month of May, 1646, to destroy every shelter or advantage the
-enemy might derive from the houses in the village, or its old church.
-They, therefore, levelled the goodly tower of the latter, as also the
-houses near, burning likewise whatever might in any way have been
-likely to prove available.
-
-Sir Trevor Williams, at the same time, was arranging to blockade
-Raglan, garrisoning his men in the town of Usk. On the other side,
-Colonel Kirle, with his force, was stationed within two miles of
-Raglan; while Laughorne occupied Abergavenny; and Colonel Birch,
-besieging Gutbridge Castle, left Raglan without hope of relief.
-
-In their skirmishes with the enemy, posted in these positions, the
-Royalists lost 16 killed, and 20 taken prisoners; while Sir Trevor
-Williams seized 80 horses grazing under the castle walls. Colonel
-Morgan, then at Worcester, shortly after, joining the army, made
-Landenny his head-quarters, within a distance of three miles.
-
-A domestic incident may be here mentioned, not only as showing the
-discomfort of the place, but as connected with the wife of the subject
-of this memoir; and also as characteristic of the Marquis’s religious
-sentiments. Dr. Bayly states that:--
-
-“One evening, during the hottest period of the cannonade, there came
-a musket ball in at the window of the withdrawing room, where my
-Lord used to entertain his friends with his pleasant discourses after
-dinners and suppers, which, glancing upon a little marble pillar of the
-window, from thence hit the Marquis upon the side of his head, and fell
-down flattened upon the table, which breaking the pillar in pieces, it
-made such a noise in the room, that his daughter-in-law, the Countess
-of Glamorgan, who stood in the same window, ran away as if the house
-had been falling down upon her head, crying out, ‘O Lord! O Lord!’ But
-at length, finding herself more afraid than hurt, she returned back
-again, no less excusing her--as she was pleased to call it--rudeness to
-her father, than acknowledging her fears to all the company. To whom
-the Marquis said, ‘Daughter, you had reason to run away, when your
-father was knocked on the head.’ Then pausing some little while, and
-turning the flattened bullet round with his finger, he further said,
-‘Gentlemen, those who had a mind to flatter me, were wont to tell me
-that I had a _good head_ in my younger days; but, if I don’t flatter
-myself, I think I have a good head-piece in my old age, or else it
-would not have been _musket proof_.’”
-
-It shows how closely Raglan Castle was besieged, when on the 26th of
-May, about 11 o’clock at night, some of the Parliamentary soldiers
-could be drinking at a public house, but a little distance from
-the Castle, having alighted from their horses, and sent a scout
-to reconnoitre: who bringing them favourable news, they refreshed
-themselves at their ease. Meanwhile, having been observed, 60 or 80
-horse were sent from Raglan to surprise them, and they succeeded in
-seizing three or four of their horses; but some of the Roundheads
-escaped in a cornfield, while most of their companions quickly mounted;
-some riding off were lost in the darkness, while the remainder, in a
-skirmish of half an hour, took two prisoners and rescued their lost
-horses. Many fruitless skirmishes appear to have been thus made; often
-as many as 150 horsemen rushing forth, only to return with the report
-of bootless labour.[83]
-
-On the part of the besiegers, Captain Hooper was employed to conduct
-the mining approaches, which were pushed forward with great vigour.
-
-The garrison of Raglan (estimated when in full force at 800 strong,
-in horse and foot) made several desperate sallies on Colonel Morgan’s
-forces: their bold commander often personally encountering the hostile
-party with marked gallantry, losing on one occasion a colour; and a
-cornet his life. While on the Royalist side a major and a captain
-were slain, besides many wounded. But when General Fairfax, sending
-reinforcement from Oxford, had raised Colonel Morgan’s regiment of
-1500 to 3500 men, such sallies became less frequent.[92] The General,
-who had been at Bath to recruit his health, hastening to Raglan, put
-life into the siege by his presence, and, on the 7th of August, he
-sent in his summons to the Castle; in consequence of which, numerous
-messages passed between the Marquis and the General, the Marquis
-reminding him in one of his replies how well he was known “in Henry,
-Earl of Huntingdon’s time, unto your [the General’s] noble grandfather
-at York;” at the same time inviting some propositions to be made;
-specially requiring on his own behalf to have any acts of his first
-approved by the King, through whom, moreover, he was “above £20,000
-out of purse.” The conditions offered, required, among others, that
-the Marquis should submit to the mercy of the Parliament; while those
-affecting the garrison and inmates of the Castle were honourable to
-all parties. In consequence of these negotiations, the Marquis,
-on the 13th of August, sent out a drum, desiring leave for his
-Commissioners to meet the next day, to arrange articles of peace;
-which being approved, the drum was returned with safe-conduct for the
-Commissioners’ coming forth, and orders given for five hours cessation
-of arms.
-
-The Marquis must have been fully alive to the jeopardy in which he
-was placed, after ten weeks of close siege, hemmed in on every side,
-stores fast diminishing, the cannon ball of the enemy knocking down
-turret and tower, and demolishing the weaker portions of his castle,
-never originally intended to withstand more than the ravages of time,
-with the exception of a very limited portion, the Citadel itself. The
-main work of the enemy’s approaches, too, was then within 60 yards of
-the garrison’s works, and a breach already made in the eastern wall,
-near the library or closet tower; besides which, four mortar pieces had
-been advantageously planted, capable of carrying grenado shells of 12
-inches diameter; also two mortar pieces in another position, capable
-of delivering similar shells. Captain Hooper, the engineer, expressed
-his expectation to be in a few days within ten yards of the castle,
-with trenches, which he was constructing very exact and secure; from
-these he purposed making galleries, mines, and numerous batteries. The
-General himself, not only took great interest in these military works,
-visiting them daily, but at that very time had designed a new approach.
-
-On the 15th of August, final terms were to be concluded; for which
-purpose the meeting of the Commissioners was appointed to take place at
-Keventilla House, the residence of Mr. Oates, about a mile and a half
-from Raglan.[84]
-
-The terms of peace being concluded on the 17th of August, the
-Castle was to be surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax for the use
-of the Parliament, the articles of the treaty, among others,
-stipulating:--That all the officers, soldiers, and gentlemen of the
-garrison, should march out with horses and arms, colours flying, drums
-beating, trumpets sounding, matches lighted at both ends, bullets in
-their mouths; and every soldier with twelve charges of powder and ball;
-with permission to select any place within 10 miles of the Castle, for
-the purpose of delivering up their arms to the General in command;
-after which the soldiers were to be disbanded and set at liberty; and
-safe-conduct and protection given to all the gentlemen and others who
-had sought refuge within the walls of Raglan Castle.
-
-Wednesday, the 19th of August, 1646, in conformity with the treaty,
-the Castle was taken possession of by General Fairfax. The Marquis of
-Worcester, bordering on 70 years of age, infirm and careworn as he was,
-accosted Fairfax in a pleasant, jocose mood; yet it must have been
-but a melancholy cortege by which he was attended, on abandoning that
-roof which was soon to be destined to irreclaimable ruin. It must have
-appeared to the bystanders more like a military funeral procession than
-any other conceivable spectacle, in which, however, the glistening of
-arms and armour, the rustling of banners, the blast of trumpets, and
-the roll of drums must have been felt by all alike, as though more in
-mockery than evincing any cause of exultation.
-
-The Marquis was accompanied by his son, the Lord Charles Somerset,
-governor of the Castle; the Countess of Glamorgan; Lady Jones and Sir
-Philip Jones; Dr. Thomas Bayly, the chaplain, who had also acted as one
-of the Commissioners from the Castle; Commissary Guilliam; together
-with 4 colonels, 82 captains, 16 lieutenants, 6 cornets, 4 ensigns,
-4 quarter-masters, and 52 esquires and gentlemen; including also his
-Lordship’s numerous visitors, household, and retainers.
-
-The General, having thus secured the last stronghold that had withstood
-the power of the Parliamentary army, went to Chepstow to take part the
-same night in a splendid entertainment, returning thence the following
-day to recruit himself at Bath.
-
-There were found in Raglan Castle, a mill for the manufacture of
-gunpowder, 20 pieces of ordnance, only 3 barrels of powder, good store
-of corn and malt, beer, and various wines; not many horses, and but
-little hay or oats. The apartments, however, were amply supplied with
-rich furniture, and well stored with goods. All these the General
-committed to the charge of Mr. Herbert, the Army Commissioner, and
-others to be inventoried.
-
-Thus far the articles of capitulation were punctually performed with
-regard to all matters, except only the Marquis himself. We are not
-very precisely informed respecting his removal, but only assured that
-he was in the custody of the Black Rod; and next hear of him as being
-in Covent Garden, probably at that official’s residence, where he was
-repeatedly visited by his former chaplain, the loquacious Dr. Bayly.[7]
-It was a base violation of the conditions in the treaty, on the part
-of the Parliament, to keep the Marquis in confinement, and still worse
-considering his age, corpulency, and bad state of health, aggravated
-no doubt by the excessive toils and troubles of the last few years,
-together with the more recent fatigues of his journey from Wales to
-London. Harassed, afflicted, and a prisoner, he died within the space
-of four months, in the custody of the Parliament’s Black Rod, in Covent
-Garden, on the -- of December, 1646.[88]
-
-The House of Commons, on the 20th of December, proposed allowing
-£500[105] for the funeral, out of the Marquis’s estate; the votes being
-168 for, and 92 against so much liberality. It was resolved--“That
-the £500 be raised out of the plate and other goods of the Earl of
-Worcester, brought up by Mr. Thomas Herbert; and that the disposing of
-it be referred to his care, to be accountable for it to the House; and
-especially to take care that the said Earl of Worcester may be buried
-according to the Directory, and not otherwise.”[57]
-
-In dedicating to the son his collection of the father’s “Apophthegms,”
-Dr. Bayly observes--“I laid your noble father in his grave, with my own
-hands.” He was interred in the vault of the Chapel of our Lady, now
-known as the Beaufort Chapel, in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle,
-near his great ancestor, Charles first Earl of Worcester.
-
-Among the property at Raglan Castle, the most interesting to the
-biographer was that respecting which an order passed the House of
-Commons, on the 25th of August 1646, to the effect:--“That Mr. Thomas
-Herbert be enjoined to deliver all the letters and papers found at
-Raglan Castle, and remaining in his hands, to the Committee of the
-Army: Who have hereby further power to send for all such other letters
-and papers, found at Raglan Castle, which they shall have information
-of to be in the hands of any other Committee or persons; and are to
-report the whole to the House.”
-
-The fate of Raglan Castle was decided by an order of the House the
-same day, when it was resolved:--“That the Castle of Raglan, the works
-about it, and the house and buildings thereof, be forthwith pulled down
-and demolished.” And further, “That it be referred to the Committee
-of the county of Monmouth, to take care that the same may be totally
-demolished, and all the materials thereof sold and disposed of for the
-best advantage of the state; deducting the charges for pulling it down;
-and a due account rendered for the same.”
-
-Various orders were passed regarding the sale of estates, and
-disposition of the funds, sometimes to raise money for the service of
-Ireland, at others for reparation of losses through depriving certain
-noblemen of the Court of Wards, with other and numerous demands. But we
-must return to review the closing scene of affairs in Ireland.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[B] See page 107.
-
-[C] Note opposite sentence commencing “after fourteen days
-    delay.”--“After myself, Colonel Butler and the rest were gone,
-    Lord Charles threatened to take from Mr. Watkins £800 which was
-    in the Castle (his Majesty’s money) for siding with us, as he now
-    present is ready to testify.”
-
-[D] In MS. Index entitled, “No. 145. Boteler’s Account of his business
-    at Oxford, 1646. f. 210.” The MS. vol. containing above is
-    lettered at back, “Carte Papers, 1604–1660. 30.”
-
-[13] Birch, p. 262.
-
-[E] It is generally believed that this chamber was over the
-    south-west gate.
-
-[83] Raglan Castle.
-
-[92] Sprigge.
-
-[84] Raglan Castle.
-
-[7] Bayly.
-
-[88] Sandford.
-
-[105] Whitelock states £1000.
-
-[57] Jo. Ho. of Comm. Vol. V. p. 20.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER X.
-
-      THE EARL OF GLAMORGAN’S TRANSACTIONS IN IRELAND--CONCLUDED.
-
-
-We left the Earl at Kilkenny after his enlargement. That his own
-confidence in his position was not misplaced all his acts clearly
-prove, and no attempt has been successfully made by his adversaries to
-show him in any other light than that of being a too ready instrument
-in the hands of his prince to work out his mystified political schemes.
-
-It requires considerable calmness and consideration on the part of the
-biographer while undertaking to become the apologist of the Earl’s
-conduct, particularly when wholly differing in political and religious
-views. But sincerity will always command respect. That he was strictly
-conscientious in all his conduct there cannot be the shadow of a
-doubt; nor can he be accused of rather tempting the monarch than being
-tempted by him, a man open and most anxious to adopt any measures to
-regain his despotic authority over the people. Charles the First was
-all things to all men who offered him service; he was a Catholic to
-the Catholics, and a Protestant to the Protestants; and it was this
-duality of character, united with unbounded selfishness and a fatal
-attachment to secrecy, that perplexed his most discreet ministers.
-No man’s life or property was safe in his hands. No engagements were
-held sacred or inviolable, all being artfully contrived to conceal
-some mental reservation, which expediency always found it convenient
-to be shifting to serve some opposite purpose or other. All this
-subtle strategy was perfectly consistent with the possession of the
-most distinguished domestic affections and habits, and tastes most
-refined for art and literature, which, after all, may have been but the
-consummation of that all-grasping selfishness which shows but little
-integrity beyond the confines of self and home. His Majesty united so
-many inconsistencies of character that he completely deluded not the
-Earl alone but the entire Roman Catholic party throughout the land.
-He had succeeded in draining the Marquis of Worcester of his enormous
-wealth, and had not blushed to degrade his son, the Earl, by a public
-accusation (which his private conduct repudiated) to give colour to his
-own sophisms.
-
-A letter written by the Earl to the Nuncio, in February, together with
-the oath he afterwards took, are not a little remarkable.[13]
-
-
-“MOST ILLUSTRIOUS AND MOST REVEREND LORD,
-
-“There is no occasion for me to employ any further protestations to
-persuade your Lordship, how sincerely I desire that the whole glory
-of the advantages, which this nation and we poor Catholics of England
-may attain, should, as it ought, be ascribed to his Holiness, through
-your Lordship’s intervention; whom I beseech to consider the authority
-granted your Lordship by his Holiness, and to recall to your memory
-the letter written by the King my master to your Lordship, and my
-powers for treating with your Lordship. These things being laid down
-as a foundation, let us not sleep over our cause, but finish all the
-conventions made or to be made between his Holiness and our Queen
-(though without suffering them to be published), till your Lordship
-shall have received the original instruments themselves, or till an
-answer shall be returned from the King by means of my brother, who
-shall be sent to his Majesty in the name of your Lordship and myself.
-During which interval, though there be only a cessation of arms, yet
-our peace will be secure, and depend only on such conditions, as
-shall be acceptable to his Holiness; for it will not be such a peace,
-as the Pope disapproves of in his letters, but the same which your
-Lordship desires. But while the articles are agreed upon and concluded
-between your Lordship and me, and no change is made in the government,
-or in any other respect, till the peace shall be published, and the
-ratification transmitted hither by the King from England, no danger
-will arise either on your Lordship’s or my part, since the seven
-thousand soldiers will not pass over into England, till the peace
-be concluded and published, nor ever depart, till I shall return
-from Italy, and there shall be a certainty concerning his Holiness’
-pleasure.”
-
-
-He proceeds to suggest the conclusion of the peace at the end of three
-months; the signing of the articles by the Nuncio and himself, on the
-part of the Pope and the King respectively; thus satisfying the Irish,
-while affording the King security, the articles not being published;
-the safety of the kingdom ensured, and the Nuncio at ease in having
-thus conformed to the Pope’s instructions.
-
-He afterwards signed, on the 18th February, 1646, an engagement to the
-Nuncio; and the next day took the following oath.[13]
-
-
-“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, promise and swear to your most
-illustrious and most reverend Lordship, that I will adhere to your
-party, not only against the Marquis of Ormond, and all his relations
-and favourers, but likewise against all others, who shall oppose the
-Pope’s treaty and your measures for the good of the Catholic Religion,
-and the service of the King my master, to supply your Lordship with--
-     200,000 crowns,
-      10,000 arms for foot,
-       2,000 cases of pistols,
-         800 barrels of powder,
-and 30 or 40 ships well provided, over which your Lordship shall name
-an Admiral. For I esteem your cause to be the cause of God, and of
-the King my master, in whose name I make all the concessions agreed
-upon between your Lordship and me; and am therefore ready, if your
-Lordship pleases, to confirm this my resolution before the most holy
-sacrament. In the mean time I subscribe my name, and affix my seal,
-this 19th day of February, 1646.
-
-      “GLAMORGAN.”
-
-
-The Earl, in conformity with the power granted him on the 1st of April,
-by the King, agreed with the Nuncio to create, at his recommendation,
-one Earl, two Viscounts, and three Barons, hoping thereby to gratify
-the Irish.
-
-But previously, on his arrival in Waterford, he wrote to the
-King:[87][13]--
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY,
-
-“I am now at Waterford, providing shipping immediately to transport
-6000 foot; and 4000 more are by May to follow them. I hope these will
-yet come opportunely to the relief of Chester. What hath been the
-occasion of so long delays, and yet suffers not your Majesty’s service
-herein to proceed with that advantage it might do, I conceive not so
-fit to commit to paper; but I will shortly send my brother, who shall
-fully inform your Majesty with all particulars, and thereby rectify
-your opinion, and give you true knowledge, who are your faithful
-servants. I hope long ere this Captain Bacon hath arrived with you
-since my enlargement; and, therefore, I need only tell your Majesty
-that, my further services intended for you will, I hope, without
-further crosses, be suffered to go on; though strange is the industry
-used by many seeming friends to hinder me therein. But I am confident
-it shall not lie in their power, your Majesty remaining still constant,
-as I doubt not but you will, to your favourable opinion, and right
-interpretation of my poor endeavours; which, if they may take place,
-will procure you to be a gracious and happy prince, I having no other
-ends, but to approve myself,
-
-      “Sir, your sacred Majesty’s
-          “Most dutiful, obedient subject,
-        “and passionately devoted servant,
-              “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Waterford, Feb. 23, 1645–6.”
-
-
-The same month, however, Chester surrendered to the Parliamentary
-forces, after a stubborn siege; while in March following news arrived
-at Kilkenny of his Majesty’s message of the 29th of January, addressed
-to the Parliament, denying any participation in and unreservedly
-disavowing all knowledge of the Earl’s treaty of the 25th of August,
-1645. The Roman Catholics were astounded; all their labour and expense,
-all their negociations at once appeared worse than vain, being only
-calculated to arouse public indignation.
-
-But the Parliamentary party appeared pretty well satisfied that the
-Earl’s imprisonment was a merely colourable affair, suspecting that
-the King was merely sacrificing a devoted friend to clear himself and
-appease the public wrath.
-
-Notwithstanding this state of affairs in Ireland, the Earl was, on the
-4th of March, 1646, created “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” which
-title he afterwards resigned, but the original patent, still existing
-at Badminton, is translated as follows:--
-
-“Charles, by the grace of God of England, France, and Ireland King,
-Defender of the Faith, &c. To all our Archbishops, Dukes, Marquesses,
-Earls, Viscounts, Bishops, Barons, Knights, Governors of Towns,
-Freemen, and all other Officers, Ministers, and subjects to whom these
-Presents shall come Greeting.
-
-“We esteem the greatness of our Royal Dignity not only to be highly
-adorned but even to be augmented and enlarged when men eminent for
-their nobility and virtue, who have deserved well of their country, and
-by notable achievements and particularly by trophys and other monuments
-of military valour acquired at home and abroad and distinguished
-and adorned by any illustrious accession of Honour, Dignity, or
-Titles.--And Whereas our right trusty and well beloved Cousin Edward
-Somerset, alias Plantagenet, Knight of the most noble order of the
-Garter, Earl of our County of Glamorgan, son and heir apparent of
-our right trusty and well beloved Cousin Henry Earl and Marquess of
-Worcester, Baron of the Honours of the castles of Raglan, Chepstow, and
-Gower, a man eminent for the nobleness of his blood, and his approved
-attachment and fidelity to us, (by always furnishing the most ready
-supplies out of his own fortune to us in these most calamitous times)
-Hath in a special manner recommended himself to our favour: as he is
-rendered illustrious by a long train of noble ancestors, and by the
-high nobility transmitted by paternal succession from John of Gaunt
-Duke of Lancaster, and his son John Plantagenet Duke of Somerset, from
-the place of his nativity surnamed Beaufort--and by other connections
-of blood with the Royal Houses of Lancaster and York, to Charles the
-first Earl of Worcester; All which dignity of birth and accumulated
-honours he hath himself greatly surpassed by his own personal virtues
-and inviolable fidelity to Us.
-
-“For with what integrity, with what constancy, with what expense, he
-did execute the royal command of President of the six counties of South
-Wales and the places adjoining to the Severn coast? He was present at
-sieges and battles.--With what courage and successful conduct did he
-take Goodridge Castle, the Forest of Dean and the city of Hereford? In
-short, with what remarkable good fortune, with what unhoped for success
-he made himself master of the strongly fortified town of Monmouth? And
-not content with the confined limits of one kingdom, go to the most
-distant places beyond the seas, through the midst of hostile forces and
-the dangers of shipwreck, yet at his own private expense, regardless
-of all dangers, at the loss of his own private fortune, that he might
-raise succours for the support of the tottering crown of his King.
-These things, &c.”
-
-Endorsed--“1646, 4 March. 21 Charles I. Creation of Edward, Earl of
-Glamorgan, Duke of Somerset and Beaufort, 4 March, 1646, and 21 C. I.”
-
-
-This patent, worthless as it proved for confirming the title it was
-intended to convey, may well serve to seal the duplicity of the monarch
-who could thus intend to honour one whom he charged with treasonable
-acts, if not with absolute forgery of warrants in his own name.
-
-In March 1646, the Earl committed to writing the following
-memorandum:--[13]
-
-“Considerations and conclusions concerning the present state of my
-affairs, 29 March, 1646.
-
-“1. As the King has published such a Declaration, I think myself at
-present incapable of serving him. Yet I am persuaded, that he has done
-this unwillingly, and through the violent impulse of others, and on
-account of the bad situation of his affairs. For which purpose, I am
-desirous to send express to him a person of rank, and my relation; by
-whose means I shall propose to his Majesty a method, by which he may
-enable me, under the authority of the Great Seal, to proceed further,
-both in promoting the interest of this nation, and his Majesty’s own,
-in such a manner, that his forced renunciation shall not be openly
-touched upon, and yet my justification, as far as it shall conduce to
-the good of this kingdom, so sincerely desired by me, may attain its
-wished-for effect. The safety even of the lowest person of this nation,
-is so truly at my heart, that I would not expose the life of one man to
-danger on my own account, nor press the transportation of the soldiers,
-till the return of the messenger to be sent to the King.
-
-“2. As I have received such instructions from the King as these, viz.
-If by any unfortunate accident we should be involved in any counsels,
-in appearance contrary to the powers given by us to you, you shall
-make no other account of them, but by putting yourself in a condition
-to help us, and set us free; I do not find any more expeditious way of
-relieving his Majesty from his distress, than by taking no notice of
-anything which he has done through compulsion, and by supporting this
-nation. But if the Supreme Council will engage to adhere firmly to me,
-I will likewise oblige myself to employ the ships and money, which I
-had before designed for England, to the assistance of this nation, and
-devote my labours and endeavours to the service of this kingdom, till
-we can all jointly succour his Majesty in England. I desire, that the
-most illustrious and most reverend Nuncio of the Apostolic See will
-first of all subscribe this treaty of ours.
-
-“But in this affair, I require nothing of the Supreme Council, but
-their private faith, till I shall return, by God’s blessing, with all
-things necessary. And though I am sensible, how little this concerns
-my own interest, yet my zeal prompts me to it. But I am extremely
-desirous, that General Preston should march the troops, designed for
-me, into Munster, to compose the commotions there, as well as to take
-care of this kingdom, whose safety is greatly concerned in it, as that
-when, through God’s blessing, I return with the subsidies, I may find
-an army ready. I desire, that our mutual engagement may be committed
-to writing, and signed and sealed, and kept under the most profound
-secrecy.”
-
-
-The Earl of Glamorgan had designed a visit to Rome, anticipating
-important assistance there, as well as the especial favour of the
-King in that matter. But the Supreme Council, wearied by the expense
-of keeping a large army, intended for the relief of Chester, finding
-no vessels were supplied from England for that purpose, and being
-further discouraged by his Majesty’s recent proceedings, finally
-resolved against sending any troops out of Ireland. The critical state
-of affairs had become so acutely distressing to the Earl, that in a
-letter addressed to Father Robert Nugent at Kilkenny, he expressed the
-bitterness of his anguish in the most unrestrained language, such as we
-find no example of in any other portion of his varied correspondence.
-
-To Father Robert Nugent, he thus wrote:--[13]
-
-
-“REVEREND SIR,
-
-“I return you thanks for the messenger sent me on purpose, and your
-letter; and desire you to signify to the Nuncio, that if all the devils
-on earth and in hell had not conspired against me, I should not have
-been reduced to these difficulties and distresses; and that the loss
-of life itself would have been more tolerable to me, being now tired
-of it on account of the present difficulty, and I can think of nothing
-but redeeming myself; assuring you, that the misfortunes of my whole
-life have not perplexed me so much as this: to remedy which, though
-I am pressed by letters and most urgent business to go to Limerick,
-I still continue here. I swear to you, that I have been disappointed
-of seven thousand pounds sterling, which I thought as entirely my own
-as if the money had been actually paid to me; and all this since the
-resolution was published against sending the soldiers to England. I do
-not think it necessary to remind the Nuncio, that my enemies in Ireland
-are exasperated against me, because they perceive me so warmly and
-sincerely affected towards him, and know, that I shall always continue
-so; and because I should not hesitate to expose my life and fortune
-to the utmost danger, in order to bring to an issue his commission
-and business in this kingdom. This seems to me to deserve, that some
-pity and toleration should be shown towards me, especially in an
-event unforeseen by me, and forced upon me, and which has given me a
-vexation, than which I can imagine nothing more severe to me.
-
-      “I remain, in great affliction,
-        “Your affectionate Cousin and Servant,
-            “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Waterford, 3 May, 1646.”
-
-
-His operations in Ireland were virtually terminated, every measure
-had signally failed, and he was without hope, after the Parliamentary
-publications, of regaining confidence with any party. Much as has been
-written on this subject, and ably as it has been investigated by Dr.
-Birch and other writers, it must be admitted that we gain little from
-the mass of evidence accumulated to enlighten us in respect to the
-personal character of the Earl of Glamorgan, beyond entire satisfaction
-that he acted solely as his sovereign’s agent, at his instigation, and
-entirely under such authority as he could alone give him under all
-the circumstances of such an important secret mission. Charles the
-First’s confidence in him was by no means misplaced, and he had no
-doubt well weighed his character before taking him into his confidence.
-For this inquiry he had sufficient opportunity while the Earl was at
-his court, and again while himself a guest at Raglan. He well knew
-the weak side of the father and the son, the one expectant that his
-Majesty would be “a defender of _the_ faith,” the other warm-hearted,
-and generous, to an extraordinary and enthusiastic degree. Not alone
-were the Marquis and Lord Herbert deceived by the machinations of the
-wily monarch, but so likewise were the whole Roman Catholic community.
-Had it been otherwise we might suspect undue measures would have been
-adopted, but wherever such were carried into effect they were on the
-side of the Crown and not of the subject. Charles the First’s duality
-of character in this respect has never been, nor can be, successfully
-refuted. Embarking, therefore, in his Majesty’s cause, in Ireland, we
-cease to be surprised that the Earl of Glamorgan should, consistently
-with his faith, be in constant consultation with the Nuncio and
-conform to proffered oaths. In short, had he adopted any other course
-than that which he pursued, his negociations would from the first
-either have ceased, or merged into the dilatory measures attending
-the Lord Lieutenant’s previous course, which it was expected by the
-King that the Earl would be able to out-run and overmatch. But his
-utmost diplomatic skill was insufficient to grapple with and satisfy
-the grasping party on his own side; and he was equally unsuccessful
-placed in opposition to such practised politicians as Ormond, Digby,
-and others. And above all, a supreme difficulty must have been, the
-conducting of his entire system to accord with the subtleties and
-secrecies of the King’s personally communicated and private counsels.
-He was thus placed in many painful straits, but which his ardent,
-vigorous temperament determined him to overcome. In his position,
-however, the Earl felt a compulsory necessity to maintain great
-secrecy; negociating with many mental reservations. He had to satisfy
-the King, while he did not wish to disoblige Ormond, and although there
-was a natural bond of sympathy between himself and the Roman Catholic
-party, he could neither wholly accede to the Nuncio’s measures nor
-satisfy the Council. To the best of his ability he consistently and
-conscientiously employed the vast powers delegated to him for the
-good of his King and his country through his own party; so that no
-historian, not his most bitter, sarcastic enemies, can point to any
-single fact that could cast the slightest taint on the rectitude of
-his conduct throughout the unfortunate and unhappy transactions into
-which it was his misfortune to be drawn by a too sanguine, hopeful, but
-helpless monarch.
-
-On the 3rd of April the Earl wrote to the Marquis of Ormond:--[A]
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,
-
-“With many thanks for your letter delivered me by Sir Vivien Molineux,
-give me leave to congratulate your Excellency’s happy escape from
-the mischievous intentions against you by the wicked enterprise for
-the taking of the castle of Dublin. And as nobody joys more in your
-deliverance than I do, so cannot any one wish more heartily than I,
-that all the warnings which your Excellency hath had might prevail
-to persuade you, in whom you might totally best confide, and of whom
-to beware; and then with a stedfast resolution to adhere to your
-truest and most real friends. Amongst whom, if your Excellency afford
-me not a place, I dare boldly say that it is not for want of having
-already endeavoured to deserve the same by serving you, with as great
-expressions, both public and private, as my wish and will could
-possibly obtain unto. Neither shall my future actions be inferior
-to what is past, but shall (God willing) enact those things wherein
-my good will only can yet be seen: for upon the ground work of my
-professed reality and affection unto your Excellency, and of your
-noble and friendly acceptance thereof, have I ever thought to build a
-fabric of my future services to his Majesty and most real friendship
-to yourself, whose subsistence I tender as mine own. And if your
-Excellency’s first begotten and expressed confidence in me had not been
-retarded by some unknown means unto me, though I humbly and thankfully
-acknowledge you never suffered it to be extinguished; give me leave to
-aver with truth, that your Excellency ere this should have seen the
-remarkable effects thereof. But this is so copious a theme, as that I
-fear already I have been too prolix, I will therefore abridge myself,
-and not extend unto the latitude, which the truth of this subject
-prompts me unto.
-
-“And to the second part of your Excellency’s letter, give me leave to
-thank you for your tenderness in not accepting the £2500 from me; but
-also your Excellency may know, that it is upon a reliance thereon, that
-the Council offered you the £3000, and for the performance thereof I
-am enforced to this journey, without which against the prefixed time
-I could not have supplied them with the money. Now to the latter part
-of your letter, wherein you promise I should at large hear farther
-from you, as upon Friday last; but yet have received no other your
-commands, which I expected, before I thought it necessary to answer
-yours of the 24th of March. But receiving no other your directions, I
-think it opportune to let your Excellency know, that, of three vessels
-which I sent for a convoy unto the Prince, Sir Nicholas Crispe, and Mr.
-Hasendanke, the merchant, I have but one return, Captain Allen being
-taken and stript. And I hear a packet of your Excellency’s, as well as
-letters, thrown overboard without weight, were taken up; which I look
-for shortly to have in print.[B]
-
-“By the sole return which came unto me, I received notice from the
-Prince and those about him, in how ill a condition he was enforced
-to retire into the Isle of Scilly, where he now is; and made use of
-Hasendanke’s frigates to transport himself, whereby I was not only
-disappointed of what I hoped for by the Prince, but also of his.
-
-“Sir Nicholas Crispe indeed offers to send me three, but they were not
-then with him, and he desires a return from me first, so that only
-my Lord of Antrim’s frigates are come; and a ship with 18 pieces of
-ordnance, which is hourly expected, and bought by me at Galway. Two
-Hollanders there are likewise at Waterford, and two frigates likewise
-of Captain Antonio’s, and the Spanish agents, which carry ordnance.
-These are all of force, and truly I conceive, might, for so short
-a cut, be a sufficient convoy, were not Chester taken, the Prince
-in so bad a condition, and some defeat of my brother’s forces in
-Glamorganshire spoken of. But upon these considerations, how hazardous
-it will be to send away a part of the army only. I humbly offer to
-your Excellency, not speaking anything of a great disheartening and
-discouragement some take at a pretended declaration of his Majesty
-against me, though I myself value it so little, as that, could I,
-without shortening much more advantage to his Majesty’s service, go
-myself in person with 6000 men, I should no ways boggle thereat. And
-as it now stands, to give testimony that my zeal is not lessened
-to his service, and that you may have further assurance of my care
-to your person, I make this offer, that if you please to join, and
-together with the Supreme Council assure me, that against my return
-I may have 10,000 men in readiness for his Majesty’s service, I will
-immediately go and bring back with me twenty sail of good shipping at
-the least, well furnished for men of war; £40,000 ready money; 10,000
-musquets, 2,000 case of pistols, 800 barrels of powder, and a gallant
-train of artillery.[C] For I shrink not at this instant from pain and
-expenses out of diminution of zeal to his Majesty’s service, as by the
-present difficulties propounded may perchance be surmised by others,
-though not by your Excellency, who (I am confident) will make a right
-construction, and how I only would willingly retire myself from further
-present charge, as a ram doth to take a greater vease. For I am not so
-much frightened at the bugbear declaration, but that, if I could go
-myself with a considerable force and provisions, it should not any
-ways deter me, from the confidence I have in his Majesty’s justice and
-goodness. It is true that two days since I have sent to take myself
-off from paying demurrage, which would have amounted to one hundred or
-two hundred pounds a day. But the shipping are still under an embargo,
-and the soldiers designed for England no other ways disposed of,
-who may in the interim until my return be useful unto this kingdom,
-assisted by the Nuncio’s purse. If therefore your Excellency resolve
-upon my journey, I pray send me immediate word by this messenger, whom
-I have sent of purpose, assuring that the shipping I speak of shall
-also attend this coast. And if (which God forbid) the King should be
-already joined with the Parliament, and that my services for him there
-be consequently rejected, I shall endeavour to serve his Majesty at
-my return in preserving your Excellency and this kingdom for him; and
-nothing but an extraordinary confidence in your Excellency’s goodness,
-and an infinite zeal unto my master’s service, could make me take this
-resolution; which I humbly submit to your better judgment, and ever
-remain,
-
-      “Your Excellency’s, &c.
-          “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Waterford, the 3rd of April, 1646.”
-
-
-The reply made by the Marquis of Ormond,[D] to this noble offer, only
-three days after, shows that he did not esteem it as being in any way
-extravagant or impossible; he writes:--
-
-
-“MY LORD,
-
-“I receive your gratulations and devices for my future security as
-evident testimonies of your continued favour to me; and I am much joyed
-to find, that the accidents fallen out concerning your Lordship have
-not left any impression on you, to the prejudice of the real affection
-you give me to bear you.
-
-“My Lord, I had, according to my promise, given you a larger account
-of things here; but that, at the concluding of the articles, we found
-ourselves so straitened in time, that many material parts of the
-agreement were fain to be put in another way than was first thought
-of; and at this instant I am so pressed with important despatches from
-Kilkenny, that I shall be able but shortly and confusedly to give you
-a return to the main parts of your Lordship’s [letter] of the 3rd of
-this month, which came to my hands yesterday about noon. Touching
-the noble and large offer you are pleased to make of shipping, arms,
-ammunition, and a train of artillery for the King’s service, in case
-you may receive assurance from those in power among the confederates,
-and from me, that ten thousand men shall be ready against your return,
-to be transported to serve the King in England. I return your Lordship
-this answer, that I shall, and by this letter do, cheerfully oblige
-myself for as much as shall lie in my power, either in my public or
-private capacity, to have that number of men in the readiness you
-expect; and to compass it, am contented all the remainder of my fortune
-should stand engaged. If your Lordship can procure as much as this from
-the other party, I conceive you will proceed in your intended voyage
-with satisfaction, and return (I hope) with success; which is earnestly
-wished by
-
-      “Your Lordship’s, &c.
-          “ORMOND.
-
-“Dublin Castle, the 6th of April, 1646.”
-
-
-The following letter from the King, dated the 20th of July, 1646,[E]
-originally written in cipher, while it shows the estimation in which
-he justly held the Earl of Glamorgan, only throws a darker shade on his
-own mysterious and inexplicable line of policy. The Earl’s zeal and
-unbounded confidence in his Royal Master (determining rather to die in
-his service than to break faith with him), served, as they well might
-to continue him in his favour:--
-
-
-“GLAMORGAN,
-
-“I am not so strictly guarded, but that if you send to me a prudent
-and secret person, I can receive a letter, and you may signify to me
-your mind, I having always loved your person and conversation, which I
-ardently wish for at present more than ever, if it could be had without
-prejudice to you, whose safety is as dear to me as my own. If you can
-raise a large sum of money by pawning my kingdoms[F] for that purpose,
-I am content you should do it; and if I recover them, I will fully
-repay that money. And tell the Nuncio, that if once I can come into his
-and your hands, which ought to be extremely wished for by you both, as
-well for the sake of England as Ireland, since all the rest, as I see,
-despise me, I will do it. And if I do not say this from my heart, or
-if in any future time I fail you in this, may God never restore me to
-my kingdoms in this world, nor give me eternal happiness in the next,
-to which I hope this tribulation will conduct me at last, after I have
-satisfied my obligations to my friends, to none of whom am I so much
-obliged as to yourself, whose merits towards me exceed all expressions,
-that can be used by
-
-      “Your constant Friend,
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“From Newcastle, July 20th, 1646.”
-
-
-On receipt of this letter in Ireland, a copy of it was sent to the
-Pope, who is related to have shed tears, with mingled feelings of
-gratification and sorrow, the King’s circumstances being so desperate;
-while at the same time his determination to favour the Irish and
-English Roman Catholics in all their demands was, to all appearance,
-proportionably increased. The Earl of Glamorgan, on his part, sent
-his suggestions and devised a plan for his Majesty’s safe conduct to
-Ireland; but the scheme either failed or was abandoned.
-
-On the 30th of August, the Earl addressed a long letter to the Lord
-Lieutenant,[G] when he must have been unaware of the fate of Raglan
-Castle:--
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,
-
-“I have this long time expected your commands, which to receive, having
-sent two expresses, I verily believed would have come ere this into
-my hands; trusting likewise to Mr. Walsingham’s solicitations; but as
-yet I have neither heard from him nor your Excellency, one word since
-his departure, and receiving an earnest desire from the Nuncio to
-speak with me; as understanding likewise how prejudicial it might be
-to me, and especially to my brother who is in Italy, if the dean whom
-he hath sent thither, should depart without satisfaction from me of so
-pressing an occasion, as was by my Lord Nuncio pretended unto me. I
-repaired thither on Saturday last, with so much the more contentment
-as that I persuaded myself that your Excellency would be at Kilkenny,
-and I so much the nearer to kiss your hands; but I now return to the
-county of Clare, there to expect your commands. Yet let me not forget
-to give you an account of the business I was sent for. The rumour being
-spread that the Concessions (which some call mine) were to be printed
-and published at Kilkenny, as I have absolutely disowned any such
-thing to my Lord Nuncio, and denied to patronise the same; so I think
-myself bound to acquaint your Excellency, and by your means the Council
-Table, how mindful I am of the favours I there received, so as not to
-incur the least censure of yours and theirs by enacting anything, for
-which I had already a check. And certainly it cannot be imagined that
-the Supreme Council which was, could expect or desire any such thing
-at my hands, since they never urged to take off my recognizance, which
-through innocency I also neglected, and I joy to be disengaged from so
-perilous a business, protesting before Almighty God, that since that
-time I have entered into no new engagements unto them; and what hath
-passed before (conditions not having been held with me), none of the
-Commissioners themselves can think them obligatory, all other reasons
-also considered. Besides, when they had first thought to make use of
-them, it was resolved, that after the completing of conditions with
-your Excellency, they might bear a true date subsequent thereunto;
-and how invalid they are without the same is sufficiently evident,
-abstracting from the King’s declaration, which (though enforced upon
-him), I esteem it yet a warning for further proceedings therein,
-and fit only for great persons, who can maintain the same, to go
-contrary to the intimation of his Majesty’s pleasure, though never so
-compulsorily granted. For as I never have, nor will esteem, and be
-frighted at the contradiction of any others, when the intimation of
-his Majesty’s pleasure continues to me in any particular unrevoked;
-so, on the contrary, can I never be drawn, for any man’s pleasure,
-to go immediately contrary to what proceedeth from him, deeming it
-not my part to enter into dispute which way his Majesty is induced,
-when I see his positive act extant. Let this, therefore (I beseech
-your Excellency), give you and the world satisfaction, that I no ways
-countenance the standing upon any articles heretofore treated of by me,
-who am no more tied to make anything thereof good, than any man is to
-deliver up the possession of his lands for which he never received the
-consideration agreed upon. Besides, in order to the King’s subsistence,
-one man was then more considerable than three now. In fine, having
-washed my hands of that business, verify I will that proverb that
-the _Child burned dreads the fire_. And those noble Lords, who stand
-my bail, may be confident, I shall never deservedly put them in
-fright, or myself in danger to save them further harmless; or to show
-such ingratitude to your Excelleney and the Council as to own those
-concessions which they so much endeavoured to prevent. And thus fearing
-to have been too tedious, I abruptly kiss your Lordship’s hands and
-ever remain
-
-      “Your Excellency’s, &c.
-          “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Waterford, the 30th of August, 1646.”
-
-
-Ormond replied under date, Dublin Castle, the 2nd of September,
-1646, saying--“I must profess myself exceedingly satisfied with the
-prudence of your Lordship’s carriage at Waterford, and with the wisdom
-of the resolution you have taken in the particular of those things
-now endeavoured to be fastened upon you;” ... and which course he
-designates “a thing so much to your Lordship’s honour and advantage.”
-
-Under date of 11th of September, the Earl again addressed the Lord
-Lieutenant:[H]
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY,
-
-“I think myself very happy in that the resolution which appeared in
-my letter unto you proved so acceptable, as by the noble expressions
-of your letter and of my Lord Digby’s I find it is, and do humbly
-acknowledge infinite thanks for your Excellency’s great desire of
-seeing me; and had the self-same letter informed me of any service I
-could have done you, I should have been far from taking the resolution
-which I now have put on, correspondent unto my expressions in my last
-unto your Excellency, and unto the sense for which the commendations
-given me by you (I conceive) do proceed: which was to keep myself free
-from having any part in those most unfortunate and newly occasioned
-distractions, from which the further I withdraw myself, and the sooner,
-suits best with my disposition. Besides, my intentions wherewith I came
-into this kingdom were first to serve his Majesty and it; and next
-to serve your Excellency above all his subjects, and my own friends,
-which being now frustrated, that part only remains which can only die
-with myself, which is _Omnibus viis et modis_, to endeavour to promote
-his Majesty’s service, finding myself more capable and more probable
-for to do it elsewhere for this present, than in this kingdom. I
-hasten towards the sea-side, where I am informed some conveniency of
-shipping will afford; ... yet I could not omit to send a person of
-trust and confidence, by whom your Excellency may send unto me before
-my departure such notions as perhaps you may think not fit to put to
-paper. And if, either by word of mouth or writing sent by so trusty a
-person as Mr. Joyner (by whom I have sent you the reasons, that debar
-me of the happiness to kiss your Excellency’s hands _in transitu_),
-I find myself thought capable by you to serve his Majesty or your
-Excellency longer in these parts, and more advantageously than what I
-am now going about, you may be confident to receive such a return from
-me as may best stand with my duty to his Majesty and my affection to
-your person, to whom my professions have been ever real; and had my
-ambition and only thoughts taken place, I dare boldly say, I should
-have vied with the nearest person in blood or affection you have in
-Ireland, in the reality of being ever,
-
-      “Your Excellency’s most really
-        “affectionate kinsman and
-          “devoted servant,
-              “GLAMORGAN.
-
-“Limerick, the 11th of September, 1646.”
-
-
-[Illustration: The Earl of Glamorgan’s writing in the address of
-  a Cipher letter]
-
-Facsimile of a letter written by the Earl of Glamorgan, September,
-1646–7.
-
-Among the Carte MSS. in the Bodleian Library, from which the
-foregoing letter is taken, there occurs a curious undated letter
-written in cipher, which it is just possible may be the writing above
-named “sent by so trusty a person as Mr. Joyner.” The annexed
-engraving is a facsimile of an endorsement at the back of it in the
-Earl’s own hand-writing, affording the only specimen approaching to
-an autograph exemplifying his use of the title of _Glamorgan_[I] yet
-made public: every effort to obtain it in any other form having
-proved unavailing. And on page 180, an exact copy is given of the
-letter itself, as traced from the original.
-
-[Illustration: The letter written in his Cipher.]
-
-Facsimile of a letter written by the Earl of Glamorgan, September,
-1646-7.
-
-The Nuncio wrote from Kilkenny on the 21st of September, 1646, to
-Cardinal Pamphilio at Rome,[J] as follows:--
-
-
-“Among other patents and commissions signed by the King, and brought
-by the Earl of Glamorgan from England, there is one, appointing him
-Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, upon the expiration of the Marquis of
-Ormond’s term of holding that post, or in case the Marquis should, by
-any fault, deserve to be removed from it. For this reason, I was of
-opinion, that the Earl, who had designed to go to Rome, should stay for
-the present in this kingdom, imagining, that a way might perhaps be
-opened for accomplishing this affair. And in fact the way seems open
-for us, since the Marquis of Ormond is now publicly negotiating with
-the Parliamentarians, and consequently making a treaty with the King’s
-enemies. Upon which occasion, the Earl, being desirous of advancing
-himself to the Marquis’s post, has begun to solicit the consent of the
-kingdom, and believes, that he has the interest of the two Generals,
-and all the Congregation of the Clergy and the New Council. I have
-thought it the more proper to promote this affair, since when Dublin
-shall be taken, it will be immediately necessary for the kingdom to
-provide a Lord Lieutenant. And it is a point of no small importance to
-the present situation of affairs, to begin with appointing to that post
-a Catholic, so highly beloved by this kingdom and the King himself.
-Besides it is to be considered, that the King’s inclination and
-pleasure concurs with this design; for though his Majesty has appointed
-the Earl by his lesser seal only, yet that is sufficient for the Irish,
-since they have just reason to consider that appointment as legal and
-valid. Add to this, that as the Confederates of Ireland have it in
-their view to transport the Holy Faith into England by their arms, no
-person appears to be more fit for the execution of such a purpose, than
-the Earl, in whom two characters are united, that of a faithful servant
-to the King, and a perfect Catholic; and who, the winter before, was
-ready to carry over to the King from that country ten thousand men for
-the same purposes. Some, and those but a few, oppose this design, upon
-this single consideration, that the Earl being both an Englishman and
-of a very mild temper, will not be favourable enough to Ireland, nor
-exert the firmness necessary in this case. But I believe no better
-choice can now possibly be made, and that the appointment of a Catholic
-Lord Lieutenant, who is in so many respects attached to the Apostolical
-See, and bound to it by oath and promises, which the Earl has a hundred
-times repeated to me, is sufficient to weigh down every other doubt.”
-
-
-And about the 28th of the same month the Earl took the following
-Oath[K] to the Nuncio:--
-
-
-“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, &c. faithfully promise and swear, that
-I will do nothing of moment without the consent and approbation of
-the most illustrious Nuncio; and if I shall happen to do anything
-imprudently, which shall not be approved by him, I will correct my
-error upon the first intimation of his pleasure, and obey his commands.
-If it should be more conducive to the praise and glory of God, the
-splendour of the Catholic Church, and the happiness of this kingdom,
-that the post of Lord Lieutenant be conferred upon another person
-rather than myself; I swear, that I will readily and without reluctance
-resign it, at the command of the most illustrious Nuncio. And in all
-things I vow a perfect, voluntary, and religious obedience to his
-Holiness, saving any secular obligations towards my most serene King.
-And if I fail in any part of the oath taken by me, I consent, that the
-said oath be published, and myself exposed; otherwise the said oath
-shall be communicated only to the Bishop of Fernes, Chancellor of the
-Congregation, and Father Robert Nugent, Superior of the Jesuits in
-Ireland. In confirmation of this oath voluntarily taken by me, I have
-written all this with my own hand, subscribed my name, and affixed my
-seal, the 28th of September, 1646.
-
-      “GLAMORGAN.”
-
-
-These various letters and documents make us familiar with the Earl of
-Glamorgan’s Irish treaties,[L] and to a great extent with the cause of
-their failure: a most happy and provident circumstance for himself,
-his family, and above all for his country. His conduct throughout,
-notwithstanding the many temptations in his way, and his own naturally
-enthusiastic conduct in every enterprise in which he engaged, bears
-none of the distinguishing traits of intolerant bigotry. The King had
-already sapped the Earl’s available property, and was continually
-tantalising him with the prospect of coming fortune and ample honours.
-He fawned on the old Marquis and flattered his son; inducing the one
-to place his wealth, and the other his honour and happiness at his
-disposal. Perhaps in the whole course of his political scheming he
-never succeeded so completely, as in this instance, in thoroughly
-victimising any single noble family.
-
-On the 1st of October, 1646, the House of Lords ordered, That a pass be
-granted to the Lady Herbert, Countess of Glamorgan, into Ireland, with
-thirty of her menial servants, etc.[M][74] So that from August, when
-she left Raglan Castle, with the other inmates, to this period, she
-must have been a wanderer.
-
-Towards the close of the year 1646, it was decided between the Earl and
-his own party, to send his brother, the Lord John Somerset, a zealous
-Catholic, on a mission to the Pope. The Earl’s complicity with the
-clergy in these affairs, which had been conducted with great secrecy,
-occasioned much suspicion, creating for him many enemies among the
-Protestant party.
-
-In August, 1647, the Marquis of Ormond, leaving Ireland, waited on
-Charles the First at Hampton Court: Dublin being besieged, and likely
-to fall into possession of the English Parliament.
-
-While affairs were in this distracted state the Earl was apprised of
-his father’s decease, in December, 1646; and as Marquis of Worcester,
-he wrote from Galway to the titular Bishop of Fernes:--[26]
-
-
-“MY NOBLE LORD,
-
-“Although the place whither I go be now changed upon serious
-consideration, and my Lord Nuncio’s concurrence therein, as most
-advantageous _super totam materiam_, yet are my intentions the same
-they were when I left your Lordship; and I hope a shorter way contrived
-to them than I then imagined, having found a probable (I may call it
-even a certain) way to bring the Queen about to befriend this nation.
-In the interim, I beseech your Lordship, together with the Lord Bishop
-of Clogher and Mr. Rochfort, to be mindful of your promises to me,
-and to be sure that General O’Neile dissent not from the letter which
-you approved; the contents whereof I have not failed accordingly
-to recommend to his Majesty: and if I should deceive him therein,
-I must betake myself unto your Lordship’s advice and approbation,
-given thereupon. The copy of the original letter, together with the
-Nuncio’s recommendation, are to be delivered to General O’Neile by
-Father Definitor; and I have no more to say than that your Lordships
-(as I have said before), with Mr. Rochfort are the Triumvirate and the
-pillars upon whom I build, making no question of the goodness of that
-foundation; and I hope none of you do of my affection, which is not
-only devoted to yourselves, but as you shall further apply it to such
-persons as may be useful to God’s service, the King my master’s, and
-the good of this kingdom. And so, with my service to you all, I ever
-remain,
-
-      “My Lord,
-        “Your Lordship’s most humble
-          “and devoted Servant,
-              “WORCESTER.
-
-“Galway, 12th Oct. 1647.”
-
-
-His Lordship ultimately left Ireland in company with Father George
-Leyburn, a Roman Catholic priest, with whom he went to France in March,
-1647–8.[61]
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[13] Birch, p. 175.
-
-[13] Birch, p. 182; Nuncio’s Memoirs; and Siri, Mercurio, Vol. viii.
-
-[87] Rushworth, Part IV. vol. I. p. 249.
-
-[13] Birch, Inq. p. 184.
-
-[13] Birch, p. 188.
-
-[13] Birch, p. 192.
-
-[A] Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634–1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 172.
-
-[B] See page 124.
-
-[C] This statement agrees pretty nearly with that occurring at page
-    160, and in “The Earl of Glamorgan’s instructions to me, to be
-    presented to your Majesty,” signed by Edward Bosden, 21st of March,
-    1644, viz.:--
-
-    “That, God willing, by the end of May or beginning of June, he
-    will land with 6000 Irish, &c. &c.
-
-    “That to advance these his undertakings, he hath £30,000 ready,
-    10,000 muskets, 2000 case of pistols, 800 barrels of powder,
-    besides his own artillery; and is ascertained of £30,000 more,
-    which will be ready upon his return.” See the “King’s Cabinet
-    opened,” 4to. 1645. And Birch’s Inquiry, 1756, p. 57.
-
-[D] Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634–1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 175.
-
-[E] A Latin copy is in the Nuncio’s Memoirs, and in Italian in
-    Vittorio Liri’s Mercurio, Vol. vii. p. 97, 98. Translation in
-    Birch’s Inquiry, 8vo. 1756, p. 244.
-
-[F] Being empowered by the King’s Commission of the 1st April,
-    1644
-
-[G] Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634–1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 202.
-
-[H] Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634–1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 207.
-
-[I] The autograph of _Glamorgan_ is said by Dr. Lingard to have
-    attested a _copy_ of his Warrant of 12th January, 1644; possibly
-    the one originally handed by him to the Marquis of Ormond. It is
-    not, however, among his papers at St. Cuthbert’s College, Durham.
-
-[J] Nuncio’s Memoirs, fol. 1376–1379. Birch, Inq. p. 253–256.
-
-[K] See his previous Oath, page 159.
-
-[L] See his own explanations, given in a letter to the Earl of
-    Clarendon, dated 11th June, 1660.
-
-[M] Lords’ Jour. VIII. 507.
-
-[74] Nichols.
-
-[26] Clarendon, vol. ii. p. 380.
-
-[61] Leyburn, p. 61.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XI.
-
-      THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER AN EXILE; RESIDES IN FRANCE.
-
-
-The Earl of Glamorgan, succeeding to his father’s title and honours in
-December, 1646, while he was yet in Ireland, very soon after, as we
-have seen, went to France, a voluntary exile. His countrymen had heaped
-on him (in common with the entire Roman Catholic adherents to the
-royal cause) all the acrimonious abuse which political and religious
-intolerance is always too ready to disseminate, with a zealous ardour
-which defies discrimination. His fate, it is true, was the general
-fate of hundreds of noble families, condemned in like manner to suffer
-for their loyalty. While we are prone to praise what is gained by a
-rebellion, we are apt to overlook whether the civil war entered upon
-for effecting it, might not have been avoided; and while lauding times
-which bring to light some great military and naval spirits or still
-greater statesmen, we overlook entirely the possibility of altogether
-destroying the mental energies of men of brighter intellects, doomed to
-fall in the flower of their age on the field of battle. The blessings
-of good government all readily admit, but sad indeed is it, when
-wholesome changes in a state have to be effected through convulsions
-that paralyse a nation’s advance in civilization.
-
-It is clear, on a retrospect, that much has been delayed, much missed,
-and more possibly lost that otherwise might have arisen from energies
-sacrificed, alas! to the sword, and fortunes turned into other and
-wasteful channels. In this nineteenth century we can calmly look with
-some wonder and astonishment on the indifference of the seventeenth,
-in failing to realize at least some of the Marquis of Worcester’s
-remarkable Inventions, of which we shall shortly have to treat more at
-large.
-
-On the 18th of September, 1646, the House of Commons “Ordered, That
-the Lady Herbert, wife of the Lord Herbert of Raglan, shall have Mr.
-Speaker’s pass to go into France, only according to the pass given
-her by Sir Thomas Fairfax.”
-
-Mr. Carte,[24] in his life of the Duke of Ormond, incidentally alludes
-to the Marquis of Worcester, as being at Paris a few months before
-March, 1648; he says:--
-
-“In 1648, the Duke of Ormond considered the Parliament was grown
-jealous of him, and wanted a pretext to seize his person. He had
-notice likewise given him, that a warrant was actually issued out
-for that purpose, though in breach of the articles.[A] Upon this
-advertisement, he quitted Acton--ten miles from Bristol, where he was
-then residing,--and crossing the country to Hastings in Sussex, he took
-shipping for France, and landed happily at Dieppe in Normandy. From
-thence he went in the beginning of March [1648] to Paris, there to wait
-upon the Queen and Prince, and assist with his advice in the present
-conjuncture of affairs, when matters of the greatest consequence, the
-most intricate nature, and the most embroiled circumstances, were
-under their consideration, and resolutions to be taken therein for his
-Majesty’s service:”--he having just previously escaped from the Isle of
-Wight.
-
-“The Earl of Glamorgan[B] had come to Paris a few months before him,
-recommended by the Nuncio Rinuccini to Cardinal Mazarine, and to the
-Pope’s Nuncio in that place, on account of his attachment to the Holy
-See, though unfortunate in all his undertakings, and not endued with
-that prudence which was necessary to the post he desired. His business
-there was to solicit the Queen to make him Governor of Ireland, but
-he met with so ill a reception at Court, that he soon despaired of
-succeeding. His Lady, to whom the Marquis of Ormond had once made his
-addresses, (before he had hopes of marrying his cousin, and uniting
-the estate of his family) resented the neglect shewed of her Lord, and
-imputed it, as well as his imprisonment at Dublin, to the influence and
-power of the Marquis. She carried her resentment so far, that when he
-waited upon her after his arrival at Paris, and offered to salute her,
-she turned away her face with great disdain. The Marquis thereupon made
-her a reverence, and with great presence of mind, said, ‘Really, Madam,
-this would have troubled me eighteen years ago;’[C] and then went to
-the next, the company present being of his acquaintance, and much
-pleased with what he had said.”
-
-We may here pause to remark that, from the close of the year 1640, when
-the Long Parliament commenced its memorable sittings, the prominent
-events affecting the history of art and science in England are
-comparatively meagre, as might be expected, while the public mind was
-being perpetually distracted and disturbed not by intestine war alone,
-but also by plague and pestilence in fearful forms.
-
-Of remarkable events of the period we especially notice the fortifying
-of London in 1643, and the delivering up of Charles the First to the
-Parliament by the Scots in January 1647, followed by his execution on
-the 30th of January 1649, the establishment of the Commonwealth on the
-6th of February following, and of the Protectorate under Cromwell in
-1654.
-
-Under the new regime, public taste either was greatly changed, or was
-to be compulsorily directed into new channels, for, in 1647, theatrical
-performances were prohibited, actors were declared rogues and
-vagabonds, and all places usually employed for theatrical performances
-were ordered to be demolished. Such was the narrow-minded and furious
-puritanical zeal of the then governing power.
-
-Charles the Second held his Court at Paris, where alone the Marquis
-of Worcester associated with the libertine monarch; at least no
-circumstance occurs to show that he ever removed with the Court in its
-several changes to Cologne, Bruges, Brussels, and other continental
-towns.
-
-Sir Richard Browne, ambassador at Paris, in his correspondence with
-John Evelyn, when writing from Paris, the 3rd of August, 1648,
-incidentally observes in a postscript:--“Our Court wants money, and
-lives very quietly at St. Germains: where no peer appears but my Lord
-Jermin. The Marquis of Worcester, the Lords Digby and Hatton, though
-yet in France, yet live for the most part in Paris.”[37]
-
-The Marquis had been little more than a year in France, when he
-seems to have written to the exiled King, then at Jersey, for some
-confirmation of his titles; to which request he received the following
-courtly compliments and vain empty promises:--[D]
-
-
-“MY LORD WORCESTER,
-
-I am truly sensible of your great merit and sufferings in the service
-of the King my father, and I shall never be wanting to reward and
-encourage as well that kindness to his person as that zeal to his
-service which you have expressed in all your actions, and which I doubt
-not but you will still continue to me. I fear that in this conjuncture
-of time it will not be seasonable for me to grant, nor for you to
-receive the addition of honour you desire; neither can I at this time
-send the order you mention concerning the Garter, but be confident that
-I will in due time give you such satisfaction in these particulars and
-in all other things that you can reasonably expect from me, as shall
-let you see with how much truth and kindness I am
-
-      “Your affectionate friend,
-          “CHARLES R.
-
-“I do not send the letter to Monsieur Monbrun till I understand more
-particularly from you what the intention of it is, which I do not yet
-well understand.
-
-“Jersey, 21/31 of Octob. 1649.
-  “For the MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.”
-
-
-The Marquis was probably for four or five years a refugee in France,
-intimately associated with the exiled Court; “Paris and indeed all
-France (says Evelyn[37]), being full of loyal fugitives,” in 1650. Many
-vague surmises have originated with different writers to account for
-the manner in which he passed his time abroad, all alike fallacious,
-being inconsistent with facts. It is certain that his finances were
-equally straitened with those, not only of the nobility around him,
-but likewise of the King himself. He could have had but few, if any,
-opportunities for leisurely engaging in his usual studies, much less
-for any practical pursuits in experimental natural philosophy. That
-he was not wholly idle, however, we may well conceive; yet it is more
-consistent to suppose that it was a period in his life which he would
-most likely employ to investigate the works of those writers whose
-labours he most affected, rather than engage himself in productions
-which might only add to the danger as well as the difficulties of his
-uncertain journeyings, surrounded as the Court was with political spies.
-
-During the Marquis’s absence on the continent, we proceed to trace the
-progress of events at home.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[24] Carte, vol. 2. p. 16.
-
-[A] He had liberty by his articles to stay twelve months in
-    England--but the Parliament was jealous of his doing them a
-    disservice.
-
-[B] See Nuncio’s Memoirs, fol. 1818. Ireland, iii. 100.
-
-[C] See her Marriage in 1639, page 30.
-
-[37] Evelyn. The Editor of the Diary erroneously indexes the Marquis
-     as--“Henry Somerset, &c.,” instead of “Edward Somerset, &c.”
-
-[D] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[37] Evelyn.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XII.
-
-      AFFAIRS AFFECTING THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s FAMILY, IN RESPECT
-      OF WORCESTER HOUSE AND OTHER PROPERTY IN AND NEAR LONDON.
-
-
-Worcester House, in the Strand, was of course early in possession
-of the Parliament, who used it for the state paper and other public
-offices. The mansion had gardens to the water-side.[A] In the reign of
-Henry VIII. it had belonged to the see of Carlisle; it was afterwards
-inhabited by the Earls of Bedford, being then known as Bedford and
-Russell House, from whom it came to the Earls of Worcester, when it
-assumed their name. It also figured as the temporary residence of the
-great Earl of Clarendon,[37] who is represented to have paid for it a
-rental of £500[2] per annum, probably taking it furnished.
-
-On the 21st of April, 1643, the House of Commons had[57] ordered,
-“That the iron seized in Worcester House, be forthwith sold; and the
-proceeds delivered to the collectors in the county of Middlesex,
-appointed by the ordinance for seizing the estates of Papists, and
-notorious malignants; to the end that they may be accountable to the
-Committee for it: And that no Committee, or other person, do grant out
-Warrants for seizing the estates of malignants, without the knowledge
-of that Committee; in regard there is an ordinance settled to that
-purpose, and a Committee armed with power for the execution of the said
-Ordinance, in all the points and circumstances hereof.”
-
-In pursuance of an Ordinance of Parliament,[B] passed the 11th of
-September, 1646, contracts were concluded by the Government with
-various purchasers of houses, stables, sheds and plots of ground, the
-joint property of the Marquis of Worcester and his brother, Sir John
-Somerset, some situated in the parish of Clements Danes in the Strand,
-a part in Drury Lane, and smaller tenements in Fish-Street Hill, Cross
-Lane, and Coppings Court, in the City; together with a house, farm and
-land in Stepney, “alias Stebunheath;” also the manor of Acton, with its
-farm-house, buildings, and 805 acres of land; the whole for the sum of
-£12,584. 12_s._--Nearly half this amount arose from the purchases of
-“William Pennoyer and Richard Hill of London, merchants,” to whom the
-Government was indebted in the sum of £9,402. 5_s._--which was to be
-paid out of such sales of this property, and any amount remaining was
-to bear “interest after the rate of £8. _per centum_ for a year.” And
-they had further the option of claiming any purchases of the property
-not paid for within ten days; so that either out of purchases or by
-forfeitures they were secured for their balance of £3,199. 13_s._ over
-and above their own purchases.[C]
-
-That Worcester House became a depot for the security of treasure seized
-by the Parliament, we learn from a Resolution passed by the Commons[57]
-on the 10th of January, 1650.
-
-“Resolved, That Colonel Berksted be, and is hereby, required to appoint
-four of his soldiers to lodge every night at Worcester House; and four
-other of his soldiers to lodge every night at Guildhall; for the better
-securing the treasuries there, from time to time, as the Treasurers at
-War shall appoint.”
-
-On the 11th of February following, the House,[57] among other business--
-
-“Ordered, That it be referred to the Council of State, to dispose of
-Worcester House, and the yards and gardens thereunto belonging, for the
-best carrying on of the public service of the Commonwealth.”
-
-The Marchioness of Worcester, being deprived of other sources of
-property, petitioned the Parliament in respect to the only likely means
-of obtaining pecuniary consideration. A copy of her petition, being
-a printed folio fly-leaf, probably as then in use for members of the
-House, preserved in the Library of the British Museum, has upon it
-the MS. date “October 1654,” but it is more probable that it was not
-presented to Parliament before the end of 1656 or early in 1657. It is
-as follows:--
-
-
-“To the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and
-Ireland.
-
-“The humble Petition of Margare[t Somerset] Countess of Worcester.
-
-“Sheweth,
-
-“That your Petitioner having been married to Edward, now Earl of
-Worcester, in the year 1639, with a considerable portion, to the value
-of twenty thousand pounds, and not having received out of the whole
-estate but four hundred pounds these nine neares [years], in lieu of
-jointure, fifths, or thirds. Notwithstanding her claim and four years’
-attendance: and finding now only _Worcester_ House unsold, and in
-pursuit to discover some other little thing.
-
-      “_Your Petitioner humbly prayeth your Honours, to
-        grant her the benefit of the said House, and such
-        other things as may be discovered._
-
-          “And your Petitioner shall ever pray, &c.”
-
-
-Every circumstance connected with this petition acquires interest from
-the peculiar position of the times, and of all parties interested.
-The Marquis of Worcester had rendered himself highly obnoxious to the
-dominant party, he was beyond their power, a recusant and a papist,
-and here was his noble Lady petitioning the Cromwellian Parliament
-in respect to her rights, a papist demanding her fifths at the hands
-of her husband’s bitterest enemies. We need, therefore, offer no
-apology for tracing rather more particularly than might otherwise seem
-requisite, the course pursued in this simple affair.
-
-On Monday, the 30th of March, 1657, Mr. Burton[22] reports from the
-Committee, to whom the Petition of Margaret Countess of Worcester was
-referred;
-
-“A Bill for settling the messuage in the Strand, called Worcester
-House, on Trustees, for the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester, in
-trust, for Margaret, Countess of Worcester, in lieu and satisfaction of
-the arrears of her fifths, was this day read the first time; and, upon
-the question, ordered to be read the second time, on Thursday morning
-next.”
-
-On Saturday, the 2nd of May, 1657.
-
-“The Bill for settling Worcester House upon Margaret Countess of
-Worcester, and some discoveries, in lieu of the arrears of her fifths,
-was this day read the second time; and, upon the question, committed
-to Mr. Nath. Bacon, Mr. Franc. Bacon, Mr. Burton, and 29 other members,
-to meet on Tuesday next.”
-
-On Friday, the 16th of June, 1657, “a Bill for settling of Worcester
-House upon Christofer Copley, Esquire, and William Hawley, Esquire,
-during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester, and also such monies as
-were due to the said Earl or Margaret his Countess, from Barnaby, Earl
-of Thomond; in trust for the said Countess, was this day read the third
-time.
-
-“The humble petition of Barnaby, Earl of Thomond, was this day read:
-
-“A Proviso was tendered to this Bill, in these words; viz. ‘Provided
-that this shall not impeach or invalid the sale of the Gate-house
-of the said Worcester House, by the trustees appointed for the sale
-thereof.’
-
-“Which was read the first and second time; and, upon the question,
-agreed to be part of the Bill.
-
-“And the said Bill, with the Schedule annexed, being put to the
-question, passed.
-
-“Ordered, That this Bill be tendered to the Lord Protector, for his
-consent.”
-
-After other business, the Speaker, with the whole House, repaired to
-the Painted Chamber, to present the Bills to his Highness, who gave his
-assent to this, along with other Bills.[57]
-
-After much delay, from unexplained postponements and references, it
-was at length, on the 24th of March, 1658–9, resolved, to agree with
-the Committee’s recommendation.[22] We, therefore, find on the 14th of
-April, 1659,[57] after prayers--
-
-“Mr. Terill reports from the Grand Committee of the House of
-Grievances, the state of the case, upon the petition of Margaret,
-Countess of Worcester, concerning her interest in Worcester House in
-the Strand.
-
-“Resolved, &c. That Margaret, Countess of Worcester, have the actual
-possession of Worcester House in the Strand delivered up to her on the
-25th day of March next: and that, in the meantime, the rent of £300 be
-paid to her for the said house, for this year, commencing from the 25th
-day of March last, out of the receipt of the Exchequer, half yearly, by
-equal portions, if her interest therein shall so long continue.
-
-“Resolved, &c. That the sum of £400 be paid to Margaret, Countess of
-Worcester, or her assignees, out of the receipt of the Exchequer, in
-recompense of all demands for the detaining of Worcester House from her
-since her title thereto, by virtue of the late act of Parliament, until
-the 25th day of March last.
-
-“Sir George Booth, Sir William Wheeler, Mr. Raleigh, Sir William
-Doyley, Mr. Annesley, or any three of them, are appointed a Committee
-to wait on his Highness, the Lord Protector, from this House, to desire
-his Highness to give direction for a Privy-Seal to be issued for the
-payment, as well of £400 allowed to the Countess of Worcester, for her
-recompense of all demands for detaining of Worcester House from her
-since her title thereunto, by the late act of Parliament; as of the
-rent of £300 appointed to be paid to her for this present year, for the
-said house, to end on the 25th of March next.
-
-“Resolved, &c. That it be referred to a Committee, to consider how
-to remove, and where to place, the conveyances, records, and other
-writings, now remaining at Worcester House, so as they may be disposed
-for their safety, and the service of the Commonwealth.
-
-“A Committee accordingly appointed.”
-
-
-      “Tuesday, the 19th of April, 1659[D]
-
-“Mr. Annesley reports from the Committee appointed to attend his
-Highness about the payment of £400 to the Countess of Worcester, in
-satisfaction of all demands due to her, for the use of Worcester
-House, till the 25th day of March last; and of £300 more for the rent
-of the said house for this present year, to end the 25th day of March
-next; that the Committee had attended his Highness, and acquainted him
-with the Orders of this House in that behalf: that his Highness was
-pleased to give the Committee this answer, That he assured himself the
-House had considered of her interest; and that himself was therewith
-satisfied; and did take notice of the Orders; and would give speedy
-direction for her satisfaction accordingly.”
-
-
-      “Saturday, August 20th, 1659.[E]
-
-“Ordered, That the sum of £6 by the week shall be paid unto Margaret,
-Countess of Worcester, or her assigns, so long as Worcester House shall
-be made use of by the Commonwealth; to be paid to her, or her assigns,
-out of the contingencies of the Council of State: and the acquittance
-of the said Margaret, Countess of Worcester, testifying the receipt
-thereof, shall be a sufficient discharge in that behalf.
-
-“Ordered, That the Commissioners for removing of obstructions,
-trustees, contractors, and other officers, at Worcester House, do quit
-the said house, as soon as they can conveniently, without prejudice to
-the service of the Commonwealth: and that when the said house shall be
-quitted, that the same shall be settled upon the Countess of Worcester,
-or upon trustees to her use, during the life of Edward, Earl of
-Worcester: And it is “Ordered, That it be referred to a Committee, to
-set out some rooms in Worcester House, for the use of the said Countess
-of Worcester in the meantime: And it is further--
-
-“Ordered, That the said Committee do also examine whether it is
-necessary for the Commonwealth to continue to make use of Worcester
-House for the service of the Commonwealth; or whether it be best to
-take some other course for the accommodation of the said Commissioners,
-&c. at Worcester House, &c.”
-
-
-      “Wednesday, 14th March, 1659. Afternoon.[F]
-
-“An act for settling Worcester House in the Strand upon trustees, for
-the use of Margaret, Countess of Worcester, during the life of Edward,
-Earl of Worcester; and also such monies as are due to the said Earl or
-Countess, from Barnaby, Earl of Thomond, was this day read the first
-time.
-
-“Ordered, That the pension of six pounds a week formerly ordered to
-Margaret, Countess of Worcester, be continued until the Parliament
-take further order; and that the same be forthwith paid, with all
-arrears thereof, from the time of the granting thereof unto her the
-said Margaret, Countess of Worcester, or her assigns, out of the
-contingencies of the Council of State: And that the Council of State
-be, and are hereby, authorized and required forthwith to pay the same,
-accordingly: And that the Council of State be repaid the same money out
-of the public revenue of the Exchequer.
-
-“Ordered, That the possession of Worcester House in the Strand, in the
-county of Middlesex, be forthwith delivered up to Margaret, Countess of
-Worcester: And the Council of State are hereby authorized and required,
-to take care, that the possession of the said house be delivered up to
-her, or her assigns, accordingly.”
-
-
-      “Wednesday, 14th March, 1659. Afternoon.[G]
-
-“A Bill empowering the trustees for sale of lands forfeited to the
-Commonwealth for treason, to convey Worcester House to trustees in
-trust for Margaret, Countess of Worcester, was this day read the first
-and second time; and, upon the question, passed.”
-
-
-Thus it occupied above two years to obtain anything approaching an
-equitable arrangement of the Countess’ very obvious claim, concluding
-at last with a “pension of six pounds a week,”--a pension in arrear in
-March, 1659, but to be “continued until the Parliament take further
-order.”
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] See engraved view, page 8.
-
-[37] Evelyn.
-
-[2] Allen’s London.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. iii. p. 54.
-
-[B] See “Ordinances of Parliament,” 1641–46, 4to. Brit. Mus.
-    517, K. 11–36.
-
-[C] See also Miscellaneous MSS Brit. Mus. No. 5501.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. pp. 523, 533.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. pp. 523, 533.
-
-[22] Burton.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 512, 529, 576.
-
-[22] Burton.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 512, 529, 576.
-
-[D] Page 642.
-
-[E] Page 763.
-
-[F] Page 875.
-
-[G] Page 876.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XIII.
-
-      THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s SON, AND TWO DAUGHTERS.
-
-
-With a view to giving completeness to the preceding domestic narrative
-(affecting the Marchioness of Worcester, in respect to Worcester
-House), our remarks have extended to the early part of the year 1659,
-thus going some years beyond the time of the Marquis of Worcester’s
-flight to and residence in France.
-
-We come next, in the order of family claimants, to consider the several
-petitions, first of his son, Henry Lord Herbert; and next of his
-daughters, Ladies Anne and Elizabeth.
-
-On Wednesday, the 23rd of April, 1651, the humble petition of Henry,
-Lord Herbert, was read in the House of Commons,[57] when it was--
-
-“Ordered, That it be referred to a Committee, to consider what
-interest the Petitioner hath in any of the lands, late the Earl of
-Worcester’s, settled by Act of Parliament on the Lord General, and
-the value thereof, and to report the whole state of the business to
-the Parliament. And, in case they find the Petitioner hath any good
-title to any of the said lands, that then they bring in a proviso, for
-excepting out of sale, by this Act, so much of the lands of the said
-Earl, now in the power of the Parliament to dispose of, as may be of
-like value; to be disposed of as the Parliament shall see cause.”
-
-After naming a Committee--
-
-“Ordered, That the business of the delinquency of the Lord Herbert of
-Raglan, as to the matter of fact, be referred to this Committee; to
-send to the Commissioners at Goldsmiths’ Hall, for what evidence they
-have against him; and to report the state of the business touching the
-delinquency charged on the said Lord Herbert, to the Parliament.”
-
-This was succeeded, on Wednesday, the 21st of May, 1651,[A] by an
-inquiry into the state of the case of the Lord Herbert of Raglan,
-reported as follows:--
-
-“Manors and lordships of Tidenham in the county of Gloucester; Chepstow
-Barton, and Hardwick Chepstow, Burgus, and Frythwood, in the county of
-Monmouth; the seigniory of Gower in the county of Glamorgan; by force
-of two several indentures, one of them dated 3º Junii, 3º Caroli, the
-other dated 10º Novembris, 1631, for good and valuable considerations,
-in the said indentures mentioned, were settled upon the Earl of
-Worcester, for and during his life only; the remainder thereof to
-the said Lord Herbert, and the heirs male of his body; with divers
-remainders over; which said lordships and manors are, by Act of this
-present Parliament, settled upon the Lord General Cromwell and his
-heirs; and are of the yearly value of one thousand seven hundred and
-seven pounds, fifteen shillings and two pence.
-
-“And that the manors of Monmouth, Wisham, Pelleny, Purcasseck,
-Trellacks Grange, the demesnes of Grosmond, Skewfreth, and Monmouth,
-Bettus, and Per Lloyd, in the county of Monmouth, the manor of
-Crookham in the county of Berks, the manor of Kendall in the county
-of Westmorland, the manor of Shopden in the county of Hereford, by
-force of several conveyances thereof made, are settled upon the Earl
-of Worcester, and the heirs males of his body; with divers remainders
-over; all which said manors and lands are forfeited, for treason of the
-said Earl; and are in the power of the Parliament, to settle or dispose
-of; and are of the yearly value of one thousand seven hundred pounds,
-twelve shillings and sixpence.
-
-
-                            MONMOUTHSHIRE.
-                                                       £. _s._ _d._
-  The manors of Monmouth and Wyesham                  186   0   10
-  The manor of Pellenny                                38  18    0
-  The manors of Purcasseck, and Trellecks Grange      443   0    8
-  The demesnes of Grosmont, Skenseth, and Monmouth    160   0    0
-  Bettus and Per Lloyd                                110   0    0
-                                BERKS.
-  The manor of Crookham                               392   6   10
-                             WESTMORLAND.
-  The manor of Kendal                                 220   6    6
-                              HEREFORD.
-  The manor of Shobdon                                150   0    0
-                                                     -------------
-                                             Sum    £1700  12   10
-                                                     =============
-
-
-“Lands disposed of by the Parliament to my Lord General Cromwell, and
-entailed on my Lord Herbert:--
-
-
-                             GLOUCESTER.
-                                                       £. _s._ _d._
-  The lordship of Tyddenham                           356   3   11
-                            MONMOUTHSHIRE.
-  The lordships of Chepstow Barton, and Hardwick      510   1   10
-  Chepstow Burgus                                      68  13    8
-  Frithwood, near unto Chepstow, conceived to be
-    equivalent to £100 per annum                      100   0    0
-                           GLAMORGANSHIRE.
-  The seigniory of Gower                              672  15    9
-                                                     -------------
-                                             Sum    £1707   5    2
-                                                     =============
-
-
-“The question being put, That the House do take into debate the
-business of delinquency, concerning the Lord Herbert of Raglan.
-
-“It passed with the negative.
-
-“Resolved, That it be sent back to the Commissioners for compounding,
-to proceed touching the point of delinquency charged on the Lord
-Herbert of Raglan; and give judgment therein; and to report their
-judgment, and the grounds of it, to the Parliament, forthwith.”
-
-Again, on Thursday, the 30th of October, 1651.[57]
-
-“The humble Petition of Henry, Lord Herbert, of Raglan, was this day
-read.
-
-“Ordered, That this Petition be referred to the former Committee,
-touching the Lord Herbert, to consider of this business; and if they
-find the Petitioner hath just title to the land, to present some lands
-to the Parliament for the Petitioner’s satisfaction, in consideration
-thereof.
-
-“Ordered, That it be referred to the same Committee, to consider of
-the lands settled upon Mr. Peters, to which the Lady Anne Somerset
-maketh title; and if they find her title thereunto to be just, that
-then the said Committee do present some other lands to be settled upon
-the said Lady, in lieu and satisfaction of her title to those lands.”
-
-And on Friday, the 9th of January, 1651–2.[B]
-
-“Mr. Say reports from the Committee, to whom the business touching
-the Lord Herbert of Raglan was referred, several resolutions of that
-Committee, as followeth:--
-
-“Resolved, That the houses and lands conveyed by Act of Parliament
-unto Mr. Pennoyer and Mr. Hill, were, by indenture, dated 3º Caroli,
-conveyed by Edward, then Earl of Worcester, unto the Petitioner and his
-heirs, after the decease of Edward, now Earl of Worcester, who is but
-tenant for life thereof.
-
-“Resolved, That the yearly value of the said houses and lands are, and
-were, before the beginning of these wars, £786.
-
-“Resolved, That it be humbly presented to the Parliament, as the
-opinion of this Committee, That the several manors and lands, the
-inheritance whereof is by this present Parliament settled upon the
-Petitioner and his heirs, and are of the yearly value of £1700; that
-the present possession thereof be granted unto the Petitioner, he
-paying to the trustees for sale of delinquents’ lands, the sum of £800.
-
-“Resolved, That it be presented to the Parliament, as the opinion
-of this Committee, that the trustees and contractors for sale of
-delinquents’ lands, do convey the said manors and lands to the said
-Petitioner, during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester; the said
-Petitioner paying to them therefore the said sum of £800.
-
-“Resolved, by the Parliament, That in satisfaction and discharge of
-the title and claim of the Lord Herbert of Raglan unto the houses and
-lands settled by ordinance of Parliament on Mr. Pennoyer and Mr. Hill,
-the trustees for sale of several lands and estates forfeited to the
-Commonwealth for treason, be authorized and required to convey unto
-the said Lord Herbert of Raglan, and his assigns, all the manors and
-lands, the inheritance whereof is, by this present Parliament, by an
-Act, intituled, An Act for Sale of several Lands and Estates forfeited
-to the Commonwealth for Treason, settled on the said Lord Herbert,
-and his heirs, during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester; the said
-Lord Herbert paying for the same, to the Treasurers of the receipt,
-the sum of £800. And that the present possession of the said manors
-and lands be thereupon delivered unto the said Lord Herbert: And that
-the Commissioners for compounding be authorized and required, upon
-a certificate of the said Treasurers, to take off the sequestration
-thereof.”
-
-The Marquis’s two daughters were, like their mother-in-law,
-petitioners to Parliament for the restoration of their rights in their
-proportionate share of their father’s property. On the 17th of March,
-1647, after other business before the House of Commons, “The humble
-petition of Anne and Elizabeth, daughters of Edward, Earl of Worcester,
-was read.” And it was ordered, “That this petition be referred to the
-consideration of the Committee, where Mr. Wheeler has the chair.”
-
-On the 9th of July, 1649, after a lapse of two years and a quarter,
-this matter was again before the House, when, “The humble petition of
-the Ladies Anne and Elizabeth, daughters of the Earl of Worcester, was
-read:--
-
-“Whereas, according to an order of the Committee of Lords and Commons
-for sequestrations, of the 17th of March, 1646, the Committees of
-Monmouth, Brecknock, Glamorgan, Gloucester, and Berks, have sent out,
-and assigned, unto the Petitioners, a fifth part of their father’s
-estate in those counties, towards their respective maintenance: It is
-ordered by the Commons assembled in Parliament, That the Petitioners
-shall have and receive the profits of the said fifth part, so allotted
-unto them, from the time of their demand, according to the said order
-of the Lords and Commons, until this House take further order: And
-the several Committees of the said counties are hereby authorized
-and required forthwith to pay the same, or permit the Petitioners to
-receive the same accordingly.”[57]
-
-The period from the surrender of Raglan Castle in August, 1646, down
-to the close of 1651, extending over five years, must have been one of
-the most galling and trying nature to the Marquis of Worcester. From a
-state of ease and affluence he was suddenly plunged into a condition
-the most mortifying possible to a noble and independent mind; without
-any other than the barren consolation that his Prince, the Court, and
-men of all ranks shared a similar fate. He did not stand alone, a
-monument of ruin amidst plenty. In September, 1649, Charles the Second
-had quitted the Continent for Jersey, and the next year he arrived
-in Scotland; in 1651, his romantic career in England terminated, and
-in November he was once more in France, without credit, as Clarendon
-asserts, to borrow twenty pistoles.
-
-The Marquis’s extensive property in Middlesex and in Wales enabled the
-Government to discharge many heavy claims; but among its claimants,
-its very good friends, its warmest and most needful supporters had
-first to be considered; while charitable acts, and the asserted claims
-of persons related to recusants, and persons specially proscribed by
-Parliament, and all who were even remotely related to them would have
-to submit to long delays and hard wrung submissions, when the object
-was to obtain the least assistance from an already depressed treasury.
-
-That the Marquis’s wife and family received any assistance whatever,
-through appeals to the Commonwealth Parliament, is significant of the
-high estimation in which he himself must have been held, simply for
-his moral worth, and his not overstrained political bias: marking his
-acts with extreme humanity in war, and good sense in avoiding the risk
-of launching into any of those extraordinary measures, for which the
-late King had granted him the ample powers already considered. Indeed
-the Nuncio,[C] as early as 1646, had correctly estimated his Lordship’s
-character, designating him “an Englishman of a very mild temper.”
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. p. 565.
-
-[A] Page 577. The same inquiry also supplied an interesting
-    notice of Lord Herbert’s early life.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 33.
-
-[B] Page 67.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. v. p. 504; vi. p. 256.
-
-[C] See page 182.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XIV.
-
-      HIS RETURN TO ENGLAND--IMPRISONMENT, AND LIBERATION--HIS
-      “CENTURY”--PECUNIARY DIFFICULTIES--PETITIONS--AT CHARLES THE
-      SECOND’S CORONATION--LORD HERBERT.
-
-
-We find that in the House of Commons, on the 14th of March, 1648, “The
-persons reported to be banished, and their estates confiscated, being
-fourteen in number, were every one particularly put to the question;”
-when it was resolved, &c. “That Charles Stuart, eldest son of the late
-King, be one of that number; also James Stuart, his second son;” then
-follow the Earls of Bristol, and Newcastle, along with Witherington,
-Digby, Musgrave, Langdale, Greenvill, and Dodington. After which it
-was--
-
-“Resolved, &c. That the Earl of Worcester be one other of that number.”
-Likewise were added the names of Winter, Culpepper, Byron, the Duke of
-Buckingham; and finally, “all that have been plotting, designing, or
-assisting, in the Irish rebellion,” shall be proscribed, as enemies and
-traitors to the Commonwealth; and shall “die without mercy, wherever
-they shall be found within the limits of this nation; and their estates
-employed for the use of the Commonwealth.”[57]
-
-It appears, on the authority of Dr. White Kennet,[58] the historian,
-that while Charles the Second was a refugee in the Court of France, the
-King of France, Louis XIV., was in himself disposed not only to assist,
-but if possible to restore the royal family of England. His commanding
-minister, the Cardinal Mazarine, however, was always averse to any such
-measure; so that all the exiled prince could do was to send abroad
-his envoys and agents, to solicit for justice and relief, although
-without effect, as the result proved. He sent to England, says Kennet,
-“the noble Marquis of Worcester for private intelligence as well as
-for supplies; but the Marquis was taken up prisoner in London, and
-committed to the Tower in September[?]; where he was threatened with a
-speedy trial, and worse punished with a long confinement.”
-
-We are brought by this circumstance to an interesting period in the
-adventurous life of the Marquis of Worcester. His visit to England was
-every way extraordinary for its boldness or apparent recklessness; as
-he was a marked man, one who could have no reason for expecting to be
-able to conciliate the reigning power, which had already stigmatized
-him as an “enemy and traitor to the Commonwealth,” his estates to be
-confiscated, and himself, wherever taken, doomed to “die without any
-mercy whatever.”
-
-The Marquis’s son sat in the Cromwellian Parliament; Cromwell enjoyed
-the Monmouthshire estates of the Marquis, to the value of £2500
-per annum, and allowed Lord Herbert a pretty liberal income. From
-Edinburgh, Cromwell wrote on the 12th of April, 1651, a letter to his
-wife:--“My dearest, Beware of my Lord Herbert his resort to your house;
-if he do so may occasion scandal, as if I were bargaining with him:
-indeed be wise; you know my meaning.”[A][23]
-
-The Marquis might have some private object in view, equally with that
-of serving his prince, and might have been better assured than history
-determines, that his life, at all events, would be safe. It is stated
-in the History of the Tower,[6] in noticing the Marquis of Worcester
-being added to the number of distinguished persons confined there in
-1652, that the wants and distresses to which he had been subjected on
-the continent had driven him to seek shelter in his own country.
-
-[Illustration: The Tower, Map of London, 1658.]
-
-BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.
-
-On the 28th of July, 1652, the House of Commons, immediately after
-prayers, “Resolved, That the Earl of Worcester do stand committed to
-the Tower of London, in order to his trial.” And, “That it be referred
-to the Council of State to consider, in what way the Earl of Worcester
-may be tried, and who hath harboured him; and to consider of all
-circumstances in his business, and to report their opinion thereon to
-the House, on Friday morning next.”
-
-A year later, being on the 29th of August, 1653, Colonel Rous reports
-from the Committee of Petitions, “The most humble Petition of Edward
-Somerset, Earl of Worcester, now prisoner in the Tower.
-
-“As also, the humble Petition of Margaret, Countess of Worcester; which
-were both read.”
-
-Followed, on the 3rd of October, by repetitions of the same report,
-when it was “Resolved that this Petition be laid aside.”
-
-While, on the 5th of October, 1654, one year later, after other
-business, the Earl’s petition was again read, and it was thereon
-“Resolved, That the Earl of Worcester have his liberty for the present
-upon bail, until the Parliament take further order. And that the
-Lieutenant of the Tower do take sufficient bail: And that a Warrant do
-issue under Mr. Speaker’s hand, to that purpose.”[57]
-
-In Burton’s highly valuable and interesting Diary of Oliver Cromwell’s
-Parliament, when noticing the foregoing business in respect to the
-Marquis’s petition, it is added:--“The Petitioner was alleged to be a
-papist, in arms in England, who had headed a party in Ireland, making
-a most dishonourable peace there, and had done many other disservices,
-for which he was excepted from all mercy and pardon; his whole estate
-ordered to be sold, and all such to be banished. Yet, it was urged, he
-was an old man, had lain long in prison, and the small-pox then raging
-under the same roof where he lay. And he had not, as was said, done any
-actions of hostility, but only as a soldier; and in that capacity had
-always shown civilities to the English prisoners and protestants. It
-was, therefore, ordered, that he should be bailed out of prison.”[22]
-
-Consequently he was a close prisoner for at least two years and a
-quarter, assuming that he was then liberated; which is the more likely,
-as we find that a Warrant was given by Cromwell, dated the 26th of
-June, 1655, to pay his Lordship the sum of three pounds a week, for
-his better maintenance.[B] He would be about or verging on 53 years
-of age, and must have suffered very seriously from fatigue, disease,
-and severe mental disquietude, prolonged through at least eight years
-passed in every diversity of honour and disgrace, wealth and poverty,
-high hopes and aspirations, terminating in blank disappointment; he
-thus united in his own person and history the most violent contrasts,
-enough to have broken down and utterly destroyed any enthusiasm less
-than is due to the conscious possession of surpassing mental wealth.
-It would be difficult to find in the voluminous history of scientific
-biography a parallel case of so much self-reliance on the promptings of
-a great and noble mind, under anything like such an unmitigated burden
-of uncontrollable evils, as fell to the share of this extraordinary man
-in the very decline of life, when tired nature seeks calm, repose, and
-competence.
-
-It would seem as if, while still a prisoner, he was treating for
-Vauxhall, where we shall find he was afterwards actively engaged with
-his Water Engine; for Samuel Hartlib, well known from his acquaintance
-with Milton, writes to the Honourable Robert Boyle on the 8th of
-May, 1654, signifying that, the Marquis is buying Vauxhall from Mr.
-Trenchard.[14]
-
-The next incident we meet with, of which any record occurs, after his
-enlargement, is a melancholy evidence of his extreme necessities and
-indeed absolute poverty. It consists in the following, taken from the
-original acknowledgment:--[C]
-
-
-“Receaved and borrowed of my Honored friend Sr David Watkins the full
-somme of Twenty pownds sterling wch I faythfully promise to repaye
-at or before the second day of February next ensueing to wch I
-oblige myselfe my Hayre Executor Administrator or assign in a dubble
-somme or forfeiture Witnesse my hand and seale this eight of De: 1655.
-
-      “WORCESTER.
-
-“Witnessed by LANCELOT HODSHON.”
-
-
-We have thus far traced the career of the Marquis of Worcester from
-youth to manhood; the scholar, husband, father, general of armies, a
-wealthy nobleman, an impoverished exile, in danger of his life by war
-and shipwreck, twice imprisoned, now a freeman, oppressed by pecuniary
-difficulties and earnestly striving against the pressure of his own
-misfortunes and the weight of public prejudice, to which his political
-life and religious persuasion subjected him: sometimes through court
-intrigue, but mostly from the rooted bigotry of those gloomy times.
-
-Whatever interest the history of the life of the Marquis of Worcester
-may derive from other sources, the philosopher will dwell alone with
-delight on that period which divulged the extraordinary inventive
-mental capabilities of such a singular scholar and early man of
-science. He now first produced, as he himself states, his remarkable
-little work, of which the full title runs thus:--“A century of the
-names and scantlings of such Inventions, as at present I can call to
-mind to have tried and perfected, which (my former notes being lost)
-I have, at the instance of a powerful friend, endeavoured now, in
-the year 1655, to set these down, in such a way as may sufficiently
-instruct me to put any of them in practice.” That small book, then only
-in manuscript, and not published until eight years afterwards, has
-sealed his fame; for through all time the “Century” will be regarded
-as a great curiosity in scientific literature, for its variety of
-subjects, and its author’s versatility of genius in pursuits then but
-little cultivated.
-
-The first year of his release, appears, therefore, to have been mainly
-distinguished by this valuable contribution, as he says, “at the
-instance of a powerful friend.” We think that that _friend_ was no
-other than Colonel Christopher Coppley, or Copley,[D] who had served
-in the Parliamentary army of the North, under the command of General
-Fairfax; a sufficient reason for the author omitting to particularize
-him by name. That he and the Marquis were, however, on terms of close
-friendship, is evident from the annexed letter;[98] alluding to
-previous kind offices accorded by his “powerful” now his “dear” and his
-“honoured friend.”
-
-
-“DEAR FRIEND,
-
-“I know not with what face to desire a courtesy from you, since I
-have not yet paid you the five pounds, and the main business so long
-protracted, whereby my reality and kindness should with thankfulness
-appear; for though the least I intend you is to make up the sum already
-promised, to a thousand pounds yearly, or a share amounting to far
-more, which to nominate, before the perfection of the work, were but
-an _individuum vagum_; and, therefore, I defer it, and upon no other
-score. Yet, in this interim, my disappointments are so great as that
-I am forced to beg if you could possibly, either to help me with ten
-pounds to this bearer; or, to make use of the coach, and to go to Mr.
-Clerke, and if he could this day help me to fifty pounds, then to
-pay yourself the five pounds I owe you out of them. Either of these
-will infinitely oblige me. The alderman has taken three days’ time to
-consider of it. Pardon the great troubles I give you, which I doubt not
-but in time to deserve by really appearing,
-
-      “Your most thankful friend,
-          “WORCESTER.
-
-“28th of March, 1656. To my honoured friend,
-  “COLONEL CHRISTOPHER COPPLEY.”
-
-
-This epistle the Colonel endorsed, “My Lord of Worcester’s letter about
-my share in his engine.” What was the result of these negociations
-remains untold; but eight months later it would seem that, for some
-reason or other, he entered into a solemn obligation with the Colonel,
-in the terms following:--[E]
-
-
-“I, under written, do confess and acknowledge to have received of
-Colonel Christopher Copley so great civilities and obligations as that
-I do take him into so strict bonds of kindness, as that, if at any time
-the adventure of my life and fortune may bestead him, I do, upon the
-word of a gentleman, and the faith of a Christian, engage myself not
-to stick thereat, but cheerfully to run the same fortune with him. And
-upon the same ties I vow never to deceive or delude him in thought,
-word, or deed; and to declare the truth at all times unto him, using
-neither hyperbole nor equivocation concerning my water-work; or any
-promise made or to be made between us; which, as I am a gentleman,
-a Christian, and Roman Catholic, I will even keep inviolable, and
-that (if I should do any thing to the contrary), I may appear a most
-dishonest and perjured person; I have signed these with my hand, and
-affixed on them my seal at Stems (?), the 18th day of November, 1656,
-
-      “WORCESTER.”
-
-
-On the 28th of December, 1656, he wrote a short letter to Mr. Secretary
-Thurloe. Politicians have generally supposed that it had reference to
-some great state secret, which he was bargaining to disclose; while,
-how contrary must have been his views is now transparent, from seeing
-what really was the one absorbing subject of his daily meditation,
-arising out of his arduous endeavours to obtain assistance, and to
-carry out the working of his “water-commanding engine.” The letter is
-in every sense remarkable and interesting, both from the mistiness that
-has for so long a time clouded its meaning, and from the circumstances
-under which it was dictated. The Marquis writes:--[F]
-
-
-      “28th of December, 1656.
-
-“RIGHT HONOURABLE,
-
-“I do confess, that the old saying is, that proffered service is not
-valued, and in that respect I wonder not to have my endeavours so
-little set by. In a word, I am very well pleased to acquiesce, if
-his Highness nor your Honour think me not worthy of one quarter of
-an hour’s audience; yet I must needs say, that if esteemed of, I am
-able to do his Highness more service than any one subject of his three
-nations; and though, after a message by Mr. Noell, and a letter of
-mine delivered by my own hands to Mr. Owng, and as he told me, by
-him to your Honour, I cannot get a time assigned me to wait upon you.
-I here send you a true copy of Don Alonzo, his answer to me, and do
-assure you, that I have in readiness a person whom you yourself will
-confess Don Alonzo cannot except against: so that there only resteth
-needful your approbation. When your Honour shall have read this, and
-the copies of the Don’s letter, I have entreated and enjoined Mr. Noell
-to bring them me back, and in his presence I will burn them, and remain
-silent for the future in anything of this nature, but in all things
-else, your Honour’s most affectionate friend and humble servant,
-
-      “WORCESTER.”[G]
-
-
-The noble inventor’s proceedings could have been no secret at Court,
-surrounded by spies of every description to report all his operations;
-and his principal object being one of a large and costly character,
-would be better known for its nature than its construction. It would
-also become known from the manuscript of his Century, copies of
-which seem to have been privately circulated, that his inventions
-extended to improvements in fire-arms, cannon, and general naval and
-military improvements. Now it is not in the least improbable that some
-foreign party or parties communicated with him in reference to some
-particular invention, but particularly his much commended novelty of a
-“water-commanding engine,” while the Marquis might feel it a delicate
-as well as an imprudent act on his part, to make arrangements with
-foreigners before he had confided his secret and rendered it available
-in his own country. That his object in desiring an interview with
-Cromwell, or with his haughty Secretary, bore no political cast,
-is next to self-evident, from their perfect indifference to his
-communication; while for any political ends, either would have shown
-some tokens of regard, and not have left the author of the slightest
-thread of interested intelligence craving for a few minutes’ audience.
-Besides, we have the inferential evidence that the communication
-referred to scientific inventions, rather than to political intrigues,
-from the context--“proffered service is not valued, and in that respect
-(he says) I wonder not to have my endeavours so little set by.” And
-what could those endeavours be, at that particular crisis more than any
-other, but the possible requirement of patronage from the Protector,
-and probably also the Parliament, before committing himself to
-foreigners for that aid which he rightfully considered he would soon
-merit from his countrymen. But he still further says, “I am able to do
-his Highness more service than any one subject of his three nations.”
-Will any one pretend to assume that such language had reference to
-political plottings, of which he possessed the secret knowledge to
-such an extent of national importance, without being either listened
-to, or at once seized and consigned to the dreaded chambers of that
-fortress, from which he had been only three years released? Admit that
-the language is inflated, it still would be very significant if it
-bore at all on the state of public affairs at home or abroad. But its
-true significance may be found in its counterpart in the Dedications
-appended to the first edition of the “Century,” printed in 1663. The
-promise to burn the returned copies of papers, in the presence of Mr.
-Noell, would seem merely another way of showing, that, come what might
-of the matter, he would break off all negociations with others than
-his countrymen. The communication can only be read as alluding to one
-subject, and not as introducing anything forced and irrelevant. It
-can only be reconciled as being wholly political, or wholly affecting
-his special scientific engagements. Besides, had it been otherwise,
-it would not have escaped the historian, or some court spy to record
-the wonderful discovery of a plot of frightful magnitude, with all
-particulars. But no plot ever came to light; and the Marquis never did
-Cromwell or the Commonwealth any service beyond anything accomplished
-by the humblest citizen. We must, therefore, for ever abandon the
-opinion of there being any political character attached to this
-supposed mysterious communication.
-
-The Marquis of Worcester’s son and heir, Lord Herbert, married Mary,
-Lady Beauchamp, on the 17th of August, 1657. The following certificate
-on a small square piece of parchment is preserved among other family
-documents at Badminton House:--
-
-
-“These are to certifie: It being desired by the p’ties concerned,
-that, Henry Somerset Lord Herbert and Mary Lady Bochampp, both of the
-parish of St. Clements Danes, Middlesex, were Legally married before me
-Richard Powell of Clerkenwell, Middle Sq: one of the Justices for the
-said County, authorized soe to doe by vertue of an Act of Parliam_{t.}
-bearing date the ffower and twentieth day of August 1653. There then
-being pre’te Charles Price and Edward Gibbes, dated this Seaven tenth
-day of August 1657.
-
-      “RICHARD POWELL.”
-
-
-The Marquis of Worcester’s private affairs were year by year growing
-more and more desperate, we continually find him and the Marchioness
-petitioning the Parliament for pecuniary assistance out of the
-confiscated estates. He seems to have been on friendly terms with
-John Lenthall, Speaker of the House of Commons, from whom we find the
-following letter:--[H]
-
-
-“MY LORD,
-
-“I will ever acknowledge that your Lordship hath dealt most honourably
-with me, and with all hearti[ness] I will profess that to all; and
-will endeavour to show my thankfulness to your Lordship, and to your
-honourable Lady; and do assure you both that, if I may do you any
-service to my brother speaker, about your business in Parliament, I
-will endeavour my uttermost to act for you. My wife takes your promise
-of half a buck exceeding thankfully, and also some great _belles_ here.
-We shall all endeavour to make a requital; and I shall ever acknowledge
-myself to be
-
-      “Your Honour’s most humble Servant,
-          “JOHN LENTHALL.
-
-“8th July, 1659.
-
-
-“I have received from your Lordship 20 marks in full of all your
-Lordship’s fees, which I hereby acknowledge, and acquit your Lordship
-of that and all other demands at this day.
-
-
-“To the Right Honourable the
-  LORD MARQUIS OF WORCESTER--these presents.”
-
-
-His manuscript of his wonderful “Century” had been four years
-written, copies passing probably from hand to hand, and himself
-urging the great and noble of the land to patronise his efforts. In
-the British Museum is the only MS. of the Century extant, having on
-the top of its title page the dates “From August ye 29th to Sep. ye
-21st, 1659,” which may, however, merely refer to the date of copying,
-or to a period granted for lending it. The 88th article alludes to a
-_Stamping Engine_, while in the printed edition this is omitted and a
-_Brazen Head_ substituted; there are also some slight verbal
-differences; only an abbreviated title page; and no dedication.
-
-Among other petitions a rough draft exists of one evidently prepared by
-the Marchioness herself; whether sent or not cannot now be ascertained,
-but of its authenticity as a family record of distress there can be no
-doubt whatever. It is so negligently and imperfectly written, that an
-entire copy cannot be advantageously given. It runs thus:--[I]
-
-
-“Master Speaker, I beseech you not to stand so much upon an order of
-the House as to forget God Almighty’s precepts, to do as you would be
-done by. Most of the honourable House I conceive have wives, and if
-any of you would be contented his wife should suffer as I do, then
-let me still endure; if otherwise, be pleased to consider me, if not
-according to my sex or quality”--yet, “in consideration of seven years
-attendance, and millions of court sueings, and my heart almost broken
-with supplications and vain promises to them, and at last instead
-of many thousand pounds,” out of the estates, “all now ending in a
-ruined house, and that but for an uncertain time, not for my own life,
-rather but this poor pittance for his life, who is near three score.”
-She also seems to allude to fever, and the breaking up of his health,
-concluding, “I, therefore, most humbly seek this honourable House to
-make an end of it.”
-
-
-We find the Marquis with noble perseverance contending against every
-difficulty, evincing an elasticity of mind that cannot but excite
-surprise.
-
-Writing to the Earl of Lotherdale,[J] he says:--
-
-
-“MY THRICE HONOURABLE LORD,
-
-“The two predominant powers which reign over my soul, and do chiefly
-guide and govern my actions, are love and gratitude; the one begotten
-in me towards your Lordship by the knowledge I had in the Tower of
-the virtues and excellent parts, the other by a certain and most true
-information of some passages vouchsafed by your Lordship in your
-servant’s behalf, and even in his absence yesterday, before his Majesty
-at Hampton Court. The particulars I set not down, because (?) they
-seemed so obliging to me as that Colonel Charles Groger, telling them
-me but at nine of the clock this night, yet I could not defer till
-morning this most humble acknowledgment; but before I go to rest, as
-a little token of great thankfulness, I promise your Lordship a box,
-with such conveniences and rarities as that which you saw had, and
-though it were presumptuous in me to say, I would give a subject a
-better qualified present than I gave my Sovereign; yet the King must
-pardon an humour I have, never to be contented to produce any invention
-the second time without appearing refined; this doth not also content
-me, but I do likewise engage myself that as soon as with security and
-satisfaction, by Act of Parliament, I may put in practice the greatest
-gift of invention for profit that I ever yet heard of vouchsafed
-to a man, especially so unworthy and ignorant as I am (I mean my
-water-commanding engine). I offer to your Lordship’s disposal the
-accruing benefit of five hundred pounds; and that your Lordship may not
-think it improbable to rise thence, I beseech you to vouchsafe to read
-over, but to keep it to yourself, this enclosed, which shall be made
-good to a tittle by me,
-
-        “My Lord,
-      “Your Lordship’s most really affectionate
-           “and ever obliged servant,
-               “WORCESTER.
-
-“Saturday night, 26th of January, 1660, be therefore pleased to
-pardon the scribbling, and regard but my real meaning. For the RIGHT
-HON. THE EARL OF LOTHERDALE, &c. these.”
-
-
-      (_Copy of the enclosure._)
-
-“The name and the truly significant definition of a most admirable and
-most stupendous invention, through the providential dispensation of the
-Almighty God’s infinite mercy and goodness, found out, and perfected
-by the sole expenses, ingenuity, knowledge, and mathematical insight
-of the Right Hon. Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, and by his
-Lordship deservedly termed, and pithily defined to be--
-
-“An Imperial, or a Water-commanding Engine, boundless for height and
-quantity, and requiring no external, nor even additional help, or force
-to be set, or continued in motion, but what intrinsically is afforded
-from its own operation, nor yet the twentieth part thereof, and the
-engine consisteth of these following particulars:--
-
-“1. A perfect counterpoise for what quantity of water soever.
-
-“2. A perfect countervail for what height soever it is to be brought
-unto.
-
-“3. A primum mobile, commanding both height and quantity,
-regulator-wise.
-
-“4. A vice-gerent, or countervail, supplying the place, and performing
-the full force of man, wind, beast, or mill.
-
-“5. A holme, or stern, with bit and reins, wherewith any child may
-guide, order, and control the whole operation.
-
-“6. A particular magazine for water, according to the intended height
-and quantity.
-
-“7. An aqueduct, capable of any intended quantity, or height of water.
-
-“8. A place for the original fountain, or even river, to run into,
-and naturally of its own accord to incorporate itself with the rising
-water, and at the very bottom of the same aqueduct, though never so big
-or high.”
-
-
-This communication affords the earliest distinct reference to the
-Water-commanding Engine, and renders it reasonable to suppose that
-similar written copies of the “Definition” were in circulation at the
-same period, if not earlier.
-
-The letter itself is peculiarly interesting for the insight it gives
-us into a distinguishing trait in his mental constitution, when
-he observes:--“a humour I have, never to be contented to produce
-any invention the _second_ time _without appearing refined_.” He
-seems to have had no idea of cessation in invention. It was in this
-self-same spirit that he dedicated his “Century” to the Houses
-of Parliament:--“The more you shall be pleased to make use of my
-inventions, the more inventive shall you ever find me, one invention
-begetting still another.”
-
-It is rather remarkable that, with this exception, his inventions are
-never named either in his own or his family’s correspondence; indeed
-the latter may have considered the circumstance as more marking his
-misfortune, than calculated to bring him enduring fame.
-
-The death of Cromwell, the short reign of his son, and the proclamation
-of Charles the Second on the 8th of May, 1660, followed by his
-triumphal entry into the metropolis on his birth-day, the 29th of
-the same month, must have had their influence on the Marquis in his
-most distressing condition. He was, no doubt, one among the privileged
-to congratulate his Majesty in private, at Whitehall, while bonfires
-blazed, fireworks glared, and cannon roared; what conflicting emotions
-must have revelled in his own breast, broken down as he was by
-disasters on every hand, which through more than thirteen years he had
-borne with magnanimous fortitude.
-
-His son, Lord Herbert, resided at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, but
-being in London, on his way to Dover, after the proclamation, he wrote
-to his wife, as follows:--[K]
-
-
-“MY DEAR HEART,
-
-“We have this night received our instructions, and to-morrow begin
-our journey towards the King, whom we are commanded to acquaint with
-what great joy and acclamation he was here proclaimed; and to let him
-know that the Parliament hath enjoined all ministers in England and
-Ireland to pray for him, the Duke of York, and the rest of the Royal
-progeny; and ordered that the Arms of the Commonwealth, wherever they
-are standing, be taken down, and that his Majesty’s be set in the
-place. We are further to beseech his Majesty to return with speed to
-his dominions and government; and finally, to acquaint him that the
-Parliament hath given order to the Admiral to obey his commands with
-the navy, and to desire that he will please to signify to us when and
-where he will land, and whether he will come from Dover by land, or to
-London by water; where lodged, and how his pleasure is to be received.
-
-“I hope we shall soon return with him we go for, and so have nothing
-wanting for my particular satisfaction (as when he is here, there will
-not be to the general). I desire you would begin and come this way some
-time next week, that I may find you here at my return, in order to
-which I have given order that lodgings, such as can be found, be taken,
-where you may be till you can choose yourself a house to your mind, for
-I cannot be anywhere with my contentment without you,
-
-      “Your most affectionate husband,
-          “HERBERT.
-
-“London, the 9th of May.”
-
-
-Charles the Second had not been many days on the throne, when the
-Marquis of Worcester wrote a long letter to Lord Clarendon,[* 26]
-explanatory of his instructions from his late Majesty, and the powers
-he granted to him to negotiate with the Irish Roman Catholics. It
-very fully and lucidly explains the whole of that affair, showing how
-completely he was in the King’s confidence; and it was, no doubt,
-written to answer all doubts that his Lordship might entertain. It
-bears internal evidence of coming from a strictly conscientious
-character, and its truthfulness has never been disproved.
-
-
-“The Marquis of Worcester (late Earl of Glamorgan), to the Earl of
-Clarendon.
-
-“MY LORD CHANCELLOR,
-
-“For his Majesty’s better information, through your favour, and by
-the channel of your Lordship’s understanding things rightly, give me
-leave to acquaint you with one chief key, wherewith to open the secret
-passages between his late Majesty and myself, in order to his service;
-which was no other than a real exposing of myself to any expense or
-difficulty, rather than his just design should not take place; or,
-in taking effect, that his honour should suffer. An effect, you may
-justly say, relishing more of a passionate and blind affection to his
-Majesty’s service, than of discretion and care of myself. This made
-me take a resolution that he should have seemed angry with me at my
-return out of Ireland, until I had brought him into a posture and power
-to own his commands, to make good his instructions, and to reward my
-faithfulness and zeal therein.
-
-“Your Lordship may well wonder, and the King too, at the amplitude
-of my commission. But when you have understood the height of his
-Majesty’s design you will soon be satisfied that nothing less could
-have made me capable to effect it; being that one army of ten thousand
-men was to have come out of Ireland through North Wales; another, of
-a like number at least, under my command-in-chief, have expected my
-return in South Wales, which Sir Henry Gage was to have commanded as
-Lieutenant-General; and a third should have consisted of a matter of
-six thousand men, two thousand of which were to have been Liegois,
-commanded by Sir Francis Edmonds, two thousand Lorrainers to have been
-commanded by Colonel Browne, and two thousand of such English, French,
-Scots, and Irish as could be drawn out of Flanders and Holland. And the
-six thousand were to have been, by the Prince of Orange’s assistance,
-in the associated counties; and the Governor of Lyne, cousin-german to
-Major Bacon, major of my own regiment, was to have delivered the town
-unto them.
-
-“The maintenance of this army of foreigners was to have come from
-the Pope and such Catholic Princes as he should draw into it, having
-engaged to afford and procure £30,000 a month; out of which the foreign
-army was first to be provided for; and the remainder to be divided
-among other armies. And for this purpose had I power to treat with
-the Pope and Catholic Princes, with particular advantages promised
-to Catholics, for the quiet enjoying their religion, without the
-penalties which the statutes in force had power to inflict upon them.
-And my instructions for this purpose, and my powers to conclude and
-treat thereupon, were signed by the King under his pocket signet,
-with blanks for me to put in the names of Pope or Princes, to the end
-the King might have a starting hole to deny the having given me such
-commissions, if excepted against by his own subjects; leaving me as it
-were at stake, who for his Majesty’s sake was willing to undergo it,
-trusting to his word alone.
-
-“In like manner did I not stick upon having this Commission inrolled or
-assented unto by his Council, nor indeed the seal to be put upon it in
-an ordinary manner, but as Mr. Endymion Porter[L] and I could perform
-it, with rollers and no screw-press.
-
-“One thing I beseech your Lordship to observe, that though I had power
-by it to erect a mint any where, and to dispose of his Majesty’s
-revenues and delinquents’ estates, yet I never did either to the value
-of a farthing, notwithstanding my own necessities, acknowledging that
-the intention of those powers given me, was to make use of them when
-the armies should be afoot; which design being broken by my commitment
-in Ireland, I made no use of those powers; and consequently, repaying
-now whatever was disbursed by any for patents of honour, as now I am
-contented to do, it will evidently appear that nothing hath stuck to my
-fingers, in order to benefit or self-interest; which I humbly submit
-to his Majesty’s princely consideration, and the management of my
-concerns therein to your Lordship’s grave judgment, and to the care of
-me, which your Lordship was pleased to own was recommended unto you
-by the late King, my most gracious Master, of glorious memory: And the
-continuance thereof is most humbly implored and begged by me, who am
-really and freely at your Lordship’s disposal, first, in order to his
-Majesty’s service, and next to the approving myself,
-
-        “My Lord,
-      “Your Lordship’s most really affectionate,
-          “and most humble servant,
-              “WORCESTER.
-
-“June, 11th, 1660.”
-
-
-Within a fortnight after writing this letter, no doubt encouraged by
-the Lord Chancellor’s reception of it, he petitioned the Crown as
-follows:--[M]
-
-
-“TO HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, &c.
-
-“The most humble petition of Edward Somerset, Earl and Marquis of
-Worcester, &c.
-
-“Sheweth,--That your Petitioner’s father and himself, having in ready
-money expended incomparably more for the service of the Crown than any
-subject of England, for which your Petitioner is possessed of sundry
-promises of extraordinary reward and satisfaction, as well under
-the Great Seal of England, as likewise voluntarily under his late
-Majesty the King, your Majesty’s father of blessed memory, his own
-handwriting and private signet set down in a most gracious ample and
-kind manner, it being all that in those necessitous times his Majesty,
-your Petitioner’s most graciously obliging master, could afford or be
-rationally demanded from him, yet in these perhaps may not be so fit
-to be ratified, lest they should draw upon your Petitioner the envy of
-others, and prove prejudicial to your Majesty.
-
-“Your Petitioner, therefore, most willingly layeth all these grants
-and promises to his father, or to your Majesty’s Petitioner made (as
-far as they concern himself) at your Majesty’s feet, without any
-the least capitulation, expecting no more in his own behalf for his
-loyalty therein than that your Majesty will be graciously pleased (in
-consideration of his dutiful zeal thereby manifested) effectually and
-through your Majesty’s innate and transcending goodness, feelingly
-to recommend to your Majesty’s most dutiful Houses of Parliament
-the speedy re-investing of your Petitioner in his due and proper
-estate, according unto the laws of the land, and so by your Majesty’s
-most gracious assistance, this his Petition of right (as he humbly
-conceives) shall be by your Petitioner most really acknowledged as a
-grant of favour and remunerating grace from your sacred Majesty.
-
-“And he shall ever pray,” &c.
-
-
-The Marquis, in November, 1660, signed what appears to be a circular
-note to certain of his creditors, of which the following is one
-written in an official hand, but concludes, “Your most humble servant,
-Worcester,” in his own handwriting:--
-
-
-“MADAME,
-
-“Those Commissioners whom I have appoynted to take care of my
-affayres are now enquiringe into ye state of my debts, and I have
-given directions to the bearer to wayte upon you and receive your
-propositions about what is due unto you from him who is,
-
-      “Madame,   Your most humble servant,
-          “WORCESTER.
-
-“November 22, 1660.”
-
-
-Mr. Secretary Nicholas, writing to Sir Henry Bennet, 3rd of January,
-1660, states: “The King joins the Queen and Princess at Guildford,
-and in two days they go to Portsmouth. On New Year’s day, the ceremony
-of christening the young Earl of Cambridge--for this is to be his
-title--was performed at Worcester House; the King and Duke of Albemarle
-godfathers; the Queen and Marchioness of Ormond godmothers. The Duke
-and his Duchess then came to Court, and the Queen received them very
-affectionately. The Coronation is deferred to St. George’s day.”[N]
-
-The Lord Bishop of Peterborough,[79] in his ecclesiastical and civil
-register and chronicle of the period, records the following particulars
-in reference to the order of proceedings at the Coronation of Charles
-the Second, April the 23rd, 1661: “The Marquis of Dorchester, the
-Marquis of Worcester, in their robes, with their coronets in their
-hands.”
-
-Then as to the homage paid by the nobles; after the oath given by the
-Archbishop of Canterbury; and other Bishops, saluting the King; among
-others came up the Marquises of Worcester and Dorchester.
-
-That even at the Restoration the Marquis’s religion presented some
-obstacles to his progress may be inferred from the resolution of
-the House of Lords, that the indulgence to be granted to the Roman
-Catholics should not be extended to the Jesuits. Whereupon that Society
-drew up a paper, entitled, “Reasons why the Jesuits hope that they
-should partake of the favours shown to other priests, in taking away
-the sanguinary laws.” And it is noticed that, “As for noble persons
-who lost great estates, and endured much hardship for his Majesty, the
-late Duchess of Buckingham, the late Marquis of Worcester,[O] and the
-late Earl of Shrewsbury were Penitents of the Society, as other prime
-nobility yet in being.”[79]
-
-For some reason or other it now became the son’s lot to be committed
-to the Tower, of which, however, he makes very light, as will be seen
-by his letter to his Lady announcing his position; which, however, has
-no other immediate interest than as making us acquainted with the last
-occurrence of the kind affecting this noble family. He writes:--[P]
-
-
-“MY DEAR,
-
-“I have now sent according to your desire to let you know of my being
-safely arrived at London. I was last night examined, and am now in the
-Tower. I have already so well satisfied you of my innocence that I am
-sure my being lodged here cannot fright you, neither can I imagine my
-restraint should be long, for I think I only owe it to my Lordship. I
-desire you would not resolve upon your journey hither till you hear
-further from me, for I hope yet you may lie in, in the country, and not
-have the trouble of any journey to bring us together. If these hopes
-fail me, and that I see myself like to continue longer than I can yet
-fancy, I will let you know it, and send the coach down for your women,
-and (if you think fit) your children to come up in; to whom in the
-meantime I send my blessing, and remain
-
-      “Your most affectionate husband,
-          “HERBERT.
-
-“Aug. the 20th.
-“For my dear wife the Lady Herbert.”
-
-
-It does not fall within our province to enter particularly into any
-circumstances relating to Lord Herbert, but it may not be out of place
-to mention here that, he was then about 23 years of age, and had not
-long been constituted Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. p. 165.
-
-[58] Kennet.
-
-[A] Brit. Mus. Cole MSS. Vol. xxxiii. p. 37.
-
-[23] Carlyle.
-
-[6] Bayley.
-
-[57] Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. pp. 309, 373.
-
-[22] Burton.
-
-[B] Appendix F.
-
-[14] Boyle, Vol. v. p. 264.
-
-[C] Robert Cole, Esq. had the original receipt lithographed in
-    facsimile.
-
-[D] See Appendix E.
-
-[98] Walpole. Mr. Bliss’ states that he discovered the MS. among the
-     papers of Wm. Wilcox of St. John’s College, Oxford.
-
-[E] From MS. collection of the late Dawson Turner, Esq., of Yarmouth.
-
-[F] Bod. Lib. “Thurloe’s Papers, Vol. xlv.”--“Rawl. MS. A. 45.”
-
-[G] This letter is dated 28th of December, but might be mistaken for
-    18th. See Thurloe’s Papers.
-
-[H] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[I] Brit. Mus. Harleian MS. No. 2428.
-
-[J] From MS. collection of the late Dawson Turner, Esq. of Yarmouth.
-
-[K] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[* 26] Clarendon, Vol. ii. p. 201.
-
-[L] One of the King’s attendants, who had formerly accompanied him to
-    Spain. Clayton’s Charles II. Vol. i. p. 136. 1859.
-
-
-[M] Cal. of State Papers, Dom. Series, 1660–61. Edited by Mrs. M. A.
-    E. Green, 8vo. 1860.
-
-[N] Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, Charles II. 1660–1661,
-    Vol. xxviii. p. 466.
-
-[79] Peterborough.
-
-[O] Henry Somerset.
-
-[P] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XV.
-
-      HIS PROSPECTS AT THE PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION--PROCEEDINGS
-      IN PARLIAMENT RESPECTING THE PATENT TO CREATE HIM DUKE OF
-      SOMERSET--RECOVERY OF ESTATES, ETC.--PARLIAMENTARY DUTIES.
-
-
-Charles the Second was only thirty years of age when he ascended
-the throne, the Marquis was verging on sixty. Charles, gay, lively,
-accomplished, and fascinating in his manners, well knew from bitter
-experience the pain of leading a courtly life on straitened means; and
-the Marquis had been too closely associated with him on the continent,
-not to be aware of his exact position then, and his now brilliant
-change of circumstances. The Marquis of Worcester too, was one of those
-happily constituted men who do not grow misanthropic on every fresh
-instance of the world’s ingratitude. His own nobleness and goodness
-of heart found a thousand excuses for the cold, callous, calculating
-society around him; and with his enlarged views, and greatness and
-purity of mind, he never despaired that the day would arrive, when he
-should be able to move at least in ease, if not in plenty. As regarded
-his Majesty, he enjoyed the fullest confidence in his behaving towards
-him with more than ordinary consideration; he might not be able to be
-magnificent, but at the very least he dared not to doubt that the word
-of the King would be realized, who had written to inform him[A]--“I
-am truly sensible of your great merit and sufferings in the service
-of the King my father, and _I never shall be wanting_ to reward and
-encourage as well that kindness to his person as that zeal to his
-service which you have expressed in all your actions.” But he was then
-only nineteen years of age, unseared by the eleven years of profligacy,
-the expiration of which found him on the throne of his ancestors.
-
-The Marquis’s political position had been unpopular, making him many
-enemies, which even altered times could not wholly obliterate. It was
-not merely a question whether he was justified in acting in concert
-with the late King, but it was manifestly imprudent and unwise, to say
-the least, his becoming the champion of his church in so dangerous an
-enterprise as that in which he engaged in Ireland. Consequently he
-found comparatively few who sincerely sympathised in his sufferings,
-amidst the crowd of suffering humanity distinguishing those unhappy
-times.
-
-On the 9th of May, 1660, being the day after the King’s proclamation,
-the House of Lords had before them a petition from the Marchioness of
-Worcester,[B] the subject of which was strange enough, being no other
-than to complain “That Colonel Christopher Copley, doth undermine
-Worcester House.” Wherefore it was ordered, “That stop be made to
-further proceedings therein.”
-
-His Lordship early solicited the kind offices of Lord Clarendon,
-offering him gratuitously the use of his mansion in the Strand.[26] He
-says:--
-
-
-“MY LORD CHANCELLOR,
-
-“The world speaks you to be a person of honour, and I know your
-Lordship to be so, and that if you say the word your Lordship will
-make good the same. My humble suit, therefore, to your Lordship is,
-but to tell me freely whether you will be my friend in all things
-honourable, just, and fitting; and when I ask of your Lordship anything
-contrary to either of these, then do not only deny it me, but spit in
-my face, having afforded me only patience first to give you my reasons.
-
-“Nothing, I am confident, can set an obstacle to your Lordship’s
-granting me this reasonable request, but an apprehension of the
-obnoxiousness of my religion, as for that, such are my abilities to
-serve not only my Prince but the whole kingdom, that when once known in
-Parliament, and his Majesty looking but as favourably upon me as the
-tenth part of my deserts (pardon me if I say so) doth require, I will
-undertake, within few days, there shall be a vote in the very House
-of Commons to make me capable of any service whereof I may be thought
-worthy. Another Remora doth perhaps forcibly lie in the way, which is
-my son the Lord Herbert’s underhand working by false suggestions; but I
-shall soon blow them over. In a word, if your Lordship please to accept
-of me, I am the most real and affectionate servant, and as a little
-token of it, be pleased to accept of Worcester House to live in, far
-more commodious for your Lordship than where you now are, though not in
-so good reparation; but such as it is, without requiring from you one
-penny rent (yet that only known between your Lordship and me). It is
-during my life at your service, for I am but a tenant in tail; but were
-my interest longer, it should be as readily at your Lordship’s command,
-and I believe I may serve you in some things of ten times the value;
-yet I never desire word or deed from your Lordship other than according
-to what I first began with. Be but pleased to deal plainly with me,
-and I desire to show your Lordship in the King’s presence or ... if you
-please, what I intend to produce or say, having had a dearly bought
-experience what it is to trust to Princes alone. So preventing your
-Lordship further trouble, and asking pardon for what I have put your
-Lordship unto, I only desire to receive a verbal answer by this most
-deserving person, Mr. White, my ancient acquaintance, into whose hands
-I would deposit the greatest imaginable treasures untold, and intrust
-the greatest secrets, without other tie than his acceptance of them.
-
-          “My Lord,
-            “your Lordship’s,
-        “Most really affectionate and humble servant,
-                “WORCESTER.
-
-“June 9th, 1660.
-  “For the Right Honourable the LORD CHANCELLOR, present these.”[C]
-
-
-It is painful to find the Marquis of Worcester compelled by the
-theological tendencies of that age, to allude in his letter to “the
-obnoxiousness of his religion.” But it is in just accordance with all
-that we have seen of his progress through life, his “having had a
-dearly bought experience what it is to trust to _princes alone_,”--that
-is, without witnesses or other sufficient legal evidence. This last
-observation is called forth by his “desire to show” Clarendon, as he
-states--“what I intend to produce or say.” This might possibly have
-reference to his long written statement of his losses, amounting to
-£918,000, intended for the King’s inspection, if not also to form
-the basis of an address to the House of Lords, as given in the last
-chapter. If this surmise is correct, it would clearly establish how
-severely pressing were his pecuniary affairs, the King having then only
-been eleven days at Whitehall; so early, would it seem, was he a suitor
-for the royal favour.
-
-The House, on the 20th of June,[D] upon the reading of the Marquis’s
-Petition, “That he hath been dispossessed of his estate in the late
-unhappy wars, and hath undergone many pressures in the same,”--ordered,
-“That he be put into possession of his estate, which is not sold; and
-a stop and stay of waste, and cutting wood upon his land sold; and the
-rents to be stayed in the tenants’ hands; and to have a view of the
-writings and evidences which concern him, which are in the custody of
-the trustees at Drury Lane.”
-
-And further, on the 11th of September,[E] the said order was ratified
-and confirmed, with the exception that, it was not to “extend to any
-manors or lands sold unto or enjoyed by Henry Lord Herbert, son and
-heir apparent of the said Marquis.”
-
-But previously, on the 9th of July,[F] the House of Lords, “Upon
-information given, That Elizabeth Cromwell, widow, the relict of
-Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell, Esquire; and Henry Lord Herbert,
-have many deeds, evidences, and writings belonging to the Lord Marquis
-of Worcester,”--it was ordered that “all such deeds, evidences,
-conveyances, court-rolls, surveys, patents, fines, recoveries, rentals,
-plates, papers, memorials, and writings, whatsoever,” in their hands,
-should be delivered up unto his Lordship.
-
-Among other purchasers of his estates under the authority in power, in
-1651, was one Ann Tisser, a widow, whose husband had become possessed
-of the Gatehouse attached to Worcester House. On the 27th of July the
-House had ordered possession to be given up, but Ann Tisser refusing,
-another order was issued on the 20th of August, requiring possession
-within two days, but with no better effect; so, on the 29th, the
-refractory widow “was brought to the Bar, to hear what she can say, why
-she does not deliver up the Gatehouse.” To which she answered, “She
-bought it of the trustees that did sell the Marquis of Worcester’s
-lands in 1651.” Her plea, however, was only met by the House directing
-the Lord Chancellor to inform her, “That the House expected that she
-should deliver up the said Gatehouse forthwith; or else she must
-expect to undergo the displeasure of the House, for contempt of their
-Lordships’ order.” Three days were allowed her to obey this mandate,
-and as we hear no further account of Ann Tisser, she, like many others
-in the same pitiable plight, was doubtless speedily ejected.
-
-In August, 1660, the House of Lords[G] discussed the subject of his
-Patent creating him Duke of Somerset, declared to be in prejudice
-to the Peers; and therefore the following particulars will prove
-interesting, taken in connexion with the copy of this Patent given at
-page 162.
-
-On the 18th of August, “upon information to the House, by the Marquis
-of Hertford, that a patent is granted to the Marquis of Worcester,
-which is a prejudice to the Peers:--
-
-“It is Ordered, That the consideration of the said Patent is referred
-to the consideration of these Lords following:--
-
-  D. of Gloucester.
-  Marq. of Winton.
-  Marq. of Dorchester.
-  L. Steward.
-  Comes South’ton.
-  L. Chamberlain.
-  L. Great Chamberlain.
-  Comes Derby.
-  Comes Portland.
-  Comes Peterborough.
-  Comes Bolingbrooke.
-  Comes Bristol.
-  Comes Devon.
-  Comes Winchilsea.
-  Comes Dorset.
-  Comes Scarsdale.
-  Comes Berks.
-  Comes Rivers.
-  Viscount Stafford.
-  Viscount Paget.
-  Viscount Fynch.
-  Viscount Lucas.
-  Viscount Arundel.
-  Viscount Robertes.
-  Viscount Seymour.
-  Viscount Mohun.
-  Viscount Wharton.
-  Vis. Howard de Charlt.
-  Viscount Tenham.
-
-
-“Their Lordships, or any five, to meet on Monday next, in the
-afternoon, at 3 of the clock; and to have power to send for such
-persons as they think fit, to give them information concerning this
-business; and to send for the Patent.”
-
-On the 20th of August, it was ordered, “That the Lord Chancellor and
-Mr. Attorney General do attend the Lords Committee, which are to meet
-this afternoon, to advise them, in point of law, concerning the Marquis
-of Worcester’s Patent.”[H] Then on the 23rd of August, the Marquis of
-Dorchester reports from the Committee, “That the Marquis of Worcester
-confessed to their Lordships, that a Patent was made, and left in
-his hands, by the King, to create him Duke of Somerset, upon certain
-conditions, which never yet were performed; that he made no use of it;
-that the said Patent is in the hands of his son the Lord Herbert; and
-his Lordship is willing to deliver it up to his Majesty.”
-
-A message was sent to the House of Commons, by Justice Tyrrell and
-Justice Turner:
-
-“To let them know, that the Marquis of Worcester hath acknowledged that
-the Patent of the Dukedom of Somerset was made to him upon conditions
-on his part to be performed, which he hath not performed; and that
-therefore he hath not assumed the place or title, and is willing to
-submit it to be surrendered, or otherwise disposed, as the King should
-appoint; but that it is in the hands of his son the Lord Herbert, who
-is a member of the House of Commons; and therefore to desire that the
-Lord Herbert may deliver it up to the Marquis of Worcester.”[I] Then it
-was on the--
-
-1st of September, “Ordered, That the Committee formerly appointed to
-examine the business concerning the Marquis of Worcester’s patent do
-meet on Monday next, in the afternoon, peremptorily: And these Lords
-following are added to that Committee:--
-
-  Comes Bristol.
-  Comes Bridgwater.
-  Comes Clare.
-  Viscount Montagu.
-  Viscount Maynard.
-  Viscount Petre.
-  Viscount Culpepper.
-  Viscount Clifford.
-  Viscount Craven.
-
-“The Marquis of Worcester is to have notice hereof; and if his Lordship
-be not present in the House on Monday morning, then witnesses are to be
-examined upon oath in the business, by the Committee.”[J]
-
-On the 1st of September it was “Ordered, That the said Committee do
-meet on Monday next in the Prince’s lodgings;” but in repeating the
-names the Earl of Bristol was omitted.
-
-On the 3rd of September, the Lord Arundel of Warder signified to the
-House, “That the Marquis of Worcester hath delivered up the patent to
-his Majesty, for the Dukedom of Somerset.” When it was--
-
-“Ordered, That the same Committee prepare a Bill, that all patents and
-grants obtained since the beginning of the late wars shall be brought
-within a short time to be limited, or else the same to be vacated.”
-
-In consequence of this order, on the 5th of September, Lord Roberts
-reported the Draught of a Bill for bringing in of grants and patents,
-which was twice read and committed; and being read a third time on the
-6th, it was duly passed.
-
-It is very humiliating to find the Marquis of Worcester stripped, not
-only of his great wealth, but of even empty titles; and this latter act
-not by professed enemies, but through his peers conjointly with his
-very sovereign! There is something so utterly contemptible in the whole
-proceedings, which deprive without substitution, and sap the wealth of
-any man without an adequate effort at remedial measures, that we feel
-perplexed how to account for treatment so heartless and discreditable;
-whether considered in reference to Charles the First, or his son and
-successor, or the reformed Parliament. In all the relations of private
-life the conduct of Charles the First was as commendable as that of
-his son was reprehensible; and if Charles the Second had viewed the
-Marquis’s case only in respect to his father’s private debts, he must
-have felt bound in honour and in common gratitude to assist and uphold
-the Marquis of Worcester in every way and by every means consistent
-with existing circumstances. It is true that his property was restored
-along with the very deeds held by Cromwell, but his Castle was an
-untenantable ruin, and his estates denuded of their wood; so that
-without fortune, and in debt, his possessions were almost valueless.
-Besides, the Marquis was remarkably modest and fastidiously considerate
-in all he urged; yet he sought royal patronage in vain, for the gay
-monarch was not to be won from his levity by the philosopher’s most
-plausible petitions.
-
-On the 14th of December, 1661, Lord Herbert and other members brought
-a message to the Lords, with several Bills, one being “An Act for
-confirming the Marquis of Hertford to the Dukedom of Somerset,” which
-had passed the House of Commons; and on the 17th, having then been read
-a third time, it also passed the House of Lords.
-
-As Courthope[70] observes, although the Marquis of Worcester thus
-resigned his claim on the Dukedom of Somerset he still retained the
-titles of Earl of Glamorgan and Baron Beaufort, as will be seen
-hereafter in the copy given of his funeral certificate.
-
-The Marquis seems to have attended the House of Lords for the first
-time after the Restoration, on the 13th of June, 1660, continuing
-very regularly for some months. The only others of his rank were the
-Marquises of Winton, Hertford, Dorchester, and Newcastle, and later,
-the Marquis of Winchester, seldom more than one or two of these being
-present on the same occasion. Between this date and the 30th of August,
-he sat in the House on thirty-seven days. Then after an absence of more
-than two months he is again present on the 6th of November, from which
-to the 24th of December he attended twenty-five meetings, the King
-being in the chair on the last occasion. He was not again in his place
-until the 29th, when his Majesty in person adjourned the House; which,
-meeting again on the 8th of May, “his Majesty, being arrayed in his
-regal robes with his crown on his head, ascended his seat of state,
-the Peers being in their robes. On the right hand of his Majesty stood
-the Lord Great Chamberlain of England, the Marquis of Winton, bearing
-the cap of state, and on his left hand stood the Earl of Brecknock,
-Lord Steward of his Majesty’s household, bearing the sword.
-
-“And the Commons being below the bar, his Majesty made a short speech,
-declaring the cause and the reasons for his summoning this present
-Parliament.”
-
-In all this august assembly the Marquis of Worcester, robed as were
-the other Peers, claims our special notice. He sat there in strange
-contrast with that gorgeous company, and the formalities which marked
-every process of action or language. Was it possible for him to be too
-expectant, seeing what he then saw and hearing what he then heard? Here
-was one who was no obscure individual, no questionable professor, or
-undeserved claimant on the patronage and smallest available favours
-often solicited by him from the crowned monarch in whose presence he
-then sat.
-
-We again miss his attendance until the 11th of May, and the 8th of
-June, from which time he attended twenty-nine meetings, the last being
-on the 30th July, when his Majesty in person adjourned the House, and
-again recalled it on the 20th November, when the Marquis was present,
-as before.
-
-He again attended in his place on the 26th of November, 1661, from
-which time to the 17th of May, when Parliament was prorogued, until
-the 18th of February, 1662, he attended thirty-two meetings with much
-irregularity, being on one occasion absent for above a month; and he
-did not appear on the re-opening of Parliament, when the House being
-called, he was declared absent; wherefore, it would seem he attended on
-the next meeting of the House, on the 25th of the same month, when he
-was elected one of a Committee to report on Petitions, occasioning his
-further more regular attendance.
-
-These particulars satisfactorily show his residence in or near London,
-while they likewise account for the nature of a large share of the
-employments that then engaged his active mind. But a change in the
-Government had brought him little if any alleviation in a pecuniary
-point of view, for on the 2nd of July, 1661, his petition was read in
-the House of Peers,[K] showing “That he having contracted many debts in
-the service of his late Majesty’s wars, and some of his creditors have
-obtained judgments against his estate, and are now extending his lands,
-being contrary to the privilege of Parliament, he being a Peer of this
-Realm.
-
-“It is Ordered, That there shall be no further proceedings, by any of
-the Marquis of Worcester’s said creditors, against him, during the time
-of the privilege of this Parliament: And hereof all counsel, attornies,
-and solicitors herein employed, or to be employed, are to take notice,
-and yield obedience to this Order, as the contrary will be answered to
-this House.”
-
-And as affecting his property, on the 7th of August, 1660, he had
-leave granted him by the House to bring in a Bill,[L] “for restoring
-him to his estate, as other Lords have.” Accordingly, on the 13th of
-that month an Act for the same was read. But in consequence of the
-petitions of certain creditors, his Lordship had leave granted him on
-the 28th of February, 1661–2, to withdraw his Bill; and on the 10th of
-March following he brought forward an amended Bill, entitled--“An Act
-on the behalf of Edward, Marquis of Worcester, and of the creditors
-of the said Marquis, for vesting and settling upon the feoffees, in
-trust, certain manors, lands, and tenements, for payment of the debts
-of the said Marquis.” In fact, the estates were heavily encumbered,
-the petitioners, among others, alleging, that “They have bought lands
-and houses of the Marquis of Worcester, for which they have as good
-assurances as the law can give;” and being heard by counsel at the bar
-of the House, they succeeded in their object, as just stated.
-
-It was in the midst of such distractions as these Parliamentary details
-serve to illustrate, that this talented inventor and noble benefactor
-to his species, had to maintain his social position; and at the same
-time, struggle to convince a bigoted age that he was master of a power
-of such magnitude for the abridging of human labour, as the mind of man
-had never before conceived.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] See page 190.
-
-[B] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 19.
-
-[26] Clarendon.
-
-[C] The Lord Chancellor was at this time occupying Dorset
-    House, in Salisbury Court, once the residence of the Bishops of
-    Salisbury, one of whom alienated it to the Sackville family.
-
-    Notwithstanding this offer (free of rent), it is stated by Lord
-    Clarendon, that he paid for Worcester House a yearly rent of £500.
-    (T. H. Lister’s Life of Edward, first Earl of Clarendon.)
-
-[D] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. pages 70 and 302.
-
-[E] Ibid. Vol. xi.
-
-[F] Ibid. p. 85.
-
-[G] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 133.
-
-[H] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 135.
-
-[I] Jo. H. of Lords, 1660. 12 Car. II.
-
-[J] Ibid. p. 152.
-
-[70] Nicholas.
-
-[K] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 296.
-
-[L] Ibid, pages 119, 125, 149, 150, 348, 386, 393, 395.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XVI.
-
-      HIS INVENTIONS--FURTHER PETITIONS--PUBLICATION OF HIS CENTURY--
-      CHARLES II. VISITS HIS SON AT BADMINTON--WORCESTER HOUSE, STRAND.
-
-
-The preamble of an Act for awarding £60,000 to poor cavaliers sets
-forth, that “Whereas there was a loyal party which through all hazard
-and extremities in the defence of the King’s person, crown, and
-dignity, the rights and privileges of Parliament, the religion, laws,
-and honour of the English nation, did bear arms by command of his
-late Majesty of ever blessed memory, according to their duty, and the
-known laws of this land, and did with an unwearied courage, faith,
-and constancy, with their lives and fortunes, oppose the barbarous
-rebellion raised against his most excellent Majesty in the year
-1642, &c. &c.”[A] But means so inadequate could really benefit few,
-particularly so large a claimant as the Marquis of Worcester, who had
-sacrificed more than fifteen times the whole amount of that fund.
-
-And although he received back a large portion of his estates, the very
-deeds held by Cromwell being at this day in the family’s possession,
-his own debts had accumulated to a most ruinous extent, less from
-improvidence on his own part, than from the precarious course of life
-his necessities had obliged him to lead, especially during the last ten
-or twelve years.
-
-But his indomitable spirit rose superior to every calamity, whether
-public or private, and we find him in the midst of all his personal
-grievances having a patent sealed on the 15th of November, 1661, for
-four several inventions; 1. a watch or clock; 2. guns or pistols; 3. an
-engine applicable for giving security to a coach; and 4. a boat to sail
-against wind and tide. No description is afforded to guide the mechanic
-in constructing such inventions, being a mere statement of their nature
-and properties, as detailed probably in the first written copy of the
-_Century_ in 1655, and still preserved in the printed edition. There
-is not the slightest connection between these inventions, and their
-incongruity would rather dishearten than encourage modern enterprise,
-variety of employments being contrary to the proverbial recommendation
-of all traders. It may be as well, therefore, to remark that this brief
-and strange assemblage of inventions in the same inventor, and in his
-single patent, was customary long before and after this period; so
-that, considered in this respect alone, the circumstance wore no air
-of singularity in the 17th century. Nothing occurs to throw the least
-light on the effect of this first publication of these inventions, we
-are consequently led to suppose that they proved of but little value
-to him, as regarded watches or firearms; and in respect to coaches and
-paddle-boats we should certainly have heard more about them had the one
-perambulated the streets or the other sailed on the Thames.
-
-He appears, previous to his patent, probably immediately after his
-release from the Tower, to have circulated a written statement of
-such of his inventions as he conceived most likely to attract public
-notice. In the Library of the British Museum[B] there is a small
-quarto half sheet of paper, closely written on both sides in a clerk’s
-hand, bearing the title of “Inventions of ye Earle of Worcestr,”
-enumerating eight subjects, viz. improvements in a watch, vessel,
-artificial bird, hour ball, coach engine, raising weights, raising
-water, and to stay motion.[C]
-
-A matter of slight consequence at the time makes us acquainted with
-a small matter passing in reference to the recovered estates. Sir
-Robert Mason writing, on the 10th of November, 1661, to Mr. Secretary
-Nicholas, states that the person whom he has taken into custody is
-Edward Herbert, late of the Grange, near Magor, Monmouth, where he
-was Cromwell’s tenant of part of the Marquis of Worcester’s estate;
-but since the Marquis had power to recover it, he retired to Bristol.
-He further says, that he was Cromwell’s right hand, and is an
-Independent.[D]
-
-The Marquis of Worcester must have been very fully occupied at this
-time, with the various incidents portending a change in his domestic
-affairs, yet he appears never to have forgotten, or considered it any
-trouble, to assist and relieve the necessities of others. In this
-humane spirit we find him addressing two long letters to the Secretary
-of State, the first in respect to Captain William Foster, a prisoner in
-the Tower; the other relating to the Captain’s servant. They derive a
-further interest from the allusion he makes to his own former captivity
-in the same fortress:--[E]
-
-
-“RIGHT HONOURABLE,
-
-“Though I bear as great a reverence to the Act of Oblivion as any,
-yet methinks justice also requires it at my hands to make a great
-difference between those who in their then actings carried a respect
-and afforded kindness to us their poor prisoners for his Majesty’s
-cause; I think myself therefore bound in honour and gratitude to
-give such a testimony in Captain William Foster’s behalf to my own
-knowledge, and was an eye-witness thereof to the very saving some
-prisoners of quality and merit [from?] their greatest hazards, who I
-believe (if they were in town, or present with you) would not deny it:
-the favour he only begs, and I in his behalf, is, that upon sufficient
-bail, he may follow his own calling, and provide for many children of
-his wife’s relict, of one once a soldier for his Majesty; and some
-little ones of his own, now by her ever a most Lady Cavalier. And if my
-intercession may be of stead to him, and of value to you, I shall take
-it for a good obligation upon one who am confident his accusations are
-of some priest animosities, and will prove so when rightly understood:
-for before his Majesty’s happy restoration his commission was upon that
-account taken from him to his damage, and that he should now likewise
-suffer for his Majesty does seem very hard. But I submit all this to
-your Honour’s best judgment towards him, and create an obligation from
-you upon me, though not very personally known to you, yet a great
-admirer of your great parts and merit; and shall ever approve myself
-
-        “Your Honour’s
-      “most affectionate and most humble servant,
-            “WORCESTER.
-
-  “November 18th, 1662.
-“For the Right Honourable Sir Henry Bennett, One of his Majesty’s
-principal Secretaries of State, these.”
-
-
-And the month following he wrote:--
-
-
-“RIGHT HONOURABLE,
-
-“Had not my indisposition hindered my attendance at Court, I should
-in one of the first places waited upon you to give humble thanks
-for your extended favour upon my letter, in taking bail for Captain
-Foster’s servant; and I hope his Honour is now satisfied so well at
-the sessions, as not to detain him any longer, in whose behalf, had I
-thought him in the least guilty, I should rather have suffered myself
-than have appeared for him; but my six years’ experience of him during
-my imprisonment in the Tower, made me confident, and if you please now
-to crown your favour to me by his despatch, it shall be, ere long, most
-thankfully acknowledged by me, who do not long for any one reason more
-to be at Court, and haste thither, than to be an eye-witness of so
-bright a star showing there; and that I may have occasion to appear
-
-      “Your Honour’s
-        “most humble and obliged servant,
-            “WORCESTER.[F]
-
-      “December 13th, 1662.
-
-“For the Right Honourable Sir Henry Bennett, One of his Majesty’s
-principal Secretaries of State, these.”
-
-
-We learn from the latter communication that he was in attendance
-at Court, though at the time, through indisposition, obliged to
-discontinue. His expression--“my six years’ experience of him, during
-my imprisonment in the Tower,” will bear two or three constructions,
-unless certain particulars are well noted. He may be considered to
-have been a state prisoner from July 1652, to May 1660. But he may
-have been confined in the Tower only from July 1652, until 5th of
-October 1654, when an order passed for his liberation on bail, but yet
-virtually a prisoner. As we have for the longest period the term of
-nearly eight years, the preceding “six years” acquaintance may have
-commenced only shortly before his discharge on bail, which appears
-to be the most reasonable construction, as he is not speaking of the
-precise term of his own imprisonment but of that of his “experience of
-him _during_ my imprisonment.” From the time of his enlargement to the
-termination of the Protectorate was five years and seven months, still
-leaving five months to accomplish the acquaintance within the precincts
-of the prison, and which he might fairly date to the period of Charles
-the Second’s accession, as the full term of his “imprisonment,” whether
-within or without its precise locality; for he was certainly not at
-liberty, like any other subject of the Commonwealth, to leave the
-kingdom. It has generally, however, been supposed that he suffered
-many years of absolute close confinement, and most romantic fictions
-have grown out of the interesting fable of a philosopher incarcerated
-in some dungeon-like chambers within the Tower, experimenting on
-culinary vessels, led by the explosion of a pot-lid to study the
-nature of steam, thereon applying his great discovery to practice, and
-forthwith writing a book, a true picture of science struggling under
-the most excruciating difficulties. The fable lost nothing of interest
-by repetition, being of a nature which left much to the imagination
-whether of readers, writers, or artists, all of whom have exercised
-almost unlimited indulgence in picturing the Marquis of Worcester,
-under circumstances purely mythical and absurdly ingenious.
-
-We now approach the great event of the Marquis of Worcester’s life,
-that for which alone, through all time, he will be distinguished, as
-pre-eminent among the luminaries who have advanced those branches
-of science which have most contributed to promote and extend the
-necessaries, conveniences, and comforts of mankind, thereby giving a
-decided impulse to civilization.
-
-The new reign was marked by highly favourable circumstances connected
-with the advance of science, giving rise to the institution of the
-Royal Society, in 1660, for “improving natural knowledge,” which was
-incorporated by Royal Charter two years later.
-
-As early as January 1660–61, the Marquis had intimated his intention
-to proceed practically to work, so soon, as he expresses himself,--“as
-with security and satisfaction, by Act of Parliament, I may put in
-practice the greatest gift of invention for profit, that I ever yet
-heard of vouchsafed to a man, especially so unworthy and ignorant as I
-am (I mean my Water-commanding Engine).[G]
-
-Two years later the House of Peers, and afterwards the House of
-Commons, had this subject before them, and therefore, in a matter which
-has grown to be one of national importance, we shall proceed to afford
-the fullest particulars of what transpired, to obtain for the Marquis
-the long contemplated Act.
-
-In the House of Lords, on the 16th of March, 1662–3, the Marquis of
-Worcester being present, his Bill was read the first time, for--“An
-Act to enable Edward Marquis of Worcester to receive the benefit and
-profit of a Water-commanding Engine, by him invented; one tenth part
-whereof is appropriated for the benefit of the King’s Majesty, his
-heirs and successors.”[H]
-
-It was read a second time, and committed on the 19th following,
-his Lordship again attending, when a Committee of 14 members was
-appointed.[I]
-
-“His Lordship was again present on the 28th of March, 1663, when the
-Bill was reported with amendments and recommitted; and he also attended
-on the 30th, when the Report was received with a proviso, which was
-read twice, agreed to, and the Bill ordered to be engrossed. And on the
-31st of the same month it was read a third time and passed.”[J]
-
-On the 2nd of April[K] the House of Lords sent the Bill, with the
-following message, to the House of Commons, by Sir Thomas Bennett and
-Sir Justinian Lewyn, Knights:--
-
-“Mr. Speaker, The Lords have sent you down a Bill to enable Edward
-Marquis of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit of a
-Water-commanding Engine, by him invented; one tenth part whereof is
-appropriated for the benefit of the King’s Majesty, his heirs and
-successors; to which they desire the concurrence of this House.”
-
-After other business, in the House of Commons,[L] on the 4th of April,
-the Bill was read a second time and committed, and it was recommended
-to the Committee[M] to provide, “That after the death of the Lord
-Marquis, the benefit of the Water-commanding Engine may come to the
-Lord Herbert his son.”
-
-“And they are to meet on Tuesday next, in the Exchequer Chamber, at
-two of the clock in the afternoon: And to send for persons, papers and
-records.”
-
-The Commons’ Committee[N] reported on the 5th of May following, through
-Mr. Hungerford, “That the Committee had accordingly prepared a proviso
-for the purpose aforesaid: which he read in his place; and after,
-delivered the same in at the clerk’s table.
-
-“The said proviso being twice read;
-
-“Resolved, &c. That the words ‘raising and’ be inserted in the proviso,
-after the word ‘the,’ and before the word ‘carriage,’ in the fourth
-line of the proviso.
-
-“Which was done accordingly.
-
-“The proviso, thus amended, was read the third time.
-
-“Resolved, &c. That the proviso, so amended, be agreed to.
-
-“Resolved, &c. That the Bill, with the amendments and proviso, agreed
-to, be returned to the Lords, for their concurrence.
-
-“And the Lord Herbert is to carry the same up to the Lords.”
-
-In the House of Lords,[O] on the 7th of May, “A message was brought
-from the House of Commons, by the Lord Herbert and others: To return
-a Bill formerly sent down, concerning the Lord Marquis of Worcester’s
-Water Engine; wherein they have made some amendments and alterations,
-and desire their Lordships’ concurrence therein.”
-
-On the 8th of May, after other business:--“Next, was read the
-alterations and proviso brought up from the House of Commons, which
-are to be added to the Bill concerning the Marquis of Worcester’s
-Water-commanding Engine; and being thrice read over, and considered
-of,--
-
-“The question being put, ‘Whether this Bill, with the alterations and
-additions now read, shall pass?’
-
-“It was resolved in the affirmative.”
-
-On these three last occasions the Marquis was likewise present.
-
-On the 12th of May[O] their Lordships, in their message,[P] by
-Sir William Child and Sir Toby Woolrich, to the House of Commons,
-acquainted them that they agreed to their alterations; and, on the 3rd
-of June, the royal assent was given to “An Act to enable the Marquis
-of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit of a Water-commanding
-Engine, by him invented, &c.”--in these words:--
-
-“_Soit fait come il est desiré._”
-
-But the Marquis was not in attendance, as on former occasions, to
-watch the proceedings.
-
-We have thus traced the progress of this remarkable Act through
-Parliament; from the 16th of March to the day of its receiving the
-royal assent on the 3rd of June. It will have been remarked that the
-Marquis was in constant attendance, and that it was his son who was
-deputed by the Commons, on the 3rd of May, to present the amended
-Bill to the Peers. It is impossible to imagine what might have been
-the feelings of the Marquis himself throughout the period of these
-prolonged proceedings, but he unquestionably had set his mind on this
-measure as the palladium of his inventive rights and the forerunner of
-brighter prospects.
-
-In a memorandum relating to various grants, among others, occurs one
-to the Marquis of Worcester, thus noticed:--“March, 166¾. That by
-Act of Parliament his Invention of a Water-commanding Engine, granted
-him for ninety-nine years, one tenth reserved to the King. The King
-remitted the tenth to the Marquis upon a surrender of a Warrant dated
-at Oxford, 5th Jan. 20 Car. I. by which his then Majesty did grant the
-Marquis lands to the value of £40,000, in consideration of a debt due
-to the Marquis from his Majesty.”[Q][R]
-
-The prospect of better days had now fairly set in; he had at least
-succeeded in securing his invention to himself and to his family after
-him, as a property in the value of which he felt unbounded confidence,
-roundly estimating it at not less than £400,000. Shortly after the
-passing of this Act he published his ever memorable and extremely
-curious and ingenious little work, entitled “A Century of the names and
-scantlings of Inventions.”[S]
-
-It is dedicated to Charles the Second, and also to both Houses of
-Parliament; in addressing the latter he expresses himself as being--“by
-the Act of the Water-commanding Engine (which so cheerfully you have
-passed) sufficiently rewarded;” and as the work bears date on the title
-page, 1663, it must have been published after the passing of the Act,
-in May, that year. This edition, only duodecimo size, consisting of 98
-pages, is now very scarce, but it has been frequently reprinted. This
-small volume was most likely only intended for private distribution,
-particularly among members of Parliament, and persons whose support
-might be solicited; for it is generally believed that a company was
-being organised for bringing the invention into public use.
-
-During this state of affairs in London an agreeable episode was being
-enacted at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, the seat of his son,
-Lord Herbert. In September, 1663, Charles the Second and his Queen
-visited Bath, Badminton, Cirencester, and other places, in their
-progress to Oxford. Mr. Godolphin, writing from Bath on the 18th of
-September, 1663, to his brother, says:--[T]“We were waiting on the
-King to Badminton, a house of my Lord Herbert of Raglan, where the
-King dined, and was handsomely entertained.” From Oxford, he again
-writes to his brother, on the 28th September, 1663, in which he
-informs him that, among other matters, he will “receive the account
-promised of our progress through Bath, hither.” A news-letter, dated
-“Oxford, 28th” [1663,] which is no doubt the one alluded to,
-commences:--
-
-“On Tuesday, the 22nd instant,.[?] the King and Queen left Bath, and at
-their entrance into Gloucestershire were met by the High Sheriff; and
-a little after by the Lord Herbert of Raglan, Lord Lieutenant of that
-County, with a brave appearance of the gentry of that County, who all
-conducted their Majesties to the Lord Herbert’s house, at Badminton,
-where their Majesties were nobly entertained at dinner.”
-
-They went thence to Cirencester, where they supped at Lord Newburgh’s,
-and lodged that night.
-
-An obvious discrepancy occurs in the two accounts of the dinner, Mr.
-Godolphin on the 18th writes of it as having taken place, whereas the
-Oxford news-letter names the 22nd.
-
-From 1660, we find Lord Clarendon making a temporary residence of
-Worcester House in the Strand, where, in December, the same year,
-Evelyn paid a visit to the Lord Chancellor’s newly married daughter.
-And four years later he dined there, being afterwards taken in their
-coach by the Chancellor and his Lady, to see their palace, building at
-the upper end of St. James’s Street.[37]
-
-The Marquis’s own residence never transpires, but it is more than
-probable he would reside near to, or within easy access of Vauxhall,
-where we have next to trace his very different, exceedingly arduous,
-and most trying undertaking.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers. Lord Wharton’s Papers, 81.”
-
-[B] Brit. Mus. Birch MSS. No. 4459.
-
-[C] See Appendix A.
-
-[D] Col. State Papers, 1661–1662; Domestic Series. Edited by
-    Mrs. M. A. E. Green, page 141. 8vo. 1861.
-
-[E] Col. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1662. [Nos. 28 and 60.
-    Vols. 63 and 64.]
-
-[F] This and the former letter are holographs.
-
-[G] See page 222.
-
-[H] Jo. H. of Lords. Vol. xi. p. 493, 494.
-
-[I] It was “Ordered, That the consideration of this Bill is
-    committed to these Lords following; _videlicet_,
-
-    Lord Privy Seal.
-    Marquis of Dorchester.
-    Comes Bridgwater.
-    Comes North’on.
-    Comes Bollingbroke.
-    Comes St. Albans.
-    Viscount Say et Seale.
-    Bp. London.
-    Bp. Winton.
-    Bp. Ely.
-    Bp. Sarum.
-    Bp. Petriburgh.
-    Bp. Carlisle.
-    Ds. Berkeley de B.
-    Ds. Pagett.
-    Ds. Chandos.
-    Ds. Hunsdon.
-    Ds. Craven.
-    Ds. Loughborough.
-    Ds. Byron.
-    Ds. Colepeper.
-
-   “Their Lordships, or any other five, to meet on Saturday next, in
-   the afternoon at three of the clock, in the Prince’s Lodgings.”
-
-
-[J] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 499, 501, 502.
-
-[K] Ibid. p. 504.
-
-[L] Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 464.
-
-[M] The following Members were on the Committee:--
-
-    Lord St. John,
-    Sir Geo. Probert,
-    Sir Robert Atkyns,
-    Mr. Clifford,
-    Sir John Goodrick,
-    Sir Tho. Meres,
-    Mr. Wm. Sandis,
-    Mr. Chichley,
-    Sir Tho. Ingram,
-    Mr. Crouch,
-    Mr. Culleford,
-    Serjeant Charlton,
-    Lord Herbert,
-    Lord Bruce,
-    Mr. Hen. Coventry,
-    Sir Lanc. Lake,
-    Mr. Birch,
-    Sir Tho. Tompkins,
-    Mr. John Vaughan,
-    Sir Rich. Braham,
-    Sir John Birkinhead,
-    Mr. Wren,
-    Sir Rowland Berkley,
-    Colonel Fletchvile,
-    Sir Geo. Downing,
-    Mr. Westphaling,
-    Mr. Waller,
-    Sir Cha. Harbord,
-    Mr. Wm. Montague,
-    Colonel Windham,
-    Mr. Hungerford,
-    Mr. Sprye,
-    Sir Wm. Lewis,
-    Sir Rich. Onslow,
-    Mr. Gaudy,
-    Mr. Prideaux,
-    Sir Tho. Littleton,
-    Sir Humphrey Bennet,
-    Colonel Gilby,
-    Sir Wm. Fleetwood,
-    Sir Solomon Swale,
-    Mr. Geo. Montague,
-    Mr. Morice,
-    Sir John Low,
-    Sir John Holland,
-    Sir Roger Bradshaigh,
-    Sir Nich. Steward,
-    Mr. Whorwood,
-    Sir John Denham,
-    Sir John Norton,
-    Mr. Cornwallis.
-
-[N] Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 475, 476.
-
-[O] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. pages 517 and 519.
-
-[P] Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 522 and 533; and Jo. H. of
-    Com. Vol. viii. p. 480.
-
-[Q] See Calendar of State Papers, 1663–1664. Domestic Series,
-    Charles II. edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, referring to Vol. 95,
-    and papers between Nos. 101 and 102. The same memorandum, in
-    another form, appears also in Domestic Correspondence, Feb. 1664.
-    Vol. 93, No. 83,--thus:--
-
-    “Water Engine Invented. The tenths of the benefit remitted to the
-    Marquis of Worcester, the Inventor, in lieu of lands to the value
-    of £40,000, granted by warrant from his Majesty for that sum
-    disbursed in his service.”
-
-[R] See Appendix F.
-
-[S] Mr. Thomas Baker, a talented engineer, and withal a poet,
-    has very gracefully epitomized the character of the _Century_ in
-    his poem on “The Steam Engine; or the Powers of Flame,” published
-    in 1857. As the work is now extremely scarce, and not likely to
-    be met with by the general reader, the following extract may prove
-    acceptable:--
-
-
-      THE VISION OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-
-    With hopes now high, now with despair oppress’d,
-    As Phœbus sunk, he also sunk to rest;
-    When lo! uprose before his mental view
-    A HUNDRED ENGINES of devices new!
-    In slow procession he their forms survey’d;
-    In each recondite fabric were display’d
-    Rare works of art, and such as far surpass
-    Ought erst beheld in iron, steel, or brass;
-    While gems with gold and silver’s polished sheen
-    Blended their hues in this artistic scene:
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      Resplendent seals were there in groups arranged,
-    Which by a touch their rare devices changed,
-    And secrets in all languages convey’d
-    From man to man, nor once their trust betray’d.
-    Such were the seals to Eastern Magi known,
-    By which of old their wond’rous feats were shown.
-    Nine engines next in slow succession came,
-    Explosive from the slightest touch of flame,
-    Replete with missiles, used in various ways:
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      A floating garden, gay, with verdant bowers,
-    And redolent with blooming trees and flowers,
-    Drew its own moisture, moved its pleasing form,
-    Spontaneous met the sun, and shunn’d the storm;
-    Such scenes of fair delight, are wont to smile
-    From age to age in Hainan’s palmy isle!
-    Nine splendid founts their varied forms display’d,
-    Whence cooling streams, abstrusely winding, stray’d;
-    In one, tall jets bright Iris’ colours show’d;
-    In one, the waters ever ebb’d and flow’d:
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      Next there came forth a vast abstruse machine,
-    Where motions of ten thousand worlds were seen;
-    Th’ æthereal vault around was wide display’d,
-    As by bright Phœbus from his car survey’d;
-    Here scenic splendour and rich art outshone
-    All Orreries to modern science known!
-      A new variety, in number vast,
-    Of ever-changing forms before him pass’d:
-    Not Proteus’ self could with their antics cope,
-    Nor modern scenes of gay Kaleidoscope:
-    Their graceful symmetry and rainbow-hues
-    A rapt’rous wonder o’er his mind diffuse!
-    To vary these abstruse artistic scenes,
-    There pass’d along a group of fresh machines;
-    Many there were that in these days impart
-    Essential aid to various schemes of art:
-    One was a globe buoy’d by a crystal well,
-    Which night or day the passing hour could tell,
-    With the elapsing minutes, seconds too;
-    And, like the dial, to the heaven true;
-    The famed Clepsydra, in its artifice,
-    Was but a bauble when compared with this!
-      Martial designs came next, in size immense,
-    Adapted for attack, and for defence:
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      To crown these shows of wonder and delight,
-    A BEING rose of superhuman might:
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      At every motion from his nostrils came
-    A mounting vap’rous breath like subtle flame!
-    At once it beam’d on Worcester’s mental eye,
-    That STEAM alone might this great power supply:
-    And lo! as ’twere this thought to realize,
-    He saw it, fuming, from vast cauldron rise;
-    From whence this prodigy his spirit drew,
-    Achieving thus what met the wondering view!
-
-[T] Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1663–64, edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-    Green, 8vo. 1862.
-
-[37] Evelyn.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XVII.
-
-      HIS OPERATIONS AT VAUXHALL--PETITIONS AND DECEASE--CASPAR KALTOFF
-      AND FAMILY--M. SORBIERE--COSMO, GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY--THE DOWAGER
-      MARCHIONESS OF WORCESTER.
-
-
-In the second Dedication to his “Century” the Marquis of Worcester
-expressly alludes to “the experiments extant, and comprised under these
-several heads, practicable with my directions, by the unparalleled
-workman both for trust and skill, Caspar Kaltoff’s hand, who hath been
-these five and thirty years as in a school under me employed; and still
-at my disposal, in a place by my great expenses made fit for public
-service, yet lately like to be taken from me, and consequently from the
-service of King and kingdom, without the least regard of above £10,000
-expended by me through my zeal to the common good.”
-
-We have thus the fact on record, that Kaltoff was employed by him
-in the execution of his mechanical experiments from 1628 to 1663,
-commencing with the period of his first marriage, when he was about
-twenty-seven years of age.
-
-In 1664, M. Samuel Sorbière, historian to the King of France, published
-in Paris a small work entitled--“Relation d’un voyage en Angleterre,
-&c.” As he appears to have interested himself in scientific matters,
-as much or more than in any other single subject, no apology need
-be offered for quoting his entire remarks; because, although perhaps
-in one sense they appear irrelevant, yet they acquire interest here,
-as proving that he was not an incompetent authority in reference
-to his most important remarks resulting from a visit to Vauxhall.
-Besides, it is not a little remarkable that Dr. Sprat, a Fellow of
-the Royal Society, as well as its historian,[A] in a book of equal
-extent to that written by this contemporary authority, addressed to
-Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy, under the title of “Observations on
-M. Sorbière’s Voyage into England,”[91] not only passes over these
-remarks, but ridicules his short experience of only “three months;”
-and, “that when he declares he came into England to content his
-curiosity, to see all rare things and men amongst us, yet he scarce
-mentions the Duke of York!” This last omission, however serious a one
-it might have been in 1665, the lively Frenchman has amply compensated
-for, by the substitution of matter that has a far greater interest for
-posterity. Sorbière says:--
-
-“M. de Monconis showed me his journal, which was so curious, and
-where he had collected so exactly all that was passing among the
-learned men of the Royal Society of London, that his industry has
-made me negligent in collecting afresh for myself the things found
-there. We shall see some day all that he has said in it, for if he
-believes me he will lay before the public that, as well as his other
-journal of Egypt and Jerusalem. He speaks of several new inventions,
-which would be very difficult to believe, if not tried. One is a
-self-registering instrument to mark atmospheric changes which happen
-every 24 hours, effected by a pendulum clock. A thermometer; a compass;
-a self-registering weather-cock; a means by which Mr. Willis causes a
-piece of iron by exposure to moderate heat to calcine, without the help
-of a corrosive, and dissolve on being plunged into water; of a deaf and
-dumb person at Oxford, who Mr. Willis has taught to read by showing
-the different inflexions of the voice necessary for articulation; a
-new manner of exploding ships in the water; a way by which several
-short beams can be made into a plain flat surface, by placing them
-one on the top of another without being supported, nailed, or grooved
-one into another; of a furnace or stove by Dr. Kuffler, in the style
-of Drebble’s, which I saw some time ago at La Hague, and which was so
-successful at Arnheim, with self-acting registers; another kind of
-furnace which, for five sous worth of wood, cooked a large quantity
-of bread; a way of distilling salt-water to make it drinkable, where
-for five sous you can distil water enough for 100 persons to drink; an
-instrument to design and draw every description of object by a person
-who has never learnt.”
-
-He adds:--“One of the most curious things I wished to see was a
-Hydraulic Machine, which the Marquis of Worcester has invented, and
-of which he has made an experiment. I went expressly to Vauxhall, the
-other side of the Thames, a little below Lambeth, which is the Palace
-of the Archbishop of Canterbury, in sight of London. This machine will
-raise to the height of 40 feet by the strength of one man, and in the
-space of one minute of time, four large buckets of water, and that by
-a pipe or tube of 8 inches. But what will be the most powerful help
-to the wants of the public is the work which is performed by another
-ingeniously constructed machine, which can be seen raised on a wooden
-tower on the top of Somerset House, which supplies that part of the
-town with water, but with some difficulty, and a smaller quantity than
-could be desired. It is somewhat like our Samaritane water-work on the
-Pont-Neuf; and on the raising pump they have added an impulsion which
-increases the force; but for what we obtain by the power of the Seine,
-they employ one or two horses which incessantly turn the machine, as
-the tide of their river changes its course twice a day, and the spring
-or wheels which are used for the ebbing tide would not do for the flow.”
-
-M. Sorbière’s Dedication of his narrative to the King is dated 12th
-December, 1663, so that it is possible the _Century_ had been published
-previous to the visit he has just described, and it is worthy of notice
-that he expresses no difficulty in obtaining access to the exhibition
-of the machine, which gives colour to the belief that it was on public
-view, for the purpose of establishing a company to carry out the
-invention on a large scale.
-
-Vauxhall, as it is now called, was variously designated Fox-hall,
-Faukeshall, Fulke’s Hall, corruptions of a derivation from Fulke de
-Breauté, who built a mansion in the manor of South Lambeth, long known
-as Fulke’s-hall.[94] In 1652, the Parliament having determined that
-Vauxhall-house, which had been reserved by a former order, should be
-sold, it was purchased by John Trenchard of Westminster. After the
-Restoration it was leased to Henry Lord Moore, afterwards Earl of
-Drogheda, together with the demesne lands of Kennington for 31 years;
-with a proviso, that if his Majesty should think fit to make use of
-the house, or any part thereof, it should be surrendered upon a proper
-allowance being made for the same. The King, availing himself of this
-proviso the year after the lease was granted, settled Casper Kaltoff,
-a Dutchman, at Vauxhall, who was employed in making guns and other
-warlike implements for government service.[65]
-
-By an Act of the House of Commons, 17th of July, 1649, for the sale of
-the houses, &c. of the late King, Queen, and Prince, it is provided
-that “it should not extend to the house called Vaux Hall, nor to the
-grounds, houses, buildings, _models_, utensils, or other necessaries
-for _practical inventions therein contained_; but that they should
-remain for the use of the Commonwealth, to be employed and disposed
-of by the Parliament, as they shall think fit.”[3] Now the mention of
-_inventions_ and _models_, taken in connection with recent facts, would
-lead to the inference that the Marquis of Worcester might have been
-much earlier associated with practical experiments at Vauxhall than
-at first appears. On this point he was always reserved, even in his
-_Century_ only cautiously alluding to Kaltoff as being “in a place by
-my great expenses made fit for public service, yet lately like to be
-taken from me.”
-
-Among the manuscripts of the Royal Society is a letter from Samuel
-Hartlib, the author of works relating to Husbandry, addressed to the
-Honourable Robert Boyle,[14] dated Amsterdam, May the 18th, 1649, in
-which he remarks:[104]--“Fauxhall is to be set apart for public uses,
-by which is meant making it a place of resort for artists, mechanics,
-&c. and a dépôt for models and philosophical apparatus.” It is further
-proposed, that “experiments and trials of profitable inventions
-should be carried on,” which, says Hartlib, “will be of great use to
-the Commonwealth.” Adding that the late King (Charles I.) “designed
-Fauxhall for such an use.”
-
-After a lapse of five years, he writes another letter to Boyle,[14]
-on the same subject, furnishing us, incidentally, with the following
-curious and important details:--“The Earl of Worcester is buying
-Fauxhall from Mr. Trenchard, to bestow the use of that house upon
-Gaspar Calehof [Kaltoff] and son [son-in-law], as long as they shall
-live, for he intends to make it a College of Artisans. Yesterday (he
-adds) I was invited by the famous Thomas Bushel to Lambeth Marsh, to
-see part of that foundation.”[104]
-
-Hartlib was a generous-hearted man, who projected many schemes for
-public benefit. Evelyn styles him an “ingenious person, honest and
-learned;” that he deserved the latter distinction we may infer from the
-fact of Milton having addressed to him his treatise “Of Education.”
-
-These particulars serve to show a very early connection on the part of
-the Marquis of Worcester with Vauxhall, making it still more probable
-that he had established a laboratory or workshop there, years before
-the Civil War broke out; that from its extent it was proposed to retain
-it for the benefit of the State; and that on his own release from the
-Tower he sought to regain possession of the premises, but possibly, for
-politic reasons, in the name of his faithful workman Caspar Kaltoff.
-
-During 35 years there would be a large accumulation of models for one
-hundred inventions and several hundreds of experiments, as well as a
-considerable quantity of tools and machinery. He would certainly choose
-some place as near as possible to the great mart, where alone he could
-obtain, within any reasonable time, the numerous articles and materials
-constantly required in experimental employments; and desiring to be
-near London, when we find him at Vauxhall in 1663, who can doubt, that
-he rather continued, than selected for the first time, the locality
-where we now find the indefatigable noble inventor and his veteran
-“unparalleled workman,” engaged on the first public example of the
-“Water-commanding Engine.”
-
-Pressing as were his personal necessities, he continued untiring in
-maintaining the practical working of the new engine set up under
-protection of the Act he had obtained in 1663. But, like all novel
-enterprises, people were sceptical as to its real value. He appears
-to have been wholly neglected by the first scientific authorities of
-his day, who yet could not be otherwise than aware of the remarkable
-performance of the engine erected by him at Vauxhall. We find him
-making sufficient allusion to its nature and properties in his
-_Century_, published in 1663; then, in 1664, Sorbière published his
-account of his visit to England, further describing what he had seen of
-the water-works at Vauxhall; while Dr. Sprat, by the severe strictures
-he wrote on the Royal-Hydrographer’s book, in the letter he published,
-addressed to Dr. Wren, at Oxford, must have spread the intelligence,
-and served to call attention to Sorbière’s statement. What benefit
-the Marquis of Worcester really received through the intervention
-of friends or the public, beyond temporary loans of money, does not
-transpire, and, judging from the following documents, his financial
-position was reduced to the lowest state possible. The original papers
-are fortunately preserved at Badminton House. The first is endorsed,
-“Copy of the letter which was sent by my Lord Duke of Albemarle to the
-Lord Arlington.”
-
-
-“MY LORD,
-
-“The sad condition of my Lord Marquis of Worcester, after his so
-great merits from the Crown of England, as few can imagine, but now
-discovered by sure hands unto me, inclined me to write such a letter to
-his Majesty, as I find by him that your Lordship hath been acquainted
-with; but reflecting, that if it should be presented to the King, it
-might seem against some resolutions of mine, not to importune his
-Majesty for things of the like nature, as are therein mentioned, I
-choose rather to desire my Lord Marquis to suspend my endeavours to
-serve him therein with his Majesty, till I have the honour personally
-to attend him; yet, in the meantime, if your Lordship find an occasion
-to incline the King thereunto, I shall not fail to second your Lordship
-therein, or any other who may be instrumental to get from his Majesty a
-due consideration of my Lord Marquis, his just pretensions to as much
-favour and recompense as any subject I know; and I make no question
-but when your Lordship hath thoroughly known him, you will be of the
-same opinion, and if that be any value with you, I do profess that in
-obliging my Lord Marquis of Worcester, you will also exceedingly oblige,
-
-      “Your Lordship’s, &c.”
-
-
-The next is a Draft Petition in the Marquis’s handwriting, written with
-more care than usually occurs in his letters:--
-
-
-“DREAD SOVEREIGN,
-
-“Although I know very well that were the wise and politic Cornelius
-Tacitus living, he durst not whisper unto your Majesty as he did to
-other Princes, prone to hear him, when he said:--‘Eo usque grata sunt
-beneficia quam diu solvi posse videantur ubi semel antevenere pro
-gratia odium vedditur.’ I am, notwithstanding, very loth to trouble
-your sacred Majesty in order to myself, not but I am sufficiently
-necessitated to importune you, even as much as any poor subject your
-Majesty hath; and warranted by as good a title unto it (if, after an
-opulent and flourishing condition to become an object of pity, through
-my zeal and services to the crown you wear, may challenge any esteem);
-but my very nature abhors anything that may seem self-interest, though
-indeed whatever I have or do ambition, be it of favour or benefit from
-your Majesty’s most gracious self, it hath been, really is, and shall
-be ever, but to make me able the more eminently to serve your matchless
-Majesty, whose advantage is my greatest comfort; and, in earnest, my
-very heart’s objectum adæquatum. Think of me whatever others please
-to suggest, yet such shall your Majesty ever find me, and unless your
-Majesty command me to speak, I shall still say nothing, but seeing a
-coldness in your Majesty, I shall continue dumb and speechless:--Leves
-loquunter curæ ingentes stujescunt. Yet, animated by your Majesty’s
-cheerful commands, I shall ingenuously lay before you the truth and
-nothing but the truth, and (though to mine own confusion) I will as
-candidly shrive me to your benign self, as to a ghostly father, and I
-will make your most excellent Majesty my sole judge, as well spiritual
-as temporal, that is to look into my inward man, as well as my outward
-actions and deportment.”
-
-
-In November we have another petition in respect to a large claim on his
-estate, and a report thereon, as follows:--[B]
-
-
-“To the King’s most excellent Majesty, the humble petition of Edward
-Marquis of Worcester.
-
-“SHEWETH,
-
-“That whereas your Petitioner and his late father did heretofore lend
-to serve his then late Majesty’s urgent necessities the sum of two
-hundred thousand pounds and upwards, (ninety-five thousand pounds
-whereof appears under his late Majesty’s hand and seal, and the rest
-the Petitioner, if permitted, will make appear), besides other great
-sums the Petitioner employed in other his Majesty’s service, by which
-means your Petitioner’s estate was encumbered, and continued encumbered
-with vast debts, insomuch that to the Petitioner and his family there
-is left but a small pittance for a mean livelihood; the Petitioner’s
-estate being charged with the debts so contracted for his late
-Majesty’s service, and your Majesty’s, as aforesaid.
-
-“That the Petitioner by bond from himself and others (his sureties) in
-1643, amongst other engagements, became bound in six thousand pounds
-to Henry Hall, Esq.; which bond was sued in his Majesty’s Exchequer by
-John Hall, Esq. administrator of the said Henry (not only against your
-Petitioner, but also against his sureties, the Lady Lingen, and Charles
-Price, Esq. whom the Petitioner is bound to save harmless, great
-sufferers for their loyalty in his Majesty’s service), who thereupon
-hath obtained judgment against your Petitioner for six thousand pounds,
-and as particular receiver of some part of your Majesty’s revenue hath
-assigned the same as debtor unto your Majesty, whereupon an extent
-is in the sheriff’s hands (by the said Mr. Hall’s prosecution) to
-extend your Petitioner’s estate for the use of your Majesty, whose
-prerogative intervening, that extent (as your Petitioner is advised by
-counsel) will take place (although subsequent in time of all former
-encumbrances), by which means not only the Petitioner’s other creditors
-will be defeated of their respective debts, but the small remainder
-of your Petitioner’s (once considerable) now shattered estate will by
-your Majesty (to pay a debt to your Majesty) be swallowed up, and your
-Petitioner and his other creditors wholly deprived thereof.
-
-“The Petitioner therefore most humbly prays, that in regard your
-Majesty’s name is made use of against your Petitioner, and since that
-this debt (being subsequent in time to other encumbrances) could not
-affect your Petitioner’s estate, but by your Majesty’s prerogative,
-your Majesty will be graciously pleased to supersede the said Mr.
-Hull’s prosecution, and order him some other satisfaction; the
-Petitioner being absolutely disabled by those vast sums in his late
-Majesty’s service expended as aforesaid.
-
-      “And your Petitioner shall ever pray.”
-
-
-      “At the Court of Oxford, Nov. 24th, 1665.
-
-“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer the consideration of this
-petition to Mr. Attorney, or Mr. Solicitor-General, to consider how
-far his Majesty may fitly gratify the honourable Petitioner, of whose
-condition he hath a just sense, but sees not what he can do in this
-particular for his satisfaction, till he receive Mr. Attorney’s or Mr.
-Solicitor’s opinion upon it.
-
-      “ARLINGTON.”
-
-
-Agreeable to the preceding reference the following report was made:--
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY,
-
-“The Petitioner hath been pleased to show me the sign-manual of your
-royal father, acknowledging £95,000 to be due to him, for so much
-advanced by his father and himself in his late Majesty’s service.
-
-“The Petitioner doth further allege that the six thousand pounds
-[£6000] owing by him to Mr. Hall, and for which Mr. Hall hath
-obtained a judgment against the Petitioner, is part of that very
-£95,000 advanced in the service of your royal father.
-
-“I find likewise that Mr. Hall hath assigned this judgment to your
-Majesty, and all the time of that assignment was indebted to your
-Majesty five or six hundred pounds.
-
-“But I am humbly of opinion, that though your Majesty may by your
-prerogative release this judgment thus assigned, yet it will not be fit
-for your Majesty to do it as this case is, because then your Majesty
-will stand obliged to make good to Mr. Hall so much money as would
-remain due to him after your Majesty’s debt [is ?] satisfied, which is
-in effect to put your Majesty in the Petitioner’s place for payment of
-Mr. Hall’s debt.
-
-“Nevertheless the Petitioner’s case being very worthy of relief, I do
-humbly consider it fit for your Majesty to reserve the consideration of
-his satisfaction to some better occasion.
-
-      “HENEAGE FINCH.”
-
-
-Among family documents at Badminton House is the following draft, which
-may relate to the foregoing petition:--
-
-“The Case of Edward Marquis of Worcester, &c.
-
-“Edward, Marquis of Worcester is indebted £6000 unto John Hall, Esq.
-the Receiver for the Counties of Gloucester, Monmouth, and Hereford, &c.
-
-“John Hall assigns this judgment to the King, whose prerogative
-interfering, John Hall’s debt of £6000 will affect the Earl of
-Worcester’s estate, and obstruct the other creditors from their
-respective satisfactions, by the former settlement of my Lord of
-Worcester’s.
-
-“The Lord of Worcester petitions the King in regard he had expended,
-and lent towards his late Majesty’s service the sum of £92,500, for
-which and his other very many and considerable losses, to the utter
-impoverishment of himself and family, he never yet received any
-compensation or satisfaction. His Majesty would be pleased to take the
-state of the Petitioner into his gracious consideration, &c.
-
-“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer this petition unto Mr.
-Attorney or Mr. Solicitor. Mr. Solicitor reports to his Majesty matter
-of fact in the petition mentioned to be true, and further adviseth it
-is not safe for his Majesty either to supersede or discharge the said
-judgment, but that likewise the Earl doth justly merit his Majesty’s
-just and favourable consideration, &c.
-
-“Whereupon the Earl of Worcester prayeth, that in regard what he
-petitioned for, was for the satisfaction merely of creditors, and not
-to his mediate or immediate advantage, and his fortune totally disposed
-of to his Majesty’s service, other than what is settled as aforesaid to
-the payment of his many creditors, which in honour (his only livelihood
-now left him), he is bound to see satisfied, the which as the present
-case standeth with my Lord cannot be, without his Majesty extendeth
-his favour, either by payment of the money, or some other means
-equivalently satisfactory, &c.
-
-“His Majesty will be graciously pleased to confer the honour of Baron
-on J. B. being fitly qualified, and whose estate suits in proportion
-with the charge that dignity requireth, by which means his Majesty will
-not be out of purse and the Petitioner indemnified.”
-
-On Christmas day the Marquis wrote a long epistle (but to whom is
-unknown) requesting the favour of a letter by means of which he could
-obtain the services of Lord Arlington and Lady Castlemaine, probably
-to obtain some protective influence over his property, then much
-jeopardized:--[C]
-
-
-“HONOURED SIR,
-
-“You have by God’s infinite providence not only befriended my wife and
-me in Cromwell’s time, but likewise by his great mercy and goodness,
-I think, reserved to do the like in his now Majesty’s reign; in whose
-happy memory [he] was pleased to say, even to his Queen, now dowager,
-that next to his own children and her, he was obliged to take care and
-recompense me; so can you not do now a greater act of charity, nor
-loyalty, than to set your concurring hand to procure from her Grace,
-and her unparalleled deserving husband, the favour of setting their
-hands each to a letter I shall be bold to present to your perusal
-first, and then your favour to their Graces; which done, my Lord
-Arlington and my Lady Castlemaine undertake to perfect my most humble
-request to his Majesty; so that they shall incur no risk of denial, and
-yet by the same obliging hand of yours which promotes my most humble
-suit, I shall present a thousand pieces to the Duchess, to buy her a
-little jewel to what she deserves to wear every day of the week. And if
-it please God I live but two years, I will, out of the profits of my
-Water-commanding Engine, appropriate five hundred pounds yearly, for
-ever, to her Grace’s, and two hundred pounds yearly, likewise, to your
-disposal; and in present forty pieces to buy you a Nogge; all which,
-as I am a gentleman and a christian, shall be faithfully and most
-thankfully performed, though the benefit I pretend to by my petition,
-will not amount to what my gratitude obliges; yet the satisfaction
-which it will be to my mind, and my credit therein at stake, I
-value at ten times as much. And this will enable me to place my
-Water-commanding Engine, where I am a certained [assured?] an hundred
-pounds a day profit, without further troubling the King or any body.
-And that done the greatest of my ambition will be to show my gratitude
-and pay my debts; confessing not to owe to any person living more
-real acknowledgment of thankfulness than to her Grace, who hath been
-pleased, in my absence and my wife’s, to be a champion for us, which
-draws upon herself in part this trouble, with more than confidence to
-receive from her more than gracious hands and princess-like disposition
-this further favour, which my wife and I shall never forget, and
-thankfully to acknowledge to her Grace, and your most worthy self,
-whose further trouble it is time to prevent in subscribing myself as
-you shall ever find me,
-
-      “Sir, your most real affectionate friend,
-        “and humble servant,
-            “WORCESTER.
-
-“Christmas Day, 25th of Dec. 1665.
-
-“Because the profit accruing from my Water-commanding Engine may
-seem uncertain, I humbly offer in lieu thereof and in token of my
-gratitude, a judgment of ten thousand pounds for the payment of one
-thousand pounds a year for four years, at the disposal of her Grace,
-and two hundred pounds per annum at yours; so their Graces be pleased
-cheerfully to sign the letter, and positively to own them and me
-to be their perpetual servant, not doubting then to find ways more
-efficaciously to testify my reality and devotion to them if accepted
-of, and thus obliged to them and you.
-
-      “WORCESTER.”
-
-
-Whether the following is the draft of a letter, proposed in the
-preceding communication, is uncertain; it is however in a contemporary
-handwriting, and, therefore, may be the very letter he offered to
-submit for approval.[D] It runs thus:--
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MAJESTY,
-
-“Upon my Lord of Worcester’s speaking to my husband for his letter to
-your Majesty, and laying open his sad condition, there comes into my
-mind a petition from his Lady to the Speaker ready to adjourn the House
-in Cromwell’s time, without relief to her, but upon her petition, as
-here enclosed, Worcester House was granted her. God forbid a greater
-hardness should possess your Majesty’s heart, our most gracious King,
-than did those regicides to one they took for their enemy; and I do,
-therefore, with more than confidence in remembrance of my Lady’s former
-pressures and miseries make myself a party with my Lord Marquis, in his
-most humble suit to your Majesty, in my Lord Powis his behalf, that
-he may not be frustrated of what the last King entitled him, of being
-created Earl, because it came through my Lord Marquis his hands, but
-further likewise to bestow a Baron’s patent upon a friend of my Lord
-Marquis, for both which I become a suitor with his Lordship, and beg
-pardon if I become more importunate to your Majesty in this case, than
-for myself in anything, who do already acknowledge most thankfully many
-great favours done to me,
-
-      “Your Majesty’s most humble servant.”
-
-
-The following letter it would appear was addressed to the Duke of
-Albemarle:--
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GRACE,
-
-“The objections you were pleased to make against the owning and
-subscribing the letter to his Majesty were as I humbly conceive
-your Grace’s resolution not to trouble the King for money business
-even in your own behalf, much less in another’s; and secondly that
-as for Creations you had absolutely promised his Majesty you would
-not importune him again. To the first I answer that this is to save
-the King’s coffers, since certainly if either honour or conscience
-should take place his Majesty ought to save me harmless from the six
-thousand pound confessed and proved to be the Crown’s debt; so happily
-now upon his head by your Grace’s no less prudent and valorous, than
-dutiful endeavours, blest by Divine Providence, never intending the
-ruin of his best deserving subjects, and the only promoting of his
-rebels, which the child unborn may rue if not timely prevented; and
-as a wise Privy-Councillor your Grace’s part is to mind his Majesty
-so of, as not totally to dishearten, I will not say disgust his good
-subjects well deserving, yet that as far as loyalty and religion will
-give them leave; and I am sorry his Majesty should bid adieu to works
-of supererogation and love in his subjects, and most certainly they
-are not his best counsellors who advise him to it; and your Grace will
-be most commendable in doing the contrary, and at long running the
-King will love you best for it, so that this objection of your Grace I
-humbly conceive to be totally solved.
-
-“As for the second, your Grace’s promise not to speak for any more
-Creations, be pleased to understand it rightly, and you are no motioner
-of this; you do but lay before him my reasonable petition therein,
-such as my Lord Chancellor was pleased to think so fitting as he once
-undertook it for me, and I am confident will thank your Grace for
-reviving of it, and in my conscience so will the King too in granting
-of it; for I cannot have so mean a thought of his Majesty but that
-against the hair he hath been forced to bestow honour to the highest
-degree upon five member men, and * * * upon earth, as subscribed to
-his father of happy memory his death, and that he will think much to
-countenance him who only assisted his late Majesty to fly from their
-compulsion of him, to agree to such acts as would have left himself our
-now gracious King the successor of a title of a King of three kingdoms,
-but to the substance of no one of them. It was I furnished his Majesty
-with money to go (to) Theobalds to go to York, when the then Marquis
-of Hambleton refused to pay three hundred pounds for his Majesty at
-Theobalds only to deliver him to the Parliament, as he had done the
-Earl of Strafford, and to * * * the * * * Parliament. It was I carried
-him money to set up his standard at York, and procured my father to
-give the then Sir John Byron five thousand pounds to raise the first
-regiment of horse, and kept a table for above twenty officers at York,
-which I underhand sent thither to keep them from taking conditions from
-the Parliament, and so were ready to accept his. It was I victualled
-the Tower of London, and gave five and twenty hundred pounds to the
-then Lieutenant, Sir John Byron, my cousin-german by my first wife’s
-side. It was I raised most of the men at Edge-hill fight, and after I
-was betrayed at * * * * * when so many gentlemen of quality were taken,
-and of twenty-five thousand men first and last by me raised, eight
-thousand men dispersed by the contrivance of such as called themselves
-the King’s good subjects, and some of them rewarded for it; they were
-my men weekly paid, without taking a farthing contribution, because
-the country tottered; who took * * * * * * * * * in the forest of
-Dean, Goodridge Castle, Monmouth, Chepstow, Carlyon, and Cardiff from
-the Parliamentary forces; in which, and the garrison of Raglan, I can
-bring proof of above an hundred and fifty thousand pounds expended;
-and in ready money first and last to the King’s own purse above as
-much more; and of above thirty-five thousand pounds received by my
-father and me comunely armes, in forty, forty-two, and forty-three,
-I have not now five and twenty hundred, and that clogged with twenty
-thousand pounds crying debts, that keep me not only from a competent
-maintenance, but even from sleep. I speak not here of above three
-hundred thousand pounds which it hath cost the noblemen, knights, and
-gentlemen, which rode in my Life-Guard * * for * * * their comporting,
-they making amongst them above threescore thousand pounds yearly, of
-land of inheritance; and I, upon my interest with seven counties, had
-begun an engagement of above three hundred thousand pounds yearly
-land of inheritance against my return with men from beyond the sea;
-in which endeavours my charges have been vast, besides hazard by sea
-even of shipwreck, and by land of deadly encounters, I do not trouble
-your Lordship with, but all this being true to a tittle, as upon my
-word and honour, dearer to me than my life, I avouch it; I cannot
-doubt but your Grace will call for a pen to sign the letter, and if
-you please send this together with it, and rest assured that if the
-King refuse my request, I will never importune you more, nor ever set
-my foot into his Majesty’s Court again, unless expressly commanded by
-him for his service; otherwise I will only heartily pray for him, but
-never hereafter shall I or any friend of mine engage for him further,
-than the simple duty of a loyal subject sitting quietly at home, no
-ways break the peace, or disobeying the wholesome laws of the land,
-and God send him better and more able subjects to serve his Majesty
-than myself; willinger I am sure he cannot, and I beseech your Grace to
-pardon me if passion hath a little transported me beyond good manners,
-and lay what penance you please upon me, so I tend not to lessen your
-Grace’s belief that I am
-
-      “Your Grace’s most really devoted friend
-        “and servant ever to obey you,
-            “WORCESTER.
-
-“Dec. 29, 1665.”
-
-
-“My dear Lord, my heart is yet full fraughted, and I can say much more
-for myself, were I not ashamed of giving your Grace so great a trouble
-with my scribbling, which I will thus end, promising to smother as
-long as may be, my deplorable condition, and worse usage, but it will
-at last fly over the whole world to the disheartening of all zealous
-and loyal subjects; unless such a true-hearted Englishman and faithful
-servant as your Grace do awaken his Majesty out of the lethargy my
-enemies have cast him into, not to be sensible of what I have done
-or suffered. Cardinal Mazarine presented me to his King with these
-words, ‘Sire, whosoever hath loyalty or religion in recommendation,
-must honour this well-born person;’ and the Queen-mother, now Dowager,
-hath often said to have heard her husband say, that next to her and
-his children, he was bound to take a care of me, of whom it may be now
-verified, qui jacet in terra non habet unde cadet, I am cast to the
-ground, I can fall no lower.”
-
-
-This month the Marquis appears to have obtained the loan of £200, for
-which a draft receipt[E] is extant, as follows:--
-
-
-“I, Edward Somerset, Earl and Marquis of Worcester, do confess and
-acknowledge to have received and borrowed of **** the full sum of two
-hundred pounds sterling, for the assurance thereof I do constitute
-him the said *** to be receiver of two hundred pounds, payable from
-the Right Honourable the Lord High Chancellor of England, the Earl
-of Clarendon, at Michaelmas next, which shall be in the year of our
-Lord 1666, and therewith to repay himself the said two hundred pounds.
-Witness my hand and seal, this 30th day of Dec. 1665.
-
-      “WORCESTER.
-
-“Signed, sealed and delivered
-  “in presence.”
-
-
-From 1662 to 1665, the Marquis of Worcester appears to have been pretty
-regular in his attendance at the House of Peers. But the last we hear
-of him was on the 31st of October, 1665. When the House met on the 1st
-of October, 1666, the Marquis was absent, being “excused,” possibly
-from the state of his health, as he was never present afterwards.[F]
-
-About the same time we have his Petition for the appointment of a
-Committee of Inquiry:--[G]
-
-
-“To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.--The most humble Petition of
-Edward, Marquis of Worcester:--
-
-“SHEWETH,
-
-“That your Petitioner overwhelmed with the very, very much he hath
-to say, and fearful too long to detain your sacred Majesty therewith
-from more serious affairs, humbly prayeth that you will be pleased
-to refer him to be heard by the Lord High Chancellor of England, the
-Lord Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Lotherdale, the
-Lord Arlington, the Lord Ashley and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to
-such of them or other persons as your Majesty shall think fit, and
-that upon their report your Majesty will vouchsafe to do with your
-Petitioner, or to your Petitioner, what they in the Petitioner’s
-behalf, and congruous to your service shall find reasonable, and
-consonant with your Petitioner’s merits or demerits; the Petitioner
-most entirely submitting to your will and pleasure: Casting himself
-upon your Majesty’s goodness, no ways standing upon his deserts,
-though really found never so many not thought of, or hitherto kept
-from your Majesty’s knowledge, your Petitioner doth not say through
-envy or malice, since perhaps through ignorance, such ignorance,
-notwithstanding, as the Divines call ignorantia crassa. But whatsoever
-in quality or number his services were, they were but due to such a
-gracious King and Master as your Majesty’s father, of happy memory,
-was to your Petitioner, and to your incomparable self; and, therefore,
-acknowledgeth they fall far short of his true loyalty and devotion to
-either; and being once rightly made known and presented to your sacred
-Majesty, your Petitioner promiseth himself no less encouragement for
-the future from your Majesty, nor less abilities in himself to become
-as useful as formerly; and as disinterestedly to serve you. Neither
-shall anything for the future dismay, or in any kind deter your
-Petitioner from that his resolution, but from the bottom of his heart
-
-      “He shall ever pray, &c.
-
-[Illustration: Worcester [autograph, 1665–6, of the Author of the
-“Century”]]
-
-“At the Court, at Hampton Court, Jan. 29th, 1665/6.
-
-“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer and recommend the
-Petitioner to be heard by the within named Lords, referees, or to any
-four or more of them, and they to give their report to his Majesty as
-soon as conveniently may be.
-
-      “ARLINGTON.”
-
-
-The next letter is without date or address, but appears
-both to belong to the present period and to relate to
-the same business as the foregoing; he says:--[H]
-
-
-“MY NOBLE LORD,
-
-“I must and ever will most thankfully and humbly acknowledge your
-Lordship’s civil and obliging language and carriage towards me,
-your humble servant. But pardon me if I cannot conceive how my Lord
-Arlington, Principal Secretary of State, and as well of the Bourne [?]
-as Cabinet Council, and that most deservedly, can, notwithstanding,
-miss of an opportunity to acquaint and receive his Majesty’s answer to
-the meanest of his Majesty’s subjects; praying but a reference to the
-chiefest of his Privy Councillors, and by them only to be heard for
-the King’s service, as well as his own concerns. His Majesty little
-thinks what he hath, or doth daily lose for not suffering himself to
-be disabused of a premeditated opinion concerning me; nor doth your
-Lordship imagine what services I do intend to your Lordship’s most
-worthy self, and that the King will have cause to thank you for any
-service you may please to afford me whose aim (I take God to witness)
-is in chief more really to the King’s advantage and service than mine
-own interest, who could not want forty or fifty thousand pounds yearly
-beyond seas, and do as good as want bread at home, where I was born to
-five and thirty thousand pounds, land of inheritance, and two hundred
-thousand pounds in cash left me by my grandfather, which, for so good a
-cause as I have lost it for, I joyfully renounce.
-
-“Monsieur La Sual told me that Germany, France, Spain, and Italy
-censured England very much for so ill requiting my services and
-sufferings, and being so little sensible of my yet abilities to serve
-it; and yet those Kings and Princes know not the quarter, and mine
-own King the least of all, or the least sensible and persuaded, as
-well not to understand what I can yet perform, as not to reflect upon
-what is past.
-
-“My dear Lord, look once more upon both my petitions; and if the King
-thinks me not worthy of common justice to be heard, or you deem them
-fit, and me, to be laid aside, I will gladly acquiesce, and I will not
-further trouble the King, nor importune your Lordship, but, fair and
-far off, ever quietly without more importunity remain,
-
-      “My Lord, your Lordship’s
-        “most faithful and most humble servant,
-            “WORCESTER.”
-
-
-In the April of this year, the plague had commenced its appalling
-ravages in the metropolis, the stagnant air of which was partially
-purified by means of large bonfires, to promote circulation, the air
-having, it was supposed, become noxious through unusually prevalent
-calm sultry weather. The unhealthy state of the town may have had its
-influence on the Marquis, contributing to weaken a constitution
-already sufficiently harassed; yet so far from relief of any kind
-coming to solace him in his afflictions, we next find him compelled
-to petition for protection of his public works, which (as noted three
-years before, in his _Century_), were again being similarly nearly
-taken from him, “without (as he observes) the least regard of above
-ten thousand pounds expended by me, and through my zeal to the common
-good.” His application is endorsed--“10 Jan. 1666. The Marquis of
-Worcester’s Petition for a Fee and Farm of Works House at Foxe
-Hall:”[I]--and is as follows:--
-
-
-“To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. The humble
-Petition of Edward, Lord Marquis of Worcester.
-
-“HUMBLY SHEWETH,
-
-“That the Petitioner (over and above great sums of money lent by him
-to his late Majesty of blessed memory) did expend in building of a
-house called Fauxhall, for an operatory for engineers and artists to
-work public works in, £9000 and upwards, as appears by the bills of the
-workmen that built the house.
-
-“That the Petitioner hath expended above £50,000 trying experiments
-and conclusions of arts, in that operatory, which may be useful to his
-Majesty and his kingdoms.
-
-“That there being a grant made by your Majesty, under the Great Seal
-of England to the Lord Moore, of the manor of Kennington, (within
-which manor the said Fauxhall is situated and being) the Petitioner
-applied himself to your Majesty, and acquainted your Majesty with the
-Petitioner’s equitable right to the said Fauxhall, that thereupon
-your Majesty was graciously pleased to recall the said Patent, and to
-cause an exception to be made therein as to Fauxhall, which was done,
-whereby your Majesty might gratify the Petitioner therewith, but the
-Petitioner hath not hitherto desired the same.
-
-“The Petitioner humbly prayeth that your Majesty will be graciously
-pleased, in consideration that the Petitioner hath built the said
-house, at so great a charge, to serve your Majesty,
-
-“That you will be pleased to grant it to the Petitioner at some fee
-farm rent, as your Majesty shall think fit.
-
-“And the Petitioner shall pray.”
-
-
-This document divulges at least one important secret in regard to
-the Marquis of Worcester’s personal history, in connection with his
-practical mechanical pursuits. We now find that he actually built
-suitable premises as workshops at Vauxhall,[J] for “engineers and
-artists to work public works in.” That in that “operatory,” or
-laboratory, he had “expended above £50,000, trying experiments and
-conclusions of arts.” And that on the building alone he had laid out
-above £9000. It is, however, only by bearing in mind the enormous
-amount that these sums of money represent, considered in reference to
-the value they bore two hundred years ago, that we become fully alive
-to the princely expenditure of this great scientific experimentalist,
-whose patronage and encouragement of experimental philosophy, for
-practical designs, is without a parallel in any other age or country.
-
-The very next month his Lady was necessitated to petition in the
-following terms, in regard to Worcester House.[K]
-
-
-“To the right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, now
-assembled in Parliament.
-
-“The humble Petition of Margaret, Marchioness of Worcester, wife of
-Edward, now Marquis of Worcester.
-
-“HUMBLY SHEWETH,
-
-“That the said Marquis for his services to his Majesty did expend many
-vast sums of money, and thereby contracted great debts; that although
-the said Marquis, since his Majesty’s happy restoration, hath paid
-above fifty thousand pounds of those debts so contracted, as aforesaid,
-yet there remains so many great debts, that the said Marquis his
-estate is all seized on by his creditors upon judgments, statutes, and
-recognizances, insomuch that the said Marquis is deprived of his whole
-estate; and nothing left for his and your Petitioner’s support and
-maintenance.
-
-“That in particular the said Marquis his estate was extended by one Mr.
-John Hall[L] in March last, upon a judgment of six thousand pounds for
-money borrowed by the Petitioner’s husband in 1642, to pay the garrison
-of Monmouth, then in a mutiny.
-
-“That the said extent is assigned now to the Lord John Somerset,
-who now threatens (having got most part of the estate) to turn the
-Petitioner out of Worcester House, so that she will be destitute of an
-habitation and maintenance.
-
-“The Petitioner humbly prayeth your Lordships’ consideration of the
-Petitioner’s most necessitous condition, and to find out a way for her
-relief, and also your Lordships’ recommendation of her case to the
-Right Honourable the Lords and Commons of England.
-
-  “And your Petitioner shall pray.
-      “WORCESTER.”
-
-
-      “Die Jovis, 7 die Febr. 1666.
-
-“Upon reading the humble Petition of the Lady Marchioness of Worcester,
-it is ordered by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament
-assembled, that the Duke of Albemarle, the Lord Chamberlain of his
-Majesty’s Household, the Earl of Anglesey, the Lord Arundell of Warder,
-and the Lord Howard of Charlton, be appointed a Committee to wait
-on his Majesty and represent unto him the sad condition of the said
-Marquis and his Lady.
-
-      “JO. BROWN,
-          “Cleric. Parliament.”
-
-
-From the Marchioness’ petition we obtain a further acquaintance with
-the deplorable situation in which the Marquis was placed, even seven
-years after the Restoration, when he had recovered his estates, and
-possessed whatever he may have received as gifts from the Crown; and
-by the way of loans from friends, from secured money-lenders, and for
-assigned portions of interest in the profits to arise from working his
-“Water-commanding Engine.”
-
-In a report made to the Duchy of Cornwall[M] (although two years
-later) full particulars are furnished of the nature and extent of
-the property in which the Marquis was interested, as stated in his
-preceding petition. The Surveyors General say:--“Foxhall house is
-parcel of the manor of Kennington and Duchy of Cornwall, and the use
-thereof was lately allowed by his Majesty unto Mr. Jaspar Calthoff, who
-was employed in the making of guns and divers engines and works for his
-Majesty’s service, since whose death part thereof hath been granted by
-his Majesty to Peter Jacobson (the said Jaspar Calthoff’s son-in-law)
-for his life, and the residue is enjoyed by this Petitioner (widow of
-the said Jaspar) in favour of her said late husband’s services for his
-Majesty; containing in the whole within the brick walls, two acres and
-28 perches of ground, divided into divers parcels, whereof the furthest
-part S. contains about 214 feet in length from E. to W. and about 66
-feet in breadth at the W. end, nearest the Thames, and about 109 feet
-in breadth at the end next the highway, leading from Lambeth Church
-towards Kingston; and hath a dwelling house thereon erected at the
-S.E. corner thereof, containing about 40 feet in length, and 24 feet
-in breadth, and several sheds both at the E. and W. ends of the said
-piece, all which are affirmed to be let together to one John Collins,
-at £16 per annum.
-
-“And one other part of the said ground next adjoining N. used for a
-great garden, containeth in length, on the E. side thereof next the
-said highway, about 238 feet, and on the W. side next the Thames about
-213 feet, and in breadth at the S. end about 192 feet.
-
-“And other part of the said ground still more N. used for a yard or
-garden, containeth in length from the last mentioned great garden to
-the mansion house of Foxhall, about 144 feet, and in breadth from a
-range of pales, dividing this and the said Jacobson’s part, to the said
-highway about 98 feet.--On the E. side whereof (next the said way) is
-erected a long range of building, used for a working house, containing
-in length about 132 feet, and in breadth (from out to out) about 20
-feet, two stories high, besides garrets.
-
-“At the N. end of which working house there is a cross building
-erected, of the same height, part used for a forging house, and the
-rest for dwelling; extending from the said highway W. about 46 feet in
-breadth from out to out.
-
-“Still more W. is the chief mansion house, extending W. from the last
-mentioned building about 46 feet more in length, and about 24 feet
-in breadth, three stories high, besides garrets and cellars, with a
-stair-case built out cross on the N. side thereof about 18 feet square.”
-
-The remaining portion of the report concerns property on the north side
-let to another tenant; to stables, and to outhouses; concluding with
-an opinion that the whole, when repaired, would render a lease for 31
-years worth £100 per annum.
-
-We thus ascertain that the “Working house,” as it is here called
-(the “Operatory” named in the petition), where Caspar Kaltoff and
-his engineers worked, and in or near which the first great public
-exhibition of the “Water-commanding Engine” was consummated, occupied
-a considerable space of crown property. It was no exposition of
-questionable utility that was there offered to public view. And that
-it was public is every way certain, and, indeed, there could be
-no reasonable occasion for its being otherwise, after being fully
-protected for ninety-nine years by Act of Parliament. Besides, in
-no other way would it have been possible to obtain a sufficient
-proprietary, such as was evidently sought by the publication made
-by the Act itself, and apparently also by the distribution of large
-posting bills; of which latter a curious specimen still exists in the
-archives of the British Museum.[N]
-
-It was the Marquis of Worcester’s misfortune, being involved in heavy
-debt, to be necessitated to seek pecuniary benefit from his great
-invention. What means were particularly adopted, beyond setting up a
-practical illustration at Vauxhall, it is impossible to ascertain,
-but he would most likely engage the services of one or more active
-business agents. That a public company was intended to be carried out
-by means of several shareholders, is also highly probable, judging
-from remarks occasionally made by himself, and from the dispersion of
-placards and similar written statements, headed a “Definition” of the
-Engine.
-
-Now it is assuredly a matter of surprise that an invention so singular
-and novel in character, promising unheard of advantages, should not
-have attracted the general attention of all patrons and promoters of
-science. The only instance of a passing remark from a scientific source
-is anything but gratifying. Dr. Hook, writing to the Honourable Robert
-Boyle about the early part of 1667,[14] reports certain experiments
-with glass tubes then being carried on at Gresham College, after
-which he says:--“Sir R. Moray presented the Society with an engine
-sent them by Prince Rupert; being for raising water, such a one as, I
-am sure, you have seen and taken notice of in Scottus his mechanics,
-whose contrivance is, continually to raise water, by turning round
-a cylinder with a sliding board in it, included in another hollow
-cylinder, or barrel. The Engine has not been tried, but it will be
-the next Wednesday. But I find that it goes exceedingly hard with the
-several grating and sliding motions that it has, so that it is more
-likely to prove a pretty curiosity than a useful engine. But this gave
-an occasion for producing the definition or description of the Marquis
-of Worcester’s Water-commanding Engine, which is so purely romantic
-that it would serve one rarely to fill half a dozen pages in the
-_History of Fortunatus his Wishing Cup_. A transcript of some of the
-most observable passages, because I could not procure the book itself
-to send you, I have here enclosed, which if it should chance to perform
-but the least part of what is therein specified, my Lord Brereton is
-likely to pay £5 towards the revenue, that is to accrue thereby to the
-Marquis, he having wagered so much against him. I was since my return
-to London to see this engine, where I found Caltrop his chief engineer,
-to laugh at it; and as far as I was able to see it, it seemed one of
-the perpetual motion fallacies. Of which kind Caltrop himself, and two
-or three others, that I know, are labouring at this time in vain, to
-make, but after several ways; and nothing but costly experience will
-make them desist.”
-
-The prejudices created against monopolists in the reign of Queen
-Elizabeth, were not without foundation, in consequence of the absurd
-rights conceded to patentees of imaginary inventions; amounting to the
-legalizing of extortion of the most unquestionable and aggravating
-kind, without any chance of remedy. Real inventions were few, and
-impositions were everywhere practised with bold effrontery. There
-was nothing in the public character of the Marquis of Worcester to
-bespeak public favour. Who could ever dream that the Earl of Glamorgan
-was suddenly to assume a new character? The few inventions that were
-regarded as wonders of art were of ancient origin, slowly perfected,
-and in 1663 were considered to have reached almost the acmé of
-perfection. Yet here was a nobleman, unheard of, except for his share
-in Charles the First’s design to punish his rebellious subjects with
-the aid of an Irish army, suddenly proposing to supersede all ancient
-approved and improved methods of elevating water; and to perform many
-other surprising mechanical feats. And not only was he an inventor,
-but an innovator on old custom and a monopolist, not by patent
-alone, but by Act of Parliament for ninety-nine years! Even Dr. Hook
-could not view the Marquis otherwise than by the common standard of
-public opinion, acknowledging that he only went to see the wondrous
-engine at Vauxhall “_to laugh at it_!” And he could even condescend
-to report of his fellow inventor’s labour, that,--“as far as I could
-see it, it _seemed_ one of the perpetual motion fallacies.” So that
-its very regularity and remarkable continuity of operation were alone,
-considered enough to condemn it! Dr. Robert Hook was deservedly
-esteemed as a mathematician, and he was also distinguished for his
-mechanical ingenuity; but he was a man of very peculiar habits and
-singular disposition, being excessively jealous and cynical. This
-splenetic philosopher appears to have set out for Lambeth in no
-disposition to form a dispassionate opinion on the work of a rival
-inventor. A few lines of description, however meagre, would have been
-invaluable, whereas his cynical remark leads to the unfavourable
-supposition that his disingenuous statements had their influence on
-Boyle and other Fellows of the Royal Society, to check any further
-inquiry respecting the supposed mechanical marvel.
-
-The Marquis might well allude in his _Century_ to “the melancholy which
-had lately seized upon him;” his sole desire being to pay his debts
-and possess “a competency to live according to his birth and quality;”
-yet every way frustrated, month by month, year by year, even after his
-last ray of hope was realized in the return of the exiled sovereign.
-He makes slight allusion to enemies, and none to public neglect. The
-enemies must have existed, Papist as he was, when so late as November
-1666, the King had published a declaration to banish all priests and
-jesuits, on pain of punishment if found in the kingdom after the
-middle of the next month; the public neglect, from his aristocratic
-sympathies, he might not choose to recognise. It is certain he had been
-abundantly persecuted for his political acts, and was being neglected
-with a degree of callousness for which it is difficult at this remote
-period, and in the absence of needful intelligence, to account, so as
-fairly to reconcile the many incongruities and inconsistencies in the
-statement of his devotion to Charles the First, the coolness of Charles
-the Second, the Marquis’s own firm clinging to a Court which used him
-so basely, and the utter oblivion into which his efforts fell among all
-classes of men esteemed patrons of art, literature and science.
-
-Amidst plague, and intestine troubles, and surrounded with domestic
-calamities of the most poignant character, this great and good man,
-this glorious genius deceased on Wednesday, the 3rd of April, 1667.
-Where he died is nowhere recorded, and no incident of his latter days
-affords the slightest information. It is not unreasonable to suppose
-that he had resided at Lambeth, if not indeed at the mansion then
-called Faux-hall. He was conveyed with funeral solemnity from London to
-his barony of Raglan, in the county of Monmouth, where he was buried in
-the family vault within the Parish Church, on Friday the 17th of the
-same month, near to the body of Edward, Earl of Worcester, Lord Privy
-Seal, his grandfather, the following inscription being engraved on a
-brass plate:--
-
-
-“_Depositum Illustrissimi Principis Edwardi Marchionis & Comitis
-Wigorniæ, Comitis de Glamorgan, Baronis Herbert de Raglan, Chepstow, &
-Gower, nec non Serenissimo nuper Domino Regi Carolo primo, Southwalliæ
-Locum-tenentis: Qui obiit apud Lond. tertio die Aprilis_, An. Dom.
-M.DC.LXVII.”
-
-[Illustration: ST. Cadocus, Raglan Church]
-
-ST CADOCUS: THE PARISH CHURCH OF RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE.
-
-[Illustration: St. Cadocus, east end and plan]
-
-EAST END VIEW AND PLAN OF RAGLAN CHURCH.
-
-In the above view of Raglan Church, a corresponding plan is given,
-showing, by the letter A, that portion of the chancel beneath
-which is situated the family vault of the Beaufort family. The flagged
-area has a font in the centre, pews in one corner and at the sides,
-with a window at one end, and at the other a door opening to the
-church-yard.
-
-Although Francis Sandford, Pursuivant at Arms, in noticing heraldic
-particulars, when alluding to his funeral, adds, “which myself had the
-honour to attend,” he makes no comment of a personal or interesting
-character, beyond the customary genealogical details. From Sandford’s
-remark one is led to suppose he attended as a personal friend. He
-was a native of Wicklow, of humble origin and moderate education,
-long resident in London. He was therefore a person likely to be
-intimately acquainted with the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester’s Irish
-connexions, and to take a more than usual interest in the circumstances
-relating to the death and funeral obsequies of the Marquis.[O]
-
-On the 24th of the same month the following funeral certificate was
-attested by his son Henry, Marquis of Worcester, at the Herald’s
-College:--
-
-[Illustration: Arms of the Marquis of Worcester, and his two wives]
-
-“The Right Honble Edward Somerset Marquess and Earle of Worcester,
-Earle of Glamorgan, and Baron Herbert of Raglan, Chepstow, and Gower
-departed this mortall life upon Wedensday the third of Aprill 1667,
-and was conveyed with ffunerall Solemnitie from London to his Barony
-of Raglan in the County of Monmouth (accompanied with many Gentry of
-ye County’s of Gloucester and Monmouth aforesaid) and there interred
-in his Lordships Chappell in the Parish Church, neare to the body of
-Edward Earle of Worcester Lord Privie Seale, his Grandfather (in a
-vault arched with stone) on fryday the 19 day of the same month. His
-Lordship married to his first wife Elizabeth Dormer daughter of Sir
-William Dormer Knight that dyed in the lifetime of his father, and
-sister unto Robert Earle of Carnarvon by whom he had issue his only
-son Henry Lord Herbert, now Marquess of Worcester at the time of the
-takeinge of this Certificate, who, marrying with Mary daughter of that
-most loyall Nobleman Arthur, Lord Capell, beheaded by the rebells upon
-the 9th day of March 1648 (Sister to Arthur Earle of Essex, &c.) and
-Widdow to Henry Seamour, Lord Beauchampe that dyed in the lifetime of
-his father, by whom she had issue William now Duke of Somerset aged 15
-years and Frances and Mary, dead, and Elizabeth Seamour third daughter
-now liveing, had by the said Mary also issue Henry Somerset his eldest
-son dead, and buried at Windsor; Charles Somerset second son and heire,
-now Lord Herbert about 6 years old; Edward Somerset 3d son, dead also,
-and was interred at Raglan; and Henry Somerset the yonger 4 sonne who
-departed this world about two dayes before his Grandfather and was
-buried at Raglan; Elizabeth Somerset elder daughter dyed young and
-was buried at Raglan, and Lady Mary Somerset, younger daughter is now
-liveing about a yeare and halfe old. Lady Anne Somerset elder daughter
-to the defunct was married to Henry Howard second sonne of Henry Earle
-of Arundell, and brother and heire to Thomas Duke of Norfolke, and
-by him hath issue Henry Howard, Thomas, Elizabeth and Frances. Lady
-Elizabeth Somerset younger daughter to the defunct is the wife of
-William, Lord Herbert of Powis and by him hath issue William Herbert
-his only son and five daughters.
-
-“The said Edward Lord Marquess defunct married to his second wife the
-Lady Margaret O’Bryan daughter and coheire of Henry Earle of Thomond,
-and by her had issue one only daughter named Mary, who dyed an Infant,
-and was buried at Raglan. This Certificate was taken upon the 24th
-day of Aprill 1667 by Ffrancis Sandford, Rouge Dragon, who, served
-for Sr Edward Walker Kt. Garter Principall King of Armes, and the
-truth thereof attested by the subscription of the Right Hoble Henry
-Marquesse of Worcester
-
-      “Examd. F. R. S. D.     WORCESTER.”
-
-
-It is, throughout, very observable that the invention of the
-Water-commanding Engine was no imaginary scheme, no merely ingenious
-idea, but a realized fact, of the nature and importance of which the
-late Marquis had been fully sensible. And it affords a striking proof
-of his high estimation and correct knowledge of the magnitude of his
-discovery, that he should have bowed himself before his Maker in humble
-adoration, acknowledging in a simple yet solemnly sublime strain, his
-sense of obligation to the supreme Source of all intelligence, for
-permitting him to become instrumental in the development of so great a
-mystery of nature.
-
-The following is from the original manuscript at Badminton:--
-
-
-    “_The Lord Marquesse of Worcester’s Ejaculatory and extemporary
-    thanksgiueing prayer when first with his corporall eyes, he did
-    see finish’d a perfect tryall of his Water-commanding Engine
-    delightfull and usefull to whomsoeuer hath in recomendation
-    eyther knowledge, profit, or pleasure._
-
-
-“Oh! infinitly omnipotent God whose mercyes are fathomlesse, and
-whose knowledge is immense and inexhaustible next to my Creation and
-Redemption I render thee most humble thanks even from the very bottome
-of my heart and bowells, for thy voutchchafeing me (the meanest in
-understanding), an insight in soe great a secret of nature beneficial
-to all mankind as this my Water-commanding Engine. Suffer me not to
-be puff’d upp, O Lord, by the knowing of it, and many more rare and
-unheard off, yea unparaleled Inventions, Tryals, and Experiments, but
-humble my haughty heart, by the true knowledge of myne owne ignorant,
-weak, and unworthy nature, proane to all euill O most mercifull Father
-my creator, most compassionatting Sonne my Redeemer, and Holyest of
-Spiritts, the sanctifier, three diuine persons and one God! grant me a
-further concurring grace with fortitude to take hould of thy goodnesse,
-to the end that whatever I doe, unanimously and courageously to serue
-my King and Countrey, to disabuse, rectifie, and convert my vndeserved
-yet wilfully incredulous[P] enemyes, to reimburse thankfully my
-creditors, to reimmunerate my benefactors, to reinhearten my distressed
-family, and with complacence to gratifie my suffering and confiding
-friends may, voyde of vanity or selfe ends, only be directed to thy
-honour and glory euerlastingly. Amen.”
-
-
-With Caspar Kaltoff to superintend the work at Vauxhall, the engine
-would no doubt be kept in operation, for the benefit alike of the
-Dowager Marchioness and all interested, most likely including Colonel
-C. Copley.
-
-In the travels of Cosmo de Medici the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany,[30]
-through England,[Q] among other matters that attracted his attention
-in the metropolis, it is recorded that on the 23rd of May, 1669:--“His
-Highness went to see an hydraulic machine upon a wooden tower, in the
-neighbourhood of Somerset House,[R] which is used for conveying water
-of the river to the greater part of the City. It is put in motion by
-two horses, which are continually going round, it not being possible
-that it should receive its movement from the current of the river, as
-in many other places where the rivers never vary in their course; but
-this is not the case with the Thames, owing to the tide; consequently
-the wheels, which serve at the ebb, would not be able to do their
-office when the tide returns.”
-
-On the 29th following, his Highness was entertained by the Earl of
-Devonshire, when a sumptuous banquet was provided.
-
-“His Highness, that he might not lose the day uselessly, went again
-after dinner to the other side of the city, extending his excursion as
-far as Vauxhall, beyond the palace of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
-to see an hydraulic machine, invented by my Lord Somerset, Marquis of
-Worcester. It raises water more than forty geometrical feet by the
-power of one man only; and in a very short space of time will draw up
-four vessels of water through a tube or channel not more than a span in
-width; on which account it is considered to be of greater service to
-the public than the other machine near Somerset House.”
-
-Up to September next year we still find the “Water-commanding Engine,”
-engaging the attention of the Dowager Marchioness, who was fully alive
-to the importance of so wonderful an invention; not only as enhancing
-her late husband’s fame, but also as affecting her own interest, with
-that of the other parties who had assisted in its promotion. She
-seems to have acted with a persevering and noble spirit under all the
-disadvantages of her situation, oppressed as she was in fortune, her
-heart lacerated by the accumulated wrongs she and her husband had
-through life endured, and now alone, neglected, and with but this
-one hope left, of which his prophetic views must have left a lively
-impression on her heart.
-
-But the Marquis’s surprising invention was doomed to another, and a
-more novel persecution than could well be conceived possible, one which
-assuredly might very justly be doubted, had we not the written record
-before our eyes. Among the other manuscripts at Badminton House is
-the letter of a Roman Catholic priest, dated 6th of September, 1670,
-addressed to the Marchioness “at her house in Lincoln’s Inn Fields.”[S]
-
-As her spiritual adviser, he says:--“Almighty God hath, Madam, put you
-into a happy and flourishing condition, fit and able to serve God,
-and to do much good to yourself and others; and your Ladyship makes
-yourself unhappy, by seeming not to be contented with your condition,
-but troubling your spirits with many thoughts of attaining to greater
-dignities and riches.”
-
-He next declares that she is in danger “to lose the right use of her
-reason,” all arising from disposing herself for great dignity and
-wealth--“by getting of great sums of money from the King to pay your
-deceased Lord’s debts, and enriching yourself by the great Machine [the
-Water-commanding Engine] and the like.”
-
-To deter her from proceeding in this course, he points out, as ill
-effects, “the danger of losing her health and judgment,” and “the
-probability of offending Almighty God.” That she is under “great
-temptation” he considers certain, “yet I confess (he adds) that the
-devil, to make his suggestion the more prevalent, doth make use of
-some motives that seem plausible, as of paying your Lord’s debts, &c.”
-For her future government he recommends her Ladyship--“To seek after
-eternal riches and honours, which your age doth assure you are not
-far off; for which you may dispose yourself, before death comes, by
-retiring into the country for some time, from the distractions of the
-Court, where you may have the advice and directions of some learned
-priest, in whose virtue you may wholly confide, for your internal
-quiet and security.” With this view he recommends a lady’s house at
-Hammersmith, where, “by Almighty God’s blessing, you may recover from
-that most pernicious distemper of body and mind, into which every one
-sees you to be very near approaching.”[T]
-
-He claims “the candour of his intentions,” as a plea for this
-extraordinary interference, in a matter of personal and strictly
-honourable conduct of a wholly private nature.[U]
-
-We lose after this all intelligence regarding the Vauxhall Water
-Engine, and it is in vain to enter on mere conjectures as to what may
-have been its fate. It is certain, however, that great disadvantages
-in exhibiting, and in manufacturing or repairing, would ensue on the
-decease of the Marquis’s right hand man “both for trust and skill.”
-
-In 1670–71, letters patent were granted to the late Marquis’s son,
-Henry, Marquis of Worcester, remitting payment of certain sums due to
-the Crown at the time of his father’s decease.[V]
-
-And on the 1st of August, 1672, letters patent were obtained, in
-respect to property at Vauxhall, which state that the same are granted
-by Charles the Second “from grace and favour towards Jasper Calthoff
-and Martha Calthoff, _lately deceased_.” From the same document we
-learn in reference to their children, that there were then living,
-Catherine, married to Claude Denis,
-    Jasper Calthoff, and
-    Isabel Calthoff.
-
-And we find from letters patent, bearing date 22nd March, 1667–8, that
-Peter Jacobson (married to another daughter) is named as the “son in
-law,” So that it would appear that, in 1672, four children were living,
-one son and three daughters. The Peter Jacobson, here named, was a
-sugar baker, holding a portion of the Vauxhall estate for carrying on
-his business, at a trifling rental, during the term of his natural
-life.[W]
-
-Beyond all question the Marquis of Worcester’s prime invention, the
-_Water-commanding Engine_, was erected and at work from 1663, to the
-year 1670, during which time it had been made the subject of an Act
-of Parliament; had been published in the _Century_, in brief outline;
-also noticed in a separate pamphlet, copies of which are exceedingly
-rare; and likewise in large posting bills. Besides which a model was
-deposited with the Chancellor of the Exchequer as required by the Act.
-It was also the subject of much correspondence. That it excited the
-attention of intelligent sight-seeing travellers we ascertain from the
-Diaries published first by M. Sorbière, and five years later by Cosmo
-de Medici. And after the noble inventor’s decease, his warm-hearted
-and enthusiastic widow brought herself under priestly censure for
-her active endeavours “to enrich herself by the great Machine;” on
-which, alas! both had built reasonable, but such as were at that time
-considered extravagant, expectations of present fortune and future fame.
-
-With the Marquis of Worcester this invention was no idle fancy, no
-mere experiment, no amateur work, no casual, doubtful trial, and was
-not lightly estimated by himself. He had by practice so thoroughly
-satisfied himself, that, long after 1655, amidst all his troubles,
-without his notes, and to oblige a friend, he wrote off, _con amore_,
-three distinct accounts of his invention, under the titles of, “A fire
-water-work;” “A semi-omnipotent engine;” and lastly, “A stupendous
-water-work.”
-
-How it happens that the Marquis of Worcester should have been wholly
-unnoticed for his inventions by contemporaries it is difficult to offer
-anything like a sufficiently reasonable or satisfactory conjecture. But
-surprise might seem to vanish when such diarists as John Evelyn and
-Samuel Pepys, with all their curiosity and all their apparent pleasure
-in recording scientific novelties, although they name the Marquis,
-notice Worcester House, and mention Vauxhall, never so much as hint
-at one invention by the Marquis of Worcester. When these gossips had
-nothing to say, conjecture may well cease to promise a satisfactory
-solution.
-
-But it must be remembered that the means for giving publicity to any
-matter were then comparatively limited; and it is possible that the
-Water-commanding Engine was little known beyond a certain aristocratic
-circle, who afforded the chief support of the affair pending other
-arrangements. Even this supposition very indifferently accounts for
-the dead silence on the subject at home, when it seems apparent that
-the invention was looked on by foreigners as in striking contrast with
-a much inferior mode of raising water at Somerset House, performed
-by machinery worked by two horses. One would suppose that of all
-inventions an engine of superior capabilities for supplying the
-city with water, would have excited attention in every quarter. The
-inventor, and all concerned with him, might see certain difficulties in
-meeting any demand adequately remunerative, until works and machinery
-were provided; not so much to make the engines, but to provide certain
-requisite articles and materials, well understood in modern times, but
-wholly unknown two centuries ago. The Marquis was in fact creating a
-demand for iron plates, wrought and cast iron cylinders, metal rods,
-and all manner of tools and novel kinds of workmanship, so completely
-was this wonderful man in advance of the age he might have adorned.
-
-Charles the Second, in the midst of all his gaiety and all his poverty,
-had it in his power to benefit the Marquis by, at least, affording him
-some countenance. He had every reason to be grateful to him, but his
-ruling passion gained the sway over all other considerations. What
-Samuel Pepys relates of him, as happening on the 1st of February,
-1663–4, is characteristic of what may have been his utmost estimate
-of even the Marquis himself. He says:--“I to Whitehall, where, in the
-Duke’s chamber, the King came and stayed an hour or two, laughing at
-Sir W. Petty, who was then about his boat; and at Gresham College [the
-Royal Society] in general, which he mightily laughed at, for spending
-time only in weighing of air, and doing nothing else since they
-sat.”[78]
-
-Our great historian has given a masterly miniature of the volatile
-monarch, observing:--“To do him justice his temper was good; his
-manners agreeable; his natural talents above mediocrity. But he was
-sensual, frivolous, false and cold-hearted, beyond almost any prince of
-whom history makes mention.”[X] His neglect of the Marquis of Worcester
-had the effect of retarding the full development of the Steam Engine in
-this country for above half a century; and thus he, who had never been
-known to say a foolish thing, lost the chance of performing a wise one,
-that would have evinced the existence of at least one redeeming quality
-in his character.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] History of the Royal Society of London. By Thomas Sprat, Bishop
-    of Rochester, 4to. 1667.
-
-[91] Sprat.
-
-[94] Tallis.
-
-[65] Lysons.
-
-[3] Allen.
-
-[14] Boyle.
-
-[104] Weld.
-
-[14] Boyle.
-
-[104] Weld.
-
-[B] MS. Public Record Office, in course of being calendared by Mrs.
-    M. A. E. Green.
-
-[C] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[D] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[E] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[F] On the 10th of October, 1667, his son occupied his place, as
-    Marquis of Worcester.
-
-[G] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[H] This is a holograph letter, from MSS. Badminton.
-
-[I] Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series. Ch. II. 1667. No. 101.
-
-[J] Appendix G.
-
-[K] Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series. Ch. II. 1667. No. 33.
-
-[L] See page 271 and 273.
-
-[M] Duchy of Cornwall Office. Report H. 1.1665–8. (April, 1668.) See
-    Appendix G.
-
-[N] It is very similar to the Draft, page 224; and the
-    “Definition” in Appendix C.
-
-[14] Boyle, Vol. v. page 532.
-
-[O] I am the more particular in naming these facts, as it is singular
-    that there should be any doubt thrown on the place of his
-    sepulture. Yet in a copy of “The Baronage of England, by William
-    Dugdale,” containing his own manuscript corrections, he substitutes
-    for “Ragland,” to read “Windsor, near to the tomb of Charles of
-    Worcester his ancestor.” This copy is in the Bodleian Library, and
-    I have not only examined it very carefully, but also the Register
-    at St. George’s Chapel, and the tombs in the Beaufort Chapel,
-    Windsor, without being able to confirm Dugdale’s manuscript
-    emendation.--D.
-
-[P] This had been written “wilfully malicious”--but “malicious” has
-    been struck out, and “incredulous” substituted. This with other
-    corrections are in the Marquis’s own handwriting.
-
-[30] Cosmo.
-
-[Q] Being this portion only of his Travels, derived from two large
-    folio MS. volumes, narrated by the celebrated Count Lorenza
-    Magalotti, preserved in the Laurentian Library, Florence.
-
-
-[R] See Sorbière’s Account, page 265.
-
-[S] Her being there 3½ years _after_ the decease of the Marquis, makes
-    it probable she had removed from Lambeth, or wherever she had
-    previously resided.
-
-[T] See Appendix D.
-
-[U] She afterwards married Donough O’Kearney, and died 26th
-    July, 1681.
-
-[V] Appendix G.
-
-[W] Duchy of Cornwall Office. See Index to Reports--1660–1684.
-    A. to P. 1. And Report H. 1. 1665–8. And Appendix G.
-
-[78] Pepys.
-
-[X] Macaulay’s Essays.
-
-
-
-
-      CHAPTER XVIII.
-
-      A BRIEF RETROSPECT OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s GENEALOGY,
-      AND HIS PRIVATE, POLITICAL, AND PHILOSOPHICAL CHARACTER;
-      INCLUDING HIS OWN STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE DURING THE CIVIL WAR.
-
-
-The ancient and Honourable family of Somerset is descended from John of
-Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward the Third.
-
-1. Charles,[A] the only natural son of Henry Beaufort, third Duke
-of Somerset, in that line (eldest son of Edmond, Duke of Somerset),
-assumed the surname of Somerset. He, in consequence of the devastating
-wars of the Roses, was, on the accession of Henry the Seventh to
-the throne, the only remaining representative of that monarch’s
-illustrious ancestors, and he, therefore, considerably distinguished
-him. In addition to his other honours, he was created a Knight of the
-Garter; and in the succeeding reign elevated to the dignity of Earl of
-Worcester, on the 1st of February, 1514.
-
-In right of his first marriage with Elizabeth Herbert, only child
-of William Herbert, Earl of Huntingdon, he bore the titles of Baron
-Herbert, Lord Herbert of Raglan, Chepstow and Gower. After the decease
-of his first wife he was twice married; first, to Elizabeth West,
-daughter of Thomas, Lord la Warr; and on her decease to Eleanor Sutton,
-daughter of Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley. He died on the 15th of April,
-1526, leaving her a widow.
-
-2. He was succeeded by his eldest son Henry, second Earl of Worcester,
-who died 26th of November, 1549.
-
-3. And he was succeeded by his eldest son, William, third Earl of
-Worcester, and a Knight of the Garter, who died the 21st of February,
-1589.
-
-4. Being succeeded by his only son, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester,
-and a Knight of the Garter, who died 3rd of March, 1628.
-
-5. And was succeeded by his second son, Henry (his eldest son William
-having died during his father’s lifetime). Charles the First created
-him Marquis of Worcester, by patent dated at Oxford, 2nd of November,
-1642 (which dignity was repudiated by the Commonwealth Parliament). He
-was the fifth Earl and first Marquis of Worcester, and died December,
-1646.
-
-6. When he was succeeded in his honours by his eldest son, Edward,
-the subject of this memoir; but the latter never enjoyed any portion
-of the vast estates until after a lapse of fourteen years, when, at
-the Restoration in 1660, he recovered a large portion of his landed
-property, as already set forth.
-
-He bore the second or family title of Lord Herbert, from March, 1628,
-to the end of March, 1643; being on the 1st of April following, created
-Earl of Glamorgan (during his father’s lifetime) by Charles the First,
-he was best known by that title, from the part he took in Irish affairs
-during the civil commotions from 1644, until the decease of his father
-in 1646; when, in consequence of the Cromwellian Parliament refusing
-to acknowledge any of the King’s later creations of Peers, he was
-uniformly styled _Earl_ of Worcester; but at the Restoration in 1660,
-his proper style of Marquis of Worcester was fully recognized. These
-latter party distinctions now materially serve to fix or limit the
-dates of some documents, not otherwise to be approximated.
-
-Until the 27th year of his age we meet with little respecting his
-education, travels, and pursuits. With his marriage commenced his
-engagement with that artificer Caspar Kaltoff, whom he employed in
-promoting his own practical course of studies in a branch of inquiry
-which had never before, and has never since, been so assiduously
-examined and tested. The pursuits then commenced and indefatigably
-pursued, as well for instruction as amusement, combined with a strong
-natural bias for such occupations, may have served at a later period,
-under less favourable circumstances, to lighten the tedium of exile and
-imprisonment.
-
-He enjoyed but seven years of married life, being then left with three
-children, and remained a widower for three years; when, in 1639, he
-married a second time, having but one child by his second marriage, who
-died an infant. In the family group, painted by Hanneman (now first
-engraved), the artist has drawn him seated beside his wife and child;
-but when this work was executed is unknown, although it most likely
-dates between 1639 and 1641.
-
-The breaking out of the Civil War would seriously interfere with the
-Marquis of Worcester’s scientific investigations; he would no longer be
-able to settle down to the serious study of his favourite authors; his
-models and mechanical experiments would be in abeyance; and there was
-no alternative left for him but to unite himself to the cause either of
-the King or the Parliament. His loyalty led him to choose the former
-course, and his association with Charles the First, combined with that
-unfortunate monarch’s unhappy situation and disposition, eventually
-worked the entire ruin of the Marquis of Worcester. But apart from the
-ordinary occurrences of the war, it was his misfortune to be selected
-by the King to act as his emissary in negotiating a peace with the
-Roman Catholic party in Ireland, on terms contrary to the established
-religion of the realm and irrespective of the laws. That he should
-have listened to the urgent demands of his sovereign is, under any
-circumstances, not very remarkable; and we are the less disposed
-to be surprised at his being won over by the King’s solicitations,
-considering that he was not a practised statesman, and that the
-proposed measure was preceded by his being created Earl of Glamorgan,
-and that it was represented as offering enlarged privileges to his own
-church and party, as well in Ireland as in England. A more cautious
-politician might have suspected some ulterior design beneath this
-promising external appearance, might have questioned the possibility
-of some extraordinary exercise of the royal prerogative, and at
-length concluded that no measure was safe, coming from a sovereign
-who actually seemed to imagine that divine right was delegated to him
-to annul any obligation whatever, however freely tendered by himself,
-provided he could satisfy his own conscience that his so acting would
-be to the advantage of the Crown. But the Marquis was no grovelling
-worldling; he had left the study for the battle-field, and for awhile
-abandoned the path of philosophy to become the King’s agent in Ireland.
-It was thus that his loyalty and his zeal, uniting with his religious
-sentiments and his sovereign’s gracious conduct toward him, and seeming
-sincerity, combined effectually to plunge himself, his family, and his
-posterity into a series of disastrous losses in fortune and property.
-
-He had not been many months a refugee in France, when he received a
-very welcome and highly gratifying acknowledgment of his past services,
-from the exiled Queen, in a present of valuable jewels, accompanied
-with a testimonial, empowering him to make what use he might please of
-the regal gift. The original, written in French and sealed with the
-royal arms, is translated as follows:--
-
-
-“HENRIETTA MARIA R.,
-
-“We, Henrietta Maria of Bourbon, Queen of Great Britain, have, by the
-order of the King our very honoured Lord and Husband, caused to be
-delivered into the hands of our dear and well beloved cousin, Edward
-Somerset, Count and Earl of Worcester, a necklace of Rubies, containing
-ten large Rubies and one hundred and sixty pearls set and strung
-together in gold; among the said Rubies are likewise two large diamonds
-called the Sancy and the Portugal, acknowledging that besides the great
-expenses made by him for the said King our very honoured Lord, he has
-supplied us with three hundred and seventy thousand Livres Tournois,[B]
-exclusive of the very great services at least of equal consequence,
-which up to the present time, even, he has rendered us, in regard
-to which we make known that the said necklace and diamonds belong
-entirely to him, so that he may either sell or engage them without any
-interference on our part, or that of any other, or seeking after or
-troubling any person, who may buy them, or lend money on the ten jewels
-heretofore mentioned, in faith of which we have signed this present and
-put thereto our Royal Seal in our Court at St. Germain en Laye, this
-20th day of May, one thousand six hundred and forty-eight.”
-
-      (ROYAL ARMS.)
-
-
-The lamentable fate that befel Charles the First, effectually
-terminated all expectation of relief; and therefore, from the year
-1647, when the Marquis left Ireland, to 1660 the period of the
-Restoration, about 13 years, was, if possible, the most unhappy and
-gloomy of his eventful life. He was about five years in exile, about
-two years and a quarter a prisoner in the Tower, and nearly six
-years a state prisoner at large, most likely under strict surveillance.
-
-The year following his Lordship’s release from the Tower, 1655, will
-ever be memorable for his having then written his “Century of
-Inventions,” which was published eight years later.
-
-There is every reason to believe that the Marquis of Worcester pursued
-his scientific inquiries both in secrecy and seclusion. This might
-arise from his early domestic habits, particularly during his married
-life, commencing in 1628, when he first engaged Caspar Kaltoff. We
-never find him associated with, or mentioned by, men of his time,
-which, therefore, leads to the supposition that he was naturally of
-a recluse and retiring disposition. But, on the other hand, we have
-nothing to guide us in forming an opinion of the origin, the nature,
-and the progress of his experimental operations. They may have been
-commenced for the simple gratification of a mind desirous to satisfy
-itself in every particular of whatever it undertakes. In his early
-travels, when at Venice, he had observed in the arsenal there a
-peculiar employment of the lever; and when at Rome his mathematical
-studies had led him to a knowledge of a particular kind of fountain.
-After his return he had undertaken the erection of water works at
-Raglan Castle, in connection also, no doubt, with the fountain set
-up in one of its adjacent courts. The young engineer may have been
-deeply read in Ramelli’s elaborate work, and may have determined, with
-the assistance of Kaltoff, to adopt, what he long after expressed, as
-“a humour I have, _never to be contented_ to produce any invention
-the second time, without appearing refined.”[C] Once started on an
-inquiry so peculiarly suitable to his taste, he may have pursued it
-almost without design, and continued it only because it interfered
-with no more serious employment. Being drawn into the designing of
-novel inventions, and further encouraged by his workman’s production
-of excellent models, it seems natural enough that, in the seclusion
-of Raglan, immersed in the scientific literature then available, and
-possessing as he did a remarkably inquisitive and inventive genius,
-he should grow up an inventor almost without taking cognizance of
-his own progress. It is certain that it was peculiar to him to take
-nothing on trust, but to reduce everything to the test of absolute
-experiment. There was perhaps never any contrivance of which he thought
-or read, that he did not reduce to a model; and his was the experience
-of a great practical mechanic, whose information was founded on known
-results; whether of success or failure. It was thus that he required
-the services of Kaltoff through nearly forty years, together with many
-assistants employed under him. The great ingenuity, perfection, and
-variety of his Lordship’s inventions are traceable to this laborious
-and expensive practical process.
-
-When at length, in 1655, he commenced in earnest to make known among a
-select number of persons his determination to bring out his inventions
-for public advantage, he had a difficult task before him. The recluse
-philosopher was about to assume a new character, offering to submit
-for approbation, to an ignorant and prejudiced public, his mechanical
-marvels, the product of nearly thirty years’ study! At fifty-four years
-of age, without the least practice in trading transactions, bred to no
-profession, and known only as a high-minded but ruined nobleman, he
-sues for public patronage!
-
-Among his manuscripts we find a slip of paper which has all the
-appearance of having passed through many hands,[D] and suggests the
-idea that it was one of many similarly written, to enable others to
-make known among their friends what the Marquis had to offer, seeking
-their encouragement therein, of what they chose to select. It reads
-thus:--
-
-1. Intelligence at a distance communicative & not limitted to
-   distance, nor by it the time p’long’d.
-
-2. Ffountaines of pleasure, with artificiall snow or haill or
-   thunder, & quantity not limitted.
-
-2. Oft suteing [shooting] peerds, controuleable, in one plane,
-   either for number or time.
-
-3. Discourse to be had by a Lamp.
-
-4. A Brass head, capable to Receave at the Eare a Whisper & the mouth
-   thereof to Render Answere in any Language to the Interrogator.
-
-There is a somewhat similar but fuller MS. list of eight of his
-inventions, evidently issued between 1655 and 1660, from its being
-headed, “Inventions of ye Earl of Worcester.”[E] as he only bore the
-title of Earl during the Commonwealth. By these means, a small select
-circle of friends would become acquainted with the singular mechanical
-skill of the Marquis; but, with what success for the desired end is
-problematical. He would unquestionably astonish all, while it is but
-too likely he would convince very few indeed. Besides, his ultimate
-views were beyond the scope of the ordinary trader, and could only be
-effectually realized through government influence; particularly in an
-age when the common manufacturing resources of the country were but
-sparingly developed, and when trading enterprise was monopolized by
-special corporate bodies. Here was a spectacle to behold; one of our
-country’s brightest ornaments, and its unquestionable glory, degraded
-to this hopeless drudgery; deprived of his princely property, and
-allowed a pittance of £3 per week!
-
-When, in 1661, Parliament passed “An Act for distribution of £60,000
-amongst the truly loyal and indigent commission-officers, &c.” the
-following was the appointment of Commissioners named therein for
-Monmouth:--“Henry, Lord Herbert[F] of Raglan, eldest son of Edward,
-Lord Marquis of Worcester; Sir Anthony Morgan, Sir George Probert,
-Knights; William Jones of Lanarth; Thomas Morgan of Lansoan; Miles
-Morgan; William Morgan, one of his Majesty’s household; Charles Hughes;
-Roger Williams of Kentild, Esquire; James Progers, Esquire.”
-
-Also, “For the county of Gloucester, and the city and county of the
-city of Gloucester, Henry Lord Herbert of Raglan, &c.” along with 21
-other Commissioners.
-
-The Marquis of Worcester had every reason to expect an agreeable change
-of fortune on the accession of Charles the Second to the throne. He
-made a full declaration to Lord Clarendon of the powers under which he
-had acted for the late King in Ireland. He recovered a large portion of
-his estates. He had given up all claim to the promised title of Duke of
-Somerset. He was granted an Act of Parliament for his Water-commanding
-Engine, in 1663; and immediately after he printed the first edition
-of his “Century of Inventions.” But he was entirely neglected by
-the frivolous monarch on whose consideration and patronage he had
-calculated, with his usual confiding sincerity of heart.
-
-Worn out by three years’ delay, without any prospect of improvement, he
-seems to have concluded on an appeal in person to the House of Lords.
-
-But his first course was to submit a draft of his proposed discourse
-to his Majesty, agreeable to an understanding at the Hague, when his
-Majesty was in exile, that he should so act, previous to consulting
-any of his ministers. The document now at Badminton, is most likely
-his Lordship’s own copy of the one forwarded to the King, who seems
-either to have discouraged its being brought forward, or to have given
-it no further attention. It is in every sense a remarkable production,
-whether as regards its matter, its style, or the extraordinary evidence
-it affords of his Lordship’s unbounded confidence in and devotion to
-Charles the First. The MS. is endorsed--
-
-
-“Statement of the Marquis of Worcester’s expenses for his King and
-country;” and is as follows:--
-
-
-“MAY IT PLEASE YOUR MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
-  “SIRE,
-
-“To ease your mind of a trouble incident to the prolixity of speech,
-and a natural defect of utterance which I accuse myself of, I have
-presumed here to set down summarily in writing what I desire (if your
-Majesty approve thereof) to speak in the House of Lords, whereby your
-Majesty may gather how far (some things being rectified) I am confident
-of myself to serve you, praying your Majesty’s favourable construction
-of what I shall endeavour candidly to submit unto your Majesty.
-
-“In the first place, according to your most gracious commands laid
-upon me at the Hague, when I offered to make my Lord Chancellor privy
-to what I should at any time presume to offer to your Majesty’s
-transcendent judgment, having sufficiently suffered for treating with
-the late King, of happy memory, alone; to which request of mine you
-were pleased to give this most gracious and never-to-be-forgotten
-reply, that, notwithstanding you would have me first to acquaint
-yourself therewith, and then only such as your Majesty should consent
-unto, and think proper for it: In pursuance whereof I most humbly
-offer this following discourse, which I shall with a most ready and
-implicit obedience augment, diminish, or alter, as your Majesty shall
-think fittest; disputing nothing, much less waiving anything, that your
-Majesty shall command either as to substance or circumstance.
-
-
-“MY LORDS,
-
-“Amongst Almighty God’s infinite mercies to me in this world, I
-account it one of the greatest that his Divine goodness vouchsafed me
-parents as well careful as able to give me virtuous education, and
-extraordinary breeding at home and abroad, in Germany, France, and
-Italy; allowing me abundantly in those parts, and since most
-plentifully at my master of happy memory, the late King’s Court, by
-which means, had it not been my own fault, I ought to have become
-better able and more capable to serve Almighty God, my King and
-country, which obligatory ends of theirs have I always had in my
-eyes, as drawing and sucking them thence, it being certainly the
-greatest and surest portions parents can leave to their children;
-since breeding and knowledge cannot be taken from them, when as
-riches and possessions are fading and perishable, witness my own
-case, my Lords. Yet, by dear-bought experience and their great
-expenses, for which I honour the happy memory of my most beloved
-parents, more than for my very life, drawn from them, they giving me
-by the one but my being, and by the other my _bene esse_. Whereby I
-find nothing more certain than that the way to make oneself
-considerably useful to his Prince and nation, is the surest means for
-him to become cherished by them, which they then do for their own
-sake, not his, though he had spent and lost above 7, or £800,000,
-sterling; and narrowly escaped several times, both by sea and land,
-imminent dangers, and long and close imprisonment, and a scaffold,
-threatening death, as I have done, _Experte Crede Roberto_, my Lords;
-yet happy is this day unto me, wherein I have the honour, sitting
-amongst your Lordships, to express from my heart that I have not the
-least repining thought within me, though I had suffered ten times
-more for so good a cause, and so gracious and obliging a master as
-the late King, of happy memory, was unto me. And for so majestical
-and promising a Prince as my new sovereign is, whom God long
-preserve; and, morally speaking, cannot do amiss, whilst he hearkens
-to so wise a great Council, and so tender of his good and welfare as
-your Lordships, assisted by so discreet, experienced, and
-well-affected persons as sit now in the honourable House of Commons,
-the whole kingdom’s representatives. And may your Lordships be ever
-as tender of your innate privileges, members, and birthrights, as
-they of theirs, and both of you equally likewise tender of his
-Majesty’s just and undoubted prerogatives, upon which two hinges, or
-rather bases (that is, our most gracious King’s prerogatives and the
-birthright of his subjects), this excellent government of King and
-Parliament outvies and excels all other in the world. Let them,
-therefore, my Lords, hold together as the surest props of a settled
-kingdom; his Majesty’s power consisting in nothing more than in the
-greatness of your Lordships, who are, as well by Divine Providence as
-human policy, allotted to be as it were the medium between the King
-and the people; that is, to interpose yourselves as mediators if the
-King’s supreme authority should become severe, which cannot be feared
-from so gracious a Prince; as also to be curbers of the people’s
-rustic stubbornness, if they should prove insolent, which cannot
-likewise happen to a nation that hath so lately smarted for such
-inconveniences, as, had the Lords’ former greatness and power been
-continued in them, could never have happened; for, as I hold with the
-old saying, _No Bishops, no King_, so may I boldly aver that no power
-of temporal Lords being extant, there will be neither Bishop nor
-King. But I am too tedious, my Lords; yet what I further shall
-presume to say, will need no eloquence, being upon a theme pleasing,
-as I humbly conceive, to the minds of all your Lordships, there being
-none of you whose birth brings you unto this place, but so much
-generosity possesses your hearts, that you conclude and harbour a
-firm resolution to believe and follow that noble and heroic
-maxim--_Beatius est dare quam accipere_, since _Beneficium accipere
-est libertatem vendere_, a thing beneath your Lordships. According,
-then, to which maxim, as having the honour to be a member of this
-House, esteeming in the first place the right of Peerage, even before
-the titles of Earl, Marquis, or Duke; as a Peer, therefore, I say of
-this House, I shall (with your Lordships’ approbation) humbly offer a
-present unto his most excellent Majesty, our most gracious Sovereign,
-a present, my Lords, which cannot be done without you, and fit to be
-owned by a House of Lords, it being no less than to raise an
-auxiliary troop for his Majesty’s Life-guard, of an hundred horse,
-and commonly called in France an hundred Meistres; [Reistres?] that
-is, each Cavalier to keep a servant with a led horse, as well as his
-own, and one of them to be worth £100. The whole troop shall amount
-the first day unto upwards of ten thousand pounds, besides arms and
-equipage accordingly; nay, my Lords, every one of this troop shall be
-of that quality and power as to be capable to raise at his Majesty’s
-command an hundred men in 14 days; and at the entering into the
-troop, shall furnish into his Majesty’s store-house a 100 foot arms,
-two parts fire-arms, and the third pikes, at his own proper cost and
-charges, and marked by him, there to be kept till his Majesty’s
-occasions be to raise men accordingly: but God long preserve his
-Majesty from needing of them; yet if, at any time, then will his
-Majesty have in readiness at a fortnight’s warning 10,000 men,
-without costing his Majesty or the kingdom sixpence, till they be
-raised and armed. And that most worthy nobleman, the Earl of
-Northampton, who, according to the Spanish saying, _So many brothers
-united so many castles_,[G] hath approved himself to be such in
-gallantry and strength for his King and kingdom’s defence, is
-desirous and willing through his zeal to his Majesty’s service, to be
-but lieutenant to the said troop. But the whole troop, consisting of
-such persons qualified as above-mentioned, volunteers, and not
-serving for pay or gain, will deservedly require not to be put upon
-common services, and not to be commanded but by his Majesty, or his
-most deserving general the Duke of Albemarle; and they themselves not
-to be tied to daily duties, but to have liberty to substitute some
-gentleman of quality, or an experienced officer, to serve for him at
-any time when his Majesty requires not his personal appearance, and
-that the Captain of the troop gives way unto it. I presume, my Lords,
-to nominate my Lord of Northampton but as second to me, because his
-goodness and zeal to his Majesty’s service makes his Lordship
-contented to give me the precedence as Captain, though far less
-worthy, and shall indeed be but a servant to his Lordship and the
-rest of the troop, in order to his Majesty’s command, and the welfare
-of his tenderly beloved people. The rest of the troop shall be
-nominated when your Lordships shall approve of the motion, and his
-Majesty vouchsafe an acceptance thereof. They shall all of them be
-approved persons in zeal, loyalty, and allowed by you, and do
-ambition the honour of being called a troop of the House of Lords,
-and being so termed, and most of them of your members, I dare without
-vanity affirm that no King in Christendom but may boast of such a
-troop; and it will not only be a safety to his Majesty’s person, but
-an honour to the whole nation; and an evident testimony of your
-Lordships’ constant loyalty and zeal to both King and kingdom, and
-will keep up the honour of this House, and not subject [it] again to
-be thrust out of doors; and I beseech your Lordships that I may be
-rightly understood, for it is my duty to his Majesty, and the honour
-I bear to this House, and not the ambition of being Captain of the
-said troop, that makes me to motion the raising thereof; for as I
-acknowledge that there are many greater persons in the House, as well
-titular as real, in merit and power, any of whom, if they please to
-undertake it, I shall with more joy and readiness serve as a trooper
-therein, than to have the command thereof.
-
-“My second humble offer, disposable by your Lordships, is at my own
-cost and charges, but under your Lordships’ name and approbation, and
-out of the accruing profits of my Water-commanding Engine, to cause to
-be erected a competent ordinary, affording as well wine as meat, for
-one meal a day, for forty indigent officers, such as the calamity of
-the late times has brought to so pressing necessities, as none of your
-Lordships, I am confident, but is very sensible thereof, especially
-of such persons who (had not their zeal to their King and country
-transported them) might have lived plentifully of their own; yet if
-your Lordships’ commiserating eyes look not speedily upon them, may
-follow the destiny of some others of quality, yea colonels, and never
-were under my command; yet I never made distinction when his Majesty’s
-honour or service was interested, or his well-deserving subjects
-suffered, and were within my power of relief, for whose burials it
-hath been my good fortune to pay; they not leaving behind them to the
-value of an angel; and I humbly conceive this act of charity, worthy
-your Lordships’ owning, since your Lordships’ cheerfully passing the
-act of my Water-commanding Engine enableth me thereunto; and I most
-humbly offer this little testimony of gratitude, to be under your name
-thus employed. And I intend there shall be so good order given therein,
-within 6 months, as that there shall be a stipend given to a person
-to read unto them during their meals, either of military affairs or
-history, the better to avoid frivolous discourse tending to quarrels
-and quaffing.
-
-“Thirdly, in favour and benefit of the commonalty as well as your
-Lordships, and for the general good and honour of this most famous
-City of London, I most humbly offer, under your Lordships’ name
-and protection, to cause a fair causeway to be made, upon which,
-without disturbance, two carts may pass one by the other for 2 miles
-together, at 4 of the greatest avenues to the City, as the Lord Mayor
-and Aldermen shall best advise; and at the end of each of the four
-causeways, an Hospital and House of Correction to be erected and
-endowed, with a perpetuity of £500 a year to each house; and this pious
-work to begin within two years, and to be finished within seven.
-
-“Fourthly--and, indeed, I should have begun with it, according to
-the true rule--_a Jove principium_--I do humbly offer, in honour of
-this House, to cause £1000 a year, for ten years, from Michaelmas
-come twelve-month, to be allotted towards the building of Paul’s,
-according as his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, and the
-Bishop of London, and now Bishop of Winchester, together with the Dean
-and Chapter of Paul’s shall set forth, and may continue:--a memorable
-gift from the House of Lords. And thus, I humbly conceive, to have
-offered an acknowledgment of thankfulness both to his Majesty, and to
-your Lordships, Spiritual and Temporal, and for the Honourable House
-of Commons, for passing the Act of my Water-commanding Engine; and
-to improve this my humble thankfulness, shall be my daily exercise
-and study, no ways meaning that what here I suffer shall set a period
-thereunto, so as your Lordships will be pleased to set your helping
-hands to remove some misconstructions and personal inconveniences,
-which, if not diverted from my mind, and from a too generally received
-opinion, though upon false grounds, and not appearing otherwise than
-false; I beseech your Lordships to be so tender of a member of yours,
-as to contribute to the vindicating of me therein, whereof no ways
-doubting but that your Lordships will remove such an absolute remora
-to all my intended services; and, therefore, I will presume to lay my
-case openly and cheerfully before you, not doubting but that at your
-Lordships’ intercessions, his most gracious Majesty (having given
-way that I should speak thus before your Lordships) will vouchsafe a
-concurrence, and suffer himself to be disabused, and such false and
-malicious opinions to be eradicated out of his princely mind, as have
-been endeavoured, by either envy, malice, or ignorance, to be rooted
-therein, and so certainly have obstructed the natural influence of
-grace and favour, which could not otherwise but have been the effects
-of so great a Sun as shines within a throne of so much goodness and
-majesty. Now, whether my merits have been considerable, I beg leave
-here to set down not as a trumpet to proclaim them, but narrative-wise,
-modestly, yet truly, for your Lordships’ better information, accusing
-myself in some things with the same candour and freedom as to vindicate
-myself, in others, desiring to stand or fall by your Lordships’ just
-judgment, and his Majesty’s gracious proceeding thereon; no further
-relying even upon his Majesty’s most gracious act of general pardon,
-than in compliance with others, his Majesty’s subjects, have taken it
-out, yet with so great a reluctance, through the clearness of my heart,
-not to have deserved for it, that the Lord upon the Woolsack was forced
-to chide me to it, through his tenderness of my good, and, as I humbly
-conceive, a further apprehension than I could have of a necessity
-thereof; for which his tender care I acknowledge thankfulness, yet, at
-the same time, I must humbly ask leave to stand upon my justification,
-humbly praying to be rightly understood, for I do it not out of pride
-or vain glory, but purely--_Me defendendo_,--and if any body--_Se
-defendendo_,--kills another, the law quits him, much more will your
-Lordships pronounce me not guilty of arrogance, though I should
-arrogate to myself a praiseworthy desert, and not, through too much
-modesty, be mealy-mouthed, and not discover what of right appertains to
-the blessed memory of my dead father, and even my own commendations,
-crying with Virgil,--_Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves; sic vos non
-vobis vellera fertis oves; sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves; sic
-vos non vobis mellificatis apes_. Know, then, my noble Lords, that
-herein I speak not to derogate from the merit of the Roman Catholics
-from their duty and love to their Sovereign, we having all of us,
-with an unanimous resolution, _nemine contradicente_, that is to
-say, no one gentleman of quality throughout the whole nation, but has
-stuck to the cause, adventuring his life, and lost his whole fortune
-therein; yet give me leave to aver it, boldly, that all the Catholics
-of England assisted not my father, or me, to the value of £5, without
-real security for it, and such, indeed, as at this time lieth heaviest
-upon me; and this I aver as in the presence of Almighty God and your
-Lordships. In the second place, my Lords, how came the then Marquis of
-Hertford, after his defeat in the west, with recruits to his Majesty
-at Oxford, but by my father’s means and mine. The forces that I sent
-with him had cost me £8000; and £2000 my father lent him, ready money.
-How came Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse to be first raised, but by
-£5000 in gold, given him by my father? How came the Forest of Dean to
-be reduced; Goodrich strong castle to be taken; Monmouth itself, with
-its garrison, to be surprised; Chepstow, Newport, and Cardiff to be
-taken, and secured for his Majesty, but by my forces and my father’s
-money? How came Raglan Castle to be first fortified and last rendered,
-but by £50,000 disbursed therein by my father?
-
-“How came his Majesty’s army to be considerable before Edge-hill
-fight, but by the men I brought, and how was his Majesty recruited
-at Gloucester side, even after the defeat given by Waller to my men?
-God forgive those of the King’s party, who were the occasion that
-1500 were surprised, and I not despatched from Oxford until the day
-after; yet, my Lords, at 14 days warning I brought 4000 foot and 800
-horse to the siege of Gloucester, paying them £6000 down upon the
-nail at Gloucester, besides my troop of Life-guard, consisting of 6
-score noblemen and gentlemen, whose estates amounted to above 3 score
-thousand pounds a-year, most of whom I furnished with horse and arms,
-which of a sudden they could not do themselves; for I was then master
-of 34 horses in my stable, for the worst of which I have refused £100,
-and above 40 others lonely worth £50 a horse. I kept a table for the
-said troop, not only at Gloucester side, but all the way to the west,
-without so much as making use of free quarter, but all upon the penny;
-for General Raven complained of me to the King, who graciously and
-smilingly reprehending me publicly, I desired to know my accuser, and
-called my Lord-General Raven, afterwards made Earl of Bradford, before
-his Majesty, who, objecting that it was of ill example and made them to
-be thought the more burdensome; my humble reply was, that I yielded to
-his Excellency to be the better soldier, but still to be a soldier of
-fortune, here to-day and God knows where to-morrow, and therefore he
-needed not care for the love of the people; but though I were killed
-myself I should leave my posterity behind me, towards whom I would not
-leave a grudge in the people, but whilst I could serve his Majesty upon
-my own purse and credit I would really do it, and afterwards leave it
-to such as his Lordship.
-
-“I confess I raised this troop without my father’s consent first asked;
-his Majesty’s peremptory commands and the shortness of time requiring,
-and I confess his Lordship checked me for it, and said I had undone
-myself thereby, and [I] replied that 5 or £6,000 would not undo me;
-the horses being all my own already, and the arms, by accident coming
-to Bristol afforded a sudden and cheaper means for it. My father
-answered, that he did allow that 6 nor £16,000 would not undo me, but
-the consequence would be that the love and power I had in my country
-would be perspicuous; although I should have thanks from the King, yet
-others, though his Majesty’s well-wishers, yet, through envy, they
-would hate me for it: which I confess I have found too true, and my
-services have been more retarded by those who called themselves the
-King’s friends than obstructed by his enemies.
-
- “Pardon me, my Lords, if I detain you a little longer, descending to
-  some particulars as near as I can call to mind; and beginning first
-  to tell your Lordships that I was not privy nor present with his
-  Majesty at Greenwich, when he first took his resolution for the
-  North, and removed without the Queen to Theobalds, from which he was
-  pleased to write me a lamentable letter by the hands of Sir John
-  Byron, averring that he had but £600, and £300 of which was given to
-  defray his horses, which the Marquis of Hamilton, then Master of the
-  Horse, refused to do, fearing to displease the Parliament; but upon
-  such a lamentable complaint, and pressing necessities of my dear
-  master (yet no ways advising him unto the journey), I sent him to
-  Theobalds.                                                    £3,000
-
- “To Huntingdon, after his departing from Theobalds              3,000
-
- “To Nottingham                                                  4,000
-
- “To York                                                        8,000
-
- “And took order for a table, to be kept for several
-  experienced officers, who by this means were kept from
-  taking arms for the Parliament, and were ready for the
-  King’s service, and the defraying of their debts here,
-  their journey into York, and their table there, which none
-  of them but 2 knew it came from other hand than the King’s
-  privy purse, yet stood me in                                   1,500
-
- “And these sums, with as great privacy as may be, keeping
-  good correspondence with the Parliament, and myself present
-  at London, to avoid suspicion, being then trusted both by
-  King and Parliament. For victualling the Tower of London,
-  by his Majesty’s command I sent to the then Lieutenant, Sir
-  John Byron, in old plate, under pretence of coining it         2,500
-
- “By a feigned pretence getting leave of the Parliament (the
-  circumstance being too tedious to relate to your Lordships,
-  but yet notable in itself), I went with their pass to York,
-  and carried to his Majesty in ready money                     15,000
-
- “In bills and assurances.                                      80,500
-
- “For both which sums I had his Majesty’s note, yet extant,
-  for ninety-five thousand 5 hundred pounds. Which done, in
-  two days, his Majesty’s further commands received, I
-  returned to the Parliament, with a plausible answer to a
-  message sent from them by me, and I agreed with Parliament
-  to remove the magazine of powder and [ammunition] for
-  [from?] Monmouth, which was a town of my own, to Carlyon, a
-  town of the Earl of Pembroke, a professed adherent unto
-  them, which they took kindly at my hands, though done by
-  design by me, who could not have pretension to take it from
-  the town of Monmouth had it been still there.
-
- “For the raising of Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse,
-  being the first completed                                      5,000
-
- “Things being thus set in order between his Majesty and me,
-  I fairly took leave of the Parliament to go down to my
-  father; where I no sooner arrived but there came directed
-  unto me from his Majesty a Commission of Array; whereof I
-  presently, by a servant of my own, sent word to the
-  Parliament, with a letter to the House of Lords, which I
-  directed to my Lord of Holland, and to the House of
-  Commons, to Mr. Pym; in both of which I offered to
-  intercede to his Majesty, and conceived I should prevail to
-  suspend the Commission of Array, if they should make an Act
-  that their militia should not come into my country; but
-  they, with civil compliments and thanks, replied, that his
-  Majesty’s [proceeding?] was so illegal, and theirs for the
-  kingdom so just and necessary, that by no means would they
-  waive the one for the other. At which I declared myself
-  irritated to see that they durst tell me that anything
-  commanded by my master was illegal, and professed I would
-  obey his Majesty’s commands, and let them send at their
-  perils. So, immediately, and in 8 days’ time, I raised 6
-  regiments, fortified Monmouth, Chepstow, and Raglan;
-  fetching away the magazine from the Earl of Pembroke’s
-  town, Carlyon, and placed it in Raglan Castle, leaving a
-  garrison in lieu thereof. Garrisoned likewise Cardiff,
-  Brecknock, Hereford, Goodrich Castle and the Forest of
-  Dean, after I had taken them from the enemy.
-
- “To the then Lord Marquis of Hereford, in Wales, as many
-  forces as cost me the raising and arming                  [H][8000?]
-
-
- “Lent him to prosecute that expedition, in raising of         [2000?]
-  forces in Wales, first and last, [to the?] number of twelve
-  thousand men, and [maintaining] them, whilst the country
-  was tottering, [also providing?] them weekly for fifteen
-  months: . . [plainly?] speaking, and it shall be made
-  good.                                               [I] }
- “Brought to Oxford and delivered [with my?] own hands[I] } [130,500?]
-
-  “My journey to Ireland with levies and incident
-  [al expenses?], there as well at sea as at land.[J]            ****
-
-  [Illustration: One line of the Marquis of Worcester’s cipher
-   writing]
-
- “The furnishing of troops of 6 score [gentlemen with?]
-  arms, and most of them with horses, some of them of an
-  hundred pounds price, and many of £50; for though the
-  gentlemen betwixt them made above £60,000 per annum land of
-  inheritance, yet being unexpectedly raised in 8 days, and
-  could not furnish themselves, which I did according to
-  their quality, together with their servants to the number
-  of 200, keeping a constant table for them the whole
-  journey, all along from Gloucester into the West; whereat
-  they never wanted wine, that being carried along with us,
-  but oftentimes beer; together with £6,000 in ready money,
-  paid my foot soldiers at the raising of the siege of
-  Gloucester: which, all modestly rated, came unto above        25,000
-
- “The keeping of the garrison of Raglan, towards which, till
-  the very last cast, there was never a penny contribution
-  raised or exacted, amounted to, at the least                  40,000
-                                                              --------
-                                                 The total    £318,000
-                                                              ========
- “Besides the garrison of Monmouth, both town and castle,
-  Chepstow, Goodrich with Hinan, and the Forest of Dean,
-  recovered from the enemy, all at my charge till Sir William
-  Vavasour came, who hath had of me 500 twenty shilling
-  pieces at a time, to encourage him to go on at Gloucester;
-  besides, likewise, the charge of reducing of Abergavenny,
-  Carlyon, and Newport to his Majesty’s obedience.
-
- “Furthermore, for seven years, both in England and Ireland,
-  I allowed twenty pounds each meal, to which all officers
-  and gentlemen were welcome; and I believe the charges in
-  these particulars, not to be inserted or charged on this
-  account, amounts to one-half as much as the former sums. I
-  never received a farthing towards it as General or
-  [otherwise], nor a penny out of my estate in 20 years.
-  These times came unto upwards of _sumebus viis et modis_,
-  which alone amounted unto                                    600,000
-                                                              --------
- “These sums added together balance the accounts and make
-  good that I have spent, lent, [and lost?] for my King and
-  country, _revera_                                           £918,000
-                                                              ========
-
-
-“My Lords, being conscious of this, and many things forgotten by me
-to set down, I was become proof against anything the King’s enemies
-could do against me, since by their principles I knew I deserved it;
-but, since his Majesty’s return and happy restoration it hath almost
-stupified me to have been so laid by as not to have had any promise
-made good to me, for which I had his Majesty’s royal word, hand, or
-even the Great Seal of England; but, of the contrary, I humbly beseech
-your Lordship’s leave to set down what, with all submission to his
-Majesty’s will and pleasure, flesh and blood cannot but resent, yet
-so far only as shall stand with the duty of a loyal subject and the
-unquenchable zeal of my real heart towards my King and country, and a
-most humble submission to your Lordships’ better judgment, casting
-myself wholly at your disposal and favourable construction of what I
-shall set down, according to the old saying, that--_losers may have
-leave to speak_.”
-
-
-In this proposed address to the House of Peers, the Marquis of
-Worcester offers some introductory remarks bearing on his parentage,
-education, and travels; but the burden of his speech is a detailed
-account of the severe losses himself and his family sustained,
-consequent on the Civil War, combined with his father’s and his own
-liberality to Charles the First personally. His proposed plan of laying
-his case before the House is prefaced with a singular offer on his own
-part, under four different heads:--
-
-1st. He proposes to raise an auxiliary troop for his Majesty’s
-Life-guard.
-
-2nd. To cause to be erected a complete ordinary for forty indigent
-officers.
-
-3rd. To cause a fair causeway to be made, for two miles together, at
-four of the greatest avenues to the city.
-
-And 4th, to cause £1,000 a year, for ten years, to be allowed towards
-the building of St. Paul’s.
-
-Then follow items of the various and vast sums expended in the Royalist
-cause.
-
-His allusion to the Act obtained for his Engine, in 1663, fixes the
-date of this document at or soon after that period. The amount expended
-in the Royal cause by his father and himself was so enormous, that it
-is difficult to understand on what ground he considered he bettered
-his claim to some compensation, by burdening his statement with four
-separate offers, calculated to absorb far more than he could ever
-expect to obtain through a monarch so needy, extravagant, and dissolute
-as Charles the Second.
-
-Whatever may have been the Marquis of Worcester’s previous private
-engagements, there is every reason to believe that from the time he
-was protected by Act of Parliament, he vigorously put forth all his
-energies to promote the works at Vauxhall, where, aided by Caspar
-Kaltoff, he soon had one of his “stupendous” engines in operation.
-
-James Rollock, an “ancient servant of his Lordship’s” (as he styles
-himself), who made some pretence to being a poet, wrote “a Latin
-Elogium and an English Panegirick, both of them composed through duty
-and gratitude.” He informs us that, he “hath for forty years been an
-eye-witness of his great ingenuity:” adding, “I think it not amiss
-to give further notice in his Lordship’s behalf, that he intends
-within a moneth or two to erect an Office, and to intrust some very
-responsible and honourable persons with power to Treat and Conclude
-with such as desire at a reasonable rate to reap the benefit of the
-same Water-commanding Engine.”[K] About the same time would also appear
-to have been issued large posting bills, one rare and curious specimen
-of which may be seen in the Library of the British Museum,[L] setting
-forth a short address to the King, followed with the usual “definition”
-of “A stupendous or a Water-Commanding Engine, boundless for height or
-quantity.” We have thus very clear evidence that he was employing every
-possible means at command to impress his claim on public notice.
-
-Then, as regards the Engine itself, it was required by the Act of
-Parliament, “that a model thereof be delivered to the Lord Treasurer
-or Commissioners for the Treasury for the time being, at or before
-the 29th day of September, 1663,” and the same to be “put into the
-Exchequer and kept there;” a requirement which he was certain to obey
-punctiliously, not only to avoid dispute, but because nothing was
-easier for him to perform, through the agency of Kaltoff.
-
-Another remarkable point referring to his Engine is that he concludes
-the 98th article of his Century, which alludes to it, by saying:--“I
-call this a semi-omnipotent Engine, and do intend that _a model thereof
-he buried with me_.”
-
-And lastly, there was his practical demonstration on a large scale.
-As early as May 1654, we have an intimation of his being in treaty
-for works at Vauxhall. Not long afterwards we find his workman
-Kaltoff settled there, and in one of his Petitions he explicitly
-mentions having spent “£9,000 on buildings and improvements,” and at
-least “£50,000 in trying experiments and conclusions of art in that
-Operatory:”[M] thus actually curtailing his personal comforts to fulfil
-his engagements with all those persons who confided in his promises to
-perfect his novel undertaking.
-
-His works and Engine were examined and noticed in 1663, by the French
-traveller M. Sorbière; in 1666 or 1667 by the eminent mathematician
-Dr. Robert Hook, whose cynicism unfortunately thwarted his judgment;
-in 1669, by the Grand Duke, Cosmo de Medici; and we find it still in
-existence in September, 1670, being then alluded to in a letter written
-by Walter Travers, a Roman Catholic priest.[N]
-
-We have, therefore, certain evidence that the Marquis of Worcester’s
-Engine was in full operation for at least seven years, and that one of
-the conditions of the Act of Parliament obliged him to deposit a model
-in the Exchequer. His own estimate of its value may be judged by his
-gladly giving up for the promised tithe of it to the King, his claim on
-Charles the First equal to £40,000, in lieu thereof.[O]
-
-His Lordship’s invention was never offered by him as a merely amusing
-trifle; it was not a curious model which might or might not possess
-some practical advantage; and it was not of a nature of which he was
-but partially aware, and which it was left to others to apply. It
-is even possible that as early as 1628 he had set up his Engine in
-its most simple form of application; and that, improved upon through
-thirty-five years of study and experimenting, the Engine of 1663
-was a master-piece of workmanship and contrivance for that age. His
-invention was no longer a secret, he had done all that any inventor
-could possibly be required to perform to establish his claim to be
-considered as a true and first inventor. His right did not depend on
-the vague notice first put forth in his _Century_, but on the actual
-Engine made, and, for not less than seven years, constantly worked for
-public inspection at Vauxhall. Any one so disposed could have obtained
-the same examination of it that was conceded to Sorbière and to Cosmo
-de Medici. Dr. Hook does not condescend to state what he saw of it; he
-set out for Lambeth with the intention of going to Vauxhall, but the
-_laughing_ philosopher may have settled the problem in his own mind, to
-his own entire satisfaction, without taking any trouble on a supposed
-foolish errand. We speculate in vain whether among the visitors
-stimulated by curiosity, or invited by intending shareholders, there
-were such men as Sir Samuel Morland, the King’s Master of Mechanics;
-Rupert, Duke of Cumberland; Dr. Sprat, the historian of the Royal
-Society; Bishop Wilkins, the author of “Mathematical Magic”; the
-Honourable Robert Boyle, Sir William Petty, Lord Viscount Brouncker,
-and other distinguished personages.
-
-Without positive facts to guide us we are ever in danger of misjudging
-a bygone age, and in the present instance it would be imprudent to
-hazard an opinion on what is no less true than strange, that the
-Marquis of Worcester entirely failed to arouse public inquiry into the
-merits of his invention: being treated throughout with an indifference,
-which, to modern apprehension, appears wholly inexplicable. Yet, so
-inconsistent is human nature, that the same age which burned and
-drowned so-called witches, which believed in the transmutation of base
-metals into gold, put faith in the curative effect of sympathetic
-powders, and the King’s touch for bodily distempers, saw portents in
-meteoric phenomena, and considered astrology a sound science, could
-yet look with stolid indifference on this germ of the steam-engine,
-unimpressed by what was publicly exhibited, written, printed, and
-for at least four years made the subject of its inventor’s daily
-conversation. Books and pamphlets were constantly being published,
-filled with mysticism, gravely recording the day-dreams of fanatics and
-impostors, and letters lent their aid to promulgate such fables; yet
-here was a new agent at work, of such potent power that its like had
-never been seen, which nevertheless men saw, heard, and listened to in
-dumb astonishment, with the infantile simplicity of the poor Indian,
-ignorant of the value of the gold or diamonds strewn in his path.
-
-The early associated scientific men may have been perplexed on finding
-an individual coming forth, in the sixty-second year of his age, to
-propound a new doctrine. The suspicion was natural; the cause appeared
-evident; his project might be a chimera, or an absolute delusion. No
-one ever so remotely suspected his own want of wisdom. Had the Marquis
-suddenly dropped from the clouds, or sprung from the earth, he could
-not have been in himself a much greater phenomenon than he appeared to
-the virtuosi (as the learned were called) of his day. Such a prodigy
-had never been heard of, and perhaps will never again appear, as that
-of a secluded scholar, studying all his life, suddenly coming to light
-with unheard-of knowledge. If true, he was a Leviathan, and compared
-with him all must have acknowledged a sense of painful inferiority. The
-Marquis on his part appears to have acted with unsuspecting confidence
-and modesty, as one quite unconscious of the intellectual disparity
-between himself and the professors of mechanical science in his day.
-However, he neither sought nor formed new acquaintances; he seems to
-have rested satisfied with his early associates, or his own immediate
-connexions; so that no one was gratified by his condescension, or
-induced to proffer advice, through any application on his part.
-Indeed he mainly looked to the Crown for efficient support; but the
-luxurious and gay monarch sought only youth and beauty, the banquet,
-the ball-room, or the tennis-court, and was not to be disturbed in his
-pleasures by aged philosophy propounding mechanical experiments, and
-smoky steam-engines. The King carried “Hudibras” in his breast, and
-might perchance have a copy of the “Century” in some remote cabinet.
-Need we be surprised that his Lordship’s confidence in succour from
-such a source was every way misplaced? His treaties with the business
-world, it is to be feared, ran counter to all accepted forms, the
-talented philosopher being no plodding trader; so that act as he
-might for the best, it nevertheless appears to have been his uniform
-misfortune neither to acquire friends nor conciliate enemies, a posture
-of affairs not uncommon to fallen greatness.
-
-It is most unfortunate that he did not survive to complete his intended
-publication of a larger work than the “Century,” presenting his hundred
-inventions with illustrative engraved plates. But in common candour let
-it never be overlooked, that we have before us a promise published in
-1663, long preceding the devastating plague, which almost depopulated
-the metropolis in 1665, and the terrible conflagration of 1666, which
-laid waste the city of London; and that it was in the midst of such
-accumulated public calamities his health appears to have suddenly
-given way, aged, harassed, disappointed, and dismayed, when he was
-prematurely called to his long rest.
-
-Neglected by contemporaries, modern writers have rested satisfied
-with a detail of some three or four years of his political career
-in Ireland, and a notice that he possibly possessed some mechanical
-ability, as giving a sufficiently comprehensive view of his character
-through a life extending over sixty-six years. This lax course, on the
-part of his biographers, has favoured the opinion expressed on the
-Continent, that the invention of the steam-engine is not of English,
-but of French origin! And this statement has been long colourably
-supported by means of a forged letter, the subject of which has been
-graphically represented by the painter, and copied by the lithographer;
-all attesting the prevailing zealous ardour of France to honour native
-genius. Thus, as though it were not a sufficient infliction to be
-ruined, dishonoured, oppressed, and neglected while living, it would
-almost seem as if events conspired to lessen, if possible, the lustre
-of his memory by the dark shades of apocryphal history.[R]
-
-The Marquis of Worcester, considered in his true character, was in
-every sense a learned, deep-thinking, studious, amiable, and good man.
-He was a Roman Catholic wholly free from religious prejudices, and
-a most loyal subject without displaying under an adverse change of
-circumstances any appearance of undue party zeal. In all his public
-conduct he was invariably consistent, scrupulously conscientious, and
-strictly honourable and humane. In scientific acquirements he stood
-grandly alone, not from pride, but rather as the result of a naturally
-modest retiring habit, probably constitutional, but certainly confirmed
-by long continued close study, favoured by his early domestic course
-of life. When at length he was forced to come before the public, he
-proved himself one of the most extraordinary mechanical geniuses of the
-seventeenth, or any preceding century; yet he was neither understood
-nor appreciated in his own day; his surpassing mental endowments
-were probably lost for want of earlier and fuller exhibition; while
-the influence of combined prejudice and ignorance served further to
-obstruct his rising in public estimation. It is, however, the glorious
-privilege of genius to leave on all its works the sure impress of
-mighty intellect. The “Century of Inventions,” gradually increasing in
-public estimation through two hundred years, owes its vitality to its
-remarkable ingenuity and its concentration of thought; and it cannot
-fail to happen that each succeeding age will inquire, with increasing
-interest, into every particular of the singular and touching history of
-its noble author.
-
-      END OF THE LIFE.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[Illustration: C. Somerset (autograph) Charles Somerset, 1st Earl
-  of Worcester]
-
-[A] The annexed autograph of this great ancestor of the
-    Marquis of Worcester, is obtained from a document in the British
-    Museum. Cotton. MSS. Vesp. F. xiii. fol. 78.
-
-[B] According to the old money system prevalent in France
-    before the Revolution, accounts were kept in Livres Tournois of
-    20 Sous or Sols.--_Dr. Patrick Kelly’s Universal Cambist_, 4to.
-    1811, page 146.
-
-[C] See page 225.
-
-[D] From MSS. Badminton.
-
-[E] Appendix A.
-
-[F] Between the 14th of July, and the 21st of August, 1684, being
-    then Duke of Beaufort, he made his progress through North and
-    South Wales, as Lord President of Wales, and Lord Lieutenant of
-    the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Monmouth, accompanied
-    by “T.D. _gen._” that is “T. Dineley,” who left the particulars
-    thereof in a manuscript of some length, containing many
-    interesting anecdotes, inscriptions of arms, and pen sketches of
-    scenery and antiquities, now very curious.
-
-    At Worcester, on Wednesday--“After divine service his Grace was
-    attended in great order with drums, trumpets, the city-waites,
-    haut-bois, flutes, and other wind music, together with harps,
-    Welsh and Irish, viols, violins, and other stringed instruments,
-    to the Town Hall.” His Grace was numerously and handsomely
-    attended, being himself “in glorious equipage.” While at Troy,
-    near Monmouth, on the 20th of August, his Grace viewed the County
-    Militia Regiment; “several of the principal gentry” on the
-    occasion “placing themselves in the front of the stand of pikes.
-    Doublings, countermarches, wheelings, variety of exercise, and
-    good and close firings were made.”
-
-    He returned to Badminton after nine weeks’ absence, “extremely
-    satisfied with the good order in which his Grace found the
-    militia,” also “with the reception and entertainments in all
-    places of the progress.”
-
-    The MS. has been printed for private circulation, under the title
-    of “An account of the progress of his Grace, Henry the First Duke
-    of Beaufort, through Wales, 1684. And Notitia Cambro-Britannica.
-    By T. Dineley. Edited by Charles Baker, Esq. 4to. 1864.”
-
-[G] The Earl of Northampton, who fell at Hopton Heath, left five sons
-    in arms for the King. The young Earl fought as gallantly as his
-    father for the cause.
-
-[H] See page 328.
-
-[I] The MS. being defective on this side, the particular sums
-    of money cannot be ascertained.
-
-[J] The cipher follows on the same line, and agrees in
-    character with the cipher-writing on page 180. See Comment on
-    Article No. 5, in the “Century.”
-
-[K] “An Exact and true Definition, &c.” Appendix C.
-
-[L] Brit. Mus. 12. El. 75. 10.
-
-[M] See page 287.
-
-[N] Appendix D.
-
-[O] See page 257, and Appendix F.
-
-[P] Appendix H.
-
-
-
-
-      THE CENTURY OF INVENTIONS, WRITTEN IN 1655;
-      BY EDWARD SOMERSET, MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-      BEING A VERBATIM REPRINT OF
-      THE FIRST EDITION, PUBLISHED IN 1663.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      “He was a man, take him for all in all,
-      We shall not look upon his like again.”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      WITH
-
-      An Introduction and Commentary
-
-      BY HENRY DIRCKS, ESQ.,
-
-      CIVIL ENGINEER,
-
-      AUTHOR OF “PERPETUUM MOBILE, OR HISTORY OF THE SEARCH AFTER
-      SELF-MOTIVE POWER;” “CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF
-      ELECTRO-METALLURGY;” AND “THE LIFE OF SAMUEL HARTLIB;” ALSO
-      INVENTOR OF THE “DIRCKSIAN PHANTASMAGORIA,” PRODUCING THE
-      OPTICAL ILLUSIONS POPULARLY CALLED “THE GHOST!”
-
-
-
-
-      INTRODUCTION.
-
-
-The Middle Ages are usually considered to have closed between 1490
-and 1500, only one century previous to the birth of that Marquis
-of Worcester to whom posterity is indebted for his ever memorable
-publication, the “Century of Inventions,” of which a reprint is now
-before the reader. It records the earliest full, though brief, sketch
-of a practically working Steam-Engine; an invention which, whether in
-relation to the age in which it was produced, or the difficulties under
-which it was wrought out, cannot be considered otherwise than as a
-marvellous effort of ingenuity. The literature and science of that era,
-as compared with the progressive stages of improvement distinguishing
-the two succeeding centuries, were barren and meagre indeed. Hallam
-justly observes: “Learning, which is held pusillanimous by the soldier,
-unprofitable by the merchant, and pedantic by the courtier, stands in
-need of some countenance from the ruling powers before whom all three
-bow down.” But even at that early period Leonardo da Vinci, born 1452,
-had anticipated Lord Bacon in the universally accepted principle, that
-experiment and observation must ever be the only sure guides to the
-forming of just theories in the investigation of nature.
-
-The “Century of Inventions” derives its name rather from the
-circumstance of the work containing one hundred articles, than the
-same number of inventions. Its noble author may have had in mind the
-_Centuria di Secreti Politici, Cimichi, e Naturali_, by Francesco
-Scarioni of Parma, duodecimo, printed at Venice in 1626, when he fixed
-on the quaint title of his own remarkable production.
-
-Among the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum Library is
-a manuscript copy of the “Century,” the title of which omits the
-words “at the instance of a powerful friend,” also the motto, date,
-dedications, and author’s name. It also differs in other respects from
-the printed edition, by introducing “A stamping Engine” as the 88th
-article, in place of which its author has printed his account of “A
-Brazen Head;” the concluding article likewise varies, especially in
-closing with a short notice of “three sorts” of other inventions “set
-down in cypher,” but which do not appear. The top of the title page has
-written on it “From August ye 29th to Sept. ye 21st 1659,” probably
-by the copyist, to notify the time occupied in writing.
-
-The first edition was printed in 1663, during the author’s lifetime,
-as he died in 1667; and the last edition, with notes by Mr. C. F.
-Partington, is dated 1825. This last edition professes on the title
-page to be “from the Original Manuscript”; and, at page 6, alludes
-to “a manuscript in the Marquis’s handwriting, having been preserved
-in the _Harleian_ Collection, appended to _an original copy_ of the
-Century of Inventions.” Now, as no other manuscript is known to exist,
-it is important to state distinctly that the Manuscript Century in
-question is neither original nor yet in the handwriting of the Marquis;
-it is evidently no more than one of those copies, which it was then
-a common practice to circulate; and the MS. bound up in the same
-volume with this interesting document, relating to a method of “Cypher
-writing,” is _not_ in the Marquis’s handwriting.
-
-So far, therefore, from “The Century of Inventions of the Marquis of
-Worcester, from the Original MS.” being what it thus distinctly
-professes, it is an amalgamation of the Harleian MS. copy, and the
-first printed edition. This obliges the introduction of two Nos. 88;
-but unfortunately there is neither mark, note, nor observation to
-guide or guard the reader even as to the editor’s numerous
-emendations; and the result has been such as to render this the most
-unreliable of all the reprints of the “Century,” which will appear
-more evident by the unauthorised readings, marked P, in the notes.
-
-The “Century” remained in manuscript from 1655, the period of its
-author’s release from the Tower, until 1663, the date of the first
-printed edition; the title page of which repeats the date of its
-composition, adding, “my former notes being lost;” as he was, however,
-the inventor of many ciphers or kinds of short-hand, it is probable his
-lost notes would be written so as to be unreadable without the key. It
-was printed soon after the passing of the Act for his “Water-commanding
-Engine,” which is mentioned in the Dedication to the Houses of
-Parliament.
-
-It has been frequently reprinted singly, as well as produced entire in
-larger works, of all which publications a list is hereunto annexed.
-
-We subjoin the title pages of the “Century”:--
-
-
-  From the Harleian MS. in the
-  British Museum.
-
- “From August ye 29th to Sept.      From the printed edition of 1663.
-  ye 21st, 1659.
-
- “A Century of the names and        “A Century of the Names and
-  scantlings of such Inventions      Scantlings of such Inventions,
-  as att present I                   As at present I
-  can call to mynde to have          can call to mind to have
-  tryed, and perfected; (my          tried and perfected, which
-  former notes being lost) I         (my former notes being
-  have endeavoured to sett           lost) I have, at the instance
-  these downe in such a way,         of a powerful Friend,
-  as may sufficiently instruct       endeavoured now in the year
-  me to putt any of them             1655, to set them down in
-  in practice havinge wherewith      such a way as may sufficiently
-  to doe it.”                        instruct me to put
-                                     any of them in practice.”
-                                            -----------
-                                      “Artis et Naturæ prole.”
-                                            -----------
-
-
-The peculiar term “Scantlings,” here employed, is no doubt derived from
-_eschantillon_, a pattern or quantity cut for a particular purpose,
-a certain small quantity serving as a sample of some similar larger
-piece of work; the “Century” being intended by its author as but the
-precursor of his proposed ample, finished, descriptive and illustrated
-production.
-
-No one unacquainted with the state of scientific knowledge between
-1601 and 1667, can justly estimate the character and value of the
-Marquis’s labours. Properly to understand him the reader must place
-himself as much as possible in his actual condition, peruse the books
-that he might have read, and consider the existing state of society and
-science. No commentator has yet done this, and consequently a serious
-difficulty has been thrown in the way of the purely classical scholar,
-who, though he might fairly estimate the Marquis’s character on points
-of history, learning, or theology, could in no way turn to account
-his one hundred extraordinary inventions. When Walpole composed his
-“Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors,” the capricious cynic was sorely
-perplexed how to treat such a literary production as the “Century.” It
-has been said of the wit that he had so disparaged all things in his
-own eyes, that nothing appeared to him worthy of admiration, respect,
-or emulation; and it is no wonder, therefore, that he should cover his
-own ignorance on scientific matters by declaring the book he affected
-to criticise, “an amazing piece of folly;” closing his flippant
-strictures with the sapient remark, “But perhaps too much has been said
-on so fantastic a man; no wonder he believed transubstantiation, when
-he believed that himself could work impossibilities!”
-
-David Hume was equally at fault in comprehending the mechanical skill
-of the Marquis of Worcester, for we find the eloquent historian, in his
-History of England, in perfect simplicity and ignorance, observing,
-“That the King judged aright of this nobleman’s character, appears from
-his _Century of arts or scantling of inventions_, which is a ridiculous
-compound of lies, chimeras and impossibilities, and shows what might
-be expected from such a man!” That the “Century” shows “what might be
-expected from such a man,” as its author, all must willingly admit; but
-that Hume’s pungent tirade presents any logical sequence, all must as
-strenuously deny. Never surely did two talented writers, in different
-departments of our literature, figure so unfortunately and contemptibly
-as Walpole and Hume in their unseemly efforts thus to misrepresent and
-malign their country’s noblest mechanical genius.
-
-Verstegan, in his “Restitution of decayed Intelligence,” printed at
-Antwerp in 1605, treating in the second chapter of Germany as it was
-of old, exclaims: “And as touching the knowledge of the people, what
-learning or skill is there among men that they exceed not in.” And
-proceeds--“Sundry most rare inventions have had their original and
-birth among them. Whereof the noble art of printing, and the use of
-Artillery, are of most note.” He then goes on to enumerate “the heaven
-of silver,” a piece of exquisite workmanship which it took twelve men
-to carry; and the wonderful flying “eagle made of wood.”
-
-We in the 19th century are ever liable to misunderstand the inventions
-of the 17th century. Either the inventions often appear puerile, or
-their authors seem perplexed on very small occasions of difficulty.
-Many have no doubt hastily formed opinions in regard to the automata
-and other curiosities of the “Century.” But such judgments can only
-emanate from persons not versed in our history and literature from
-Elizabeth to Charles the Second’s reign. A few brief illustrations
-may be advantageously offered here, to show that within a very short
-period after the death of the Marquis of Worcester, scientific
-men, in mechanical matters, not only seldom rose above very slight
-improvements, but were at the same time delighted with every species of
-amusing mechanical device.[A]
-
-The late Marquis’s nephew, then Lord Herbert, being on the Continent,
-writes from Blois, 18th July, 1674:[B] --“We are again settled here
-for this summer. In our passage from Aix we saw at Lyons the most
-curious closets of Monsieur Cervier, which for mathematical
-Inventions and Machines (all his own handywork) are the most
-surprising and astonishing, I believe, in the world. His many
-pretended Perpetual Motions, Hydraulic Dials, various Clocks and
-Hour-glasses, his Engines of Sympathy and Antipathy; but above all
-his device to discover the most predominant quality in every
-spectator, are past my comprehension and conception. These, and a
-hundred other things there, might be well worthy a journey in this
-long vacation for one of your experimentators.”
-
-In the 21st volume of the Royal Society’s Transactions, for 1685, Dr.
-Papin, describes the external appearance, and the performance, of a
-small hydro-pneumatic fountain, which is represented in an engraving,
-as being enclosed by a cylindrical glass, under a glass shade. The
-Doctor states that it might be seen at his house, in operation on his
-mantel-piece, where Dr. Hook had watched it for half an hour, and other
-visitors for four hours together. The secret had been communicated
-to Mr. Boyle, but, with a view to excite the speculations of the
-ingenious, was not made public; for it was the pleasure of the learned
-to puzzle each other with such paradoxes.
-
-The Diaries of John Evelyn and of Samuel Pepys offer numerous instances
-of the possession of similar cabinets of mechanical curiosities.
-
-In the Life of Baron Guilford,[C] we have a fuller notice of scientific
-society about the same period, of which the following extracts will
-suffice to give a clear idea. It is evident that, except as relates
-to the most ancient, approved appliances, then in common use in the
-mechanical arts, all mechanical improvement beyond these was in its
-non-age; so much indeed was this the case, that no invention was too
-simple, and scarcely any too outrageous or absurd, to be esteemed
-unworthy of being submitted to the attention of the learned.
-
-“His Lordship was no concealed virtuoso; for his diffused acquaintance
-and manner of conversation, made him known and esteemed, as a
-professor of most polite arts, and given to scientific inquiries. This
-brought upon him an importunity to be admitted a member of the Royal
-Society. But his Lordship never countenanced the proposal; and at
-length, gave his positive denial. He esteemed it a species of vanity
-for one, as he was, of a grave profession, to list himself of a society
-which, at that time, was made very free with by the ridiculers of the
-town: and he could not discover what advantage of knowledge could come
-to him that way, which he could not arrive at otherwise.”
-
-Among his acquaintance were “Sir John Werden--very far gone in the
-mystery of algebra and mathematics.--
-
-“One Mr. Aubrey of Surrey, a professed virtuoso, and always replete
-with new discoveries.
-
-“One Mr. Weld, a rich philosopher, lived in Bloomsbury. He was single,
-and his house a sort of knick-knack-atary. Most of the ingenious
-persons about town, sometimes visited him; and, among the rest, (his
-Lordship) did suit and service there.
-
-“His Lordship was once invited to a philosophical meal, at the house of
-Mr. Evelyn at Deptford. The house was low, but elegantly set off with
-ornaments and quaint mottos at most turns; but, above all, his garden
-was exquisite, being all boscoresque.
-
-“He had a great value for Sir Jonas Moor, a capital mathematician,
-knowing well his worth and honesty, ... (he) once invited his Lordship
-to dine with him in the Tower, and, after dinner, presented Mr.
-Flamstead ... the star-gazer (who was) invited to come and see him.”
-
-He “had another virtuoso acquaintance in the Temple, one Mr. Ball
-... one in the list of his Lordship’s ingenious acquaintance.”
-
-
-“And once, upon an invitation, his Lordship dined with Sir Samuel
-(Morland) at his house; and though his entertainment was exquisite,
-the greatest pleasure was to observe his devices; for every thing
-showed art and mechanism, as--1. A fountain in the room.--2. A cistern
-in his garret--supplying all parts of the house.--3. His coach was
-most particular.--4. A portable engine, moved by watch-work--it had a
-fire-place and grate,--cost £30. He took it with him in his own coach,
-and, at inns, he was his own cook.”
-
-These notices afford a glimpse of the early progress of mechanical
-science. To return to our remarks on the “Century;” two of the articles
-the Marquis borrowed, No. 21, “A Bucket fountain,” of which he obtained
-information at Rome; and No. 26, “A to and fro Lever,” which he saw at
-Venice. A great number refer to Cipher writing and means of holding
-secret correspondence, many of which contrivances depend on very
-slight modifications, so that, although only twenty-three are set
-down, he might very easily have enlarged this one subject tenfold,
-only to arrive at still more extended conclusions. His engine is noted
-under the articles Nos. 68, 98, and 100, as, _a fire water-work_;
-_a semi-omnipotent engine_; and _a stupendous water-work_. So that
-discarding 2, and reducing these three to one, will leave 96 inventions
-emanating from the Marquis. But a further reduction might be made, if
-we strike out the additions made to the list, thus: No. 9 is “a ship
-destroying engine,” but No. 10 is only the means whereby to fasten it;
-and No. 11, a mode of preventing the operation of the engine, in the
-hands of an enemy. Now in strictness the whole can only be considered
-as one invention. So likewise, in his improvements on Fire-arms;
-No. 61, is a way for Muskets, No. 62, for Harquebusses, and No. 63,
-for Sakers, &c. which again can but be taken as representing _one_
-invention variously applied. These examples would remove four other
-inventions from the list, thereby reducing the number of inventions,
-due to the Marquis of Worcester in the Century, to 92. But this rather
-explains the plan adopted in indicating the several inventions, and in
-no way detracts from the value of the work.
-
-  The Inventions may be thus classified:
-
-   3 refer to Seals and Watches.
-   2 .  .  .  Games.
-   2 .  .  .  Arithmetic and Perspective.
-   6 .  .  .  Automata.
-  23 .  .  .  Ciphers, Correspondence, and Signals.
-  10 .  .  .  Domestic affairs.
-   9 .  .  .  Mechanical appliances.
-  32 .  .  .  Naval and Military affairs.
-  13 .  .  .  Hydraulics and the Water Engine.
- ---
- 100
-
-The very incongruous character of these matters is suggestive of their
-having occurred to the inventive mind of the Marquis at very different
-times, at remote intervals, and under varied circumstances; they might
-occasionally have resulted from his reading, his studies, or his
-experiments. He evidently availed himself of every suggestion that
-either reading, accident, experience, or travel threw in his way. His
-domestic life led to light, amusive, and mechanical exercises; while
-his military operations drew him to consider improvements in ordnance,
-fire-arms, and military and naval affairs generally.
-
-All we know regarding the origin of the work itself is derived from the
-author’s title page, wherein he states that it was written in 1655, his
-“former notes” then “being lost.” He consequently sets down “at the
-instance of a powerful friend,” only those inventions he “can call to
-mind to have _tried and perfected_.” This explicit language admits of
-no doubtful construction, yet he has been maligned by the envious as
-recording dreams and fancies. The Century closes with the remarkable
-declaration of his “meaning to leave to posterity a book, wherein under
-each of these heads the means to put in execution and visible trial all
-and every of these inventions, with the shape and form of all things
-belonging to them, shall be printed by brass-plates.” An intention
-which his premature decease rendered unavailing, yet sarcastic
-writers have not been wanting to stigmatize the “Century” as though
-its author had offered it to public approbation as a complete work;
-making no allowance for the circumstances under which it was produced,
-as a mere syllabus of the intellectual treasures he possessed, or
-the sad occurrence to which alone the non-completion of his promised
-publication with engravings of his several designs can be attributed.
-
-Some of his inventions he specially notices to signify their practical
-development. Thus No. 56, he performs at the Tower before Charles I,
-most of his Court, and the Lieutenant, Sir William Balfour.
-
-No. 64, an improvement on fire-arms, was “tried and approved before the
-King (Charles I.), and an hundred Lords and Commons.”
-
-Nos. 59 to 67, further improvements on fire-arms and cannon, occasion
-his particularly stating that:--“by several trials and much charge I
-have perfectly tried all these.”
-
-No. 77, his scheme for flying, whatever it might have been, whether
-a balloon, wings, or a machine, yet even of this he says--“which I
-have tried with a little boy of ten years old.”
-
-Lastly, No. 100, a water-work is spoken of as “by many years
-experience and labour, advantageously contrived.” And connected with
-this water-raising subject we may take No. 68, of which he says:--“I
-have seen the water run like a constant fountain-stream forty feet
-high.” This is not the language of a speculative theorist. It is
-experimental, practical, and demonstrative.
-
-Considering the vast sums expended by the Marquis on his experimental
-and on his practical works, the immense variety of his inventions, and
-the extreme novelty and singularity of many, it is rather surprising
-that no account of any of them has come down to our time, through some
-of the many channels of information then open to receive any accounts
-of the marvellous. Our next surprise is that none of the many cabinets
-of the curious seem to have possessed any model or any curious work
-of his production; not even the indefatigable Tradescant, although
-his museum was at Lambeth, bought by Ashmole, and given by him to
-the Bodleian Museum at Oxford. The Marquis did, however, present a
-peculiarly constructed box to Charles the Second, and he offered an
-improvement on it to the Earl of Lotherdale,[D] remarking:--“I promise
-your Lordship a box, with such conveniences and rarities as that which
-you saw had,--though it were a presumption in me to say, I would give
-a subject a better qualified present than I gave my Sovereign.” The
-invention might refer to the Cabinet mentioned in article No. 79, of
-the Century, as well as include some of his ingenious escutcheons,
-keys, and locks.
-
-We cannot but suppose that the Marquis was intimately acquainted with
-the published works of the renowned Roger Bacon, born in 1212, and who
-died at Oxford in 1292, celebrated for his proficiency in mathematics,
-mechanics, and chemistry. In his “Discovery of miracles of Art,”
-published 1659, there occurs the following passage:--“A man may easily
-make an instrument, whereby one man may, in despite of all opposition,
-draw a thousand men to himself, or any other thing, which is tractable.”
-
-The Marquis has left in manuscript a list of nine inventions, due to
-the “Quint-essence of Motion,” by means of which, he says in the 8th
-section,--“I can stop any other man’s motion, and render it null, since
-from any point of the compass, I can forcibly and effectually cause
-a counter-buff, or absolute obstruction to such motion, which way I
-please; all ways being indifferent to me, to work a perfect resistance,
-and to countermine their intentions, or to force their motions a clear
-contrary way.”[E]
-
-What may be the meaning of either statement it is difficult to imagine;
-or even to decide whether they be really allied to each other, for
-although in some respects alike, each is very enigmatical.
-
-We have also given in the “Life,” at page 216, a copy of a MS. list
-of heads of some inventions, among which occurs:--“Intelligence at a
-distance communicative, and not limited to distance, nor by it the
-time prolonged.” The wording of which article as clearly as possible
-expresses what in modern times has actually been attained by the
-magnetic and the electric telegraph. The “not limited to distance,”
-and the “time not prolonged” appear conclusive. Wires, tubes, or other
-mechanical means of communication would necessarily be “limited to
-distance;” and that which alone we believe to be illimitable through,
-any human agency is _electricity_. Truly the Marquis of Worcester was a
-man of no ordinary stretch of mind.
-
-The “Century” has but slender claims to our notice as a literary
-performance. Some persons have even imagined that it would have been
-fortunate for the character of its noble author had it never been
-written. This is a mistaken view of the subject. In the absence of his
-elaborated work, it is fortunate that this precious relic has come
-down unmutilated to our time. It is but as a sketch compared with the
-finished picture, but we realize the master-hand in the brief outline,
-and feel conscious of the intelligence and versatile genius of the mind
-that could conceive, work out, and minutely register the forming of
-alphabets, automata, ordnance, and finally “a semi-omnipotent engine.”
-His work has two dedications, one addressed to Charles the Second, the
-other to both Houses of Parliament, composed in a quaint but courtly
-style. He mingles classic lore with every-day proverbs. He re-entitles
-his book as a “summary collection,” and a “Century of summary heads
-of wonderful things,” as “experiments extant and comprised under
-these heads practicable with my directions,” and is convinced of “The
-treasures buried under these heads both for War, Peace and Pleasure
-being inexhaustible;” concluding that it is a “Century of Experiences
-perhaps dearly purchased” by him.
-
-He also touches on his pecuniary position, offering, in case he is
-assisted with the patronage and support sought, “to outgo the £6 or
-£700,000 already sacrificed;” alludes to “the melancholy which hath
-lately seized” upon him; and to his work-place at “great expenses made
-fit for public service,” amounting to about £10,000, “yet lately like
-to be taken” from him.
-
-He assures Parliament that his several inventions are “practicable
-with my directions, by the unparalleled workman both for trust and
-skill, _Caspar Kaltoff’s_ hand, who hath been these five and thirty
-years as in a school under me employed.” So that, dating from 1663,
-when he made this statement, we are thus carried back to the year
-1628, about the period of his first marriage, and the whole comprises
-a space of time from the 27th to the 62nd year of his age. How had he
-employed the peaceable portion of those 35 years? It seems to have
-been peculiar to the noble experimenter to keep his favourite workman
-fully employed in putting into practice whatever was known, and in that
-way establish his own improvements. We can find some analogous device
-in old scientific writings for the greater part of the subjects he
-investigated; and it is no disparagement of his ingenuity to say that
-his refinements may often be traced to the crude efforts made by others
-to attain similar results. Italy, Germany, Holland, and France abounded
-in authors whose works we may easily imagine formed a favourite portion
-of his library; Vitruvius, Vegetius, Hero, Ramelli, Branca, De Caus,
-Fludd, Besson, Van Etten, Schwenter, Porta, Lana, and other similar
-tomes replete with engraved brass, copper, and wood-engravings. But the
-English press likewise produced such works, as Bourne’s Inventions,
-1578; Lucar’s Lucar-solace, 1590; Bate’s Mysteries of Art, 1634;
-Wilkins’ Mathematical Magick; Porta’s Natural Magick, 1658; De Caus’
-New and Rare Inventions, 1659, &c. Of all these we are disposed to
-think that _Bate’s Mysteries of Nature and Art_ was an early favourite;
-the second edition appeared in 1635, when the Marquis was 34 years of
-age. The first portion of the work on “Water-works” opens with the
-observation: “It hath beene an old saying amongst Philosophers, and
-experience doth prove it to bee true, _Non datur vacuum_, that is
-to say, Nature will not admit of any vacuity or emptinesse. For some
-or other of the Elements, but especially Ayre and Water, doe insert
-themselves into all manner of concavities, or hollownesses, in, or
-upon the earth, whether they are such as are formed either by Art or
-Nature.” Through 82 pages the same subject of Water-works is carefully
-examined, and at page 57, is a description with engravings of “the
-Watermill or Engine neare the North end of London Bridge.”
-
-In the composition of the “Century,” we notice several peculiarities
-which may sometimes be accounted for by the writer having caught
-the style of certain English authors. In a letter dated 30th of
-August, 1646, he quotes the proverb, “a _child_ burned dreads the
-fire,” and in the “Century” we find the word “_child_” occurring
-six times to indicate little power or strength being required. The
-word “_conceited_” is used three times in the sense of ingeniously
-contrived. All these modes of expression are also peculiar to Bate,
-Plat, and the translation of Van Etten. The “_twinkling of an eye_”
-is an expression used twice. The article No. 15, is “A boat _driving_
-against wind and tide;” in _Humane Industry_, 1661, appears--“a way to
-_drive_ their ships without oar.” The term “_admirable_” is common to
-Bate and to the Marquis; and so is another, that of the word “_force_,”
-peculiarly used in article No. 68, when he speaks of the “vessels”
-being “strengthened by the _force_ within them:” really meaning no
-more, as appears, than some kind of pump-force or plunger acting the
-part of a valve to diminish any superabundant steam pressure; and not,
-as is perplexingly supposed, that he had some contrivance for making
-the expansive force of the steam within the boiler act of itself to
-strengthen the vessel!
-
-When we read in article No. 56, the expression, “A most incredible
-thing if not seen,” and find Dr. Dee, in his preface to Euclid,
-expressing himself on a kindred subject, that it is--“A thing almost
-incredible,” we cannot refuse to believe from internal evidence that
-the author was from natural inclination well acquainted with that
-early English translation. The range of such studies as he delighted
-in, taken from the reign of Elizabeth to the troubled times of
-Charles the First, or even later, was very restricted; therefore a
-course of scientific reading would soon be exhausted by an
-indefatigable inquirer, who would then probably settle down to being
-satisfied with a small but chosen collection of his favourite
-authors. It is not only in traits of language that we see a
-resemblance in such early authors, but equally do we find a certain
-agreement in their matter. John Bate, for example, mingles the great
-with the small, the serious with the ludicrous; he has philosophical
-experiments, a great water-work, amusive toys, pyrotechny, drawing,
-and medical recipes arranged in four books; and the several editions
-appear to have enjoyed an amount of popularity which has made any of
-them very scarce in a perfect form.
-
-A careful perusal of the “Century” will satisfy the reader that
-its contents relate principally to the practical and useful,
-notwithstanding that some appear of doubtful value, and some even
-paradoxical. The variety of cannon and musquetry is singular, the
-improvements in ships and fortifications quite surprising, and in
-various mechanical appliances remarkably ingenious. But, after all,
-what was the special design of its author; what was he principally
-seeking to establish through this wide course of investigation? It is
-evident he sought some mechanical power to supersede ordinary wind,
-water, and animal power. He tried weights and springs, screws and
-levers, and finally he filled a piece of a cannon three-quarters
-full of water, which, after making a fire under it, “burst and made a
-great crack.” The aim and object of all his laborious experiments was
-now attained, and from the day when he thus burst the cannon, steam
-power was realized, its application pursued, various kinds of machines
-constructed, and the strangeness, novelty, and power of the new engine
-were such that he declared, as in an ecstacy of delight, “I call
-this _A Semi-omnipotent Engine_, and do intend that a model thereof
-be buried with me.” Nay, more, he bowed down in adoration before his
-Maker, rendering him most humble thanks for vouchsafing him “an insight
-in so great a secret of nature.”
-
-It is worth remarking, that the very form of the “Century” was rather
-due to a custom among scientific inventors than to any whim on the part
-of its author. In the 13th century, Wilars de Honecort had given a
-statement of fourteen inventions. In like manner Leonardo da Vinci, of
-ten various schemes for bridges, ditches, fortifications, and others,
-military and naval. So again Ralph Rabbards in 1574, Edmund Jentill
-in 1594, and Henry Marshall in 1595, gave notices of their several
-discoveries in medical waters, fire-works, and mechanical devices.
-In 1583, appears a MS. note of twenty “sundry sorts of engynes.” In
-1596, Lord Napier wrote concerning his four “secret inventions,”
-concluding:--“These inventions, besides devices of sailing under water,
-with divers other devices and stratagems for harming of the enemies, by
-the grace of God, and work of expert craftsmen, I hope to perform.” In
-James the First’s reign was published a tract entitled, “Cornu-Copia:
-a miscellaneum of lucriferous and most fructiferous experiments,
-observations, and discoveries, immethodically distributed; to be really
-demonstrated and communicated in all sincerity.” The suggestions,
-amounting to seventeen, are chemical, medicinal, agricultural, and
-mechanical. In 1632, Thomas Grent patented six inventions, not one
-of which is otherwise described than after this manner:--“First. An
-instrument very profitable when common windes doe fail, for a more
-speedy passage of calmed shipps, or other vessels upon the sea or great
-rivers, which may be called the wind’s mate.” In 1636, Sir John C. Van
-Berg patented eight inventions, specified after this manner:--(First)
-“Diverse mechanicke instruments and frames operating by waights, soe
-to bee fitted and ordered that the force and strength of them may bee
-augmented or diminished either in regard of the instruments themselves,
-or in respecte of the number of workmen to be employed aboute them
-accordinge as occasion or necessitie shall require; &c.” In 1646,
-Captain Bulmer gave Emanuel College, Cambridge, a certificate of four
-hydraulic and mechanical inventions. In 1659, an account of Roger
-Bacon’s “admirable artificial instruments” was published, relating to
-ships, chariots, flying, scaling ladders, diving bell, &c. So that
-there was no lack of precedents for the form adopted in treating the
-multifarious subjects recorded in the “Century.” But, indeed, had
-no other existed, he had a sufficient example in the vague patent
-specifications that his predecessors, and he himself (in 1661), lodged
-as sufficient and valid instruments to secure a right in the matters
-therein specified. And in confirmation of this we have only to place in
-juxta-position the fore-named patent of 1661, and the “Century,” to see
-at once the close resemblance between the two; thus No. 1, is the 78th
-article, No. 2, the 58th, No. 3, the 19th, and No. 4, the 15th article
-of the “Century,” copied almost verbatim.[F] We, therefore,
-find that the one hundred articles are as explicit as any of the patent
-specifications of, and prior to, the reign of Charles the Second. Yet
-men of unquestionable literary taste, but unacquainted with these
-simple facts, have charged the Marquis of Worcester with mystifying
-his statements, by writing too enigmatically, without considering
-his promise, had he lived, “to leave to posterity a book” containing
-“the means to put in execution all these inventions;” and without the
-indulgence of awarding him at least the merit of writing his very
-syllabus with all the amplification required by law for the enrolment
-of a Patent Specification.
-
-While the Marquis was struggling to obtain royal and state patronage,
-he had a powerful rival in Sir Samuel Morland, a gentleman of the Privy
-Chamber and Master of Mechanics, to Charles the Second. It has never
-been noticed that, simultaneously with the Marquis, he was projecting
-plans of novel means for draining mines, and it is very improbable
-that, while so engaged, he could view disinterestedly the various
-efforts of the Marquis of Worcester. In the “Calendar of State Papers,
-Domestic Series for 1661–1662, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green,” octavo,
-1861, we find the following particulars under the respective dates,
-viz:--
-
-    “Dec? 1661. No. 36. Petition of [Sir] Samuel Morland to the King,
-    for a patent for the sole use of his invention of an Engine for
-    raising water out of mines or pits, quicker and better than
-    before practised.
-
-    “Dec. 11. Whitehall. Warrant for a grant to Sir Sam. Morland of
-    the sole use for 14 years of his invention for raising water out
-    of pits, &c. to a reasonable height, “by the force of powder and
-    air conjointly.”
-
-    “Dec. Whitehall. Vol. 46. No. 49. Warrant for a grant to Sir Sam.
-    Morland of the sole making of an Engine invented by him for
-    raising water in mines or pits, draining marshes, or supplying
-    buildings with water.”
-
-
-The annexed reprinted title page is a facsimile for size and
-letter-press _within_ the gothic frame, employed to enlarge it. The
-smallness of the work was by no means unusual, indeed the first
-edition, in the British Museum, is bound in a volume uniform with the
-discourses of Sir William Petty, and of Dr. Grew, before the Royal
-Society, in 1674, issued by its own printer. Although more than ten
-years later the quaint style reminds one of the Dedications to the
-“Century,” as when Sir William says he was commanded to print his
-discourse--“Because, as drapers cut patterns of their whole cloth out
-of an end, not because the end is better than the rest, but because
-it may be best spared; so (I suppose) the Society are content, that
-this exercise pass for a sample, _pro tanto_, of what they are doing.”
-And of his second part he observes that it is “To excite the world to
-the study of a little Mathematics, by showing the use of Duplicate
-Proportions in some of the most weighty of human affairs, which notion
-_a child of 12 years_[G] old may learn in an hour.” Lastly, the Epistle
-Dedicatory informs us that:--“Falsity, disproportion, and inconsistence
-cannot be rectified by any sermocinations, though made all of figurate
-and measured periods, pronounced in tune and cadence, through the most
-advantageous organs; much less by grandiosonous or euphonical nonsense
-farded with formality; no more than vicious wines can be remedied with
-brandy and honey, or ill cookery with enormous proportions of spice
-and sugar: _Nam Res nolunt malè administrari_.” One example from Dr.
-Grew’s epistle to his discourse will suffice, where he says:--“I know,
-my Lord, that there are some men, who have just so much understanding,
-as only to teach them how to be ambitious: the flattering of whom, is
-somewhat like the tickling of children, till they fall a dancing.”
-
-The annexed Commentary has for its object to show the several
-sources from which it is not less probable than possible that the
-Marquis derived a certain amount of information for his guidance in
-endeavouring to advance and refine on the same by his own efforts at
-improvement. Many intelligent persons, particularly classical scholars,
-and men of purely literary tastes, whose reading has not embraced the
-study of the literature of science, have supposed that the whole or
-greater part of the Marquis of Worcester’s inventions emanated solely
-from his own unguided inventive skill; and not a few may have imagined
-it would be derogatory to the originality of an inventor to suppose
-him walking in the steps of others, however much he might outstrip
-their attainments in the same branch of inquiry. But all invention is
-progressive--first, laws of nature are discovered, then applications
-are invented, and last follow divisions and sub-divisions of endless
-great, small, and minute improvements. The Marquis originated many
-improvements, but assuredly only one pre-eminent invention, his
-great “fire water-work.” It would have been easy for us to make the
-commentary consist of essays on modern improvements, more or less
-traceable to the suggestive character of the “Century.” But we stop
-where the Marquis laid down his pen, preferring rather to show that
-materials existed from which he might derive the several classes of
-subjects therein noted, which many have so far doubted as to believe
-they originated wholly with himself; as by adopting the other course,
-we should only satisfy the public of the great use the “Century” has
-been to others, a matter which has never been doubted.
-
-We thus see that the “Century” is but the epitome of a greater work,
-designed to have been published with suitable explanatory engravings,
-which the premature decease of the author alone frustrated. During two
-hundred years the subjects of the various inventions and improvements
-it calendars have been long superseded, so that there is not one,
-perhaps, that would in the least assist the modern engineer, however
-minutely it could be described. Yet the history of the Steam Engine,
-of Inventions, and of Inventors would be incomplete indeed without a
-Memoir of the Marquis of Worcester, and some account of his inimitable
-“Century of Inventions.”
-
-Much might be written on the conflicting opinions expressed by
-historical, biographical, and scientific writers, regarding the
-intellectual capacity and ingenuity of the Marquis as well as of
-their adverse statements on various historical points. But instead
-of adopting such a thoroughly controversial strain, which after all
-would only lead to a very doubtful result, another and very different
-course has been adopted in the present work, by supplying facts in
-place of conjecture. The writer, who is strongly imbued with political,
-theological, or scientific views, cannot write otherwise than as
-directed by the natural effect of such influences. But as a rule the
-arena of scientific discussion is neutral ground; and the biographer
-and commentator, in the present instance, does not feel swayed by
-any party prejudice, and certainly not by any peculiar scientific
-views. It has been his wish to associate himself as much as possible
-with the Marquis and with his times, irrespective of modern taste,
-changed customs, and enlarged knowledge, as contrasted with a period
-about the middle of the seventeenth century. Here the critic rises in
-importance with the information he possesses of a bygone age. But it
-has been so uniformly the misfortune of the Marquis of Worcester to be
-examined solely through a modern medium, that it is almost surprising
-his antiquated costume, and style of writing, should have escaped the
-generally reckless course of censure bestowed on the precious relics
-that alone remain to attest his amazing genius.
-
-Every work descriptive of the Steam-engine, gives some historical
-notice, awarding a certain amount of dubious merit to the Marquis of
-Worcester, among other early inventors, but it would be impossible
-to point to a single instance savouring of any national pride in the
-inquiry. It seems incredible, and might be believed to be so, had we
-not the fact before our eyes, that the true history of the origin of
-the Steam-engine is only now emerging into light in the form best
-calculated to place the fact beyond dispute.
-
-Like all other great inventions, the improvements in the Steam-engine
-have been progressing from 1663 to the present day. Its history
-presents three eras:--1st, the period when the parent engine and
-its immediate successors were called “fire engines;”--2nd, from
-Newcomen’s time, when that stage of improvement was designated
-the “atmospheric-engine;” and, 3rdly, its last form, the true
-“steam-engine” of Watt. We cannot destroy one link in this mystic chain
-without serious hazard, without deranging the natural consanguinity of
-these children of the brain. But while we consider it unnecessary to
-deal singly with each work contributing an apocryphal history to the
-origin of the steam-engine, a solitary instance occurs, within the last
-five years, the publication of which demands special notice.
-
-Nowhere should we less expect to find a want of sympathy with the
-amiable character and astonishing scientific abilities of the Marquis
-of Worcester than in the pages recording the life of James Watt; for
-there we might hope to be supplied, as from a fountain-head, with the
-pure stream of most authentic information; an elaborate, careful,
-and comprehensive digest of the best materials that learning and
-influence could accumulate; at once clearing up many doubts, and for
-ever dissipating the groundless surmises of a multitude of superficial
-writers. We should never expect a less careful procedure, or in its
-absence other than the most respectful allusion to the true inventor of
-the steam-engine--that engine from which Watt’s is lineally descended.
-
-Had the Marquis of Worcester and his “Century,” together with his
-Engine, been unknown, and consequently also his untiring representation
-and advocacy of its wonderful properties, where would have been the
-justly-admired models of Savery, Newcomen, and Watt? The inveterate
-prejudice against the employment of any new engine with which the
-Marquis had to contend, was not wholly extinct even in the days of
-Watt’s early career; and it was the all-powerful influence of large
-capital alone that secured for him what Charles the Second blindly
-withheld from the great engineer’s noble predecessor.
-
-We are far from advocating any undue devotion either to a theory or
-to a hero. But, certainly, if the rhetorical flourishes of M. Arago
-can justly be summoned to eulogize the hot-water fountain of De Caus,
-in preference to producing his own clear, simple description; then,
-assuredly, in common fairness Mr. Muirhead should have felt bound to a
-somewhat similar advocacy of the Marquis of Worcester’s invention. If
-M. Arago’s example is to be quoted, showing how much could be advanced
-in favour of De Caus’s little metal sphere, then surely Mr. Muirhead
-should have exerted himself to represent and distinguish the superior
-properties of the Marquis’s Water-commanding Engine, raising four
-vessels of water, forty feet high, through a tube a span wide.[H]
-
-But Mr. Muirhead hazards no opinion decidedly favourable to either the
-Marquis or his inventions; while, on the contrary, his observations
-suggest unfounded difficulties, and raise unnecessary doubts,
-contributing to increase the existing confusion found in our current
-literature, in relation to the great inventor and his projects; an
-instance is even adduced of the pseudonymous writer, Robert Stuart,
-who, in his “Anecdotes,” and his “History,” flatly contradicts himself;
-and frequently what one compiler only conjectures, another takes up
-as a fact. But this vicious system of writing is not to be corrected
-by following in the same track and proposing new speculative views,
-offered too in a strain seriously derogating from the Marquis’s
-character for honour, integrity, consistency, and consummate ingenuity.
-
-In quoting the “Century” Mr. Muirhead notices that it concludes with
-the promise of a more finished work, which only elicits the sinister
-remark: “that he either was unable, or never seriously intended to
-make such a further publication.” This is indeed unjust, and severe
-enough. And what he quotes from the “Century” about the _Engine_, is
-only to tell what “posterity supposes” about it; and to note that,
-in respect to it, “there has always prevailed a great diversity of
-opinion.” But here is no attempt made to trace and analyse that
-“diversity of opinion,” or to dissipate the cloud. The Marquis’s
-captivity in the Tower is mis-stated; and the luckless “pot-lid” story
-enlarged and improved upon, for it is concluded that hence--“so runs
-the story--arose the ‘Century of Inventions,’ with its steam-engine
-all ready--made and acting;--at least in the mind of its contriver!”
-This undignified view of the case of the imprisoned, ruined, neglected
-inventor of the steam-engine, never deserved to be enrolled in the
-volume devoted to the life of his glorious but remote successor.[I]
-
-Although, however, we have been presented with a view of De Caus
-as elevated through the medium of Arago’s eloquent Eloge, when
-endeavouring with true national zeal to claim the honour of the
-invention of the steam-engine (even on this slender proof) for his own
-country; this position seems only to have been assigned to him in the
-present instance, to make his downfall the more signally complete;
-for Mr. Muirhead most dispassionately observes:--“Considering the
-uselessness of the contrivance of De Caus, and the doubtfulness
-existing as to that of the Marquis, it is, perhaps, rather surprising
-that ‘the invention of the steam-engine’ should have been attributed
-to either of them, with such great confidence as both English and
-French writers have alternately shown.” Unfortunately for this
-antithesis, the one invention is not “worthless,” and the other is not
-properly to be charged with “doubtfulness.” It may be justly said, in
-one sense, that all the engines preceding those made in Watt’s time
-are “worthless,”--but we have here a wide range. In 1615 De Caus’s
-invention was not “_worthless_,” although its worth was limited to
-its demonstrating one simple mode of applying an important elementary
-principle. And the vast amount of accumulated evidence relating to the
-Marquis of Worcester’s Engine indisputably removes all “_doubtfulness_”
-as to its actual accomplishment and general construction, so far
-as words, irrespective of absolute models and drawings, can supply
-information; and the absence of these latter accessories is traceable
-solely to the lapse of time, combined with the indifference of the
-public to designs that went beyond general information on such matters,
-as well as from their exceeding the common manufacturing skill, and
-not captivating the small commercial enterprize of that age.
-
-We must estimate the Marquis of Worcester by his general character.
-His natural taste and domestic habits led him into mechanical
-studies, while his large fortune enabled him to retain a paid
-mechanic in his service for nearly forty years, expending many
-thousands of pounds in experimental and practical trials of engines,
-machines, automata, naval and military works, and great guns and
-fire-arms. In his private life he was strictly honourable, virtuous,
-consistent, and free from all narrow or bigoted views, either in
-politics or religion. So adverse, however, did the course of events
-prove to him, that his loyalty and his religion combined, can alone
-be named against him as his greatest misfortune. His “Century” has
-been preserved to these times, but all his other works which might
-have thrown a fuller light on his inventions have perished. Whether
-books and papers belonging to him were procured and burnt, according
-to the story relating to such an incident, is now past discovery; but
-it is abundantly evident that the great scarcity of information which
-exists, has led to the propagation of many unfounded statements, and
-given undue weight to others purely conjectural. That which cannot be
-established by producing positive evidence, is too often only
-complicated by hazarding opinions irrespective of reasonable
-evidence, or worse, in the face of reasonable grounds for contrary
-statements. The “Century” stands alone in the languages of the
-civilized world, the strange monument of a strong mind, seeking its
-full development in a prejudiced age, striking into new paths which
-society could not comprehend, and which it therefore would not
-patronise.
-
-      H. D.
-
-Blackheath, Kent, November, 1864.
-
-
-      EDITIONS OF THE CENTURY.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-1663. London: Printed by J. Grismond in the year 1663. small 12mo.
-
-1746. London: Printed in the year 1663. Reprinted and sold by T.
-      Payne, in Round-Court in the Strand, 1746.
-
-1748. No particulars. A copy was sold, according to Lowndes’s Bib.
-      Man. with MS. additions.
-
-1763. No particulars. Query--1663.
-
-1767. Glasgow: Printed by R. and A. Foulis, 1767.
-
-1778. Dated “Kyo, near Lanchester [co. Durham], June 18, 1778,” with
-      an “Appendix containing an Historical account of the Fire-Engine
-      for raising water.”
-
-1778. A reprint agreeing with above, except in having _no name or_
-     _date_. It repeats the Title of the first edition, 1663, and
-      at the end gives the foregoing “Appendix: containing an
-      Historical Account of the Fire-Engine for raising water.” 8vo.
-      In the latter, Dr. Desagulier’s Lectures, 1744, are quoted, so
-      that this may possibly be an edition short only of a leaf,
-      bearing the same place and date as the preceding.
-
-1786. Glasgow, Printed. London: Reprinted by W. Bailey, Proprietor of
-      the Speaking Figure, now shewing, by Permission of the Right Hon.
-      the Lord Mayor, at No. 40, within Bishopgate, 1786. Sq. 16mo.
-
-1813. Newcastle; Printed by S. Hodgson, Union Street, 1813. 8vo. pp. 53.
-      Title page:--“The Marquis of Worcester’s Century of Inventions,
-      to which is added, An Appendix containing an historical account
-      of the Fire-Engine, for raising Water; which invention originated
-      from the above work. By John Buddle.” [The Preface is dated “Kyo,
-      near Lanchester, June 18, 1778,”--in the North West of Durham.
-      See edition 1778. A copy of this reprint is in the Library of the
-      Patent Office.]
-
-1813. The Title page is a reprint of 1663, and on the back appears
-     “Reprinted by J. Adlard, 27, Bartholomew Close, 1813.” [London.]
-      Sq. 16mo. 1813. [It would appear from a MS. note by Mr. P. Bliss,
-      in an interleaved edition of “Walpole’s Royal and Noble Authors,”
-      Brit. Mus. that this year there was another edition of “The
-      Century, &c.” viz.]--
-
-      London, sold by R. Triphook, 37, St. James’s Street; J. Major,
-      West Smithfield; and R. Priestley, 143, High Holborn.
-
-     [12mo. price 4_s._ sewed; 100 copies printed, 1813.]
-
-1825. The Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester. From
-      the Original MS. &c. By Charles F. Partington. London: John
-      Murray, Albemarle Street, 1825. 12mo.
-
-
-      REPRINTED IN THE FOLLOWING WORKS: VIZ.--
-
-1789. The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 18. 8vo.
-
-1801. The Philosophical Magazine. By Alexander Tilloch. Vol. 12. 8vo.
-      pp. 43 to 57.
-
-1802. The Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture. Vol. 1.
-      Second Series. 8vo.
-
-1809. The Harleian Miscellany: a collection of scarce Pamphlets and
-      Tracts, &c. By Oldys and Park. Vol. 4. 4to.
-
-1815. A Treatise of Mechanics. By Olinthus Gregory, L.L.D. &c. 3rd
-      edition. Vol. 2. 8vo.
-
-1822. The Mechanic; or, compendium of Practical Inventions. By James
-      Smith. 2 vols. 8vo. p. 403.
-
-1824. The Kaleidoscope. Liverpool. Vol. 5. 4to. No. 212 to No. 219.
-
-1825. The Mechanics’ Magazine [London.] Vol. 3. 8vo. p. 18.
-
-1827. One thousand Notable Things. London, T. Tegg; and Glasgow,
-      Griffin and Co. [Appended to this reprint of the original work,
-      12mo. by “Thomas Lupton,” B.L. 1586. 4to.]
-
-1833. Mechanics’ Magazine. New York. Vol. 1. 8vo. pp. 82 to 92.
-
-1856. Weale’s Quarterly Papers on Engineering. Vol. 5. 4to.
-
-[Illustration: ornate border surrounding the following title page]
-
-      A CENTURY OF THE Names and Scantlings OF SUCH INVENTIONS,
-
-      As at present I can call to mind to have tried and
-      perfected, which (my former Notes being lost) I have, at the
-      instance of a powerful Friend, endeavoured now in the Year
-      1655, to set these down in such a way as may sufficiently
-      instruct me to put any of them in practice.
-
-      ------_Artis & Naturæ proles._
-
-
-      _LONDON_: Printed by _J. Grismond_ in the year 1663.
-
-
-      TO THE _KINGS_
-
-      _Most Excellent MAJESTY_.
-
-
-SIR,
-
-SCIRE meum nihil est, nisi me scire hoc sciat alter, _saith the Poet,
-and I most justly in order to Your Majesty, whose satisfaction is my
-happiness, and whom to serve is my onely aime, placing therein my_
-Summum bonum _in this world: Be therefore pleased to cast Your gracious
-Eye over this Summary Collection, and then to pick and choose. I
-confess, I made it but for the superficial satisfaction of a friends
-curiosity, according as it is set downe; and if it might now serve
-to give aime to Your Majesty how to make use of my poor Endeavours,
-it would crowne my thoughts, who am neither covetous nor ambitious,
-but of deserving Your Majesties favour upon my own cost and charges;
-yet, according to the old English Proverb_, It is a poor Dog not worth
-whistleing after. _Let but Your Majesty approve, and I will effectually
-perform to the height of my Undertaking: Vouchsafe but to command, and
-with my Life and Fortune I shall chearfully obey, and_ maugre _envy,
-ignorance and malice, ever appear_
-
-      YOUR MAJESTY’S
-        Passionately-devoted, or
-          otherwise dis-interested
-            Subject and Servant,
-                WORCESTER.
-
-
-      _To the Right Honourable_
-
-      THE LORDS SPIRITUAL AND TEMPORAL;
-
-      _And to the_ KNIGHTS, CITIZENS, AND BURGESSES _of the
-      Honourable House of Commons;_ NOW _assembled in Parliament_.
-
-
-_My Lords and Gentlemen_,
-Be not startled if I address to all, and every of you, this Century
-of Summary Heads of wonderful things, even after the Dedication of
-them to His most Excellent Majesty, since it is with His most gracious
-and particular consent, as well as indeed no wayes derogating from my
-duty to His Sacred Self, but rather in further order unto it, since
-your Lordships, who are His great Council, and you Gentlemen His whole
-Kingdoms Representatives (most worthily welcome unto Him) may fitly
-receive into your wise and serious considerations what doth or may
-publickly concern both His Majesty and His tenderly-beloved People.
-
-Pardon me if I say (my Lords and Gentlemen) that it is joyntly your
-parts to digest to His hand these ensuing particulars, fitting them
-to His palate, and ordering how to reduce them into practice in a way
-useful and beneficial both to His Majesty and His Kingdom.
-
-Neither do I esteem it less proper for me to present them to you in
-order to His Majesty’s service, then it is to give into the hands of
-a faithful and provident Steward whatsoever dainties and provisions
-are intended for the Masters diet; the knowing and faithful Steward
-being best able to make use thereof to his Masters contentment and
-greatest profit, keeping for the morrow whatever should be overplus or
-needless for the present day, or at least to save something else in
-lieu thereof. In a word, (my Lords and Gentlemen) I humbly conceive
-this _Simile_ not improper, since you are His Majesty’s provident
-Stewards, into whose hands I commit my self, with all properties fit to
-obey you; that is to say, with a heart harbouring no ambition, but an
-endless aim to serve my King and Countrey: And if my endeavours prove
-effectual, (as I am confident they will) His Majesty shall not onely
-become rich, but His People likewise, as Treasurers unto Him; and His
-Pierless Majesty, our King, shall become both belov’d at home, and
-fear’d abroad; deeming the riches of a King to consist in the plenty
-enjoyed by His People.
-
-And the way to render him to be feared abroad, is to content his
-People at home, who then with heart and hand are ready to assist
-him; and whatsoever God blesseth me with to contribute towards the
-increase of His Revenues in any considerable way, I desire it may be
-imployed to the use of His People; that is, for the taking off such
-Taxes or Burthens from them as they chiefly groane under, and by a
-Temporary necessity onely imposed on them; which being thus supplied
-will certainly best content the King, and satisfie His People; which,
-I dare say, is the continual Tend of all your indefatigable pains,
-and the perfect demonstrations of your Zele to His Majesty, and an
-evidence that the Kingdoms Trust is justly and deservedly reposed in
-you. And if ever Parliament acquitted themselves thereof, it is this
-of yours, composed of most deserving and qualified Persons; qualified,
-I say, with your affection to your Prince, and with a tenderness to
-His People; with a bountiful heart towards Him, yet a frugality in
-their behalfs.
-
-Go on therefore chearfully (my Lords and Gentlemen) and not onely our
-gracious King, but the King of Kings, will reward you, the Prayers of
-the People will attend you, and His Majesty will with thankful arms
-embrace you. And be pleased to make use of me and my endeavours to
-enrich them, not my self; such being my onely request unto you, spare
-me not in what your Wisdoms shall find me useful, who do esteem my
-self not onely by the Act of the Water-commanding Engine (which so
-chearfully you have past) sufficiently rewarded, but likewise with
-courage enabled to do ten times more for the future; and my Debts
-being paid, and a competency to live according to my Birth and
-Quality setled, the rest shall I dedicate to the service of our King
-and Countrey by your disposals: and esteem me not the more, or rather
-any more, by what is past, but what’s to come; professing really from
-my heart, that my Intentions are to out-go the six or seven hundred
-thousand pounds already sacrificed, if countenanced and encouraged by
-you, ingenuously confessing that the melancholy which hath lately
-seized upon me (the cause whereof none of you but may easily guess)
-hath, I dare say, retarded more advantages to the public service than
-modesty will permit me to utter: And now revived by your promising
-favours, I shall infallibly be enabled thereunto in the Experiments
-extant, and comprised under these heads practicable with my
-directions by the unparallel’d Workman both for trust and skill,
-_Caspar Kaltoff’s_ hand, who hath been these five-and-thirty years as
-in a school under me imployed, and still at my disposal, in a place
-by my great expences made fit for publick service, yet lately like to
-be taken from me, and consequently from the service of King and
-Kingdom, without the least regard of above ten thousand pounds
-expended by me, and through my Zele to the Common good; my Zele, I
-say, a field large enough for you (my Lords and Gentlemen) to work
-upon.
-
-The Treasures buried under these heads, both for War, Peace, and
-Pleasure, being inexhaustible; I beseech you pardon me if I say so;
-it seems a Vanity, but comprehends a Truth; since no good Spring but
-becomes the more plentiful by how much more it is drawn, and the
-Spinner to weave his web is never stinted but further inforc’d. The
-more then that you shall be pleased to make use of my Inventions, the
-more Inventive shall you ever find me, one Invention begetting still
-another, and more and more improving my ability to serve my King and
-you; and as to my heartiness therein there needs no addition, nor to my
-readiness a spur. And therefore (my Lords and Gentlemen) be pleased to
-begin, and desist not from commanding me till I flag in my obedience
-and endeavours to serve my King and Country.
-
-
-    _For certainly you’l find me breathless first t’ expire,_
-    _Before my hands grow weary, or my legs do tire._
-
-
-Yet abstracting from any Interest of my own, but as a Fellow-Subject
-and Compatriot will I ever labour in the Vineyard, most heartily and
-readily obeying the least summons from you, by putting faithfully in
-execution, what your Judgments shall think fit to pitch upon amongst
-this Century of Experiences, perhaps dearly purchased by me, but now
-frankly and _gratis_ offered to you. Since my heart (methinks) cannot
-be satisfied in serving my King and Country, if it should cost them
-any thing; As I confess when I had the honour to be neare so obliging
-a Master as His late Majesty of happy memory, who never refused me his
-Ear to any reasonable motion: And as for unreasonable ones, or such
-as were not fitting for him to grant, I would rather to have dyed a
-thousand deaths, then ever to have made any one unto him.
-
-Yet whatever I was so happy as to obtain for any deserving Person, my
-Pains, Breath and Interest imployed therein satisfied me not, unless I
-likewise satisfied the Fees; but that was in my Golden Age.
-
-And even now, though my ability and means are shortened, the world
-knows why my heart remains still the same; and be you pleased (my Lords
-and Gentlemen) to rest most assured, that the very complacency that I
-shall take in the executing your Commands shall be unto me a sufficient
-and an abundantly-satisfactory reward.
-
-Vouchsafe therefore to dispose freely of me, and whatever lieth in my
-power to perform; first, in order to His Majesty’s service; secondly,
-for the good and advantage of the Kingdom; thirdly, to all your
-satisfactions, for particular profit and pleasure to your individual
-selves, professing that in all and each of the three respects I will
-ever demean my self as it best becomes,
-
-
-        _My Lords and Gentlemen_,
-
-      _Your most passionately-bent Fellow-Subject in
-       His Majesty’s service, Compatriot for the
-       publick good and advantage, and a most
-       humble Servant to all and every of you_,
-
-           WORCESTER.
-
-
-
-
-      A CENTURY OF THE Names and Scantlings of Inventions by me
-      already practised.
-
-
-[*.* The numerals refer to variations in the reading, afforded by the
-_Harleian MS._; except when marked P, to distinguish the unauthorised
-and other alterations made by Mr. Partington, in his edition of 1825.]
-
-
-      I.
-
-    Several sorts of Seals, some shewing by scrues, others by gages,
-    fastening or unfastening all the marks at once; others by
-    additional points and imaginary places, proportionable to
-    ordinary[1] Escocheons [2][3] and Seals at Arms, each way
-    palpably and punctually setting down (yet private from all
-    others, but the Owner, and by his assent) the day of the Moneth,
-    the day of the Week, the Moneth of the Year, the Year of our
-    Lord, the names of the Witnesses, and the individual place where
-    anything was sealed, though in ten thousand several places,
-    together with the very number of lines contained in a Contract,
-    whereby falsification may be discovered, and manifestly proved,
-    being upon good grounds suspected.
-
-    Upon any of these Seals a man may keep Accompts of Receipts and
-    disbursments from one Farthing to an hundred millions, punctually
-    shewing each pound, shilling, peny or farthing.
-
-    By these seals likewise any Letter, though written but in
-    English, may be read and understood in eight several languages,
-    and in English it self to clean contrary and different sense,
-    unknown to any but the Correspondent, and not to be read or[4]
-    understood by him neither, if opened before it arrive unto him;
-    so that neither Threats, nor hopes of Reward, can make him reveal
-    the secret, the Letter having been intercepted, and first opened
-    by the Enemy.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [1] _Escocheon_ is the old heraldic term.
- [2] Escucheons. MS.
- [3] Escutcheons. P.
- [4] nor to be.
-
-
-[_Seals abundantly-significant._] Under this title the present
-article is referred to in the “Index,” given by the Marquis, at the
-end of the first edition of his “Century,” while the articles
-themselves are only distinguished by consecutive numerals. Therefore,
-without deranging the original form of the “Century,” the designation
-of the several articles will appear throughout, as above, at the head
-of each comment.
-
-The author, never having met with any attempt to elucidate the
-mechanical arrangement here suggested, communicated a plan that
-occurred to him in 1829, soon after reading the foregoing, which was as
-follows:--
-
-A Cipher Seal. Amidst the variety of inventions for giving security
-to property, few improvements have been made in seals or signets. I
-shall proceed to describe a cipher seal, which, though not, perhaps,
-so “abundantly significant” as those described by the Marquis of
-Worcester, might, nevertheless, be applied to very important uses,
-inasmuch as the face of the seal may be varied at pleasure.
-
-[Illustration: A Cipher Seal]
-
-Fig. 1. A, the seal handle; B, the seal made moveable on the pivots at
-_c c_.
-
-Fig. 2. Is a section of the seal. It consists of two metal plates, B
-B, and D D, having a number of corresponding holes drilled through
-them, as at _a a a a_, and _b b b b_, into which the ends of small
-rollers, _a b_, _a b_, are made to fit and turn exactly. When all the
-holes are supplied with rollers, the plates, B B, D D, are retained at
-a proper distance by a metal rim, soldered to the edges of the plates.
-The ends of the rollers being thus exposed, and ground level with the
-surface of each plate, are to have a groove cut in each, similar to a
-screw head; this is to be effected by cutting lines from end to end
-of the plate, as shown at _e e_, _e e_, Fig. 1. With a graver a small
-dot is next to be made, all to the right on one plate, and all to the
-left on the other; or, _vice versa_, of each line occupying the small
-circular end of _each_ roller. It is now evident that, by using a small
-chisel-shaped steel instrument, or key, with which to turn the roller,
-the small dotted line on its end, may be so varied as to form any
-alphabetical arrangement.
-
-The position of the dotted line admits of sufficient variety to take
-in 24 letters, distinct enough to the eye, without increasing the size
-of the seal. In this alphabet only three variations are supposed to be
-made from the horizontal and perpendicular, one very slight on either
-side, the other greater, and the third at an angle of 45°. It only
-requires a transposition of the letters to produce a correspondence
-which shall be private between two persons. The use of two faces to the
-seal is obvious, one serving to compose on, and _the other_, being a
-reverse, to make an impression on the wax. Were this not the case, a
-sentence would have to be written from right to left. Its use might be
-multiplied by making each cipher refer to an entire word or sentence;
-as, if _a_, stood for men; _b_, for horses; _c_, food; _d_, money; and
-so forth: a mode which it would be next to impossible for any third
-party to decipher.--See Mechanics’ Mag. vol. x.
-
-
-      2.
-
-    How ten thousand Persons may use these seals to all and every of
-    the purposes aforesaid, and yet keep their secrets[5] from any
-    but whom they please.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [5] secrets private.
-
-
-[_Seals private and particular to each owner._] The present is one of
-those articles of a nature already noticed in the introduction, which
-can scarcely be classed as an independent invention; it is in fact
-little, if any, more than some intricate application of the foregoing,
-a mere step beyond the more obvious employment of such seals. We may
-consider the first as the instrument, and No. 2 as an ingenious table,
-by the aid of which to construct alphabets, words, or sentences.
-
-
-      3.
-
-    A Cypher and Character so contrived, that one line, without
-    returns and[6] circumflexes, stands for each and every of the 24.
-    Letters; and as ready to be made for the one letter as the other.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [6] or--for and.
-
-
-[_An one-line Cypher._] A line to be continuous, and yet capable of
-signifying a series of letters, must be curved. A method of performing
-this occurred to the author some years ago, which affords a very
-simple key, being composed from the Circle and the Ellipsis, and can
-be, therefore, very readily kept in mind. The first affords only one
-figure, the second can be varied to one vertical and two inclined
-figures, and all can be again varied as to size, but for convenience
-only three gradations are recommended, as four or more would increase
-the difficulty of writing accurately. These varieties are shown in the
-annexed diagram--
-
-[Illustration: A one line Cipher]
-
-where each is described three-fold, with a horizontal line through
-the centre. Each figure thus affords three varieties of size above,
-and three below the line, making six figures each, or twenty-four in
-all, as curvilinear signs for letters. These taken in rotation, may be
-extended as above, or in any arbitrary order, and each employed, as in
-short-hand, to signify letters, syllables, or words. In practice it
-is only requisite to bear in mind the three gradations of size, so as
-never to mistake the middle semicircle for the outer ones. This is to
-be avoided by invariably making the small figure as small as possible,
-and the greater figure as large as space will permit.
-
-
-      4.
-
-    This invention refined, and so abreviated that a point onely
-    sheweth distinctly and significantly any of the 24. letters; and
-    these very points to be made with two pens, so that no time will
-    be lost, but as one finger riseth the other may make the
-    following letter, never clogging the memory with several figures
-    for words, and combination[7] of letters; which with ease, and
-    void of confusion, are thus speedily and punctually, letter for
-    letter, set down by naked and not multiplied points. And nothing
-    can be less then a point, the Mathematical definition of[8] being
-    _Cujus pars nulla_. And of a motion[9] no swifter imaginable
-    then[1] _Semiquavers_ or _Releshes_, yet applicable to this
-    manner of writing.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [7] combinations. P.
- [8] of it. MS. and P.
- [9] motion, equally as swift as _semiquavers_. P.
- [1] than what expresseth even.
-
-
-[_Reduced to a Point._] A man of the Marquis of Worcester’s ingenious
-cast of mind could readily have made up the entire “Century” out
-of these systems of alphabets and secret writing. He may have been
-acquainted with “Traicté des Chiffres, ou Secretes Manieres d’escrire,
-par Blaise de Vigenere, Bourbonnois.” 4to. Paris, 1586--now very
-scarce; but indeed there were many learned works on the subject, among
-which Trithemius’s “Libri Polygraphia VI,” 1600, was conspicuous. The
-long disuse of such methods of secretly conveying information, has
-reduced the cleverest of these systems of Cryptographia in public
-estimation. But, at the same time, these inventions were quite
-consistent with the early times in which the Marquis flourished. We
-shall see, in the next article, what probably illustrates this proposed
-use of a mere point or dot.
-
-
-      5.
-
-    A way by a Circular motion, either along a Rule or Ring-wise, to
-    vary any Alphabet, even this of Points, so that the self-same
-    Point individually placed, without the least additional mark or
-    variation of place, shall stand for all the 24. letters, and not
-    for the same letter twice in ten sheets writing; yet as easily
-    and certainly read and known, as if it stood but for one and the
-    self-same letter constantly signified.
-
-
-[_Varied significantly to all the 24. letters._] This and the former
-article may certainly be taken in connection with each other; and the
-cipher engraved in No. 3, would seem to anticipate the present proposal
-of “a circular motion along a rule.” The “ring-wise” method may have
-been no more than a substitution for the octagon or any other figure.
-We fortunately find among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum,
-No. 2428, a probable clue to this particular method of writing, which
-we shall give entire. It forms the first portion of the small oblong
-folio volume containing the Manuscript Century at the end, with many
-intervening blank pages between them. It is as follows:--
-
-
-“_An explanation of the most exact and most compendious way of short
-writing. And an example given by way of Questions, and Resolves upon
-each significant point, proving how, and why, it stands for such and
-such a letter, in order Alphabetically placed in every page._
-
-
-“A. Q. How is a point made to signifie an A. Resol. By being placed
-between the constant center of the square and the right side thereof
-in a streight line not touching it. [See diagram at the end].
-
-It is proved by drawing a line from the said center towards, and
-not to touch the right side line, and then you will finde the line
-placed under an A of the Alphabett in each page.
-
-“B. Q. How is a point made to signifie a B. Res. By being placed
-between the center of the square, towards the right corner upper angle
-of the Octagon, or square devided in to eight Angles, not touching the
-line thereof.
-
-It is proved by drawing an oblique line from the center, towards the
-right corner upper angle, yett not touching the line thereof, and
-then you will finde it to bee the line placed under a B, in the
-Alphabett of each page.
-
-In like manner lett there be a Question, and a Proofe made of all the
-other Letters in order and you will finde--
-
-“C. The C. to bee placed in a streight line from the center upwards,
-but not arriving to the upper side line of the square.
-
-“D. The D. in an oblique line towards the left upper corner line but
-not touching it.
-
-“E. The E. in a streight line between the center of the left side line,
-butt not touching it.
-
-“F. The F. in an oblique line downwards, towards the left angle line,
-butt not touching it.
-
-“G. The G. in a streight line downwards from the center, likewise
-towards the lower line of the square not touching it.
-
-“H. The H. in an oblique line downwards towards the right angle line,
-butt not touching it.
-
-“I. The I. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the right
-side line.
-
-“K. The K. in an oblique line from the center to the right upper angle
-touching it.
-
-“L. The L. in a streight line from the center upwards, and touching
-the upper line.
-
-“M. The M. in an oblique line from the center towards the left upper
-corner line touching it.
-
-“N. The N. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the left
-side line.
-
-“O. The O. in an oblique line from the center downwards, towards the
-left corner touching the line thereof.
-
-“P. The P. in a right line from the center downwards touching the
-lower side line.
-
-“Q. The Q. in an oblique line downwards towards the right corner
-touching the line thereof.
-
-“R. The R. in a streight line from the center to the outside, and
-furthest line of the right midle and opposite chequer touching it.
-
-“S. The S. in an oblique line from the center, and passing the right
-upper corner line.
-
-“T. The T. in a streight line from the center and passing the
-upper-side line of the square.
-
-“V. The V. in an oblique line from the center upwards passing the left
-upper corner line.
-
-“W. The W. in a streight line from the centre to the left outside and
-furthest line of the left midle and opposite chequer.
-
-“X. The X. in an oblique line downwards passing the left lower corner
-line.
-
-“Y. The Y. in a streight line downwards passing the lower side or
-bottome line.
-
-“Z. The Z. in an oblique line downwards passing the
-right corner line of the square.
-
-“The Chequers are five in number, which of either outside show the
-vowells, and each Chequer haveing two corners inwards of each side
-make tenn, those towards the preceding square may conteyne of the 24
-letters, and the opposite corners as many Alphabetically, and the
-centers of the two upper Chequers square, and of the two lower shew
-the other 4 letters; The 20 in the Chequers are noted by a separation
-of a corner in the printed Alphabett, and the 4 by the midde points.
-
-“It is for curiosity and secresy to bee deservedly observed that
-whether in squares or chequers single points only stand for letters,
-and they being varyed att pleasure, it is in any ones power to keepe
-his secrett from me or any other not made acquainted with the
-denominations by him given to the severall points, and accordingly by
-him marked in the 24 blank squares, and rowes of chequers placed
-under the Alphabett in his private explanation easily to be framed by
-him mutatis mutandis, only that is making the questions and resolves
-according to his points as they represent the letters to his owne
-fancy keept private from others without his consent.
-
-“The points are to bee written, and reade as they precede, or as they
-are the one above the other, unlesse they have a sequell distinction
-made by takeing the penn of the paper thus ✓ without further
-losse of tyme, and such as are soe marked, must be written and read as
-the others they being soe made, but for husbanding of paper, the word
-being soe conteyned in lesse roome, the e at the end of most words
-prolonging butt the sillable, and all needlesse and unsounding letters
-are to bee omitted; I will not trouble you with more rules leaving the
-rest to practice.”
-
-The preceding description is written on small oblong pages, which
-measure 11¼ by 7¼ inches, the whole surface of the unwritten
-portions being covered with an engraved pattern, of which Fig. 1 is
-but a portion of the top left-hand corner, and therefore proceeds no
-further than letter _h_, which ends the application of that particular
-figure.
-
-[Illustration: The Marquis’s Cipher]
-
-Fig. 2. Gives the next form for 8 other similar situations, commencing
-at _i_. And--
-
-Fig. 3. Is again 8 more, commencing at _r_; making in all 24 characters
-or letters.
-
-We thus see how, whether by a dot, or a short line of three gradations
-in length, an entire alphabet may be obtained.
-
-On page 180 of “The Life of the Marquis of Worcester,” is the facsimile
-of a letter written by his Lordship about 1646–7, apparently adopting
-this very cipher. It occurs in a volume, entitled “Carte Papers,
-1634–57. Ireland, No. 63,” in the Bodleian Library.
-
-It is worth remarking here, that the foregoing description, with
-its accompanying brass-plate engravings, looks exceedingly like an
-instalment of his promise, conveyed to us in the concluding lines of
-the 100th Article.
-
-
-      6.
-
-    How at a Window, far as Eye can discover[2] black from white, a
-    man may hold discourse with his Correspondent, without noise made
-    or notice[3] taken; being, according to occasion given and means
-    afforded, _Ex re natâ_, and no need of Provision before-hand;
-    though much better if foreseen, and means prepared for it, and a
-    premeditated course taken by mutual consent of parties.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [2] discern.
- [3] noise--for, notice. P.
-
-
-      7.
-
-    A way to do it by night as well as by day, though as dark as
-    Pitch is black.
-
-
-[_A mute and perfect discourse by colours._]
-
-[_To hold the same by night._]
-
-These two may be ranked as the same system, the one used by day, the
-other illuminated to be conspicuous at night. As early as 1658, John
-Baptista Porta, in his “Natural Magick,” entitled the last chapter of
-his 16th Book, “By night we may make signs by fire.”
-
-We have here a simple system of telegraphy, the only examples afforded
-by the “Century,” of this particular mode of correspondence.
-
-
-      8.
-
-    A way how to level and shoot Cannon by night as well as by day,
-    and as directly; without a platform or measures taken by day, yet
-    by a plain and infallible rule.
-
-
-[_To Level Cannons by Night._] In 1587 was published, “_The Arte of
-shooting in great Ordnaunce_,” by William Bourne. Among other matters
-in the table of contents are the following:--
-
-“The 10th Chapter showeth how to mount a mortar piece, for to lay the
-shot at any distance appointed.
-
-“The 13th Chapter is, how to give level at a mark upon a hill or valley
-with a quadrant.
-
-“The 24th Chapter is, how for to batter the walls of any town, as well
-by night as by day.
-
-“The 25th Chapter doth declare how to plant ordnance by night, to
-batter the walls of any town, or displace any ordnance in any bulwarks,
-or any such other like, as well by night as by day.” And--
-
-“The 26th Chapter doth declare how for to keep a haven, or river, on
-the sea coast, for to sink a ship, as well by night as by day in all
-points.”
-
-On the subject of levelling great guns, Fludd’s “Historia Macrosmi,”
-1618, would afford abundant suggestions, with three copper-plate
-engravings, showing the operation of using the quadrant.
-
-
-      9.
-
-    An Engine, portable in ones Pocket, which may be carried and
-    fastened on the inside[4] of the greatest Ship, _Tanquam aliud_
-    _agens_, and at any appointed minute, though a week after, either
-    of day or night, it shall irrecoverably sink that Ship.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [4] the side.
-
-
-[_A Ship-destroying Engine._] In 1578, William Bourne, in his
-“Inventions or Devices,” had in the 17th article, suggested, “How for
-to sink a ship that hath laid you aboard, without shooting of ordnance.”
-
-And again in his “Arte of shooting in great ordnaunce,” published in
-1587, the 56th Chapter, suggests a mode “to sink a ship.”
-
-The whole passage in the “Century” is abundantly obscure. The smallness
-of the Engine suggests some explosive missile, connected with
-clock-work, as the only means to insure its being compact and operating
-on a precise day at a stated point of time. But his inventive faculty
-once stimulated, even by the notices of Bourne, would speedily lead him
-to many ingenious contrivances.
-
-
-      10.
-
-    A way from a mile off to dive and fasten a like Engine to any
-    Ship, so as it may punctually work the same effect either for
-    time or execution.
-
-
-[_How to be fastened from aloof and under water._] The wording of this
-article so far differs from the title as to allude only to diving, or a
-kind of submarine navigation, but gives no intimation of the fastening
-“aloof;” so that this latter may refer to any part of the ship’s sides
-above her water-line.
-
-“Mersennius,” observes Bishop Wilkins, “doth largely and pleasantly
-descant concerning the making of a ship, wherein men may safely
-swim under water.” He further declares, that “such a contrivance is
-feasible, and may be effected, is beyond all question, because it hath
-been already experimented here in England by Cornelius Dreble.” He
-next considers various schemes, and mentions as one of the advantages
-of such a submarine vessel, that, “It may be of very great advantage
-against a navy of enemies, who by this means may be undermined in the
-water and blown up.”--Math. Magick, 1648, p. 178.
-
-Among the Sloane MSS. No. 4159, in the British Museum, is one for a
-means of destroying an entire fleet with one ship. It is endorsed, “A
-proposition sent to Mr. Augier, from Paris,” and the following is a
-copy:--“A person who makes profession of honour, and saith he hath had
-the good [fortune?] to have been known of Sir Oliver Flemming during
-his public employments abroad, doth propound to a friend of yours that
-by a secret he hath he can, with one ship alone, break what naval army
-or fleet, &c.”
-
-In 1596, the celebrated John Napier, of Merchiston, wrote a statement
-of four “Secret Inventions,” concluding with the remark: “These
-inventions, besides devices of _sailing under the water_, with divers
-other devices and stratagems for harming of the enemies, by the grace
-of God, and work of expert craftsmen, I hope to perform.” The original
-MS. anno 1596, is in the Lambeth Library, No. 658.
-
-There is an article in Tilloch’s “Philosophical Magazine,” Vol. 18,
-for 1804, reviewing a Memoir of Lord Napier of Merchiston. On his
-device for sailing under water, the writer observes:--“The famous Dutch
-philosopher, Cornelius Drebell, the reputed inventor of the microscope
-and the thermometer, constructed for James I. a subaqueous vessel,
-which he tried on the Thames, and which carried twelve rowers, besides
-some passengers, for whom the effete air was again rendered respirable
-by a liquor, the composition of which Drebell never would communicate
-to more than one person, and that person told Mr. Boyle what it
-was.” The Marquis, might, likewise, even be acquainted with Napier’s
-statement of his secret inventions.
-
-Evelyn, in his Diary, informs us on the 1st of August, 1666, “I went
-to Dr. Keffler, who married the daughter of the famous chymist,
-Drebbell, inventor of the bodied scarlet.” On which his editor, Mr.
-Bray, remarks, “Cornelius Van Drebbell, born at Alkmaar, in Holland,
-in 1572; but in the reign of Charles I. settled in London, where he
-died in 1634. He was famous for other discoveries in science--the most
-important of which was the thermometer. He also made improvements in
-microscopes and telescopes; and though, like many of his scientific
-contemporaries, something of an empiric, possessed a considerable
-knowledge of chemistry, and of different branches of natural
-philosophy.”--Diary, vol. ii. p. 9.
-
-Pepys, in his Diary, under date the 14th of March, 1662, says: “This
-afternoon came the German, Dr. Knuffler, to discourse with us about his
-engine to blow up ships. We doubted not the matter of fact, it being
-tried in Cromwell’s time, but the safety of carrying them in ships;
-but he do tell us, that when he comes to tell the King his secret, for
-none but the Kings, successively, and their heirs must know it, it will
-appear to be of no danger at all.”--Pepys’ Diary, ed. 1858, vol. i. p.
-264.
-
-Dr. Robert Hooke, in his “Philosophical Collections,” published in
-1679, has “an account of Jo. Alphon. Borellius’s De Mo. Animalium,”
-two volumes quarto, containing, among other things, “A way to make a
-submarine vessel, whereby several persons may pass together from place
-to place under water, accommodated with two ways to move it to and fro,
-and to make it rise and sink in the water, &c. It is supposed it may be
-much like that which Mersennus long since published.”
-
-The American engineer, Robert Fulton, turned his attention to this
-subject, and published “Torpedo War, and Sub-marine Explosions,” 4to.
-New York, 1810.
-
-
-      11.
-
-    How to prevent and safeguard any Ship from such an attempt by day
-    or night.
-
-
-[_How to prevent both._] Some armour or alarum is probably proposed,
-which should be either invulnerable, or when struck indicate the
-presence of the enemy’s “portable pocket engine,” intended
-“irrecoverably to sink the ship;” not by merely perforating a single
-hole, but by a powerful disruptive explosion, rending asunder all the
-timbers. But the whole passage is so abundantly obscure that all
-opinion on the matter goes for very little.
-
-
-      12.
-
-    A way to make a Ship not possible to be sunk though shot[4] an
-    hundred times betwixt wind and water by Cannon, and should[5]
-    lose a whole Plank, yet in half an hours time should be made as
-    fit to sail as before.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [4] shot at. P.
- [5] she lose. P.
-
-
-[_An unsinkable Ship._] As early as 1583, appeared “A Note of sundry
-sorts of Engines,” without the author’s name. The 20th and last of
-these is:--“To preserve a boat from drowning and the people that be
-therein.” See J. O. Halliwell’s Rara Mathematica.
-
-Considering the state of ship-building in 1655, the foregoing plan
-must have been some very primitive scheme; but, rendering vessels
-unsinkable, has long been a favourite subject with inventors.
-
-
-      13.
-
-    How to make such false Decks as in a moment should kill and take
-    prisoners as many as should board the Ship, without blowing
-    the[6] Decks up, or destroying them from being reducible, and in
-    a quarrer[7] of an hours time should recover their former shape,
-    and be made fit for any imployment without discovering the
-    secret.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [6] the real. P.
- [7] _read_ quarter.
-
-
-[_False destroying Decks._] William Bourne, in his “Inventions of
-Devices,” 1578, devotes the “Third device” to show--“How to use a plain
-or open deck hatches, that it is not possible to enter the ship without
-spoiling of the enemies.”
-
-
-      14.
-
-    How to bring a force to weigh up an Anchor, or to do any forcible
-    exploit in the narrowest or[8] lowest room in any Ship, where few
-    hands shall do the work of many; and many hands applicable to the
-    same force, some standing, others sitting, and[9] by virtue of
-    their several helps a great force augmented in little room, as
-    effectual as if there were sufficient space to go about with an
-    Axle-tree, and work far from the Centre.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [8] and--for, or.
- [9] and yet.
-
-
-[_Multiplied strength in little room._] We shall have to allude to the
-ambiguous use of the word “force” in the same sentence, as indicating
-“strength, power, &c.” or, “a pump, or pump plunger,” in John Bate’s,
-and other old works on mechanics. Now if we were to read this, “How to
-bring the force [or plunger of a pump] to weigh up an anchor, &c., and
-many hands applicable to the same force [or pump], &c.”--we should have
-a statement strongly indicating the modern contrivance of the hydraulic
-press. The concluding portion of the sentence only serves to strengthen
-this suggestion. See “force” used in No. 21.
-
-In 1594, Edmund Jentill, writing to Lord Burghley, mentions, as his
-fourth invention:--“A devise whereby two men may be sufficient to
-weigh the weightiest anchor in her Majesty’s navy, with greater
-expedition than it is now done with the number now used.” Also, “The
-like device is found for the hoisting of the main-yard with the like
-expedition.”--MS. Lansdown, 113, Art. 4: and, “Letters on Scientific
-Subjects,” edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. 8vo. 1841.
-
-
-      15.
-
-    A way[1] how to make a Boat work it self against Wind and Tide,
-    yea both without the help of man or beast; yet[2] so that the
-    Wind or Tide, though directly opposite, shall force the Ship or
-    Boat against it self; and in no point of the Compass, but it
-    shall be as effectual, as if the wind were in the Pupp,[3] or the
-    stream actually with the course it is to steer, according to
-    which the Oars shall row, and necessary motions work and move
-    towards the desired Port or point of the Compass.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [1] A way--omitted.
- [2] but--for yet.
- [3] poop. P.
-
-
-[_A Boat driving against wind and tide._] The wording of this article
-is varied as follows in the MS. of certain of his Inventions. See
-Appendix A. He therein states:--
-
-“By this (his quintessence of motion), I can make a vessel, of as
-great burden as the river can bear, to go against the stream; which,
-the more rapid it is, the faster it shall advance. And the moveable
-part that works it, may be, by one man, still guided, to take the best
-advantage of the stream; and yet to steer the boat to any point. And
-this engine is applicable to any vessel or boat, whatsoever, without
-being, therefore, made on purpose; and work these effects:--It roweth;
-it draweth; it driveth, if need be, to pass London bridge against the
-stream, at low water. And a boat lying at anchor, the engine may be
-used for loading or unloading.”
-
-He made this invention one of the four subjects in his Patent of 1661
-(see Appendix B), which again varies the reading; but this last plainly
-indicates the motive power as having been a mill. He proposes in his
-patent specification:--“To make a boat that roweth, draweth, or setteth
-even against wind or stream, yea, both, and to any part of the compass
-which way soever the stream runs or wind blows, and yet the force of
-the wind or stream causeth its motion, nothing being required but a
-steersman; and whilest the boat stayeth to be loaded or unloaded, the
-stream or wind shall perform such work as any water-mill or wind-mill
-is capable of.”
-
-Among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, there is an Italian book
-of sketches on parchment, No. 3281, attributed to the 15th century,
-entitled, “Delineationes Machinarum;” from one of the pen and ink
-drawings of which the annexed engraving is a reduced copy. It is a
-paddle boat of a very primitive form, to be operated by men working
-at two crank handles. The Marquis seems to have had a very similar
-idea, only employing the mechanical arrangements of a suitable wind or
-water-mill.
-
-[Illustration: Ancient Paddle Boat]
-
-In that fine work, “Vitruvia de Architectura,” folio, Como, 1521,
-there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by paddles, worked
-by animal power; therefore, so far as such a mode of propulsion is
-concerned, paddle-wheels are of very ancient origin. In 1574, Ralph
-Rabbards[J] presented to Queen Elizabeth, through the medium of the
-venerable Lord Burghley, a list of twenty-five inventions. The 24th
-is:--“The rarest engine that was ever invented for sea service. A
-vessel in manner of a galley or galliotte to pass upon the seas and
-rivers without oars or sail, against wind and tide, swifter than any
-that ever hath been seen; of wonderful effect both for intelligence,
-and many other admirable exploits, almost beyond the expectation of
-man.”
-
-William Bourne, in his “Inventions or Devices,” published in 1578, most
-of which he claims to be his own projects, yet acknowledging some to
-have been borrowed, offers the following in the 19th Device without
-comment:--“And furthermore you may make a boat to go without oars or
-sayle, by the placing of certain wheels on the outside of the boat, in
-that sort, that the arms of the wheels may go into the water, and so
-turning the wheels by some provision, and so the wheels shall make the
-boat to go.”
-
-This is followed by another application, being the 20th Device:--“And
-also, they make a water-mill in a boat, for when that it rideth at an
-anchor, the tide or stream will turn the wheels with great force, and
-these mills are used in France, &c.”
-
-In 1583, proposals were made for 20 different inventions, but the
-author’s name does not appear. The 19th is:--“To make a boat to go
-fast on the water without oar or saile;” but this is all we learn of
-his project. See “Rara Mathematica,” edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S.
-&c. 8vo. 1841.
-
-In 1594, Edmund Jentill addressed to Lord Burghley two communications
-respecting his inventions. The last he names thus:--“A device wonderful
-strange is also found out, whereby a vessel of burden may easily and
-safely be guided both against wind and tide.” MS. Lansdown, 113, Art.
-4; and “Letters on Scientific Subjects,” edited by J. O. Halliwell,
-F.R.S. &c. 8vo. 1841.
-
-Cressy Dymock, in his letter published by Hartlib in the “Legacie; or
-an enlargement of the Discourse of Husbandry,” 4to. 1651, describing
-what he saw at Wicklesen, mentions--“a pretty kind of Pinnace with
-ordinance, somewhat like a close litter, but flat-bottomed; which
-rowed with wheeles instead of oares, imployed it seemes formerly with
-admirable successe, for the taking in of Crowland, and which gave me
-a proofe of what I for many years have thought possible, and of very
-great use and service, and still think it of unknowne value, if it were
-skilfully indeed framed, and applyed as it might be.” [p. 110.]
-
-Samuel Cotton, on the 28th of January, 1619, obtained a patent for
-making and erecting mills upon barges or lighters in the river Thames.
-
-David Ramsey and Thomas Wildgoose, on the 17th of January, 1618,
-patented, among various other inventions, one “to make boats for the
-carriage of burthens and passengers run upon the water as swift in
-calms and more safe in storms than boats full sailed in great winds.”
-
-David Ramsey includes in his patent of 21st of January, 1630, his
-invention “to make boats, ships, and barges to go against the wind and
-tide.”
-
-And Dr. Thomas Grent, on the 20th of July, 1632, patented a plan “for
-a more speedy passage of calmed ships.”
-
-In 1640, Edward Ford, patented his invention, whereby he can make all
-boats, &c. “go faster against wind and tide than now they use to do,
-with half the men they have formerly used.”
-
-It is stated in “Frier Bacon’s discovery of the Miracles of Art, &c.”
-published in 12mo. 1659, that--“It is possible to make engines to sail
-withal, as that either fresh or salt water vessels may be guided by the
-help of one man, and made sail with a greater swiftness, than others
-will which are full of men to help them.” Chap. iv. p. 17.
-
-In “Humane Industry,” 1661, chap. 10, p. 154, it is noticed--“The
-ancients had a way to drive their ships without oar or sail, so that
-they could never be wind bound.” And at page 155, it is observed
-that--“Scaliger doth aver, that he could make a ship that could steer
-herself.”
-
-Thomas Togood and James Heyes, in 1662, patented their invention for
-the making of ships to sail without the assistance of wind or tide.
-
-
-      16.
-
-    How to make a Sea-castle or Fortification Cannon-proof, and[4]
-    capable of a thousand men, yet sailable at pleasure to defend a
-    passage, or in an hours time to divide it self into three Ships
-    as fit and trimm’d to sail as before: And even whilest it is a
-    Fort or Castle they shall be unanimously steered, and effectually
-    be driven by an indifferent strong wind.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [4] and--omitted. P.
-
-
-[_A Sea-sailing Fort._] Vitruvius, Vegetius, and many ancient writers
-supply a variety of schemes to direct an inventor’s ingenuity. The idea
-of such a construction, to divide into three or more sailing vessels
-is likewise suggested, in many early designs, although no doubt very
-different in some details. But the peculiarity hitherto unnoticed, of
-the present invention, consists in the propelling and steering by means
-of an artificial current of air. It is very clear that the Marquis had
-discovered some pneumatic mode of propulsion. There is no inconsistency
-in the idea of the same means being adapted for both steering and
-propelling alternately. Even within the last few years extensive
-experiments have been made, in which air-pumps were used to compress
-the air beneath an inclined plane under the stern, which in flowing
-upwards gave motion to the vessel.
-
-
-      17.
-
-    How to make upon the _Thames_ a floting Garden of pleasure, with
-    Trees, Flowers, Banquetting-Houses, and Fountains, Stews for all
-    kind of fishes, a reserve for Snow to keep Wine in, delicate
-    Bathing-places, and the like; with musick made with[5] Mills: and
-    all in the middest of the stream, where it is most rapid.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [5] by--for with. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_A pleasant floating Garden._] There appears to be little more
-invention here than in the contrivance of so much variety, and the
-selecting of “the stream where it is most rapid,” to give motion to
-the water-mills to work the bellows for producing the promised music;
-as well as to raise water high enough to obtain a pressure of it for
-making the snow. The whole offers one of those raree-show designs in
-which our great-grandfathers delighted, and the descriptions of which
-formed the staple of their scientific discussions in polite society.
-
-
-      18.
-
-    An Artificial Fountain, to be turned like an Hour-glass by a
-    child, in the twinkling of an eye, it[6] holding great
-    quantity[7] of water, and of force sufficient to make snow, ice
-    and thunder, with a[8] chirping and singing of birds, and shewing
-    of several shapes and effects usual to Fountains of pleasure.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [6] yet--for it. MS. and P.
- [7] quantities. P.
- [8] the--for a. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_An Hour-glasse Fountain._] In a MS. among the Marquis’s papers, the
-foregoing appears to be the invention indicated under the
-title:--“Fountains of pleasure, with artificial snow or hail, or
-thunder, and quantity not limited.” [See p. 316.]
-
-Kircher, Schottus, and others give descriptions, with engravings of
-fountains, having the external appearance of the hour-glass. The
-process of turning may have been facilitated by the machine resting
-on two central pivots. But it must have been of considerable size to
-produce an efficient hydraulic pressure engine to give forth snow
-and ice. The thunder, &c., would depend on plans well understood for
-producing stage effects, and their introduction here, with the music of
-birds, &c. [see Article 46.] is similar to other automatic arrangements
-which were the wonder and delight of that age, and a much later period.
-
-In 1755, an engine of peculiar construction, to raise water from an
-Hungarian mine, was erected by M. Hoel, at Chemnitz, which generated
-intense cold as the water and air rushed out together, under great
-columnar pressure, causing the formation of artificial hail, projected
-with amazing force; the effect being very analogous to the suggestions
-offered by the present articles, Nos. 17 and 18.
-
-
-      19.
-
-    A little engine within a Coach, whereby a child may stop it, and
-    secure all persons within it, and the Coachman himself, though
-    the horses be never so unruly[9] in a full career; a child being
-    sufficiently capable to loosen[1] them in what posture soever
-    they should have put themselves, turning never so short; for a
-    child can do it in the twinkling of an eye.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [9] and running.
- [1] unloose. P.
-
-
-[_A Coach-saving Engine._] We have two other readings of this article;
-the first is the 5th article in his list of a portion of his
-Inventions, (see Appendix A.) as follows:--“By this (his quintessence
-of motion) I can make a child, in a coach, to stop the horses (running
-away), and shall be able to secure himself, and those that be in the
-coach; having a little engine placed therein, which shall not be
-perceived, in what posture soever the horses draw. A child’s force
-shall be able to disengage them, from overturning the coach, or
-prejudicing anybody in it.”
-
-The second reading is in his patent of 1661, (see Appendix B.) wherein
-he offers:--“To make an engine applicable to any coach, by which a
-child of six years old may secure from danger all in the coach, and
-even the coachman himself, though the horses become never so unruly,
-the child being able in the twinkling of an eye to loosen them from the
-coach, in what posture soever they draw or turn, be it ever so short,
-or to either hand.” By means of a T-ended lever, two or four bolts
-could be simultaneously drawn inwards, and the horses thereby released
-with the greatest possible ease and certainty.
-
-
-      20.
-
-    How to bring up water Balance-wise, so that as little weight or
-    force as will turn a Balance will be onely needful, more then the
-    weight of the water within the Buckets, which counterpoised[2]
-    empty themselves one into the other, the uppermost yielding its
-    water (how great a quantity soever it holds) at the self[3]- same
-    time the lower-most taketh it in, though it be an hundred fathom
-    high.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [2] counterpoise, and empty. MS. and P.
- [3] self--omitted. P.
-
-
-[_A Balance Water-work._] It is to be regretted that we have nothing
-at present to aid us in offering a description at all approaching the
-singular construction of this hydraulic machine. There are some curious
-designs given in the description of M. Grollier de Servière’s cabinet,
-1719, but we have never seen any plan fully realizing the effect above
-indicated.
-
-
-      21.
-
-    How to raise water constantly with two Buckets onely day and
-    night, without any other force then its own motion, using not so
-    much as any force, wheel, or sucker, nor more pullies then one,
-    on which the cord or chain rolleth with a Bucket fastened at each
-    end. This, I confess,[4] I have seen and learned[5] of the great
-    Mathematician _Claudius_[6] [7] his studies at _Rome_, he having
-    made a Present thereof unto a Cardinal; and I desire not to own
-    any other mens[8] inventions, but if I set down any, to nominate
-    likewise the inventor.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [4] confess to have seen.
- [5] in the great Mathematician’s study, Clauius at Rome.
- [6] Clauius.
- [7] Clavius’s Studies at Rome. P.
- [8] man’s. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_A Bucket-fountain._] In the present and preceding articles the
-water is elevated by means of buckets, and it was only while these
-pages were passing through the press that the author perceived those
-precise marks of distinction between the two methods of employing the
-buckets which enables him now to offer the following explanation of
-each.
-
-[Illustration: A Balance Water-work]
-
-As regards No. 20, it seems, at first, absurd to expect to raise water
-which is to be in a balance and pass from one bucket to the other. But
-let us suppose an arrangement, as in the subjoined engraving, where
-A, B, is a strong vertical wooden frame carrying six metal or wooden
-pipes C, C, which can be moved simultaneously up and down on centres,
-_a_, _a_, being connected by the iron rods, _b_, _b_; these pipes are
-united with the top of six buckets at D, D', and with the bottom of six
-other buckets at E, E'. The buckets D, D', are also connected at the
-bottom with six other pipes F, F, each open at the end F, F, and so
-arranged that the topmost pipe passes over a pulley _c_, but the other
-five pipes with guide rods _d_, _d_, at their ends, enter the top end
-of the five uppermost buckets on the side E; the pipe F, passing over
-_c_, delivers the contents of bucket D, while the lower-most bucket E',
-is being replenished, “thus the uppermost yielding its water at the
-same time when the lower-most taketh it in.” In the present position
-of the machine the pipes C, C, are inclined, and the pipes F, F, are
-horizontal, but when the bucket E' is elevated, then these pipes will
-all reverse their positions, being connected with the buckets by means
-of flexible leather hose, or suitable jointed metal tubing.
-
-[Illustration: A Bucket-fountain]
-
-We have next to consider the present article No. 21. The conditions
-stated require the use of but one pulley, one cord, and two buckets,
-without any “force” or pump plunger, or “any wheel, or sucker.” An
-arrangement so simple seems only possible to be attained by some such
-plan as that exhibited in the illustration given below. We have here an
-endless chain or cord, A B, passing over the pulley C, with a bucket
-D, at the upper end; and another bucket E, at the lower end; the first
-in the act of discharging its contents into the trough G, the second
-re-charging with water at the level E. This endless chain is further
-supplied with a series of conical or other shaped buckets, _a_, _a'_,
-set on the endless cord in a reverse direction, so as to receive water
-conveyed from an upper stream by the spout F, by which means the side
-B, of the cord will descend, and the side A, ascend, “without any
-other force than its own motion,” and that “with two buckets only, day
-and night.” On the side _a'_, the conical buckets reverse and empty
-themselves, thereby lightening the ascending side A, of the endless
-chain or cord.
-
-
-      22.
-
-    To make a River in a Garden to ebbe and flow constantly, though
-    twenty foot over, with a childs force, in some private room or
-    place out of sight, and a competent distance from it.
-
-
-[_An ebbing and flowing River._] In reference to this invention Mr.
-Partington has quoted Peter Bogaerts’ ingenious method of a canal lock,
-so contrived that, in a model, a weight of seven pounds was made to
-raise ten hundred weight of water more than four feet in a few seconds.
-
-But still the process of ebbing and flowing is not made out; it does
-appear, however, that its operation requires the constant services of
-a boy or other attendant, probably to keep alternately opening and
-closing certain sluice arrangements, placed somewhere concealed from
-view; the whole affording a water-work to amuse and surprise, and
-forming a variety on the usual strange schemes attached to grottos,
-caves, &c. spouting water in every variety of form.
-
-See further the comments on article No. 57, which very probably
-includes the principle here employed by the Marquis.
-
-There is no communication in this article of facts requisite to direct
-an engineer or inventor in the adjustment of any special kind of
-machinery to obtain the desired ebbing and flowing river; which is
-a novelty, in this respect, peculiar to the Marquis of Worcester’s
-ingenuity. He was evidently not copying or improving any anterior
-system of water-work. The next article is but an application of this
-new system; and it is not until he has taken us through descriptive
-hints of thirty-three totally different designs or devices, that in
-No. 57, he offers “A constant water-flowing and ebbing motion.” We
-think the three may be taken together, that is, No. 57, refers to the
-principle and mechanism, of which Nos. 22 and 23, are mere simple
-applications.
-
-Thus, referring to what we have stated under No. 57, the
-purpose named in the present article might be attained by means of two
-domed or bell-shaped vessels, placed like gasometers, but otherwise
-immoveable, partially immersed in a pond, or other artificial piece of
-water; which being arranged so that, by admitting a steam pipe into
-each, the contained air could be driven out thereby, condensation would
-naturally follow, or might be accelerated; and one vessel immediately
-filling with water, while the other was emptying, the surface of the
-pond or river would be kept in a continual state of agitation, and the
-water might be said to “ebb and flow constantly, though 20 feet over.”
-
-No reason is assigned for proposing this modification of water work,
-no advantage is pointed out, the Marquis doubtless depending on its
-apparent impossibility for its exciting and stimulating inquiry. He
-knew how the promulgation of such a wonder would have affected his
-own mind, and never imagined but that the public would feel equally
-inquisitive. His incomprehensible truths are, however, often denounced,
-without investigation, as though they were false.
-
-
-      23.
-
-    To set a Clock in[9] a Castle, the[1] water filling the Trenches
-    about it;[2] it[3] shall shew by ebbing and flowing the Hours,
-    Minutes and Seconds, and all the comprehensible motions of the
-    Heavens, and Counterlibation[4] of the Earth, according to
-    _Copernicus_.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [9] as within a. MS and P.
- [1] and the.
- [2] about it shall show the hours, minutes, and seconds by ebbing.
- [3] which--for it. P.
- [4] counterlibration.
-
-
-[_An ebbing and flowing Castle-clock._] John Bate, in his “Mysteries
-of Nature and Art,” 1635, at p. 45, describes--“A water-clock, or a
-glasse showing the hour of the day,” by three different arrangements.
-
-This article is further noticed in commenting on No. 57.
-
-
-      24.
-
-    How to increase the strength of a Spring to such an height,[5] as
-    to shoot Bumbasses and Bullets of an hundred pound weight a
-    Steeple-height, and a quarter of a mile off and more,
-    Stone-bow-wise, admirable for Fire-works and astonishing of
-    besieged Cities, when without warning given by noise they find
-    themselves so forcibly and dangerously surprised.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [5] degree--for height. P.
-
-
-[_A Strength-increasing Spring._] The technical term
-BUMBASSES, or probably bombasses, here used, has escaped the
-attention of all compilers of Archaic Dictionaries. By the context
-we may presume it was applied to the large stones usually fired from
-bombards, and differing only from bullets in these last being made of
-lead or iron.
-
-Ancient cannon appear to have consisted of two kinds; a large one for
-discharging stones, called a _Bombard_, and a lesser one for darts. In
-1388, a stone bullet, weighing 195 pounds, is related, according to
-Meyrick, to have been discharged from a _Bombard_, called the Trevisan.
-Such stone missiles may have been of the kind called by the Marquis
-“bumbasses,” and would be perhaps more properly named bombasses. The
-Stone-bow was the Prodd; probably the Slurbowe was furnished with a
-barrel through a slit, in which the string slided, when the trigger
-was pulled. Three kinds are mentioned by Du Cange. See Fosbroke’s
-Encyclopædia of Antiquities, 8vo. 1840.
-
-Bishop Wilkins, treating on Catapultæ in his _Mathematicall Magick_,
-1648, observes that their usual form was “after the manner of great
-bows placed on carriages, and wound up by the strength of several
-persons;” adding: “These were sometimes framed for the discharging of
-two or three arrows together.”
-
-As the Marquis wrote the Century in 1655, only seven years after
-Wilkins’ publication, it is not at all unlikely that he seriously
-contemplated the contriving of a most useful warlike implement; and
-this appears the more reasonable when we find the worthy and learned
-prelate advancing, as it appeared to him, cogent reasons in his 19th
-chapter, in favour of the “Military offensive engines used amongst the
-ancients,” as compared to cannon; gravely summing up his observations
-with the remark--“that the force of these Engines does rather exceed
-than come short of our gun-powder inventions.” Then again on the ground
-of expense he shows an advantage in favour of Ballistæ and Catapultæ.
-Thus: “the price of these gun-powder instruments is extremely
-expensive.” This is proved from “a whole Cannon weighing commonly 8,000
-pounds, a half Cannon 5,000, a Culverin 4,500, a Demi-culverin 3,000,”
-which “must needs be very costly,” amounting “to several hundred
-pounds,” for which sum “at least 10 of the ancient timber made engines
-might be purchased”!
-
-Then their transport was a serious matter, for “a whole Cannon does
-require at the least 90 men, or 16 horses,” and so in proportion for
-others. But the timber made engines are light, and their “materials to
-be found everywhere.”
-
-Then the gun-powder is costly; “a whole Cannon requiring for every
-charge 40 pound of powder, and a bullet of 64 pounds,” and in
-proportion for lesser cannon; whereas those other engines may be
-charged only with stones. So that only for the superior force of cannon
-“those ancient inventions” he conceives to be “much more commodious
-than these later inventions.”
-
-Among questions propounded and agreed upon, in January, 1660, to be
-sent to Teneriffe by the Lord Brouncker and Mr. Boyle, the fifth
-was,--“Try the power of a stone bow, or other spring, both above and
-below (the hill), and note well the difference.”--Weld’s Hist. Royal
-Society, Vol. i. p. 98.
-
-
-      25.
-
-    How to make a Weight that cannot take up an hundred pound, and
-    yet shall take up two hundred pound, and[6] at the self-same
-    distance from the Centre; and so proportionally to millions of
-    pounds.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [6] and--omitted.
-
-
-[_A double-drawing Engine for weights._] The articles Nos. 25, 27,
-and 29 can only be taken as descriptive of elucidatory models,
-demonstrative of the applications of a certain principle, the result
-of condensation. For some unaccountable reason there has been a
-prevalent opinion that the Marquis was ignorant of condensation. If
-such an opinion is grounded on his not expressly alluding to it in
-the “Century,” then by the same rule it might be doubted whether he
-understood anything about steam! But as the “Century” was written to
-remind himself, and not to inform others of the _modus operandi_, it
-was sufficient for his purpose to particularise only the results. We
-can usually distinguish where he treads a beaten track, the result
-of reading, and where his course deviates into his “fire-water-work”
-experiments. The former generally has its parallel in some old author;
-but when the same rule is attempted to be applied to measure the
-others, we find we are dealing either with a new order of things, or
-else with sheer paradoxes of the most chimerical character. While,
-on the other hand, follow him in his own new track of experimental
-research, and we are rewarded at every step with a full and clear
-exposition of the wonderfully ingenious processes of inquiry by which
-he attained the perfection ascribed by him to his “Water-commanding
-Engine.”
-
-[Illustration: A double-drawing Engine]
-
-In the present article it is required that a weight shall take up
-double its own weight, not by the old rule of leverage, but “at the
-self-same distance from the centre.” In the subjoined diagram we have
-two cylinders C, B, connected at the lower end with a steam pipe,
-supplied with the steam-cock A. A cord passing over the drum wheel D,
-is connected at its ends with the pistons B, C; and the whole stands
-in a trough E. Steam having been admitted to B, and then cut off,
-condensation has ensued, the piston B has descended and C has been
-raised, and along with it a quantity of water. Here we may take the
-two pistons as representing “one hundred pound” each, and although
-they balance, yet we thus find “how to make a weight” under such
-circumstances, nevertheless, take up “two hundred pounds,” that is,
-including the water.
-
-A very similar kind of piston to the one here shown, is suggested by
-Fludd, Besson, and others, to be worked by a spiral spring, which being
-drawn to the bottom of a cylindrical vessel, water may be poured in
-above it, and being then tightly covered, with a lid having either an
-open jet or a tap in the centre, on releasing the spiral spring, the
-false bottom rising, and pressing the liquid, causes it to escape in a
-jet d’eau, gradually diminishing as the spring relaxes. The contrivance
-is elaborately illustrated in the 18th folio engraving of Besson’s
-“Theatrum Instrumentorum et Machinarum,” 1578; the Marquis, therefore,
-had only to substitute steam for the spiral spring.
-
-
-      26.
-
-    To raise weight as[7] well and as forcibly with the drawing back
-    of the Lever, as with the thrusting it[8] forwards; and by that
-    means to lose no time in motion or strength. This I saw in the
-    _Arcenal_ at _Venice_.[9]
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [7] so--for as.
- [8] of it.
- [9] at Venice in the arsenal.
-
-
-[_A to and fro Lever._] William Bourne offers the following as his
-112th Device, “touching the making of engines to thrust from or pull
-to you with great force or strength.” He says, “And furthermore, you
-may make an engine to thrust from you or to pull unto you, to lift vp
-or to presse downe with great force, eyther to goe with wheeles as
-before is declared, or else to goe with skrewes or to goe with both,
-as to thrust open huge and strong gates, or else you taking good hold,
-to pull them open vnto you wards, and will make but little noyse in
-the doyng thereof, but you must be sure to set the engine fast, if to
-thrust from, to be strongly and well backed, and to pull to them it
-must be strongly bolstered before, sufficient to be of force to scrue
-the turne.”
-
-[Illustration: A to and fro Lever]
-
-The Venetian arrangement may be described, as shown in the annexed
-engraving, where A, B, C, is a frame, the two upright sides of which D
-E, are provided with a series of clicks, appearing in the drawing like
-the serrated edge of a saw, and each is so placed secured by a pin on
-which it moves, as always to incline to fall outwards. F, F, is a long
-lever, having a stout short cross bar in the centre, and is represented
-on the point of taking up on a click at _a_, while it leaves one on the
-opposite _b_, such being the _to_ and _fro_ motion required, thereby
-losing “no time in motion or strength.”
-
-
-      27.
-
-    A way to remove to and fro huge weights with a most
-    inconsiderable strength from place to place. For example, Ten
-    Tunne with ten pounds, and less; the said ten pounds not to fall
-    lower then it makes the ten Tunne to advance or retreat upon a
-    Level.
-
-[Illustration: A most easy level Draught]
-
-[_A most easie level Draught._] The weight is in this case to be moved
-“with a most inconsiderable strength.” Ten pounds, or less, are to be
-capable of moving 22,400 pounds. And the precise conditions are--“the
-said ten pounds not to _fall lower_ than it makes the ten ton _to
-advance_.” The annexed engraving shows, as in No. 25, two cylinders B,
-C, with their steam-pipe and valve at A, having above a platform G, on
-which is a loaded truck F, attached by a cord _a_, at one end passing
-over a pulley, and the drum wheel D, to the piston B; and a second
-cord at the other end passing over a pulley at _a'_, attached in like
-manner to the other piston C. Steam having been admitted to B, on its
-condensation the piston descending draws along with it the weighted
-truck F, while the piston C, ascends, drawing in air at E.
-
-We thus attain the strict letter of the conditions set down, the _fall_
-and the _advance_ being equal.
-
-
-      28.
-
-    A Bridge portable in[1] a Cart with six horses, which in a few
-    hours time may be placed over a River half a mile broad, whereon
-    with much expedition may[2] be transported Horse, Foot and
-    Cannon.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [1] upon a. MS. and P.
- [2] there may be.
-
-
-[_A portable Bridge._] The great painter, Leonardo da Vinci, born in
-1452, and who died at 67 years of age in 1520, was a man of singularly
-inventive talent. Among his other projects, he declares:--“I have the
-means of constructing light bridges, easy of carriage, and equally
-adapted to pursue or escape an enemy, secure from fire; and as easy to
-remove as to replace; and also the means of destroying those of the
-enemy.” See an interesting Memoir of him by J. W. Brown. 12mo. 1828.
-
-Bourne’s 94th Device promises, “How you may make a bridge upon a
-sudden, that a whole army of men and their carriages may pass over any
-river or haven, if that it be of not too great breadth.”--See his
-Inventions or Devices, 1578.
-
-Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1653, shows, in
-article No. 22, “How to erect or build over any brook, or small river,
-a cheap and wooden bridge of 40 or 50 feet in length, without fastening
-any timber work within the water.”
-
-
-      29.
-
-    A portable Fortification able to contain five hundred fighting
-    men, and yet[3] in six hours time may[4] be set up, and made
-    Cannon-proof, upon the side of a River or Pass, with Cannon
-    mounted upon it, and as complete as a regular Fortification, with
-    Half-moons and Counterscarps.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [3] yet--omitted.
- [4] able to be--for, may be.
-
-
-[_A moveable Fortification._] Vegetius, in “De re militari,” 1535,
-offers many similar schemes but less ambitious than the present
-one; which is, after all, little if any more than an extension and
-improvement on what had previously been more or less practised.
-
-In his “Naturæ simia seu technica,” dated 1618, Robert Fludd, at page
-421, gives a folio engraving of a triangular fort, with six pieces of
-cannon and three gunners. It appears to be on wheels, and is pushed
-along by a beam running on three wheels, having four horses yoked to
-it; literally the cart before the horse.
-
-
-      30.
-
-    A way in one nights time to raise a Bulwork twenty or thirty foot
-    high, Cannon-proof, and Cannon mounted upon it, with men to
-    overlook, command and batter a Towne; for though it contain but
-    four Pieces, they shall be able to discharge two hundred Bullets
-    each hour.
-
-
-[_A Rising Bulwork._] Grose, in his “Military Antiquities,” Vol. I.
-Page 355, notices a moveable tower, the use of which was revived by the
-Royalists in their attack on Gloucester, during the Civil War.
-
-In 1644, Edmond Felton, gentleman, published a pamphlet entitled,
-“Engins invented to save blood and moneys;” the nature of which he
-“discovered unto the Committee for the fortifications of the City of
-London.” The Honourable Major General Skippon attested in respect of
-it, that the engine “was of three tiers of ten muskets in a tier, to
-shoot arrows withal.” The inventor satisfied the Committee, “how an
-engine will secure the foot from the horse, and the soldiers from
-musket shot, which engine in fair ways two men may manage at pleasure.”
-
-He complains of a piracy of his invention, observing, “There was about
-twenty of the said engines made at Oxford, and from thence carried
-to Gloucester, to go up to the walls. And had not his Excellency the
-Earl of Essex so happily arrived to raise the siege as he did, it was
-reported by some of the army, the city was in great fear to be taken
-thereby; most of which said engines the besiegers burnt, because
-they should not be taken.”
-
-In the second volume of “Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis: a collection of
-scarce and curious tracts, by John Washbourn, jun. Gloucester. 4to.
-1825,” there is a reprint of “Corbet’s Historicall relation of the
-Military Government of Gloucester, 1645,” which contains this
-passage: “Wherefore besides their mine and battery, they framed great
-store of those unperfect and troublesome engines to assault the lower
-parts of the city. Those engines ran upon wheels, with planks
-musket-proof placed on the axle-tree, with holes for musket-shot and
-a bridge before it, the end whereof (the wheels falling into the
-ditch) was to rest upon our breast works.” Page 54.
-
-And in the reprint of “A briefe and exact diurnall of the siege
-before Gloucester, by John Dorney, Esquire, 1643,” we meet with the
-following:--“Munday, September 4. We understood likewise that the
-enemy had by the direction of that Jesuitticall Doctor Chillingworth,
-provided great store of engines after the manner of the Romane
-Testudines cum Pluteis, with which they intended to have assaulted the
-parts of the city, between the south and west gates. These engines ran
-upon cart wheeles, with a blinde of plankes musquet proofe, and holes
-for foure musquetiers to play out of, placed upon the axeltree to
-defend the musquetiers and those that thrust it forward, and carrying
-a bridge before it; the wheeles were to fall into the ditch, and the
-end of the bridge to rest upon our brest-workes, so making severall
-compleat bridges to enter the city. After the raising of the siege, we
-tooke all these engines, and brought them into the towne.”--Page 225.
-
-In the first volume of this work there is a note on the two preceding
-passages, in which the editor observes:--“The plan of these machines
-was borrowed from the ancients. Various contrivances of this kind
-were also employed in the middle ages, before and for a considerable
-time after the invention of fire-arms. Sometimes they used them for
-undermining the walls. At the siege of Ribadavia in Spain, during
-the reign of Richard II. similar moveable machines were used. See
-Froissart, viii. c. 26. Such an engine is also mentioned by the Marquis
-of Worcester in his Century of Inventions.”
-
-
-      31.
-
-    A way how safely and speedily to make an approach to a Castle or
-    Town-wall, and over the very Ditch at Noon-day.
-
-[_An approaching Blinde._] Vegetius, in “De re militari,” 1535,
-depicts and describes several kinds of these ancient military blinds,
-screens, and other contrivances and machines for protecting the
-attacking party. At page 15 he shows a ponderous advancing screen or
-shield on four wheels, and at two pages further a side view of the
-same, covering a large body of soldiers. Some have raised, hinged
-platforms, to be lowered for crossing a ditch.
-
-Grose says:--“The cattus, cat-house, gattus or cat, was a covered
-shed, occasionally fixed on wheels, and used for covering soldiers
-employed in filling up the ditch, &c.”--Military Antiquities, 4to.
-1801.
-
-
-      32.
-
-    How to compose an universal Character methodical and easie to be
-    written, yet intelligible in any Language; so that if an
-    English-man write it in English, a French-man,[5] Italian,
-    Spaniard, Irish,[6] Welsh,[7] being Scholars; yea, Grecian or
-    Hebritian shall as perfectly understand it in their owne Tongue,
-    as if they were perfect[8] English, distinguishing the Verbs from
-    the Nouns, the Numbers, Tenses and Cases as properly expressed in
-    their own Language as it was written in English.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [5] man--omitted.
- [6] Irish and.
- [7] or Welchman. P.
- [8] perfect--omitted. P.
-
-
-[_An universall Character._] In 1668, the Royal Society ordered the
-printing of “An Essay towards a real Character, and a philosophical
-language; by John Wilkins, D. D. Dean of Ripon, and F. R. S.,” folio.
-It is dedicated to the president, William Lord Viscount Brouncker, and
-consists of a treatise of 454 pages, to which is appended a dictionary
-of 155 pages. The very extent of such a work is almost fatal to its
-acceptance, and we must admit that it is questionable whether, with
-all its learning and ingenuity, it affords a single hint calculated to
-promote the intended object.
-
-In relation to this subject, the reader, desirous of enlarged
-information, could not do better than consult the recently published
-“Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Professor Max Müller, M. A.
-
-It would be highly interesting to possess any clue whatever to the
-ideas of the Marquis on this subject. He was so truthful in his
-statements, that he must have made a considerable advance in the
-discovery of means for obtaining the end proposed, although he may have
-over-estimated its application, according to our judgment.
-
-Of early publications on this topic we would especially notice, “Le
-Caractère universel, par lequel toutes Nations peuvent comprendre les
-conceptions l’une de l’autre en lisant par une escriture commune, à
-toutes leur propre langage maternelle. Par Cave Beck. M. A.” London,
-1657, 12mo. Also “Joh. J. Becheri Spirensis character, pro Notitia
-Linguarum Universali.” Francfort, 1661. And “Ars signorum, vulgo
-character universalis et lingua philosophica,” by Georgius Dalgarno: a
-small 12mo. volume in Latin. 1661.
-
-A system of a universal alphabet has been recently proposed for
-telegraphic purposes, by means of which it is believed all the sounds
-of the human speech may be recorded and transmitted; mastering all the
-sounds which the human voice is capable of uttering in any language.
-The proposed scheme is even said to have been severely tested by many
-eminent linguists. It is to be hoped that the announced discovery will
-be found to realize all it promises, and remunerate the ingenious
-inventor.
-
-
-      33.
-
-    To write with a Needle and Thred, white, or any[9] colour upon
-    white, or[1] any other[2] colour, so that one stitch shall
-    significantly shew any letter, and as readily and[3] as easily
-    shew the one letter as the other, and fit for any Language.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [9] any other. P.
- [1] or upon.
- [2] other--omitted.
- [3] and as. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_A Needle-alphabet._]
-
-
-      34.
-
-    To write by a knotted Silk string, so that every knot shall
-    signifie any letter with Comma, Full point, or Interrogation, and
-    as legible as with Pen and Ink upon white Paper.
-
-
-[_A knotted String-alphabet._]
-
-
-      35.
-
-    The like, by the fringe of Gloves.
-
-
-[_A Fringe-alphabet._]
-
-
-      36.
-
-    By stringing of Bracelets.
-
-
-[_A Bracelet-alphabet._]
-
-
-      37.
-
-    By Pinck’d Gloves.
-
-
-[_A Pinck’d Glove-alphabet._]
-
-
-      38.
-
-    By holes in the bottom of a Sieve.
-
-
-[_A Sieve-alphabet._]
-
-
-      39.
-
-    By a Lattin or[4] Plate Lanthorn.[5]
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [4] or candlestick lantern. P.
- [5] plate candlestick Lanthorn.
-
-
-[_A Lanthorn-alphabet._]
-
-
-      40.
-
-    By the Smell.
-
-
-      41.
-
-
-    By the Taste.
-
-
-      42.
-
-    By the Touch.
-
-By these three Senses as perfectly, distinctly and unconfusedly,
-yea as readily as by the sight.
-
-
-[_An alphabet by the--Smell; Taste; Touch._]
-
-
-      43.
-
-    How to vary each of these, so that ten thousand may know them,
-    and yet[6] keep the understanding part from any but their
-    Correspondent.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [6] yet--omitted.
-
-
-[_A variation of all and each of these._] We have here ten Alphabets,
-concluding with a variation on each, which, had it been given, would
-have at least increased the number to twenty, but that was by no means
-the limit. Cipher Alphabets are the least interesting portion of the
-“Century;” we imagine we trace in them some of the Marquis’s earliest
-studies, and fancy that later in life they were retained from fond
-recollections of the past.
-
-These secret methods of corresponding are no longer of any service, and
-have no interest beyond what may attach to them in connection with the
-history of short-hand writing, wherein the object is rather dispatch
-than secrecy. Among early writers on the art of Senigraphy, and
-Stenography, are Bright, 1588, Bales 1590, Arnold Bostius, Trithemius
-1600, Willis 1618, Dix 1633, Wilkins 1641, Cartwright 1652, Rich 1654,
-Falconer (“The Art of Secret Information,”) 1685, with others.
-
-John Baptista Porta, a Neapolitan of considerable eminence, born 1445,
-and who died in 1515, wrote “De Occultis Literarium Notis, Libri
-quinque,” Argent. 1608, octavo, in which he gives no less than 180
-different methods of secret writing.
-
-The learned and ingenious Bishop Wilkins in 1641, published his
-“Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger.”
-
-Of line alphabets he says--“Who would mistrust any private news or
-treachery to lie hid in a thread, wherein there was nothing to be
-discerned, but sundry confused knots or other the like marks?” It is,
-however, easily effected by each party having like tablets marked at
-top with the alphabet, and having hooks down each side for the passing
-and holding of a thread worked backwards and forwards, in which action
-it is to have a knot made on it for the desired letter above; making
-altogether words and sentences.
-
-Chapter 6, is on “Secret writing with the common letters, by changing
-of their places.”
-
-In chapter 11, “Of writing by invented characters,” he says: “There
-have been some other inventions of writing by points, or lines, or
-figures.”
-
-Chapter 13 is, “concerning an universal character that may be legible
-to all nations and languages,” concluding with observations on “The
-benefit and possibility of this.”
-
-In chapter 17, we are told “of secret and swift informations by the
-species of sound.” Among others he names “Bells,” as a species which
-“may be a sufficient means, whereby to communicate the thoughts;” and
-in chapter 18, he treats “concerning a language that may consist only
-of tunes and musical notes, without any articulate sound.” And lastly,
-in chapter 20, we have “Of informations by significatory fires and
-smokes.”
-
-Among the “variations” the sense of Seeing may be employed, as proposed
-by Sir Hugh Plat in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1653, in
-which he describes “How to speak by signs only without uttering of any
-word”--using the fingers and motions with them and the hands, which he
-calls a “conceited alphabet.”--Page 38.
-
-Those who are curious in such matters, may see more at large in Dr.
-W. Hooper’s Rational Recreations, ed. 1794, 8vo. different methods of
-writing in cipher, commencing at p. 143, of 1st Vol.--thus:--
-
-To communicate intelligence by a pack of piquet cards.--The musical
-dial.--The corresponding spaces.--The musical cipher.--Rules for
-deciphering.--Example of a cipher written in arbitrary characters,
-and the words separate from each other.--Visual correspondence; and,
-Correspondence by bells.
-
-
-      44.
-
-    To make a Key of a Chamber door, which to your sight hath its
-    Wards and Rose-pipe but Paper-thick, and yet at pleasure in a
-    minute of an hour shall become a perfect Pistol, capable to shoot
-    through a Brest-plate commonly of Carabine-proof, with Prime,
-    Powder and Firelock, undiscoverable in a strangers hand.
-
-
-[_A Key-Pistol._] This mere piece of ingenuity, so pleasing to certain
-mechanics in working out mechanical trinkets, might be effected by
-causing the removal of the key handle to expose a sufficiently strong
-pistol barrel, while the “rose pipe but paper thick” would answer to
-receive, and perform the office of retaining the key handle securely,
-by which to hold it while firing this key-pistol. The next part of
-the contrivance would be, to make the “wards” serve to conceal the
-pistol pan, cock, &c. The description is well calculated to mislead
-the reader, under the impression that the barrel itself is “but
-paper-thick.”
-
-
-      45.
-
-    How to light a Fire and a Candle at what hour of the night one
-    awaketh, without rising or putting ones hand out of the bed. And
-    the same thing[7] becomes[8] a serviceable Pistol at pleasure;
-    yet by a stranger, not knowing the secret, seemeth but a
-    dexterous Tinder-box.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [7] to be a. P.
- [8] becomes to be.
-
-
-[_A most conceited Tinder-box._] The following note from “Humane
-Industry,” 1661, appears highly suggestive of such an instrument,
-although the Marquis’s invention is more elaborate. “Andrew Alciat the
-great Civilian of France, had a kind of Clock in his chamber, that
-should awake him at any hour of the night that he determined, and when
-it struck the determined hour, it struck fire likewise out of a flint,
-which fell among tinder, to light him a candle: it was the invention of
-one Caravagio of Sienna in Italy.”
-
-
-      46.
-
-    How to make an artificial Bird to fly which way and as long as
-    one pleaseth, by or against the wind, sometimes chirping, other
-    times hovering, still tending the way it is designed for.
-
-
-[_An artificial Bird._] The third article in his list of a portion
-of his inventions supplies a different reading, thus: “By this (his
-‘quint-essence of motion’) I can make an artificial bird to fly which
-way, and as long as I please.” [Appendix A.]
-
-The Marquis, not to be behind the curious and ingenious men of ancient
-times, has here and in article No. 18, emulated John Muller of
-Nuremberg, better known as Regiomontanus, who was born in 1436. He is
-celebrated for this species of _rara avis_; a self-moving and flying
-eagle, and an iron fly have afforded much matter for romantic and
-no doubt exaggerated accounts of their performances; the one flying
-a good way in the open air and returning; the other flying from the
-philosopher round a table and coming back to his hand. He evinced a
-genius of the first order as a great inventor, and also as a promoter
-of the advancement of science.
-
-In Ramelli’s great work on various machines, folio, 1588, the 187th
-figure offers a detailed representation of a handsomely furnished
-apartment, in which a large carved sideboard sustains a gigantic vase
-containing a flowering shrub, in the branches of which six birds appear
-in the act of singing. The vase being a sectional drawing, various
-pipes can be seen, also the performer behind, who is blowing through a
-single pipe into the body of the vase.
-
-But the highly popular work of Hero of Alexandria promulgated several
-similar schemes. He shows how to make an artificial bird sing by
-flowing water, or alternately sing and be silent. See Mr. Woodcroft’s
-handsome edition of Hero’s Pneumatics, 4to. 1851.
-
-William Bourne, also, in his “Inventions or Devices,” 1578, treats of
-“birds of wood or metal made by art to fly,” and of others, “to sing
-sweetly at certain hours appointed.”
-
-Bate, in his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” 1635, treats, at page
-24, “How to make that a bird sitting on a basis, shall make a noise,
-and drink out of a cup of water, being held to the mouth of it;” and
-further, “Advice whereby several voices of birds chirping may be heard.”
-
-So again Isaac De Caus, in his “Rare Inventions of Water Works,” folio,
-1659, at page 20, gives instructions--“To counterfeit the voice of
-small birds by means of water and air.” And in Plate XIV. “To represent
-divers birds which shall sing diversly when an owl turns towards them;
-and when the said owl turns back again they shall cease their singing.”
-
-These later examples show that the Marquis was neither altogether
-original nor singular in attempting improvements in these automatic
-toys, which from the time of Hero of Alexandria were accounted
-sufficiently wonderful evidence of mechanical ingenuity to attract
-the serious attention of even the most talented engineers of the last
-century. Of such mechanical achievements of the ingenious a full
-account may be read in Montucla’s edition of Ozanam’s “Mathematical
-Recreations.”
-
-Volant automata, as he calls them, did not escape the attentive
-consideration of Bishop Wilkins, and he says enough on this class of
-mechanical curiosities to have stimulated the mechanical ingenuity of
-even a less enthusiastic inventor than the Marquis of Worcester, as
-of the wooden dove of Archytas, and the wooden eagle and iron fly of
-Regiomontanus.
-
-The Marquis, if he ever perused the little treatise just quoted, would
-be keenly alive to the truthfulness of the remark that--“it is none
-of the meanest discouragements, that any strange inventions are so
-generally derided by common opinion, being esteemed only as the dreams
-of a melancholy and distempered fancy; for that saying of Virgil,
-
-
-   “Demens qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen,” &c.
-
-
-“hath been an old censure applied unto such as ventured upon any
-strange or incredible attempt.”--See Math. Magick, 1648, p. 198.
-
-The Rev. Dr. Powell, in the last chapter of his “Humane Industry,”
-1661, treats of various minute automata as--“Certain sports and
-extravagancies of art,” for which he offers an ingenious apology,
-observing: “As nature hath her _ludicra_, so art hath hers too; that
-is, some pretty knacks that are made, not so much for use, as to show
-subtilty of wit, being made _de Gaieté de Cœur_, and for pastime
-as it were; yet the workmanship and elegancy of these may justly
-deserve admiration;” concluding--“art, as well as nature, is never
-more wonderful than in smaller pieces.” After describing small chains,
-locks, chariots, ships, clocks, and insects, he remarks:--“though
-these knacks are but little useful, and take up more time than needed
-to be lost, yet they discover a marvellous pregnancy of wit in the
-artificers; and may be _experimenta lucifera_, if not _frugifera_ hints
-of greater matters.”
-
-It will not appear strange to find the inventor of the steam engine
-engaged toying with an artificial bird, an imprisoning chair, a brazen
-head, or a riding horse, when it is remembered that for a hundred
-years later such automata were highly prized by the nobility and
-gentry, and proved extemely lucrative to the public exhibitors of such
-mechanical imitations of life. M. Vaucanson’s inventions were of this
-chararcter, attracting admiring audiences among the learned and the
-vulgar, on the Continent and in England. A learned society received
-his communication in Paris, while in London it had the unquestionable
-honour of being translated by Dr. Desaguliers, who says in his preface,
-“In giving this paper an English dress, I am still acting in my
-province, which has been for many years to explain the works of art, as
-well as the phenomena of nature;” and his translation is given under
-the following elaborate title:--
-
-“An account of the mechanism of an automaton or image playing on the
-German Flute: as it was presented in a memoire, to the gentlemen of the
-Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. By M. Vaucanson, Inventor and maker
-of the said machine. Together with a description of an artificial Duck,
-eating, drinking, macerating the food, &c. As also that of another
-image, no less wonderful than the first, playing on the tabor and
-pipe; as he has given an account of them since the memoir was written.
-Translated out of the French original, by J. T. Desaguliers, LL.D.,
-F.R.S., Chaplain to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, 4to. 1742.”
-[24 pages, and an engraved frontispiece.]
-
-
-      47.
-
-    To make a Ball of any metal, which thrown into a Pool or Pail of
-    water shall presently rise from the bottom, and constantly shew
-    by the _superficies_ of the water the hour of the day or night,
-    never rising more out of the water then just to the minute it
-    sheweth of each quarter of the hour; and if by force kept under
-    water, yet the time is not lost, but recovered as soon as it is
-    permitted to rise to the _superficies_[9] of the water.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [9] surface. P.
-
-
-[_An Hour Water-ball._] The 4th article of his selected list of his
-inventions supplies the following varied reading:--
-
-“By these (his quintessence of Motion) I can make a ball of silver or
-gold, which thrown into a pail, or poole of water, shall arise again
-to the perfect hour of any day or night. The superficies of the water
-shall still show the hour distinctly; even the minutes, if I please.”
-See Appendix A.
-
-Many curious specimens of these Horologies occur in the description of
-M. Grollier de Servière’s cabinet, published 1719.
-
-
-      48.
-
-    A scrued Ascent, instead of Stairs, with fit landing places to
-    the best Chambers of each Story, with Back-stairs within the
-    Noell[1] of it, convenient for Servants to pass up and down to
-    the inward Rooms of them unseen and private.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [1] Noell, in the MS.
-
-
-[_A scru’d ascent of Stairs._] This title does not strictly agree
-with the text, for there is a material difference between “a screwed
-ascent, _instead_ of stairs,” and “a screwed ascent of stairs;”
-the former altogether dispenses with stairs, giving the idea of an
-inclined ascent without steps, such as is employed in the construction
-of the Observatory of Copenhagen; the width being sufficient and the
-ascent so gradual, that a carriage and four may easily be driven up to
-the top circular gallery.
-
-According to this improvement there are “back-stairs within the
-_noell_,” that is, the Noel, Nowel, Noyau, or Newell, a term applied
-to the centre round which the stairs of a circular staircase wind, and
-which may be either a solid column, or an open space. Such stairs are
-said to be neweled.
-
-The great labour and expense bestowed on some kinds of staircases is
-well exemplified by Evelyn in his tour of France, who describes going
-to Blois, in 1664, and seeing there a palace built by Francis the
-First, the staircase of which, consisting of 274 steps, is mentioned
-by Palladio; he notices it as a wonderful piece of work, from its
-construction having occupied 1800 workmen during twelve years. “The
-stayre-case (he says) is devised with four entries or ascents, which
-cross one another, so that though four persons meet, they never come
-in sight, but by small loopholes, till they land.”--Memoirs of John
-Evelyn, 2nd edit. 4to. vol. i. page 59.
-
-
-      49.
-
-    A portable Engine, in way of a Tobacco-tongs, whereby a man may
-    get over a wall, or get up again being come down, finding the
-    coast proving[2] [3] unsecure unto him.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [2] proveth insecure for him. P.
- [3] proveth.
-
-
-[_A Tobacco-tongs Engine._] The designation here given, when published
-in 1663, was doubtless generally understood, but the smallness of the
-“engine,” its very nature, and not less, its long discontinuance of
-use, now renders the passage obscure. It so happens, however, that a
-scientific experiment, in which this humble instrument was employed
-by the Honourable Robert Boyle, has preserved, for our information
-in this matter, the true figure of the “tobacco-tongs.” In the 3rd
-Volume of Boyle’s Works, folio, published in 1744, is recorded his
-pneumatical experiments on the falling of bodies in vacuo. Treating
-of “New experiments physico-mechanical, touching the spring of the
-air,” illustrated by the well-known experiment of dropping at the same
-time a guinea and a feather within an exhausted glass receiver, he
-says: “We so fastened a small pair of _tobacco-tongs_ to the inside
-of the receiver’s brass cover, that by moving a turning key, we might
-by a string tied to one part of them open the tongs, which else their
-own spring would keep shut.”
-
-[Illustration: Tobacco-tongs]
-
-In an illustrative engraved plate, accompanying his description, the
-fourth figure therein is designed to show the “tobacco-tongs,” which
-appear in the form of a figure of 8, as in the annexed diagram, where
-_a_, is the top or hand portion, being the largest oval, while the
-lower oval _b_, is not above one third its size, at which point this
-steel spring instrument was cut through, to form the tong or nippers.
-We imagine that a side view would be like the dotted figure _c_, _d_,
-where _d_, shows how the ends of these nippers were probably elongated
-a little, the more readily to take up and part with the tobacco or
-other material. The least pressure on the outside of the large oval,
-will extend the nippers _b_, _d_, which again close when such pressure
-is removed.
-
-But there may have been another form of such tongs, like the letter X,
-or two such figures combined; and by increasing the series we should
-produce the instrument known as the lazy-tongs, which collapse into a
-very small space, yet will extend to a great distance.
-
-
-      50.
-
-    A complete light portable Ladder, which taken out of ones Pocket,
-    may be by himself fastened an hundred foot[4] high to get up by
-    from the ground.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [4] feet. P.
-
-
-[_A Pocket-ladder._] There are many curious and ingenious designs for
-portable scaling ladders, offered by Vegetius in “De re militari,”
-1535, but which would require to be very considerably modified to
-become pocketable; however, they occur in every variety at page 35,
-in short pieces, each with a screw at one end, and a socket at the
-other; at p. 59, as a neat rope ladder; at p. 113, on the principle of
-the lazy-tongs; and at p. 162, a method of connecting short poles is
-exhibited.
-
-Robert Fludd, in the second book of his works, published in 1617 and
-1618, folio, Page 384, gives a large copper-plate engraving of a very
-ingenious form of ladder. Each step is of wood, and the two sides of
-rope. The ingenuity of the invention consists in each step having
-a ferrule at one end, and the opposite end tapered sufficiently to
-fit into each ferrule of the adjoining step; by this means the whole
-can be put together like an ordinary fishing rod, and the top step
-terminating with a hook, it can easily be attached to any elevated
-place, and on pulling the pole, each part separates, falling at once
-into the form of a ladder with rope sides. Bourne’s 62nd Device, in his
-“Inventions, or Devices,” 1578, is--“How for to make a scaling ladder.”
-
-Van Etten, 1653, gives for his 111th Problem, “To make a Ladder of
-Cords, which may be carried in ones pocket: by which one may easily
-mount up a wall, or tree alone.” It consists simply of two pulleys,
-with “a cord of an half inch thick (which may be of silk, because it
-is for the pocket),” having a staff at one end to sit upon. The author
-gravely concludes, “This secret is most excellent in warre, and for
-lovers, its supportablenesse avoids suspition.” See page 248.
-
-Among Friar Bacon’s inventions, the following is recorded in the
-fourth chapter of his “Discovery of the Miracles of Art, Nature and
-Magick,” 12mo. published in 1659:--“It is possible to invent an Engine
-of a little bulk, yet of great efficacy, either to the depressing
-or elevation of the very greatest weight; which would be of much
-consequence in several accidents; for hereby a man may either ascend or
-descend any walls, delivering himself or comrades from prison; and this
-engine is only three fingers high and four broad.”
-
-
-      51.
-
-    A Rule of Gradation, which with ease and method reduceth all
-    things to a private correspondence, most useful for secret
-    Intelligence.
-
-
-[_A Rule of Gradation._] Probably some scheme which appeared to
-be capable of indefinite multiplication, the object of the secret
-correspondent always being to elude the utmost skill of an expert
-decipherer. Twenty-six lines of 26 letters of the alphabet each, would
-form a square; and supposing the letters placed in different order
-on each line, we might produce 26 linear alphabets, and 26 columnar
-alphabets; or change these by diagonal or other lines. These, and
-similar variations appear interminable, but it is questionable whether
-they would not delay rather than defy detection.
-
-
-      52.
-
-    How to signifie words and a perfect Discourse by[5] jangling
-    of[6] Bells of any Parish-Church, or by any Musical Instrument
-    within hearing, in a seeming way of tuning it; or of an unskilful
-    beginner.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [5] by the.
- [6] of the.
-
-
-[_A mysticall jangling of Bells._] There occurs at page 185, of Van
-Etten’s Math. Recreat. 1653, among the several heads of Problem 84,
-“Of changes in Bells.” He inquires: “Is it not an admirable thing
-to consider how the skill of numbers doth easily furnish us with
-the knowledge of mysterious hidden things?” He says: “It is often
-debated--what number of changes there might be made in 5, 6, 7, 8, or
-more bells;” observing thereon, “that a childe which can but multiply
-one number by another, may easily resolve it.” Not only have we here
-a kindred subject discussed, but also in language very analogous to
-that employed by the Marquis, particularly in the use of the words
-“mysterious,” “admirable,” and “a child;” the latter being a favourite
-similitude.
-
-
-      53.
-
-    A way how to make hollow and cover a Water-scrue as big and as
-    long as one pleaseth in an easie and cheap way.
-
-
-[_An hollowing of a Water-scrue._] This was probably no more than an
-ingenious piece of carpentry, to obtain an object which was then most
-likely of considerable importance. Three of his inventions refer to the
-Archimedian screw, so that the Marquis seems to have given the subject
-more than ordinary attention.
-
-
-      54.
-
-    How to make a Water-scrue tite, and yet transparent, and free
-    from breaking; but so clear, that one may palpably see the water
-    or any heavy thing how and why it is mounted by turning.
-
-
-[_A transparent Water-scrue._] This invention does not appear to be
-offered as one of any other use than for pleasure and instruction, to
-“see the water or any heavy thing, how and why it mounteth by turning.”
-Was it not by such models that he had early informed his own mind?
-
-If the transparent covering was not to be glass or horn, the Marquis
-may have used the material proposed by Sir Hugh Plat in his “Jewel
-House of Art and Nature,” 1653, in which is given, at page 72, a
-recipe: “To make parchment clear and transparent to serve for divers
-purposes. This I commend, (he says) before oiled paper, because it is
-more lasting”--when employed for windows.
-
-
-      55.
-
-    A double Water-scrue, the innermost to mount the water, and the
-    outermost for it to descend more in number of threds, and
-    consequently in quantity of water, though much shorter then the
-    innermost scrue, by which the water ascendeth, a most
-    extraordinary help for the turning of the scrue to make the water
-    rise.
-
-
-[_A double Water-scrue._] The arrangement of this simple invention is
-so clearly and amply set forth, that it is a wonder it could ever have
-been misunderstood; yet it so baffled Mr. Partington, that he classes
-it among “extraordinary sleight of hand discoveries.”
-
-M. Pattu, a French engineer, in 1815, published his account of a double
-water-screw of this description which he had invented, capable of
-being applied in three different ways, the construction, however, in
-all being the same. In one arrangement, the enlarged end of the screw
-is about one-eighth part that of the entire length of the internal
-or lesser screw, and it surrounds the “innermost” screw, the spirals
-winding in a reversed direction. The top of the shorter or “outermost”
-screw may be on a level with a stream of water “for it to descend”
-therein, to promote “the turning of the screw” (of greater length and
-smaller diameter) “to make the water rise,” from a lower stream.
-
-In a second application, the long screw may be used to propel the
-short one, to raise water a moderate height.
-
-Or, thirdly, the enlargement may form the upper end, and be used to
-propel from above, instead of from below, as at first described.
-
-
-      56.
-
-    To provide and make that all the Weights of the descending side
-    of a Wheel shall be perpetually further from the Centre, then
-    those of the mounting side, and yet equal in number and heft
-    to[7] the one side as the other. A most incredible thing, if not
-    seen, but tried before the late king (of[8] blessed memory) in
-    the _Tower_, by my directions, two Extraordinary Embassadors
-    accompanying His Majesty, and the Duke of _Richmond_ and Duke[9]
-    _Hamilton_, with[1] most[2] of the Court, attending Him. The
-    Wheel was 14. Foot[3] over, and 40. Weights of 50. pounds apiece.
-    Sir _William Balfore_,[4][K] then Lieutenant of the _Tower_,[5]
-    can justifie[6] it, with several others. They all saw, that no
-    sooner these great Weights passed the Diameter-line of the
-    lower[7] side, but they hung a foot further from the Centre, nor
-    no sooner passed the Diameter-line of the upper[8] side, but they
-    hung a foot nearer. Be pleased to judge the consequence.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [7] of--for to. MS. and P.
- [8] of happy and glorious. MS. and P.
- [9] of, omitted.
- [1] and--for with.
- [2] most part.
- [3] feet. P.
- [4] Belford. MS. and P.
- [5] and yet living can.
- [6] testify--for justify. P.
- [7] upper--for lower. MS. and P.
- [8] lower--for upper. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_An advantageous change of Centres._] This is the most minutely as
-well as circumstantially noted of all the Marquis’s inventions; yet we
-have no evidence of his ever afterwards recurring to it. The mention of
-Sir William Balfour makes it probable that the exhibition of this great
-weighted wheel took place between 1638 and 1641. [See Life, Times,
-&c., page 25.] Dr. John Dee, in his celebrated preface to Sir Henry
-Billingsley’s first English edition of Euclid, published in folio,
-1570, speaks of such a machine, as not only possible, but as having
-been actually constructed, and “a thing most incredible if not seen;”
-this, compared with the language used by the Marquis, would lead to the
-supposition that he had not only read but copied the passage.
-
-It is difficult to reconcile the statement he has here made, with the
-declaration on the title page, of his inventions having been “tried
-and perfected.” In this single instance, he leaves the reader to “Be
-pleased to judge the consequence.”
-
-[Illustration: A weighted wheel]
-
-Dr. Desaguliers, in a memoir, published by the Royal Society, vol.
-31, 1720–21, quoting the foregoing article, ventures the reply: “Now
-the consequence of this, and such like machines [assuming them to be
-as above described,] is nothing less than a perpetual motion.” Of
-course he does not admit even the possibility of such an arrangements
-of parts, he only allows that if _that_ could be executed, the other
-would follow. But Desaguliers admitted too much, for it may easily be
-demonstrated that the conditions stated may be mechanically produced,
-without any resulting motion. Let the annexed diagram represent a
-wheel of 14 feet in diameter, having 40 spokes, seven feet each, and
-with an inner rim coinciding with the periphery, at one foot distance,
-all round. Next provide 40 balls or weights, hanging in the centre
-of cords or chains two feet long. Now fasten one end of this cord at
-the top of the centre spoke C, and the other end of the cord to the
-next right hand spoke one foot below the upper end, or on the inner
-ring; proceed in like manner with every other spoke in succession;
-and it will be found, that, at A, the cord will have the position
-shown outside the wheel; while at B, C, and D, it will also take the
-respective positions, as shown on the outside. The result in this
-case will be, that, all the weights on the side A, C, D, hang to the
-great, or outer circle, while on the side B, C, D, all the weights
-are suspended from the lesser or inner circle. And if we reverse the
-motion of the wheel, turning it from the right hand to the left hand,
-we shall reverse these positions also, (the lower end of the cord
-sliding in a groove towards a left hand spoke) but without the wheel
-having any tendency to move of itself.
-
-His notice of this exhibition was not written by the Marquis until
-1655, from 14 to 17 years after its occurrence, and he may have then
-hesitated to say that it was not a success; but he may have persuaded
-himself that he was at last in possession of the secret that was at
-first wanting. Besides, we are not to infer that the company described
-as being present had gone to the Tower purposely to see the Marquis’s
-wheel; it being far more probable that, Charles the First and the
-foreign ambassadors were there to view that fortress with all its
-treasures and curiosities.
-
-According to the state of knowledge in 1663, the Marquis of Worcester
-was not singular in entertaining this subject, and all we can make of
-the present article is, that he has left it open to doubt whether he
-himself did not consider that his experiment required confirmation.
-“Perpetuum Mobile; or a history of the search for self-motive power,”
-1862, is a work which may be taken as an elaborate note on this
-article, for it was the perusal of it that led the author, to commence
-the compilation of that work, more than thirty years ago.
-
-Before the publication of the “Century” Samuel Hartlib had, (on the
-10th of August, 1658,) written to Mr. Boyle on the subject of a
-perpetual motion invented by the ingenious and celebrated John Joachim
-Becher, an account of which was to be printed at Frankfort.--Boyle’s
-Works, fol. 1744, p. 280.
-
-Charles the Second was favoured with the exhibition of another scheme
-of this sort, by John Evelyn, a Fellow of the Royal Society at the
-time, and therefore not likely to participate in any matter which the
-scientific world of his day repudiated. But learned men of his time
-rather approved of all wonder-working automata than otherwise. Evelyn
-says in his Diary, under the date of 14th July, 1668, that during an
-interview with the King:--“I showed his Majesty the perpetual motion
-sent to me by Dr. Stokes from Cologne.”--Vol. ii. p. 37, ed. 1859.
-
-
-      57.
-
-    An ebbing and flowing Water-work in two Vessels, into either of
-    which the water standing at a level, if a Globe be cast in,
-    instead of rising it presently ebbeth, and so remaineth untill a
-    like Globe be cast into the other Vessel, which the water is no
-    sooner sensible of, but[9] that[1] Vessel presently ebbeth, and
-    the other floweth, and so continueth ebbing and flowing untill
-    one or both of[2] the Globes be taken out, working some little
-    effect besides its own motion, without the help of any man within
-    sight or hearing: But if either of the Globes be taken out with
-    ever so swift or easie a motion, at[3] the very instant the
-    ebbing and flowing ceaseth; for if during the[4] ebbing you take
-    out the Globe, the water of that Vessel presently returneth to
-    flow, and never ebbeth after, until[5] the Globe be returned into
-    it, and then the motion beginneth as before.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [9] but that the. P.
- [1] the--for that.
- [2] of--omitted. MS. and P.
- [3] at that instant. P.
- [4] that--for the.
- [5] unless--for until.
-
-
-[_A constant Water-flowing and ebbing motion_.] We are very much
-mistaken if this is not the result of one of the Marquis’s early
-experimental model demonstrations, and a happy illustrative example for
-the lecture-table of raising water by the condensation of steam.
-
-[Illustration: A water-flowing and ebbing motion]
-
-A, B, represents two water tanks or cisterns, permanently connected
-by the water-pipe C, and having within, D, D, two perforated shelves
-or false bottoms; E, is a main steam-pipe, with a four-way steam cock
-at F, branching into the form shown at G, G', and passing through
-the bottom of each tank, rises vertically to the level of the false
-bottoms, where each is supplied with a valve at the top end, to prevent
-the ingress of water. G', is shown receiving steam from E. H, I, are
-two hollow metal globes, surmounted with a small crown ornament to
-conceal a spring valve, to which a floating weight is suspended by a
-chain, as at X'; but floated upwards at X, where it operates to open
-the spring valve within the crown. In the above diagram, it is obvious
-that water placed in A, will flow onward to B, and stand at the same
-level in both cisterns. The valve in each globe requires to be so
-arranged, that when forced open its spring will prevent its closing
-until acted on by a weight, which weight must hang to the inside of the
-valve by means of a chain, and be able to float on the surface of the
-water, and it will be requisite to adjust the chain to such a length
-that when the water is at a certain level it shall have no influence on
-the float-weight of the valve, which will then close.
-
-With this apparatus, the operator can conceal the connection between
-the two cisterns, and that between the bottoms to admit steam. The
-water is now seen at the same level in “two vessels,” and with a
-perforated shelf about an inch below the surface of each. We may
-now find, “if a globe be cast in,” the water “instead of rising, it
-presently ebbeth, and so remaineth,” doing nothing further “until
-a like globe be cast into the other vessel; which the water is no
-sooner sensible of, but _that_ vessel presently ebbeth, and the other
-floweth.” For it must be observed, the first globe was placed in the
-centre, over a steam pipe, its nozzle protected with a valve, and on
-letting in the steam, being otherwise empty and the valve purposely
-opened for the escape of steam and air, but which its weight closed
-as soon as permitted to act, and thereon condensation followed, the
-water flowed into that vessel, but ebbed in the other. We then insert a
-second globe, in the second cistern, under like conditions; and as soon
-as the rising water has opened the top valve of the first globe, this
-second globe will repeat the operation, “and so continueth ebbing and
-flowing until one or both the globes be taken out.” And this ebbing and
-flowing, this rising, and these changing heights in the water in the
-two tanks or cisterns, may easily be adapted for “working some little
-effect besides its own motion, without the help of any man within sight
-or hearing,” and of course too far off to be the acting agent in such
-additional “working of some little effect,” some see-sawing action,
-to work automata or like “little effects” for the delectation of the
-ingenious and the delight of all the lovers of the marvellous. And
-note “if during the ebbing,” when that globe and that cistern is all
-but empty, “you take out the globe, the water of that vessel presently
-returneth to flow,” showing that the globe thus removed was quite
-empty; and therefore would be shown as part of the miracle, the same
-empty globe had been performing such strange motions in the water.
-But let “the globe be returned (empty as it was before) into it [the
-cistern], and then the motion beginneth as before.”
-
-If we are correct in this conjecture, the principle involved would
-easily account for the inventions couched in the terms of articles No.
-22, An ebbing and flowing river; and No. 23, An ebbing and flowing
-Castle Clock.
-
-The present article, viewed in any other light than as illustrative
-of the peculiar properties of the great principle with which he was
-operating, and which he was incessantly investigating, and varying its
-applications, is altogether incomprehensible. But it was very natural
-for him to preserve in this simple but striking form the sure signs of
-greater applications. In the present example, we have no attempt, in
-this philosophical demonstrative model, to cater to the popular taste,
-although the fertile genius of the noble inventor could not permit
-the suggestion to escape his pen that the rise and the fall of the
-water might be made to operate--shall we say bellows, mills and the
-like, and cause birds to chirp, and fountains to play? Thus “working
-some little effect besides its own motion” of soberly ebbing and
-flowing. But this is a mere parenthetical, gratuitous offer to dash the
-concealed purpose, and give colour to the supposition that it had no
-higher design. There is generally something to serve for amusement, or
-to answer some practical purpose, observable in all the 100 articles,
-but who could assign the use of two globes, in two vessels of water,
-causing the same to flow and ebb? Viewed independent of the object here
-suggested, it bears a most purposeless character; and in no other way
-than as illustrative of the results of the condensation of steam, set
-forth in a merely experimental apparatus, can we conceive it possible
-of receiving either a scientific or any other reasonable explanation.
-
-For adjusting the apparatus it would be necessary to fill the troughs
-or cisterns until the water was level with the perforated false
-bottom, and next to add as much more water as would be equal to the
-contents of one globe, when the water altogether would cover the false
-bottoms. The globes should be heavy enough not to overturn either on
-the admission of the steam, or the expulsion of steam and air from
-beneath. While steam is entering, the top spring-valve is kept closed
-by the float-weight, but when condensation commences, the external
-pressure performs the same duty; so soon, however, as the rising water
-has elevated the float to the underside of the spring-valve, its
-pressure against it and the action of the spring, cause it to open,
-and then the column of water will at once commence descending. As a
-matter of detail, the float would require a guide rod, or some similar
-contrivance to direct and keep its course uniformly under the valve, so
-as to open it.
-
-The whole experiment is one of mere matter of fact and not of
-excellence. It is simply to develope a principle and not to carry out
-any express piece of curious workmanship; there is not, therefore, any
-statement of its possessing surprising qualities, the utmost proposed
-is “a constant water-flowing and ebbing motion,” without any condition
-as to degree, quantity, or extent of its effect. This and no more would
-the apparatus here described demonstrate on its trial.
-
-This article of the “Century” strikingly illustrates how truly the
-Marquis wrote it as he says--“in a way, as may sufficiently instruct
-_me_ to put any of them in practice;” or, rather to repeat the practice
-of them, for he has only a line or two before told us, they are such
-of his inventions as “I can call to mind to have TRIED and
-PERFECTED;” and what he wrote he meant, let sceptics and
-superficial critics pervert his words as they may to uphold their own
-narrow conceits. The reader of articles, Nos. 22 and 23, is informed
-of effects without the least intimation of a means; he is then amused
-with springs, weights, levers, portable bridges, fortifications,
-stenography, keys, automata, stairs, ladders, cochlea, and so forth, to
-the number of 33 inventions, and then, after losing sight of No. 22,
-and No. 23, he is invited to examine the machine by which the “ebbing
-and flowing” effects are produced. All this is perfectly legitimate,
-but, nevertheless, well worthy of notice, as opening to view the
-peculiar tact and skill of the writer; and the extreme necessity of
-exercising cautious judgment in our estimate of “The treasures buried
-under these heads, both for war, peace, and pleasure.”
-
-It is when we refer back to No. 22, that we become convinced, beyond
-what No. 57 alone might persuade us of, that by no means short of
-the condensation of steam could the proposed ebbing and flowing be
-effected on a river “twenty feet over,” and be managed by “a child’s
-force,” as in article No. 100.
-
-
-      58.
-
-    How to make a Pistol to discharge a dozen times with one loading,
-    and without so much as once new Priming requisite, or to change
-    it out of one hand into the other, or stop ones horse.
-
-
-[_An often-discharging Pistol._] About the year 1575, a description
-was given of the operation and advantages of a certain newly invented
-engine of war, whereby twenty-four bullets could be discharged from one
-piece at a time. And it appears that at that period there were in the
-Tower 200 of the engines and 3000 bullets.--Cal. State Papers, Vol. 106.
-
-About 1580 (?) John the Almain wrote to Walsyngham, recommends one of
-his countrymen, who had invented an harquebuse, “that shall contain
-ten balls or pelletes of lead, all the which shall go off, one after
-another, having once given fire; so that with one harquebuse one may
-kill ten thieves or other enemies without recharging.”--Cal. State
-Papers, Vol. 146.
-
-Porta, in his “Natural Magick,” folio, English edition, 1658, gives an
-account, in the 12th Book, how “A brass gun once fired, may discharge
-ten times.” He says, “It is a new invention, that a great brass-gun, or
-hand-gun, may discharge 10 or more bullets one after another without
-intermission. Make a dark powder, such as I used in the precedent part,
-and fill it thus:--First, put in a certain measure of gunpowder, that
-being put in, may discharge the ball, but a small one, that it may go
-in loosely, and that the powder put in upon it may come to touch the
-gunpowder: then pour in this dark powder two or three fingers deep;
-then put in your gunpowder and your bullet; and thus in order, one
-after the other, until the gun seems to be full to the very mouth.
-Lastly pour in some of your dark clammy powder: and when you have
-levelled your gun to the place appointed, put fire to the mouth of
-it; for it will cast out the bullets, and then fire for so long time
-as a man may discharge a hand-gun at divers shoots. And thus with one
-brass-gun you may discharge many times.”--(p. 293.)
-
-
-      59.
-
-    Another way as fast and[6] effectual, but more proper for
-    Carabines.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [6] and as.
-
-
-[_An especial way for Carbines._] The Carabine or Carbine was a short
-gun for bullets of twenty-four to the pound.
-
-
-      60.
-
-    A way with a Flask appropriated unto it, which will furnish
-    either Pistol or Carabine with a dozen Charges in three minutes
-    time, to do the whole execution of[7] a dozen shots, as soon as
-    one pleaseth, proportionably.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [7] of 12.
-
-
-[_A Flask-charger._] His patent of 1661 gives the following altered
-reading to his improvements applying to guns, thus:--“To make certain
-guns or pistols, which in the tenth part of one minute or an hour, may,
-with a flask contrived to that purpose, be recharged, the fourth part
-of one turn of the barrel, which remains still fixed, fastening it as
-forcibly and effectually as a dozen threads of any screw, which in the
-ordinary and usual way require as many turns.”--See Appendix B.
-
-
-      61.
-
-    A third way, and[8] particular[9] for Musquets, without taking
-    them from their Rests to charge or prime, to a like execution,
-    and as fast as the Flask, the musquet containing but one Charge
-    at a time.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [8] and--omitted.
- [9] particularly. P.
-
-
-[_A way for Musquets._] The heavy firearms of the seventeenth century
-afforded the Marquis fine scope for the exercise of his versatile
-ingenuity. Muskets were originally matchlocks; long, heavy, and
-requiring a tall forked rest to steady them in firing. Eventually
-their bore was reduced for bullets of eighteen to the pound. It is
-curious to observe the difference between the drill practice of those
-times compared with the present. In “The compleat Gentleman,” by
-Henry Peacham, M.A., published in 1627, among his other “Military
-Observations,” he gives the following: “The postures of the Musquet.
-1. March with your Musquet and Rest shouldred; 2. Prepare your Rest;
-3. Slipp your Musket; 4. Pease your Musket; 5. Joyne your Rest and
-Musquet; 6. Take out your Match; 7. Blow your Match; 8. Cock your
-Match; 9. Try your Match; 10. Guard your Pann; 11. Blow your Match;
-12. Open your Pann; 13. Present; 14. Give Fire,” &c.
-
-Then, “25. Open your Charge; 26. Charge your Musket; 27. Draw out your
-Scouring Sticke; 28. Shorten your Scouring Sticke; 29. Ram your Powder;
-30. Withdraw your Scouring Sticke;” &c.
-
-Thomas Smith, in his “Additions to the Book of Gunnery, both pleasant
-and profitable,” published in quarto, 1643, black letter, mentions
-“certain short muskets of an inch, or very near an inch bore, out of
-which you may shoot either chained bullets, or half a score pistol
-bullets, or half a dozen harquebus bullets at one shot, or you may
-shoot out of the same fire arrows made with strong shafts, feathered
-with horn, or with common feathers, glued and bound on with thread.
-When you are to shoot a fire arrow out of any of these pieces, you must
-not give the piece her full loading of powder.” He further notices that
-“The string made fast to the end of the fire-work is to keep the arrow
-straight in his passage.”
-
-[Illustration: A musketeer, 1643]
-
-A graphical sketch of the soldier accompanies these remarks (as in
-the facsimile annexed), which appears almost a caricature, but it
-must have been seriously approved as a good illustration, by our
-author, the “Souldier of Berwick-upon-Tweed.”
-
-Mr. Hewett gives the following table in his “Ancient Armour and
-Weapons,” page 715.
-
-  +-----------+-----------+-------------------+-----------------+
-  |           | Length of | Number of Bullets | Nature of lock. |
-  |           | Barrel.   | to the pound.     |                 |
-  +-----------+-----------+-------------------+-----------------+
-  | Musquet   |  4 ft.    |        10         |     Match       |
-  | Harquebus |  2½ ft.   |        17         |     Wheel       |
-  | Carbine   |  2½ ft.   |        24         |     Flint       |
-  +-----------+-----------+-------------------+-----------------+
-
-
-      62.
-
-    A way for a Harquebuss, a Crock, or Ship-musquet, six upon a
-    Carriage, shooting with such expedition, as[1] without danger one
-    may charge, level, and discharge[2] them sixty times in a minute
-    of an hour, two or three together.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [1] as that.
- [2] level and discharge--omitted.
-
-
-[_A way for a Harquebus, a Crock._] Arquebuse, corrupted to
-Harquebus--a firearm requiring a forked rest placed in the ground, on
-which to steady the heavy barrel, which carried a ball of 2 ounces, or
-for fortresses 3½ ounces.
-
-Arquebuse à croc--a small piece of ordnance placed on a stock or club,
-fired by a match. We find among the records of the State Paper Office
-the following notice in the Calendars, viz.:--John the Almain[L]
-writes to Walsyngham, recommending one of his countrymen, who had
-invented an harquebuse “that shall containe ten balls or pellets of
-lead, all the which shall goe off, one after another, having once
-given fire, so that with one harquebuse one may kill ten theeves or
-other enemies without recharging.”--Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series,
-1547–1580. Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, p. 696. No. 45.
-
-
-      63.
-
-    A sixth way,[3] most excellent for Sakers, differing from the
-    other, yet as swift.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [3] way--omitted.
-
-
-[_For Sakers and Minyons._] Sakers were cannon, 5 to 8 pounders; and
-Minion, long 4 pounders, or short 3 pounders.
-
-
-      64.
-
-    A seventh, tried and approved before the late King (of ever
-    blessed memory) and an hundred Lords and Commons, in a Cannon of
-    8. inches half quarter,[4] to shoot Bullets of 64. pounds weight,
-    and 24. pounds of pouder, twenty times in six minutes; so clear
-    from danger, that after all were discharged, a Pound of Butter
-    did not melt being laid upon the Cannon-britch, nor the green
-    Oile discoloured that was first anointed[5] and used between the
-    Barrel thereof, and the Engine, having never in it, nor within
-    six foot, but one charge at a time.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [4] a quarter. P.
- [5] it and.
-
-
-[_For the biggest Cannon._] This article affords a further example of
-the practical working out of another invention of the Marquis, and
-possibly at the Tower, previous to 1641.
-
-As early as the 16th century cannon had been undergoing gradual
-although slight improvements. The Marquis had many opportunities for
-obtaining the best information, and his active mind must have long been
-on the alert, both at home and abroad, to ascertain all that was then
-known on the subject of their manufacture, with their best form and
-dimensions. We have very early intelligence on the subject of Engines
-of War among the valuable records of our State Paper Office, from which
-we have selected the following:--
-
-1575? No. 74. Description of the operation and advantages of a certain
-newly invented engine of war, whereby twenty-four bullets can be
-discharged from one piece at a time.
-
-No. 75. Notes by the inventor touching the engines of war, with the
-expense of making a few at a time. It would require above 100 engines
-to be employed at once. Desires a yearly pension in consideration of
-his invention.
-
-No. 76. A note of the effects already performed by the engine of war;
-of which there are 200 engines and 3000 bullets already delivered into
-the Tower for service.--Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547–1580.
-Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, page 513.
-
-In the Bodleian Library there is a folio volume of the MS. papers of
-General Mountagu, or the Earl of Sandwich, lettered on the back
-“Carte Papers, 1604–1684. Letters to Earl of Sandwich, &c. 74,” in
-which is the following: “Invention for Cannon to doe extraordinary
-execution. (No. 123.) Canon that shall shute more then 400 paces, a
-bulett of four fadem longe to destroy the Riggings of any ship, the
-which bulett must necessarily goe a twart, and cannot come
-perpendicularly, as other chayne buletts, and other such like, who by
-that means may misse the intended effect and passe through the
-cordage or Riggings.”
-
-Among the Sloane MSS. in the British Museum is one, No. 2497, with
-rude drawings of cannon, &c. viz.: a fauconet; a faucon; a minnion;
-a saker; a demi-culveringe; a culvering; a demi-cannon; a cannon; a
-cannon-peuterer; a cannon-rial; each with its proper ball, ramrods, &c.
-
-Robert Norton, Engineer and Gunner in “The gunners dialogue with the
-art of great Artillery,” a black letter quarto, accompanying “The Arte
-of shooting in great ordnance,” by William Bourne, 1643, gives the
-names, &c. of ordnance, thus:--
-
-                   Cannon of 8 weighing 8,000 lbs.
-                   --〃--  of 7          7,000
-                   Demi-Cannon          6,000
-                   Culvering            4,500
-                   Demi-Culvering       2,500
-                   Saker                1,500
-                   Minion               1,200
-
-
-Among other inquiries in the course of the dialogue occur the
-following:--“If you were to make a shot in the night, at a mark showed
-you in the day, how would you prepare for it?” And:--“How would you
-make a shot at an enemies light, in a dark night, not having any
-candle, lanthorn, or other light by you?”
-
-David Papillon, in his “Practical Art of Fortification,” 4to. 1645,
-enumerating the ordnance and ammunition of a garrison, observes:--“for
-a towne of two English miles circumference, of these sorts, six
-cannons, six demi-cannons, six long culverins [or double for a
-sea-port], twentie sacres [or less for a sea-port], and twelve drakes,
-and one hundred thousand [pounds?] weight of powder.”--P. 97.
-
-In “Mathematical Magick,” 1648, Bishop Wilkins incidentally
-remarks--“the greatest cannon in use, does not carry above 64 pound
-weight,” page 126. And in the 19th chapter of the same work he states
-the charge to be 40 lbs. of powder.
-
-John Greaves, Geometry Professor of Gresham College, who was born in
-1602, and died in October, 1652, made experiments for trying the force
-of great guns, at Woolwich, 18th of March, 1651, which were published
-in the 15th volume of the Philosophical Transactions, 1685.
-
-The following extracts are given, from their specifying the
-description, weight, and sometimes the size of the cannon used, with
-the charge of powder and weight of shot.
-
-The great ordnance tried were:--
-
-1. “An iron demy Canon, of 3500 lbs. weight, and having a cylinder
-bore, the bullet 32 lb. of iron, the powder 10 lb.
-
-2. “An iron demy Canon, having a taper bore, and being 3600 lbs. in
-weight, and 4 inches longer than the former, the iron bullet 32 lb.
-
-3. “Experiment with a whole Culverin in brass, of 5300 lbs. in weight,
-11 foot one inch in length, with a taper bore, being intended for a
-chase piece to the frigate called the Speaker; the iron bullet was 18
-lbs. in weight, the powder 10 lbs.
-
-4. “A whole Culverin in brass, made at Amsterdam, for the French, with
-this mark 3580, being 10 foot long, and not very thick in the breech,
-18 lb. bullet, and 9 lb. of powder.
-
-5. “An iron Demy Culverin, 9 lbs. iron bullet, and 4 lb. of powder.
-This half Culverin was shot eight times.
-
-6. “A brass Demy Culverin, the breech 13-5/8 inches, the mouth 9-5/8,
-9 lb. iron bullet, 4 lb. of powder.”
-
-
-      65.
-
-    A way that one man in the Cabin may govern the[6] whole side of
-    Ship-musquets, to the number (if need require) of 2. or 3000.
-    shots.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [6] a--for the. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_For a whole side of Ship-musquets._] The list of five inventions,
-which appears in the “Life, Times, &c.,” page 316, refers to a similar
-improvement, viz.: “Oft shooting peards, controlable in one plane,
-either for number or time.”
-
-The 43rd Device, given by Bourne in his “Inventions or Devices,” 1578,
-is entitled, “How to make any piece of Ordnance go off at any hour or
-time appointed, by itself, and no person there.”
-
-Again, in the 44th Device, we have, “How to make a piece go off when
-you list, and no person there.”
-
-
-      66.
-
-    A way that against[7] several Advenues[8] to a Fort or Castle,
-    one man may charge fifty Cannons playing, and stopping when he
-    pleaseth, though out of sight of the Cannon.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [7] the. MS. and P.
- [8] avenues. P.
-
-
-[_For guarding several advenues to a Town._] This would appear to be no
-more than an extended application of the preceding invention. We can
-imagine that Caspar Kaltoff executed a very beautiful model of this
-piece of machinery, with its 50 little brass guns, 50 ramrods, &c., all
-worked simultaneously by a man below, “out of sight of the cannon;”
-but it is very unlikely that the Marquis would have recommended its
-adoption; it shows, however, how he persevered in endeavours to abridge
-human labour.
-
-
-      67.
-
-    A rare way likewise for musquettoons fastened to the Pummel of
-    the Saddle, so that a Common Trooper cannot misse to charge them,
-    with twenty or thirty Bullets at a time, even in full career.
-
-
-    _When first I gave my thoughts to make Guns shoot often, I
-    thought there had been but one only exquisite way inventible, yet
-    by several trials and much charge I have perfectly tried all
-    these._
-
-
-[_For Musquettoons on horseback._] The remark which forms a postscript
-to this article, naturally leads to the conclusion that the
-improvements in guns were among the later inventions of the Marquis,
-perhaps about or after 1641, when his own active services promised
-soon to be required in the field. His improved firearms are chiefly
-recommended for effecting rapid firing. It may have been one of the
-results of his experiments, that Caspar Kaltoff became engaged at
-Vauxhall in such manufactures for the government.
-
-The Marquis would obtain little assistance from Vegetius, although he
-would find some extraordinary applications of “Mirabilis Machina.” We
-see there the “Tormentum,” with its great stone ball, and fire issuing
-from muzzle and touch-hole, manipulated after an extraordinary fashion,
-bristling down the sides of an angular frame; whirled round on a
-circular table like a capstan; eight placed crosswise; or two placed
-breech to breech, one horizontal, the other vertical, to be fired from
-behind a goodly target. But the Marquis went far beyond these ancient
-military weapons, for gunpowder was then beginning to be understood and
-applied with a degree of effect that startled and surprised the enemy,
-while it only disgusted the humane portion of our forefathers of that
-day, who, in case of dire necessity alone, favoured the use of balista,
-catapulta, bows, and pikes, in the conduct of military and naval
-engagements.
-
-Musketoons were the same as the blunderbuss, being of large bore to
-fire with a charge of twenty or more pistol bullets, of from seven to
-seven and a half ounces of lead, among a multitude, to disperse the
-crowd.
-
-The arms offensive and defensive of the old militia, described by
-Grose, in his “Military Antiquities,” 1801, as applying to a trooper,
-with the furniture for his horse, were as follows:--“The defensive
-armour, a breast, back, and pot (or scull cap without vizor or bever),
-pistol proof; the offensive arms, a sword, and a case of _pistols_,
-the barrels not under 14 inches in length; the furniture for the
-horse, a great saddle, or pad, with burs and straps for affixing the
-holsters, a bit and bridle, with a pectoral and crupper: for the foot,
-a _musketeer_ had a _musket_, the barrel, not under three feet in
-length, and the guage of the bore for 12 bullets to the pound, a collar
-of bandileers, with a sword.” (Vol. 1.)
-
-Abraham Hill, a Fellow of the Royal Society, patented, 3rd of March,
-1664, among other inventions, one for guns and pistols, with several
-devices for the speedier and more effectual discharge of them; also a
-new kind of powder horn.
-
-We shall close these observations on improvements in firearms with the
-following miscellaneous illustrations respecting the several kinds then
-in use.
-
-In “The Exercise of Armes for Calivers, Musketts, and Pikes, after the
-order of his excellence Maurits Prince of Orange, &c. Sett forth in
-the figures by Jacob de Gheyn. Printed at the Hage,” folio, 1607:--the
-instructions commence with an engraved illustration of the soldier,
-showing how he should stand and “carry his caliver, matche, and
-rapier;” and proceeds to observe, “he shall also hold the match burning
-or kindled at both the endes, betwixt the two least fingers of the same
-left hand.” He is thus represented, holding a piece of smouldering
-touch-rope of two or three feet long, lighted at both ends, and has
-other similar reserve cords at his belt.
-
-In the splendid work on “Ancient Armour and Arms,” by Sir S. R.
-Meyrick, 2 vols. folio, 1830, numerous illustrative plates of
-firearms occur in the following order:--_Arquebus_, plate 114, figure
-5.--_Blunderbuss_, a snaphaunce, from the Dutch donderbus, thunder-gun,
-p. 119, f. 10.--_Carabine_, a wheel-lock, p. 116, f. 1.--117, and 119,
-f. 9.--_Carabineers_, p. 43.--_Cross bow_, p. 94; 95; 98.--_Flask for
-powder_, p. 123; 124.--_Musket_, p. 117; 119.--_Musketeer_, p. 36.
-
-
-      68.
-
-    An admirable and most forcible way to drive up water by[9] fire,
-    not by drawing or sucking it upwards, for that must be as the
-    Philosopher calleth it, _Intra_[1] _sphæram activitatis_, which
-    is but at such a distance. But this way hath no Bounder, if the
-    Vessels be strong enough; for I have taken a piece of a whole
-    Cannon, whereof the end was burst, and filled it three quarters
-    full of water,[2] stopping and scruing up the[3] broken end; as
-    also the Touch-hole; and making a constant fire under it, within
-    24. hours it burst and made a great crack: So that having a[4]
-    way to make my Vessels, so that they are strengthened by the
-    force within them, and the one to fill after the other.[5] I have
-    seen the water run[6] like a constant Fountaine-stream forty
-    foot[7] high; one Vessel of water rarified by fire driveth[8] up
-    forty of cold water. And a man that tends the work is but to turn
-    two Cocks, that one Vessel of water being consumed, another
-    begins to force and[9] re-fill with cold water, and so
-    successively, the fire being tended and kept constant, which the
-    self-same Person may likewise abundantly perform in the interim
-    between the necessity of[1] turning the said Cocks.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [9] with--for by.
- [1] “Intra”--in printed edition, 1663. But “Infra” in MS. and P.
- [2] of water--omitted. MS. and P.
- [3] that--for the.
- [4] found a.
- [5] other, have seen. P.
- [6] to run.
- [7] feet. P.
- [8] driving 40 of.
- [9] and that to refill.
- [1] necessity of--omitted.
-
-
-[_A Fire Water-work._] This is that great invention which has
-popularized and preserved the fame of the Marquis of Worcester in the
-public mind. Had the whole of the Century been destroyed, with the
-exception of this 68th article, enough would have remained to satisfy
-any engineer, that the Marquis had achieved a grand discovery.
-
-We shall proceed to notice what information books and the patent
-records would afford, to stimulate his inquiries into the possible
-practical application of the effects, resulting from the action of fire
-on water in close vessels.
-
-The work which has, from being often quoted, acquired especial notice
-on this subject is, “Les Raisons des forces Mouvantes avec diverses
-Machines. Par Salomon de Caus,” folio, published at Frankfort, 1615, in
-which, at page 4, theorem V, under the title, “_L’eau montera par aide
-du feu, plus haut que son niveau_,” it is illustrated and described
-as follows:--“Le troisiesme moyen de faire monter, est par l’aide du
-feu, dont il se peut faire diverses machines, i’en donneray icy la
-demonstration d’une. Soit une balle de cuiure marquee A. bien soudee
-tout a lentour, à laquelle il y aura un souspiral marqué D, par ou lon
-mettra leau, et aussi un tuyau marqué B, C, qui sera soudé en haut de
-la balle, et le bout C, aprochera pres du fond, sans y toucher, apres
-faut emplir ladite balle d’eau par le souspiral, puis le bien reboucher
-et le mettre sur le feu, alors la chaleur donnant contre ladite
-balle, fera monter toute leau, par le tuyau B, C.” See also Figuier’s
-“Exposition et Histoire des principales découvertes Scientifiques
-Modernes.” Tome premier. Paris, 1862, p. 25.
-
-[Illustration: De Caus’ Fountain.]
-
-The adjoining engraving is exactly traced from the original, of which
-it is, in every respect, a faithful copy. It represents a globular
-metallic vessel A, with a jet and stop-cock at B, and another stop-cock
-at D, through which water can be injected by means of a syringe. The
-jet B, is the top end of a pipe C, which nearly touches the bottom of
-the inside of the hollow sphere. Supposing the globe to be half or two
-thirds full of water, and placed on a fire, the heat will presently
-raise a quantity of steam, which, as it increases in quantity, will
-occupy the upper empty space of the sphere, and by its pressure on the
-surface of the boiling water, cause the same to rise rapidly up the
-vertical pipe C, and produce the jet-d’eau above B, the instant the
-stop-cock is opened. And this operation will continue so long as any
-water remains for the bottom end of the pipe C, to dip into; after
-which it can only be renewed by refilling the vessel, and re-boiling
-the fresh supply of water.
-
-De Caus, in his large folio work, in which varieties of fountains
-are explained by elaborate copper-plates, and minute descriptions,
-satisfies himself with the above brief explanation of the simple
-woodcut figure, which we have here reproduced; from which we infer
-that he laid no claim to its being his own invention, or at all events
-that he presented it to his readers as a gratuitous offering, for
-its curious and amusing results. It is not likely that the author
-of a considerable work, amidst recondite descriptions and sumptuous
-engravings of comparatively common affairs would consign his own most
-valuable contribution to a few lines of bare description and a coarsely
-engraved diagram. It is obvious, therefore, that De Caus himself, set
-no great store by this toy fountain; he saw no great scope in its
-application, and certainly never assumed it to be of greater value than
-as an amusing experimental fountain. To claim more for an Inventor,
-than an Inventor claims for himself is mere infatuation. To say that
-De Caus had only to add another pipe, and only to make another
-arrangement or two, and then this petite fontaine would somewhat
-resemble a steam engine, is neither sound nor admissible. An inventor
-must be judged by his own aim and object, and the example he offers
-us, without any additions or subtractions at other hands. What De Caus
-desribes, therefore, is not a continuous but an intermittent fountain;
-not self-feeding, but to be refilled by a syringe; not emitting cold,
-but boiling hot water; and the difficulties and delays in the use of
-which materially increased in proportion with its dimensions.
-
-But there was shortly afterwards published another highly suggestive
-work, on a mechanical application of steam, in “Le Machine,” by
-Giovanni Branca, 4to. 1628; in which the 25th figure represents the
-operation of pounding, the pestles being acted on by pulleys and
-cog-wheels set in motion by a jet of steam issuing from a pipe against
-the vanes of a horizontal wheel. The boiler is in the fanciful form of
-the bust of a negro, with the steam pipe issuing from the mouth.
-
-On the 21st of January, 1630, a patent was granted to David Ramsey,
-for, among other inventions, one “to raise water from low pits by
-fire.” But unfortunately, like all patents of that period, it is
-unaccompanied by any description.
-
-John Bate, in his “Mysteries of Art and Nature,” 1635, 4to. has “a
-conceited lamp, for forcing water or air through the figure of a bird.”
-A minute description is given for constructing a small boiler in the
-form of a crown, surmounted by a bird, and enclosing various perforated
-pipes and valves, capable of being turned in various directions; the
-whole is set over a circular lamp, with several cotton wicks. Water
-being put in the boiler, Bate observes--“Then the water being by little
-and little converted into ayre, by the heate of the lights that are
-underneath, will breathe forth at the mouth of the cock;” but, on being
-partially turned, “then there being no vent for the ayre to breath out
-at, it will presse the water, and force it to ascend the pipe, and
-issue out where the air breathed before.” In conclusion he shrewdly
-remarks:--“_Other devices and those more strange in their effects, may
-be contrived from hence_.” (p. 33, 34.)
-
-In the “Recreation Mathematique” of H. van Etten, 1629, 12mo. of
-which there were translations in several editions, as 1633, 1653, and
-others, the 67th problem is descriptive “Of the properties of Æolipiles
-or bowels to blow the fire.” In the course of the article on this
-subject it is observed: “Vitruvius, in his first book of Architecture,
-cap. 8, approves from these engines, that winde is no other thing
-than a quantity of vapours and exhalations agitated with the aire by
-rarefaction and condensation;” a remark curious enough, if only for the
-last word “_condensation_.” The article concludes--“Now it is cunning
-and subtiltie to fill one of these Æolipiles with water at so little a
-hole, and therefore requires the knowledge of a philosopher to finde
-it out; and the way is thus:--Heat the Æolipiles being empty, and the
-aire which is within it will become extreamely rarefied; then being
-thus hot throw it into water, and the aire will begin to be condensed:
-by which meanes it will occupie lesse roome, therefore the water will
-immediately enter in at the hole to avoide vacuitie: thus you have some
-practicall speculation upon the Æolipile.”
-
-Here we have “condensation” a second time adverted to, while the whole
-experiment proves the folly of attributing to Savery a similar result
-as a novelty leading for the first time to a knowledge of the property
-of “condensation,” to the disparagement of the Marquis and his
-predecessors, assuming their total ignorance of what is here so clearly
-and graphically described.
-
-Again, Van Etten in the fifth section of Problem LXXXV. treats--“Of a
-fine fountaine which spouts water very high, and with great violence by
-turning of a cock.” page 193. “Let there be a vessel made close in all
-its parts, in the middle of which let a pipe open neare the bottome;
-and then with a squirt squirt in the water (stopped above by the cock
-or faucet) with as great violence as possible you can, and turne the
-cock immediately. Now there being an indifferent quantity of water and
-aire in the vessel, the water keeps itself in the bottom, and the aire
-which was greatly pressed, seeks for more place, that turning the cock
-the water issueth forth at the pipe, and flyes very high, _and that
-especially if the vessell be a little heated_.” The concluding sentence
-would no doubt afford a mind like that of the Marquis of Worcester’s
-abundant matter for experimental trial, if ever consulted by him,
-either in the original, or in the translation of 1633.
-
-The following extract from Van Etten’s 83rd Problem, “Of Cannons or
-great Artillery,” affords strong presumptive evidence (taken along
-with other extracts) of the Marquis’s acquaintance with the work.
-The Problem is divided into two parts, of which the first alone need
-be noticed, namely,--“How to charge a cannon without powder.” It is
-observed--“This may be done with aire and water, only having thrown
-cold water into the cannon, which might be squirted forceably in by the
-closure of the mouth of the piece, that so by this pressure the aire
-might more condense, then having a round piece of wood very just, and
-oiled well for the better to slide, and thrust the bullet when it shall
-be time. This piece of wood may be held fast with some pole, for feare
-it be not thrust out before his time: _then let fire be made about the
-trunnion or hinder part of the piece to heat the aire and water_, and
-then when one would shoot it let the pole be quickly loosened, for then
-the aire searching a greater place, and having way now offered, will
-thrust out the wood and the bullet very quick: the experiment which
-we have in long trunkes [tubes] shooting out pellats with aire only,
-sheweth the verity of this Probleme.” (page 173.)
-
-The words italicised are a complete description of the Marquis’s
-experiment, although made with a widely different object, but both
-afford evidence of the force obtainable from a small quantity of
-heated water, the one in an imperfectly closed, the other in a well
-closed cannon. It is remarkable how near this experiment comes to the
-steam-engine cylinder, piston, and safety valve; and we can scarcely
-believe that such applications would escape the Marquis’s observation,
-when repeated and varied as was his customary course in pursuing his
-own inquiries.
-
-We have thus, from 1615 to 1653, shown, what sources were open to
-afford suggestions to the Marquis of Worcester’s wakeful and watchful
-mind, alive and on the alert to seize on every hint promising some
-enlarged and useful application. We come next to that part of his own
-statement, where he says: “so that having found a way to make my
-vessels, so that they are strengthened by the FORCE within them, and
-the one to fill after the other, &c.” “Vessels” may here apply to
-cisterns, receivers, boilers, &c., in short whatever appliances were
-used. But it is usually supposed to mean the boiler only, and hence
-the difficulty to understand how its safety should increase with the
-increased internal expansive _force_ of the steam. But allowance must
-be made for the general vagueness throughout the “Century,” and we
-must bear in mind that its language was not arranged to inform the
-public in respect to construction, but, as its author explicitly
-states, the several inventions are “set down in such a way as may
-_sufficiently_ instruct _me_ to put any of them in practice.” Now
-there is good ground for believing that the Marquis had a special
-meaning for the word “force,” as here applied, a word then used
-indifferently in its ordinary and in a technical sense, in the same
-sentence. This is particularly worth illustrating; firstly, because
-it shows a probability that the Marquis had, before 1655, designed
-some kind of safety-valve; and secondly, to remove the common
-supposition of the foregoing invention being utterly paradoxical.
-
-It has already been stated, that there is sufficient evidence to prove,
-that John Bate’s “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” had attracted the
-especial notice of the Marquis. He would be about 33 years of age on
-its first publication, and he wrote his Century about 20 years after
-its appearance, we may, therefore, readily see how likely it would be
-for him to adopt even its very style and language. John Bate says, at
-page 11:--
-
-[Illustration: A forcer]
-
-“A forcer is a plug of wood exactly turned and leathered about; the
-end that goeth into the barrel, is semicircularly concave; p. 57.
-_Forces_ may be made to move either horizontally or perpendicularly,
-according unto the convenience of the work, or the invention of the
-artist and engineer; p. 59. (Describing ‘the water mill or engine
-near the north end of London Bridge.’) These two barrels must be
-bound fast unto two posts of the frame, with two strong iron bands,
-as T T; unto each of these must be fitted a _force_ well leathered,
-and in the tops of the _forces_ must be set two pieces of wood.” Then
-again, at page 66:--“K K, L L, the barrels of the _forces_, which
-force the water;” p. 67. “E, a barrel of brass or wood fastened in the
-well, K, a _force_ fitted into it.” Again, “the _force_ must be very
-heavy;” p. 71. “B, a barrel of iron or brass, fastened in the midst
-of the cistern, with a _force_ fitted unto it;” p. 72. “The _force_
-is linked, and it is noted with the letter D,” (in the engraving.)
-Again, “F, the barrel of the _force_, fastened within two or three
-inches of the bottom of the cistern;” p. 73, “C, a _force_, D, the
-_forces_ barrel.” Again, “the _force_ draweth the water out of the
-cistern B, into the barrel D;” p. 74, “another strong iron bar as I
-I, unto each end whereof must be linked a _force_; K K, the two
-barrels of the aforesaid _forces_.”
-
-In the 21st volume of Philosophical Transactions, published in 1700,
-there is a description, with an engraving,[M] being, “An account of
-Mr. Thomas Savery’s engine for raising water by the help of fire.” It
-states that Mr. Savery, on the 14th of June, 1699:--“Entertained the
-Royal Society with shewing a model of his Engine for raising water by
-the help of fire, which he set to work before them; the experiment
-succeeded according to expectation, and to their satisfaction. The
-Engine may be understood by the draughts of it, where Fig. 1 is the
-front of the Engine for raising water by fire; and Fig. 2, the side
-prospect of the Engine.
-
-“A, is the furnace; B, the boiler; C, two cocks which convey the
-steam from the bottom in order to discharge it again at the top; D,
-which convey the steam by turns, to the vessel D. the vessels which
-receive the water from the bottom in order to discharge it again at
-the top; E, valves; F, cocks which keep up the water, while the
-valves on occasion are cleaned; G, the force pipe; H, the sucking
-pipe; and I, the water.”
-
-[Illustration: Savery’s Engine, 1699]
-
-Neither at the time nor afterwards does the invention appear to have
-attracted any further notice in that quarter. The next account we have
-of it is afforded by “The Miners Friend, or an Engine to raise Water by
-Fire,” by Thomas Savery, Gent., 1702; in which the invention appears
-with two furnaces, instead of one, and with other details. In his
-description he refers to two vessels, marked P, No. 1, and P, No. 2,
-which correspond with the two receivers above, marked D, D.
-
-
-  Remarking on these, in             In the above 68th Article, the
- “The Miners Friend,” Savery         Marquis of W “A man _that tends
-  says:--“So that P, No. 1, is by     the work is but to turn two
-  the external pressure of the       cocks_, that _one vessel of water
-  atmosphere, immediately refilled,  being consumed, another begins to
-  while P, No. 2, is emptying;       force and refil with cold water_,
-  which being done, you push the     and so successively, the fire
-  handle of the regulator from you,  being _tended_ and kept constant,
-  and throw the force on P, No. 1,   which the self-same person may
-  pulling the condensing pipe over   likewise abundantly perform
-  P, No. 2, causing the steam in     between the necessity of _turning_
-  that vessel to condense, _so that  the said cocks.”
-  it fills while the other empties_.
-  The labour of _turning these two   And in No. 100, he says,
-  parts_ of the engine, viz. the    “a _child’s force_ bringeth up an
-  regulator and water-cock, and      hundred feet high, an incredible
- _tending the fire_, being no more   quantity of water.”
-  that what a _boy’s strength_ can
-  perform for a day together * * *
-  yet, after all, I would have men.
-  * * *”
-
-
-We do not purpose to press any charge against Savery, but simply to
-relate what is on record respecting the engine he put forward; and to
-notice here the remarkable coincidence between his description, and
-that given by the Marquis 32 years before. The Marquis writes in the
-singular number of “_the fire_,” thereby indicating a single furnace;
-and in Savery’s first drawing we find the model represented with
-one furnace. Then in “The Miners Friend,” we have parts described
-agreeing precisely with the preceding article, No. 68. And at the
-particular point just quoted, we have even a closer analogy, in the
-use of the very same words in reference to the same parts--_turning_
-and _tending_. And while, in No. 100, the Marquis informs us what
-“_a child’s force_” can perform; here Savery speaks of “_a boy’s
-strength_,” which is enlarged on, however, by recommending a man’s
-services.
-
-The next earliest notice we find of this engine is given by Richard
-Bradley, F.R.S., in his “New Improvements of Planting and Gardening,”
-8vo. 1718, who, in the third part, at page 175, supplies an engraving
-of “the late Mr. Savory, F.R.S.,”[N] his engine, as set up by him “for
-that curious gentleman Mr. Balle of Cambden House.” It is represented
-as a spherical boiler, capable of holding forty gallons, supported on
-a tripod, with a fire on the ground underneath. It is connected with
-a bell-shaped receiver of thirteen gallons capacity, supplied below
-with a pipe sixteen feet long, and above with a pipe to elevate the
-water, forty-two feet. The steam pressure is stated to be capable of
-discharging fifty-two gallons per minute, the pipes being of three
-inches bore; and the original cost of the whole was £50.
-
-In 1729, Stephen Switzer published his “Introduction to a general
-system of Hydrostaticks,” in two volumes quarto. He says:--
-
-“Amongst the several Engines which have been contrived for the
-raising of water for the supply of houses and gardens, none has been
-more justly surprising than that of the raising of water by fire; the
-particular contrivance and sole invention of a gentleman, with whom I
-had the honour long since to be well acquainted; I mean the ingenious
-Captain Savery, some time since deceased, but then a most noted
-engineer, and one of the Commissioners of the Sick and Wounded. This
-gentleman’s thoughts (as appears by a preface of his to a little
-book, entitled, ‘The Miners’ Friend’), were always employed in
-Hydrostatics and Hydraulics; and the first hint from which it is said
-he took his engine, was from a tobacco pipe, which he immersed to
-wash or cool it, as is sometimes done; he discovered by the
-rarefaction of the air in the tube by the heat or steam of the water,
-and the gravitation or impulse of the exterior air, that the water
-was made to spring through the tube of the pipe in a wonderful
-surprising manner; though others say, that the learned Marquis of
-Worcester, in his ‘Century of Inventions,’ (which book I have not
-seen), see page 68, gave the first hint for this raising water by
-fire.”--Vol. ii. p. 325.
-
-Thirty-four years later, Dr. J. T. Desaguliers, F.R.S., and Chaplain to
-His Royal Highness, Frederick, late Prince of Wales, &c., published his
-“Course of Experimental Philosophy,” in two volumes, quarto, 1763. His
-13th section is a discourse on the “Fire-engine,” as the steam-engine
-was then designated. And the following lecture treats largely on the
-Marquis of Worcester’s present article in the “Century,” which he
-quotes and then observes:--
-
-“Captain Savery, having read the Marquis of Worcester’s book, was the
-first who put in practice the raising Water by Fire, which he proposed
-for the draining of mines. His Engine is described in Harris’s Lexicon
-(on the word _Engine_), which being compared with the Marquis of
-Worcester’s description, will easily appear to have been taken from
-him; though Captain Savery denied it, and the better to conceal the
-matter, bought up all the Marquis of Worcester’s books that he could
-purchase in _Pater-Noster-Row_, and elsewhere, and burned them in the
-presence of the gentleman his friend, who told me this. He said that
-he found out the power of steam by chance, and invented the following
-story to persuade people to believe it, viz., that having drank a flask
-of Florence at a tavern, and thrown the empty flask upon the fire, he
-called for a bason of water to wash his hands, and perceiving that
-the little wine left in the flask had filled up the flask with steam,
-he took the flask by the neck, and plunged the mouth of it under the
-surface of the water in the bason, and the water of the bason was
-immediately driven up into the flask by the pressure of the air.”
-
-Desaguliers doubts the veracity of this bottle story, and we may well
-agree with him, when we find that in another version the discovery is
-attributed to a tobacco-pipe.
-
-He proceeds:--“Captain Savery made a great many experiments to bring
-this machine to perfection, and did erect several, which raised water
-very well for gentlemen’s seats; but could not succeed for mines, or
-supplying towns, where the water was to be raised very high, and in
-great quantities: for then the steam required being boiled up to such
-a strength, as to be ready to tear all the vessels to pieces. I have
-known Captain Savery, at York-Buildings, make steam eight or ten times
-stronger than common air; and then its heat was so great, that it would
-melt common soft solder; and its strength so great as to blow open
-several of the joints of his machine: so that he was forced to be at
-the pains and charge to have all his joints soldered with spelter or
-hard solder.”--Pp. 464–467.
-
-The serious accusation made against Savery of deriving all his
-information from the Marquis of Worcester’s invention, and destroying
-all he could procure relating to the Marquis, rests solely on the
-authority of Desaguliers, to whom it was related by one of Savery’s
-friends! In 1699, the Marquis’s Act had yet 63 years unexpired, had
-the Duke of Beaufort felt disposed to investigate how far Savery’s
-engine interfered with his father’s invention; but no such interest was
-excited, nor had Savery at any time so much success as to induce such
-an inquiry. But, in 1699, the Marquis had only been dead 32 years, and
-we have proof that his engine was in existence in 1670, reducing the
-space of time to 29 years; by no means an unlikely period for Savery to
-find parts of the large engine, or models of a small one, or drawings,
-or MS. descriptions, or verbal details from eye-witnesses, from among
-some of the many visitants to Vauxhall, if, indeed, not directly from
-descendants of the “incomparable workman,” Kaltoff.
-
-Savery’s connection with the mining interests of the country would
-appear to have first drawn his attention to the value of a scheme,
-proposing to raise vast bodies of water by the aid of a most stupendous
-power. He might, when a mere youth, have heard enough of the Marquis’s
-invention, however vaguely communicated, to excite his curiosity, and
-decide him on a course of action whenever an opportunity should occur.
-
-After a lapse of more than a century and a half, Savery’s claim is
-not likely to be materially disturbed; but it will always be a matter
-of interest to observe the close similarity there is between the
-simple model he exhibited before the Royal Society, and the Marquis of
-Worcester’s brief summary of the parts and nature of his own engine.
-And it is not very favourable to a belief in Savery’s independence of
-the Marquis’s invention, that the former should be the sole inventor
-of a single marvellous production of ingenuity, without producing any
-novelty either before or afterwards, or displaying any particular
-inventive ability to improve on this early effort, which he left as at
-first produced.
-
-“The Miners Friend” is not unlike an imitation of the “Exact and
-true definition of the most Stupendous Water-commanding Engine;” for
-example:--
-
-
-  The MARQUIS’S invention is       SAVERY recommends the Engine
-  recommended “to every            he proposes:--
-  individual, if he either have    4. “As for draining fens and
-  surrounded Marsh-ground to           marshes,” &c.
-  drain, or dryland to improve.”
-
- “Thus whole cities may be kept    3. “Nothing can be more fit for
-  clean, delightful, and               serving cities and towns
-  wholesome.”                          with water.”
-
- “Or, if he have (I further say),  6. “For draining of mines and coal
-  Mines wherewith to enrich            pits, the use of the engine
-  himself withal.”                     will sufficiently recommend
-                                       itself in raising water so
-                                       easy and cheap.”
-
- “Houses to be served, or          2. “It may be of great use for
-  gardens to be beautified by          palaces, for the nobilities,
-  plentiful fountains, with            or gentlemen’s houses; for
-  little charge, yet certain in        by a cistern on the top of
-  ever so dry a Summer.”               a house * * * which water
-                                       in its fall makes you what
-                                       sorts of fountains you
-                                       please.”
-
-
-Savery says:--“And though my thoughts have been long imployed about
-water-works, I should never have pretended to any invention of that
-kind, had I not happily found out this new, but yet a much stronger
-and cheaper force or cause of motion than any before made use of.
-But finding this of rarefaction by fire, the consideration of the
-difficulties the miners and colliers labour under by the frequent
-disorders, cumbersomness, and in general of water-engines, incouraged
-me to invent engines to work by this new force, that tho’ I was obliged
-to incounter the oddest and almost insuperable difficulties, I spared
-neither time, pains, nor money till I had absolutely conquer’d them.”
-
-Savery is reputed to have died in 1715, therefore he was very probably
-between 40 and 50 years of age in 1699; and he might have commenced his
-investigations into the existence of the Marquis’s inventions, models,
-books, papers, drawings, and traditional statements at 25 or 30 years
-of age, still leaving him from 15 to 20 years to complete his search
-for information. If he died at 60 years of age, he would be 12 years
-old when the Marquis died. At all events he had ample leisure, and the
-period was promising for such an inquiry.
-
-In his time neither writers nor inventors were very scrupulous in their
-adoption of the labours of others; the wholesale literary plunder then
-practised by compilers, would not be permitted in modern times, nor
-would it be attempted by any author of moderate reputation. Invention,
-on the contrary, has always been a doubtful sort of preserve, the
-rights of which have been contested with fearless impunity by every
-poacher down to the present period. In the 16th and 17th centuries
-particularly, no rights were so ill defined as those of the inventor,
-even in the face of patents, and Acts of Parliament. But the rights of
-a deceased inventor were still less sacred in public opinion, and there
-never has been, at any time, an organized body interested in detecting
-and exposing unjust assumptions of being a true and first inventor.
-
-Savery claimed perfect independence of the Marquis of Worcester, and
-promulgated a story to parallel that of the pot-lid, usually related
-in reference to his predecessor’s invention, while (as is pretended)
-he was a prisoner in the Tower. Let us now compare certain dates and
-circumstances to see how far they favour Dr. Desaguliers’ charge.
-
-On the 25th of July, 1698, Thomas Savery, Gentleman, had granted to
-him a 14 years’ patent for “A new Invention for raising of Water and
-occasioning motion to all sorts of Mill Work by the impellent force of
-fire.”
-
-Within six months afterwards, on the 21st of January, 1699, died the
-only son and heir of the Marquis of Worcester, Henry Duke of Beaufort,
-at 70 years of age.
-
-Within three months after his Grace’s decease Savery had a Bill brought
-into the House of Lords, which, on the 6th of April, was reported to
-the House of Commons, and passed on the 25th of the same month. This
-private Act extended the patent privilege over 21 years further, making
-35 years.
-
-On the 14th of June following, it is stated in the Royal Society’s
-Transactions, “Mr. Savery entertained the Society with shewing the
-model of his engine for raising water by the help of fire.” (See page
-485.)
-
-Dr. Hook was then living, but died on the 3rd of March, 1702. Above
-38 years had elapsed since his visit to Kaltoff, to see the engine at
-Vauxhall; and he could have spoken to the merits of Savery’s engine,
-as compared with what he had earlier seen, had his age and health
-permitted, or his inclination prompted him so to act.
-
-On the decease of Dr. Hook, there was published “The Miners Friend,”
-(1702), by Thomas Savery,[O] Gentleman. He there speaks of his model
-shown to the Royal Society, “June the 14th, 1699,” thanking the
-Society for “your kindness in countenancing this invention IN ITS
-FIRST APPEARANCE IN THE WORLD;” that is, within six months _after the
-death of the Duke of Beaufort_.
-
-The Patent of 1698, like all patents of that period, contains no more
-account of Savery’s engine than the mere title, or designation of the
-nature and intention of the invention; therefore, when the Act of
-Parliament was applied for and obtained, there had still been no
-publication indicating the _modus operandi_. It was not until the
-14th of June, 1699, that the Invention made _its first appearance in
-the world_, in the rooms of the Royal Society. And it was not until
-1702, that Savery published any account of his invention, and we then
-expect to learn something interesting in regard to the wonderful
-discovery. But all he has to say on the matter is in these few lines
-“And though my _thoughts_ have been _long_ employed about
-water-works, I should never have pretended to any invention of that
-kind, _had I not happily found out this new, but yet a much stronger
-and cheaper force or cause of motion than any_ BEFORE _made use of_.
-But _finding_ this of rarefaction by fire, the consideration of the
-difficulties the miners and colliers labour under by the frequent
-disorders, cumbersomeness, and in general of water-engines,
-_encouraged me to invent engines to work by this new force_, that
-though I was obliged to encounter _the oddest_ and _almost
-insuperable difficulties_, I spared neither _time_, _pains_, nor
-_money_, till I had absolutely conquered them.”
-
-This stoicism and total absence of the least ray of mental enthusiasm
-are the first remarkable circumstances to strike our observation.
-Here, after a lapse of three years, some encouragement, and writing
-on the matter of a great discovery, the precious jewel is treated as
-if it were of the nature of the most ordinary pump. “And though my
-_thoughts_ have been long employed about water-works,” yet we are to
-presume that he never heard of the great “Water-commanding Engine”
-at Vauxhall, 30 years previous. He believes in his having “found out
-this new, but yet a much stronger and cheaper force than any _before_
-made use of,” yet never, even remotely, declares how or in what way
-he came by it. “But _finding_ this of rarefaction by fire,” as he
-says, we on our part naturally ask, And pray where and how did you
-_find_ it? He names the considerations that “encouraged him to invent
-engines to work by this new force;” but from the time of producing
-the model of 1699 to the last improvement of 1702, there was no
-essential difference; the invention remained the same throughout. The
-only difficulties in his way were, in his own words, “the oddest and
-most insuperable,” but we are left to guess in what their _oddness_
-consisted.
-
-He finally states, in his first chapter:--“I may modestly affirm
-that the adventurer or supervisor of the mine will be freed from
-that perpetual charge, expence, and trouble of repairs which all
-other engines ever yet employed in mines for the raising of water are
-continually liable unto.”
-
-In Article No. 100, of the “Century,” however, it is shortly but
-expressly urged, as one important point, that the engine works, “with
-_little charge_, to drain all sorts of mines, &c.”
-
-It appears from documents dated 1664, relating to Vauxhall, that Caspar
-Kaltoff is named therein as “lately deceased.”[P] So that in 1699
-Thomas Savery was left in full possession of the field he had entered
-upon. The facts and dates now furnished, are not very favourable to the
-genuineness of Savery’s Invention. For it is not likely that all trace
-of the “Water-commanding Engine” would have been lost between 1670 and
-1699, when Kaltoff’s family were still living, as also many persons
-who had witnessed the performance of the great engine at Vauxhall. It
-is true that the last we hear of it is not later than 1670, but it was
-then the property of the Dowager Marchioness, who died in 1681, and
-her Ladyship would most likely, from respect, as well as from personal
-interest in the matter, not permit the engine to be sold or destroyed.
-Then from 1681 to 1699, reduces the probability of its existence up
-to a period within 18 years, taking the dates to the uttermost limit,
-although we can easily understand that for the whole or a large portion
-of those 18 years Savery was in possession of all the facts he would
-require for coming before the public on the decease of Kaltoff, the
-Dowager Marchioness of Worcester, and the Duke of Beaufort; the latter
-being the last party interested in the invention, and likely, during
-his life, to frustrate such a design.
-
-But what papers could he procure at Paternoster Row for destruction?
-1. There was a pamphlet, being the Definition and Act, the latter
-printed in black letter. 2. There was the “Definition” itself, printed
-in the form of a posting bill. And, 3, there was the “Century.” All
-these were printed 1663 to 1664, and are editions which are now
-remarkably scarce. There are only about three copies of the Act,
-and one of the “Definition,” known to exist, while the few copies
-of the “Century” of 1663, are rarely indeed to be found in private
-collections. But, besides these, it was quite possible to procure,
-within 15 or 20 years after his decease, even manuscripts, drawings,
-and books, the property of the deceased Marquis, more or less
-referring to his great invention.
-
-Even admitting that Savery was an independent inventor in 1699,
-notwithstanding so many conflicting circumstances pointing to a
-different conclusion, he could not have been working many years at York
-Buildings in the Strand, without hearing of the Engine at Vauxhall,
-invented by the proprietor of Worcester House in the Strand. This
-very propinquity alone was sufficient to excite in the mind of some
-intelligent, inquisitive, and observant visitor the fact, which so
-singular a coincidence would obviously suggest.
-
-While, however, everybody else is viewing the engine of Savery’s
-reputed invention with astonishment, Savery himself is present to our
-mind only as a cold calculating man, proud, not of being a Captain
-over Mines, but of being designated “Gentleman;” and while thus
-precise to inform the world of his gentility, he leaves us in perfect
-ignorance of his mental acquirements, or the origin of the marvellous
-engine. It may appear to some, that his exhibiting of the model before
-the Royal Society is at once evidence of straightforwardness and
-uprightness of conduct. But this view is open to the objection, that
-he had never before shown the model, and he thanks the Royal Society
-for “countenancing this Invention on its _first appearance in the
-world_.” From the 25th of July 1698, to the 14th of June 1699, he had
-been nursing the invention in secret. What doubts could remain in his
-mind, when all persons likely to be most interested were no longer in
-existence? Men of science alone remained, who might possibly disturb
-his claims, and what means could be found more likely to set this doubt
-at rest, than a bold appeal to that learned body? And come of it what
-might, there would still remain to him the question of _improvements_;
-supposing the grand claim to originality to become a matter of dispute.
-But to Savery’s great satisfaction, if not to his greater surprise, so
-far from a word of dissent being raised, there was (contrary to all
-precedent) a certificate given in favour of the invention at Savery’s
-request.
-
-Savery’s career may be taken as commencing in 1699, thirty-two years
-after the decease of the Marquis of Worcester, thirty-six years from
-the date of the “Century of Inventions,” or thirty-nine years after
-the establishment of the Royal Society, and yet his operations made
-slight impression on the public, and scarcely any on scientific
-society. This circumstance removes much of the surprise we might
-otherwise seriously entertain respecting the occasion of the Marquis of
-Worcester’s own publications and personal labours, during four arduous
-years of excessive mental and physical activity, leaving little behind
-to attest the extent of his operations and the precise nature of the
-difficulties with which he had to contend. Great strides must have been
-made in arts, manufactures and trade, during the intervening thirty-two
-years, all in favour of Savery’s progress, and yet, with the exception
-of Dr. Papin, scientific men were not attracted by the remarkable
-results which Savery prominently placed before the public; and Savery’s
-own exposition before the Royal Society is abridged to a single
-copper-plate engraving, and the shortest possible printed reference to
-its several details. Thus was this true mechanical prodigy of the age
-treated as though it were of little or no interest.
-
-When we compare this long continued apathetic feeling, this absence
-of forecast to form some strikingly favourable judgment of the value
-of the novelty thus published, although in its earliest stage, with
-the superior knowledge on the subject evinced by the writings, labour,
-and conduct of the Marquis of Worcester, at least thirty-six years
-before Savery; it is then, and then only, perhaps, that we become fully
-alive to his almost prescient judgment, that could, as if inspired,
-prognosticate so truthfully as he did the future benefits of his
-invention to mankind.
-
-
-      69.
-
-    A way how a little triangle[2] scrued Key, not weighing a
-    Shilling, shall[3] be capable and strong enough to bolt and
-    unbolt round about a great Chest an hundred Bolts through fifty
-    Staples, two in each, with a direct contrary motion, and as many
-    more from both sides and ends, and at the self-same time shall
-    fasten it to a place beyond a mans natural strength to take it
-    away: and in one and the same turn both locketh and openeth it.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [2] triangle and. MS. and P.
- [3] not weighing a shilling - omitted. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_A triangle Key._] This ingenious trifle may be really only one part
-of another instrument, just as we see in the cutting portion of a
-centre bit, which, if its operation were attempted to be described
-after the same fashion, would afford a perplexing and seemingly
-paradoxical statement. Yet no doubt the little triangle key was
-capable to the full of performing the duty here stated.
-
-
-      70.
-
-    A Key with a Rose-turning pipe, and two Roses pierced through
-    endwise[4] the Bit thereof,[5] with several handsomly-contriv’d
-    Wards, which may likewise do the same effects.[6]
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [4] endwise; together with. P.
- [5] together--for thereof.
- [6] effect.
-
-
-[_A Rose-Key._]
-
-
-      71.
-
-    A key perfectly square, with a Scrue turning within it, and more
-    conceited then any[7] of the rest,[8] and no heavier then the
-    triangle-scrued Key, and doth the same effects.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [7] either--for any. P.
- [8] other--for rest.
-
-
-[_A square Key with a turning scrue._] These two contrivances are
-simply variations on Article No. 69, and may depend for sufficient
-leverage on some source purposely kept out of view.
-
-
-      72.
-
-    An Escocheon[9] to be placed before any of these Locks with these
-    properties.
-
-
-    1. The owner (though a woman) may with her delicate hand vary the
-    wayes of coming to open the Lock ten millions of times, beyond
-    the knowledge of the Smith that made it, or of me who invented
-    it.
-
-
-    2. If a stranger open it, it setteth an Alarm a-going, which the
-    stranger cannot stop from running out; and besides, though none
-    should be within hearing, yet it catcheth his hand, as a Trap
-    doth a Fox; and though far from maiming him, yet it leaveth such
-    a mark behind it, as will discover him if suspected; the
-    Escocheon[9] or[1]. Lock plainly shewing what monies[2] he hath
-    taken out of the Box to a farthing, and how many times opened
-    since the owner hath been in[3] it.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [9] A Schuchion. MS. escutcheon. P.
- [9] Scuchion. MS. escutcheon. P.
- [1] or the.
- [2] money. P.
- [3] at it. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_An Escocheon for all Locks._] Stow, in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth,
-has particularly distinguished Mark Scaliot as a clever blacksmith;
-and Dr. Robert Plot, in his “Natural History of Staffordshire,” 1684,
-especially notices the elaborate, ingenious, and expensive locks
-made by several eminent Staffordshire locksmiths. He observes:--“The
-greatest excellency of the blacksmith’s profession, that I could hear
-of in this county, lies in their making locks.” He then explains at
-large a certain kind of locks with a master’s key, and inferior keys
-for the servants; and supposing any servant to trifle with such locks,
-the master or mistress can “certainly tell how many times that servant
-has been in, at any distance of time; or how many times the lock has
-been shot for a whole year together.” He also says: “I was told of a
-very fine lock made in this town (Stafford) sold for twenty pounds,
-that had a set of chimes in it, that would go at any hour the owner
-should think fit.”
-
-
-      73.
-
-    A transmittible Gallery over any Ditch or Breach in a Town-wall,
-    with a Blinde and Parapit Cannon-proof.
-
-
-[_A transmittible Gallery._] The perusal of the elaborately illustrated
-works of Vegetius, Vitruvius, Fludd, and other writers of the sixteenth
-and seventeenth centuries, would abundantly furnish the Marquis of
-Worcester with hints to show what had been done in such warlike
-machinery, and to stimulate him to make improvements. Such an invention
-as the present one, with others of a like magnitude, he probably never
-proved practically beyond satisfying himself by means of well made
-models, that whatever modifications he proposed to introduce were
-mechanically practicable.
-
-
-      74.
-
-    A Door, whereof the turning of a Key, with the help and motion of
-    the handle, makes the hinges to be of either side, and to open
-    either inward or outward, as one is to enter or to[4] go out, or
-    to open in half.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [5] to--omitted.
-
-
-[_A conceited Door._] Van Etten, in his Mathematical Recreations,
-offers as Problem XV. “How to make a Door or Gate, which shall open
-on both sides.” It is represented that “All the skill and subtilty
-of this, rests in the artificiall disposer of four plates of iron.”
-The description, which is very imperfect, concludes--“the gate will
-open upon one side with the aforesaid plates, or hooks of iron; and
-by the help of the other two plates, will open upon the other side.”
-[Oughtred’s ed. 1653, page 30.] The Marquis may have conceived his own
-plan to be a most decided improvement upon this primitive design.
-
-
-      75.
-
-    How a Tape or Ribbon-weaver[5] may set down a whole discourse,
-    without knowing a letter, or interweaving any thing suspicious of
-    other secret then a new-fashioned Ribbon.[6]
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [5] riband-weaver. P.
- [6] riband. P.
-
-
-[_A Discourse woven in Tape or Ribbon._] This article should have
-followed article No. 43, of which it seems to be one of the
-“variations” therein contemplated.
-
-
-      76.
-
-    How to write in the dark as streight as by day or candle-light.
-
-
-[_To write in the dark._] This would appear only to require a box of
-any form, the top or lid of which being of ground glass, it could be
-illuminated by means of a small night-light placed below, within the
-box; when it would be possible to write on paper laid on the glass,
-in a totally dark room. Such a device might be useful to an inexpert
-artist for making a tracing of any drawing.
-
-
-      77.
-
-    How to make a man to fly; which I have tried with a little Boy of
-    ten years old in a Barn, from one end to the other, on a Hay-mow.
-
-
-[_A flying man._] One feels disposed to believe, on reading this
-article, that the Marquis, in multiplying his experiments with fire and
-water, might have tried in different ways the effects of heating air,
-and actually gone far to anticipate Montgolfier in producing a balloon.
-
-However, it was confidently believed in the 17th century that flying
-was possible, provided proper machinery could be invented. There is
-a curious little work on this subject, “De arte Volandi,” by Frid.
-Hermannus Flayder, small 12mo. 1627.
-
-Milton, in his “History of Britain,” 1670, speaking of the
-prognostications of Elmer, a monk of Malmsbury, during the reign of
-Harold, mentions that--“He in his youth strangely aspiring, had made
-and fitted wings to his hands and feet; with these on the top of a
-tower, spread out to gather air, he flew more than a furlong; but the
-wind being too high, came fluttering down, to the maiming of all his
-limbs; yet so conceited of his art, that he attributed the cause of his
-fall to the want of a tail, as birds have, which he forgot to make to
-his hinder parts.” See also Kennet’s History of England, 1st vol. 1706,
-fol.
-
-In “Friar Bacon’s discovery of the miracles of Art, Nature, &c.”
-published in 12mo. 1659, treating “Of admirable artificial
-instruments,” the following occurs among other inventions: “It is
-possible to make engines for flying, a man sitting in the midst
-whereof, by turning only about an instrument, which moves artificial
-wings made to beat the air, much after the fashion of a bird’s
-flight.” Chap. iv. page 17. He states that he has seen all his other
-named inventions, “excepting only that instrument of flying, which I
-never saw, or know any who hath seen it, though I am exceedingly
-acquainted with _a very prudent man, who hath invented the whole
-artifice_.”
-
-The learned Dr. Robert Hooke, Professor of Geometry at Gresham College,
-in 1655, made many ineffectual trials to accomplish this object, which
-he communicated to the celebrated Bishop Wilkins, who considered his
-plans were very ingenious.
-
-Lord Bacon was not above recommending experimental investigation of
-means for flying. And Bishop Wilkins suggests, that the most obvious
-way for effecting the desired purpose is “by wings fastened immediately
-to the body, this coming nearest to the imitation of nature;” and
-further, “this is that way which Fredericus Hermannus [Flayder], in his
-little discourse, De Arte volandi, doth only mention and insist upon.”
-
-In 1679, Dr. Robert Hooke, while Secretary of the Royal Society,
-published “Lectiones Cutlerianæ, a collection of Lectures made before
-the Royal Society,” 4to. consisting of a series of pamphlets, among
-which, No. 1 of the “Philosophical Collections,” contains eleven
-articles, the fourth being, “An account of the Sieur Bernier’s way of
-Flying,” as follows:--
-
-“Having lately seen an account from France of a person there, who,
-with some considerable success, has attempted to raise and sustain
-himself, and so to move and fly in the air by the help of mechanical
-or artificial wings, agitated only by his own strength, without the
-assistance of any other either animate or inanimate power; I thought
-it might not be unacceptable to the curious to receive some (though
-imperfect) account thereof.
-
-“It is, I confess, no new design, since there has hardly been an age
-wherein some one or other of these Dædalian engineers have not been
-trying the strength of their invention about it. The story of Dædalus
-and Icarus might have its ground from the attempts of some persons
-about this matter, though poetic relations have made it seem romantic.
-What the performances of Simon Magus were is uncertain; they might have
-[been] somewhat mechanical. That attempt of one of our English kings
-is delivered to us for true history: whether so or no, I determine
-not. But without doubt, it was believed possible, and attempted also
-in the time of our famous Friar Roger Bacon, who lived about 500 years
-since. Now, though he was believed a magician or conjuror, and to have
-performed what was related of him by the help of diabolical magic,
-yet from the perusal of several of his excellent works yet extant,
-I esteem him no such person; but I rather find him to have been a
-good mathematician, a knowing mechanic, a rare chemist, and a most
-accomplished experimental philosopher, which was a miracle for that
-dark age. This man affirms the art of flying possible, and that he
-himself knew how to make an engine,[Q] in which a man sitting, might
-be able to carry himself through the air like a bird. And affirms that
-there was then another person who had actually tried it with good
-success. The stories of Architas his wooden dove, and Regiomontanus
-his wooden eagle, are not much doubted of. Questionless, those
-persons did make some kind of engines to perform what was
-considerable in this art of flying. Busbequius his story of the Turk
-at Constantinople, that attempted to fly, is not doubted. Nor are
-other relations of late attempts made in Germany, and elsewhere
-disbelieved. We have not wanted late instances, even here in England,
-of several ingenious men who have employed their wits and time about
-this design. Particularly, I have been credibly informed, that one
-Mr. Gascoyn did about 40 years since try it with good effect; though
-he since dying, the thing also died with him. And even now there are
-not wanting some in England who affirm themselves able to do it, and
-that they have proved as much by experiment.
-
-“But of all these, we have little or no account of the ways they
-have taken to effect their designs, and therefore conjectures will
-be much at random; only we may conclude them defective in somewhat
-or other, since we do not find them brought into common use, which
-the desirableness and usefulness of any one that should succeed would
-certainly cause it to be. I shall desist therefore from inquiry further
-concerning them, and acquaint you with two ways lately published
-in print, and more particularly described, which pretended to some
-considerable performance of this kind.”
-
-The first is inserted in the “Journal des Scavans” of the year 1678.
-
-Then follow a letter on the subject, and an account of Lana’s flying
-chariot. The latter is like a boat with wheels and sails; the former
-was the invention of Sieur Besnier, a smith of Sable in the county
-of Maine. The engraving represents a nude figure with two poles held
-horizontally on each shoulder, about the centre, and having at each end
-flags or wings, in form of folio book backs, with the two back ends of
-the poles attached by strings to the feet; affording altogether a very
-feeble attempt to obtain the desired object.
-
-The privilege of flight by any mechanical means is denied to man;
-his figure, weight, muscular constitution, all operate against his
-imitating the bird, which, admirably proportioned, light in frame, yet
-concentrating powerful muscular strength in its wings, well adapt it
-for enduring prolonged aerial flight, although the medium in which it
-floats is eight-hundred times lighter than water.
-
-If flight in the air is ever to be mechanically attained, it will be by
-a machine, worked independently of man’s power, and which possibly will
-neither be so safe nor so manageable as the common balloon, with all
-its hazards and wayward guideless journeyings.
-
-
-      78.
-
-    A Watch to go constantly, and yet needs no other winding from the
-    first setting on the Cord or Chain, unless it be broken,
-    requiring no other care from one then to be now and then
-    consulted with concerning the hour of the day or night; and if it
-    be laid by a week together, it will not erre much, but the
-    oftener looked upon, the more exact it sheweth the time of the
-    day or night.
-
-
-[_A continually-going Watch._] A watch having the dial enclosed under a
-metal case, as in hunting watches, is no doubt to be so contrived that
-the opening and closing of such case, to ascertain the time, shall act
-more or less to wind it up. A room door has been thus made to transmit
-power through attached levers to keep a clock constantly wound little
-by little, every time on opening and closing the door.
-
-His list of certain of his inventions gives a different reading to
-this article; as follows:--“I can render an ordinary watch, which,
-being once wound up, will go constantly during a man’s life, being
-used but once in 24 hours; and, though oftener looked on, it is still
-the same; and though not looked on for a week, still the same, if not
-bruised.”--See Appendix A.
-
-And in his patent of 1660, we have again a third reading, viz:--“To
-make a watch or clock without string or chain, or any other kind of
-winding up but what of necessity must follow, if the owner or keeper of
-the said watch or clock will know the hour of day or night; and yet if
-he lay it aside several days or weeks without looking or meddling with
-it, it shall go very well, and as justly as most watches that ever were
-made.”--See Appendix B.
-
-In “Humane Industry,” chapter I, occur the following remarks, “On
-Dials,” page 8:--“The wit of man hath been luxuriant and wanton in the
-inventions of late years; some have made watches so small and light,
-that ladies hang them at their ears like pendants and jewels; the
-smallness and variety of tools that are used about these small engines,
-seem to me no less admirable than the engines themselves; and there
-is more art and dexterity in placing so many wheels and axles in so
-small a compass (for some French watches do not exceed the compass of a
-farthing) than in making clocks and great machines.” It is also stated
-at page 9, that “In some towns of Germany and Italy, there are very
-rare and elaborate clocks to be seen in their Town Halls; wherein a
-man may read Astronomy, and never look up to the skies.” We are next
-informed: “But the exactest clocks and watches that are, are defective,
-and want correction; for in watches, the first half hour goes faster
-than the last half, and the second hour is slower than the first, and
-the third then the second.” Page 12.
-
-
-      79.
-
-    A way to lock all the Boxes of a Cabinet, (though never so many)
-    at one time, which were by particular Keys appropriated to each
-    Lock opened severally, and independent[7] the one of the other,
-    as much as concerneth the opening of them, and by these[8] means
-    cannot be left opened unawares.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [7] this--for these.
- [8] this--for these.
-
-
-[_A total locking of Cabinet-boxes._] The fact that by this means no
-one of the several cabinets can “be left opened unawares,” exposes the
-source of security, namely something like a long key-rod to take hold
-of each, or a bar extending down one side to overlap, when each cabinet
-drawer or door is closed.
-
-
-      80.
-
-    How to make a Pistol Barrel no thicker then a Shilling, and yet
-    able to endure a Musquet proof of Powder and Bullet.
-
-
-[_Light Pistol-barrels._] One might almost suppose the Marquis
-contemplated a method similar to that recently introduced by Mr.
-Longridge, of winding the barrel with wire.
-
-See also article No. 44, which may, or not, refer to the same
-description of barrel.
-
-
-      81.
-
-    A Combe-conveyance carrying of[9] Letters without suspicion, the
-    head being opened with a Needle-scrue drawing a Spring towards
-    them[1]; the Comb being made but after an usual form carried in
-    ones Pocket.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [9] of--omitted.
- [1] one--for them. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_A Comb-conveyance for Letters._] The entire ingenuity of the kind of
-conveyance proposed consists in the skill of the workman to provide a
-receptacle in so small an article, not open to suspicion when handled
-by a spy.
-
-
-      82.
-
-    A Knife, Spoon or Fork in an usual portable Case, may have the
-    like conveyances in their handles.
-
-
-[_A Knife, Spoon or Fork-conveyance._] William Bourne’s 73rd Device
-is--“How for to convey letters secretly.” One means is to be found in
-a Dog’s collar. Another in a water-tight metal case, to be inserted
-within a bottle of wine. “Inventions or Devices,” 1578.
-
-
-      83.
-
-    A Rasping-mill for Harts-horn, whereby a child may do the work of
-    half a dozen men, commonly taken up with that work.
-
-
-[_A Rasping-mill._] This description of mill is largely in use for
-rasping dye-woods, and has undergone a great variety of
-modifications.
-
-
-      84.
-
-    An Instrument whereby persons[2] ignorant in Arithmetick may
-    perfectly observe Numerations and Substractions[3] of all Summes
-    and Fractions.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [2] a person.
- [3] numeration and substraction. MS.
-
-
-[_An arithmetical Instrument._] There is in the British Museum a
-manuscript description, with a large engraving, of the serpentine
-scale invented by Thomas Browne, of Fenchurch Street, London, in 1631,
-by means of which “instrument all kinde of questions in Arithmetike,
-Geometry, &c. are speedily resolved.” Brit. Mus. Birch MS. No. 4407.
-
-Sir Samuel Morland, in 1672–3, published a small treatise, being--“The
-description and use of two arithmetick Instruments;” a second
-title mentions, “A new and most useful Instrument for Addition and
-Substraction of pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings,” which he
-“invented and presented to his most excellent Majesty, Charles II.
-1666.”
-
-      85.
-
-    A little Ball made in the shape of a Plum or Pear,[4] being
-    dexterously conveyed or forced into a bodies mouth, shall
-    presently shoot forth such and so many Bolts of each side and at
-    both ends, as[5] without the owners Key can neither be opened
-    or[6] filed off, being made of tempered Steel, and as effectually
-    locked as an Iron Chest.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [4] which being.
- [5] as that.
- [6] nor. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_An untoothsome Pear._] It is difficult to understand the intended
-use of this proposed instrument, but it is more likely to have been
-suggested from a feeling of humanity than from any other motive. A
-desperate and ferocious enemy, thus rendered helpless before being
-manacled, would assuredly be less dangerous than he could otherwise be
-considered; and it would not, therefore, be requisite to take his life,
-for personal safety; once thus secured he would be likely to listen to
-any terms of mercy.
-
-
-      86.
-
-    A Chair made _a-la-mode_, and yet a stranger being perswaded to
-    sit in’t, shall have immediately his armes and thighs lock’d up
-    beyond his own power to loosen them.
-
-
-[_An imprisoning Chair._] In the “Memoirs, illustrative of the life
-and Writings of John Evelyn, F.R.S.” &c., edited by William Bray, 2
-vols. 4to. 1819, occurs the Diary of his continental travels in 1644.
-On the 17th Nov., Evelyn being at Rome went to the “Villa Borghese, a
-house and ample garden on Mons Pincius.” In one of the chambers, he
-says, “are divers sorts of instruments of music; amongst other toys
-that of a satyr with so artificially expressed a human voice, with the
-motion of eyes and head, that it might easily affright one who was not
-prepared for that most extravagant sight. He showed us also a chair
-which catches any one who sits down in it so as not to be able to stir
-out, by certain springs concealed in the arms and back thereof, which
-at sitting down surprises a man on the sudden, locking him in by the
-arms and thighs, after a true treacherous Italian guise.”--Vol. i. p.
-106–107.
-
-M. de Blainville, in his travels, 1757, relates, in passing through
-Italy, and describing the Villa Borghese, raised under the Popedom of
-Paul V. uncle of Cardinal Scipio Borghese, that, “In the fourth room of
-the apartment, on the south side, called the room of the Three Graces,
-there stands a remarkable chair, said to have been formerly used to
-very evil purposes, by one of the Borghese family. The machine is very
-artfully contrived, and strangers who are not acquainted with the trick
-are infallibly caught, as in a trap, when they are prevailed upon
-to sit in this chair. By this stratagem the housekeeper gets a good
-many fees, which the enticed people are obliged to pay him for their
-deliverance out of captivity. In all appearance, these innocent deceits
-were the only thing intended by this piece of machinery.”--Vol. iii.
-page 34.
-
-
-      87.
-
-
-    A Brass Mold to cast Candles, in which a man may make 500. dozen
-    in a day, and adde an Ingredient to the tallow which will make it
-    cheaper, and yet so that the Candles shall look whiter and last
-    longer.
-
-
-[_A Candle-mold._] This invention seems to include some recipe to
-whiten the tallow. When the idea of improving candle-moulds suggested
-itself, the Marquis had probably been over some manufactory, and on
-seeing the customary mode of candle-making, the present suggestion may
-have occurred to him. We have placed it among the few others (only nine
-in number), in his numerous list, as belonging to the Domestic Class,
-of which it is the last.
-
-
-      88.[R]
-
-    How to make a Brazen or Stone-head, in the midst of a great Field
-    or Garden, so artificial and natural, that though a man speak
-    never so softly, and even whispers into the ear thereof, it will
-    presently open its mouth, and resolve the Question in French,
-    Latine, Welsh, Irish or English, in good terms uttering it out of
-    his mouth, and then shut it untill the next Question be asked.
-
-
-[_A Brazen head._] In a MS. list of five Inventions,
-
-“Life, Times, &c.” page 316, the present article is briefly stated to
-be:--“A brass head capable to receive at the ear a whisper, and the
-mouth thereof to render answer in any language to the interrogator.”
-
-In “The famous History of Frier Bacon,” [1630?] a black letter quarto
-of 24 leaves unpaged, the fifth article relates, “How Frier Bacon made
-a brazen head to speak, by the which he would have walled England about
-with brass.” He and Friar Bungey, it is stated, “with great study and
-pains so framed a head of brass, that in the inward parts thereof there
-was all things like as in a natural man’s head.”
-
-The same account may be read at length in the modernised edition of
-“Early English Prose Romances,” edited by W. J. Thoms, F.S.A., first
-volume, 12mo. 1858, page 205. The unfortunate head only survived to
-speak thrice, and then fell to pieces!
-
-See also “Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana,” London, Printed for Robert
-Triphook, 1816, 4to. Vol. I.
-
-In the “Inventions or Devices,” by William Bourne, 1578, “The 113th
-Device is, as touching the making of strange works, as the brazen
-head that did seem to speak, or birds of wood or metal made by art
-to fly, and birds made of wood or metal to sing sweetly at certain
-hours appointed, &c., which the common people doth marvel at.” He then
-proceeds to say:--
-
-“As touching the making of any strange works that the world hath
-marvelled at, as the brazen head that did seem to speak: and the
-serpent of brass for to hiss: or a dove of wood for to fly: or an eagle
-made by art of wood and other metal to fly; and birds made of brass,
-tin, or other metal to sing sweetly, and such other like devices, some
-have thought that it hath been done by enchantment, which is no such
-thing, but that it hath been done by wheels, as you may see by clocks,
-that do keep time, some going with plummets, and some with springs, as
-those small clocks that be used in tablets to hang about men’s necks.
-And as the brazen head, that seemed for to speak, might be made by such
-wheel work, to go either by plummets or by springs, and might have time
-given unto it, that at so many hours’ end, then the wheels and other
-engines should be set to work: and the voice that they did hear may go
-with bellows in some trunk of brass or other metal, with stops to alter
-the sound, may be made to seem to speak some words, according unto the
-fancy of the inventor, so that the simple people will marvel at it. And
-for to make a bird or fowl, made of wood or metal, with other things
-made by art, to fly, it is to be done to go with springs, and so to
-beat the air with the wings, as other birds or fowls do, being of a
-reasonable lightness, it may fly: and also to make birds of metal to
-sing very sweetly, and good music, it may be done with wheels, to go at
-any hour or time appointed by plummets, and then to have pipes of tin
-or other fine metal, to go with bellows, and the pipes to have stops,
-and to go with a barrel, or other such like device, and may be made to
-play or sing what note that the inventor shall think good when he doth
-make it; and also there may be divers helps to make it to seem pleasant
-unto the ears of the hearers, by letting the sound or wind of the pipes
-pass through or into water, for that will make a quavering as birds do,
-&c. And also you may make a small puppet, either like a man or woman,
-to seem to go by wheels and springs, and shall turn and go circular,
-according unto the setting of the wheels and springs, and also the
-birds made to fly by art, to fly circularly, as it shall please the
-inventor, by the placing of the wheels and springs, and such other like
-inventions, which the common people would marvel at, thinking that it
-is done by enchantment, and yet is done by no other means but by good
-arts and lawful.”
-
-Thomas Tymme, in 1612, published “A Dialogue Philosophicall,” written
-in the form of a Dialogue between Philadelph and Theophrast. In the
-third chapter, the former observes:--“I have heard and read of many
-strange motions artificiall, as were the inventions of Boetius, in
-whose commendation Cassiodorus writeth thus: you know profound things
-and shew mervailes, by the disposition of your Art, mettals doe lowe in
-sundrie formes: Diomedes picture of brasse, doth sound a trumpet loude:
-a brasen serpent hisseth: birds artificiall, sing sweetly. Very strange
-also was the moving of the Images of Mercurie: The brasen head which
-seemed to speake, made by Albertus Magnus: the Dove of wood, which
-the Mathematician Architas, did make to flie, as Agellius reporteth.
-Dedalus strange Images, which Plato speaketh of: Vulcans selfe-movers,
-whereof Homer hath written: the Iron fly, made at Noremberge, which
-being let out of the Artificers hand, did as it were flie about by
-the guests that were at the Table, and at the last, as though it were
-weary, returned to his masters hand againe. In which Citie also an
-artificiall Eagle was so ordered to flie aloft in the ayre toward the
-Emperour coming thither, that it did accompany him a mighty way.”--Page
-63.
-
-It is mentioned in Evelyn’s Memoirs, that when in Italy, in 1644,
-he visited the Villa Borghese at Rome, where he saw the figure of a
-satyr, that “artfully expressed a human voice.”--See Note, Article
-86. And in his Diary, he records:--“13 July, 1654. We all dined at
-that most obliging and universally curious Dr. Wilkins’s, at Wadham
-College [Oxford]. He had contrived a hollow statue, which gave a voice,
-and uttered words by a long concealed pipe that went to its mouth,
-whilst one speaks through it at a good distance.” He also entertained
-his visitors with “many other artificial, mathematical, and magical
-curiosities.”
-
-Bishop Wilkins, in his “Mathematicall Magick,” 1648, observes:--“There
-have been some inventions also which have been able for the utterance
-of articulate sounds, as the speaking of certain words. Such are some
-of the Egyptian idols related to be. Such was the brazen head made by
-Friar Bacon, and that statue, in the framing of which Albertus Magnus
-bestowed thirty years, broken by Aquinas, who came to see it, purposely
-that he might boast, how in one minute he had ruined the labour of so
-many years.” Proceeding further to consider such inventions, he says,
-“Walchius thinks it possible entirely to preserve the voice, or any
-words spoken, in a hollow trunk, or pipe.”--P. 176, 177.
-
-Dr. W. Hooper, in the second volume of his “Rational Recreations,” has
-an article on “The Conversive Statue,” requiring the employment of
-two concave mirrors, a statue, and an interlocutor. In regard to this
-arrangement, it is remarked:--“This recreation appears to be taken from
-the Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester; one of those men
-of sublime genius, who are able to perform actions infinitely superior
-to the capacity, or even the comprehension, of the mere scholar or man
-of business; and though his designs, at the time they were published,
-were treated with ridicule and neglect, by the great and little vulgar,
-who, judging by their own abilities, are ever ready to condemn what
-they cannot comprehend, yet they are now known to be generally, if not
-universally, practicable.”--Edit. 1794, pp. 220–223.
-
-The “Athenæum” of the 6th December, 1862, announced that--“A very
-remarkable talking automaton is exciting the curiosity of the
-Parisians. It has been constructed by M. Faber, late Professor of
-Mathematics at a German university, and is stated by our contemporary,
-‘Cosmos,’ to be by far the most successful effort that has been yet
-made to imitate the human voice. The figure, which is that of a woman,
-is exhibited on the Boulevard Magenta.”
-
-We may here add the following comment on--
-
-[_A Stamping Engine._] “An engine, without ye least noyse, knock, or
-use of fyre, to coyne and stamp 100 lb. in an houre, by one man.”--See
-Harleian MS. No. 2428.
-
-In “Humane Industry,” published 1661, at page 36, it is observed, that,
-“At the Mint of Segovia, in Spain, an engine that moves by water,
-distendeth an ingot of gold.”
-
-The Coining Mill, or Press, was first introduced from France into
-England during Elizabeth’s reign, but was shortly after abandoned for
-the old hammer process of stamping with two dies. The invention of
-the mill is ascribed to an engraver, who used it in 1553 for coining
-the French king’s counters. The new process of coining was completely
-established in France in 1645, but not in England until 1662, the year
-_before_ the “Century” was published, which sufficiently accounts for
-its author not printing the present article.
-
-According to the Rev. Rogers Ruding, in his “Annals of the Coinage,”
-1840, no improvement was attempted for upwards of a century, the modern
-coining-mill having been invented by Mr. Boulton, in 1788.
-
-
-      89.
-
-    White Silk knotted in the fingers[8] of a Pair of white Gloves,
-    and so contrived without suspicion, that playing at _Primero_ at
-    Cards, one may without clogging his memory keep reckoning of all
-    Sixes, Sevens and Aces which he hath discarded.[9]
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [8] finger.
- [9] without foul play. MS. and P.
-
-
-[_Primero Gloves._] Although we cannot give a clue to this contrivance
-for registering reckonings in card-playing, it is worth noticing the
-old game indicated:--
-
-Primero, according to Dr. Johnson, is derived from the Spanish, which
-Minsheu, coupling with the Italian, thus explains, “_primum_ et _primum
-visum_, that is, first, and first seen, because he that can show such
-an order of cards, wins the game.” He then quotes as examples:--
-
-“I left him at _primero_ with the Duke of Suffolk.”--_Henry_
-_VIII._
-
-“The Spaniard is generally given to gaming, and that in excess;
-their common game at cards is _primera_.”--_Howell’s Letters_,
-i. iii. 32.
-
-“Give me your honest trick, yet, at _primero_, or gleek.”--_Ben_
-_Jonson’s Alchemist._
-
-
-Mr. S. W. Singer affords some curious information on Primero, in his
-excellent “Researches into the History of Cards,” quarto, 1816. It
-appears to be uncertain whether it is of Italian or Spanish origin.
-Primero, prime, and primavista, are the same game, differently
-designated. It was very popular in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and,
-as we have seen, is mentioned by Shakespeare; indeed, it is supposed to
-have been one of the earliest played card games in England.
-
-
-      90.
-
-    A most dexterous Dicing Box, with holes transparent, after the
-    usual fashion, with a Device so dexterous, that with a knock of
-    it against the Table the four good Dice are fastened, and it[1]
-    looseneth four false Dice made fit for his[2] purpose.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [1] it--omitted.
- [2] this--for his. P.
-
-
-[_A Dicing-box._] It would be doing deep injustice to the Marquis of
-Worcester, to judge him in all respects rigidly by modern fashions,
-customs, and habits of thought. The modern critic, in simple
-ignorance of the age, might exclaim with just indignation against the
-promulgating an invention _to cheat at dice_. We have many examples to
-prove, that the Marquis was not singular in proposing so questionable
-an invention, and we can only consider such schemes put forth as
-marvels in themselves and warnings to the unwary.
-
-We find, as early as 1594, that Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of
-Art and Nature,” describes “A perspective ring that will discover all
-the cards that are neere him that weareth it on his finger;” an
-effect produced by a hollow crystal stone or glass, with a good foil
-on the concave part, to act as a mirror. The apology he offers for
-publishing this scheme, will well apply also in the present instance;
-he says:--“I have discovered this secret rather to discorage yong
-novesses from card-play, who by one experiment may easily ghesse, how
-mannie sleights and cousenages, are dayly practised in our dicing and
-gaming houses, not doubting but that the general publication thereof
-will make the same so familiar with al men, as that I shall not
-justly be charged of anie to have taught old knaves new-schoole
-pointes.”
-
-John Bate, in his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” 1634, page 151, or
-the edition of 1635, page 242, gives directions, “How to make five or
-six dice of the ordinary bigness of dice, such as you may game
-withal, and such as would be taken by their looks to be ordinary
-dice, and yet all of them to weigh not above one grain.” To effect
-this:--“Take a piece of elder, and pith it, lay the pith to dry, and
-then make thereof with a sharp knife five or six dice, and you shall
-find it true that I have said.”
-
-So far as the deceptive part goes, we have an example in reference to
-another game, afforded by Van Etten, in his “Mathematical Recreations,”
-Problem XVII. “Of a deceitfull Bowle to play withall.” The whole trick
-consists simply in producing an undue bias by means of a secretly
-inserted pellet of lead.
-
-Walpole says of the “Century,” that--“It is a very small piece--in
-which he (the Marquis) affirms having, in the presence of Charles the
-First, performed _many_ of the feats mentioned in the Book.” As however
-only _two_ are named, No. 56 and No. 64, the foregoing mis-statement
-requires no stronger refutation. He proceeds:--“The work itself, which
-is but a table of contents; being a list of one hundred projects, _most
-of them impossibilities_, but all of which he affirms having discovered
-the art of performing.” Consequently, either the Marquis, or Walpole
-occupies a most unenviable position: for one or the other, alone speaks
-the truth. “Some of the easiest (he adds) seem, (among others) how
-to form an universal character; how to converse by jangling of bells
-out of tune; how to take towns, or prevent their being taken; how to
-write in the dark; _how to cheat with dice_; and in short how to fly.”
-He then proceeds to comment on them, observing:--“Of these wonderful
-inventions (but why wonderful if the easiest?), the last but one [how
-to cheat at dice] seems the only one of which his Lordship has left
-the secret; and, by two others [the universal character, and flying],
-it appears that the renowned Bishop Wilkins was but the Marquis’s
-disciple. But, perhaps, too much has been said on so fantastic a man.”
-It was by such unmeaning causticity that the accomplished Walpole could
-degrade his pen, display his own sterility in scientific acquirements,
-and perpetuate his incapacity to judge aright of the mathematical and
-mechanical acumen of the Marquis of Worcester.
-
-
-      91.
-
-    An artificial Horse, with Saddle and Caparizons fit for running
-    at[3] the Ring, on which a man being mounted, with his Lance in
-    his hand, he can at pleasure make him start, and swiftly to run
-    his career, using the decent posture[4] with _bon grace_, may
-    take the Ring as handsomly, and running as swiftly as if he rode
-    upon a Barbe.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [3] at--omitted.
- [4] postures.
-
-
-[_An artificiall Ring-horse._] The nearest approach to this automaton
-was that of a mechanical horse, the invention of Colonel De Hamel, of
-the Wurtemberg Cavalry. This was, until lately, exhibited at Mason’s
-establishment, Piccadilly, but is now in Germany. It is made of wood,
-covered with a natural skin, and contains machinery which can be
-operated by a lever to produce any variety of action, from that of
-the most gentle to the fiercest of an unruly horse. But the animal
-possesses no locomotive power, being restrained to one spot by a strong
-pillar underneath, working at the centre in a cup-and-ball joint, so
-that it can fall sideways, backwards, or forwards, unless prevented
-by equestrian skill; it was, however, more than master of the greater
-number of many excellent horsemen who subjected themselves to its
-astonishing gambols.
-
-The Marquis’s automaton was possibly intended for a kind of circus, and
-we may suppose that a strong post being in the centre, a long wooden
-bar was so placed across it as to revolve--with the horse attached to
-one end, and a weight or counterpoise on the other extremity, motion
-being given to the horse’s legs by internal machinery, and acting to
-propel it so long as the rider pleased, or the mechanism permitted.
-
-
-      92.
-
-    A scrue made like a Water-scrue, but the bottom made of
-    Iron-plate Spade-wise, which at the side of a Boat emptieth the
-    mud of a Pond, or raiseth Gravel.
-
-
-[_A Gravel Engine._] The principle of the modern dredging machine is
-to be seen in Besson’s “Theatrum Instrumentorum et Machinarum,” 1578,
-where about 25 hampers or buckets are attached to two endless chains
-passing over two drums, one at the bottom of two strong inclined poles,
-the other at the top of the same, where a workman turns it by means of
-an ordinary winch applied to an endless screw; while labourers below
-are actively filling the ascending vessels. The Marquis may have had in
-view to make each bucket dig up its own supply of gravel, &c. as indeed
-is the present practice.
-
-This antiquated dredging machine, in some other form, had been
-contemplated in 1558. The Petition of George Cobham, Tomazo Chanata,
-and others, was presented to Queen Elizabeth, for the sole use of an
-engine to cleanse and carry away all shelves of sand, banks, &c. out of
-all rivers, creeks, and havens.--See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series,
-1547–1580. Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A. 8vo. 1856, page 119, No. 56.
-
-In 1583, an inventor, whose name does not appear, proposed, as one out
-of twenty inventions:--“An engine for cleansing or taking away of any
-shelves or shallow places in the river of Thames, or any such river;
-the same device may serve for cleansing of ditches about cities or
-towns, ponds, or any such like standing waters.”--Rara Mathematica,
-edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S., &c. 8vo. 1841.
-
-John Gilbert obtained a patent, dated 16th July, 1618, for a water
-plough, for the taking up of sands or banks out of the river Thames or
-other places. And the same John Gilbert, with James Freese, obtained a
-patent, dated 8th July, 1631, for engines or instruments, called water
-ploughs, for the taking up of sands, gravel, shelves, and banks out of
-the Thames and other havens. Also Symon Hill, on the 30th May, 1633,
-patented his invention for taking away of beds of sand and gravel from
-rivers.
-
-
-      93.
-
-    An Engine whereby one man may take out of the water a Ship of
-    500. Tun, so that it may be calked, trimmed and repaired without
-    need of the usual way of stocks, and as easily let it down again.
-
-
-[_A Ship-raising Engine._] We find in Besson’s admirably illustrated
-folio work on Instruments and Machines, 1578, many means delineated
-for raising vessels; for taking them bodily out of the water; or, for
-laying them high and dry on shore for repairs, as in plates 55, 56, and
-58. All such methods are naturally, however, not only very rude and
-imperfect, but are at best only applicable for small craft.
-
-In 1636, Sir John Christopher Van Berg, Moravian Knight, dispossessed
-of all his property “by the devouring wars in Germany,” patented eleven
-inventions; the fifth being--“An assured way how the very greatest ship
-may be drawn up again, though it be sunk 80 fathoms deep.”
-
-
-      94.
-
-    A little Engine portable in ones Pocket, which placed to any
-    door, without any noise, but one crack, openeth any door or gate.
-
-
-[_A Pocket Engine to open any door._] Doppelmayr gives an account of
-the screw-jack invented by Leonard Danner in 1550. It must have been
-well known in the following century, and we can readily understand
-how the principle of its action may have occurred to the Marquis for
-application to a pocket instrument that would exactly accord with his
-statement.
-
-Bishop Wilkins, in his “Mathematical Magick,” 1648, treating on the
-employment of multiplied wheels, refers to Ramelli, Figure 160,
-observing:--“Hither also should be referred the force of racks, which
-serve for bending of the strongest bows, as also that little pocket
-engine wherewith a man may break or wrench open any door, together with
-divers the like instruments in common use.”--Chap. 13, pages 91, 92.
-
-
-      95.
-
-    A double Cross-bow, neate, handsome and strong, to shoot two
-    Arrows, either together, or one after the other, so immediately
-    that a Deer cannot run two steps but, if he miss[5] of one Arrow,
-    he may be reach’d with the other, whether the Deer run forward,
-    sideward, or start backward.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [5] be missed.
-
-
-[_A double Cross-bow._] The employment of the cross-bow still lingered
-when this was first published in 1663. The invention is so obvious
-that any particular description would be superfluous, the whole effect
-consisting in either shooting the two arrows singly, or together.
-
-In an article on Cross-bows, in Fosbroke’s Encyclopedia of Antiquities,
-1840, it is stated that--“In a letter remissory, dated 1420, it is
-said, ‘lequel Haquinet a chevauchie tendu _crenequins_ et arbalestes
-a croc’--that is, _which Haquinet rode along with_ crenequins _bent,
-and arbalestes on the hook_. By the _croc_ or _crook_ is meant the
-hook, into which the trigger caught; of use both in bending the bow and
-shooting.”
-
-
-      96.
-
-    A way to make a Sea-bank so firm and Geometrically-strong, that a
-    stream can have no power over it; excellent likewise to save the
-    Pillar of a Bridge, being far cheaper and stronger then
-    Stone-walls.
-
-
-[_A way for Sea-banks._] This article stands alone in the “Century” as
-an example of a singular divergence from its author’s main course of
-pursuits. It is more than likely that his idea in the present instance
-was the mere use of loose stones, laid down at such a curvature as to
-break rather than resist the force of heavy seas and rapid torrents,
-for such a plan would be decidedly “cheaper and stronger” than any
-masonry, especially if presenting a vertical surface to the surging sea.
-
-
-      97.
-
-    An Instrument whereby an ignorant person may take any thing in
-    Perspective, as justly, and more[5] then the skilfullest[6]
-    Painter can do by his eye.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [5] more so. P.
- [6] most skilful. P.
-
-
-[_A perspective Instrument._] John Bate, in his “Mysteries of Nature
-and Art,” 1635, gives, at page 155, “A very easie way to describe a
-Towne, or Castle: being within the full sight thereof.” A vertical
-square frame is divided by means of a number of threads, crossing each
-other at equal distances. A vertical pillar opposite, has a spy-hole at
-the top, through which the town, or other prospect is to be viewed, and
-to be drawn square by square, on paper placed on the table below, until
-the whole is completed, as shown in a wood-engraved illustration. No
-doubt the Marquis had refined on this, or some like invention.
-
-
-      98.
-
-    An Engine so contrived, that working the _Primum mobile_ forward
-    or backward, upward or downward,[7] circularly or cornerwise, to
-    and fro, streight, upright or downright, yet the pretended
-    Operation continueth, and advanceth none of the motions
-    above-mentioned, hindering, much less stopping the other; but
-    unanimously, and with harmony agreeing they all augment and
-    contribute strength unto the intended work and operation: And
-    therefore I call this _A Semi-omnipotent_ _Engine_, and do intend
-    that a Model thereof be buried with me.
-
-
-Footnote
-
- [7] forwards or backwards, upwards or downwards.
-
-
-[_A Semi-omnipotent Engine._] The Marquis, previous to the publication
-of this article, had permitted a written notification of a few of this
-inventions to be circulated, which is given at length, in Appendix A.
-In the commencement of this MS. we recognize an earlier reading of the
-foregoing, as follows:--“The quintessence of motion, or a collection of
-all kinds of mouvements, to wit; circular, to and fro, perpendicular,
-upwards and downwards; side-motions, to the right and left; straight
-motions, forwards and backwards, with a circular vehiculum, to which
-any of these may be applicable, or moveable to all the points of the
-compass; at each of which, it will be as powerful as if it were fixed
-to one place or centre.
-
-“All and every of these, by height of Art, Industry, and Experiment,
-working the same individual and intrinsical effect, without disturbance
-one to the other; and yet by these absolutely contrary motions, so
-performed, most strange and incredible effects may be brought to pass,
-to the admiration of even the greatest mathematicians.
-
-“The knowledge of these things rendering all things as feasible to
-him that is master of this art, as it is to make a circle with a pair
-of compasses, or a straight line with a square or ruler; they being a
-direct abstract of arithmetic contrived by me.”
-
-No. 98 may be read as a second notice of his steam engine; No. 68,
-developing the broad principle of its source of action, while the
-above indicates the working parts. He may allude to the facility of
-communicating motion to levers, forces, pistons, or plungers, in any
-direction, by turning on steam to variously arranged pipes, so that to
-his mind it appeared as though it were something of super-human origin.
-While the beauty, novelty, and success of his new design overawed his
-own mind, it was a matter of infinite surprise to him that he could
-not immediately impress others with a sense of the immense value and
-unbounded importance of an invention which superseded animal power:
-placing at man’s disposal a greater and more controllable mechanical
-agent than even the elements of nature, under the most favourable
-circumstances, had ever supplied.
-
-He expressed his own solemn impression, on seeing the successful issue
-of this great work, when he said--“I call this a semi-omnipotent
-engine, and _do intend that a model thereof be buried with me_.”
-
-
-      99.
-
-    How to make one pound weight to raise an hundred as high as one
-    pound falleth, and yet the hundred pound[8] descending doth[9]
-    what nothing less then one hundred pound[8] can effect.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [8] pounds. P.
- [9] to do.
-
-
-[_A most admirable way to raise Weights._] In his MS. of a select
-number of his inventions, we have, in No. 6, the following earlier
-reading of the above:--
-
-“By these (his quintessence of motions) I can make one pound raise an
-hundred, as high as the pound falls; and the one pound taken off the
-112 pounds shall again descend, performing the entire effect of an
-hundred weight, that is, have the force which nothing less than 112
-pounds can have any other way. An incredible effect till seen, but true
-as strange.”--See Appendix A.
-
-[Illustration: Engine to raise weights]
-
-Keeping in view Nos. 25 and 27, we have here a third application of
-the same principle, by which it is proposed with one pound to raise
-a hundred “as _high_ as one pound _falleth_.” In the engraved figure
-of this demonstrative model, one steam cylinder B, is shown, with its
-steam pipe and valve at A; one end of a cord is attached to the piston
-B, and passing over the drum wheel D, is attached to the weight X. As
-condensation ensues, the descent of B, will raise X; and it may be
-reset for another lift by drawing off the condensed water at E, and
-readmitting steam.
-
-Here we are required “to make one pound weight” so that it shall be
-able to raise 100 times its own weight, always bearing in mind--“as
-_high_ as one _falleth_.” This being no Archimedian experiment would be
-unintelligible to any man ignorant of steam, and some mode of applying
-its property of condensation.
-
-James Rollock,[S] in his doggerel verses, attempts some description of
-this principle as applied to raising water, when he says:--
-
-
-   “Here little David curbs the Giant’s brood,
-   _Small drops of Rain contend with Noah’s flood_;
-    One weighs a thousand coming down apace,
-    Weighs but himself when he hath ran his race.
-
-    The Heavens admire, the Centre stands amaz’d,
-    To see such Streams by so small Forces rais’d.
-    Great is the Work, but greater is the Fame
-    Of that great Peer who did invent the same.”
-
-
-The plain English of Rollock’s feeble lines is, that a stream of water
-falling like “_small drops_ of rain,” on the steam cylinder, caused
-the elevation of a hundred or more gallons, which he likens to “Noah’s
-flood,” in illustration of the greatness of the result; while the steam
-“weighs but itself,” being condensed. “Here little David,” is no more
-than the single attendant on the “Giant’s brood,”--the Water-commanding
-Engine.
-
-The distribution of the three articles, Nos. 25, 27, and 99, is
-evidently adopted to conceal their connection; as we have already seen
-in the instance of Nos. 22, 23, and 58, which, although related to each
-other, are yet separated, as though they were quite independent.
-
-
-      100.
-
-    Upon so potent a help as these two last mentioned Inventions a
-    Waterwork is by many years experience[1] and labour so
-    advantageously by me[2] contrived, that a Child’s force bringeth
-    up an hundred foot[3] high an incredible quantity of water, even
-    two foot[3] Diameter, [4]so naturally, that the work will not be
-    heard even into the next Room; and with so great ease and
-    Geometrical Symmetry, that though it work day and night from one
-    end of the year to the other, it will not require forty shillings
-    reparation to the whole Engine, nor hinder ones day-work.[4] And
-    I may boldly call it _The most_ _stupendious Work in the whole
-    world_: not onely with little charge to drein all sorts of Mines,
-    and furnish Cities with water, though never so high seated, as
-    well to keep them sweet, running through several streets, and so
-    performing the work of Scavengers, as well as furnishing the
-    Inhabitants with sufficient water for their private occasions;
-    but likewise supplying Rivers[5] with sufficient to maintaine and
-    make them portable[6] from Towne to Towne, and for the bettering
-    of Lands all the way it runs; with many more advantageous, and
-    yet greater effects of Profit, Admiration, and Consequence. So
-    that deservedly I deem this Invention to crown my Labours, to
-    reward my Expences, and make my Thoughts acquiesce in way of
-    further Inventions: This making up the whole Century, and
-    preventing any further trouble to the Reader for the present,
-    meaning to leave to Posterity a Book, wherein under each of these
-    Heads the means to put in execution and visible trial all and
-    every of these Inventions, with the shape and form of all things
-    belonging to them, shall be Printed by Brass-plates.[7]
-
-
-         _In Bonum Publicum
-                 &
-      Ad Majorem_ DEI_ Gloriam._[T]
-
-
-Footnotes
-
- [1] expences--for experience.
- [2] by me--omitted.
- [3] feet. P.
- [4] The sentence:--“So naturally, that the work will not be heard
-     even in the next room, and with so great ease and geometrical
-     symmetry, that though it work day and night from one end of the
-     year to the other, it will not require forty shillings reparation
-     to the whole Engine, nor hinder one’s day-work”--does not appear
-     in the MS. and is omitted by Partington in his edition.
- [5] the rivers. P.
- [6] make navigable--for, make them portable.
- [7] Thus ends No. 100 of the first printed edition; but Mr. P.
-     continues the paragraph by adding from the MS. what is clearly
-     only a Postscript to the entire “Century.” He then concludes
-     with the Latin phrase, thus following neither work entirely.
-
-
-[_A stupendious Water-work._] The present article concludes the
-Marquis of Worcester’s own observations on his Water-commanding
-Engine. His engagements in hydraulic engineering, as we have already
-seen, commenced about, or before, 1628; but we have later and more
-satisfactory evidence of his having had the invention, which is here
-indicated, absolutely at work, under the management of his engineer
-Kaltoff, at Vauxhall. Hitherto we have confined our notice of any
-express date to the period of the passing of the Act in 1663, securing
-to him the profits in his invention for 99 years. We are, however, now
-prepared to show that, during the reign of Charles the First, in and
-before 1647, the Marquis was occupied on the mechanical arrangements
-of his engine, when one William Lambert, a brass-founder, was engaged
-under him at Vauxhall, in providing material “founded in brass,”
-expressly for “water-work.” This evidence, being afforded under
-circumstances very different from any attempt to establish the present
-statement, is all the more trustworthy, coming as a mere evidence
-of personal employment in the Marquis’s service, while soliciting
-from Charles the Second, after his restoration, to be reinstated at
-Vauxhall, in accordance with an order from the late king.
-
-We shall now give entire the exceedingly interesting and important
-petition and royal order, from the original in the State Paper
-Office:--[U]
-
-
-“TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY,
-  “The humble Petition of William Lambert.
-
-“Humbly sheweth,
-
-“That your Petitioner was founder to his late Majesty of blessed memory
-in Ffoxhall under the Marquis of Worcester, for gun and waterwork or
-any other thing founded in brass; and in the late unhappy war, your
-Petitioner was dispossessed of his employment, and left to the value of
-£2,000. and driven to exile by that usurpers authority.
-
-“That your Majesty was graciously pleased at Brussels to grant your
-petitioner the place of founder for your Majesty’s works at Ffoxhall,
-upon your Majesty’s happy restoration, whereupon your Petr. depended;
-and deserted the King of Spain’s service; yet, nevertheless, the house
-was disposed to one Mr. Calthoofe, now deceased.
-
-
-    “Your Petitioner most humbly prayeth, That your sacred Majesty
-    would be graciously pleased to confer upon your Petitioner some
-    part of your Majesty’s house at Ffoxhall, to make a
-    Founding-house for your Majesty’s use and service.
-
-    “And your Petitioner (as in duty bound) shall pray, &c.”
-
-
-The following is the grant above named:--
-
-
-“CHARLES R.
-
-“Our pleasure is, That WILLIAM LAMBERT, Founder for our Works at
-Ffoxhall, shall and may, with his family and servants, abide in and
-possess to our use, our house at Ffoxhall aforesaid, together with
-the outhousing and appurtenances of the same, and there proceed in
-the work as formerly he hath done, without any molestation to him or
-his, until further express order from us.
-
-“Given at our Court at Oatlands, the 20th day of August, 1647.”[V]
-
-
-These documents are highly interesting, as they establish, beyond a
-doubt, the Marquis’s early connection with gunnery and with water-work
-operations at Vauxhall, and account for the practical character of
-inventions mentioned in the “Century,” which might reasonably be
-thought to be beyond the scope of a private individual.
-
-Kaltoff died in, or before, the year 1664, and it is not unlikely,
-therefore, that the Marquis countenanced Lambert’s present application.
-For more on Vauxhall and Kaltoff, see Appendix G.
-
-The Marquis of Worcester had principally in view, in this invention,
-raising water for private and public purposes, and the general
-draining of mines or other inundated property. Its great value was
-evidently to supply cities and towns with water, and to drain mines
-of their superfluous quantity. The mineral wealth of this country was
-drowned treasure, until the steam engine’s powerful aid placed it
-within the power of man to eject the water in greater volume than it
-entered. Until the 17th century, this apparently obvious application
-of the steam engine was entirely overlooked, and had Savery done
-no more than impress on public notice its applicability for that
-invaluable purpose, he would still deserve the highest commendations
-of posterity. Many remarkable works were, no doubt, effected even with
-ordinary appliances, and men do not willingly abandon the experience
-of generations. We find that in the middle of the 16th century,
-viz.--July 2, 1565, Wm. Humfrey wrote to Sir William Cecil, concerning
-the working of copper mines; recommending an Almain engineer, who,
-he represents, can raise water one hundred fathoms high, by a newly
-invented engine.--Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547–1580. Edited by
-R. Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, page 254. No. 73.
-
-That the ordinary draining of land had made no material progress in
-the 17th century, we gather from the correspondence collected in
-“Samuel Hartlib his Legacie: or an enlargement of the Discourse of
-Husbandry,” 4to. 1651; where there is a letter written by Cressy
-Dymock, in which he remarks--“I went into the Isle of Ely, to see
-one of the Holland-mills, for dreyning; though set up there and kept
-by certain Frenchmen. The Invention seemed to me but mean and rude,
-and Mr. Wheeler’s way much more ingenious.” “I saw at Wicklesen the
-manner of your Holland sluices. The ruines also of a cochlea, for the
-emptying and dreining of water, of which Ubaldus hath writ a whole
-treatise.”--Pages 109, 110.
-
-The Act of Parliament, of May, 1663, states in regard to the Marquis’s
-Invention, that he “hath by long and indefatigable pains and study,
-and with great and vast expenses, invented and found out a Secret in
-Nature, never heretofore discovered, being a Water-commanding engine,
-of greater force and advantage than hitherto hath been known; and being
-no pump or force now in use, nor working by any suckers, barrels,
-or bellows heretofore used for the raising and conveying of water;
-which said Engine will yield very great benefit and advantage to the
-Commonwealth, by draining of all sorts of Mines, Marish, Oazie, or
-overflown Grounds, by furnishing of Rivers and Cutts with water to make
-them Navigable and Portable from Town to Town; by improving of Lands
-wanting water; by the supplying and bringing in of water into the City
-of London, or into any other places; and by divers other ways and means
-whereby great Encouragement will be given to the People of the Nation,
-to undertake to work rich Mines, to drain and gain in many Marish,
-Oazie, and surrounded Grounds, which hitherto they have been deterred
-to endeavour the improvements of, by reason of the vast sums of money
-which must be necessarily expended by the draining and conveying away
-the water out of the same. * * * * * And that a Model thereof be
-delivered by the said Marquis, or his Assignes, to the Lord Treasurer,
-or Commissioner for the Treasury, for the time being, at or before the
-29th of September, 1663.”--See Appendix C.
-
-We trace the early use of steam in some of the simple apparatus of
-various forms, called Æolipile, to a period anterior to the Christian
-era. Greece and Rome, France, Holland, and Germany, have each
-contributed some instrument or other indicative of a knowledge of the
-expansive property of steam, pent up in close vessels, to give slight
-motions to, or force water from small delicately constructed apparatus,
-designed for amusement, or at most only to occasion a strong blast for
-blowing a fire, as figured in “Vitruvio de Architectura,” folio, 1521.
-Some of these early stages of progress we shall further notice here.
-
-Besson, in his folio work on Instruments and Machines, 1578, among
-other contrivances shows, in plate XVIII, a cylindrical vessel,
-containing a coiled spring, above which is a close fitting disc,
-secured underneath to a cord, which, passing through the coiled spring,
-passes out at the bottom of the vessel, by which means it can be used
-to pull down the disc, so as to compress the spring, while the vessel
-is being filled with water, and its cover, with a jet in the centre,
-secured; on releasing the spring, we have here a piston acting from
-below upwards, to produce a fountain.
-
-[Illustration: Porta’s steam apparatus]
-
-John Baptista Porta, in his “Spiritalia,” quarto, 1606, gives a rude
-wood engraving, as here exactly represented, a metal flask-shaped
-boiler, fitting the top of a small furnace, while its neck proceeds
-through the bottom of a cistern of water, within which there is a
-syphon on the right hand side, and an aperture at the top through which
-the cistern can be refilled. By this arrangement, the steam presses on
-the surface of the water, when all is closed, except the syphon, from
-which the water will rush with increased velocity.
-
-In the 16th century, motive and other Æolipile were well known, and
-are described and illustrated by Vitruvius, Hero, and other early
-writers. In 1606, Porta made a slight advance, and John Rovinson,
-patentee of improvements in the manufacture of iron, in his “Treatise
-of Metallica,” 1613, among other necessary parts of his invention,
-describes the following:--“A new-devised vetible, round and hollow,
-with a long spout, to be made of some mettall or potter’s earth,
-wherein water being put, and the same placed on a fire, as it heateth,
-and the _water evaporateth by the spout_, it maketh a _continuall
-blast_ to kindle, or increase the fire in furnaces, or fire-workes,
-_and may be converted to many other excellent uses_; and same may be
-made in severall peeces with the top or upper part removeable at
-pleasure, so as the lower part being made to stand on feet, may serrve
-at pleasure for a possenet, skellet or boylatory; and when the top is
-put on, and when fastened and luted, it may then serve for the ventible
-to make the blast.”
-
-In 1615, De Caus invented, or at all events published an account
-of a small hot-water fountain; in 1617, Robert Fludd published his
-voluminous work, “Historia Macrosmi,” containing descriptive and
-engraved illustrations of the effects produced on water heated in close
-flask-shaped vessels.
-
-In 1629, Branca suggested the rotating of a wheel, acted on by a jet
-of steam, as a simple kind of stamping or pounding mill. But the
-author, who seems to have taken a more practical and enlightened view
-of the subject, and to have considerably contributed to the Marquis’s
-enthusiasm, was John Bate, who, in 1634 and 1635, published editions of
-his “Mysteries of Nature and Art.” His treatise, “The first Booke of
-Water-workes,” contains, as stated at the commencement, “Experiments of
-drawing water by the crane (syphon), and by engines; of forcing water
-by ayre compressed, and by engines; of producing sounds by ayre and
-water; by _evaporation of water by fire_, and by engines; of _motions
-by evaporating water_, and by rarifying ayre.”
-
-[Illustration: A blowing Æolipile]
-
-Among his “Experiments of producing sounds by evaporation of water by
-ayer,” the following is given:--“Prepare a round vessell of brasse, or
-lattin, having a crooked pipe or necke, whereunto fasten a pipe: put
-this vessell upon a trevet over the fire, and it will make a shrill
-whistling noyse.”--Page 27.
-
-He figures a blow-pipe for glass-working, as in the annexed
-engraving, which he thus describes:--
-
-[Illustration: A steam blow-pipe]
-
-“Let there be a vessell of copper about the bignesse of a common
-foot-ball, as A; let it have a long pipe at the top as D, which must
-be made so that you may upon occasion screw on lesser, or bigger vents
-made for the purpose. Fill this one-third part with water, and set it
-over a furnace of coals, as E, G, H, I, and when the water beginneth to
-heat, there will come a strong breath out of the nose of the vessel,
-that will force the flame of a lampe placed at a convenient distance as
-K.”--Page 158.
-
-[Illustration: A fire-blowing Æolipile]
-
-Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1594, gives an
-account of the ordinary fire-blowing Æolipile. He says:--“A round ball
-of copper or lattin, that will blow the fire very strongly, only by the
-attenuation of water into air; which device will also serve to perfume
-with.--A round ball of copper or lattin, of the bigness of a small
-bowl--a round pipe or neck, of 3 or 4 inches in length, less than a
-goose quill--and an elbow of a less pipe no bigger than a straw, whose
-vent in the end must be no bigger than a pinhole.” “Heat the same well
-in the fire, and then put it into a vessel of cold water, and it will
-suck some of the water into it, you may heat the same so often, till by
-the peize (poise?) thereof you may be assured that it is more than half
-full. Then set this ball on a few glowing coals, and you shall find
-the same to give a very strong blast.... I make no question but that
-the same may be made so large as that they will blow one whole hour
-together without any intermission.”--Page 25.
-
-In the second edition of Dr. French’s “Art of Destillation,” 1653,
-page 150, he describes the “Philosophicall Bellowes:” one is to blow a
-furnace fire; another a candle, serving as a blow-pipe; and the third
-for a common fire. He notes “that these kind of vessels must be made of
-copper, and be exceedingly well closed, that they may have no vent but
-at their noses.” He recommends, in preparing them for use, that “you
-must first heat them very hot, then put the noses thereof (which must
-have a very small hole in them, no bigger than a pin’s head may go in)
-into a vessel of cold water, and they will presently suck in the water,
-of which being then full turne the noses thereof towards the candle or
-fire which you would have blown.”
-
-The third figure, instead of being a copper ball is formed like the
-human face, and is held by a long stick or handle attached to the
-back. It is represented and described by Schwenteri, in his “Deliciæ
-Physico-Mathematicæ,” 1638, along with two tubulated balls for similar
-use.
-
-Such then were the suggestions the Marquis had before him to excite his
-experimental inquiries, independent of other sources. But whatever he
-may have known on the subject of these applications of steam, however
-much he may have experimented on them, there are two things, of
-which no one has yet given him the credit of possessing any knowledge
-whatever, the one is, condensation; the other, a piston. How the
-Marquis of Worcester could have been experimenting at the cost of
-£50,000, and upwards, at Vauxhall, and been occupied in this particular
-class of experiments during a large portion of thirty-eight years,
-in perfect ignorance that cold water will condense steam, is past
-all comprehension. Nay, such ignorance would be a greater matter of
-surprise, than the exhibition of his utmost ingenuity in the mechanical
-contrivances connected with his engine. Condensation was no mystery.
-Every work on distillation spoke on the subject, and supplied the forms
-of refrigeratory worms, and refrigerating heads for alembics. His very
-allusion to the strength of his vessels must have had reference, first
-to internal distension, as well as to collapse from external pressure.
-
-John Bate, in his first book, “Of Water Works,” describes a kind of
-weather glass, which he calls, “the moveable perpendicular glass;” for
-the construction of which his directions are--“First prepare the glass
-A, B, fill it almost top full of water, provide also the glass K, L,
-having a loop at the top of it: divide it into so many equal parts as
-you would have degrees, and on the mouth thereof fasten a thin board,
-that will easily slip in and out of the bottom glass; make then a
-weight of lead or brass somewhat heavier than both the glass and board
-fastened thereunto; and then tie a little rope to the loop of the
-glass A, B, and the weight at the other end thereof. _Rarifie_ the air
-contained in the glass L, and reverse it into the glass A, B, filled
-with water, and hang the plummet over two little pulleys fastened in a
-frame made for the purpose; and as the glass K, L, _cooleth_, the water
-will ascend the same, and so by the change of the outward both the
-glass and water will move accordingly.”--Pages 42–43.
-
-[Illustration: A weather glass]
-
-From all that has been advanced, an impartial reader must feel
-satisfied that there existed abundant sources of popular information,
-highly suggestive to such an inquisitive and inventive mind as the
-Marquis possessed. Van Etten mentions the filling of a cannon with
-water, the plugging it up, and exploding it by the action of fire
-applied to its trunnion. And here John Bate suggests an experimental
-apparatus on a small scale, which the Marquis would be almost certain
-to test, and in so doing to vary the construction and application.
-_Rarefaction_ too is here recommended; and the effect of _cooling_ or
-condensation is particularly noted, the stated result being, “_the
-water will ascend_.” We can readily imagine the Marquis varying such an
-experiment with infinite delight, and modifying and enlarging it to
-produce some practical application.
-
-In considering these minuter points, we must never lose sight of the
-extraordinary perseverance shown by the Marquis throughout a long life,
-in conducting and varying his experimental inquiries. It was the one
-pursuit of a studious life-time, the heaviest source of expenditure in
-his private disbursements. Perhaps we should be very much under the
-mark in saying that he must have expended above a hundred thousand
-pounds in experiments alone; which would be represented by nearly
-ten times that amount in our day. And not only was this outlay very
-great, but he had for above thirty-five years kept his workman, Caspar
-Kaltoff, constantly engaged on his models and on practical trials of
-his variously constructed inventions.
-
-The Act for his Water-commanding Engine received the Royal assent in
-June, 1663, and the same year he published his “Century of Inventions”
-(as here reprinted); a pamphlet was next issued, with no other title
-than the following heading at the top of the first page--“An exact
-and true definition of the most stupendous Water-commanding Engine,
-invented by the Right Honourable (and deservedly to be praised and
-admired) Edward Somerset, Lord Marquess of Worcester, and by his
-Lordship himself presented to His most Excellent Majesty, Charles the
-Second, our most gracious Sovereign.”--See Appendix C.
-
-This pamphlet appears to have had some connection with means for
-giving publicity to the formation of a public company for carrying out
-the great design on a sufficiently large and remunerative scale. The
-author, or editor, was James Rollock, who here flourishes in a poetical
-vein, observing, “After the Act of Parliament, there is here set down
-a Latin Elogium, and an English Panegirick, both of them composed
-through duty and gratitude _by an ancient servant of his Lordship’s_.”
-He afterwards adds: “This ancient servant of his Lordship’s, hath for
-forty years been an eye witness of his great ingenuity, indefatigable
-pains, and vast expences in perfecting for publique service, not
-onely this most Stupendious Water-commanding Engine, but likewise
-several other rare, useful, and never formerly heard of Mathematical
-conclusions, of which he hath owned a Century, and thereunto I refer
-you: though this alone were enough to eternalize his Name to all Ages
-and future times.”
-
-The “Definition” given in the pamphlet agrees with that which has
-already appeared in the “Life, Times, &c.,” pages 224, 225, from
-another source, and is here stated as follows:--
-
-“The Engine consisteth of the following Particulars;
-
-“1. A perfect Counterpoize for what Quantity soever of Water.
-
-“2. A perfect Countervail for what Height soever it is to be brought
-    unto.
-
-“3. A _Primum Mobile_ commanding both Height and Quantity
-    Regulator-wise.
-
-“4. A Vicegerent or Countervail supplying the place, and performing
-    the full force of a Man, Wind, Beast, or Mill.
-
-“5. A Helm or Stern, with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may
-    guide, order, and control the whole Operation.
-
-“6. A particular Magazine for Water, according to the intended
-    Quantity or Height of Water.
-
-“7. An Aquaduct capable of any intended Quantity or Height of Water.
-
-“8. A place for the Original Fountain or even river to run into, and
-    naturally of its own accord incorporate itself with the rising
-    Water, and at the very bottom of the same Aquaduct, though never
-    so big or high.”
-
-We cannot do otherwise than consider that the articles, Nos. 68, 98,
-and 100, refer to descriptions of the several parts of his remarkable
-steam engine. In No. 68, we have the two vessels, with two cocks,
-connected with a furnace, and so arranged that “one vessel of water
-being consumed, another begins to force and refil with cold water.” In
-No. 98, we have intimation of “the _primum mobile_,” forming the 3rd
-division of the particulars enumerated above; being some portion of the
-engine capable of every variety of movement. And in No. 100, we have
-no mechanical suggestions, but in their place a bare enumeration of
-results, and of advantages to be derived from the employment of such
-engines.
-
-What then are we to understand by the preceding list of particulars?
-“1. A perfect _counterpoise_,” would suggest that the Marquis had
-contrived a complete system of pumping; “2. A perfect _countervail_,”
-appears to be only a different kind of counterpoise, as though the
-one were derived from weight, and the other from the action of the
-steam; 4. “A vicegerent,” may be the force or piston; 5. “A helm or
-stem, with bit and reins,” can hardly be mistaken for any other than
-levers, acting on valves, and in some positions connected with chains
-running over guide pulleys; while the parts 6, 7, and 8, refer wholly
-to reservoirs, cisterns, and other external arrangements. But this
-statement is simply made to remind the reader that the Marquis’s
-Engine was not so entirely simple in its construction as to consist
-only of a boiler and receiver, and to depend wholly on the effect
-of the direct action of steam on a large surface of cold water, as
-generally intimated. It is usual entirely to set aside this full and
-clear statement of details. So indefinitely has the Marquis’s claim
-hitherto been stated, that it is always assumed, that while using this
-early steam engine, he was quite unacquainted with condensation; or,
-at least, with any mode of employing it to produce a useful effect.
-On the other hand, it is not only more rational to suppose that he
-could not be otherwise than fully acquainted with it, but that, having
-ascertained its various results, he finally succeeded in employing
-condensation to produce a vacuum for refilling his vessels, and for
-giving motion to a force or piston. Indeed, we find in the foregoing
-statement--“6. A _particular_ Magazine for Water, according to the
-intended _quantity_ or _Height_ of Water.” A _particular_ Magazine,
-one for a special purpose, for which it was particular to have
-such a supply; and for size, form, and situation, it had reference
-“to the quantity and height of water,” for a small cistern would
-supply sufficient water for condensation, but a larger cistern would
-be required in proportion to more extended service. Then, “7. An
-Aqueduct,” might be the vertical main pipe; and “8. A place for the
-original fountain,” peculiarly arranged reservoirs, with suitable
-valves, floats, &c.
-
-Uniting his several descriptions, we readily make out a construction of
-apparatus answering many of the conditions he has stated, as shown in
-the engraving[W] on the opposite page from a sectional drawing designed
-by the author.
-
-[Illustration: The Marquis of Worcester’s Engine]
-
-[W] DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVING.
-
-A, A' Two cold water vessels, connected by--
-
-B, B'--the steam pipe, with--
-
-C, the Boiler, set in--
-
-D, the furnace. The cold water vessels A A', also are connected with--
-
-E, the vertical water pipe by means of--
-
-F, F', continuations of the same pipe conducted into and nearly
-touching the bottom of each vessel A, A'.
-
-G, G', are two water supply pipes, with valves _a_, _a'_, dipping into--
-
-H, the well. It is obvious that by uniting these pipes, and placing the
-valves in the upper bend of each, it would be sufficient for a single
-pipe to dip into the water to be raised.
-
-On the steam pipe B B' is--
-
-_b_, a four-way steam cock, operated by--
-
-_b'_, its lever handle; and on the horizontal portion of the water pipe
-F F', is--
-
-_c_, a four-way water cock, operated by--
-
-_c'_, its lever handle.
-
-*.* The four-way cock is figured and described as early as 1618, by
-Robert Fludd, in “Historia Macrosmi,” folio, page 467.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-In the “Life, Times, &c.,” page 20, we have a view of the deep
-grooves cut in that side of the Citadel of Raglan Castle, on which
-the Marquis of Worcester’s Water-works were situated. The grooves
-would admit the insertion of pipes of about one foot external
-diameter, either round, or square, and they would carry water nearly
-twenty-five feet high. In the early use of his engine, he may have
-forced the water direct from the boiler, or by the using of an
-independent boiler, as employed by Porta, in 1606; but either way,
-the arrangement of his Raglan works would seem to have been that of
-employing a main vertical pipe for each boiler or receiver, instead
-of each receiver being connected with a four-way cock with one
-vertical pipe, or “aquaduct.”
-
-With these observations we close our comments on the various articles
-of the “Century,” after having supplied a mass of most important
-references to contemporary and earlier scientific authors; as well as
-offered several entirely new solutions; and reduced the problematical
-character of this singularly interesting work to one only, being No.
-56, which alone remains open to the charge of being a paradox.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] See, at page 263, M. Sorbière’s enumeration of inventions
-    considered exceedingly curious in 1663.
-
-[B] A letter from lord Herbert, to Mon. Grubendol, London. MSS.
-    in the Library of the Royal Society. His Lordship alludes to
-    M. Grollier de Servière’s Cabinet, of which a Catalogue was
-    published at Lyon, 1719.
-
-[C] The Life of the Rt. Hon. Francis North, Baron of Guilford,
-    Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, under King Charles II, and
-    King James II. By the Hon. Roger North. 2nd ed. 2 vols. 8vo.
-    1808. Vol. 2, p. 251.
-
-[D] See page 223.
-
-[E] Appendix A.
-
-[F] See Appendix B.
-
-[G] The Marquis, in the 19th article of the “Century,” twice alludes
-    to “_a child_;” and patenting his invention, which applied to
-    Coaches, he introduces the expression in the 3rd article of his
-    patent of 1661:--“a _child_ of six years old may secure from
-    danger all in the coach,” and “the _child_ being able” to loosen
-    the horses.
-
-[H] See page 302.
-
-[I] We meet with the following singular passages recorded by his
-    biographer, as introductory to the Inventions of James Watt, in
-    the second edition of his Life, 1859. At page 145, it is
-    remarked:--
-
-“When we consider the whole of the contrivances invented by Savery,
-as described by himself in ‘The Miner’s Friend,’ we cannot but accord
-to him the praise of very great ingenuity, independent of the merit
-of having made THE FIRST WORKING STEAM ENGINE, (if he was not
-preceded in that by the Marquis of Worcester); but, at all events, of
-having been the first who introduced it into use.”
-
-We give this passage as printed, and proceed to the next, at page
-156, which is not recorded either in the Contents or Index, only
-distinguishing certain words:--
-
-“We think it right to add that the language used by Savery in his
-‘Miner’s Friend,’ in treating of the advantages, whether ascertained
-or prospective, of his invention, presents a strong contrast, in point
-of plainness, simplicity, and modesty, to the more high-flown phrases
-in which the Marquis of Worcester _magnifies_ the performances of
-his ‘semi-omnipotent’ engine. Savery was evidently a practical man,
-possessed of great [1] common sense as well as of [2] ingenuity; and
-although it would _probably_ be wrong to deny to Lord Worcester the
-possession of a good deal of the _second_ of those qualities, it may
-_well be doubted_ how far he is entitled to the claim of any very
-considerable share of the _first_” [common sense]!
-
-We believe that the author of this strange composition is a Scotch
-Advocate of some standing; now it is far from being the character of
-the legal profession, as a body, to commit to paper such reckless
-reproach of even the dead; but assuredly it does not require the
-caution induced by a knowledge of common law to point out the propriety
-of treating with respect the memory of a man of high birth and
-untainted reputation, such as was the Marquis of Worcester. But this is
-not all, we are introduced to a “FIRST ENGINE,” at the risk
-of a second “first,” as declared by the same pen! And without fear
-of contradiction we say the last should be first, and the first last
-in this category.
-
-[J] From the Lansdown MSS. 121. See also Letters Illustrative
-    of Science. Edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. &c. 8vo. 1841.
-
-[K] Among the Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum occurs
-    No. 6176, a MS. volume, containing at folio 16, _b_, a
-    “Certificate of the Armory in the Tower,” signed among others by
-    “W. Balfour,” Lieutenant of the Tower, “17th Dec. 1640.”
-
-[L] Almain engineers seem to have been in much repute.
-
-[M] The original drawing is preserved in the archives of the Royal
-    Society, coarsely executed on paper, measuring 24 by 27 inches.
-
-[N] Savery is supposed to have died in 1715, but no particulars are
-    on record respecting his death and burial.
-
-[O] His address “To the Gentlemen Adventurers in the Mines of
-    England,” is dated “London, Sep. 22, 1701.”
-
-[P] See Appendix G.
-
-[Q] On the contrary, he expressly declares he had never seen such an
-    engine.--H. D.
-
-[R] The Harleian MS. “Century” has for Article No. 88, “A Stamping
-    Engine,” in lieu of the “Brazen Head.” Mr. Partington alters
-    this to “A Coining Engine.”
-
-[S] See Appendix C.
-
-[T] The following concluding part of the MS., added as a postscript,
-    does not appear in the 1st edition, 1663:--“Besides many omitted,
-    and some of three sorts willingly not set down, as not fit to be
-    divulged, least ill use may be made thereof; but to show that
-    such things are also within my knowledge, I will here in myne
-    owne cypher set down at least one of each, not to be concealed
-    where duty, and affection obligeth me.”
-
-[U] This Petition is calendared under the date “1665?” but probably
-    belongs to 1664.
-
-[V] Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665–6. Edited by Mary A. E.
-    Green, 8vo. 1664, p. 153. No. 138, and No. 138, i.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-      ADDENDA.
-
-
-No. 5. _Cipher writing._ At Page 398, reference is made to a Cipher
-letter, engraved in “The Life,” at page 180. It was written by the
-Marquis, as now appears, at Dublin, the 29th of September, 1645. The
-author having made out the character, is able to supply the following
-key, or alphabet.[A]
-
-[Illustration: The Marquis of Worcester’s Cipher Alphabet]
-
-Curiously enough it is the document given at page 139, so that Carte
-must have obtained a deciphered copy as well. But the words, “the King
-of the assent,” should be “the King of his assent.” The words, “towards
-your Excellency” (in the 10th line) are not in the original. Also the
-words, “And my intention was ever to acquaint your Honour herewith,”
-should be “and mine intent was ever to acquaint you herewith.” There is
-no signature to the original, but the written direction shows it was
-from the Earl of Glamorgan.
-
-We have now authentic proof of the construction and character of at
-least one Cipher method of writing adopted by the Marquis, eighteen
-years prior to the publication of the “Century.”
-
-[Illustration: Construction of a water-screw]
-
-No. 53. _An hollowing of a water-screw._ A slight addition to the
-comment on this article will be easily understood by reference to the
-adjoining three figures, and probably throw some light on what the
-Marquis may have actually intended. Being desirous to construct a
-model screw, some years ago, the author designed the following method
-of making one of tin or zinc, which may be easily shown by cutting
-out the same in thin pasteboard. Form a number of discs of thin metal
-like No. 1, say three inches diameter, with a hole in the centre one
-inch diameter, and the metal cut through at A. Rivet, solder, or
-otherwise fasten them together, commencing by placing No. 2 on No.
-1; now secure the cut edge of A, to the similar edge of _b_, and so
-on in succession, until a sufficient pile is obtained. They may now
-be extended to form a screw, as in No. 3, of any desired pitch. The
-minuter details of construction will be obvious to any clever artizan.
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX A.
-
-    [The following is from Birch’s MSS. in the British Museum, No.
-    4459; and portions have been quoted in the Commentary, under each
-    article of invention named herein.]
-
-      INVENTIONS OF YE E’ARLE OE WORCESTR.
-
-
-The Qvint E’ssence of Motion, or a C’ollection of all kinds of
-Movements, to wit, C’ircular, to & fro; Perpendicular, upwards &
-downewards; side motions, to ye right & left; straight Motions,
-forewards & backwards with a Circular Vehiculum, to wch any of these,
-may bee applicable or moveable to all ye points of ye C’ompasse: At
-each of wch, it will bee as powerfull as if it were fixt to one place
-or Center.
-
-All & every of these, by hight of Art, Industry, & Experimt working
-ye same Individuall & Intrinsecall effect, without disturbance one to
-ye other: & yet by these absolutely contrary Motions soe perform’d,
-most strange & incredible E’ffects may bee brought to passe, to ye
-Admiration even of ye greatest Mathematicians.
-
-The knowledge of these things, rendring all things as feacible to him,
-yt is Master of this Art, as it is to make a C’ircle with a paire of
-C’ompasses, or a straight line, wth a sqvare or Ruler. They beeing
-a direct abstract of Arithmetick, contrived by mee. And by ye power
-of those, I have perfected these following Conclusions, wth some
-hundreds besides all experimented by mee.
-
-(1) I can render an ordinary Watch, wch beeing once wound up, will goe
-constantly, during a Mans life, beeing vsed but once in 24. houres, &
-(though oftner look’t on:) it is still ye same, & though not look’t on
-for a weeke, still ye same, if not bruised.
-
-(2) By this I can make a Vessel of as great burthen, as ye River can
-beare, to goe agt ye streame, wch ye more rapid it is, ye faster it
-shall advance, & ye moveable part yt workes it, may bee by one man
-still guided, to take ye best advantage of ye streame, & yet to steer
-the boat to any point. And this E’ngine is applicable to any Vessell or
-Boate, whatsoever; without being therefore made on purpose; And worketh
-these effects. It roweth, it draweth, it driveth (:if need bee:) to
-passe London bridge agt ye streame at low water: And a boate lying at
-Anchor, the E’ngine may be used for loading or vnloading.
-
-(3) By this I can make an Artificiall Bird to fly wch way & as long
-as I please.
-
-(4) By these I can make a ball of S’ilver or G’old wch throwne into a
-pale or poole of Water, shall rise againe to ye perfect houre of any
-day or night: The superficies of ye Water shall still show the houre
-distinctly, even ye minutes, if I please.
-
-(5) By this I can make a C’hilde in a C’oach, to stop ye horses
-(run̄ing away) & shall be able to secure hims. & those yt bee in
-ye C’oach, having a little E’ngine placed therein, wch shall not bee
-perceived in what posture soever ye horses draw: a C’hildes force
-shall bee able, to disengage them, from overturning ye C’oach or
-prejudicing any body in it.
-
-(6) By these I can make one pound raise an hundred, as high as ye
-one pound falls, & ye one pound taken off ye 112lb shall againe
-descend, performing ye entire effect of an hundred waight (i.e.) have
-yt force wch nothing lesse, then 112lb can have any other way. An
-incredible effect till seene, but true as strange.
-
-(7) By these a C’hilde shall raise as much water 100 foot high
-(speaking within C’ompasse) as 6. horses can force vp any other way.
-
-(8) By these I can stop any other Mans Motion, & render it Null, since
-from any point of ye C’ompasse, I can forceably & effectually cause a
-counterbuffe or absolute obstruction of such Motion, wch way I please
-all wayes, beeing indifferent to mee to worke a perfect resistance, &
-to countermine their Intentions, or to force their Motions a cleane
-contrary way.
-
-The 9 was left out in ye Original C’opy. (9)
-
-S’oe here yu have 9 figures represented, wch in Arithmetick, make all
-numbers imaginable, soe by ye helpe of these Motions, noe Manufacture,
-but may be demonstrated exqvisitely & demonstrably & with great ease
-and facility. And noe Conclusion in ye Mathematicks or Mechanicks, but
-may by these bee brought to passe in great perfection & to admiration.
-Yet as ye most excellent tooles cannot worke alone; nor any C’ymeter
-is soe sharp to cut wthout an arme to guide it. S’oe without
-Knowledge, Art, & Ingenuitie, these are fruitlesse. But being set to
-worke by one of noe more Knowledge then myselfe, am capable off, they
-will performe wt is here asserted & more then I could write, from one
-end off ye yeare to ye other.
-
-(_Note._--No. 9 is here stated to be left out, but may not the first
-named, or “Quintessence of Motion,” be No. 1, so making up Nine in
-all? [See pp. 530, 531.] In the next line the copyist has first
-written 8 and then altered it to 9, to accord with the sense of the
-passage.)
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX B.
-
-      [ABRIDGED FROM THE PRINTED SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PATENT
-      OFFICE.]
-
-      MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s PATENT.--SIGNET BILL.
-
-      A.D. 1661. . . . NO. 131.
-
-      Clocks, Guns, Carriages, Boats, &c.
-
-
-CHARLES R.
-
-CHARLES THE SECOND, by the grace of God, &c., to all to whom
-these presents shall come greeting.
-
-WHEREAS our right trusty and entirely beloved couzin EDWARD,
-Marquesse of WORCESTER hath for many yeares applied his thoughts and
-studies, and hath beene at very great charges, to contrive and
-perfect divers rare and new Invenc̃ons, contenting himselfe with the
-good and advantage which will redound to the publique and to every
-particuler industrious workman or curious persons who shall make vse
-of the said Invenc̃ons, the products of his extraordinary expences
-and ingenuity: And whereas, amongst other vsefull and new Invenc̃ons
-of farr greater consequence, the said Marquesse hath found out and
-experimented these severall new Invenc̃ons herein-after perticularly
-menc̃oned (that is to say)--
-
-
-“1. To make a watch or clock without string or chaine, or any other
-kind of winding up but what of necessity must follow if the owner or
-keeper of the said watch or clock will know the hour of day or night;
-and yet if he lay it aside several days and weeks without looking or
-meddling with it, it shall go very well, and as justly as most watches
-that ever were made.
-
-2. And also an Invention to make certain guns or pistols, which in the
-tenth part of one minute of an hour may, with a flaske contrived to
-that purpose, be recharged, the fourth part of one turne of the barrel,
-which remains still fixt, fastening it as forceably and effectually
-as a dozen threads of any screw, which in the ordinary and usual way
-require as many turns.
-
-3. Also an Invention to make an engine applicable to any coach, by
-which a child of six years old may secure from danger all in the coach,
-and even the coachman himself, though the horses become never so
-unruly, the child being able in the twinckleing of an eye to loosen
-them from the coach, in what posture soever they draw or turne, be it
-ever so short, or to either hand.
-
-4. Lastly, an Invention to make a boat that roweth, draweth, or setteth
-even against wind or stream, yea, both, and to any part of the compass
-which way soever the streame runs or wind blows, and yet the force of
-the wind or streame causeth its motion, nothing being required but a
-steersman, and whilst the boat stayeth to be loaded or unloaded, the
-streame or wind shall perform such work as any water mill or wind mill
-is capable of.”
-
-
-All which new Invenc̃ons being of publique vse and benefitt if the
-same were put in practice, and the lawes of England haveing especially
-provided for the incouragement of such as are the first authors and
-inventors of profittable and ingenious Invenc̃ons.
-
-KNOW YEE, that wee, of our especiall grace, certaine knowledge, and
-meere moc̃on doe for vs, our heires and successors, give and grant
-vnto the said Edward, Marquesse of Worcester, his executors,
-administrators, assignee, and assignes, full power, licence, liberty,
-priviledge, and authoritye, that hee, they, and every of them, by
-themselves or his or their deputy and deputies, servants, agents, and
-workmen, or any of them, from tyme to tyme, and at all tymes
-hereafter dureing the terme of yeares hereafter in these presents
-expressed, shall and may vse, exercise, and imploy all and every or
-any of the aforesaid Invenc̃ons, before in and by there presents
-perticulerly described, in such manner as to him, them, or any of
-them, in his and their best judgments and discrecc̃ons, shall seeme
-meete, &c., &c.
-
-
-May it please yor most excellent Majestie.
-
-
-Yor Majtie is hereby graciously pleased to grant vnto Edward,
-Marquesse of Worcester the sole vse and exercise of his severall new
-Invenc̃ons concerning watches or clocks, guns or pistolls,
-coaches, and boates, for fourteene yeares according to the forme of the
-Statute in that behalfe made and provided, and with such other clauses
-as are vsuall in grants of like nature.
-
-Signified to be yor Majesties pleasure vnder yor royall signe
-manuall.
-
-      T. PALMER,
-          15 Nov. 1661.
-
-      [Record mutilated.]
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX C.
-
-      WATER-COMMANDING ENGINE, ACT, ETC.
-
-    [From page 559 to 567, is the reprint of a rare quarto tract of
-    22 pages, of which there is a copy in the library of his Grace
-    the Duke of Beaufort; and another in the British Museum, C. 31.
-    d. 1.]
-
-    An exact and true Definition of the most Stupendious
-    Water-commanding Engine, invented by the Right Honourable (and
-    deservedly to be praised and admired) _Edward Somerset_, Lord
-    Marquess of _Worcester_, and by his Lordship himself presented to
-    his most Excellent Majesty _Charles_ the Second, our most
-    gracious Sovereign.
-
-
-An Act of Parliament thereupon granted, with great applause of both
-Houses, being through his Majesties particular favour passed, by
-special Commission to the Right Honourable the Earl of _Clarendon_,
-Lord High Chancellour of _England_; the Earl of _Southampton_, Lord
-High Treasurer; the Lord _Roberts_, Lord Privy Seal, third Officer of
-the Crown, preceding all Dukes, not of the Blood Royal; the Duke of
-_Albemarle_ his Grace, most deservedly by his transcendent merits never
-to be forgotten, Lord General of his Majesties Land-forces; the Lord
-Marquess of _Dorchester_, and the Earl _Lynsey_, Lord High Chamberlain,
-by his place preceding all Earls, both likewise of the Privy Council:
-They passed the said Act upon the third of _June_, 1663. For the more
-expedition, and in Testimony of the great consequence thereof to the
-King and Kingdom.
-
-His most Excellent Majesty having the tenth part, without deducting
-of Charges, freely given him by the said Lord Marquess, and there
-evidently accruing a considerable Profit and Benefit to every
-individual Subject of the whole Nation, if he either have surrounded
-Marish-ground to drein, or dry Land to improve; Commodities to sell
-portable from Town to Town, and through the Countrys to the Towns by
-Cuts thus fed by water; or if he have (I further say) Mines wherewith
-to enrich himself withall, Houses to be served, or Gardens to be
-beautified by plentiful Fountains with little charge, yet certain
-in ever so dry a Summer: and there being indeed no place but either
-wanteth water, or is overburdened therewith, and by this Engine either
-defect is remediable, that is to say, water necessary to man-kind,
-furnished with the pleasantness thereof, procured, and the water
-unnecessary, as easily rejected.
-
-Thus whole Cities may be kept Clean, Delightful and Wholesome, needing
-no other Scavengery then by means thereof to void their dirt, and avoid
-noisomness, the Cause of Infection, Sicknesses, and Contagion it self,
-by Stenches commonly ingendring and fomenting the same.
-
-After the Act of Parliament, there is here set down a Latin _Elogium_,
-& an English _Panegirick_, both of them composed through duty and
-gratitude by an Antient Servant of his Lordships, presuming to begin
-the way to the greatest Wits and Poets to dilate upon so plentiful and
-admirable a Theam, and so deserving a person of King and Kingdom, and
-of all that ever knew him.
-
-This Antient Servant of his Lordships, hath for forty years been an eye
-witness of his great ingenuity, indefatigable pains, and vaste expences
-in perfecting for publique service, not onely this most Stupendious
-Water-commanding Engine, but likewise several other rare, useful, and
-never formerly heard of Mathematical Conclusions, of which he hath
-owned a Century, and thereunto I refer you: though this alone were
-enough to eternalize his Name to all Ages and future times.
-
-I think it not amiss to give further notice in his Lordships behalf,
-that he intends within a moneth or two to erect an Office, and to
-intrust some very responsible and honourable persons with power to
-Treat and Conclude with such as desire at a reasonable rate to reap the
-benefit of the same Water-commanding Engine, in any of the aforesaid
-useful and beneficial operations, whereof his Majesty is to reap the
-first fruit; and then the whole Kingdom in general, before his Lordship
-is re-imbursed, and his reward beginneth; whose laudable inventions
-Almighty God prosper with blessings on earth, and reward in heaven.
-
-
-MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN,
-
-The same individual Definition of my Water-work, which I formerly
-presumed to put into Your Royal Hands, I again adventure to present to
-Your Majesty; praying Your Belief of it, as Your Majesty shall find it
-true by comparing it with the real Effect; which, if found punctually
-agreeing, Vouchsafe then not to be apt hereafter to lend a believing
-Ear to such persons, as Malice causeth to detract from, or Ignorance
-to slight what shall (though never so seemingly strange) be averr’d by
-me, who will never be convinced of a Falshood in Word or Deed towards
-Your Sacred Majesty; before whom I shall ever speak as in the presence
-of Almighty God, whose Vicegerent on Earth I deem You: And to Your
-Majesties transcentdent Judgment I submit all, and will presume to
-subscribe my self,
-
-      Sir,
-        _Your Sacred Majesties_
-          _Faithfully-Devoted and passionately-_
-            _Affected, Useful, if cherished,_
-              _Subject and Servant_,    WORCESTER.
-
-
-_A Stupendious or a Water-Commanding Engine, boundless for Height, or
-Quantity, requiring no External, nor even Additional help, or force to
-be set, or continued in motion, but what intrinsecally is afforded from
-its own Operation, nor yet the twentieth part thereof: And the Engine
-consisteth of the following Particulars_;--
-
-1. A perfect Counterpoize for what Quantity soever of Water.
-
-2. A perfect Countervail for what Height soever it is to be brought
-unto.
-
-3. A _Primum Mobile_ commanding both Height and Quantity
-Regulator-wise.
-
-4. A Vicegerent or Countervail supplying the place, and performing the
-full force of a Man, Wind, Beast, or Mill.
-
-5. A Helm or Stern, with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may
-guide, order, and controul the whole Operation.
-
-6. A particular Magazine for Water, according to the intended Quantity
-or Height of Water.
-
-7. An Aquaduct capable of any intended Quantity or Height of Water.
-
-8. A place for the Original Fountain or even River to run into, and
-naturally of its own accord incorporate it self with the rising Water,
-and at the very bottom of the same Aquaduct, though never so big or
-high.
-
-
-    _By Divine Providence, and Heavenly Inspiration, this is my
-    Stupendious Water-commanding Engine, boundless for Height and
-    Quantity._
-
-
-    Whosoever is Master of Weight,
-      Is Master of Force;
-    Whosoever is Master of Water,
-      Is Master of both:
-
-
-And consequently, to him all Forceable Actions and Atchievments are
-easie, which are in any wise beneficial to or for Mankind.
-
-
-   _Exegi Monumentum ære perennius,_
-   _Regalíque situ Pyramidum altius;_
-   _Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens,_
-   _Possit diruere, aut innumerabilis_  Horace.
-   _Annorum series, & fuga temporum:_
-   _Non omnis moriar, multáque pars mei_
-   _Vitabit Libitinam,_
-         _dum stabit Anglia._    Capitolium.
-
-    Reader observe, This tells us how to keep
-    Our morning-Thoughts awake, while others sleep:
-   ’Tis Art and Nature’s product, scan’d by some:
-    Judge of it by th’ Effects, then give your doom.
-
-       _To God alone be all Praise, Honour and Glory, for ever
-       and ever._    Amen.
-                         WORCESTER.[B]
-
-    AN ACT to Enable _Edward_ Marquess of _Worcester_ to Receive the
-    Benefit and Profit of a Water-Commanding Engine by him Invented;
-    One Tenth part whereof is appropriated for the Benefit of the
-    Kings Majesty, His Heirs and Successors.[C]
-
-
-WHEREAS The Right Honourable Edward Marquess of Worcester hath
-affirmed to the Kings most Excellent Majesty, That he hath by long
-and indefatigable pains and study, and with great and vast expences,
-invented and found out a Secret in Nature, never heretofore
-discovered, being a Water-Commanding Engine, of greater force and
-advantage then hitherto hath been known; and being no Pump or Force
-now in use, nor working by any Suckers, Barrels, or Bellows
-heretofore used for the raising and conveying of Water; which said
-Engine will yield very great benefit and advantage to the
-Common-wealth, by draining of all sorts of Mines, Marish, Oazie, or
-Overflown Grounds; by furnishing of Rivers and Cutts with water to
-make them Navigable and Portable from Town to Town; by improving of
-Lands wanting water; by the supplying and bringing in of water into
-the City of London, or into any other places: and by divers other
-ways and means whereby great Encouragement will be given to the
-People of this Nation to undertake to work rich Mines, to drain, and
-gain in many Marish, Oazie, and surrounded Grounds, which hitherto
-they have been deterred to endeavour the improvement of, by reason of
-the vast sums of money which must be necessarily expended by the
-draining and conveying away the water out of the same. And whereas
-the said Edward Marquess of Worcester is willing and contented to
-setle a tenth part of the accruing benefit thereof upon his Majesty,
-His Heirs and Successors, for the term of years after in this Act
-mentioned; To the end therefore that the said Edward Marquess of
-Worcester may have and enjoy the full and particular benefit and
-profit of this his new Invention, with a Prohibition to all others to
-make use thereof for ninety and nine years: May it therefore please
-the Kings most Excellent Majesty, That it may be enacted, And Be it
-Enacted by the Kings most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice
-and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in
-this present Parliament Assembled, and by the Authority thereof, That
-it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Edward Marquess of
-Worcester, His Executors and Assigns, from time to time, and at all
-times hereafter, during the said ninety and nine years, to have,
-receive, take, and enjoy, to his and their own proper use and uses,
-the Profit, Benefit, and Advantage which shall any ways arise,
-happen, or accrue by means or reason of the aforesaid Engine and new
-Invention. And be it also Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That
-one full tenth part of the accruing Benefit thereof (without
-deduction or abatement for or by reason of any Charges or Expences
-whatsoever) shall be paid and answered, and accounted for by the said
-Edward Marquess of Worcester, his Executors, Administrators, and
-Assigns, for His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, into His
-Majesties publick receipt of Exchequer yearly, and every year at the
-Feasts of Saint Michael the Arch-angel and the Annunciation of the
-Blessed Virgin Mary, during the said Term of Ninety nine years, the
-first payment to be made at the Feast of Saint Michael the
-Arch-angel, which shall be in the year of our Lord God, One thousand
-six hundred sixty and three; And be it further Enacted by the
-Authority aforesaid, that if any Person or Persons whatsoever within
-his Majesties Kingdom of England & Dominion of Wales, and Town of
-Berwick upon Tweed, and the Dominions and Territories thereunto
-belonging, do, or shall at any time hereafter, during the said term,
-Counterfeit, Imitate, put in practice, or erect the said
-Water-commanding Engine (without the consent and License first had
-and obtained in writing from the said Edward Marquess of Worcester,
-or his Assignes) That it shall, and may be lawful to and for the said
-Edward Marquess of Worcester, or his Assignes, with his, or their
-Agents or Work-men by a Warrant from the Lord Chief Justice, or from
-any two Justices of Peace within the respective County or Liberty,
-where such search shall be made, and assisted by the Constable or
-Constables neer adjacent, to enter into, or upon the said place or
-places where the said Work or Engine shall be made or erected; And
-upon discovery of any such Engine, to proceed against the said Person
-or Persons by Action, Information or Indictment; and after Conviction
-thereof in due course of Law in any Assizes, or publique Sessions of
-the Peace, or any of the Courts at Westminster, or any other His
-Majesties Courts of Record in any City, Burrough, or Town Corporate,
-or in any Stanary Court, or Jurisdiction of Leadmines; Then such
-Engines to be forfeited, and seized to and for the use of the said
-Edward Marquess of Worcester, his Executors, Administrators and
-Assignes respectively: And further, that the said Actor or Actors,
-Contriver or Contrivers thereof, and every of them, shall lose, and
-forfeit Five pounds of lawful Money of England an Hour for every
-Hour, he or they shall be Convicted, by one or more credible
-Witnesses upon Oath, to use the same, after such Conviction without
-the consent and License of the said Edward Marquess of Worcester, or
-his Assignes, first had and obtained in manner as aforesaid; the same
-to be recovered in the name of the said Edward Marquess of Worcester,
-his Executors, or Assignes, at the Common Law by any Action or
-Actions to be grounded upon this Statute; The same Action and Actions
-to be heard, and determined in any of his Majesties Courts of Record,
-in which Suit no Essoign, Protection, or Wager of Law shall be
-allowed; one third part whereof shall be to the Kings most Excellent
-Majesty, one other third part to the Informer or Discoverer, and the
-other third part to the said Marquess of Worcester, his Executors and
-Assignes. Provided always, and it is hereby Declared, That this Act,
-or any thing therein contained, shall not prejudice any other
-Water-work or Engine now known and used, nor any Person or Persons,
-who before the making of this present Act have obtained any Letters
-Patents from his Majesty, for the sole making and using of any new
-Engine for the carriage of Water; But that the said other Water-work,
-and the said Letters Patents shall be and remain of the same force
-and effect, as if this Act had never been had or made, any thing
-herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. Provided always,
-that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed, or taken to
-prejudice, or hinder any Person or Persons from making, or using any
-Engine, Device or Invention, for ther raising and carriage of Water,
-other then the Engine in this Act mentioned; And that a Model thereof
-be delivered by the said Marquess, or his Assignes, to the Lord
-Treasurer or Commissioners for the Treasury for the time being, at or
-before the Nine and Twentieth day of September, One thousand six
-hundred sixty three; And be by him or them then put into the
-Exchequer, and kept there.
-
-      Copia vera.
-
-          _Jo. Brown_ Cleric.
-              Parliament.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-    In admirandam magis quàm imitandam, aut ullis Encomiis satis
-    prædicandam, Illustrissimi Domini Marchionis Vigorniæ Machinam
-    Hydraulicam, Elogium.
-
-
-       _Barbara Pyramidum sileat miracula Memphis,_
-       _Assiduus jactet nec Babylona labor._--HORAT.
-
-
-   _Siste viator, depone sarcinam, & dum reficis membræ,_
-   _Labore languida, pasce mentem novitatis avidam;_
-   _Perpende gyganteam hanc molé, æterni motus æmulam,_
-   _Naturæ & Artis compaginem, Cœli Solíque stuporem._
-
-
-   _Pondera ponderibus librata hîc Æthera scandunt,_
-     _Et redeunt proprias mox subitura vices._
-   _Mens prægnans agitata Deo, nunc præstat in Orbe,_
-     _Quæ nec stellifero sunt tribuenda Polo._
-
-
-   _Taceat Rhodus, facessat Ephesus, et quicquid fabulosa_
-   _Prædicat antiquitas; illic laudanda Artificis industria,_
-   _Hîc admiranda mentis sublimitas celebranda venit._
-   _Cui impares fuere tot seculis retroactis omnes Græci,_
-   _Et Romani, humano conatu, id præstitit nostra_
-   _Ætate unus_ Cambrobritannus, _Divino afflatu:_
-          Soli Deo Gloria.
-
-
-   _Martis & Imperii Palmam fert Roma perennem;_
-     _Artis & Ingenii Cambria culmen habet._
-
-
-   ... pauci, quos æquus amavit
-       Jupiter, aut ardens evexit ad æthera virtus,
-       Hoc potuere....
-
-
-      _Jacobus Rollocus_,
-          Scoto-Belga-Britannus.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-    _A Panegyrick to the Right Honourable EDWARD, Lord Marquess of
-    WORCESTER, Upon his stupendious and never-sufficiently-commended
-    Water-work._
-
-
-        I know mean subjects need a skilful Pen
-        To stretch their worth on tenter-hooks, but when
-        A Theam falls out so pregnant, who can chuse
-        But strain his vulgar Wit to prove a Muse?
-
-
-    Come, fainting Pilgrim, lay here down thy Pack,
-    And, while thou rests thy wearied limbs, look back
-    Upon this Pageant, th’ Emblem of his mind,
-    Whose Art and skill hath this our Age refin’d.
-
-
-    Here little _David_ curbs the Gyant’s brood,
-    Small drops of Rain contend with _Noah’s_ Flood;
-    One weighs a thousand coming down apace,
-    Weighs but himself when he hath run his race.
-
-
-    The Heavens admire, the Centre stands amaz’d,
-    To see such Streams by so small Forces rais’d.
-    Great is the Work, but greater is the Fame
-    Of that great Peer who did invent the same.
-
-
-    What Force or Strength can do is in his reach,
-    His long Experience, Cost and Charges, teach;
-    What Greeks, nor Romans e’re could do, this day,
-    Our Noble Britain here hath found the way.
-
-
-    If Ages past had bred you, we had seen
-    Your Glories current run a bigger stream;
-    But Art and Envy meeting face to face,
-    Like _France_ and _Spain_, dispute who shall take place.
-
-
-    None but ignoble Minds love to detract
-    From th’ Honour due to such a noble Act:
-    On then, that after-ages may relate
-    Your Service done to Country, King and State.
-
-
-    And though that envious Spirits spit their gall,
-    Your noble Deeds are so well known to all,
-    As if their malice should take from your praise,
-    Your own deserts will crown your head with Bays.
-
-
-         _By your Lordships_
-           _most humble and faithful Servant_,
-               James Rollock.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX D.
-
-
-    [Among the Family Papers in the possession of His Grace the Duke
-    of Beaufort is the following:--_Letter from WALTER TRAVERS, a
-    Roman Catholic Priest, to the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester._]
-
-          Jesus + Mīa, September 6, 1670.
-
-NOBLE MADAM--
-
-The Grace of the Holy-ghost bee with you.
-
-The greate esteeme and honour wch I have euer had for your Ladysp
-hath allwaise made mee prompt, and willing to serue you to the best
-of my power, without the bias of selfe interest, as your selfe can
-witnesse; And because I feare that at present, your Honour hath noe
-one, that in the greate concernes, which you have in hand, will tell
-you the truth, as it often happens to persons of greate quality: I
-have thought it the part of my Priestly function and fidelity towards
-yor Hor: (haveing first in my poore prayers, humbly commended it
-to Alm: God) to represent unto you, that wch all your friends know
-to bee true, as well as my selfe, and would bee willing that your
-Ladysp should know it likewise.
-
-Alm: God hath Madam put you into a happey, and florishing condition,
-fitt and able to serue God, and to doe much good to your selfe and
-others; and your Ladysp makes your selfe unhappey, by seeming not to
-bee contented with your condition but troubling your spiritts with
-many thoughts of attayning to greater dignityes and riches.
-
-Madam all those that wish you well, are greeued to see your Ladysp to
-bee allready soe much disturbed, and weakened in your iudgment and in
-danger to loose the right use of your reason, if you doe not tymely
-endeauor to preuent it, by ceasing to goe one with such high designes,
-as you are vppon, which I declare to you, in the faith of a Priest to
-bee true: The cause of your present distemper, and of the aforesayed
-danger, is doubtlesse, that your thoughts and imagination are very
-much fixed on the title of Plantaginet, and of disposing your selfe
-for that greate dignity by getting of greate sums of money from the
-King, to pay your deceased Lords debts, and enriching your selfe by the
-great Mashine, and the like. Now Madam how vnproper such undertakeings
-are for your L. and how vnpossible for you to effect them, or any one
-of them, all your friends can tell you if the please to discover the
-trueth to you.
-
-The ill effects that flow from hence are many: as the danger of
-looseing your health and iudgment by such violent application of your
-fancies in such high designes and ambitious desires; the probability
-of offending Alm. God and preiudising your owne soule thereby: the
-advantage you may thereby give to those who desire to make a pray of
-your fortune, and to rayse themselues by ruening you: the spending
-greate sums of money in rich and sumptuous things, whch are not
-suteable to the gravity of your Ladysp and present condition of
-Widdow-hoode and mourning for your deceased Lord.
-
-Although it bee certine, that it is a greate temptation which you are
-now vnder, and very dangerous and hurtfull both to your temporall
-and eternall happynesse; yett I confisse that the Divel, to make his
-suggestion the more preualent, doth make vse of some motives that seeme
-plausible, as of paying your Lords debs, of founding monasteryes, and
-the like, and that your Ladysp hath the Kings favour to carry one your
-designes. But Madam it is certine that the King is offended with your
-comeing to the Court, and much more with your pretention to the title
-of Plantaginet; and it is dangerous to provoke him any farther: And for
-paying of debts, and founding of Monasteryes, wee all know that your L.
-can neuer bee in a better condition to doe it, then now you are; and as
-you are not bound to doe such things, soe they are not expected from
-you; but wee all applaud your pious inclinations herein, of wch you
-will not loose the merit with Alm: God but our apprehensions are, least
-you should by your Ladysps inordinate designes, bring your selfe
-into such a condition, as not to bee able to helpe your friends nor
-your selfe.
-
-Bee pleased Madam now to give mee leave to suggest some waie how the
-approching dangers may bee prevented, by changing the object of your
-affections, and insteede of temporall, to seeke after eternall riches,
-and honors, which your age doth assure you are not far off; for wch
-you may dispose yourselfe, before death comes, by retiring into the
-countrey for some tyme, from the distractions of the Court, where
-you may have the advice and directions of some learned Priest, in
-whose vertue you may wholey confide, and bee guided by him, for your
-internall quiet and security. Many places may soone be found out, that
-are fitt for that purpose: At Hammersmith Mrs. Bedingfield a very
-vertuous and discreete person, and of your Ladysps acquaintance,
-hath lately taken a faire house and garden, & hath but a small family.
-In some such place your Hor might likewise haue the aduice of some
-well experienced Doctor, for the health of your person, and the
-benefitt of good ayre and of quietness, would much conduce to your
-health: And soe by Alm. Gods blessing, you may recover from that most
-pernicious distemper of bodey and mind, vnto wch euery one seese you
-to bee very neere approaching, and may live many yeares with your owne
-fortune and dignity in greate honour, and happynesse and be the author
-of many good workes of piety and Charity to the glorey of God and
-eternall saluation of your owne soule. Thus dear Madam I have ventured
-to declare a greate trueth to you, wch was before a secrett only to
-your selfe; I know that I run the hazard of incurring your displeasure,
-if your Ladysp should not reade the candor of my intentions, wch
-in my Letter I intend towards you: but my assurance of haveing herein
-performed a duty wch I owe to my God, and the hope I have that you
-will take it well as I intend it, have encouraged mee to doe it, and to
-subscribe myselfe
-
-      Honored Madam
-        Your humb. Ser. in C. J.
-            WALT. TRAVERS.
-
-[_On the back of this letter is the address:_]
-
-For ye Right Honble,
-  the Lady markes of wossester,
-  at her howes in Link[olns]
-    ins fields.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX E.
-
-      COLONEL CHRISTOPHER COPLEY.
-
-
-Sufficient has been said respecting Copley in the “Life, Times,
-&c.,” pages 214, 215, to give interest to any matter that can afford
-information respecting him.
-
-[Illustration: Christopher Copley (autograph)]
-
-We here supply his autograph, from MSS. in the British Museum, which
-may be useful to collectors; and have also to offer the account he
-gives of himself and his affairs during the Commonwealth, derived from
-Cole’s MSS. also in the British Museum, No. 5832, volume 31, page 209,
-as follows:--
-
-
-    I. (The following Case, wrote on half a sheet of paper, and was
-    the first draught as seems to me, by the alterations and
-    scratchings out of several words, and additions over them. I know
-    not how I came by it.)
-
-      _Col. Christopher Copley his Case._
-
-
-Humbly sheweth,
-
-That the said Colonel Copley did, in the year 1642, at his own charge
-raise a troop, and in 1644, a regiment of Horse, and supplied the
-Parliament with Bar-iron and Bullets, which with other things due
-amounted to the value of £1,843, whereof £1,500 was granted unto him as
-by an order of the 19th of July 1656, may at large appear; but is still
-unpaid.
-
-That during the greatest part of the years 1644, and 1645, he had the
-command and care of several regiments of Horse, and by the blessing
-of God upon his conduct and resolution, several pieces of service
-were done, and victories obtained, whereby diverse of the counties of
-England were settled in peace, to the great advantage of the nation.
-
-That the Committees of all ridings of the county of York did, in
-approbation of his service and fidelity, elect him to be Colonel of the
-West-riding Regiment of Horse in 1645; and the Parliament, by their
-letter, under the hand of the Rt honble. Mr. Speaker, did also
-assure him, that they would be ready upon all occasions to testify
-their sense of his service; and did after, in 1647, appoint him to be
-one of the nine, who by their vote, were to command the nine regiments
-of Horse then only to be continued for the defence of this nation.
-
-That by reason of the premisses the Earl of Newcastle caused his wife
-and children to be turned out of doors, and his house, lands, goods,
-and stock at four Iron Works to be taken from him, to the value of
-£2,000; for which he never had any recompense.
-
-That Lieutt.-Genl. Cromwell finding the said Colonel Copley would
-not become subservient to his ambitious ends (which then were under the
-curtain, but since discovered) caused him to be undeservedly questioned
-upon articles (which before he had waived), and after he had fully
-cleared himself, did, notwithstanding his said service, contributions
-and sufferings, cause him to be put out of the Catalogue presented to
-be continued in 1647; whereby his regiment was taken from him, and
-given to Colonel Lambert, contrary to the said vote; the Parliament, as
-is conceived, not then remembering it, nor their engagement by their
-letter afore-mentioned.
-
-That though he thus lost his command, yet he did not resist (as others
-of late) but acquiesced in the pleasure of the house, and submitted
-shortly after to a Commonwealth Government set up; yet hath been kept
-out of all employment, both civil and military ever since; to his
-reproach and the ruin of his estate, contrary to the declaration of the
-20th January 1643, while he hath seen many others (who never at all, or
-not considerably, either served or contributed to, or suffered for the
-Parliament) from mean conditions, preferred to, and continued in great
-commands and employments by their compliances with the many changes of
-this evil age, and the lusts of ambitious men, to the hazard of the
-ruin of this Commonwealth.
-
-That he did disapprove of the usurpations of the Protectoral, and the
-longings after the regal power; but when the Parliament was invited to
-return to the discharge of their trust, and were about the restitution
-of the commands to such, as by the usurpations were dispossessed, he
-tendered his service. And after the late interruption, he declared his
-readiness to raise a regiment, and to run the hazard of his life and
-fortune, to reduce the army to the Parliament’s obedience; and received
-a Commission to that end.
-
-    His humble request, therefore, is, that your Honours will be
-    pleased upon due consideration of the premisses to confer upon
-    him his own regiment of Horse, late under the command of the said
-    Colonel Lambert, and now about 12 years withheld from him,
-    according to the justice of his case above-mentioned, or some
-    other command or civil employment in England or Ireland, suitable
-    to his former, and to the merit of his fidelity and affections to
-    the Parliament, expressed in the premisses.
-
-This is a true copy of the last:
-
-That since the good Providence hath put the power into your hand, your
-Excy. will be pleased upon due consideration of the Premisses,
-to confer upon him a command in England or Ireland, suitable to
-his former, and to the merit of his fidelity and affections to the
-Parliament expressed in the Premisses.
-
-
-II. In the 4th Volume of the Journals of the House of Commons for 1644
-to 1646, on the 20th October, 1645, is reported--“A letter from * *
-18th October, 1645-- * * relating the great success of the Parliament’s
-forces (about 1,200), under the command of Colonel Copley, near
-Ferrybriggs, over near 2,000 of the enemy, under the command of Digby.”
-
-And in the 5th Volume, 1646 to 1648, on the 18th May, 1647, was
-read--“A Certificate from the Earl of Manchester, of the 20th February,
-1646, concerning iron belonging to Mr. Copley and his Partners, made
-use of by the forces under his command.”
-
-On referring to the Journals of the House of Lords, we find that on
-the 8th of July, 1648, there was a message from the House of Commons,
-and an order desiring their Lordships’ concurrence; being among other
-matters--“An Ordinance for £4,324. 9_s._--to Colonel Christopher
-Copley,” which was entered and agreed to. (See Vol. X., 1647 to 1648,
-pages 369 and 371.)
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX F.
-
-
-_Copy of Cromwell’s_ WARRANT, _and_ INVENTORY _of eight copies of
-Papers relating to the Marquis of Worcester, in the possession of_
-BENNET WOODCROFT, _Esq._ _F.R.S._
-
-1655. A WARRANT to pay Three pounds a week to Edward Earl
-      of Worcester, for his better maintenance, &c. Given by the Lord
-      Protector, as follows:--[See page 213.]
-
-A WARRANT _to pay Three pounds a week to Ye Earl of Worcester_.
-
-      LORD PROTECTOR, &c. To the Comrs of our Treasury Greetinge our
-      will and pleasure is and wee doe hereby require and comand you
-      or any Two or more of you That out of such our Treasure as is
-      or shalbe remayninge in the reciept of our Excheqr you pay or
-      cause to bee paid vnto Edward Earle of Worcester or his
-      Assignes thee weekly allowance of Three pounds (heretofore
-      charged on the Treāry att Goldsmiths Hall) for his better
-      maintenance the said weekly allowance to bee continued vntil
-      wee shall give other order to the contrary And our further will
-      and pleasure is that you also pay or cause to bee paid
-      forthwith vnto the said Earle or his Assignes out of our
-      Treasure remayninge in or said reciepts the arreares of the
-      said allowance of Three pounds by the weeke from the eight day
-      of January last past vntill which dayes the Treārs of
-      Goldsmiths hall have certified the same to have been satisfied
-      out of the Treāry there And theis presents or the inrollemt
-      thereof shalbe a sufficient Warrant and discharge aswell to you
-      the said Comrs of our Treāry as to all others our Officers and
-      Ministers of the Receipt of or Excheq. to whome it doth or
-      shall any wayes apperteine for paymt of the said weekly
-      Allowance and the arreares thereof as aforesaid Witnes the Lord
-      Protector the six and twentith of June.
-
-
-            [1655 Pat. Roll, part 4, No. 30.]
-
-
-1660. A Pardon granted to Edward Marquesse of Worcester of all such
-      offences, &c. &c. as are expressed in the form of a pardon
-      prepared for that purpose and remaining with His Majesty’s
-      Attorney General. Dated August, 1660.
-
-1664–5. Grant to Edward Marquesse and Earle of Worcester of all
-      sums of money, jewels, goods, and other matters and things of
-      value concealed or accounted for and arising out of the real
-      and personal estate of the said Edward Earl and Marquesse of
-      Worcester and of his Father Henry late Marquiss of Worcester or
-      belonging to the same and which by the laws of the kingdom are
-      forfeited and belong to the Crown.
-
-1664–5. Grant and release to Edward Marquis of Worcester of the tenth
-      part of the benefits accruing from his Water-commanding engine
-      settled upon the Crown, such Grant or release being in
-      consideration of the surrender of the Warrant of Charles I.
-      dated at Oxford, 5th January, 1644, made unto said Edward
-      Marquis of Worcester by the name of Lord Herbert for the grant
-      of lands to the value of £40,000, &c. &c.
-
-1670–71. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester, remitting
-      payment of certain sums due to the Crown at the time of the
-      death of his Father Edward Marquis of Worcester.
-
-1673. Letters Patent relating to constitution of Peverill Court and
-      appointing Henry Marquis of Worcester and Charles Lord Herbert
-      and Arthur Lord Somerset (sons of the Marquis) Chief Seneschals
-      and Simon Degge Seneschal of said Court.
-
-1675–6. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester, granting to him
-      the Manor of Wondey in the County of Monmouth.
-
-1675–6. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester conceding the
-      advowson &c. of the Rectory of Sapworth or Sopworth in
-      Wiltshire in exchange for that of Blendworth in the County of
-      Southampton.
-
-1678. Commission of Lunacy to inquire whether Margaret Dowager
-      Marchioness of Worcester is a Lunatic, &c.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX G.
-
-      VAUXHALL WORKS, AND CASPAR KALTOFF.
-
-
-      I.
-
-The Honourable Robert Boyle, corresponding with Samuel Hartlib, the
-latter, under date “Duke’s Place, July 24th, 1649,” writes--“As for
-Vauxhall, there is a proviso put into the Act, that it shall not be
-sold.”
-
-And in another letter, dated “May 8th, 1654,” Hartlib says--“The Earl
-of Worcester is buying Vaux-hall from Mr. Trenchard, to bestow the use
-of that house upon Gaspar Calehof and his son, as long as they shall
-live.” [Works, fol. 1744, Vol. V., pp. 257 and 264.]
-
-
-      II.
-
-The annexed particulars of the premises at Vauxhall, where the Marquis
-of Worcester erected one of his Water-commanding Engines, and of
-Kalthoff and his family, are derived from the Books of the Duchy of
-Cornwall Office.
-
-
-      1.--_Duchy of Cornwall Office._
-
-From Index to Reports--1660–1684. A to P. 1. Kennington* (Surry).
-
-
-      _Peter Jacobson._
-
-*Kennington (Foxhall House) 26th Oct., 1666. His Majesty’s Warrant
-directed to Lord Treasurer Southampton and Lord Ashley, to grant
-Mr. Jacobson a Lease for his life at a moderate rent, he having
-expended the sum of £700. on the Premises in making them convenient for
-the Trade of a Sugar Baker.--
-      Fo. 218.
-
-Surveyor General’s Constat [or Direction] on the Warrant of Lord
-Ashley, Chancellor of Exchequer, enters minutely into every particular
-of the premises, showing in what manner the whole has been occupied,
-and reports the value per annum, and the value for a fine, &c.
-Fo. 219.
-
-[*.* Jacobson married Kaltoff’s daughter.]
-
-
-      2.--_Martha Calthoff._
-
-
-The Widow of Gaspar Calthoff (a native of Holland, who had settled in
-this House by his Attorney, and employed in making Guns and divers
-Engines and works for the King’s service). Her Petition and case at
-large. Here Sir Charles Harbard also enters into a very minute detail
-of the premises in question.
-      Fo. 326.
-
-
-      3.--_Duchy of Cornwall Office._
-
-      Report H. 1. 1665–1668.
-
-          (Signed) CHARLES R.
-
-
-Vauxhall, Peter Jacobson.
-
-[By his Petition--has been at a Charge of £700. in repairing and
-building a part of Vauxhall, which was waste, and made the same
-convenient for a Sugar Baker, the said J.’s profession--in con. of his
-charges--and losses by the late fire at London--desires some certainty
-of the Premises.--Our pleasure to grant a Lease to P. J. of that part
-of Vauxhall which he hath repaired and built for his trade of a Sugar
-Baker--for the term of his life--at some moderate Rental. Whitehall,
-26th Oct. 1666. 18th year of reign.]
-
-
-      4.--_Duchy of Cornwall Office._
-
-      Report H. 1.  1665–68.
-
-
-[Report of the Surveyors General C. Harbard and Hugh May, dated 25th
-and 27th April, 1668, respecting Foxhall House, parcel of the Manor of
-Kennington and Duchy of Cornwall.]
-
-*.* This is already quoted in the “Life, Times, &c.,” page 239.
-
-
-      5.--_Duchy of Cornwall Office._
-
-      Particulars of a Lease in the form of Letters Patent.
-
-
-22nd March, 1667–68. Letters Patent whereby the King demised unto Peter
-Jacobson--
-
-All that part of our Mansion House called Vauxhall or Ffoxhall, part
-of the Manor of Kennington, in the County of Surrey, extending in
-length next the River Thames 186 feet, or thereabout, and in width 22
-feet, or thereabout; and all that other part of the same Mansion
-House adjoining the premises, and from thence extending towards the
-S.E. 47 feet, and in width N.W. 33½; feet, or thereabout, and in
-other parts 24¼ feet, or thereabout; together with all that area or
-place adjoining and fenced in, extending in length 141½ feet, or
-thereabout, and in width to the W. end 40 feet, and to the S. end 47
-feet, or thereabout, together with free ingress and egress in and
-through the steps and doors existing at the N. end of the aforesaid
-house, and through and over the area there, called the Court-yard,
-appertaining to the aforesaid House, and all that Stable lately built
-upon part of the said place or area last mentioned, consisting in
-length 28½ feet, or thereabout, and in width 17 feet, or thereabout;
-also that shed 26 by 10 feet--premises in or near the Parish of
-Lambeth, and now in the tenure or occupation of Peter Jacobson * *.
-
-This Lease granted in consideration of the expense incurred in
-repairing and amending the buildings for and during his natural life,
-at a Rental of only £5.
-
-
-      6.--_Duchy of Cornwall Office._
-
-      Mem. from various Drafts.
-
-
-12th January, 1659–60.--Ch. II.
-
-Indenture of Lease between the King’s Majesty and Henry Lord Moore.
-
-
-22nd March, 1667–8.--19th Ch. II.
-
-Letters Patent--The King unto Peter Jacobson. To hold during the
-natural life of P. J. Rent £5.
-
-
-1st Aug. 1672.--24th Ch. II.
-
-Letters Patent whereby the King from grace and favour towards
-Jasper Calthoff and Martha Calthoff lately deceased, and their
-children, devised unto Herbert Price, Knight and Baronet, James
-Read, Esq., and John Renny, Gentleman, at the nomination and
-appointment of Claude Denis and Catherine his wife, one of the
-daughters of the said Jasper Calthoff and Martha his wife. Jasper
-Calthoff and Isabel Calthoff, others of the sons and daughters of
-the said Jasper and Martha Calthoff.
-
-*.* Then there would be also Peter Jacobson, the son-in-law, who
-married a daughter.
-
-
-7. The following particulars are derived from the Records of the State
-Paper Office:--
-
-      _State Papers._ Vol. 142, No. 134.
-
-      Martha Kalthof and Peter Jacobson’s Petition.
-
-
-  To the King’s most excellent Majesty.
-
-      The Humble Petition of Martha, widow of Caspar Kalthof, and
-        Peter Jacobson, her son-in-law.
-
-Showeth,
-
-That the said Martha is the distressed widow of the said Caspar, your
-Majesty’s and your Royal father’s old servant. That he was planted
-by your Majesty’s most gracious father in Vauxhall, and had building
-therein erected for the exercise of his art and feat as Ingineur
-[engineer].
-
-That your Majesty upon your happy Restoration resettled him in the said
-house, after he had been long turned out of doors by the great Traitor
-and Usurper.
-
-That in this ejection her husband was plundered and bereaved of an
-estate near £3,000. sterling, and left with 4 children, some whereof
-were infants.
-
-That being reinstated by your Majesty as aforesaid, he was naked and
-without means to prefer his daughter grown up, but upon the trust
-of your Majesty’s grace, did dispose of one of his daughters to the
-Petitioner, Peter Jacobson, but without any other portion than the firm
-hopes of your Majesty’s continued grace and Royal goodness.
-
-That in consideration the Petitioner, Peter Jacobson, did bestow in
-making the building of that house for his calling of sugar-baking near
-the sum of £700. sterling.
-
-That now, on the death of his said father-in-law, he is left at your
-Majesty’s mercy for his continuance in this house to the Petitioner
-Martha’s subsistence and her other two daughters preferment, [which]
-depends wholly upon the said Peter Jacobson his enjoyment of the said
-house for perfecting his work, and refunding his said great expences.
-And although your Majesty hath been graciously pleased to design
-the son of the said Caspar to succeed this office and service, yet
-forasmuch as he is held up by the Emperor of Russia, the Petitioners
-are both under great fears without your Majesty’s special grace and
-clemency.
-
-    Their most humble Petition therefore and only hope is that your
-    Majesty will be graciously pleased in contemplation of both their
-    desolate otherwise, and truly sad condition, to grant them such
-    terms of years in the said house, as may in some measure repair
-    the estate of the said widow to provide of the maintenance of
-    herself and preferment of her two orphan daughters, and enable
-    the Petitioner Peter, her son-in-law, by holding the said
-    Sugar-house some certain term of years to have recompense of his
-    said expense of £700. bestowed upon your Majesty’s grounds, which
-    he will leave after in good repair to the improvement of your
-    Majesty’s interest.
-
-      And your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever with theirs
-        pray, &c.
-
-
-[See Col. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665–66, edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green. 8vo. 1864. p. 153, No. 134.]
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-[Vol. 102, No. 13. Sept. 5. Whitehall. Warrant from Secretary Bennet.
-(Ent. Book 16, p. 220.)]
-
-It is his Majesty’s pleasure that Sir Herbert Price, Sir Paul Neal, and
-Sir Robert Murray, being attended by Mr. Gervase Price, his Majesty’s
-Serjeant Trumpeter, do visit Foxhall, and there enquire by whom the
-several rooms in it are possessed, and particularly what belongs to the
-Marquis of Worcester, what to Gaspar Collthoffe, late deceased, and
-what their respective interests in the Engines, Tools, &c. remaining in
-that place are, hearing on the one part the Lord John Somerset; and on
-the other the widow of the said Colthoff, and his son-in-law, and any
-persons relating to them, of all which the said persons above mentioned
-are to give an account to his Majesty in writing. Whitehall, September
-5, 1664.
-
-      HENRY BENNET.
-
-
-[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1664–65. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green. 8vo. 1863. p. 2. No. 13.]
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX H.
-
-      APOCRYPHAL PASSAGES.
-
-_Statements that have at various times been published as matters of
-fact relating to the personal history of the Marquis of Worcester._
-
-
-1. _The Pot-lid Story._--No account of the Marquis’s great discovery
-has hitherto been considered complete without relating what is
-usually offered as a traditional anecdote of its origin. The latest
-publication, in a popular form, occurs in “A History of Wonderful
-Inventions,” where its interest is enhanced by a neatly executed
-engraving. It relates that, at the conclusion of the Civil War, the
-Marquis “hastened over to France, where, after spending some time at
-the court of the exiled royal family of England, he returned to this
-country as their secret agent, but being detected, was confined a
-prisoner in the Tower.” It is said that during this imprisonment,
-“while he was engaged one day in cooking his own dinner, he observed
-the lid of the pot was continually being forced upwards by the vapour
-of the boiling water contained in the vessel. Being a man of
-thoughtful disposition, and having, moreover, a taste for scientific
-investigation, he began to reflect on the circumstance, when it
-occurred to him that the same power which was capable of raising the
-iron cover of the pot might be applied to a variety of useful
-purposes; and on obtaining his liberty, he set to work to produce a
-practical exposition of his ideas on the subject in the shape of an
-acting machine, which he described in his work”--the “Century.”
-
-Every writer varies this story in its details. Here the compiler,
-drawing on his imagination, certifies to the Marquis being his own
-cook, providing his own dinner, and verifies the pot-lid being of iron.
-Disraeli and others vaguely state it to have been his meal that was
-being prepared in his presence, saying nothing whether the pot was
-brass, copper, or iron. The Tower must have had a large supply of these
-cooking utensils to meet the wants of its prisoners!
-
-The story reminds one of that of the Three Black Crows related by
-Addison in _The Spectator_, for like it this “pot-lid” story may after
-all have originated in some lecture or conversation, in which the
-speaker indulged his fancy by venturing the statement as what might
-appear to him a feasible suggestion, and one calculated to render
-the matter interesting and impressive. Had it happened at all it
-must have occurred from 1652 to 1654; but the “pot-lid” story, in
-another form, was current in 1597, when Lord Bacon, in his Essays,
-alluding to the origin of Inventions, remarks:--“It should seem, that
-hitherto men are rather beholding to a wild goat for surgerie, or to a
-nightingale for music, or to the ibis for some part of physic, _or to
-the_ POT-LID that _flew open_ for artillery, or generally to
-chance, or anything else, than to logic for the invention of Arts and
-Sciences.” The third edition of these Essays was published at Oxford
-in 1633, and from so popular a source it was natural for the vulgar to
-take the suggestive idea of the “pot-lid” to account for the origin
-of the steam engine, rather than to assign the birth of that gigantic
-production to a natural process of inductive reasoning.
-
-
-2. _Unfounded Charge of Forgery._--Thomas Carte, son of the Rev. Samuel
-Carte, born in Warwickshire, was baptized there by immersion, 23rd of
-April, 1686. In 1722, being accused of high treason, he fled to France,
-but returning in 1728–30, he, in 1735, published the third volume of
-his “Life of the Duke of Ormonde.” Among other matters, Nichols, in
-his “Literary Anecdotes,” Vol. IX., 1815, observes: “In an unpublished
-letter to Dr. Z. Grey, dated May 14, 1736, he says--‘I suppose you have
-read that volume [the 3rd], and seen there the letters relating to the
-Earl of Glamorgan, who certainly forged every commission he pretended
-to from the King.[D] I give you his character in the History very
-justly, but yet too tenderly drawn, because I am naturally unwilling
-to lay a load on any man’s memory, except I am absolutely forced to
-it. I intimate (so strongly that nobody of common sense can mistake
-the thing) that he forged letters and commissions without number;
-and I could have produced the compiler of the Nuncio’s memoirs in
-evidence (who had all those commissions before his eyes, and all the
-papers signed by Glamorgan to the Nuncio), to prove the commissions
-and letters he pretended to from King Charles absolutely forged; for
-he says he was perfectly acquainted with Glamorgan’s secretary, and
-knew his handwriting as well as his own; and all those commissions and
-letters were wrote in the hand of an Irish priest, who was Glamorgan’s
-secretary.’”
-
-After further remarks to the same effect, he concludes, “In fine, I
-have not the least doubt but that Glamorgan forged every pretended
-power or commission he had; and all of them so fully express his
-vanity, and are so adapted to his present views (which in most cases
-could not arise till after he was in Ireland), that they could
-have no other author but himself. I must observe to you that this
-letter, being directed to the Nuncio, is the only original of the
-King’s writing among his papers (for Glamorgan only gave him copies
-translated of the others); and whatever commission, or other power,
-instructions, or letters, Glamorgan pretended to the Nuncio to have
-from the King, must be in a hand agreeable to that which the Nuncio had
-as an original.”
-
-[72][72*]
-
-The Editor properly notes here: “If Glamorgan only gave copies
-translated of the other commissions, it is no great wonder that they
-should be written in his secretary’s hand.”
-
-In the same work is the following inquiry from a correspondent:
-“I never met with anybody but Mr. Thomas Carte who talked of
-_Impartiality_ and _Mr. Thomas Carte_ in the same breath. But, waiving
-that question, I cannot help asking--If the Irish Rebellion, and all
-the mischiefs of that period, are to be attributed to commissions and
-powers forged by the _soi-disant_ Earl of Glamorgan, what pretence is
-there for laying all the load and odium thereof upon the Parliament?”
-
-A thin quarto volume of MSS., in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, entitled
-“Notes on Carte’s History,” contains a note from Mr. Birch, dated 2nd
-February, 1742–3, to Rev. Mr. Thomas Carte; also, “The full answer to
-the Bystander, compared with the History of the Life of James Duke of
-Ormonde, written by the same author, September, 1742;” likewise several
-letters from Rev. J. Boswell, Taunton; and lastly, the following MS.
-letter:--
-
-
-“Sir,--I am very much concerned to find by your last letter that you
-have received such a message from Mrs. Carte. I persuade myself she
-would think me entitled to the greatest civility from her, if she was
-apprised of the friendship which subsisted between me and her late
-husband. I took no small pains for several years to serve poor Mr.
-Carte, and had the satisfaction of such a valuable correspondence with
-him as entitled him to every good office that I could do him. In 1748 I
-laid before him _The Case of the Royal Martyr considered with candour_,
-and he was so good as to approve of it, and earnestly pressed me to
-print it. In the course of our correspondence I mentioned some
-difficulties which I had met with in that work, and particularly in
-relation to some facts which had been misrepresented in a book entitled
-_An Enquiry into the share which King Charles_, &c. Mr. Carte, in a
-series of letters which he favoured me with on that subject, gave me
-many valuable Notices, which were of great use to me in clearing up
-those difficulties, and which I have occasionally availed myself of in
-many parts of my work. It is likely Mrs. Carte may have found copies of
-those letters, some of which were very long. But as Mr. Carte first
-sent them to me professedly with design that I should make what use of
-them I thought proper, I leave Mrs. Carte to consider, whether her
-finding such copies of letters in her late husband’s own handwriting
-will give her a claim to any part of my work which you have printed. If
-Mrs. Carte shall choose to write to me on this affair, I shall be glad
-to receive a letter from her directed under cover to you.
-
-          I am, yours &c.,
-      The Author of _The Case of the Royal Martyr, &_.”
-
-July 25th, 1754.
-
-
-(It has no direction, and the writing is evidently _not_ that of the
-Rev. J. Boswell, of Taunton.)
-
-
-Dr. Birch was at variance with Mr. Carte on historical points relating
-to Charles the First and the Earl of Glamorgan; but in his “Inquiry,”
-1756, he never touches on the subject of this pretended forgery of
-commissions. The charge is every way discreditable to Carte, being a
-mere theory of his own to give colour to the King’s representations
-made in public, although well known to have had no effect to alienate
-old friendship between the King and the Earl.
-
-
-3. _Fanshawe’s story of £8,000. raised in Ireland._ Lady Fanshawe’s
-Memoirs, 1665, written by herself, were printed in London, 1829. In an
-introductory memoir we are informed:--
-
-“On receiving orders from his Majesty [Charles II.] to deliver the
-seals to Lord Inchiquin, Mr. Fanshawe proceeded on his mission, and
-embarked with his wife at Galway, in February, 1650, on board a Dutch
-ship for Malaga. Their entry into Galway, (which had been devastated
-by the plague), is deserving of attention, and an anecdote, which is
-related of the conduct of the Marquis of Worcester to the merchants
-of that town, if true, reflects equal disgrace on the cause which he
-espoused and on his memory.”
-
-Writing in Ireland, about 1650, as appears from the context, Lady
-Fanshawe says:--“Our house was very clean, only one maid in it besides
-the master; we had a very good supper provided and being very weary
-went early to bed. The owner of this house entertained us with the
-story of the last Marquis of Worcester, who had been there sometime the
-year before: he had of his own and other friends’ jewels to the value
-of £8,000, which some merchants had lent upon them. My Lord appointed
-a day for receiving the money upon them and delivering the jewels;
-being met, he shows them all to these persons, then seals them up in a
-box, and delivered them to one of these merchants, by consent of the
-rest, to be kept for one year, and upon the payment of the £8,000 by my
-Lord Marquis to be delivered him.
-
-“After my Lord had received the money, he was entertained at all these
-persons’ houses, and nobly feasted with them near a month: he went
-from thence to France. When the year was expired, they, by letters
-into France, pressed the payment of this borrowed money several times,
-alleging they had great necessity of their money to drive their trade
-with, to which my Lord Marquis made no answer, which did at last so
-exasperate these men, that they broke open the seals, and opening the
-box found nothing but rags and stones for their £8,000, at which they
-were highly enraged, and in this case I left them.”
-
-The least acquaintance with the character of the Marquis must satisfy
-any one of the absurdity of this silly story, fastened on a man of
-stainless honour, by an obscure lodging-house keeper. The man who
-related it could never have imagined that Lady Fanshawe would place on
-record the story he was relating for her amusement, as an historical
-fact, or he might have shown more discretion than her Ladyship, by
-affording some authority for a statement of so scandalous a character.
-
-
-4. _Pretended interview between the Marquis of Worcester and De Caus
-in the Bicêtre, Paris._--This fiction was long supported by a forged
-letter, pretended to have been written in February, 1641, by Marion
-Delorme, addressed to M. de Cinq-Mars. An exposure of this fable is due
-to M. Figuier, in his “Principales Découvertes Scientifiques Modernes,”
-post octavo, 4 volumes, 1862. After quoting the fabricated document,
-he says:--“Cette pièce, fabriquée par un mystificateur hardi, eut
-un succès prodigieux, et l’on ne manqua pas de dire que le marquis
-de Worcester, à qui ses compatriotes attribuent la découverte de la
-machine à vapeur, en avait puisé l’idée dans sa conversation avec le
-fou de Bicêtre. On pouvait cependant élever contre l’authenticité de
-cet écrit quelques objections qui ne manquent pas de solidité. On
-pouvait faire remarquer, entre autres choses, que Salomon de Caus, mort
-en 1630, aurait pu difficilement être enfermé en 1641 dans un hôpital
-de fous; que Bicêtre était alors une commanderie de Saint-Louis, où
-l’on donnait asile à d’anciens militaires, et non un hôpital;--que
-Salomon de Caus n’avait jamais pensé à construire une machine utilisant
-les effets méchaniques de la vapeur;--enfin qu’il n’avait jamais reçu
-que de bons offices de la part de Richelieu puisque dans la dédicase
-de son livre, _La practique et démonstration des horloges_ il exprime
-sa reconnaissance pour les bontés du cardinal. Mais le public n’y
-regarde pas de si près, et bien de gens ne renoncent pas sans douleur
-à la bonne fortune historique d’un homme de génie mourant à l’hôpital.
-Un sujet si bien trouvé revenait de droit aux ouvres de l’imagination
-et de l’art. On a vu, à l’une des expositions du Louvre, un tableau
-de l’un de nos peintres, M. Lecurieux, dans lequel Salomon de Caus,
-enfermé à Bicêtre, est représenté les yeux caves et la barbe hérissée,
-tendant les mains, à travers les barreux de sa prison, au couple
-brillant de Marion Delorme et du marquis. La lithographie et la gravure
-ont consacré à l’envi ce préjugé historique, le théâtre[E] et de roman
-l’ont exploité, de telle sorte que l’architecte normand tient aujourd’
-hui sa place à côté de Galilée et de Christophe Colomb sur la liste des
-hommes de génie persécutés et méconnus. Jusques à quand cette légende
-de fabrication moderne usurpera-t-elle le titre de fait historique?”
-[Pages 32, 33.]
-
-
-5. _A Scotch view of the “Century.”_ In _Blackwood’s Magazine_, Vol.
-6, 1820, p. 655, a correspondent, under the signature of J. C., in an
-article dated Manchester, February 8, 1820, “On Sir Thomas Urquhart’s
-Jewell,” declares:--“I have good reason [?] to believe, Sir Thomas
-was the real author of that singular production, ‘A century of names
-and scantlings of inventions,’ the credit or discredit of which was
-dishonestly [?] assumed by the Marquis of Worcester.”
-
-Mr. Hugh Miller, in his “Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland,”
-12mo. Edin. 1835, has enlarged on this speculative view with amusing
-fervour. He says:--“If intrinsic evidence be allowed to weigh anything,
-either this little tract [the “Century”] was written by Sir Thomas;
-or, what is much less probable, the world, nay, the same age and
-island, have produced two Sir Thomases. Some little weight, too, may
-be attached to the fact, that many of his manuscripts were lost in the
-city of Worcester, near which place, _judging from the Title_, it is
-probable the Marquis resided [!]; and that the “Century of Names” was
-not published until 1663, two years after death had disarmed poor Sir
-Thomas of his sword and his pen, and rendered him insensible to both
-his country’s honour and his own. _If in reality the author of this
-piece, he must be regarded, it is said, as the prime inventor of the
-steam engine._”
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX I.
-
-      PETITION.
-
-
-[At page 284 of the “Life” is a copy of an undated letter, which may
-have been one addressed to the Duke of Albemarle. The Marquis speaks of
-the neglect of two petitions, which may be the one given at page 282,
-and the present petition, to the matter of both of which the annexed
-letter from the Duke of Albemarle may refer. It would thus appear that
-his petitions lay neglected for two months.]
-
-
-      _State Papers._
-
-      Vol. 152, No. 82. Petition of the Marquis of Worcester.
-
-        To the King’s most excellent Majesty,
-      The Petition of Edward Earl and Marquis of Worcester.
-
-That the Petitioner having with great loyalty expended and lost his
-whole fortune (being very considerable) for the interest of the Crown,
-and public services whereby he is reduced to that deplorable condition
-through his debts and wants, that he is not capable to eat bread of
-his own, or allow himself the freedom of the streets, being deprived
-hereof through the clamour of his creditors, whose moneys were really
-borrowed for the use, and on the desire of your Majesty’s royal father
-of blessed memory, your sacred Majesty [sic] and for advancing public
-services to the general good of the kingdom and security of your Royal
-person and dignity, of which the Petitioner hath paid above £35,000
-since your Majesty’s happy restoration, besides many former sums lent
-and expended, for which it is humbly presumed your sacred Majesty (when
-rightly informed) will have particular regard to release and to pay
-such great acts of loyalty as the Petitioner can make appear, as well
-for justice as an encouragement for all loyal subjects hereafter to
-expose themselves and fortunes at any rate for your Royal interest, as
-the Petitioner hath without precedent, truly and really done in many
-eminent particular services, too tedious to trouble your Majesty with,
-being more fit to be heard and prepared by some of your Majesty’s most
-honourable privy Council, who are the most proper advisers in such
-cases, whose report and advice in this matter to your Majesty may prove
-a redemption to the Petitioner, a royal exoneration to your Majesty,
-and a great encouragement to all good subjects for the future, to
-expose themselves as the Petitioner hath done, for your Majesty’s less
-trouble and better understanding of the premisses, and what shall be
-made appear concerning the same.
-
-    The Petitioner’s most humble request is, that your Majesty will
-    be graciously pleased to recommend and refer the Petitioner to be
-    fully heard touching his services, loans, disbursements, losses,
-    and sufferings to the Lord High Chancellor of England, and the
-    Lord Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle, the Marquis of
-    Dorchester, the Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Loutherdale; the
-    Lord Holles, the Lord Ashley, Lord Arlington and Mr. Secretary
-    Morrice, or to such of them, or other, as your Majesty shall
-    think fit. And that your Majesty will be pleased to order the
-    said Lords to refer to reports to your Majesty with all
-    convenient speed the Petitioner’s whole case, as they shall find
-    it, with their opinions to your Majesty for such just and speedy
-    satisfaction for the relief of the Petitioner, and encouragement
-    for his long endeavouring for the public good, as shall be
-    thought fit, whereby he may be enabled to stop the mouths of his
-    numerous and clamorous creditors, and live himself without
-    disgrace to nobility, or being further necessitated to importune
-    your Majesty. And that, until the Petitioner’s case can be
-    reported, and fitted for your Majesty’s royal pleasure, your
-    Majesty will be pleased to order the Petitioner, some small sum
-    out of the privy purse for the present support of his wife and
-    family who exceedingly want the same.
-
-          And your Petitioner will ever pray, &c. &c.
-
-
-[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665–66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green, 8vo. 1864. P. 330, No. 82.]
-
-
-      _State Papers_.
-
-
-      Vol. 144, No. 27. Duke of Albemarle to Lord Arlington.
-
-
-My Lord,--At the request of my Lord Marquis of Worcester I make bold to
-write to your Lordship in his behalf, you know his Lordship’s business
-so well that I shall not need to state it to you. I desire your
-Lordship’s assistance to him in the dispatch of his Lordship’s concerns
-before you, whereby your Lordship will oblige my Lord of Worcester, and
-also him who is,
-
-      Your Lordships very humble servant,
-          ALBEMARLE.
-
-Cockpit, 3 Jan. 1665.
-
-Addressed at the back--“For the Right Honourable Henry Lord Arlington,
-Principal Secretary of State these, at Oxford.”
-
-      [*.* Calendared under 1666.]
-
-
-Vol. 142. No. 11, 2. Reference to the Lord Chancellor and others.
-
-[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665–66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green, 8vo. 1864. P. 189, No. 27.]
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      _State Papers._ Vol. 152, No. 10.
-
-Reference to Sir Thomas Ingram--[_Ent. Book 18, page 200._]
-
-
-      Marquis of Worcester.
-
-Upon the Petition of the Marquis of Worcester, who desiring to be
-heard in his suit about Mr. Hall, to be referred to the Chancellor
-of the Dutchy.
-
-      March 24, 1665–66.
-
-His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer the suit of the honourable
-Petitioner unto the Rt. Honble. Sir Thomas Ingram, Knt., and to
-consider thereof, and to report his opinion thereupon to his Majesty,
-who will then declare his further pleasure, with a gracious regard to
-the Petitioner’s services and sufferings.
-
-[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665–66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green, 8vo. 1864. page 316, No. 11, 3.]
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-      _State Papers._ Vol. 152, No. 82.
-
-  [Reference thereon to the Lord Chancellor and others.]
-
-      At the Court of Whitehall, March the [March 24, 1665–6.]
-
-His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer this honourable Petitioner,
-and his suit, to the Right Honourable the Lord High Chancellor of
-England, and the Lord Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle, the Marquis
-of Dorchester, the Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Loutherdale, the Lord
-Holles, the Lord Ashley, myself, and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to
-any three or more of them, who are hereby authorized to take special
-care to find out the truth of the whole particulars, which will be
-afforded by the Petitioner, and to report the same to his Majesty,
-their opinions of the most proper and expeditious way for his Majesty
-to answer the Petitioner’s desires, so far as the same shall be found
-just, upon whose report his Majesty will take a speedy course for the
-Petitioner’s satisfaction.
-
-    [No signature, date, or endorsement. But in Cal. State Papers,
-    1665–66, reference is made, p. 316, No. 11, to _Ent. Book_ 18,
-    p. 18, which supplies the date 24 March, 1665–6.]
-
-
-[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665–66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green. 8vo. 1864, page 330, No. 82.]
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-      APPENDIX K.
-
-      JOHN GOWER.
-
-
-    [In the “Life, Times, &c.,” page 108, a quotation is given from
-    the poet Gower, as used by Henry Marquis of Worcester, in
-    addressing Charles I. and is again alluded to at page 145. The
-    author is indebted to a friend for taking the trouble to search
-    the works of the poet, at the London Institution, and supplying,
-    from Chalmers’ edition, 1810, page 218, the following reference
-    and extract.
-
-    The lines occur in “Confessio Amantis,” Book VII. in a dialogue,
-    the subject being: “Of the three, Wine, Women, or the King, which
-    is the strongest?” Harpages says:--]
-
-
-        A kynge maie spille,[F] a kynge maie saue,
-        A kynge maie make a lorde a knaue,
-        And of a knaue a lorde also,
-        The power of a kynge stont[G] so:
-        That he the lawes ouerpasseth.
-        What he will make lesse, he lasseth,
-        What he will make more, he moreth.
-
-
-
-
-      CATALOGUE OF EARLY SCIENTIFIC WORKS,
-
-      PRINCIPALLY ANTERIOR TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE CENTURY OF
-      INVENTIONS, IN 1663;
-
-      WITH A FEW MODERN AUTHORITIES ON MECHANICAL INVENTIONS,
-      AFFORDING COLLATERAL ILLUSTRATIONS.
-
-
-ARAGO, FRANÇOIS, Member of the Institute. Biographies of
-    Distinguished Scientific Members. Translated by Admiral Smith,
-    Rev. B. Powell, M.A., and R. Grant, M.A. 8vo. 1857. [Life of
-    James Watt.]
-
-BABINGTON, JOHN, Pyrotechnia: or, A Discourse of Artificiall
-Fire-works. Whereunto is annexed a short treatise of Geometrie.
-Folio. 1635.
-
-BACON, ROGER. Frier Bacon his discovery of the miracles of art,
-    nature, and magick. Faithfully translated out of Dr. Dee’s own
-    copy, by T. M. and never before in English. London, Printed for
-    Simon Miller, at the Starre in St. Pauls Church-yard. 12mo. 63
-    pages. 1659.
-
-BARLOW, PETER, _F.R.S. &c._--See Encyclopædia Metropolitana.
-
-BATE, JOHN, The Mysteries of Nature and Art in four severall parts.
-    The first of water-works: the second of fire-works: the third of
-    drawing, washing, limning, painting, and engraving: the fourth of
-    sundry experiments. 4to. 1634. The second edition. 1635.
-
-BECHERUS, J. J. Character, pro Notia Linguarum universali. 8vo.
-    Franc. 1661.
-
-BEDWELL, WILLIAM.--See Peter Ramus.
-
-BESSON, JACQUES. Il Theatro de gl’ Instrumenti e Machine; con una
-    brieve dichiaration di tutte le figure di F. Beroaldo. Folio.
-    Lione, 1582.
-
-BESSONI, JACOBI, Delphinatis, Mathematici ingeniosissimi. Theatrum
-    Instrumentorum et Machinarum. Cum FRANC. BEROALDI figurum
-    declaratione demonstratiua. folio. Lugduni. 1578. [London
-    Institution.]
-
-BETTINO, Bononiensi, e soc. Jesu. Mario. Apariari universæ
-    philosophiæ mathematicæ. Folio. Bononiæ, 1642.
-
-BILLINGSLEY, HENRY, Citizen of London. The Elements of Geometrie,
-    of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megra. Faithfully
-    (now first) translated into the Englishe toung. With a faithfull
-    Preface made by M. J. Dee. Imprinted at London by John Daye.
-    Folio. 1570. [The date is at the end, vide page 465.]
-
-BOURNE, WILLIAM, Inventions or Devices. Very necessary for all
-    generalles and captaines, or leaders of men, as wel by sea as
-    land: Written by -- 4to. An. 1578.
-
-BOYLE, THE HONOURABLE ROBERT, The Works of. Preface by Thomas
-    Birch. 5 vols, folio. 1744.
-
-BRADLEY, RICHARD, _F.R.S._ New Improvements of Planting and
-    Gardening, both philosophical and practical. 8vo. 1718.
-
-    [The 2nd edition in 3 parts, separately paged. See 3rd part, pp.
-    174–179.]
-
-BRANCA, GIOVANNI, Le Machine. Volume nuovo e di molto artificio, da
-    fare effetti maravigliosi tanto Spiritali, &c. 4to. Roma, 1629.
-
-BROCKLERUM, GEORGIUM ANDREAM. Theatrum Machinarum novum. Folio.
-    Coloniae Agrippinae, 1662.
-
-BROWN, J. W. The Life of Leonardo da Vinci, with a critical account
-    of his works. 12mo. 1828.
-
-CAUS, ISAAC DE. New and rare inventions of Water-works, shewing the
-    easiest waies to raise water higher then the spring. By which
-    invention the Perpetual Motion is proposed many hard labours
-    performed And variety of motions and sounds produced. First
-    written in French by Isaak de Caus a late famous engineer: And
-    now translated into English by John Leak. London, Printed by
-    Joseph Moxon. Folio. 1659. [London Institution.]
-
-CAUS, SALOMON DE. Les Raisons des forces Mouvantes avec diverses
-    Machines. Folio. Francfort, 1615.
-
--------- Zusatz von allerhand Mühl Wasser und Brotten Werken. [The
-    second part of a volume commencing with, “Heronis Alexandrini
-    Buch von der Lufft und Wasser Kunst.”] 4to. Francfurt, 1688.
-
-    [Fifty-five quarto copper-plates, Mills, Fountains, and Automata.]
-
-CHILMEAD, WILLIAM, _M. A._--See James Gaffarel.
-
-CLARK, DANIEL K., _C. E._--See Encyclopædia Britannica.
-
-COSMO THE THIRD, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Travels through England
-    during the reign of Charles II. (1669). Roy. 4to. 1821.
-
-DESAGULIERS, The Rev. J. T., _LL.D., F.R.S. &_. A Course of
-    Experimental Philosophy. 2 vols. 4to. 1763.
-
--------- Account of the Automaton, by M. Vaucanson, Inventor,
-    translated by. 4to. 1742.
-
-DIGGES, THOMAS, A geometrical practical treatize named
-    Pantrometria, divided into three Books. Folio. 1591.
-
-DIGGES, LEONARD, Gentleman. A Prognotification cuertaininge
-    Orriginal good effecte, fruitfully augmented by the auctour, &c.
-    augmented by Thomas Digges his sonne. B. L. 4to. 1576.
-
-DIRCKES, HENRY. Perpetuum Mobile; or, a history of the search for
-    self-motive power, during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,
-    illustrated from various authentic sources; with an Introductory
-    Essay. Post 8vo. 1861.
-
-DIRCKS, HENRY. A Biographical Memoir of Samuel Hartlib. Containing
-    a reprint of his publication of Cressy Dymock’s account of “An
-    Invention of Engines of Motion.” 8vo. 1865.
-
-DOPPELMAYR, JOHANN GABRIEL. Historische Nachricht von den
-    Nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Kunstlern. Folio. Nürnberg, 1730.
-
-DUDLEY, DUD. Metallum Martis: or, Iron made with Pit-coale, &c.
-    4to. 1665.
-
-DYMOCK, CRESSY. An Invention of Engines of Motion lately brought to
-    perfection. [See reprint in H. Dircks’ Life of Samuel Hartlib.
-    post octavo. 1864.]
-
-ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. Vol. 20, 8th edition. 4to. 1860.
-    [Article--Steam and Steam Engine. By Daniel K. Clark, C. E.]
-
-ENCYCLOPÆDIA METROPOLITANA. 4to. 1845. [Vol. 6, Mixed Sciences.
-    Containing--A Treatise on the Manufactures and Machinery of Great
-    Britain. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S., &c. 1836.]
-
-ETTEN, HENRY VAN. Mathematicall Recreations. Or a Collection of
-    sundrie _Problemes_, extracted out of the Ancient and Moderne
-    _Philosophers_, as secrets in nature, and experiments in
-    Arithmeticke, Geometrie, &c. Most of which were written first in
-    Greeke and Latine, lately compiled in French, by Henry Van Etten,
-    Gent. Small 8vo. 1633.
-
--------- Recreation Mathematique et entretien facetieux de plusieurs
-    plaisants problemes en faict d’arithmetique, geometrie,
-    mechanique, opticque, et autres parties de ces belles sciences.
-    12mo. Pont-a-Mousson, 1629.
-
--------- See also Claude Mydorge.
-
-EVELYN, JOHN, _F.R.S._ Memoirs illustrative of the Life and
-    Writings of, edited by William Bray, F.S.A. 2 vols. 4to. 1819.
-
--------- The Miscellaneous Writings of. By William Upcott. 4to. 1825.
-
-FALCONER, JOHN. Cryptomenysis Patefacta: or the Art of Secret
-    Information disclosed without a key. Small 8vo. 1685.
-
-    [Contains also notices of “Secret Information, mentioned by
-    Trithemius.”]
-
-FAREY, JOHN. A treatise on the Steam Engine. 4to. 1827.
-
-FELTON, EDMOND. Engins invented to save much blood and moneyes (in
-    these times of warre), and to doe extraordinary good service. [A
-    tract of 8 pages.] 4to. 1644.
-
-FIGUIER, LOUIS. Exposition et Histoire des Principales Découvertes
-    Scientifiques Modernes. 4 vols. post 8vo. Paris, 1862. [Tome
-    Premier. Machine a vapeur.]
-
-FLUD, ROBERTO. Utrisque Cosmi majoris scilicet et minoris
-    metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo Volumina
-    secundum cosmi diffirentiam divisa. Folio. Oppenhemii, 1617.
-    [Dedication signed--R. Fludd.]
-
-FOSBROKE. The Rev. THOMAS D., _M.A.,_ &c. Encyclopædia of
-    Antiquities and elements of Archæology. 8vo. 1840.
-
-FOSTER, SAMUEL. Miscellanies: or, Mathematical Lucubrations.
-    Translated by Dr. John Twysden. Folio. 1659.
-
-FRENCH, JOHN, Doctor of Physick. The art of distillation, or a
-    treatise of the choicest spagyricall preparations performed by
-    way of distillation; in 6 books. 4to. 1650.
-
-FRENCH, JOHN. The same. Second edition. To which is added, The
-    London Distiller. 4to. 1653.
-
-      [Numerous woodcuts of distillatory apparatus.]
-
-GAFFAREL, JAMES. Unheard-of Curiosities concerning the Talismanical
-    sculptures of the Persians, &c. Translated by Edmund Chilmead,
-    M.A. small 8vo. 1650.
-
-GHEYN, JACOB DE. The Exercise of Armes, for Calivers, Muskettes,
-    and Pikes, After the ordre of his Excellence Maurits, Prince of
-    Orange, &c. Sett forth in the figures by Jacob de Gheyne. Printed
-    at the Hage. Folio. 1607.
-
-GIACINTO, AMATI. Ricerche Storico-Critico-Scientifiche sulle
-    origini, scoperte, invenzioni e perfezionamenti fatti nelle
-    lettere nelle arti e nelle scienze. 5 Tom. 8vo. Milan, 1828. [In
-    Vol. 2, “Stenografia.”]
-
-GLASGOW Mechanics’ Magazine, and Annals of Philosophy. 2nd Vol.
-    8vo. Glasgow, 1825.
-
-GROLLIER DE SERVIÈRE, NICHOLAS. Recueil d’ouvrages curieux de
-    mathématique et de méchanique; ou description du cabinet de M.
-    Grollier de Servière. 4to. Lyon, 1719.
-
-GROSE, FRANCIS. Military Antiquities. 2 vols. 4to. 1801.
-
-HALLIWELL, J. O., _F.R.S._ &c. A Collection of Letters illustrative
-    of the progress of Science in England from the reign of Q.
-    Elizabeth, to that of Charles II. Edited by. 8vo. 1841.
-
--------- Rara Mathematica; or, Collection of Treatises on the
-    Mathematics. Edited by. 1841.
-
-HARLEIAN MISCELLANY. By Oldys and Park. 4to. 6th Vol. 9th Vol.
-
-HARSDÖRFFERN, GEORG PHILIPP. Deliciæ Mathematicæ et Physicæ.
-    Z’weyter Theil. 4to. Nürnberg, 1677.
-
--------- Dritter Theil. 4to. Nürnberg, 1692. [See M. D. Schwenterum.]
-
-HARTLIB, SAMUEL.--See Invention.--See also H. Dircks.
-
-HERO, Alexandrinus, _Senior_; CTESIBII Ascreni Discipulus.
-
-    1. Spiritalium Liber, à FREDERICO COMMANDINO ex Græco in Latinum
-       conversus; cum figuris. 4to. Urbini, 1575.
-
-    2. Di Herone Alessandrino de gli Automati, overo Machine se
-       Moventi, Libri due, Tradotti dal Greco da Bernardino Baldi.
-       4to. Venetia, 1589.
-
-    3. Spiritalium Liber: altera editio; cui accesserunt JO. BAPT.
-       ALEOTTI, quatuor Theoremata Spiritalia, ex Italico in Latinum
-       conversa; cum figuris. 4to. Amsterdam, 1680. [A 4to. edition
-       also printed at Bologna, 1647.]
-
-    4. Veterum Mathematicorum--Athenæi, Bitonis, Apollodori, Heronis,
-       Philonis, et Aliorum Opera; Græce et Latine, pleraque nunc
-       primum edita. Ex Manuscriptis Codicibus Bibliothecæ Regiæ.
-       Folio. Parisiis, 1693.
-
-HEWETT, JOHN. Ancient Armour and Weapons. 3 vols. 8vo. 1860.
-
-HOOKE, ROBERT, _F.R.S._ Lectiones Cutlerianæ, a Collection of
-    Lectures made before the Royal Society. 4to. 1679.
-
-    [See No. 1. of the “Philosophical Collections” therein.]
-
-HOOPER, DR. WILLIAM. Rational Recreations. 1st and 2d Vol. 8vo.
-    1794.
-
-HUMANE INDUSTRY: or a History of most manual arts, deducing the
-    original, progress, and improvement of them. Furnished with
-    variety of instances and examples, shewing forth the excellency
-    of Humane Wit. small 8vo. 1661. [By Thomas Powell, _D.D._; see
-    Ant. À. Wood, &c.]
-
-HUTTON, CHARLES, _LL.D._ and _F.R.S._ Mathematical Dictionary.
-    1815.
-
-INVENTION (An) of Engines of Motion lately brought to perfection.
-    Whereby may be dispatched any work now done in England or
-    elsewhere, (especially works that require strength and swiftness)
-    either by wind, water, cattel or men. And that with better
-    accommodation, and more profit then anything hitherto known and
-    used. London, Printed by J. C. for Richard Woodnoth, nezt door to
-    the Golden heart, in Leaden-hall Street. 16 pages. 4to. 1651.
-
-    [Two copies in the British Museum; one as above, the other with
-    “nezt” corrected to “next.” This scarce pamphlet consists of two
-    Letters without signature, addressed to Samuel Hartlib.]
-
-INVENTION.--See Cressy Dymock. Also, Temple Anecdotes.
-
-INVENTIONS.--See Wonderful Inventions.
-
-KIRCHERUS, Athanasius, Germanus, Fuldensis, Soc. Jesu. Romani
-    Collegii Societatus Jesu Musæum celeberrimum. Folio. Amstelodami,
-    1678.
-
-    [Caput IV. _De Horologiis._ Caput V. _De Mobili perpetuo
-    apparente_.]
-
-LANIS, P. Francisci Tertii de. Magisterium Naturæ, et Artis. 3
-    vol. fol. Brixiæ, 1684.
-
-LEAK, JOHN.--See Isaac de Caus.
-
-LEYBOURN, WILLIAM, Philomathes. Pleasure with Profit: consisting of
-    recreations of divers kinds, viz., Numerical, Geometrical,
-    Mechanical, &c. folio. 1694.
-
-    [The compiler was a schoolmaster, and although largely indebted
-    to Bishop Wilkins and other learned authors, he never names a
-    single authority.]
-
-LUCAR, CYPRIAN, Gent. Three Bookes of Colloquies concerning the
-    arte of shooting in great and small peeces of artillerie,
-    variable randges, measure, and waight of leaden, yron, and marble
-    stone pellets, minerall saltpeetre, gunpowder of divers sortes,
-    &c. Written in Italian by Nicholas Tartaglia; and now translated
-    into English by, (augmented, and with additions) fol. 1588.
-
------------- A Treatise named Lucarsolace, divided into Fovver Bookes,
-    which in part are collected out of diuerse authors, in
-    diuerse languages. 4to. 1590.
-
-LEUPOLD, JACOB.--1. Theatrum Machinarum generale; mit figuren, und
-    register. Folio. Leipzig, 1726.
-
----- 2. Hydrotechnicarum. Folio. 1724.
-
----- 3. Machinarum Hydraulicarum; oder, Schau Platz der Wasser-Künste.
-      2 vols. Folio. 1724–25.
-
----- 4. Staticum universale. 1726.
-
----- 5. Pontificiale. Folio. 1726.
-
----- 6. Machinarum; oder, Schau-Platz der Heb-Zeuge. 1725.
-
----- 7. Arithmetico-Gemetricum 1726.
-
-MECHANICS’ MAGAZINE. Third Vol. 8vo. 1825.
-
-MEIKLEHAM, ROBERT. Author of several works under the pseudonym of
-    Robert Stuart: which see accordingly.
-
-MARKHAM, G. The Souldiers Exercise: in three Bookes. 4to. 1639.
-
-MEYRICK, SIR S. R. Ancient Armour and Arms. 2 vols. Folio. 1830.
-
-MORVVYNG, PETER. The treasure of Evonymus, contayninge the
-    wonderfull hid secretes of nature, touchinge the most apte formes
-    to prepare and destyl Medicines, &c. 4to. 1559.
-
-MYDORGE, CLAUDE. Examen du Livre des Recréations Mathématiques, et
-    de ses problèmes en Géométrie, Mechanique, Optique, and
-    Catoptrique, &c. [And at the end] Notes sur les Recreations
-    Mathématiques. Par D. H. P. E. M. Small 8vo. Paris, 1638.
-
-    [See Van Etten’s work printed at Pont-a-Mousson, 1629, and later
-    editions; Mydorge’s work is a copy of their matter and
-    engravings. He was an eminent mathematician: born at Paris,
-    1585.]
-
-MUIRHEAD, JAMES, P. _M.A._ &c. The Life of James Watt, with
-    selections from his Correspondence. 2nd Edition. 8vo. 1859.
-
-NOWE, LORD DE LA. The Politicke and Militarie Discourses of.
-    Translated out of the French by E. A. B. Letter. 4to. 1587.
-
-PANCIROLLUS, GUIDO. The history of many memorable things lost,
-    which were in use among the Ancients, &c. 12mo. 1715.
-
-PAPILLON, DAVID, Gent. A practicall Abstract of the Arts of
-    Fortification and Assailing. 4to. 1645.
-
-PARTINGTON, CHARLES F. A course of Lectures on the Steam Engine,
-    delivered at the London Mechanics’ Institution, &c. 12mo. 1826.
-
-PEACHAM, HENRY, _M.A._ The compleat Gentleman. 4to. 1627.
-
-PERCY ANECDOTES. By S. & R. Percy. 12mo. 1820.
-
-      [Articles--Science, Genius, Ingenuity.]
-
-PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE. Edited by A. Tilloch. 18th Vol. 8vo. 1804.
-
-PLAT, SIR HUGH, of Lincolne’s Inne. The Jewell House of Art and
-    Nature. Printed by Peter Short, on Breadstreet hill, at the signe
-    of the Star. 4to. 1594.
-
-    [It contains 4 Books and a last part. The 3 first Books have
-    separate title pages, the first paged 1 to 96, the second 1 to
-    60, and the third 1 to 48, but also takes in the fourth Book and
-    last part under continuous paging, ending p. 76.
-
-    According to the Table of Contents--“The first Booke conteineth
-    divers new and conceited experiments.”
-
-    The second of “Husbandry;” the third of “Divers Chimicall
-    conclusions concerning the art of Distillation.”
-
-    The fourth Book the “Art of molding or casting.” And the last
-    part “an offer of certain new inventions.”]
-
----- The Jewel House of Art and Nature: containing divers rare and
-    profitable inventions, &c. Another edition. 4to. 1653.
-
-PLOT, DR. ROBERT. Natural History of Staffordshire. Folio. 1684.
-
-PORTA, JOHN BAPTISTA. I tre Libri de’ Spiritali. 4to. Napoli, 1606.
-
----- Natural Magick; in 20 Books. Wherein are set forth all the
-    riches and delights of the Natural Sciences. Folio. 1658.
-
-POWELL, THOMAS, _D.D._ See Humane Industry.
-
-RAMELLI, CAPITANO AGOSTINO. Le Diverse et artificiose Machine.
-    Folio. 1588.
-
-    [This exceedingly rare and valuable work contains 195 well
-    executed folio plates.]
-
-RAMUS, PETER. Via Regia ad Geometriam. The way to Geometry. being
-    necessary and useful. For Astronomers, Geographers, Land-meaters,
-    Seamen, Engineres, Architecks, Carpenters, &c. Written in Latine
-    by Peter Ramus, and now translated by Mr. William Bedwell. 4to.
-    1636.
-
-ROVINSON, JOHN. A treatise of Metallica. And containeth a briefe
-    explanation, &c., of the instruments, engins, furnaces, &c. 4to.
-    1613.
-
-    [A copy in the British Museum; also reprinted in two editions,
-    edited by Mr. John N. Bagnall, at Wolverhampton, 1854.]
-
-SCHOTTUS, GASPAR, Regis Curianus, Soc. Jesu, in
-    Herbipolitano-Franconia Gymnasio Math. Prof.
-
--- Magia universalis naturæ et artis, sive recondita naturalium et
-    artificialium rerum scientia; cum figuris, et indicibus. 4 vols.
-    4to. Bambergæ, 1677.
-
--- Mechanica Hydraulico-Pneumatica (cum notis musicis). Plates.
-    4to. Herbipoli, 1657–58.
-
--- Pantometrum Kircherianum, hoc est, Instrumentum Geometricum
-    novum a Kirchero inventum, explicatum et demonstrationibus
-    illustratum. Plates. 4to. _Ibid._ 1660.
-
--- Cursus Mathematicus. Fol. 1661.
-
--- Mathesis Cæsarea, sive Amussis Ferdinandrea ad Problemata
-    Universæ Matheseos, &c. Plates. 4to. _Ibid._ 1662.
-
--- Technica Curiosa, sive Mirabelia Artis. 2 parts in 1. _Ibid._
-    1664.
-
-SCHWENTERUM, M. DANIELEM. Deliciæ Physico-Mathematicæ. 4to.
-Nürnberg, 1636.
-
----- See also G. F. Harsdörffern.
-
-SERVIÈRE, GROLLIER DE.--See Grollier de Servière.
-
-SORBIÈRE, MONS. A Voyage to England, containing many things relating
-    to the state of learning, religion, and other curiosities of that
-    kingdom. 8vo. 1709.
-
-    [Also, Observations on the same voyage, by Dr. Thomas Sprat,
-    F.R.S. With a Letter of M. Sorbière.]
-
-SORBIÈRE, SAMUEL. Relation d’un Voyage en Angleterre. Paris, 1664.
-    [Dedication to the King, dated 12th Dec., 1663.]
-
-SPRAT, THOMAS, _F.R.S._ Observations on Monsieur Sorbière’s Voyage
-    into England; written to Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy. 12mo.
-    1665. [See M. Sorbière.]
-
-STATE PAPERS, Calendars of (various). 8vo. 1856–64.
-
-STEVIN, SIMON, de Bruges. Les Œuvres Mathematiques. Augmentées
-    par Albert Girard. Fol. A Leyde, 1634.
-
-STUART, ROBERT. A descriptive History of the Steam Engine. 8vo.
-    1824.
-
------- Historical and Descriptive Anecdotes of Steam Engines and of
-    their Inventors. 2 vols. 32mo. 1829.
-
-STURTEVANT, SIMON. Metallica, or the Treatise of Metallica. [The
-    making of Iron with Sea-cole, &c.] 4to. 1612.
-
-SWITZER, STEPHEN. An introduction to a general system of
-    hydrostaticks and hydraulics. 2 vols. 4to. 1729.
-
-TEMPLE ANECDOTES, THE; Invention and Discovery. By R. & C. Temple.
-    Post 8vo. 1864.
-
-TEYSER, JOHANNIS. Architecturæ Militaris. 4to. 1553.
-
-      [In 4 Books, with engraved title and plates; pp. 56.]
-
-TIMBS, JOHN, _F.S.A._ Stories of Inventors and Discoverers. 12mo.
-    1860.
-
-TREDGOLD, THOMAS, _C.E._ The principles and practice, and
-    explanation of the Machinery used in steam navigation. Compiled
-    by ----. 2 vols. 4to. 1851.
-
-TRITHEMII, JOANNIS. Libri Polygraphiæ VI. Small 8vo. Argentinæ,
-    1600.
-
-      [There is also a quarto edition, with diagrams.]
-
-TYMME, THOMAS. A Dialogue Philosophical, wherein Natures secret
-    closet is opened, and the cause of all motion in nature shewed
-    out of matter and forme, &c. 4to. 1612.
-
-UBALDI, GUIDI, i machionibus montis in duos Archimedis
-    æqueponderantium libros praphrasis scholiis illustrata. Folio.
-    Pisauri, 1588:
-
----- è marchionibus montis. Mechanicorum Liber. Pisauri, 1577.
-
----- Mechanica. Fol. Pisaur. 1577. And Venice, 1615.
-
----- De Cochlea. Fol. Venice, 1615. pp. 160.
-
-UPCOTT, WILLIAM.--See John Evelyn, F.R.S.
-
-VALTURIUS, ROBERTUS, De Re Militari. Folio. Parisiis, 1532.
-
----- Another edition. Folio. Parisiis, 1534.
-
-    [In the Library of the Patent Office. The same volume
-    contains:--Flavius Vegetius de Re Militari.--Sextus Julius
-    Frontinus, Stratagematum.--Ælianus de Instruendis Aciebus.--And,
-    Modestus, Libellus de Vocabulis Rei Militaris.]
-
-VEGETIUS RENATUS, FLAVIUS.
-
----- 1. De re militari Libri IV. Fol. Plato de Benedictis, Bononiæ,
-    1495. _Inter_ Scriptores de re militari.
-
-    Sextus Julius Frontinus Vit. consularis de re militari.--Flauius
-    Vegetius Vit. Illustris de re militari.--Aelianus de instruendis
-    aciebus.--Modesti, libellus de uocabulis rei militaris. [No
-    engravings.]
-
----- 2. De re militari Libri IV.: cum picturis bellicis ligno
-    incisis. Fol. Char. Wechelius, Parisiis, 1535.--Inter Scriptores
-    de re militari.
-
-    [Large engraved figure of a Knight on the back of the title page,
-    and numerous bold, freely executed curious large wood
-    engravings.]
-
----- 3. VEGEZIO dell’ arte militare, nella commune lingua novamente
-    tradotto da TIZZONI GAETANO da Pofi. Small 8vo. Venetia, 1540.
-
-    [Wood engraved title page.]
-
----- 4. Il Modesimo; tradotto da FRANCESCO FERROSI. Small 8vo.
-    _Gabriel Giolito_, Vinegia, 1551. [No engravings.]
-
----- 5. De re militari Libri IV. Sexti Julii Frontini viri
-    consularis de stratagematis libri totidem. Fol. Paris, 1553.
-
----- 6. De re militari Libri IV. [Frontini; Ælianus, Modestus.] G.
-    Stewechio. 8vo. Lugduni Batavorum, 1592.
-
-VETERUM MATHEMATICORUM, 1693.--See HERO, No. 4.
-
-VINCI, LEONARDO DA. Life of. See J. W. Brown.
-
-VITRUVIO de Architectura traducto (da C. Cesariano, Bono Mauro,
-    Benedotto Jovio, Novo Comasco, &c.) e commentato da Cesare
-    Cesariano. Woodcuts. Fol. Como, 1521.
-
-[1st Book, p. 23. Aeolipilarum Figura. Also engraving of a large
-    vessel with paddles. Liber Decimus, p. 174.]
-
-VITRUVIUS PALLIO, MARCUS. De architectura Libri X. Fol. Romæ, circa
-    1486.
-
-[WALLACE, PROFESSOR]. The History of the Steam-Engine from the
-    second century before the Christian era. New edition, illustrated.
-    12mo. London, _Cassell_, 1860.
-
-WATT, JAMES.--See J. P. Muirhead.
-
-WEALE’S QUARTERLY PAPERS.--Vol. V.
-
-WHITE, JOHN. A rich Cabinet, with variety of Inventions, unlock’d
-    and open’d, for the recreation of ingenious spirits. 12mo. 1684.
-
-WILKINS, JOHN, _M.A._ (Bishop of Chester). Mathematicall Magick.
-    Or, The wonders that may be performed by mechanicall geometry. By
-    J. W., M.A. Small 8vo. 1648.
-
----- Mercury, or the secret and swift messenger: shewing how a man
-    may with privacy and speed communicate his thoughts to a friend
-    at any distance. By J. W., M.A. Small 8vo. 1641.
-
-WONDERFUL INVENTIONS; A History of. 12mo. 18--.
-
-
-ZEISING, HENRICUS. Theatri Machinarum. Thick 4to. Leipzigk, 1612.
-
-[Compiled principally from Bessoni and Ramelli’s works.]
-
-
-ZONCA, VITTORIA, Architect. Novo Teatro di Machine et Edificii.
-    Folio. Padoua, 1656.
-
-
-
-
-      CATALOGUE OF BOOKS EITHER QUOTED OR CONSULTED IN REFERENCE TO
-      THE LIFE AND TIMES OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-
-
-1 AIAZZI, Cura di G. Nunziatura in Irlanda di Monsignor Gio.
-   Batista Rinuccini Arcivescovo di Fermo negli anni 1645 a 1649. 8vo.
-   Firenze, 1844.
-
-2 ALLEN, THOMAS. The Historical Antiquities of London, &c.;
-   continued by Thomas Wright. 4 vols. 8vo. 1839.
-
-3 ---- History and Antiquities of the Parish of Lambeth. 4to. 1827.
-
-4 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1769.
-
-4*ANTIQUARIAN REPERTORY. By Francis Grose, F.S.A., &c. and
-   other eminent antiquarians. Vol. IV. 4to. 1809.
-
-4**ARCHÆOLOGIA; or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity.
-   Vol. 6. 4to. 1782.
-
-5 ATKYNS, SIR ROBERT. The ancient and present state of
-   Gloucestershire. Folio. 1712.
-
--- BAKER, CHARLES. See T. D. or T. Dineley.
-
-5*BARBER, J. T., _F.S.A._ A Tour through South Wales and
-   Monmouthshire. 8vo. 1803.
-
-5**BARRINGTON, SIR JONAH. Historic Memoirs of Ireland. 2nd edition.
-   2 vols. 4to. 1833.
-
-6 BAYLEY, JOHN, _F.R.S._, &c. The History and Antiquities of the
-   Tower of London. In 2 parts, royal 4to. 1825.
-
-7 BAYLY, THOMAS, (Sub-dean of Bath and Wells). Worcester’s
-   Apophthegme: or Witty sayings of the Right Honourable Henry (late)
-   Marquess and Earl of Worcester. By T. B. Small 12mo. 1650.
-
-7*---- Certamen Religiosum: or, a conference between his late Majesty,
-   Charles King of England, and Henry late Marquis and Earl of
-   Worcester, concerning Religion, 1646. 12mo. 1649.
-
-8 BEATSON’S Political Index modernised; The Book of Dignities.
-   By Joseph Haydn. 8vo. 1851.
-
-9 BEATTIE, WM., M.D. The Castles and Abbeys of England. Royal 8vo. 18--.
-
-10 BEAUFORT FAMILY, Portraits and Biographical Notices of the. Folio.
-   Salisbury, 1804.
-
-11 [BELING, SIR RICHARD.] Vindicarum Catholicarum Hiberniæ. Authore
-   Philopatro Irenæo. Libri duo, quorum. pp. 256. 18mo. Paris, 1650.
-   [He was one of the great movers of the rebellion, but of the
-   moderate party.]
-
-12 BETHAM, REV. WILLIAM. The Baronetage of England. 4to. 1803.
-
-12*BIBLIOTHECA REGIA; or, The Royal Library, Ch. II. Not extant in
-   the Reliquiæ Carolinæ. In two Books, 12mo. [Brit. Mus.] 1659.
-
-13 BIRCH, THOMAS, _D.D._, Secretary of the Royal Society. An Inquiry
-   into the share which Charles I. had in the transactions of the
-   Earl of Glamorgan. 8vo. 1756.
-
--- BLISS’ WALPOLE. See Walpole.
-
-14 BOYLE, HONOURABLE ROBERT, The Works of. 5 vols. folio. 1744.
-
--- BROOKE, RALPHE. See Augustine Vincent.
-
-15 BROOKS, WM. ALEX., Architect. Select Specimens of the Monastic,
-   Castellated, and Domestic Architecture of Great Britain.
-   Part 1, Nos. 1 and 2, [all pubd.] folio. 1826.
-
-16 BRUCE, JOHN, _F.S.A._, &c. Charles I. in 1646; Letters of
-   Charles the First to Queen Henrietta Maria. Edited by ---- [Camden
-   Society.] 4to. 1856.
-
-17 BRYDGES, SIR EGERTON, Bart. Memoirs of the Peers of England during
-   the reign of James I. [all pubd.] 8vo. 1802.
-
-18 ---- Restituta; or, Titles and Extracts of Old Books. 4 vols. 8vo.
-   1815.
-
-19 ---- Censura Literaria. 10 vols. 8vo. 1815.
-
-20 BURKE, SIR BERNARD. A Visitation of the Seats and Arms of the
-   Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great Britain. 2nd edn. 8vo. 1855.
-
-21 Buck’s Antiquities; or Venerable Remains of above 400 Castles, &c.
-   in England and Wales. 3 vols, folio. 1774.
-
-22 BURTON, THOMAS, M.P. Diary of the Parliaments of Oliver and Richard
-   Cromwell. 4 vols. 8vo, 1828.
-
--- BYRNE, W., _F.S.A._ See Thomas Hearne.
-
-22*CARLISLE, NICHOLAS, _F.R.S._ &c. An inquiry into the place and
-   quality of the Gentlemen of His Majesty’s honourable Privy
-   Chamber. 8vo. 1829.
-
-23 CARLYLE, THOMAS. Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches. 4 vols.
-   1850.
-
-24 CARTE, THOMAS, M.A. A History of the Life of James Duke of Ormonde.
-   1736.
-
-25 [CARTE, THOMAS.] Life of James Duke of Ormond, containing an
-   account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and
-   particularly of Ireland under his government: with an Appendix and
-   a Collection of Letters. A new edition. 6 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1851.
-
--- CHARLES I. Letters, 1664. See John Bruce.
-
-26 CLARENDON’S History of the Rebellion. 7 vols. 8vo. 1849.
-
--- CLARENDON’S Life, &c. See T. H. Lister.
-
-26*---- State Papers collected by, 3 vols. Folio. Oxford, 1767–1773
-   and 1786.
-
-27 CLAYTON, J. W. Personal Memoirs of Charles II. 2 vols. 8vo. 1859.
-
-28 COLLINS, ARTHUR. Letters and Memorials of State. 2 vols. folio.
-   1746.
-
--- ---- Peerage of England. 9 vols. 8vo. 1812.
-
-29 CORBET, JOHN, Preacher of God’s Word. An Historicall relation of
-   the Military Government of Gloucestershire from the beginning of
-   the Civill Warre. 1645. [Reprinted in “Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis.”
-   By John Washbourn, jr. 4to. Gloucester, 1825.]
-
-30 COSMO the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Travels through England
-   during the reign of K. Charles II. (1669.) Royal 4to. 1821.
-
-31 COXE, WM., A.M., &c. An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire,
-   illustrated with views by Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart., &c. 4to. 1801.
-
--- COURTHOPE, WILLIAM. See Sir Harris Nicolas.
-
-32 CROKER, T. C. Narratives illustrative of the Contests in Ireland
-   in 1641–1690. Edited by. (Camden Society). 4to. 1841.
-
-33 CUNNINGHAM, PETER. Handbook of London. 12mo. 1850.
-
-34 [DINELEY, T.] Notitia Cambro-Britannica: A voyage of North and
-   South Wales; being observations in attending his Grace the Duke
-   of Beaufort, in his progress there, 1684. By T. D. _Gen._ Edited
-   from the original MS. by Charles Baker, Esq. London, printed for
-   private circulation. 4to. 1864.
-
-35 DISRAELI, ISAAC. Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I.
-   2 vols. 8vo. 1851.
-
-36 DODD, CHARLES, [_i.e._ Hugh Tootell]. Church History of England,
-   from the commencement of the 16th Century to the revolution in
-   1688. With notes and a continuation by the Rev. M. A. Tierney.
-   5 vols. 8vo. 1839–43.
-
-36*DUGDALE, WILLIAM, (Norroy King of Arms). The Baronage of England.
-   Folio. 1675.
-
-37 EVELYN, JOHN, _F.R.S._ Diary and Correspondence of. Edited by Wm.
-   Bray, F.A.S. 1859. Crown 8vo. 1859.
-
-38 FANSHAWE, LADY. Memoirs of Lady F., wife of the Right Hon. Sir
-   Richard Fanshawe, Bart. Ambassador from Charles the Second to the
-   Court of Madrid in 1665. Written by herself. 8vo. 1829.
-
-39 FELLOWES, W. D. Historical Sketches of Charles the First. 4to.
-   1828.
-
-40 FOSBROKE, REV. THOMAS DUDLEY, _M. A._ A picturesque and
-   topographical account of Raglan Castle. 12mo. Monmouth, 1831.
-
--- GARDNOR, JOHN. See David Williams.
-
-41 GLAMORGAN’S, The Earl of, Negotiations and colourable commitment
-   in Ireland demonstrated, or the Irish Plot for bringing 10,000 men
-   and arms into England, &c. 4to. 1645.
-
-42 GREEN, VALENTINE, _F.S.A._ The History and Antiquities of the city
-   and suburbs of Worcester. 2 vols. 4to. 1796.
-
--- GROSE, FRANCIS, _F.S.A._ See Antiquarian Repertory.
-
-44 GUIZOT, M. History of Charles I. and the English Revolution.
-   Vol. 2. 8vo. 1854.
-
-45 HARLEIAN Miscellany. Vol. 2. 1809. Vol. 4. Vol. 7, 8. 4to. 1811.
-
-46 HARLEY, Lady Brilliana, Letters of; (Wife of Sir Robert Harley, of
-   Brampton Bryan, K. B.) With Introduction and notes by Thos. T.
-   Lewis, A. M. London, (Camden Society.) 4to. 1853.
-
--- HAYDN, JOSEPH. See Beatson.
-
-47 HEARNE, THOMAS, _F.S.A._ The Antiquities of Great Britain,
-   illustrated in views of Monasteries, Castles, and Churches.
-   Engraved by W. Byrne, F.S.A. from Drawings by Thomas Hearne,
-   F.S.A. 2 vols. Oblong folio. 1807.
-
-48 HEATH, CHARLES, Printer. Historical and descriptive accounts of the
-   ancient and present state of Ragland Castle. 8vo. Monmouth, 1806.
-
--- ---- 10th edition. 8vo. Monmouth, 1825.
-
-49 HEATH, JAMES. A brief chronicle of the late war in the three
-   kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 4 parts. From
-   1637 to 1663. By H. J. 2nd edition. 12mo. 1663.
-
-50 HOOPER, JACOB. An impartial history of the rebellion and civil
-   wars in England during the reign of King Charles the First.
-   Collected from Clarendon, Bishop Kennet, Echard, Rushworth, &c.
-   Folio, 1738.
-
-51 HOUGH, C. (Monmouth.) A companion to Ragland Castle: or, a familiar
-   description of that beautiful and interesting ruin. 4to. 1833.
-
-52 HOWEL, JAMES. Londinopolis; an Historicall Discourse of
-   Perlustration of the City of London, &c. Whereunto is added another
-   of the city of Westminster. Folio. 1657.
-
-53 HOWITT, William and Mary. Ruined Abbeys and Castles of Great
-   Britain. 4to. 1862.
-
-54 HUME, DAVID. The History of England. 8 vols. 8vo. 1778.
-
-55 HUME AND SMOLLETT. The History of England. With the continuation
-   by the Rev. T. S. Hughes, B. D. Crown 8vo. 1854.
-
--- HYDE, E. Earl of Clarendon--See Clarendon, Earl of.
-
-56 ITER CAROLINUM. Somers’ Tracts, containing 1641 to 1648.
-   Printed in 1660. 4to.
-
--- JOHNSON, GEORGE W. The Fairfax Correspondence. Memoirs of the reign
-   of Charles the First. 4 vols. 8vo. 1848–9.
-
-57 JOURNALS of the House of Commons. Folio. London.
-
-57*JOURNALS of the House of Lords. Folio. London.
-
-58 KENNET, DR. WHITE, (Bishop of Peterborough). A complete History
-   of England. 3 vols. folio. 1706.
-
-59 ------ A Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical and Civil, containing
-   matters of fact, delivered in the words of the most authentick
-   books, papers, and records; digested in exact order of time.
-   Faithfully taken from the MS. collections of the Lord Bishop of
-   Chester. 2 vols. folio. 1728.
-
-60 KNIGHT’S Pictorial History of England. Royal 8vo. 18--
-
-61 LEYBURN, GEORGE, _D.D._, (Chaplain to Henrietta Maria, Queen of
-   England), Memoirs of, being a Journal of his agency for Prince
-   Charles in Ireland, in the year 1647. 12mo. 1722.
-
-62 LINGARD, JOHN, _D.D._ The History of England. 10 vols. 8vo.
-   5th edition. 1849.
-
-63 LISTER, T. H. Life and Administration of Edward, First Earl of
-   Clarendon, with original correspondence. 3 vols. 8vo. 1837.
-
-64 LODGE, EDMUND, (Norroy King of Arms, F.S.A.) Portraits and
-   Memoirs of the most illustrious personages of British History.
-   Royal 8vo. 1831–3.
-
-65 LYSONS, REV. D., _M.A._, &c. The Environs of London. 4to. 1792.
-
-66 ------ Supplement to the First Edition of Historical Account of the
-   Environs of London. 4to. 1811.
-
-67 MACAULAY, LORD. The History of England. Vol. 1st. 8vo. 1857.
-
-68 MEEHAN, REV. C. P. The Confederation of Kilkenny. 12mo. Dublin,
-   1862.
-
-68*MEMORIALS of the English Affairs: or an historical account of
-   what passed from the beginning of the reign of King Charles
-   the First, to King Charles the Second his happy restoration.
-   Printed for N. Ponder. Folio. 1682.
-
-69 MILTON, JOHN, The Prose Works of. By Charles Symonds. 7 vols. 8vo.
-   1806.
-
--- NEWCOURT’S Map of Ancient London. 1658. And 1863.
-
-   [See Worcester House, Baynard’s Castle, and The Tower.] From an
-   exact delineation of the Cities of London and Westminster and the
-   Svbvrbs thereof, Together with ye Burrough of Sovthwark and all
-   ye thoroughfares, highwaies, streets, lanes and common allies
-   within the same composed by a Scale, and Iconographically
-   described by Richard Newcovrt of Somerton in the Countie of
-   Somerset, Gentleman. Wm. Faithorne, Sculpsit. 1658. [Engraved
-   from the Original by George Jarman, and pubd. by Edward Stanford,
-   Charing Cross, 1863.] Measures 3ft. 5in. by 6ft. 3½in.
-
-70 NICOLAS, SIR HARRIS. Historic Peerage of England, revised by
-   William Courthope, Esq., Somerset Herald. 8vo. 18--
-
-71 NICHOLS, JOHN. The Progresses, &c., of King James the First.
-   Vol. 1st. 4to. 1828.
-
-72 ---- Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. 6 vols. 8vo. 1812.
-
-72*---- Literary Anecdotes. 8vo. 1814 and 1815.
-
-73 NICHOLS (J. B.) & SON. Collectanea Topographica. 8vo. 1834.
-
-74 ---- Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica. 8 vols. 8vo. 1841.
-   [Vol. VII. p. 190.]
-
-75 NICHOLS, JOHN GOUGH. Autographs of Royal, Noble, Learned and
-   Remarkable Personages conspicuous in English History. Folio. 1829.
-
-76 NOTES AND QUERIES. Second Series. 1st Vol. small 4to. 1856.
-
--- O’DONOVAN, JOHN. Annals of the Rebellion of Ireland. 4 vols. 1851.
-
-ORMOND, JAMES, DUKE OF, Life of. See Carte.
-
-77 PAMPHLETS, Collection of. 1646. 4to. [The gift of George III. to
-   the Brit. Mus. E. 350.]
-
-78 PEPYS, SAMUEL, _F.R.S._ Diary and Correspondence of. 6th edition,
-   in 4 vols, crown 8vo. 1858.
-
-79 PETERBOROUGH, Bishop of. A Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical
-   and Civil; from the Restoration of Charles II. Faithfully taken
-   from the MS. Collections of. Folio. 1728.
-
-80 PLAYFAIR, W. British Family Antiquity. 4to. 1809.
-
--- PONDER, N. See Memorials of the English Affairs.
-
-81 POTE, JOSEPH. The History and Antiquities of Windsor Castle, and
-   the Royal College, and Chapel of St. George. 4to. 1749.
-
-82 PROUT, JOHN SKINNER. The Castles and Abbeys of Monmouthshire.
-   Folio. 1838.
-
-83 RAGLAND CASTLE; The gallant siege of the Parliamentary forces
-   before. May 30, 1646.
-
-   [“Collection of Pamphlets,” 1646. 4to. The gift of George III. to
-   the Brit. Mus.]
-
-84 RAGLAND CASTLE; An exact and true relation of the many several
-   messages that have passed between Sir Thomas Fairfax and the
-   Marquis of Worcester, &c. &c. 4to. 1646.
-
-   [“Collection of Pamphlets,” 1646. 4to. The gift of George III. to
-    the Brit. Mus.]
-
-85 RAPIN DE THOYRAS. The History of England. Translated by N. Tindal,
-   M.A. Folio. 1733.
-
--- RINUCCINI, G. B.--See G. Aiazzi.
-
--- ROBERTS, GEORGE.--See Walter Yonge.
-
-86 RUDDER, SAMUEL. A new history of Gloucestershire. Folio. 1779.
-
-87 RUSHWORTH, JOHN. Historical Collections. Third part, Vol. 2.
-   1640–1644. Folio. 1692.
-
-88 SANDFORD, FRANCIS. A genealogical history of the Kings and Queens
-   of England, and Monarchs of Great Britain, &c., from 1066 to 1707;
-   continued by Samuel Stebbing. Folio. 1707.
-
-89 SEWARD’S Anecdotes of some distinguished persons. 12mo. 1796.
-
-90 SOMERS, LORD, Tracts. A collection of scarce and valuable tracts,
-   2nd edition, revised by Sir Walter Scott. Vol. 4. 4to. 1810.
-
--- SOMERS, LORD.--See Iter Carolinum.
-
--- SPECTATOR, THE. (Newspaper.) pp. 706 and 733. 1864. Vol.
-
-91 SPRAT, THOMAS, _F.S.A._ Observations on Monsieur Sorbière’s
-   Voyage into England; written to Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy.
-   12mo. 1665.
-
-92 SPRIGGE, JOHN, _M.A._ Anglia Rediviva; England’s Recovery: being
-   the History of the Motions, Actions, and Successes of the Army,
-   &c. Sir Thomas Fairfax, Kt. Folio. 1647.
-
-92*STATE PAPERS, DOMESTIC SERIES, Calendars of: viz.--
-   1547–1580.  Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A.          8vo. 1856.
-   1603–1610.  Edited by Mary Anne Everett Green.  〃   1857.
-   1611–1618.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1858.
-   1619–1623.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1858.
-   1623–1625.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1859.
-   1625–1626.  Edited by John Bruce, V.P.S.A., &c. 〃   1858.
-   1627–1628.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1858.
-   1628–1629.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1859.
-   1629–1631.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1860.
-   1631–1633.         〃       〃       F.S.A.      〃   1862.
-   1633–1634.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1863.
-   1634–1635.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1864.
-   1660–1661.  Edited by Mary Anne Everett Green.  〃   1860.
-   1661–1662.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1861.
-   1663–1664.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1864.
-   1664–1665.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1863.
-   1665–1666.         〃       〃         〃         〃   1864.
-
-93 SYMONDS, RICHARD. Diary of the marches of the Royal Army during
-   the great Civil War. From the original Manuscript in the British
-   Museum. Edited by C. E. Long. London (Camden Society). 4to. 1859.
-
-94 TALLIS’S Illustrated London; with historical and descriptive
-   letter-press by William Gaspey. 2 vols. 12mo. 1851.
-
-95 THOMAS, F. S. Historical Notes, 1603–1714. Roy. 8vo. 1856.
-
-96 TOONE’S Chronological Historian. 8vo. 1826.
-
--- TIERNEY, REV. _M.A._--See Charles Dodd.
-
--- VAUGHAN, ROBERT, _D.D._ The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, and
-  the state of Europe during the early part of the reign of
-  Louis XIV. 2 vols. 8vo. 1838.
-
--- VINCENT, AUGUSTINE. A discoverie of Errours in the Catalogue of
-  Nobility, published by Ralphe Brooke, Yorke Herald. Fol. 1622.
-
-97 WALPOLE, HORACE, Earl of Orford. A Catalogue of the Royal and
-  Noble Authors of England, &c. Edited by Thomas Park. 8vo. 1806.
-
-98 ---- A Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors, &c. With copious MS.
-  Notes by P. Bliss; containing many cuttings from newspapers, &c. 5
-  vols. 1806.
-
-[Brit. Museum.]
-
-99 ---- Anecdotes of Painting in England. With additions by the Rev.
-  James Dallaway; revised by N. Wornum. 3 vols 8vo. 1849.
-
-100 WARBURTON, ELIOT. Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers.
-  3 vols. 8vo. 1849.
-
-101 WARNER, F., _LL.D._ The History of the Rebellion and Civil War in
-  Ireland. 2 vols. 4to. 1767.
-
-102 WASHBOURN, JOHN, Junr. Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis. 2 vols. 4to.
-  Gloucester, 1825.
-
-103 WATKYNS, ROWLAND. Flamma sine Fumo; or Poems without Fictions.
-  By R. W. 16mo. 1662.
-
-104 WELD, C. R. A History of the Royal Society. 2 vols. 8vo. 1848.
-
-105 WHITELOCKE’S Memorials of the English Affairs; Charles I. and II.
-  Folio. 1732.
-
-106 WIFFEN, J. H. Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell. 2 vols.
-  8vo. 1833.
-
-107 WILLEMENT, THOMAS. Facsimile of a contemporary Roll, with the
-  names and the arms of the Sovereign and the Spiritual and Temporal
-  Peers who sat in the Parliament held at Westminster on the 5th of
-  February, in the Sixth year of the reign of King Henry VIII. 1515,
-  in the possession of T. W. Royal 4to. 1829.
-
-108 WILLIAMS, DAVID. The History of Monmouthshire, illustrated with
-  Views. By John Gardnor, Vicar of Battersea. 4to. 1796.
-
-109 WOOD, ANTHONY ’A. Athenæ Oxonienses; continued by Philip Bliss.
-  Vol. 3rd. 4to. 1817.
-
-110 YONGE, WALTER, Esq., (Justice of the Peace, and M.P. for Honiton).
-  Diary written at Colyton and Axminster, Co. Devon, from 1604 to
-  1628. Edited by George Roberts, (Camden Society.) 4to. 1838.
-
-
-Footnotes
-
-[A] No letter q or z.
-
-[B] There is in the British Museum, bound up along with other
-    broadsides, one on which is printed the whole of the foregoing,
-    commencing with the letter, “Most Gracious Sovereign,” and ending
-    at this signature. The printed matter covers 14½ by 11 inches of
-    surface, and was originally a sheet of at least 18 by 13 or 14
-    inches, including the margin, which has been cut off. It is
-    catalogued under “Somerset;” and the reference is, Brit. Mus.
-    No. 12. E 1. 75.
-
-[C] 15 Car. II. cap. xii. 1663.
-
-[D] See also the Notice in Birch’s Inquiry, 1756, page 330.
-
-[72] Nichols, Vol. 2, p. 471.
-
-[72*] Nichols, Vol. 9, 1815, p. 476.
-
-[E] Voir le drame intitulé _Salomon Je Caus_, joué à l’Ambigu en 1857.
-
-[F] _Spille_; to waste, to throw away, to destroy,
-
-[G] _Stont_; for stondeth (standeth).
-
-
-
-
-      INDEX TO THE CENTURY OF INVENTIONS.
-
-
-      A.
-
-ADVANTAGEOUS change of centres, 452–456.
-
-ÆOLIPILE, fire-blowing, 542,543.
-
-ALARM for locks, 501.
-
-ANCHOR, to weigh up, 405,406.
-
-ANTIQUITIES, military, 473,474.
-
-APPROACHING blind, an, 432.
-
-ARAGO, M., noticed, 369,372.
-
-ARITHMETICAL instrument. 512.
-
-ARQUEBUSE, 466;
-  à Croc, 466;
-  noticed, 474.
-
-ARTIFICIAL fountain, 413,414;
-  river, 419;
-  bird, 440;
-  ring horse, 524.
-
-ASHMOLE’S Museum at Oxford, 356.
-
-AUBREY, Mr., “a professed virtuoso,” 352.
-
-AUTHORS, old scientific, enumerated, 359.
-
-
-      B.
-
-BACON, Lord, notice of, 345.
-
-BACON, ROGER, his invention, 357.
-
-BALANCE water-work, 415,416,417.
-
-BALFOUR, Sir WILLIAM, _note_, 452.
-
-BALL, Mr., “another virtuoso,” 352.
-
-BALL, a hour water, 443,444.
-
-BATE, JOHN, his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” a favourite work, 359;
-  his style and the Marquis’s compared, 361;
-  raises water, 479,480;
-  weather glass, 546;
-  on filling Æolipiles, 480;
-  notices “condensation,” 480;
-  his use of the technical term “force,” 483,484.
-
-BELLS, discourse by. 449.
-
-BIRD, an artificial flying, 440–443,516.
-
-BLIND, an approaching, 432.
-
-BLUNDERBUSS, or Musketoon, 473;
-  noticed, 474.
-
-BOAT driving against wind and tide, a, 407–411.
-
-BOATS, patent paddle, 410,411.
-
-BOGAERTS, PETER, his canal lock, 419.
-
-BOURNE, WILLIAM, on “shooting in great ordnaunce,” 400.
-
-BOYLE, Hon. ROBERT, entrusted with the secret of Papin’s
-    fountain, 351.
-
-BOXES of a cabinet, to lock, 510;
-  dicing box, 521,522.
-
-BRACELET alphabet, 435.
-
-BRADLEY, R., mentions “the late Mr. Savery,” 487;
-  account of his engine, 487.
-
-BRANCA, his steam jet, 479.
-
-BRAZEN HEAD, 346;
-  a brazen or stone, 515–520.
-
-BRIDGE, a portable, 428–429.
-
-BROWNE’S calculating Serpentine scale, 512.
-
-BUCKETS, to raise water, 415–418;
-  two buckets, 416–418.
-
-BUCKET-FOUNTAIN, a, 417,418.
-
-BULWARK, a rising, 430,432.
-
-BUMBASSES and bullets, to shoot, 421.
-
-
-      C.
-
-CANDLES, a brass mould for, 514,515.
-
-CANNON, tried before Charles I., 467,468;
-  improvements in, 468;
-  extraordinary, 469;
-  various, 469;
-  experiments at Woolwich, 1651, 469;
-  to charge fifty, 472.
-
-CANNON, “to level by night,” 400;
-  Bishop Wilkins’ remarks, 422,423;
-  burst by water, 475;
-  charged with water, 481,482.
-
-CARABINES, often discharging, 463;
-  particulars of, 466;
-  noticed, 474.
-
-CASTLE-CLOCK, 420,421.
-
-CAUS, SALOMON de, notice of, 369,370,372,542;
-  his work, 476;
-  fountain and description, 476,477,478;
-  comment on, 478,479.
-
-CENTURY of Inventions, its name, 345;
-  MS. copy, 346;
-  the MS. and first edition, 347;
-  title pages, 347;
-  why misunderstood, 350;
-  nature of articles therein, 353;
-  as a literary work, 358;
-  its value, 358;
-  variations on its title, 358;
-  verbal peculiarities, 360;
-  its practical tendency, 361;
-  its author’s object, 361;
-  its form, 362;
-  similar early statements, 362;
-  its style accords with the legal form in use for patent
-    specifications, 363;
-  agreement between the “Century” and the Marquis’s patent, 363,364;
-  classical scholars have misapprehended the work, 366;
-  its suggestive character, 367;
-  a greater work intended, 367;
-  conflicting opinions, 367;
-  how to be viewed and estimated, 368;
-  the modern steam engine owes its origin to the Marquis and his
-    work, 369;
-  Mr. Muirhead’s false estimate of this production and its author’s
-    invention, 371;
-  it stands alone, 373;
-  various editions, 374,375;
-  reprints in other works, 375;
-  fac-simile title page (except the frame work), 377;
-  dedication to Charles I., 379;
-  Dedication to the Houses of Parliament, 381;
-  acknowledges the Act for his engine, 383;
-  mentions the sacrifice of £700,000, 383;
-  Kaltoff, 383;
-  its author’s prolific invention, 384;
-  alludes to fees, 385;
-  and his “Golden Age,” 385;
-  rarity of the first edition, 497;
-  a postscript, _note_, 535,536.
-
-CENTURY. first edition, 346;
-  last edition, 346;
-  its unreliable character, 347.
-
-CHAIR, an imprisoning, 513.
-
-CHARACTER, a universal, 433.
-
-CHARLES II. had a curiously contrived box from the Marquis, 356.
-
-CIPHER and character, 391;
-  a one-line cipher, 391;
-  the same refined, 392;
-  reduced to a point, 393;
-  varied significally to all the 24 letters, 394;
-  key to the Marquis’s cipher discovered, 552.
-
-CLAUDIUS, of Rome, his Bucket fountain, 416.
-
-COACH-SAVING Engine, 414,415.
-
-CONCEITED tinder-box, 439.
-
-CONDENSATION applied to ebbing and flowing, 419–421;
-  applied to drawing weights, 423–425;
-  applied to draught, 427,428;
-  applied to two globes, 456–462;
-  noticed by J. Bate, 480.
-
-CONTINUALLY going watch, 508.
-
-CONVEYANCE, a secret comb, 511;
-  knife, spoon, or fork, 511
-
-CROCK, 466;
-  Arquebuse à, 466.
-
-CROSS-BOW, noticed, 474;
-  a double, 528.
-
-
-      D.
-
-DARK, to write in the, 503.
-
-DECKS, false destroying, 405.
-
-DEE, Dr. JOHN, his preface to Euclid, 361.
-
-DEFINITION of the Engine, 496,549,550.
-
-DESAGULIERS, Dr., on automata, 443;
-  on perpetual motion, 452,453;
-  account of Savery’s engine, 488–490;
-  charge against Savery, 489.
-
-DICE, cheating at, 522,524.
-
-DICING box, 521,522,524.
-
-DISCOURSE, mute and perfect, by colours, 399;
-  by night, 399.
-
-DOOR, opening either way, 502;
-  a conceited, 503.
-
-DOORS, a pocket engine to open, 527.
-
-DOUBLE drawing engine for weights, 423.
-
-DOUBLE water-screw, 451;
-  cross-bow, 528.
-
-DREBELL, CORNELIUS, noticed, 402,403.
-
-
-      E.
-
-EBBING and flowing river, 419;
-  castle-clock, 420,421;
-  applied to two globes, 456–462.
-
-ENGINE, portable in one’s pocket, 400;
-  ship destroying, 401;
-  to drive and fasten to ships, 401;
-  for cannon, 468;
-  a semi-omnipotent, 529–531.
-
-ENGINE, a stamping, 520;
-  a gravel, 525;
-  a ship-raising, 526;
-  a pocket, to open doors, 527.
-
-ENGINES of War, 468,469.
-
-ESCUTCHEON for locks, 500.
-
-ETTEN, VAN, describes a fountain, 481;
-  recommends heat, 481;
-  cannon, 481,482.
-
-EVELYN, John, his Diary, 351;
-  his “boscoresque” grounds, 352.
-
-
-      F.
-
-FALSE destroying decks, 405.
-
-FIRE-ARROW, to shoot, 465.
-
-FLAMSTEAD, John, astronomer, 352.
-
-FLASK-CHARGER, 463;
-  powder, noticed, 474.
-
-FLEET, to destroy a, 402.
-
-FLYING-man, a, 504–508.
-
-FORCE, as a technical term, explained, 483,484.
-
-FOUNTAIN, artificial, 413,414;
-  De Caus, 477.
-
-FRINGE-ALPHABET, 435.
-
-FULTON, Robert, noticed, 404.
-
-
-      G.
-
-GARDEN, a floating, 412,413;
-  a river in, 419.
-
-GALLERY, a transmittible, 502.
-
-GLOUCESTER, moveable bulwark at the siege of, 431.
-
-GLOVE-ALPHABET, pincked, 435;
-  primero gloves, 521.
-
-GRADATION, rule of, 448,449.
-
-GRAVEL engine, 525.
-
-GREW, Dr., his discourse, 365.
-
-GUILFORD, Baron, Life of, 351;
-  was “no concealed virtuoso,” 351;
-  declines being proposed for the Royal Society, 352;
-  his acquaintances, 352;
-  visits Sir S. Morland, 353.
-
-GUNS to shoot often, remark on, 472.
-
-
-      H.
-
-HALLAM, learning during the Middle Ages, 345.
-
-HARLEIAN MSS., 346;
-  cipher, 394.
-
-HARQUEBUS, particulars of, 466;
-  for expeditious shooting, 466;
-  à crock, 466.
-
-HEAD, a brazen or stone, 515–520.
-
-HERBERT, Lord, son of the Duke of Beaufort, his letter, 350.
-
-HOEL, M., his hydraulic engine, 414.
-
-HOLLOWING on a water-screw, 450,553.
-
-HOOK, Dr., examines Papin’s fountain, 351;
-  had seen the Marquis’s engine, 493.
-
-HORSE, artificial ring, 524.
-
-HOUR-GLASS fountain, 413,414.
-
-HOUR water-ball, 444.
-
-HUME, David, criticises the “Century,” 349.
-
-
-      I.
-
-IMPRISONING chair, 513;
-  one at Rome, 514.
-
-INSTRUMENT, an arithmetical, 512;
-  for perspective, 529.
-
-INVENTION, nature and progress of, 366.
-
-INVENTIONS, estimated number in the “Century,” 353,354;
-  classified, 354;
-  “tried and perfected,” 355;
-  short list of, 357;
-  a series of early, 362;
-  early patented, 363;
-  the Marquis’s “quintessence of,” 555.
-
-INVENTORS, early, statements of Inventions, 362.
-
-
-      K.
-
-KALTOFF, Caspar, the Marquis’s faithful workman, 359;
-  his death, 1664–5, 537;
-  noticed, 538;
-  various notices of him and his family at Vauxhall, 574.
-
-KNEFFLER, or Knuffler, Dr., noticed, 403.
-
-KNOTTED string alphabet, 435.
-
-KEY-pistol, 438,439.
-
-KEY, a triangle, 499;
-  a rose, 500;
-  a square, 500.
-
-
-      L.
-
-LADDER, portable scaling, 445–448.
-
-LAMBERT, William, his petition respecting Vauxhall, 537.
-
-LANTHORN-ALPHABET, 435.
-
-LETTERS secretly conveyed in a comb, 511;
-  in a knife, spoon, or fork, 511.
-
-LEVER, a to and fro, 425,426.
-
-LIGHT pistol-barrels, 511.
-
-LOCKING of Cabinet-boxes, 510.
-
-LOCKS, an escutcheon for, 500;
-  an alarum for, 501;
-  ingenious and expensive, 501,502.
-
-LOTHERDALE, Earl of, the Marquis promises him a curious box, 356.
-
-
-      M.
-
-MAN, to fly, 504,505.
-
-MIDDLE Ages, the, 345.
-
-MILITARY antiquities, 473,474.
-
-MILL, a rasping, 512;
-  a coining, 520.
-
-MINYONS, minion, cannon, 467.
-
-MOOR, Sir JONAS, mathematician, 352.
-
-MORLAND, Sir SAMUEL, his house, coach, and several inventions, 353;
-  his patent for raising water from Mines (1661), 364,365;
-  his arithmetical instrument, 512.
-
-MOULD for candles, 514,515.
-
-MUIRHEAD, JAMES P., _M.A._, his false estimate of the Marquis’s
-    character, invention, and “Century,” in his “Life of James Watt,”
-    369–372;
-  his treatment of the subject, 370;
-  erroneous opinion of the inventions of De Caus and the Marquis of
-    Worcester, 372.
-
-MULTIPLIED strength in little room, 406.
-
-MUSKETOONS, or blunderbuss, 473.
-
-MUSKETS, often-discharging, 464;
-  short, 465;
-  particulars of, 466;
-  ancient use of, 474.
-
-MUSQUETOONS, oft-shooting, 472;
-  on horseback, 472.
-
-MUTE and perfect discourse by colours, 399;
-  by night, 399.
-
-MYSTICAL jangling of Bells, 449.
-
-
-      N.
-
-NAPIER, Lord John, his secret inventions, 402.
-
-NEEDLE-Alphabet, 434.
-
-NEWCOMEN, noticed, 369.
-
-
-      O.
-
-OFTEN-discharging Pistol, 462;
-  Peards, 471;
-  Guns, 472.
-
-ORDNANCE, ancient, 473.
-
-
-      P.
-
-PAPIN, Dr., his fountain, 361;
-  experiments on steam, 498.
-
-PATENT for the Marquis’s clocks, guns, &c., 557.
-
-PATTU, M., his water-screw, 451.
-
-PEAR, an untoothsome, 512.
-
-PEARDS, oft shooting, 471.
-
-PEPYS, SAMUEL, his Diary, 351.
-
-PERPETUAL Motion, 452–456.
-
-PERPETUAL Motions in M. Servière’s cabinet, 350.
-
-PERSPECTIVE instrument, 529.
-
-PETTY, Sir WILLIAM, his discourse, 365.
-
-PINCKED Glove alphabet, 435.
-
-PISTOL, oft-shooting, 462;
-  ancient use of, 473;
-  improved, 474;
-  light barrels, 511.
-
-PLEASANT floating garden, 413.
-
-PNEUMATIC propulsion, 412.
-
-POCKET Ladder, 447,448;
-  engine to open doors, 527.
-
-POINT, a cipher reduced to a, 393.
-
-PORTABLE “pocket” engine, 400;
-  bridge, 428,429;
-  fortification, 429;
-  engine, or ladder, 445–448.
-
-PORTA’S steam apparatus, 541.
-
-POWDER flask, noticed, 474.
-
-PRIMERO gloves, 521.
-
-
-      Q.
-
-QUINT-ESSENCE of motion, by the Marquis of Worcester, noticed, 357;
-  a statement of 9 inventions, 555,556.
-
-
-      R.
-
-RAMSEY, D., raises water by fire, 479.
-
-RASPING mill, 512.
-
-RIBBON, a discourse woven in, 503.
-
-RISING bulwark, 430–432.
-
-RIVER, in a garden, 418;
-  ebbing and flowing, 419.
-
-ROLLOCK, JOHN, his verses allusive to condensation, 533;
-  his tract containing his panegyric, the Act, &c., 559.
-
-ROME, an invention obtained there, 353;
-  “Claudius his studies at,” 416.
-
-ROYAL Society, Transactions, 351;
-  Baron Guilford declines being proposed for, 352;
-  Sir W. Petty, and Dr. Grew, their discourses, 365;
-  Savery exhibits his model, 484;
-  “first appearance in the world” of Savery’s engine, 494.
-
-RULE of gradation, 448,449.
-
-
-      S.
-
-SAKERS, cannon, 467.
-
-SAVERY, THOMAS, noticed, 369; _note_,371;
-  model engine for raising water, 484,485;
-  his “Miners Friend,” 485;
-  his description and the “Century” compared, 486,487;
-  Bradley’s account, 487;
-  engine at Cambden House, 487;
-  Switzer’s account, 487,488;
-  its discovery attributed to a tobacco-pipe, 488;
-  the same to a Florence flask, 489;
-  noticed by Dr. Desaguliers, 488–490;
-  accused of obtaining and destroying the Marquis’s books, 489;
-  this charge examined, 492, &c.;
-  as an independent inventor, 497;
-  his career, 498.
-
-SCANTLING explained, 348.
-
-SCARIONI, FRANCESCO, his Centuria, 346.
-
-SCIENCE, state of, to 1667, 348.
-
-SCREWED ascent of stairs, 445.
-
-SEA-banks, to construct, 528,529.
-
-SEA-castle, or fortification, 411,412.
-
-SEA-sailing fort, 412.
-
-SEALS, 387,388;
-  “abundantly significant,” 389;
-  a cipher seal, 389,390;
-  private and particular to each owner, 391.
-
-SECRET conveyance for letters, in a comb, 511;
-  in a knife, spoon, or fork, 511.
-
-SECRETI, by Scarioni, 346.
-
-SENSES, alphabets by the, varied, 436.
-
-SERPENTINE scale, Browne’s calculating, 512.
-
-SERVIÈRE, M., his cabinet, 350.
-
-SHIP-destroying engine, 401.
-
-SHIP-raising engine, 526.
-
-SHIP, to safeguard any, 404;
-  an unsinkable, 404,405;
-  false decks, 405;
-  anchor, to weigh up, 406;
-  driving against wind and tide, 407;
-  three ships, or a sea castle, 411;
-  ships’ muskets, 471.
-
-SHIP-musquets, to govern a whole side of, 471.
-
-SHORT writing, expeditious way of (supposed to be the Marquis’s
-    invention), 349–398;
-  authors on, 436–438.
-
-SIEVE alphabet, 435.
-
-SMELL, alphabet by, 435.
-
-SPRING, strength-increasing, 421.
-
-STAIRS, a screwed ascent of, 444,445.
-
-STAMPING engine, 346,520.
-
-STEAM Engine, notice of the first practical, 345;
-  historical notices of and wavering character of opinions respecting
-    the Marquis of Worcester, 368;
-  progressive improvements, 368;
-  false estimate of the Marquis in the “Life of James Watt,” 369.
-
-STEAM, its power realized, 362.
-
-STONE bow, 421–423.
-
-STRENGTH-increasing spring, 421.
-
-STRENGTH multiplied in little room, 406.
-
-STRING alphabet, knotted, 435.
-
-STUART, ROBERT, contradicts himself, 370.
-
-SUBMARINE vessel, 402.
-
-SWITZER, S., his account of Savery’s engine, 487,488.
-
-
-      T.
-
-TAPE or ribbon, a discourse woven in, 503.
-
-TASTE, alphabet by, 435.
-
-TELEGRAPH, electric, anticipated, 357.
-
-TELEGRAPHY, systems of, 399.
-
-TINDER-BOX, a most conceited, 439.
-
-TOBACCO-TONGS engine, 445,446.
-
-TOUCH, alphabet by, 435.
-
-TOWN, for guarding several avenues to a, 472.
-
-TRADESCANT, his museum, 356.
-
-TRANSPARENT water-screw, 450.
-
-TRITHEMIUS quoted, 393.
-
-
-      U.
-
-UNIVERSAL character, 432–434.
-
-UNTOOTHSOME pear, 513.
-
-
-      V.
-
-VACUUM, noticed by John Bate, 360.
-
-VAUXHALL WORKS, expense of, 358;
-  William Lambert’s petition in respect to, 537;
-  Marquis of Worcester’s engagements there in 1647, and earlier,
-    537,538.
-
-VENICE, an invention obtained there, 353,425.
-
-VERSTEGAN, on science in 1605, 349.
-
-VINCI, Leonardo da, notice of, 345.
-
-
-      W.
-
-WALPOLE, HORACE, criticises the “Century,” 348,349;
-  groundless censure, 523,524.
-
-WATCH, a continually going, 508.
-
-WATER, to drive up by fire, 475;
-  heated in a cannon, 475;
-  Dr. Ramsey’s patent, 479;
-  raised by Bate, 479;
-  Van Etten applies heat, 481;
-  cannon experiment, 481,482;
-  Savery’s model, to raise, 484,485.
-
-WATER-SCREW, to make hollow, 450;
-  a transparent, 450;
-  a double, 451;
-  plan of construction, 552,553.
-
-WATERWORK, a fire, 476;
-  “the most stupendious work in the whole world,” 533–535;
-  a stupendous, 536.
-
-WATER-WORKS, noticed by John Bate, 360;
-  the Marquis acknowledges the passing of the Act for, 383.
-
-WATT, JAMES, his engine, 369;
-  indebted to the influence of capital, 369;
-  false estimate of the Marquis in “The Life of,” 369–372.
-
-WEIGHTS, to raise, 531–533.
-
-WELD, Mr., his “knick-knack-atary,” 352.
-
-WERDEN, Sir JOHN, mathematician, 352.
-
-WHEEL, great weighted, 452–456.
-
-WORCESTER, Marquis of, the Harleian MSS. not in his handwriting, 346;
-  his engine in the Century, 353;
-  estimated number of his inventions, 353,354;
-  classified, 354;
-  his proposed work, 355;
-  special notices of practice, 355,356;
-  silence of contemporaries, 356;
-  promises a box to the Earl of Lotherdale, 356;
-  a mysterious invention, 357;
-  his pecuniary position, 358;
-  expense of his works at Vauxhall, 358;
-  analogous inventions in old authors, 359;
-  enumerated, 359;
-  seems to have been attached to Bate’s _Mysteries of Nature and
-    Art_, 359;
-  Water-works, noticed by Bate, 360;
-  acquainted with Dr. Dee’s preface to Euclid, 361;
-  styles of Bate and the Marquis compared, 361;
-  in search of powerful mechanical aids, 361;
-  realizes the power of steam, 362;
-  writes his “Century” similar to patent specifications, 363,364;
-  his pre-eminent invention, 366;
-  wavering character of historical notices of his invention, 368;
-  false estimate of the Marquis’s personal character, his invention,
-    and his “Century,” in the “Life of James Watt,” 369,370,371,372;
-  his general character, his inventions, and his work, 373;
-  the modern steam engine owes its origin to the Marquis and his
-    work, 369;
-  his engine at work, 370;
-  acknowledges the passing of the Act for his engine, 383;
-  mentions the sacrifice of £700,000, 383;
-  his “Golden Age,” 385;
-  his supposed invention of Short Writing, 394;
-  his cipher-written letter, 398;
-  a model of his semi-omnipotent engine to be buried with him, 530;
-  notice of his works at Vauxhall, 1647, 537,538;
-  statement in his Act of Parliament, 539,540;
-  construction of his engine, 551;
-  key to his cipher discovered, 553;
-  nine of his inventions, or quintessence of motion, 555;
-  his patent for clocks, &c., 557;
-  Rollock’s pamphlet, containing Act, &c., 559.
-
-WRITE, to, in the dark, 503.
-
-
-
-
-      INDEX TO THE LIFE OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-
-
-      A.
-
-ACT of Parliament for the Water-commanding Engine, applied for, 253;
-  proceedings in respect to, 254–256;
-  royal assent given, 256;
-  the Act, Appendix C.
-
-ADAMS, Mr., Lord Herbert’s preceptor, 141.
-
-ALBEMARLE, Duke of, letter from, 268,269;
-  another letter, 277;
-  names the Crown’s debts, 278;
-  statement made to him of expenditure in the late King’s service,
-    278,280.
-
-ALCHEMY in vogue, 16.
-
-ALLEN, Captain, taken at Padstow, with the Earl of Glamorgan’s
-    dispatches, 124;
-  promised assistance, 125;
-  bearer of a letter, 126;
-  Glamorgan reports Allen having been taken, 170.
-
-ALLOWANCE of £3. per week, Cromwell’s Warrant for, 213.
-
-ALONZO, Don, his answer, sent, 218.
-
-ANNE, Countess of Worcester, her death, 31.
-
-ANTONIO, Captain, two frigates, 170.
-
-APOCRYPHAL passages relating to the Marquis of Worcester, Appendix H.
-
-ARISTOCRACY of the 17th century, social habits, 5;
-  luxuries of the table, and of dress, 5.
-
-ARLINGTON, Lord, letter to, 269;
-  the Marquis seeks his services, 274.
-
-ARUNDEL, HENRY FREDERICK, Earl of; marries Anne, daughter of Edward
-    Lord Herbert, 17.
-
-
-      B.
-
-BACKHOUSE, Lieut. has command of war horses taken at Gloucester, 62.
-
-BACON, Lord, death of, 16.
-
-BADMINTON HOUSE, Gloucestershire, visited by Charles II. and his
-    Queen, 260.
-
-BAKER, THOMAS, engineer, his Poem on “The Steam Engine,” 258;
-  notice of “The Century,” 258,259.
-
-BALFOUR, Sir WILLIAM, Lieutenant of the Tower, 25;
-  commanded at Edge-hill, 25.
-
-BATE, JOHN, his work, 1634–35, 29;
-  remarks on water-works, 29.
-
-BAYLY, Dr. THOMAS, noticed, 9;
-  relates a Welsh legend, and occurrence at Carnarvon, 94;
-  chaplain at Raglan Castle, 96;
-  his “Apophthegms,” 96;
-  Lord Herbert’s water-works, 100,101;
-  his dedication of his book, 110,111;
-  relates a domestic incident, 149,150;
-  leaves Raglan Castle, 153;
-  visits the Marquis at Covent Garden, 154;
-  attends the Marquis’s funeral, 155.
-
-BAYNARDS CASTLE, correspondence from, respecting Henry Lord Herbert’s
-    marriage, 1,2,3,4.
-
-BEAUCHAMP, MARY, Lady; married to Lord Herbert, 220;
-Certificate, 220.
-
-BEAUFORT, HENRY, Duke of, his mother, 16,17;
-  his birth, death, and age, (note) 16;
-  at six years of age, 23;
-  ten years of age, 26;
-  “a match propounded for” him, to his grandfather, by Charles I., 103;
-  Petitions the House of Commons, 201;
-  his property, 202,203,204;
-  resolutions in regard to value, &c. 205,206,207;
-  sat in the Cromwellian parliament, 210;
-  his father’s estates in Monmouthshire enjoyed by Cromwell, 210;
-  Cromwell’s caution, 210;
-  marriage, 220;
-  resident at Badminton House, 226;
-  going to Dover, 226;
-  letter to his wife, 226;
-  a prisoner in the Tower, 233;
-  letter to his wife, 233;
-  his age, 233;
-  constituted Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, 233;
-  parliamentary clause in respect to his property, 238;
-  ordered by Parliament to give up his father’s deeds and writings, 238;
-  delivers a message to the Lords, 243;
-  carries the bill to the Lords for the Water-commanding Engine, 256;
-  visit of Charles II. and his Queen, 260;
-  sits in the House of Peers, (note) 282;
-  attests his father’s funeral Certificate, 300;
-  letters patent granted him remitting payments due from his
-    father, 303;
-  a commissioner to distribute fund for poor Cavaliers, 317,318;
-  his progress through Wales, (note) 317;
-  return to Badminton, (note) 318;
-  published account of his progress, (note) 318.
-
-BEDFORD, Lord of, 2.
-
-BEDFORD, Earl of, Francis Russell, 6.
-
-BIBLE, new translation published, 7.
-
-BIRCH’S, Dr. statement about Glamorgan’s going to Wales, 87.
-
-BLACKFRIARS, the seat of fashion, 1;
-  marriage of Lord Herbert there, 2;
-  Queen Elizabeth’s stay there, 3;
-  ceremony on arrival, 3;
-  supper there, 4.
-
-BLACKSTONE, Sir RALPH, named, 141.
-
-BLAXTON, Sir WILLIAM, assists to retake Monmouth, 63.
-
-BOSDON, EDWARD, Glamorgan’s Instructions to, 87.
-
-BOTELER, ALLEN, his business from Charles I. to the Marquis of
-    Worcester, at Raglan Castle, 142;
-  his journey, 142;
-  difficulties and dangers, 143;
-  arrives at Raglan, 144;
-  disappointment, 144;
-  stern reception, 144;
-  interview with the Marquis, 144,145;
-  who plainly declares his sentiments respecting Charles Ist’s treatment
-    of his son, 145;
-  neglected, and detained, leaves precipitately, 145,146;
-  his adventures, and return to Oxford, 146,147.
-
-BRECKNOCK garrisoned, 60,332.
-
-BRERETON, ROGER, his letter to the Countess of Glamorgan, 129.
-
-BRERETON, Sir WILLIAM, his letter-book, 87.
-
-BRETT, Sir JEREMIAH, before Gloucester, 56.
-
-BRIDGEWATER, Earl of, named, 24.
-
-BROMPTON CASTLE, council of war to take it, 58.
-
-BURTON, THOMAS, _M.P._, reports on the Marchioness of Worcester’s
-    Petition, 195;
-  his remarks on the Marquis of Worcester’s character, being then a
-    state prisoner, 212;
-  his conduct that of a soldier, and always civil, 212.
-
-BYRON, Sir JOHN, Lieutenant of the Tower, 23;
-  named, 35,36;
-  his letters, July, 1642, 41,42,59;
-  his regiment, 67;
-  named, 328,330,331.
-
-BYTHELL, JOHN, his letter to his father, about the Earl of Glamorgan
-    and others, 88;
-escapes shipwreck, his cargo of corn seized, 90;
-  a prisoner, 90,91;
-  list of passengers and crew, 92.
-
-
-      C.
-
-CALEHOF, CALTHOFF, CALTROP, COLTHOFF--_see_ Kaltoff.
-
-CARDIFF garrisoned, 60;
-  named, 328,332.
-
-CARLYON garrisoned, 60,332.
-
-CARTE and Dr. Birch’s erroneous statement about Glamorgan’s leaving
-    for Ireland, 93;
-  corrected, 93.
-
-CARNARVON, ROBERT Earl of, marriage of his sister Elizabeth to Edward
-    Lord Herbert, 16;
-  her death, 23.
-
-CASTLEMAINE, Lady, undertakes a request to the King, 275.
-
-CATHOLIC Clergy, Irish Roman, 114,115,119;
-  Glamorgan solicits consent for post of Lord Lieutenant, 181;
-  Glamorgan’s complicity with, 184;
-  great secrecy observed, 184.
-
-CATHOLIC Princes, Roman, with the Pope, to supply £30,000, to support
-    an army in England, in the cause of Charles I. 228;
-  Glamorgan’s power to treat, 229.
-
-CATHOLIC, Roman, Lord Lieutenant, 115.
-
-CATHOLIC, Roman, Religion, Glamorgan’s engagement to support measures
-    for the good of, 160.
-
-CATHOLIC, Roman, countries, support from, 84.
-
-CATHOLICS, Roman, indulgences granted, 232;
-  Jesuits excepted, 232;
-  the Marquis of Worcester derived no assistance from, 327,328.
-
-CATHOLICS, Roman, Irish, inquiry respecting, 122;
-  Charles Ist repudiates the concessions made to, 130;
-  his letter to Ormond, 131;
-  negotiations with, repudiated by Secretary Nicholas, 132;
-  the whole party astounded at these abortive results, 161;
-  diminished hopes, Charles I. in custody at Newcastle, 175.
-
-CATHOLICS, Roman, laws against, 27.
-
-CAUS, DE SALOMON, his works, 29.
-
-CAVALIERS, Act providing for poor, 247;
-  fund for, 317.
-
-CENTURY OF INVENTIONS, a Catalogue raisonné, 17;
-  written, 214;
-  MS. copy in the British Museum, 221;
-  first publication, 258;
-  Poetical notice of, 258,259.
-
-CHARLES THE FIRST, his birth, 5;
-  first year of his reign, 12;
-  witnesses the wheel experiment at the Tower, 25;
-  character of his reign, 25;
-  15th year, 31;
-  the Long Parliament, 31;
-  return from Scotland, 32;
-  retreat to Hampton Court, 32;
-  at Royston, 33;
-  at Hull, 34;
-  flatters the Earl of Worcester, 35;
-  his movements in 1641, 35;
-  Civil War declared, 37;
-  makes a convenience of the Marquis of Worcester for his wealth, 38;
-  his perfidious nature, 38;
-  members of Parliament summoned to attend at the Banqueting House,
-    1640, 38;
-  borrows money from the Marquis of Worcester, 41;
-  journey to Leicester, 42;
-  £5,000 sent for him to Newstead, 42;
-  “hopes he shall not die in the Marquis’s debt,” 42;
-  report from the King at Nottingham of his message by Lord Herbert to
-    his father, 44,45,46;
-  Charles I. and Lord Herbert pourtrayed, 46,47;
-  his tortuous policy, 55;
-  certain early loans from the Marquis of Worcester, 58,59;
-  at York, 59;
-  commission of Array, 59;
-  attended by the Marquis of Hertford at Oxford, 67;
-  inconsistencies in his conduct, 69;
-  liberal in promises, 69;
-  battle of Edge-hill, 69;
-  sends the Earl of Glamorgan the Blue Ribbon, and a warrant for the
-    title of Duke of Somerset, 74;
-  assures Glamorgan “you labour for a dear friend,” 75;
-  wonders he has not gone to Ireland, 75;
-  artful letter to Ormond, 78;
-  his deceptive style, 79;
-  profuse in professions of attachment, 81;
-  why selected for this negociation, 81;
-  reassures Glamorgan of his confidence in him, 82;
-  at Hereford, 83;
-  visits Raglan Castle, 104;
-  the fickle monarch a false friend, 105;
-  reception, 105;
-  returns to the Castle, 106;
-  his third visit, 106;
-  in all 27 days, 106;
-  discourse with the Marquis, 106;
-  presented with a dessert from Troy, 108;
-  deprives the Marquis of £6,000 deposited with his son, 109,110;
-  his engagement of Glamorgan characterized, 116;
-  disasters in war, 117;
-  looks to Ireland for assistance, 117;
-  his urgent necessities, 117;
-  his plan for realizing his hopes in Ireland, 118;
-  repudiates Glamorgan’s proceedings in Ireland, 122;
-  Hume’s notice, 122,123;
-  Carte’s charge, 123;
-  the King’s duplicity, 123;
-  6,000 men ready to leave Ireland, 126;
-  his message to Parliament, 130;
-  writes to the Queen about “Glamorgan’s business,” 134;
-  his letter to “Glamorgan,” 134;
-  his consummate duplicity, 135;
-  charged by the Marquis of Worcester with being “wavering and
-    fickle,” 145,148;
-  his character, 157;
-  creates the Earl of Glamorgan, “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” 162;
-  the patent, 162,163;
-  his confidence in Glamorgan not misplaced, 167;
-  his perfect acquaintance with the Marquis and his son, 167;
-  writes from Newcastle, 174;
-  not strictly guarded, 174;
-  offers to pawn his kingdoms, 174;
-  a copy sent to the Pope, 174;
-  Glamorgan devises a plan for his escape to Ireland, 175;
-  the King’s treatment of the noble family of Somerset, 184;
-  delivered up by the Scots, 1647, 189;
-  his execution, 189;
-  the Marquis of Worcester explains his conduct and powers in Ireland,
-    to Lord Clarendon, 227;
-  an immense army was to have been raised, 228;
-  and the Pope and Catholic Princes were to supply £30,000 per month
-    for its maintenance, 228;
-  hence the “amplitude of Glamorgan’s commission,” 228;
-  the signing and sealing, 229;
-  to Huntingdon, 330;
-  to Nottingham, to York, 330;
-  the Tower, 330;
-  his note of hand, 331;
-  money at Oxford, 332.
-
-CHARLES THE FIRST’S correspondence;
-  his letter, August, 1641, 32;
-  December, 1641, 33;
-  “lying pamphlets,” 33;
-  March, 1641–2, 33;
-  May, 1642, 34;
-  January, 1642, 39;
-  June, 1643, 64;
-  his patent granted to the Earl of Glamorgan, 70;
-  his instructions to him, 72;
-  letter, February, 1644, 74;
-  March, 1644, 75;
-  December, 1644, 78;
-  Commission to Glamorgan, March, 1644, 79,80;
-  February, 1645, 82;
-  June, 1645, 82,83;
-  August, 1644, 102;
-  August, 1644, 104;
-  January, 1645–6;
-  March, 1645–6, 133;
-  Feb. 1645, 134;
-  July, 1646, 174.
-
-CHARLES THE SECOND, court at Paris, 189;
-  its changes, 189;
-  its poverty at St. Germains, 189;
-  at Jersey, 207;
-  in Scotland, 207;
-  in France, 207;
-  Louis XIV. of France, favourable to, 209;
-  supposed to have sent the Marquis of Worcester from France to
-    London, 210;
-  the Marquis of Worcester had presented him with an ingeniously
-    contrived box, 223;
-  proclaimed, 225;
-  his return and rejoicings, 226;
-  Marquis of Worcester’s petition to have his case investigated by
-    Parliament, 231;
-  the King and Queen’s progress, 231,232;
-  a christening at Worcester House, 232;
-  his coronation, 232;
-  homage of the nobles, 232;
-  sketch of his character, and that of the Marquis, 234;
-  attends the House of Lords, 243;
-  personally prorogues it, 243;
-  ceremony, 244;
-  one-tenth of the Water-commanding engine granted to him, 257;
-  remitted on the Marquis surrendering a warrant granting land to the
-    value of £40,000, 257;
-  the Marquis’s petition to, 269;
-  another, 271;
-  draft of a letter to, 277;
-  coolness towards the Marquis, 295;
-  characteristic traits of his majesty, 307,308;
-  his apathy retards the development of the steam engine, 308.
-
-CHESTER, City of, 3,000 men expected for its relief, 85;
-  rumours of its being taken, 85;
-  men for its relief, 114;
-  Glamorgan writes about relief, 125;
-  6,000 Irish ready for, 126;
-  3,000 men reported ready, 135;
-  loss of, 138;
-  Glamorgan’s hopes of relief, 160;
-  its surrender, 161.
-
-CHEPSTOW fortified, 60;
-  belongs to the Marquis of Worcester of inheritance, 66;
-  named, 328,332.
-
-CHRISTENING present, a, 2.
-
-CIVIL WAR, aspect of affairs, 1641, 37;
-  series of national disasters, 43;
-  party distinctions, 43;
-  ancient warfare, 53,54;
-  perplexing state of the war, 69;
-  the gain and loss by, 186;
-  intellectual losses, incalculable, 186.
-
-CIPHER, letter written in, 180;
-  a sentence in, 333.
-
-CLARENDON, Earl of, resided at Worcester House, 192;
-  Marquis of Worcester’s letter of explanations to, 227;
-  offer of Worcester House, 235;
-  his residence, (note), 237;
-  at Worcester House, 260,261;
-  visited by Evelyn, 261.
-
-COBHAM, Lord, his house at Blackfriars, 3;
-  Queen Elizabeth to stay there, 3;
-  attends the Queen at the water-side, 3;
-  her majesty sups at his house, 4;
-  leads the bride (Miss Russell) to church, 4.
-
-COKE, JOHN, his letter, 24.
-
-COPLEY, CHRISTOPHER, named in a Bill for settling Worcester House
-    on the Marchioness of Worcester, 196;
-  may have instigated the writing of the “Century,” 215;
-  in the army, 215;
-  letter from the Marquis of Worcester, 215;
-  interested in the engine, 216;
-  obtains a written obligation from the Marquis of Worcester, 216;
-  he “doth undermine Worcester House,” 235;
-  named, 301;
-  some account of him, Appendix E.
-
-CORNWALL, Report of the Duchy of, survey of Vauxhall, 289,290,291;
-  other Reports, Appendix G.
-
-COSMO DE MEDICI the Third, visits Vauxhall to see the Marquis’s
-    Engine, 302.
-
-COUNCIL, the new, of confederate Irish Roman Catholics; Glamorgan
-    solicits consent for the post of Lord Lieutenant, 181.
-
-COUNCIL, the Supreme, of confederate Irish Roman Catholics, Archbishop
-    of Tuam’s death, 115;
-  order for his arrears, 116;
-  disclosures, 116;
-  inquiry respecting, 121;
-  agreement discovered, 124;
-  published, 124;
-  press for Glamorgan’s liberation, 135;
-  visited by Glamorgan on his liberation, 136;
-  exorbitant demands, 136;
-  Glamorgan desires its good opinion, 165;
-  wearied of the army expenses, 165;
-  resolve against sending troops over to England, 165.
-
-CROMWELL, OLIVER, Bill respecting Worcester House to be tendered
-    to him, 196;
-  gives his assent, 196;
-  his directions sought in respect to payment, 197;
-  he is satisfied, 198;
-  enjoyed the Marquis of Worcester’s Monmouthshire estates, 210;
-  warns his wife respecting Lord Herbert, 210;
-  his Warrant to allow the Marquis £3. per week, 213;
-  the Marquis seeks an interview with him, 217;
-  his death, and his son’s brief career, 225;
-  deeds delivered up, 247;
-  Herbert, his “right-hand” man, 249;
-  his Warrant, Appendix F.
-
-CROMWELL, RICHARD, ordered to give up deeds and writings, 238.
-
-CROMWELL, ELIZABETH, letter to her, respecting Lord Herbert, 210;
-  ordered to give up deeds and writings, 238.
-
-CULPEPPER, Lord, letter from the Earl of Glamorgan, 125.
-
-CUMBERLAND, Earl of, leads the bride (Lady Herbert) from church, 4.
-
-
-      D.
-
-DEAN, Forest of, garrisoned, 60;
-  Lord Herbert entering, 62;
-  Sir John Winter “the plague of the forest,” 63;
-  the rebels quit, 63;
-  taken by Lord Herbert, 66;
-  named, 328,332.
-
-DEE, DR. JOHN, his curious preface to “Euclid,” 26.
-
-DEFINITION of the Water-commanding Engine, 223;
-  published, Appendix C.
-
-DIGBY, GEORGE, Lord, charges the Earl of Glamorgan with high
-    treason, 116;
-  Glamorgan writes to his wife, mentioning him, 128;
-  named also by R. Brereton, 129;
-  Charles Ist’s commands to, 131;
-  Glamorgan informs him of his business in going to France, 138;
-  approves Glamorgan’s resolution, 178.
-
-DORMER, SIR WILLIAM, marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to Edward,
-    Lord Herbert, 16;
-  her death, 23.
-
----- ROBERT, Lord, of Weng, father of Sir William Dormer, 16; 23.
-
-DREBBLE, his stove, 264.
-
-
-      E.
-
-EDGE-HILL, soldiers furnished the King, by the Marquis of
-    Worcester, 67;
-named, 328.
-
-EDWARD, Lord Herbert--_see_ WORCESTER.
-
-EDWARD, fourth Earl of Worcester--_see_ SOMERSET, also WORCESTER.
-
-EDWARD, second Marquis of Worcester--_see_ SOMERSET, also WORCESTER.
-
-ELIZABETH, Lady Worcester, her death recorded, 8.
-
-ELIZABETH, Lady Herbert, first wife of Edward Lord Herbert
-    (afterwards sixth Earl of Worcester), 16;
-  mother of Henry, Duke of Beaufort, 16;
-  her two daughters, 17;
-  her portrait, 21,22;
-  her death, 22;
-  funeral certificate, 23;
-  sister of Robert, Earl of Carnarvon, 299.
-
-ELIZABETH. Queen, her Court at Greenwich, 1;
-  her leave obtained for Lord Herbert and Miss Russell’s marriage, 2;
-  the Queen to appoint the day, 2;
-  promises her presence, 3;
-  arrives at Blackfriars, 3;
-  carried in a Lectica, 3;
-  present at a masque, 4;
-  danced on the occasion, 4;
-  her death, 5.
-
-ENGINEERING, early, in England, 18.
-
-ENGINEERS, foreign, usually employed, 18.
-
-ENGLAND, state of art and science from 1640 noticed, 188.
-
-
-      F.
-
-FAIRFAX, SIR THOMAS, his dragoons at Padstow, obtains the Earl of
-    Glamorgan’s despatches, 124;
-  opinion of Charles Ist’s message to Parliament, 130;
-  sends his summons to the Marquis of Worcester, 151;
-  takes great interest in the mining approaches to Raglan Castle, 152;
-  concludes terms with the Marquis, 152;
-  ratified, 153;
-  Raglan Castle surrendered, 153;
-  entertained at Bath, 154.
-
-FERNES, the Roman Catholic Bishop of, Chancellor of the
-    Congregation, 183
-  --_see_ Father NUGENT.
-
-FINCH, HENEAGE, his report on a Petition, 273.
-
-FITZWILLIAMS, Col., named, 114.
-
-FOSTER, Captain WILLIAM, letter in respect to, 249.
-
-
-      G.
-
-GALILEO prosecuted at Rome, 27,28;
-  his death, 31.
-
-GLAMORGAN, Edward Somerset, Earl of, patent privily granted, 70;
-  copy of the patent, 70,71,72;
-  was acknowledged by Charles II. 72;
-  his instructions from Charles I., 72,73,74;
-  dispatches for Ireland, 74;
-  Charles I. acknowledges £250,000, 74;
-  sends him the Blue Ribbon and Warrant for the title of Duke of
-    Somerset, 74;
-  detained at home, 75;
-  his respectful letter to his father, August, 1644, 76,77;
-  termination of his military career in Wales, 77;
-  Charles Ist’s pretence to doubt his “judgment,” 78;
-  his Commission to raise troops in Ireland, 79,80;
-  visits Ireland, 82;
-  in Ireland, 82;
-  letter to Ormond, 83;
-  estimates his navy and army expenses at £100,000, 84;
-  expects 3000 men from Chester, 85;
-  letter to Ormond, 86;
-  going to Waterford, 86;
-  has laid an embargo on shipping at Wexford, 86;
-  a biographical error corrected, 87;
-  letter of John Bythell, 87;
-  named as “Lord Herbert,” in Bythell’s letter, 88;
-  at Carnarvon, a Welsh legend, 94;
-  his regiment of horse, 105;
-  second visit to Ireland, 112;
-  his commissions, warrant, and patent, 112;
-  Ormond notes his noble ends and apparent dangers, 113;
-  and his “judgment,” 114;
-  secret negotiations, 115;
-  their failure, 115;
-  his treaty found out, 116;
-  charged with high treason, 116;
-  a close prisoner in Dublin Castle, 116;
-  his examination, 119;
-  inquiry respecting his oath, 122;
-  did not unduly use his great powers, 123;
-  deceived by the King, 123;
-  his letters and papers taken at Padstow, 124;
-  publication of his agreement with the Irish Roman Catholics, 124;
-  copy of his oath, 124;
-  has 6000 Irish ready, 126;
-  his letter to his wife, 127;
-  his imprisonment, 127–129;
-  Charles I. repudiates his proceedings to Ormond, 131;
-  Secretary Nicholas writes to Ormond to the same effect, 131;
-  vindicates the King, 132;
-  a second letter, repudiating his powers and patent, 133;
-  Charles Ist’s letter to the Queen on this affair, 134;
-  the King’s letter to him, 134;
-  set at liberty, 135;
-  his bail, 136;
-  writes to Ormond that he shall go to France. 136;
-  presses for a continuance of the cessation, 137;
-  withholds his motion from the Supreme Council, 137;
-  Sir V. Molineux will accompany him to France, 137;
-  desires Ormond’s co-operation, 138;
-  has informed Lord Digby, 138;
-  his purchase of a ship, ordnance and stores, 138;
-  expects to return with a fleet, 138;
-  learns the loss of Chester, 138;
-  continues in Ireland, 139;
-  his father indifferently informed of his operations there, 142;
-  at Kilkenny, 157;
-  his letter to the Nuncio, 158;
-  a peace proposed to be approved by the Pope, 159;
-  the raising of 7000 men to be conditional, 159;
-  his projected visit to Italy, 159;
-  engages a large supply of money, men, arms, and ships, 160;
-  wrote to Charles I. hoping to relieve Chester, 160;
-  seeming friends industriously hinder him, 161;
-  relies on his Majesty’s “right interpretation,” 161;
-  his imprisonment declared a mere colourable affair, 162;
-  created “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” 162;
-  the patent, 162,163;
-  recital of his martial deeds, 162;
-  his remarks on the state of affairs, 164;
-  he apologizes for the King’s declaration, 164;
-  the King’s instructions, 164;
-  desires the good opinion of the Supreme Council, 165;
-  designed going to Rome, 165;
-  his letter to Father Nugent expressive of bitter disappointment and
-    mental anguish, 166;
-  his operations virtually terminated, 166,167;
-  perfect consistency of his conduct, 167;
-  had to deal with a grasping party, 168;
-  overmatched by Ormond, Digby, and others, 168;
-  opposition between his own views and those of his party, 168;
-  his spotless rectitude, 168;
-  he wrote to Ormond, 168;
-  reports the taking of Captain Allen, 170;
-  expects his own and other letters to be printed, 170;
-  reports several ships, 170;
-  his offer if joined by Ormond and the Supreme Council, 171;
-  the King’s “bugbear declaration,” 171;
-  Ormond’s approving answer, 172;
-  his brother in Italy, 175;
-  the King’s declaration “enforced upon him,” 176;
-  the intended articles he pronounces invalid, 177;
-  his bail in no danger, 177;
-  is debarred from calling on Ormond, 178;
-  his handwriting, 179;
-  address of a letter written in cipher, 179,180;
-  scarcity of his autograph, 181;
-  patent to appoint him Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 181;
-  his going to Rome, 181;
-  soliciting the post of Lord Lieutenant, 181;
-  “of a very mild temper,” 182;
-  “attached to the Apostolic See,” 182;
-  and “bound to it by oath and promises,” 182;
-  his oath, 182;
-  apprised of his father’s decease, 184
-  --_see_ also Edward, Earl and 2nd Marquis of WORCESTER.
-
-GLAMORGAN, Countess of, her husband’s letter from Dublin Castle, 127;
-  incident relating to her at Raglan Castle, 149,150;
-  leaves Raglan Castle, 153;
-  a pass granted her to Ireland, 184
-  --_see_ also Margaret, Marchioness of WORCESTER.
-
-GLOUCESTER, Lord Herbert before, 56;
-  stoutly defended, 56;
-  summoned by Prince Rupert, 56;
-  its reduction attempted, 56;
-  Lord Herbert’s horses seized, 60,61,62;
-  named, 328;
-  troops raised against, 333.
-
-GOODRICH Castle garrisoned, 60;
-  taken by Lord Herbert, 328,332.
-
-GOWER, the Poet, quoted, 108;
-  works mentioned, 145;
-  Appendix K.
-
-GREENWICH, Queen Elizabeth’s court at, 1;
-  letter from, 3;
-  the Queen’s return to court, 4.
-
-GREENWICH, Charles I. at, 35.
-
-
-      H.
-
-HALL, JOHN, the Marquis’s petition in respect of, 271;
-  case, 273;
-  named, 288.
-
-HALL, HENRY, the Marquis’s petition in respect of, 271.
-
-HAMILTON, Marquis of, Master of the Horse, 36.
-
-HAMILTON, Duke of, named, 25.
-
-HANNEMAN’S painting of a family group, 30;
-  noticed, 311.
-
-HARLEY, Lady, her Diary, 56,57,64.
-
-HARTLIB, Samuel, notice of Vauxhall, 266;
-  states the “Earl of Worcester is buying Vauxhall,” 267.
-
-HAZILRIGGE, Bart., Sir Arthur, named, 42.
-
-HENRIETTA MARIA, Queen, at Paris, her present of jewels to the Marquis
-    of Worcester, 313
-  --_see_ QUEEN DOWAGER.
-
-HENRY, Duke of Beaufort--_see_ BEAUFORT.
-
-HENRY, 1st Marquis of Worcester--_see_ SOMERSET, _also_ WORCESTER.
-
-HERBERT, Edward, of the Grange, 249.
-
-HERBERT, Henry, Lord--_see_ Henry, Earl and Marquis of Worcester.
-
-HERBERT, ANNE, Lady, her marriage gifts and portion, 4;
-  daughter of John Lord Russell, 5;
-  mother of 13 children, 6;
-  her relative Lady Morrison, 7.
-
-HERBERT, MARGARET, Lady (afterwards Countess of Glamorgan),
-    her marriage, 30;
-  her portrait, in a family group, 30;
-  her infant daughter, Mary, 30;
-  pass granted her to France, 187
-  --_see_ WORCESTER, Margaret, Marchioness of.
-
-HERBERT of Cardiffe, Lord; leads the bride (Miss Russell) to
-    church, 4.
-
-HEREFORD garrisoned, 6;
-  Governor of, 64;
-  the city taken by Lord Herbert, 66;
-  named, 332.
-
-HERO of Alexandria, his “Spiritalia,” 29.
-
-HERTFORD, Marquis of, 40,55;
-  defeat in the West, 67;
-  supplied with recruits, 67;
-  Dukedom of Somerset confirmed to him, 243;
-  named, 328;
-  forces a loan to, 332.
-
-HERVEY discovers the circulation of the blood, 7.
-
-HILL, RICHARD, a purchaser of the Marquis of Worcester’s estates, 193.
-
-HOLLAND, Lord, named, 59.
-
-HOOK, Dr., ridicules the engine; 292;
-  laughs at it, 294;
-  his character, 294.
-
-HOOPER, Captain, the engineer, mining at the siege of Raglan
-    Castle, 151;
-progress of his approaches, 152.
-
-HOPTON, Lord, letter from the Earl of Glamorgan, 126.
-
-HUNTINGDON, Charles I. at, 58.
-
-HUNTINGDON, Francis Hastings, Earl of, death of his daughter, wife
-    of Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester, 8;
-  letter from the Earl of Worcester, 12.
-
-
-      I.
-
-INVENTIONS, Century of, written, 214;
-  the manuscript, 221;
-  patent for four, 248;
-  list of, 249;
-  state of the knowledge of, 293.
-
-INVENTIONS of the Earl of Worcester, Appendix A.
-
-INVENTIONS, the Marquis of Worcester’s patent for four, Appendix B.
-
-IRELAND, visited in 1642 by the Earl of Glamorgan, 82;
-  the King is glad he is there, 82;
-  second visit, 112;
-  Ormond notes the Italian Bishop’s reception, 113;
-  to raise 10,000 men, 114;
-  packet boat from, boarded at Padstow, 124;
-  Fairfax’s report of this, 127;
-  the Marquis of Worcester expects benefit to Ireland through the
-    Queen, 185;
-  he leaves Ireland, 185;
-  the Marquis’s journey, 333.
-
-IRELAND, rebellion in, 69;
-  Charles I.’s Commission to the Earl of Glamorgan, to raise troops
-    in, 79,80;
-  Glamorgan’s visit to, 81,112.
-
-IRISH army, new levied, to disband, 39.
-
-IRISH Roman Catholics, offer to raise troops, 77;
-  difficulties arise out of their demands, 77;
-  the King’s narrow policy, 77;
-  Charles I.’s warrant to Glamorgan to treat and conclude with the
-    confederates, 80,81.
-
-
-      J.
-
-JAMES I., the Pope’s bulls, 5;
-  reprimands Henry, Earl of Worcester, on his daughter being a nun, 6;
-  the King proclaimed, 7;
-  his reign, 11.
-
-JESUITS excepted in the indulgence granted to Roman Catholics, 232;
-  the Jesuits represent their case, 232;
-  Henry, Marquis of Worcester, a Penitent of the Society, 232.
-
-JONES, Lady, and Sir Philip, leave Raglan Castle, 153.
-
-JONES, WILLIAM, Steward of Raglan, 142.
-
-
-      K.
-
-KALTOFF, CASPAR, a practical working engineer or machinist, so
-    engaged, 17;
-  water-work s at Raglan Castle, 19;
-  eleven years service, 29;
-  named by the Marquis, 262;
-  stated to be a Dutchman, 266;
-  employed making guns, 266;
-  inventions and models there, 266;
-  visited by Dr. Hook, 293;
-  superintending works, 301;
-  he and his wife (1672) lately deceased, 305;
-  their children, 305;
-  his son-in-law, Peter Jacobson, 305;
-  documents relating to, Appendix G.
-
-KENEYS, Bart., Sir Michael, Governor of Chepstow, 142.
-
-KENNET’S relation concerning Henry Earl of Worcester’s daughter
-    being a nun, 6;
-  remarks on Edward, Marquis of Worcester, his exile and return,
-    209,210.
-
-KIRLE, Colonel, his siege operations, 149.
-
-KUFFLER, Dr., his furnace, 264.
-
-
-      L.
-
-LENTHALL, John, letter from, 221;
-  has received a present, and acknowledges his fees, 221.
-
-LEYBURN, Father George, and the Marquis of Worcester leave
-  Ireland, 185.
-
-LINGARD, Dr. on Charles I.’s warrant to the Earl of Glamorgan, 135.
-
-LONDON in 1625–1636, coaches, hackney coaches, streets, pillory,
-    whipping, mutilations, the plague, 27;
-  fortified in 1643, 189;
-  Charles delivered up by the Scots, 1647, 189;
-  and his execution, 189;
-  the Commonwealth established, 189;
-  public taste curtailed, 189;
-  the Plague, 285.
-
-LOTHERDALE, Earl of, letter to, from the Marquis of Worcester, 223;
-  promises him an ingenious box, 223.
-
-LOUIS XIV., of France, favourable to Charles II., 209.
-
-
-      M.
-
-MARRIAGE gifts to Lady Herbert, 4;
-  a mock, at Raglan Castle, 97.
-
-MASQUE on occasion of Lord Herbert’s marriage to Miss Russell, 3;
-  ladies, characters, and dresses, 3;
-  the dance and address to the Queen, 4;
-  her Majesty joined in the dance, 4.
-
-MATHEWS, Sir TOBY, named, 141.
-
-MAZARINE, Cardinal, the Marquis of Worcester recommended to him, 188;
-  opposed to Louis XIV. attempting the restoration of Charles II. 210;
-  presented the Marquis to the King, 281;
-  his gracious remark, 281.
-
-MECHANICAL knowledge in the 17th century, 14.
-
-MILFORD HAVEN, Parliament ships in, 65.
-
-MILTON born, 7.
-
-MOLINEUX, Sir VIVIAN, will accompany the Earl of Glamorgan to
-    France, 137.
-
-MONCONIS, M. de, named by Sorbière, 263;
-  reports new inventions, 263,264.
-
-MONMOUTH, fortified, 60;
-  Lord Herbert before, 63;
-  Waller’s success, 63;
-  alarm, 63;
-  Marquis of Worcester’s efforts, 63;
-  saved by the Marquis, 66;
-  taken by Lord Herbert, 66;
-  named, 328;
-  fortified, 332.
-
-MONMOUTHSHIRE, Cromwell enjoys the Marquis of Worcester’s estates
-    in, 210;
-  his letter touching the same, 210.
-
-MONOPOLISTS, prejudices against, 293.
-
-MONTGOMERYSHIRE, raising troops in, 64.
-
-MOORE, Lord JOHN, Kennington, 286.
-
-MORGAN, Colonel, at Worcester, 149;
-  at Landenny, 149;
-  his regiment, 151.
-
-MORLEY, THOMAS, Lord, died 1416, 96.
-
-MORRISON, Lady, in the Friars, 7.
-
-MYDDLETON, Sir HUGH, forms the New River, 8.
-
-
-      N.
-
-NAPIER, Lord, his system of logarithms, 7.
-
-NASEBY, battle of, 104.
-
-NEWPORT, named, 328.
-
-NEWSTEAD, money to be sent privately to, for Charles I. 41.
-
-NICHOLAS, Secretary, letter to Ormond, 131;
-  denounces Lord Herbert’s negotiations in Ireland, 132;
-  his second letter, 133.
-
-NORTHAMPTON, Earl of, named, 24.
-
-NOTTINGHAM. Charles I. at, 44,58.
-
-NUGENT, Father Robert, Superior of the Jesuits in Ireland, the Earl
-    of Glamorgan’s letter expressing his distress, 165;
-  named, 183.
-
-
-      O.
-
-O’BRIEN, HENRY, Earl of Thomond, his daughter Margaret’s marriage, 30;
-  his petition, 196;
-  named, 300.
-
-O’NEILL, Mr. named, 113.
-
-ORMOND, Marquis of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, as respects
-    concluding a peace, the King empowers Glamorgan to act, 73,75,77;
-  the King’s letter to, Dec. 1644, 78;
-  Glamorgan’s letter to, 83;
-  recommends to conciliate the Nuncio, 84;
-  about Chester, 85;
-  and 10,000 men, 85;
-  Chester holds out, 86;
-  letter from Glamorgan, 86;
-  letter to, 113;
-  stretch of authority, 113;
-  approves Glamorgan’s “judgment,” 114;
-  his continued civility to the Earl, 115;
-  his suspicions aroused, 115;
-  his warrant to commit the Earl of Glamorgan to Dublin Castle, 116;
-  letter from Secretary Nicholas, 131;
-  repudiates Lord Herbert’s negotiations, 132;
-  second letter, 133;
-  repudiates his powers and patent, 133;
-  letter from Glamorgan, 136;
-  who intends going to France, 136;
-  and presses for a continuance of the cessation, 137;
-  Glamorgan seeks his co-operation, 138;
-  in England, 147;
-  letter from  Glamorgan, 168;
-  his large and noble offer, 171;
-  an approving reply, 172,173;
-  letter from Glamorgan, 175;
-  commends his wisdom, 177;
-  letter from Glamorgan, 178;
-  leaves Dublin, goes to Hampton Court, 184;
-  living at Acton, and goes thence to France, 187;
-  waits on the Queen, 187;
-  meets the Countess of Glamorgan, (Marchioness of Worcester), 188;
-  her ill-timed resentment, 188.
-
-
-      P.
-
-PAPIST, the Marquis charged with being a, 55.
-
-PAPISTS, and notorious malignants, 192;
-  warrants for seizing their estates, 192.
-
-PAPISTS, Parliamentary order for disarming, 43;
-  repudiated, and yet countenanced by Charles I., 69;
-  Charles II.’s declaration to banish, 294.
-
-PARIS, Marquis of Worcester leaves Ireland for, 185;
-  Lady Herbert (Marchioness of Worcester), has a pass to, 187;
-  Ormond flies to, 187;
-  Marchioness of Worcester at, 188;
-  Charles II.’s court at, 189;
-  the Marquis of Worcester at, 189;
-  full of loyal fugitives, 190.
-
-PARLIAMENT, Henry Lord Herbert summoned to, 7;
-  Parliamentary duties, 8;
-  dispensation to be absent, 8;
-  the Long, 31;
-  jealous of Lord Herbert, 36;
-  notice the Marquis of Worcester and Lord Herbert, 38;
-  order to disarm them, 43;
-  Lord Herbert’s offer in reference to the Commission of Array, 59;
-  professes his determination, 60;
-  summons Lord Herbert to appear, 60;
-  and his father, 61;
-  ordinance affecting Papists, 192;
-  contract in pursuance of such ordinance, 193;
-  orders the disposal of Worcester House, 194;
-  petitioned by the Marchioness of Worcester, 194;
-  report on the petition, 195;
-  further report, 198;
-  order to pay £6. per week to the Marchioness of Worcester, 191;
-  reference to Committee, 199;
-  order, 199;
-  an Act, 199;
-  order regarding pension, 199;
-  order for possession of Worcester House, 199;
-  order on Henry Lord Herbert’s petition, 202;
-  question on his delinquency, 204;
-  petition refused, 204;
-  report, 205;
-  resolutions, 205;
-  persons banished by, and their property confiscated, 209;
-  resolutions on, 209;
-  orders the imprisonment of the Marquis of Worcester, 211;
-  on his petition order for his enlargement, 212;
-  sufficient bail to be taken, 212.
-
-PARLIAMENT--at the Restoration.
-  _House of Lords_, Marchioness of Worcester’s petition about Worcester
-      House, 235;
-  restoration of the Marquis’s estate ordered, 238;
-  discuss the subject of his patent creating him Duke of Somerset, 239;
-  referred to Lords named, 240;
-  a committee reports, 240;
-  message to House of Commons, 241;
-  increase of committee, 241;
-  the Patent delivered up, 242;
-  Bill in respect to Patents and Grants, 242;
-  a message from the Commons, 243;
-  Marquis of Worcester’s attendances, 243,244;
-  prorogued, 244;
-  re-opening, 244;
-  Act for the Water-commanding engine, 253;
-  second reading, 254;
-  Lords’ committee (note), 254;
-  passed, 256;
-  attendances, 282.
-
-  _House of Commons_, message from the Lords, 241;
-  a message to the Lords, 243;
-  report on the Bill for the Water-commanding engine, 255;
-  Commons’ Committee, 255;
-  Bill returned to the Lords, 256;
-  passed, 256.
-
-PARLIAMENT, Act of, for the Water-commanding engine, Appendix C.
-
-PARLIAMENT ships reported to be in Milford Haven, 65.
-
-PATENT, Marquis of Worcester’s, for four inventions, 248;
-  Appendix B.
-
-PATENTS and grants, Bill in reference to, 242.
-
-PEACHAM, HENRY, on mechanical knowledge, 14;
-  his praise of Geometry, 14,15;
-  automata, 15.
-
-PEMBROKE, Earl of, his town of Carlyon, 332.
-
-PEMBROKE, Earl of, magazine from, 60.
-
-PENNOYER, WILLIAM, and Richard Hill, large purchasers of the
-    Marquis of Worcester’s estates, 193;
-  Parliamentary resolutions in respect to the Marquis of Worcester’s
-    estates conveyed to them, 205.
-
-“PETER,” John Bythell, commander of the, his letter to his father, 88;
-  escapes shipwreck, but the cargo of corn seized, 90;
-  list of crew and passengers, 92;
-  made prisoners, 92.
-
-PETITIONS, &c. dated 1665, Appendix I.
-
-PIGOT, Colonel, letter from R. Brereton, 130;
-  send him a letter for the Countess of Glamorgan, at Raglan, 180.
-
-POPE, the, his bulls, 5;
-  to be conciliated, 84;
-  his bull, 116;
-  secret negotiations, 158;
-  a peace, to his approval, 159;
-  his treaty to be pre-eminent, 160;
-  a copy of Charles I.’s letter, 174;
-  Lord John Somerset to be sent on a mission to, 184;
-  with Catholic Princes to supply £30,000 per month to maintain an
-    army in England, 228;
-  Glamorgan had power to treat accordingly, 229.
-
-POPE’S Nuncio, the, to be conciliated, 84;
-  Glamorgan’s letter to, 158;
-  secret negotiations proposed by Glamorgan, 158;
-  articles on the part of his Holiness and the King, 159;
-  Glamorgan’s engagement, 159;
-  to name an Admiral, 160;
-  Glamorgan agrees with him to confer certain titles, 160;
-  his letter, 181;
-  promoting Glamorgan’s solicitations for post of Lord Lieutenant, 181;
-  expects Dublin to be taken, 182;
-  important to appoint a Catholic so highly approved, 182;
-  the King’s appointment, 182;
-  it is contemplated to transport the Holy Faith into England by
-    arms, 182;
-  and by the Earl, a perfect Catholic, 182;
-  Glamorgan’s oath, 182,183.
-
-POPISH recusants, order to disband, 39.
-
-POPISH army, rumours of a, 55.
-
-POWIS, WILLIAM HERBERT, Marquis of, marries Elizabeth, second
-    daughter of Edward, Lord Herbert, 17.
-
-PRESENT, a christening, 2.
-
-PROJECTORS and monopolists, 31.
-
-PUDDING, Dr., Queen Elizabeth passing through his house is presented
-    with a fan, 4.
-
-
-      Q.
-
-QUEEN DOWAGER of England, her remark at the Court of France, in
-    respect to the Marquis of Worcester, 281.
-
-
-      R.
-
-RAGLAN Castle, noticed, 8;
-  becomes the residence of Henry, Earl of Worcester, 8,10;
-  distinguished as a luxurious residence, 12;
-  described, 48;
-  distant view of, 49;
-  ancient portions, 51,52,53;
-  garrisoned, 53;
-  ancient warfare, 53;
-  Lord Herbert obtains troops and stores, 57;
-  Countess of Glamorgan there, 95;
-  its garrison, 95;
-  ancient remains, 95,95;
-  character of the family and servants there, 96;
-  a mock wedding and masque, 96;
-  visited by Charles I., 104;
-  military operations, 140;
-  the Marquis’s apartments, 140;
-  arrival of Allan Boteler with a message from Charles I., his
-    reception., 144,145;
-  detained, and precipitate departure, 146,147;
-  the siege, 149;
-  a skirmish, 150,151;
-  mining approaches, 151;
-  the garrison makes desperate sallies, 151;
-  cessation of arms, 152;
-  the castle in jeopardy, 152;
-  terms of surrender concluded, 153;
-  evacuated and delivered up to General Fairfax, 153;
-  departure of the Marquis, his family, friends, and retainers,
-    153,154;
-  stores, furniture, &c. found there, 154;
-  letters and papers ordered to London, 155;
-  the castle ordered to be “pulled down and destroyed,” 156;
-  named, 328,332;
-  expense of garrison, 333.
-
-RAGLAN Church, burial of Edward Marquis of Worcester and his wife
-    Elizabeth, 8;
-  “St. Cadocus,” 22;
-  Elizabeth, Lady Herbert’s funeral, 22;
-  described, 96;
-  the Marquis of Worcester buried at, 295;
-  views of, 296,297.
-
-RAMELLI’S works, 1588, 29.
-
-REDMAN, James, Worcester house, 27.
-
-RESTORATION, the, 226;
-  coronation, 232;
-  prospects of the Marquis of Worcester at the, 234;
-  characters of Charles II. and the Marquis contrasted, 234;
-  advance of science, 253.
-
-RICHMOND, Duke of, named, 25.
-
-RINUCCINI, the Pope’s Nuncio, gives the Marquis of Worcester an
-    introduction to Cardinal Mazarine, 188.
-
-ROLLOCK, JAMES, “an ancient servant,” 336.
-
-ROME, visit to Claudius at, 18;
-  Galileo prosecuted at, 27,28;
-  agent’s letters from, 116.
-
-ROUNDHEAD party, 31.
-
-ROYAL SOCIETY, established, and incorporated, 253;
-  proceedings noticed by M. de Monconis, 263;
-  Dr. Hook redicules the Marquis’s engine, and may have influenced
-    members unfavourably, 294.
-
-ROYALIST party, 31.
-
-RUPERT, Prince, Gloucester summoned by, 57;
-  at Bristol, 57;
-  letter from Lord Herbert, 62;
-  Lord Herbert’s dispatch, 64,65;
-  offered Forest of Dean miners, 65;
-  his warrant to the Marquis of Worcester, 65,66.
-
-RUSSELL, FRANCIS, Earl of Bedford, 6.
-
-RUSSELL, Lord JOHN, named, 5.
-
-RUSSELL, Miss ANNE, report of her marriage to Henry Lord Herbert, 1;
-  letters about her marriage, 2;
-  her marriage at Blackfriars, 2;
-  the feast, 3;
-  ceremony and gifts, 4.
-  See ANNE LADY HERBERT.
-
-RUSSELL, Lady, marriage preparations for her daughter, 2;
-  Queen Elizabeth carried to her house in a Lectica, 3;
-  her great and plentiful entertainment, continued for three days, 4;
-  her relative Lady Morrison, 7.
-
-RUTLAND, Earl of, leads the bride (Lady Herbert) from church, 4.
-
-
-      S.
-
-SANDFORD, FRANCIS, Pursuivant at Arms, at the Marquis’s funeral, 297;
-  account of him, 297,298;
-  takes the Marquis’s funeral certificate, 300.
-
-SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, popular superstitions, 339.
-
-SHAKESPEARE died, 7.
-
-SIRI, VITTORIO, opinion of Charles I.’s message to Parliament, 130.
-
-SOMERSET, Lord JOHN, to be sent on a mission to the Pope, 184;
-  disposal of property by Parliament, 193;
-  Patent delivered up, 242;
-  named, 288.
-
-SOMERSET, Sir JOHN, second son, 6,9,43;
-  conveys £5,000 to Newstead, 42;
-  levying 500 horse, 42;
-  in command before Gloucester, 56;
-  named in Bythell’s letter, 88;
-  his father deposits £6000 with him, 109;
-  Charles I. obtains it on promise of repayment, 109;
-  subscribes articles, 120.
-
-SOMERSET, THOMAS, named, 6.
-
-SOMERSET, CHARLES, governor of Raglan Castle, 6,9,53;
-  leaves Raglan Castle, 153.
-
-SOMERSET, FREDERICK, his baptism, 6.
-
-SOMERSET, CHARLES, 1st Marquis of Worcester, his autograph,
-    (note) 309;
-  his marriages and death, 309,310.
-
-SOMERSET, HENRY, Lord Herbert--_see_ BEAUFORT, Duke of.
-
-SOMERSET, WILLIAM, died 1589, 96.
-
-SOMERSET HOUSE, hydraulic work on, 265 and 302.
-
-SOMERSET, EDWARD, died 1628, 96.
-
-SOMERSET, Duke of, patent in respect to the title of, 239;
-  Lords’ Committee to consider, 240;
-  conditions not fulfilled, 240;
-  the patent acknowledged and to be surrendered, 241;
-  committee, 241;
-  Marquis of Hertford, his title of Duke of Somerset confirmed, 243.
-
-SOMERSET, HENRY, 2nd Marquis of Worcester, 310.
-
-SOMERSET, WILLIAM, 3rd Marquis of Worcester, 310.
-
-SOMERSET, EDWARD, 4th Marquis of Worcester, 310.
-
-SOMERSET, HENRY, 5th and 1st Marquis of Worcester, 310.
-
-SOMERSET, EDWARD, 6th and 2nd Marquis of Worcester, 310.
-
-SORBIÈRE, M. SAMUEL, his book, 262;
-  criticised by Dr. Sprat, 263;
-  names M. de Monconis, 263;
-  and new inventions, 264;
-  visits Vauxhall to see the Marquis of Worcester’s engine, 264;
-  notices the waterworks at Somerset House, 265.
-
-SPRAT, Dr., criticises Sorbière, 263.
-
-ST. CADOCUS.--_see_ Raglan Church.
-
-SYDNEY, Sir ROBERT, correspondence, 2.
-
-
-      T.
-
-THEOBALDS, Charles I. to, 35,58.
-
-THOMOND, Earl of.--_see_ Henry O’Brien, Earl of Thomond.
-
-THURLOE, Secretary, letter from the Marquis of Worcester, 217.
-
-TISSER, ANN, a widow, in possession of the Gate-house of Worcester
-    House, resists giving up possession, 239;
-  is charged with contempt and speedily ejected, 293.
-
-TOWER of London, Marquis of Worcester, his great experiment there
-    before Charles I., 24,25,26;
-  committed a prisoner to, 211;
-  enlarged, 212;
-  Lord Herbert, committed a prisoner, 233;
-  his letter from the Tower, 233;
-  Captain William Foster a prisoner, 249;
-  the Marquis’s letter, 250;
-  his “six years’ experience,” 251;
-  period of the Marquis’s imprisonment considered, 252.
-
-TRAVERS, WILLIAM, Roman Catholic Priest, his letter to the Dowager
-    Marchioness of Worcester, Appendix D.
-
-TROY HOUSE, 6,9;
-  fruit from, 109.
-
-TUAM, Roman Catholic Archbishop of, his death, 115;
-  papers found, 116.
-
-
-      V.
-
-VANDYCK, painter, 21;
-  his portraits, 21,22.
-
-VAUXHALL, treating for, 213;
-  the Marquis may have resided there, 261;
-  Sorbière’s visit, 262;
-  his notice, 264;
-  designation of, 265;
-  notice of by Hartlib, 266;
-  “the Earl of Worcester is buying Vauxhall,” 267;
-  Petition respecting, 286;
-  £50,000 expended there in experiments, 286;
-  survey of land and works, 289–291;
-  Dr. Hook’s visit, 292;
-  visited by Cosmo de Medici the Third, 302;
-  summary of work there for 7 years, 337;
-  documents relating to, Appendix G.
-
-VAVASOUR, Colonel, with Lord Herbert, raising troops, 64;
-  Governor of Hereford, 64.
-
-VAVASOUR, Sir WILLIAM, 65,333.
-
-VENICE, visit to the arsenal at, 18.
-
-
-      W.
-
-WALLER, Sir WILLIAM, defeats Lord Herbert before Gloucester, 56,57;
-  prisoners taken, 57;
-  before Monmouth, 63;
-  named, 328.
-
-WARFARE, ancient, 53,54.
-
-WARRANT, Cromwell’s, for a weekly allowance of £3 per week to the
-    Marquis, 213, Appendix F.
-
-WATER-WORKS at Raglan, 19,20,21.
-
-WATER-commanding Engine, named in a letter to the Earl of Lotherdale
-    (January 1660), 223;
-  the Marquis alludes to, expecting an Act for it, 223;
-  his “truly significant definition,” 224;
-  earliest distinct reference, 225;
-  its progress, 253;
-  application to Parliament, 253;
-  the Act passed, 256;
-  one-tenth granted to Charles II. 257;
-  the same remitted to the Marquis on surrender of a warrant
-    granting him lands to the value of £40,000, 257; (and note), 257;
-  seen by Sorbière, 264;
-  the public prove sceptical, 268;
-  intelligence respecting it, 268;
-  Act, and posting bills respecting, 291;
-  set up at Vauxhall, 291;
-  seen by Dr. Hook, 292;
-  its practical character, 300;
-  seen by Cosmo de Medici the Third, at Vauxhall, 302;
-  mentioned in 1670, in a letter, 303;
-  latest intelligence, 304;
-  the Marquis’s principal invention, 305;
-  means taken for publishing it, 305,306;
-  his three accounts of it, 306;
-  generally unnoticed by contemporaries, 306;
-  its superiority, 307;
-  it was in advance of the age, 307;
-  operations to give it publicity, 336;
-  a model to be deposited, 336;
-  and one to be buried, 337;
-  summary of work at Vauxhall, 337;
-  probable learned and wealthy visitors, 338,339;
-  Act for, Appendix C.
-
-WATKINS, Sir DAVID, £20 loan, 214.
-
-WHEEL, the great, experiment at the Tower, 24,25,26.
-
-WILLIS, Mr., his inventions, 264.
-
-WILLIAMS, Sir TREVOR, his siege operations, 149;
-  seized 80 horses, 149.
-
-WILLIAM, Lord HERBERT, at Oxford, 6;
-  early decease, 6.
-
-WINTER, Sir JOHN, Forest of Dean, 63;
-  united with Lord Herbert. 63;
-  deserts and spoils the Forest, 64.
-
-WOOD, ANT. À. his account of William Lord Herbert, and his brother
-    Henry Somerset, at Oxford, 6;
-  their ages, 6, 7;
-  remarks on Henry, Lord Herbert, 11;
-  on his religion, 11.
-
-WOODCROFT, BENNET, _F.R.S._ list of copies of Documents in his
-    possession respecting the Marquis of Worcester, Appendix F.;
-  Cromwell’s warrant, _ibid._
-
-WORCESTER, EDWARD, SOMERSET, 4th Earl of, rumour of his son’s
-    intended marriage, 1;
-  christening of Sir Robert Sydney’s daughter, 2;
-  waiting on Queen Elizabeth, 2;
-  his christening present, 2;
-  his son Henry Lord Herbert’s marriage, 2,3,4,5;
-  invested with Order of the Garter, 7;
-  Keeper of the Privy Seal, 7;
-  his death, 8;
-  his autograph, 12;
-  his horsemanship and athletic acquirements, 13;
-  named, 299.
-
-WORCESTER, EDWARD SOMERSET, 6th Earl and 2nd Marquis of,
-    (Lord Herbert, from 1601 to 1642), notice of, 2;
-  one of 13 children, 6;
-  at Oxford, 6;
-  family associations, 9;
-  probable date of his birth, 10;
-  at eight years of age, 10;
-  his preceptor, Mr. Adams, 10;
-  his education, and on the continent, 11;
-  at Charles the First’s court, 11;
-  at 24 years of age, 11;
-  Raglan Castle, a luxurious residence, 12;
-  a young nobleman’s education, 12;
-  personal appearance, 13;
-  defect in speech, 13;
-  his style of composition, 13;
-  state of mechanical science, 16;
-  his first marriage, 16;
-  his family of one son and two daughters, 16,17;
-  Henry created Duke of Beaufort, 17;
-  account of his marriage, 17;
-  engages the mechanic Caspar Kaltoff, 17;
-  a work-shop, 17;
-  predilection for mathematical and mechanical studies, 17;
-  continental tour, 18;
-  at Rome and Venice, 18;
-  domestic and studious habits, 18;
-  early inventions, 18;
-  his inventive faculty, 19;
-  his water-works at Raglan, 19,20,21;
-  Vandyck’s portrait, 21;
-  his “golden days,” 22;
-  attests his wife’s funeral certificate, 23;
-  letter from Secretary Coke, 23;
-  at Worcester House 24;
-  his Wheel at the Tower, 24;
-  described, 25;
-  exhibited to Charles I. 25;
-  paradoxes, 25,26;
-  his married life, 26;
-  a widower, 26;
-  studies and pursuits, 27;
-  studies matured, 28;
-  a mathematician, 28;
-  of delicate frame, 28,29;
-  his books, 29;
-  second marriage, 30;
-  his Irish connexions, 30;
-  death of his child, Mary, 30;
-  painting of a family group, 30;
-  strange costume, 30,31;
-  resident in London, 31,32;
-  letter from Charles I. 33;
-  “lying pamphlets,” 33;
-  Charles I. another letter, 33;
-  indisposition, 34;
-  at 40 years of age, 35;
-  his declaration in regard to the King’s early movements, 35;
-  fears the Parliament, 36;
-  noticed by Parliament, 38;
-  order to consider his commission, 38;
-  Parliamentary order to disarm him, 43;
-  order for his appearance, 43;
-  at Nottingham, 44;
-  his minute report of Charles Ist’s message to his father, 44,45,46;
-  Lord Herbert’s interview with Charles I. at Nottingham pourtrayed,
-    46,47;
-  residence at Raglan Castle, 48;
-  has the command of 500 horse, 54;
-  in his military capacity, 55;
-  made General of South Wales, 56;
-  General of the horse, 56;
-  before Gloucester, 56;
-  attempts its reduction, 56;
-  defeat and loss, 57;
-  appears to have been at Oxford, 57;
-  at Hereford, 57;
-  called to the Forest of Dean, 58;
-  dispensing his father’s loans to Charles I., 58,59;
-  in fear of Parliament, 58;
-  takes leave of it, 59;
-  retires to Raglan, 59;
-  his offer to Parliament, 59;
-  his declaration to uphold the King’s cause, 60;
-  raises six regiments, 60;
-  horses seized at Gloucester, 60,61;
-  summoned to Parliament, 60;
-  letter to Prince Rupert, 62;
-  entering Forest of Dean, 63;
-  before Monmouth, 63;
-  flight of his troops, 63;
-  unites with Sir John Winter, 63;
-  raising troops in Montgomeryshire, 64;
-  a dispatch to Prince Rupert, 64,65;
-  reports ships in Milford Haven, 65;
-  offer of Forest of Dean miners for Bristol, 65;
-  recital of his military exploits, 66;
-  no contemporary account of them, 67;
-  reduces Abergavenny and Carlyon, 67;
-  his troop of Life Guards, 67;
-  gained no military celebrity, 68;
-  his character as a commander, 68;
-  created Earl of Glamorgan, 70;
-  his autograph as Edward Lord Herbert, 77;
-  water-works at Raglan, 100,101;
-  his father’s reproof on his demanding money for the king, 101,101,102;
-  procures the king £6000, committed to his brother’s care, 109;
-
-  --(_See_ EARL of GLAMORGAN,
-  _transactions preceding his father’s death._)--
-  his letter to the Bishop of Fernes, 184;
-  expects the Queen to befriend Ireland, 185;
-  leaves Ireland for France, 185;
-  in exile, 186;
-  his inventions neglected in his time, 187;
-  styled “Lord Herbert of Raglan,” and a pass to France granted to his
-    wife, 187;
-  account of his being in Paris, 188;
-  his introduction to Cardinal Mazarine, 188;
-  seeks to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 188;
-  interview between his wife and Ormond, 188;
-  her ill-timed resentment, 188;
-  at St. Germain’s, 189;
-  wrote to Charles II., and his gracious reply, 190;
-  four or five years in France, 190;
-  general poverty, 191;
-  difficulties in the way of study abroad, 191;
-  his family in England, 192;
-  disposal of his property by Parliament, 193;
-  Worcester House, during his life, 195;
-  a Bill for settling the same, 195;
-  his son and two daughters, 201;
-  his property, 202,203,204;
-  Parliamentary resolutions in regard to valuation, 205,206,207;
-  a trying period of five years, 207;
-  his property assists the Government, 207;
-  treatment of his wife and family significant of his being
-    esteemed, 208;
-  return to England, 209;
-  Parliamentary resolution in regard to him as being banished and his
-    property confiscated, 209;
-  supposed to have been sent to England by Charles II., 210;
-  his visit considered, 210,211;
-  committed to the Tower, 211;
-  his trial to be considered, 211;
-  his petition, 212;
-  order for his liberation, 212;
-  period of confinement, 213;
-  his age, 213;
-  loan of £20., 214;
-  summary of his history, 214;
-  his “Century” written, 214;
-  writes to Chris. Copley, 215;
-  his solemn obligation to Chris. Copley, 216;
-  names his “water-work,” 216;
-  letter to Secretary Thurloe, 217;
-  desires an interview with Cromwell, 218;
-  probable meaning of his letter, 218,219,220;
-  letter to the Earl of Lotherdale, 223;
-  promises him an ingeniously contrived box, 223;
-  his humour not to produce an invention a second time, 223;
-  looks for an Act of Parliament, 223;
-  offers his lordship the benefit of £500 (share), 223;
-  his “definition,” 224,225;
-  earliest distinct reference, 225;
-  his wonderful inventive faculty, 225;
-  his son resident at Badminton, 226;
-  letter of explanations to Lord Clarendon, 227;
-  exposed himself to “any expense or difficulty,” 227;
-  object to screen Charles I., 228;
-  the “amplitude of his commission,” 228;
-  the “height of his Majesty’s design,” 228;
-  immense army arrangements, 228;
-  £30,000 from the Pope and Catholic Princes, 228;
-  the signing and sealing, 229;
-  no use made by him of his great powers, 229;
-  his petition in respect to grants and promises made by Charles I.,
-    to his father and himself, to recommend the same to the notice of
-    Parliament, 230;
-  circular note to creditors, 231;
-  his prospects at the Restoration, 234;
-  sketch of his character and that of Charles II., 234;
-  political enemies, 235;
-  offer of Worcester House to Lord Clarendon, 235;
-  seeks his friendship, 236;
-  refers to the “obnoxiousness of his religion,” 236;
-  intimates his desire to make a secret communication to the King, in
-    his lordship’s presence, 237;
-  conjecture as to his meaning, 237,238;
-  he petitions the House of Lords, 238;
-  restoration of his estates ordered, 238;
-  deeds and writings, his property, ordered to be given up, 238;
-  Ann Tisser’s purchase, 239;
-  his Patent, a prejudice to the Peers, 239;
-  Lords’ committee to consider, 240;
-  acknowledges a patent to create him Duke of Somerset, 240;
-  delivers up his patent, 242;
-  reflections on the treatment he receives, 242;
-  retained the titles of Earl of Glamorgan and Baron Beaufort, 243;
-  attends the House of Lords, 243;
-  present when the king prorogues parliament, 244;
-  petition in respect to debts, 245;
-  bill to restore his estates, 245;
-  encumbered, 246;
-  petitioners against him, 246;
-  magnitude of his claims, 247;
-  his patent for four inventions, 248;
-  further inventions, 249;
-  his letter in testimony of Captain Foster’s character, 250;
-  a second letter, 251;
-  “my six years’ experience of him during my imprisonment in the
-   Tower,” 251;
-  period of his own imprisonment considered, 252;
-  the pot-lid story exploded, 252;
-  Act for his water-commanding engine, and he attends the House,
-    253,254,256,256;
-  passed, 256;
-  surrenders a warrant to the value of £40,000, 257;
-  and _note_, 257;
-  may have resided at Vauxhall, 261;
-  noticed by Sorbière, 264;
-  his secresy in regard to works, 266;
-  reported to be buying Vauxhall, 257;
-  at Vauxhall, 268;
-  Duke of Albemarle represents his case, 269;
-  his petition to Charles II. 269;
-  another, in respect to Henry and John Hall, 271;
-  Finch’s report, 273;
-  case as respects John Hall, 273;
-  offers a gratuity of £500 per annum, 275;
-  seeks to set up an engine, 276;
-  offers a judgment in lieu of preceding gratuity, 276;
-  a draft letter, 277;
-  Mazarine’s remark, 281;
-  Queen Dowager’s saying, 281;
-  borrows £200, 281;
-  petitions for a Committee of Inquiry, 283;
-  his autograph, 283;
-  referred, 284;
-  censures Lord Arlington, 284;
-  could have £50,000 yearly abroad, 284;
-  he does “as good as want bread,” 285;
-  his birth-right, 285;
-  foreign censure, 285;
-  speaks of two petitions unnoticed, 285;
-  petition in respect to Vauxhall, 286;
-  £50,000 expended in experiments, 286;
-  survey of land and works at Vauxhall, 289–91;
-  his working-house or Operatory, 291;
-  his Act, and posting bills, 291;
-  his anomalous position as an inventor, 293;
-  alludes to his melancholy, 294;
-  neglected by, yet clings to the court, 295;
-  his death, 295;
-  probably at Lambeth, 295;
-  buried at Raglan, and inscription, 295;
-  his arms and funeral certificate, 298–300;
-  mis-statement about his burial, _note_, 298;
-  his prayer on beholding the completion of his engine, 300;
-  brief genealogical retrospect, 309,310;
-  in his youth, 311;
-  his marriage, 311;
-  the civil war, 311;
-  as Earl of Glamorgan, 312;
-  valuable present from the Queen while he was an exile in France, 313;
-  his “Century,” 314;
-  his inventions and experiments, 315;
-  his public appeal, 316;
-  list of five inventions, 316;
-  a further list, 317;
-  Cromwell allows him £3 per week, 317;
-  statement of his expenses and losses through Charles I., 319;
-  spent and lost £800,000, 321;
-  proposes a troop of Life-guards, 322;
-  an ordinary for indigent officers, 324;
-  four causeways, 325;
-  offer of £1000 for repairing St. Paul’s, 325,326;
-  his troop of Life-guards, 328,329;
-  his father’s remark thereon, 329;
-  took leave of the Parliament (1641), 331;
-  writes a sentence in cipher, 333;
-  troops at Gloucester, 333;
-  summary of his proposed address, 335;
-  its date, 335;
-  his estimate of the value of the Engine, 338;
-  made it public, 338;
-  his great acquired knowledge, 340;
-  his promised work, 341;
-  neglected by contemporaries, 341;
-  general estimate of his character and his “Century,” 342;
-  early list of his inventions, Appendix A.;
-  his Patent for inventions, Appendix B;
-  his “Definition and Act,” Appendix C.;
-  apocryphal passages relating to, Appendix H.;
-  Petitions, etc., of 1665, Appendix I.
-
-WORCESTER, HENRY, Earl and 1st Marquis of, his reported marriage, 1;
-  sent to a christening, 2;
-  letters about his marriage, 2;
-  preparations for his marriage at Blackfriars, 2;
-  a memorable masque, 3;
-  feast, 3;
-  ceremony, 3,4;
-  Lord and Lady Herbert at court, 4;
-  his age, 6;
-  summoned to Parliament, 7;
-  resident in London, 8;
-  his family, 9;
-  his character and constitution, 9;
-  family at Raglan, 9;
-  his autograph, 10;
-  at forty-eight years of age, 12;
-  letter from Secretary Coke, 23;
-  his son and heir, 23;
-  death of his wife, 31;
-  letter from Charles I., 32;
-  munificent advances to the King, 34;
-  created Marquis of Worcester, 37;
-  his age, 37;
-  person, age and wealth, 37;
-  noticed by Parliament, 38;
-  order to consider his commission, 38;
-  guard set on his house, 39;
-  letter from Charles I. 40;
-  sends the King £5,000 to Newstead, 42;
-  the King “hopes he shall not die in his debt,” 42;
-  Parliamentary order to disarm him, 43;
-  ordered to appear before the House, 43;
-  Raglan Castle garrisoned, 43;
-  message of Charles I. to him, as reported by Lord Herbert, from
-    Northampton, 44,45,46;
-  the Marquis’ character, 28;
-  Raglan Castle described, 48,51,52,53;
-  warlike preparations, 53;
-  his wealth, 54;
-  his horses and stables, 54;
-  early rumours against him, 55;
-  Lord Herbert obtains troops and stores, 57;
-  certain loans to Charles I., 58,59;
-  Lord Herbert leaves London for Raglan, 59;
-  summoned to appear before Parliament, 61;
-  Monmouth mostly the Marquis’s tenants, 63;
-  calls in the aid of Prince Rupert to assist Monmouth, 63;
-  letter from Charles I., 1643, 64;
-  promise of title (of Duke), 64;
-  Prince Rupert’s warrant, 65,66;
-  he saves Monmouth, 66;
-  it belongs to him of inheritance, 66;
-  supplies the Marquis of Hertford with recruits, 67;
-  furnishes the King with soldiers at Edge-hill, 67;
-  Charles I. acknowledges £250,000, 74;
-  sixty-three years of age, 95;
-  marriage of his daughter Elizabeth, 97;
-  a masque and mock marriage for entertainment, 97,98,99,100;
-  practical joke on searchers for arms, 100,101;
-  reproof to Lord Herbert, 101,102;
-  letter from Charles I., 102;
-  promise of the Garter, 103;
-  another letter, 103;
-  enclosing a warrant to create him Duke of Somerset, 103;
-  “a match propounded for his grandchild,” 103;
-  visited by Charles I. 104;
-  his reception, 105;
-  his free discourse with the King, 106–8;
-  characteristic dinner incident, 108,109;
-  reproves Lord Herbert for procuring the King £6,000, deposited with
-    his son, Lord John Somerset, 109;
-  apartments at Raglan, 140;
-  his great state, 140;
-  order of his household, 140–142;
-  a message from Charles I. by the hand of Allen Boteler, 142;
-  Boteler’s tedious journey, 143;
-  and arrival at Raglan, 144;
-  harsh reception, 144;
-  interview with the Marquis, 144,145;
-  the Marquis’s sharp reply to Boteler, concerning Charles I., 145;
-  the messenger delayed, 145;
-  Boteler’s despatches and return, 146,147;
-  his strong and sincerely expressed feeling on the King’s treatment
-    of himself and his son, 148;
-  his angry reception of the King’s messenger, 148,149;
-  the siege of Raglan castle, 149;
-  anecdote during the siege, 150;
-  summons from General Fairfax, 151;
-  numerous messages pass, 151;
-  requires the King’s approval, 151;
-  conditions offered, 151;
-  a drum sent out, 152;
-  a cessation of arms, 152;
-  the castle in jeopardy, 152;
-  concludes terms for surrender of his castle, 152,153;
-  he leaves with his family, friends, retainers, and others, 153,154;
-  removed to Covent Garden, in charge of the Black Rod, 154;
-  his death four months after, 155;
-  his funeral expenses, 155;
-  Parliamentary order to destroy Raglan Castle, 156;
-  lands of, 201;
-  a Penitent of the Society of Jesuits, 232.
-
-WORCESTER, ANNE, Countess of, her death, 31.
-
-WORCESTER, Countess of--_see_ Marchioness of Worcester.
-
-WORCESTER, MARGARET, Marchioness of, a pass granted her to France,
-    as “Lady Herbert,” 187;
-  meets Ormond in Paris, her ill-timed resentment, 188;
-  petition in respect of Worcester House and property, 194;
-  her peculiar situation politically, 195;
-  report on her Petition, 195;
-  Bill for settling Worcester House, 195;
-  the same, 196;
-  possession to be granted, 197;
-  sum to be paid, 197;
-  referred to a Committee, 197;
-  report, 198;
-  order to pay her £6 per week, 198;
-  has rooms in Worcester House, 199;
-  an Act for settling Worcester House on her, 199;
-  order for payment of her pension, 199;
-  order to give up the house, 199;
-  her petition respecting her husband’s imprisonment, 212;
-  draft petition, 222;
-  petitions against undermining Worcester House, 235;
-  petition in respect to, 287,288;
-  John Hall, 288;
-  petition ordered to be represented, 289;
-  named, 300;
-  residing at Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 303;
-  letter from her confessor, 303;
-  Wm. Travers’s letter to, Appendix D.
-
-WORCESTER HOUSE, noticed and sketched, 8,10;
-  death of Lady Herbert there, 22,23;
-  residence there, 26;
-  guard set on, 39;
-  account of it, 192;
-  iron seized there to be sold, 192;
-  used by the Parliament, 193;
-  soldiery lodged there, 194;
-  its disposal ordered, 194;
-  rooms given to the Marchioness of Worcester, 199;
-  to be examined, 199;
-  an Act for settling, 199;
-  possession ordered, 199;
-  conveyance in trust, 200;
-  christening at, 292;
-  petition in respect to, 287.
-
-
-      Y.
-
-YORK, Charles I. at, 58,59.
-
-
-      PRINTED BY G. NORMAN, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GARDEN.
-
-
-
-
-      ERRATA.
-
-
-Page  38, 17 lines from top, _for_ “29 June” _read_ “29 Jan.”
-
-     117, 3 lines from top, _for_ “Edge-hill” _read_ “Marston Moor.”
-
-     120, 16 lines from bottom, _for_ “Baron” _read_ “Brown.” 10 lines
-              from bottom, same correction.
-
-     145, 2 lines from bottom, _for_ “or siding” _read_ “for siding.”
-
-     155, 14 lines from bottom, _for_ “William” _read_ “Charles.”
-
-     168, 172, 175,177, last line, note, _for_ date “1637,” _read_
-              “1657,” throughout.
-
-     187, 14 lines from top, _dele_ “From” &c., ending “France.”
-
-     210, last line, note, _place_ † before “Brit. Mus.” &c.
-
-     222, 3 lines from top, _for_ “Coining” _read_ “Stamping.”
-
-     249, 4 lines from bottom, _for_ “B” _read_ “A.”
-
-     253, 5 lines from bottom, _add_ “Marquis,” _after_ “Edward.”
-
-     260, 12 lines from top, _add note_ “Cal. State Papers, Dom.
-              Series, 1663–64, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, 8vo.
-              1862.”
-
-     314, 15 lines from top, _for_ “three” _read_ “two.”
-          16 lines from top, _for_ “five” _read_ “six.”
-          18 lines from top, _for_ “of” _read_ “following.”
-
-     320, 4 lines from bottom, _for_ “other by” _read_ “other my.”
-
-     322, 6 lines from bottom, _after_ “Meistres,” _add_ “[Reistres?]”
-
-     347, 15 lines from bottom, _for_ “his” _read_ “is.”
-
-     462, 15 lines from bottom, _for_ “of” _read_ “wrote to.”
-
-     484, 6 lines from bottom, _dele_ “from the bottom in order to
-              discharge it again at the top,” _and substitute_,
-              “which convey the steam by turns, to the vessel D.”
-
-
-
-
-      TRANSCRIBER’s NOTE:
-
-As most of the illustrations are without any caption text, instead
-of just using [Illustration] the caption has been taken from the
-printed LIST OF ENGRAVINGS instead. In the few examples where a
-caption was printed this follows underneath, e.g.
-
-[Illustration: Baynard’s Castle, from Newcourt’s ancient Map
- of London, 1658]
-
-BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.
-
-
-The original uses some characters for contridiction and truncation
-that can not be represented in this document.
-
-For example letter p followed by a symbol like a inverted G on its
-side as supscript then nt followed by a symbol like a large italic
-letter e abbreviates the word presents.
-
-The final symbol also occurs in the words products and thoughts with
-the final s being replaced by a symbol like a large italic letter e.
-
-Apart from the ordinal indicator applied to some dates e.g. 15º all
-other superscript e.g. 26th or the final letters of some words e.g.
-the e of ye are not indicated in any special way.
-
-There are also some letters with tilde and macrons, which may or may
-not display correctly depending on the viewing device and/or font
-chosen, examples follow
-  Invenc̃ons, tilde above letter c,
-  Mīa, macron above letter i,
- (run̄ing away) macron above first letter n.
-
-Changes from the printed Errata have been applied.
-
-The following typos are corrected in this e-text and are shown within
-the text as replaced by.
-
-  (fn=footnote) Original                    Replaced by
-  Page 7        Shakspere                   Shakespeare
-  Page 31       Lenthal                     Lenthall
-  Page 59       being Lord-Lieutenant,      being Lord Lieutenant,
-  Page 64 fn    No. 18,980, vol. i.’        No. 18,980, vol. i.”
-  Page 67 fn    See Chapter XIX,            See Chapter XVIII,
-  Page 92      [unreferenced footnote]      We have next--[M]
-  Page 109      there before.’”[23]         there before.”[23]
-  Page 121     _my conscience_.”)          _my conscience_.)”
-  Page 126      expedition may he used.     expedition may be used.
-  Page 193      passed by the Commons[5]    passed by the Commons[57]
-  Page 203      WESTMORELAND.               WESTMORLAND.
-  Page 240      Marq. of Dorcester.         Marq. of Dorchester.
-  Page 244      Feburary                    February
-  Page 245      Feburary                    February
-  Page 255 fn   Jo. H. of Com. Vol.         Jo. H. of Com. Vol.
-                viii. p. 474, 476.          viii. p. 475, 476.
-  Page 281      this well-born person;”     this well-born person;’
-  Page 289      Arundell                    [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 294      _to laugh at it_!”          “_to laugh at it_!”
-  Page 298      Wedensday                   [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 299      Arundell                    [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 299     (Sister to Arthur Earle     (Sister to Arthur Earle
-                of Essex, &c. (             of Essex, &c.)
-  Page 299      Henry Howard, Thomas        Henry Howard, Thomas,
-                Elizabeth and               Elizabeth and
-  Page 317 fn   and the 21st of Angust      and the 21st of August
-  Page 348      them in practice.           them in practice.”
-  Page 349      geuius                      genius
-  Page 362      ecstacy                    [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 362     “sundry sorts of engynes.   “sundry sorts of engynes.”
-  Page 365 fn   secure  rom danger          secure from danger
-  Page 372      enterprize                 [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 402      Cornelius Dreble           [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 402      Cornelius Drebell          [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 416 fn   confess to have seen.       4   confess to have seen.
-  Page 425      the the                     the
-  Page 432 fn   or Welchman                 7   or Welchman
-  Page 433     “Le Caractere universel,    “Le Caractère universel,
-  Page 439     “rose pipe but paper thick” [kept unhypenated words]
-  Page 443      extemely                   [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 443      chararcter                 [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 446      the tobacco-tongs,”         the “tobacco-tongs,”
-  Page 474      guage                      [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 479      desribes                   [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 481      with a squirt squirt       [sic][seen also in facsimile
-                                                 of Mathematical
-                                                 Recreations(1653)]
-  Page 497      the 25th of July 1698,      the 25th of July 1698,
-                to the 14th of June 1669,   to the 14th of June 1699,
-  Page 507      of of                       of
-  Page 509      no less admirable then      no less admirable than
-                the engines                 the engines
-  Page 528      and shooting.               and shooting.”
-  Page 550–2   [Description of             [placed after the
-                illustration as footnote]   illustration not at the
-                                            end of chapter]
-  Page 540      See Appendix.               See Appendix C.
-  Page 560      Water commanding Engine     Water-commanding Engine
-  Page 565      Device or Invention,        ther [sic] is what appears
-                for ther raising            in the original referenced
-                                            document
-  Page 573      twentith                   [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 573      Marquiss                   [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 574     (Surry)                     [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 581     [two unreferenced           [72][72*]
-                footnotes]                  The Editor
-  Page 584      effets méchaniques          effets mécaniques
-  Page 584      reconnaisance               reconnaissance
-  Page 584      ouvres                      œuvres
-  Page 584      bontès                      bontés
-  Page 584 fn   institulé                   intitulé
-  Page 587      P. 189, No. 27.             P. 189, No. 27.]
-  Page 592      distillatory apparatus.)    distillatory apparatus.]
-  Page 593      der Wasser-Kunste           der Wasser-Künste
-  Page 593      ---- 4. Pontificiale.       ---- 5. Pontificiale.
-  Page 594      Examen du Livre des         Examen du Livre des
-                Recreations Mathematiques,  Recréations Mathématiques,
-                et de ses problemes en      et de ses problèmes en
-                Geometrie, Mechanique,      Géométrie, Mechanique,
-                Optique, and Catoptrique,   Optique, and Catoptrique,
-                &c. [And at the end] Notes  &c. [And at the end] Notes
-                sur les Recreations         sur les Recreations
-                Mathematiques               mathématiques
-  Page 594      Pont-a-Moussou              Pont-a-Mousson
-  Page 595      Nurnberg                    Nürnberg
-  Page 596      Aelianus                    Ælianus
-  Page 598      Apophthegme                [kept alternative spelling]
-  Page 599      in “Bibliotheca             in “Bibliotheca
-                Gloucestrensis.             Gloucestrensis.”
-  Page 600      Bryan, K. B. With           Bryan, K. B.) With
-  Page 605      CANDLES, a brass mould      CANDLES, a brass mould
-                for, 514, 115.              for, 514, 515.
-  Page 609      a model o  his              a model of his
-  Page 616      Glamogan’s                  Glamorgan’s
-  Page 618      Water commanding engine     Water-commanding engine
-  Page 619      SHAKESPERE                  SHAKESPEARE
-  Page 621      continental tour, 8;        continental tour, 18;
-  Page 621      domestic and studious       domestic and studious
-                babits, 18;                 habits, 18;
-
-The following minor typographical errors have been corrected without
-specific mention:--
-In the references, a missing full stop, or dash between two dates, or
-a single quote where a double quote should be. In a list of names,
-or descriptions where one is missing a full stop, and all the rest do
-have full stops.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Times, and Scientific
-Labours of the Second Marquis o, by Henry Dircks
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-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of
-the Second Marquis of Worcester, by Henry Dircks
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: The Life, Times, and Scientific Labours of the Second Marquis of Worcester
-       To which is added a reprint of his Century of Inventions,
-              1663, with a Commentary thereon.
-
-Author: Henry Dircks
-
-Release Date: May 1, 2016 [EBook #51903]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF THE SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Chris Curnow, Eric Hutton and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div class="transnote covernote">
-  <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="Page_i"><span class="pagenum">[Pg i]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/pi.jpg" alt="A Family Group, being Portraits of the Marquis of Worcester with Margaret his second wife, and their infant daughter Mary." />
-
- Engraved by J. Cochran.
-
-<br /><br /><span class="larger">EDWARD SOMERSET, SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER,</span>
-
-<br /> Born about 1601. Died 3<sup>rd.</sup> April, 1667
-
-<br />WITH MARGARET, HIS SECOND WIFE, WHO DIED 26<sup>TH.</sup> JULY, 1681, AND
-THEIR ONLY DAUGHTER MARY, WHO DIED AN INFANT.
-
-<br /><i><span class="larger">Drawn by Henry Dircks, C.E. from the Original of Hanneman in the
-Collection of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort</span></i></div>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<h1><span class="tiny">THE</span><br />
-<span class="smaller">LIFE, TIMES,</span><br />
-<span class="tiny">AND</span><br />
-<span class="smaller">SCIENTIFIC LABOURS</span><br />
-<span class="tiny">OF THE SECOND</span><br />
-MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</h1>
-<p class="center">
-<span class="smaller">TO WHICH IS ADDED, A REPRINT OF HIS</span><br /><br />
-<span class="ph3">CENTURY OF INVENTIONS,</span><br />
-<span class="ph3">1663,</span><br /><br />
-<span class="ph3">with a Commentary thereon,</span><br /><br />
-
-<span class="smaller">BY</span><br />
-<span class="wide">HENRY DIRCK</span>S,<span class="wide">&nbsp;ES</span>Q.,<br />
-<span class="smaller">CIVIL ENGINEER, ETC. ETC.</span><br />&nbsp;</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center smaller">Inventas aut qui vitam excoluêre per artes.<br />
-Quinque sui memores alios fecere merendo.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature smaller"><span class="smcap">Virgil.</span></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent margin_top smaller">How few men of genius are there who have not been the victims of misfortune!</p>
-<p class="signed_signature smaller"><span class="smcap">Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center">LONDON:<br />
-BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY.<br />
-1865.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_ii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg ii]</span></p>
-<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_iii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg iii]</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:50%" ><img class="div_scaled" src="images/pv.jpg"
- alt="Armorial bearings of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort" /></div>
-
-<p class="center smaller">TO</p>
-
-<p class="ph4">THE MOST NOBLE</p>
-
-<p class="ph3"><i>Henry Charles FitzRoy</i>,</p>
-
-<p class="ph2 bold">DUKE OF BEAUFORT,</p>
-<p class="ph3">MARQUIS AND EARL OF WORCESTER,</p>
-<p class="ph4">EARL OF GLAMORGAN, VISCOUNT GROSMONT,</p>
-<p class="center smaller">BARON HERBERT OF CHEPSTOW, RAGLAND, AND GOWER,</p>
-<p class="center smaller">BARON BEAUFORT OF CALDECOT CASTLE, AND</p>
-<p class="center smaller">BARON DE BATTETCOURT,</p>
-<p class="center smaller">ETC. ETC. ETC.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><span class="smcap">My Lord Duke</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent"><span class="smcap">Throughout</span> your Grace’s most ancient and regal line of ancestry it
-would be impossible to name a more truly exalted character than
-<span class="smcap">Edward Somerset</span>, the sixth Earl and second Marquis of
-Worcester, father of Henry, created first Duke of Beaufort by Charles
-the Second.</p>
-
-<p>This pre-eminence, due to his high intellectual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span> gifts in
-<span class="smcap">constructive ingenuity</span>, distinguishes him not only amongst
-the illustrious descendants of Plantagenet, but renders it impossible
-to name his compeer, either among the highest nobility, or the
-most eminent scientific celebrities of Europe, during the last two
-centuries. Indeed, it may be justly said, that ancient lineage, noble
-descent, illustrious titles, even when crowned with all the glories
-of martial deeds, or senatorial honours, fade into comparative
-insignificance before the enduring renown, which it is alone the
-prerogative of original genius to confer on the memory of men
-remarkable for their discoveries in arts conducive to the elevation of
-mankind in the scale of being.</p>
-
-<p>The History of Science from the days of Archimedes presents a vast
-phalanx of men mighty in genius; but foremost in this intellectual
-group ranks the Marquis of Worcester, the originality, independence,
-and grandeur of whose mechanical conceptions have acquired a
-world-wide celebrity; for he it was who first evoked that Titanic
-power, which, through successive improvements, consequent on the
-accumulated ingenuity of two hundred years, has given to the present
-age the modern Steam-engine.</p>
-
-<p>It may be freely conceded that, <i>stupendous</i> as he himself pronounced
-the parent engine to be, it was, nevertheless, only as the acorn
-compared to the time-honoured monarch of the forest. Just as the
-existence of the plant is dependant on that of the seed, so, had the
-Engine he constructed never existed, we might have been unacquainted
-even to this day with the mechanical application of steam.</p>
-
-<p>Living at a period when Civil War convulsed this country, and
-unhappily brought severe suffering on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span> all who were conspicuous for
-their loyalty, the Marquis of Worcester, in common with the Royalist
-party, had to succumb to intolerant rulers. For while Cromwell
-enjoyed an income of £2,500 per annum, derived from a portion of his
-Lordship’s princely estates, the Protector proudly granted to <span class="smcap">The
-Inventor of the Steam Engine</span>, a weekly stipend of Three pounds!</p>
-
-<p>Unfortunately, the Restoration of the monarchy contributed but little
-to ameliorate his Lordship’s sad condition; while his enthusiasm
-led him to sacrifice those personal comforts which his declining
-years would seem to have absolutely required; rather than jeopardize
-operations depending on his great invention.</p>
-
-<p>In offering for your Grace’s approval this first effort to realize a
-connected memoir of your Grace’s immortal ancestor, it is unnecessary
-to dwell on the fact of its matter being chiefly derived from very
-scattered sources, and often from but fragmentary materials, though
-in every instance the very best available authorities have been
-consulted; among which, the unique collection of Manuscripts, so
-freely and obligingly submitted for the present purpose by your Grace,
-being given entire, forms the most valuable and interesting portion.
-I sincerely regret my own insufficiency to do complete justice to
-this comprehensive labour. The result of my researches, however, may
-gratify your Grace’s curiosity, and prove interesting in respect to
-many early family details. And if my own earnestness of purpose,
-in prosecuting this attempt, does not mislead me, I may venture to
-hope, that the Memoir will not only meet with your Grace’s favourable
-reception, but prove, at the same time, acceptable to the general
-public.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span></p>
-
-<p>With warm acknowledgments of heart-felt obligation to your Grace, for
-the exceedingly handsome and liberal manner in which manuscripts and
-paintings have been placed at my disposal,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2 margin_top">I have the honour to be,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">My Lord Duke,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">Your Grace’s most obliged,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line5">And most humble, obedient servant,</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top signed_signature">HENRY DIRCKS.</p>
-
-<p class="smcap smaller continued">Blackheath, Kent,</p>
-<p class="smaller">January, 1865.</p>
-
-
-<p id="Page_vii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg vii]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2>
-
-<p>That a Memoir of the Inventor of the Steam Engine, should appear for
-the first time two hundred years after his decease, is an occurrence
-in our literature, which, of itself, might almost be considered
-sufficient to arouse public inquiry in respect to such a production.
-But far more solid ground exists for believing that the great country
-which gave birth to the Inventor, and his Invention of one of man’s
-noblest productions in art, will peruse it with true national pride,
-when assured of the amount and strength of the evidence now first
-adduced to establish those claims which, although never entirely
-doubted, yet have hitherto borne too misty and mythical a character to
-satisfy common comprehension. The labour encountered in carrying out
-the required design may be appreciated from the fact, that the present
-work has been to a great extent the study of thirty years, although
-literally completed within only the last few years. This field of
-inquiry has been, consequently, long open to more ambitious pens, and
-sooner or later would, no doubt, have received, as it demands&mdash;the
-attention of men of letters and of science.</p>
-
-<p>Probably no other country furnishes so singular a fact, as that
-of being for two centuries without information much better than
-tradition, and accumulated diversities of opinions freely indulged in,
-respecting the political and private character, and inventive talent
-of one of its most remarkable, interesting, and glorious benefactors.
-And, during so long a period, in consequence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span> of such defective and
-conflicting information, producing the most absurd and unreliable
-statements, even on the most ordinary points of individual history.
-In the whole range of English biography, within the same period of
-time, no important memoir has ever been so mythical as that of Edward
-Somerset, second Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p>So entirely unacquainted are his countrymen with the history of
-his life, that a very plausible work might be written to disprove
-both his authorship of the “Century,” and his invention of the
-steam-engine. Indeed Scotland has already contributed materials for
-the former, and M. Arago, late Astronomer Royal of France, has all
-but made out the latter! And such a production would excite little
-suspicion and probably no hostility of feeling. But this need not
-cause much surprise when it is mentioned, that it has not yet been the
-good fortune of any writer, touching on the Life of the Marquis of
-Worcester, to escape recording a mass of errors, such as occur in no
-other biography in our language; although the period usually selected
-seldom exceeds four or five years, out of a life of sixty-six. The
-reader, therefore, who takes up the present volume, under impressions
-derived from such dubious sources of information as those indicated,
-will find little to confirm his preconceived opinions. The histories
-of men as of nations require facts for their basis, judgment to
-guide in their arrangement, discretion to direct a wise selection,
-and a knowledge of the whole to perfect the desired work. The mixed
-character of the Marquis of Worcester has ever been a stumbling-block
-to the purely classical scholar, the divine, the politician, and
-the lawyer; while, on the other hand, the rapid advances in science
-during the last fifty years, have deprived “The Century” of more than
-half its interest. Science cannot<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span> hope to be advanced by discussing
-the automata of the 17th century, its fountains, improvements in
-fire-arms, bows, keys, stairs, boats, fortifications, and many other
-promising inventions. But a Life of the Marquis of Worcester, without
-the “Century,” would be a drama without its most important character.
-It is, therefore, no act of supererogation to give a commentary on
-that little, but perplexing book; it is something more than a mere
-amusement, it is a necessary adjunct, and is not wholly useless
-considered as a matter connected with the history of science. The
-commentator on the “Century” may hope to render the biography of its
-noble author interesting from another and most important point of
-view, which would be wholly lost by its omission, or by treating it
-as secondary or unimportant. The “Century” is the exponent of the
-man; the author without his pocket-journal of his life-long labours
-is reduced to a nonentity, with nothing higher left to him to boast
-of than his descent from royal blood, the unimpeachable character
-of his noble line of ancestry, and his own spotless rectitude of
-character&mdash;an amiable, unintellectual man!</p>
-
-<p>The “Century,” the only work he is known to have left to posterity,
-sorely perplexed the fastidious Horace Walpole, was too much of a
-mechanical production for the astute David Hume, and has thoroughly
-bewildered the legal acumen of Mr. Muirhead, the biographer of
-James Watt. It has challenged the skill of critics of every degree,
-from contributors to the Gentleman’s Magazine to those of the
-Harleian Miscellany, and even in all sketches of the history of the
-steam-engine, percolating thence through biographies, and popular
-accounts of Raglan Castle, to the latest and best illustrated works
-on our castles and abbeys. So many writers, so many minds, whose
-judgments in a collected form, would afford<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</span> a very discordant and
-uninviting miscellany, a sad satire on the material and style of
-a certain class of criticism, too much encouraged in our current
-literature. It is painful to observe its constant want of sympathy
-with the pains and penalties which unhappily are the too frequent
-lot of lofty, original, inventive genius. The case might fairly be
-paralleled by supposing Voltaire and others to have successfully
-established a clique against Shakespeare, to misrepresent and malign
-the great dramatist up to the present time; when, suddenly should
-appear, the <i>first</i> work, to settle his literary claims! Of course it
-is declared impossible; and so it is, with a literary work; but it is
-not so with Inventions. The fame of the Marquis of Worcester rests
-less on his book than on his Water-commanding Engine. The book we see
-and read, but probably not one man in ten thousand knows anything
-about the Engine. Here is the weak point when the tide turns against
-the Inventor, against the man, a man politically and religiously
-proscribed. A great man for his Engine but hated by those politicians
-who side with the Stuart dynasty, for his luckless association with
-Charles the First. And misunderstood by the dilettanti Walpole, a
-connoisseur in paintings and works of <i>vertu</i>, but in matters of
-science more ignorant of the Marquis of Worcester’s worth, than
-Voltaire was of Shakespeare’s genius. But we regret there is a third
-conspicuous offender in the field, and as he is the latest, so we hope
-he is the last of the clan of vituperative critics.</p>
-
-<p>Our largely gifted historian, Lord Macaulay, never wrote such feeble
-lines as those in which he attempted to depict the Marquis of
-Worcester; but the historian is a tower of strength, and his words may
-here be quoted without a fear of our object being either mistaken,
-or open to misrepresentation. Depreciation is not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</span> our object, and
-nothing could be a greater folly than to attempt it on such ground; we
-give them in evidence, to prove how little really is known, even in
-well-informed circles, respecting this extraordinary inventor, when so
-brilliant a writer as Macaulay could be at fault, from no other cause
-than defective information. Speaking of Charles the Second’s reign,
-he says:&mdash;“The Marquess of Worcester had <i>recently</i>[?] observed the
-expansive power of moisture rarified by heat. After <i>many</i> experiments
-he had succeeded in constructing a <i>rude</i> steam engine,[?] which he
-called a fire water-work, and which he pronounced to be an admirable
-and most forcible <i>instrument of propulsion</i>.[?] But the Marquess
-was suspected to be a <i>madman</i>[?] and known to be a Papist. His
-inventions, <i>therefore</i>, found no favourable reception.[?] His fire
-water-work <i>might</i>, <i>perhaps</i>, furnish matter for conversation at a
-meeting of the Royal Society,[?] but was not applied to <i>any practical
-purpose</i>.[?]” These few lines suggest seven inquiries, but we are
-satisfied Macaulay could never have written thus upon the life of any
-great man of that period, much less on this illustrious inventor, had
-the proper materials been at command. This example is valuable, in as
-much as it is well known that Lord Macaulay was master of much curious
-reading, particularly of the class referring to that interesting
-period of our country’s history, and also that he possessed a
-remarkably retentive memory. But he was here dealing with a shattered
-monument; its goodly form wholly gone, and its fragments scattered in
-every direction; here ground to dust, there altogether buried, and so
-disfigured and dishonoured that he made the most he could of the faint
-traces within his immediate reach, and unquestionably felt satisfied
-that, considering the limit of these few lines, he had boldly,
-graphically, and truthfully pourtrayed the character<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</span> he had designed
-to delineate. How infinitely superior to this rough draught would have
-been the sketch, had Macaulay possessed proper documentary evidence.
-A more striking or satisfactory instance than is here adduced could
-not be presented for showing the paucity of information hitherto
-existing in a collected form; and those readers who might otherwise
-have doubted the fact, will readily gather from what is here brought
-forward, that the story of this singular man’s life has hitherto
-remained untold.</p>
-
-<p>The life of the Marquis of Worcester affords a tissue of the most
-violent contrasts, romantic in many incidents, exceeding any that
-have ever been experienced by any other descendant of our ancient
-nobility. He was a man of rigid honour and probity, remarkable too
-for his modesty, virtue, and genius, in an age distinguished for few
-excellencies, and notorious for many vices. He was the favourite of
-his Sovereign, although in but little favour at Court, and the very
-esteem which raises most men was his certain ruin; obliged to flee
-his country, he returned only to be imprisoned; and on his release,
-was allowed £156 per annum out of his own princely but confiscated
-estates! As the subject of Charles the Second, he received back
-his demolished castle, without the means to re-establish himself;
-and, steeped in debt, he sought royal patronage in vain, although
-his genius was perhaps of greater value to the state, than all the
-revenues of the Crown! Neglected by contemporaries, his memory has
-been preserved rather traditionally than by any literary effort
-(beyond fitful glimpses of doubtful praise), to raise a monument
-to the indisputable inventor of the Steam Engine&mdash;that greatest
-source of our country’s commercial and manufacturing greatness; and
-universal, moral and intellectual progress. Lord Macaulay has tersely
-and justly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</span> remarked that:&mdash;“The chief cause which made the fusion of
-the different elements of society (in the 17th century) so imperfect,
-was the extreme difficulty which our ancestors found in passing from
-place to place. Of all inventions, the alphabet and the printing press
-alone excepted, those inventions which abridge distance have done
-most for the civilization of our species.” He then adds, speaking of
-steam, that it has&mdash;“in our day, produced an unprecedented revolution
-in human affairs, which has enabled navies to advance in the face
-of wind and tide, and battalions, attended by all their baggage
-and artillery, to traverse kingdoms at a pace equal to that of the
-fleetest race-horse.”</p>
-
-<p>The general reader will be very likely to overlook one important
-fact, a golden hinge on which more rests than at first appears in
-the following narrative; and, therefore, a word of remark may not be
-altogether thrown away, in calling attention to the circumstance.
-There are very many persons, most intelligent and well informed on
-other matters, who have yet to learn that all invention is progressive
-in a regular series. There may be a long series of elementary
-principles developed without the occurrence of a single practical
-result, practical as regards any useful application to supply man’s
-wants. Then may arise a series combining these elements, so to speak,
-and for the first time producing a new instrument, machine, or engine.
-When a new machine is produced, we do not say, Why it only consists
-of a number of wheels and cylinders, therefore, surely there is
-nothing new in it! All the parts may be old, and yet the combination
-be quite new. To analyse an invention into its several parts, would
-be equivalent to finding that a poem was only composed of the letters
-of the alphabet, or the words in a dictionary. But there is another
-point of view not lightly to be passed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</span> over. Take this instance of
-the steam engine. We find a talented Scotch writer wondering that
-Englishmen take the trouble to claim the invention of the steam engine
-for the Marquis of Worcester, because of the “doubtfulness” existing
-respecting it, at the same time that he accompanies this statement
-with a large amount of evidence, but evidence which he does not
-fully admit. He thus places himself very much in the position of a
-philosopher, who should adopt as his theory some peculiar notion to
-the effect that the letter A, or the numeral 1, could be dispensed
-with, in consequence of some “doubtfulness existing” in respect to
-its value; and that, indeed, to retain either any longer would only
-be evidence of a “little national rivalry.” Although this may appear
-too absurd in this light, something very similar has been proposed as
-a kind of compromise in the contest between England and France, the
-“little national rivalry” between which countries might be settled,
-would Englishmen but give up all further advocacy of the Marquis of
-Worcester’s claim. This is not the reason given, but it is the happy
-result which would follow; and it is urged against the invention, that
-there is so much “doubtfulness existing” about it, that it is a wonder
-any one takes further trouble in the matter. So far as we can see,
-its value is A, or 1, it is the first of a series, it is the golden
-hinge, or link, on which all hangs; take this away, and we sever the
-head from the main body. Will any one in future be found to take up
-and maintain so foolish a line of argument? The Marquis of Worcester
-was unquestionably the Inventor of the Steam Engine in the first
-of its three stages, as a fire engine. Previous to the Marquis of
-Worcester, all that had been done, was solely in the series developing
-a principle, a mere idea, but still no invention, in the proper sense
-of such a term, as applied<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</span> to works of practical utility. All other
-early efforts were purely elementary or experimental.</p>
-
-<p>Let us take an illustration from another branch of science. It is not
-unreasonable to suppose that Electricity, using the term in its most
-extended sense, will some day or other supersede steam. We probably
-only require to be able to collect it cheaply and to control it
-effectually, to employ the artillery of heaven on the wide ocean,
-on our network of iron rails, and throughout all our manufacturing
-establishments. A, we will suppose, invents the first efficient
-Electric Engine, which with fifty horse power is fully at work; and
-in the course of a few years we sit down to write the history of this
-engine invented by A. Where shall we start in our history? Did not
-Faraday years ago produce an electro-magnetic engine; then of course
-Faraday invented A.’s engine! But we need not stop here; we have the
-whole history of electricity before us. There is no end of machines
-and engines; and a patent specification may come to light, the nearest
-possible thing to A. But we have not done yet, we have to consider
-France, &amp;c., where we may find some more elementary electrical models
-before Faraday, and then of course before A. So that, on this system,
-as hitherto adopted, in attempting to settle a claim for De Caus, and
-depreciating the claim of the Marquis of Worcester, we may venture
-to predict an analogous fate for the Electric Engine, <i>hereafter</i> to
-be invented by some inventor, A. Here we must plainly see that all
-that has hitherto been invented in this electrical line, does <i>not</i>
-go beyond model or elementary apparatus, and that however nearly some
-of these may approach any plan hereafter to be invented, it would
-be ridiculous and highly reprehensible to set up claims based on
-<i>no</i> practical value, and only colourably <i>similar</i> in <i>some single
-particular</i>, but otherwise of no greater concern than as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</span> amusing
-or illustrative scientific toys. De Caus’ fountain was one of these
-pleasing toys, and De Caus himself could never have thought otherwise
-of it, taking his own large book and his own few lines of description;
-although it served the purpose of M. Arago to assume for it a
-pre-eminence over the Marquis of Worcester’s invention, merely because
-the latter came half a century later.</p>
-
-<p>The author is not aware of any portion of his work that is open to
-controversy, unless it be that relating to a second visit to Ireland,
-asserted to have been made by the Earl of Glamorgan. However, should
-it be contended, or proved, that his negotiations refer to a <i>single</i>
-visit there, the circumstance would not affect the main story. The
-author has, however, had one essential difficulty to deal with,
-arising from the quantity of correspondence and documentary evidence,
-which, under the circumstances, he was obliged to introduce, thus
-materially affecting the text. It certainly was open to him to throw
-the greater part into the Appendix, but with considerable drawbacks
-to all readers really interested in such a work. The course adopted
-has been to introduce documents, of whatever kind, in their order of
-date, and to modernise the orthography (and that alone) to render them
-generally readable. The few pieces admitted in their original style
-will satisfy any one how thoroughly unreadable the work would have
-become, if largely occupied with such orthography. The prayer (for
-example) is a strict copy of the original, which appears to be in the
-handwriting of the Marchioness, with several interlinear corrections
-made by the Marquis himself, which certify to its genuineness.<a href="#Footnote_1" id="FNanchor_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
-Every document is given with its own <span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</span>date, and no deviations occur
-beyond the modern spelling of words. The “Century,” however, being
-printed matter, has been re-produced verbatim, with scrupulous
-accuracy.</p>
-
-<p>The general reader will find that the really scientific portion of
-this memoir, is restricted to the “Century,” which has relieved the
-biographical portion of much technical detail: no more reference to
-inventions occurring therein than appeared absolutely necessary to
-preserve uniformity in the narrative.</p>
-
-<p>It was very desirable in such a work as the present to steer clear
-of a controversial strain, whether in reference to the past or the
-present. This has been effected in a great measure, as regards the
-numerous detractors that might be cited, who have given false views,
-both of the personal character of the Marquis, and the merit of some
-or most of his inventions, until we find the admiring biographer of
-the celebrated James Watt, as if blinded by too much light, speaking
-of the Marquis in the most disparaging terms. And lastly, it was
-impossible to escape recurring to the charge against Savery; the dates
-and facts, now for the first time supplied, going far to strengthen
-the belief, that the engine reputed to be Savery’s, is identical with
-that invented by the Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p>The materials of the present work are principally derived from
-original sources with respect to Manuscripts; and from the highest
-published authorities. All printed materials are scrupulously
-acknowledged in two catalogues, one historical and literary, the other
-wholly scientific. Through the kindness and liberality of His Grace
-the Duke of Beaufort, the entire collection of Manuscripts in his
-Grace’s possession, relative to the Marquis of Worcester, are here
-given at large. While at Raglan, on visiting Troy, Osmond A. Wyatt,
-Esq.,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</span> was especially obliging in affording information; as well
-as John Cuxson, Esq., of Raglan; and at Badminton, John Thompson,
-Esq., materially assisted in procuring the required manuscripts, and
-affording facilities for copying them, for which kindly aid the author
-can but insufficiently here express his obligations. The author is
-likewise greatly indebted generally to the rich stores of the British
-Museum, and the obliging attentions of its principal officers; to
-the State Paper Office, where he was especially assisted through the
-kindness of Mrs. M. A. E. Green, with the uncalendered papers given
-at pages 249, 270, 286, and 287, and to John Bruce, Esq. Also to the
-excellent Libraries of the Royal Society; the London Institution; and
-the particularly valuable scientific collection of the Patent Office.
-At Oxford, the privilege of consulting works and manuscripts at the
-Bodleian Library, was freely granted, and every facility afforded.
-The author would especially notice among other contributions of
-information, the able assistance of Bennet Woodcroft, Esq., F.R.S.,
-&amp;c. To the Rev. John Webb, of Hay, he is particularly indebted for the
-papers at pages 64, 88, and 142, to which that gentleman directed his
-attention, and which he might otherwise have overlooked. He has also
-received assistance from the collections of Robert Cole, Esq., and of
-the late Dawson Turner, Esq., which are noted where they occur. When
-inquiring for the autograph of “Glamorgan,” every possible effort to
-trace it, although unavailing, was kindly employed by the Librarian of
-St. Cuthbert’s College, Durham, and by the Rev. Dr. Grant, the Roman
-Catholic Bishop of Southwark.</p>
-
-<p>During the author’s visit to Dublin, Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King at
-Arms, very obligingly searched for any documents referring to the Earl
-of Glamorgan, that might be in Dublin Castle, but without success;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</span>
-and the author is also much indebted for general information most
-courteously given by the Rev. Dr. Todd, of Trinity College, Dr. R. G.
-Travers, Marsh’s Library, and the Rev. C. P. Meehan; and likewise,
-through correspondence, by the Rev. James Graves, of Stonyford.</p>
-
-<p>It now only remains for the author to say, that in the event of any of
-our nobility or gentry, or other collectors, possessing any manuscript
-whatever, even although only a copy of matter here produced, he would
-esteem it a very particular favour to be informed of it (through his
-publisher), and to be permitted to examine any record, bearing either
-directly or indirectly on this subject.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top signed_signature">H. D.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_xx"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xx]</span></p>
-
-<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_1"><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> I am happy in being able to afford this testimony, were
-it only to dissipate the inuendoes of Mr. Muirhead.</p></div>
-
-<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
-
-<table summary="Contents">
-<tr>
-  <td><span class="smcap">Dedication</span></td>
-  <td class="contents">&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="page">Page <a href="#Page_iii">iii</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td>
-  <td class="contents">&nbsp;</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>-<a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1599&ndash;1628.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;I.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Marriage of Henry Somerset, Lord Herbert of Raglan&nbsp; &nbsp; </td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_1">1</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1601&ndash;1639.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;II.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Birth, home, education, early career, times, and first marriage of Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_10">10</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1639&ndash;1642.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;III.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Edward, Lord Herbert’s second marriage</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_30">30</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1641&ndash;1642.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;IV.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Henry, Earl of Worcester&mdash;created Marquis of Worcester&mdash;Raglan Castle</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_37">37</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1642&ndash;1644.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;V.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Lord Herbert in his military capacity</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_55">55</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1644&ndash;1645.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;VI.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Lord Herbert created Earl of Glamorgan&mdash;Irish affairs</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1640&ndash;1645.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;VII.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Raglan Castle&mdash;Royal visits</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_95">95</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1645&ndash;1646.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;VIII.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Earl of Glamorgan’s second visit to Ireland</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_112">112</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1646&ndash;1647.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;IX.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Raglan Castle; its defence and surrender&mdash;Death of Henry, Marquis of Worcester</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_140">140</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1645&ndash;1647.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;X.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Earl of Glamorgan’s transactions in Ireland, concluded</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_157">157</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_185">185</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</span></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1646&ndash;1650.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XI.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Marquis of Worcester in exile; resides in France</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_186">186</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1643&ndash;1659.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XII.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;Affairs affecting the Marquis of Worcester’s family, in respect to Worcester House and other property in and near London</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_192">192</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1651.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XIII.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;The Marquis of Worcester’s son, and two daughters</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_201">201</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1651&ndash;1661.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XIV.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;His return to England&mdash;Imprisonment, and liberation&mdash;his “<i>Century</i>”&mdash;pecuniary difficulties&mdash;petitions&mdash;at Charles the Second’s Coronation&mdash;Lord Herbert</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_209">209</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_233">233</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1660&ndash;1662.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XV.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;His prospects at the period of the Restoration&mdash;Proceedings in Parliament respecting the Patent to create him Duke of Somerset&mdash;Estates restored, &amp;c.&mdash;Parliamentary duties</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_234">234</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_246">246</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1660&ndash;1664.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XVI.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;His Inventions&mdash;further Petitions&mdash;publication of his “<i>Century</i>”&mdash;Charles II. visits Lord Herbert at Badminton&mdash;Worcester House, Strand</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_247">247</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_261">261</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">1664&ndash;1670.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XVII.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;His operations at Vauxhall&mdash;Petitions and decease&mdash;Caspar Kaltoff and family&mdash;M. Sorbière&mdash;Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany&mdash;The Dowager Marchioness of Worcester</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_262">262</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_308">308</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents_title" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="chap">Chap.&nbsp;XVIII.</td>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;A brief retrospect of the Marquis of Worcester’s Genealogy, and his private, political, and philosophical character; including his own statement of expenditure during the Civil War</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_342">342</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p id="Page_xxiii"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxiii]</span></p>
-
-<h2>LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.</h2>
-
-<p>From Drawings and Sketches made, and Ciphers and Autographs traced, by
-the author.</p>
-
-<p>The steel engraved Portraits executed by Mr. J. Cochran, and the Wood
-Engravings by Mr. Stevens, and Mr. J. H. Rimbault; and Coats of Arms
-by Mr. Layton.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p class="center smcap">Steel Engravings.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">A Family Group, being Portraits of the <span class="smcap">Marquis of Worcester</span>, with Margaret his second wife, and their infant daughter Mary. From a painting by Hanneman. (See&nbsp;pages&nbsp;<a href="#Page_30">30</a>,&nbsp;<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.)<span class="ml90">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="right line_above"> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Page_i">To face title page.</a></span></p> <!-- Leave room for right alined text with span=ml90 then next line overwrites with “line_above” -->
-
-<p class="margin_top extra_hanging_indent">Portrait of <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Lady Herbert</span>, first wife of Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards Marquis of Worcester. From a painting by Vandyke<span class="ml40">&nbsp;</span></p><p class="right line_above"><a href="#Page_16"><span class="smcap">Page</span> 16.</a></p> <!-- see above note -->
-
-
-<p class="margin_top center"><span class="smcap">Wood Engravings.</span></p>
-
-<table summary="Wood Engravings">
-<tr>
-  <th></th>
-  <th class="page">PAGE.</th>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Armorial bearings of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_iii">iii</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Plan of the Castle and Citadel of Raglan, Monmouthshire</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Baynard’s Castle, from Newcourt’s ancient Map of London, 1658</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Worcester House, 1658 </td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">H. Herbert (autograph) Henry, 1st Marquis of Worcester</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">E. Worcester (autograph) Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Water-works side of the Citadel, Raglan Castle</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Distant view of Raglan Castle</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Ed. L. Herbert (autograph) afterwards 2nd Marquis of Worcester</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">The Earl of Glamorgan’s writing in the address of a Cipher letter</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">The letter written in his Cipher. [See also page <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.]</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">The Tower, Map of London, 1658.</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Worcester [autograph, 1665&ndash;6, of the Author of the “Century”] </td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">St. Cadocus, Raglan Church</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;〃&mdash; east end and plan</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Arms of the Marquis of Worcester, and his two wives</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">C. Somerset (autograph) Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">One line of the Marquis of Worcester’s cipher writing </td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A Cipher Seal</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_377">377</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Portrait of Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards second Marquis of
-Worcester, from a painting by Vandyke, in the possession of his
-Grace, the Duke of Beaufort</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A one line Cipher</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_392">392</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">The Marquis’s Cipher</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_398">398</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Ancient Paddle Boat</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_408">408</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A Balance Water-work</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_417">417</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A Bucket-fountain</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_418">418</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A double-drawing Engine</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_424">424</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A to and fro Lever</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_426">426</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A most easy level Draught</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_427">427</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Tobacco-tongs</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_446">446</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A weighted wheel </td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A water-flowing and ebbing motion</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_457">457</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A musketeer, 1643</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_465">465</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">De Caus’ Fountain</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_477">477</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A forcer</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_483">483</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Savery’s Engine, 1699</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_485">485</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Engine to raise weights</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_532">532</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Porta’s steam apparatus</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_541">541</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A blowing Æolipile</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_542">542</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A steam blow-pipe </td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_543">543</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A fire-blowing Æolipile</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_543">543</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">A weather glass</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_546">546</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">The Marquis of Worcester’s Engine</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_551">551</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">&mdash;his Cipher Alphabet</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_553">553</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Construction of a water-screw</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_554">554</a></td>
-</tr><tr>
-  <td class="contents">Christopher Copley (autograph)</td>
-  <td class="page"><a href="#Page_570">570</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p id="Page_xxiv"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxiv]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="ph3">REFERENCES TO THE PLAN OF THE CASTLE AND CITADEL OF RAGLAN,
-MONMOUTHSHIRE.</p>
-
-<p><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> <i>All other portions are named on the plan.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center">THE CASTLE.</p>
-
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">1. Outer portcullis; 1. A second portcullis within the arched entrance.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">2. Gateway.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">3. The gate.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">4, 4. Two barbican towers.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">5. A guard room.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">6. Parlour or ante-room.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">7. Stair-cases; all marked 7.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">8. The Closet or Library Tower.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">9, 10. Sitting Room or Parlour, originally wainscoted with oak, and
-over which was the Marquis’s Dining room.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">10. Large bay-window looking towards the moat.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">11. Broken porch.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">12. Entrance from the courtyard to the vaults.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">13, 13. Broken entrance to cellars.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">14. Remains of a staircase.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">15. This part is vaulted.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">16. Suite of family apartments.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">17. Gateway to the Bowling-green.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">18. Bridge.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">19. Bowling-green.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">20, 20. Cellars.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">21. Steps and door leading to&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">22. Way to stable-yard.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">23. One sipe of the outer wall of the Paved Court, where the first
-breach was made by the Parliamentary forces, 1646.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">24. Ruined tower.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">25. The buildings formerly here completely obliterated, having suffered
-most during the siege.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">26. The bakery and remains of its ovens.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">27. Entrance to the Wet Larder.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">28. An outside high level walk.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">29. Low ground.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">30. Pier wall.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">31. Deep space.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">32. The Kitchen Tower, remarkable for its great strength, and remains
-of a large fire-place.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">33. A draw-well.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">34. A long, narrow, vertical gap through former windows and door. The
-building probably had a corridor at top.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">35. Ruins of cellar or dry larder.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">36. The uppermost window in this part indicates the situation of the
-apartment occupied by Charles I.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">37. The Buttery.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">38. The Minstrels’ gallery was probably raised here.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">39. Porch leading to&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">40. The great Banqueting hall.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">41. Spacious fire place, with centre window high above.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">42. The large, handsome, and well-preserved bay-window, with a circular
-opening or ventilator in the roof.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">43. The recess.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">44. The arms of the Beaufort Family, carved in stone, are inserted
-centrally in the lofty wall on this side.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">45. The Pantry.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">46. Ruined entrance to the wine cellar.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">47. End of the Picture Gallery, a narrow upper apartment of great
-length, extending over and beyond the chapel.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">48. Supposed to be the Bell tower.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">49. The apartments above and below here were the ladies’ women’s rooms.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">50. A through passage.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">51. High watch tower.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">52. An ancient Arbor Vitæ grows in the Fountain Court at this point.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">53. Superior officers’ quarters, on the ground and upper floors.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">54. Basin of the fountain.</p>
-
-<p class="center">THE CITADEL, OR KEEP,<br />
-<i>called</i><br />
-<span class="smcap">The Melin-y-Gwent, or Yellow Tower of Gwent.</span></p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">A. There was probably a drawbridge here.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">B. B. Two broken bastions.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">C. A temporary wooden bridge.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">D. Site of arched bridge to the Keep.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">E. The Water-works side of the Keep, presenting large grooves cut into
-the stone work, probably to insert metal pipes, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">F. Stone stair-case to the top, in good preservation.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">G. Outer entrance to F.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">H. I. Ruins of the massy walls varying from 4 to 10 feet high; the
-upper portion destroyed in 1646, by order of Parliament.</p>
-
-<p class="ref_hanging_indent">L. A well.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_xxv"><span class="pagenum">[Pg xxv]</span></p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/pxxiv.jpg" width="100%" alt="Plan of the Castle and Citadel of Raglan, Monmouthshire" />
-
-PLAN OF THE CASTLE AND CITADEL OF RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE, THE PROPERTY OF His Grace The Duke of Beaufort, &amp;c. &amp;c.<br />
-
-From Drawings by <span class="smcap">H. Dircks</span>, Civil Engineer 1865.</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p class="blank_page" id="Page_xxvi">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg xxvi]</span></p>
-
-<p id="Page_1"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="LIFE">LIFE<br /><span class="tiny">OF</span><br /> THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</h2>
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">MARRIAGE OF HENRY SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT OF RAGLAN.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_bottom">Towards the close of the sixteenth century there was a rumour afloat
-in London, among aristocratic circles, respecting a marriage in high
-life. At that time Blackfriars was as much the seat of fashion, as St.
-James’s at a later period; and was conveniently situated while Queen
-Elizabeth held her court at Greenwich.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:55%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p1.jpg" width="100%" alt="Baynard’s Castle, from Newcourt’s ancient Map of London, 1658" />
-BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.</div>
-
-<p>A contemporary correspondent, writing in the usual quaint style of
-the day, states in a letter dated from Baynard’s Castle, the 23rd of
-November, 1599:&mdash;“I hear that the Lord Herbert, the Earl of Worcester’s
-son, shall marry Miss Anne Russell, and that it is concluded upon.”
-This announcement relates to no less a person than the future Marquis
-of Worcester, father of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> that Edward, Marquis of Worcester, whose life
-we shall hereafter have to detail, and whose prowess was severely
-tested by the evil times of his closing career; it will be interesting,
-at this early stage of that eminent nobleman’s personal history, to
-follow this same correspondent through his future gossiping epistles
-touching the proposed matrimonial alliance.</p>
-
-<p>Writing to Sir Robert Sydney on the ensuing 22nd of December, he
-acquaints him:&mdash;“This afternoon your little daughter was christened by
-Edward, Earl of Worcester, the Lady Nottingham, and the Lady Buckhurst.
-My Lord of Worcester sent his son, Henry Lord Herbert, because he
-himself waited on the Queen, who rode abroad to take the air. Among the
-presents were a very fair bowl and a cover from the Earl.”</p>
-
-<p>After a lapse of nearly four months, we have again news from Baynard’s
-Castle, under date the 19th of April, 1600, stating that&mdash;“The marriage
-between Lord Herbert and Mrs. Anne Russell is concluded; for my Lady
-Russell was at court, to desire the Queen’s leave, which is obtained.”</p>
-
-<p>But on the 16th of May we are assured&mdash;“The marriage between Lord
-Herbert and Mrs. Anne Russell is at a stay, till it please her
-Majesty to appoint a day.” And further, that&mdash;“It will be honourably
-solemnized; and many take care to do her all the possible honour they
-can devise. The feast,” it is added, “will be in Blackfriars, my Lady
-Russell making exceeding preparations for it.”</p>
-
-<p>Her Majesty appears to have been somewhat deficient in considering
-either the distraction she was occasioning the lovers, or the
-disarranged domestic economy of the several attendants, for another
-month is allowed to glide gloomily away, only to find on the 24th of
-May that&mdash;“My Lord of Bedford is come to town, and his lady to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> honour
-the marriage of Mrs. Anne Russell; but the day is not yet appointed by
-her Majesty, which troubles many of her friends, that stay in town to
-do her service.”</p>
-
-<p>Some weeks more pass on, when at length we learn from Greenwich, under
-date the 14th of June:&mdash;“Her Majesty is in very good health, and
-purposes to honour Mrs. Anne Russell’s marriage with her presence. It
-is thought she will stay there (at Blackfriars), Monday and Tuesday. My
-Lord Cobham prepares his house for her Majesty to lie in, because it is
-near the Bridehouse. There is to be a memorable masque of eight ladies;
-they have a strange dance newly invented; their attire is this: Each
-hath a skirt of cloth of silver, a rich waistcoat wrought with silks,
-and gold and silver, a mantle of carnation taffeta cast under the arm;
-and their hair loose about their shoulders, curiously knotted and
-interlaced. These are the masquers. My Lady Doritye, Mrs. Fitton, Mrs.
-Carey, Mrs. Onslow, Mrs. Southwell, Mrs. Bess Russell, Mrs. Darcy, and
-my Lady Blanch Somersett. These eight dance to the music Apollo brings;
-and there is a fine speech that makes mention of a ninth, much to her
-honour and praise. The preparation for this feast is sumptuous and
-great; but it is feared, that the house in Blackfriars will be little
-for such a company. The marriage is upon Monday.”</p>
-
-<p>Accordingly on Monday the 16th of June, 1600, her most gracious Majesty
-Queen Elizabeth, arrived at Blackfriars in all possible state to grace
-the marriage of the Lord Herbert and his wife. The Bride (the same
-gossiping authority states) met the Queen at the waterside, where my
-Lord Cobham had provided a Lectica, [used similar to a sedan chair]
-made like half a litter, whereon she was carried to my Lady Russell’s
-by six knights. Her Majesty dined there, and at night,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> went through
-Dr. Pudding’s house (who gave the Queen a fan), to my Lord Cobham’s,
-where she supped. After supper the masque came in; and delicate it
-was to see eight ladies so prettily and richly attired. Mrs. Fitton
-led, and after they had done all their own ceremonies, then eight lady
-masquers chose eight ladies more to dance the measures.</p>
-
-<p>Mrs. Fitton went to the Queen, and wooed her to dance.</p>
-
-<p>Her Majesty asked her what she was.</p>
-
-<p>“Affection,” she said.</p>
-
-<p>“Affection!” said the Queen; “Affection is false.”</p>
-
-<p>Yet her Majesty rose and danced. So did my Lady Marquis (of Winchester).</p>
-
-<p>The Bride was led to the Church by the Lord Herbert of Cardiffe, and my
-Lord Cobham; and from the Church by the Earls of Rutland and Cumberland.</p>
-
-<p>The gifts given that day were valued at one thousand pounds, in plate
-and jewels, at least.</p>
-
-<p>The entertainment was great and plentiful, and my Lady Russell much
-commended for it.</p>
-
-<p>Her Majesty, upon Tuesday (following) came back again to the Court.
-But the solemnities continued till Wednesday night. “And now the
-Lord Herbert, and his fair lady are at Court,” (writes this pleasant
-correspondent on the 23rd of the same month.)<a href="#Footnote_2" id="FNanchor_2" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
-
-<p>The bride’s portion, as a younger daughter, was said to be about two
-thousand pounds in money; one hundred and fifty pounds a year in land;
-and a reversion of one thousand marks.<a href="#Footnote_3" id="FNanchor_3" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p>
-
-<p>Thus was celebrated the marriage of Henry the young Lord Herbert, son
-of Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, then Master of the Horse, who was
-eminently distinguished alike for his noble and ancient <span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>lineage and
-courtly attainments. Greatly was his son’s marriage honoured, not only
-by the presence of royalty in the person of a queen of Elizabeth’s
-high-toned feelings and sentiments, but, if possible, more so by her
-condescending to participate in the dance on that festive occasion.</p>
-
-<p>The particulars afforded by this domestic incident take us far back to
-a most interesting period in our country’s history. The great Queen’s
-reign was then within three years of its close. The Pope had published
-his bulls to exclude King James from the throne of England. On the 19th
-of November following, was born at Dunfermline in Scotland, Prince
-Charles, whose future reign was destined materially to affect the
-family and fortunes of the Somersets, Earls of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p>The social habits of the aristocracy, as here briefly pourtrayed,
-evince a peculiarly primitive character. Three days’ feasting shows
-a singular lustihood of enjoyment in the revels attaching to such
-occasions of festivity. But, notwithstanding we are treating of the
-most elevated society, in the most flourishing period of the Augustan
-Age of our Literature, as it has been not inappropriately styled, a
-comparative grossness of habit prevailed, occasioning a particular
-relish for such carousals, during the period that viands and wine were
-served without stint or stay.</p>
-
-<p>Many of the modern common luxuries of the table were then unknown;
-asparagus, artichokes, cauliflowers, and other edibles were not
-introduced; while the finest clothing was costly, being of foreign
-manufacture. Considerations like these should check the forming of
-hasty judgments in reference to the manners and customs of olden times.</p>
-
-<p>The lady whom Henry Lord Herbert had thus espoused was Anne, sole
-daughter and heir of John Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> Russell, eldest son of Francis Russell,
-Earl of Bedford. She bore him nine sons, of whom Edward was the eldest
-son and heir, and four daughters, making in all a family of thirteen
-children.</p>
-
-<p>Sir John Somerset, the second son, married Mary, daughter of Thomas
-Arundel, Lord Arundel of Wardour; and, as will appear in the sequel, he
-resided at Troy House, near Monmouth.</p>
-
-<p>The fifth son, Thomas Somerset, lived at Rome, 1676; and his brother
-Charles was governor of Raglan Castle in 1646, and afterwards died a
-Canon at Cambray in Flanders.</p>
-
-<p>Four other sons died in infancy; and another, later in life, died
-unmarried.</p>
-
-<p>Kennet, the historian, records, in respect of one of the daughters,
-that King James reprimanded the Earl, her father, for his sending her
-to Brussels to be made a nun,<a id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> in 1620.</p>
-
-<p>But it will be our chief business hereafter to treat especially of the
-life and labours of the first-named son of this nobleman; only making
-such allusions to the father, and relating such circumstances affecting
-him, as serve to throw light on remote particulars of his son’s life.</p>
-
-<p>Of the age of Henry Lord Herbert, at the time of his marriage, we are
-afforded indirect evidence through Wood, who, speaking of him and his
-elder brother William (who died unmarried during his father’s lifetime)
-being at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1591, states the brothers to have
-been of the respective ages of 15 and 14; so that Henry, being then
-only 14 years of age, would have been born on or about the year 1577,
-and marrying in the year 1600, he would at that time be in his 23rd
-year.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_7"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span>
-His age has been very variously, and, as it appears, vaguely stated;
-originating probably with hasty printed statements during the Civil
-War, when no particular purpose had to be served by accuracy on such a
-matter. Wood certainly was not likely to be ten years out of truth in
-recording the ages of youths. It is also more likely that his Lordship
-in his circumstances, and with his family, had married rather at 23
-than at 33 years of age.</p>
-
-<p>We meet with no accounts of the births or baptisms of his children,
-with the exception of his seventh son, Frederick Somerset, who,
-according to the Parish Registers of St. Dunstan’s in the West,<a href="#Footnote_5" id="FNanchor_5" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>
-London, was baptized on the 26th March, 1613, in the house of Lady
-Morrison in the Friars, she being related through the Russells to Anne
-Lady Herbert.</p>
-
-<p>James I. was proclaimed on the 24th of March, 1603. The same month Lord
-Herbert was summoned to Parliament, being then 26 years of age. A great
-plague was at that time raging in the metropolis, having destroyed
-30,000 of the population, rendering his residence in town very perilous.</p>
-
-<p>His Lordship’s father was, in 1604, invested with the Order of the
-Garter, and on resigning his office of Master of the Horse, on the 1st
-of January, 1616, having retained it fifteen years, he was, on the 2nd
-of the same month, made Keeper of the Privy Seal.</p>
-
-<p>In a literary and scientific point of view, this was a period of
-great historical interest. In December, 1608, Milton was born; while
-in April, 1616, <ins class="correction" title="Original has Shakspere">Shakespeare</ins> died. In 1611 the new translation of the
-Bible was published. Lord Napier, in Scotland, invented his system of
-logarithms; the great Harvey was propounding his discovery respecting
-the circulation of the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>blood; and Sir Hugh Myddleton had completed
-his great undertaking of forming the New River. Such are a few among
-the prominent facts that mark the intelligence and enterprise of those
-times.</p>
-
-<p>It is possible that Henry Lord Herbert’s parliamentary duties, his
-attendance at court, with other circumstances, might occasion prolonged
-residence at Worcester House, in the Strand, the ancient family town
-mansion, a locality which was occupied by many noble families above two
-centuries ago. Nothing transpires to indicate his presence at Raglan
-Castle at that period.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:40%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p8.jpg" width="100%" alt="Worcester House, 1658" />
-BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.</div>
-
-
-<p>On the 24th of August, 1621, died Elizabeth, daughter of Francis
-Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon; and on the 3rd of March, 1627, in the
-79th year of his age, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester, the honoured
-parents of Henry Lord Herbert, who succeeded to his father’s dignities
-and fortune. Their decease happened at their town residence, whence
-each was conveyed with great funeral solemnity to Raglan, where, being
-interred in the family vault of Raglan Church, suitable monuments were
-raised to their memory.</p>
-
-<p>Of Henry, now fifth Earl of Worcester, we have less intelligence as
-resident in London than as retired to his magnificent Castle of Raglan,
-in Monmouthshire. On the 13th of March, 1628, he obtained dispensation
-to be absent from Parliament,<a href="#Footnote_6" id="FNanchor_6" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> which appears to have <span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>been the
-commencement of his decreased attention to public business.</p>
-
-<p>He had then been married twenty-eight years, being in the fifty-first
-year of his age. Of his numerous family he lost five sons and three
-daughters. Edward, his first born and heir was probably about
-twenty-six years old; Sir John Somerset, his second son, most likely
-occupied Troy House, a few miles off, while his next surviving and
-sixth son, Charles Somerset, he installed as Governor of his Castle.</p>
-
-<p>The noble Earl, inclined to a plethoric constitution, had not uniform
-good health, being subject to gout, yet was he of a joyous, hearty,
-kind, benevolent disposition. He was too a man of some learning,
-without being distinguished for its application, otherwise than in
-some verbal polemical discussions attributed to him by Dr. Bayly, the
-last chaplain in his service, who has preserved many of his witty
-apophthegms, presenting us with indications of his religious and
-political sentiments.</p>
-
-<p>Although our interest in this memoir concerns us less in reference to
-the father, than to be informed respecting his son, yet the intelligent
-reader cannot fail to discover, that Edward, now Lord Herbert, during
-the early years of his life, was necessarily so intimately associated
-with all matters of domestic history, affecting the large family then
-resident at Raglan Castle, that such relations as can be gathered
-respecting its several branches at that early period, are invested with
-a degree of interest which they might not under other circumstances
-possess.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_2"><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Collins.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_3"><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Wiffin, v. ii. p. 56.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_4"><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Kennet.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_5"><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> J. B. Nichols, vol. vi. p. 371.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_6"><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers. Domestic Series. Charles I.
-1628&ndash;1629. Edited by John Bruce, Esq. 8vo. 1859.</p></div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_10"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">BIRTH, HOME, EDUCATION, EARLY CAREER, TIMES, AND FIRST MARRIAGE OF
-EDWARD SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT.</p>
-
-
-<p>As already related, Henry,<a href="#Footnote_7" id="FNanchor_7" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> fifth Earl of Worcester, married in
-June, 1600, while yet attached to the Court of Queen Elizabeth, and,
-therefore, most likely he was resident at Worcester House, in the
-Strand, a building of some importance from its magnitude and position,
-as well as from the princely character of the noble possessor of the
-property.</p>
-
-<p>There, it is reasonable to conclude, was born Edward Somerset early in
-1601, the son and heir whose eventful history will hereafter mainly
-occupy our attention, first as Lord Herbert, afterwards as the Earl of
-Glamorgan, and lastly, on succeeding to his father’s titles, as Earl
-and Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p>The birth of this Lord Herbert has never before been attempted to be
-ascertained, wherefore the present assumed date requires confirmation.
-On the 14th of July, 1609, when he would thus probably be only eight
-years of age, we find him associated with his grandfather and father in
-a lease of lands in the manor of Wondy, Monmouth, and of the fishing,
-or river of Usk and Carlion, for their lives.<a href="#Footnote_8" id="FNanchor_8" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
-
-<p>His preceptor at Raglan Castle was Mr. Adams; but he does not appear,
-like his father, to have been at any college in England; as, however,
-he travelled much <span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>on the Continent at an early period of his life, it
-is possible he also finished his education at some foreign university.
-In a communication of singular interest, written late in life,
-hereafter given in full, he specially observes:&mdash;“Amongst Almighty
-God’s infinite mercies to me in this world, I account it one of the
-greatest that his divine goodness vouchsafed me parents as well careful
-as able to give me virtuous education, and extraordinary breeding at
-home and abroad, in Germany, France, and Italy, allowing me abundantly
-in those parts.” This summary is sufficiently explicit as regards the
-circuit of his travels, and the easy, agreeable circumstances under
-which it was performed, but still leaves it open to doubt whether he
-had completed his educational course before entering on his continental
-tour. Wood expressly states, in reference to Lord Herbert’s father,
-that after he had been two or three years at college he was sent to
-travel in France, Italy, &amp;c., where he presumes he changed his religion
-for that of Rome.<a href="#Footnote_9" id="FNanchor_9" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p>
-
-<p>During the reign of James I., and while his grandfather was Keeper of
-the Privy Seal, no mention occurs of Lord Herbert enjoying any favour
-at Court, his courtier life commencing only in that of Charles I.,
-according to allusions made in the document before noticed. On the
-accession of the latter monarch to the throne, Lord Herbert might be 24
-years of age. In alluding to his “education and breeding,” coupled with
-his travels, he adds: “And since most plentifully at my master of most
-happy memory, the late King’s Court;” making it almost conclusive that
-his education was considered as completed shortly prior to the King’s
-decease, in 1625.</p>
-
-<p>In 1627 his grandfather was at Worcester House, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>whence he wrote to the
-Earl of Huntingdon on the 11th of June, informing him of his illness
-and inability to leave his bedchamber.<a href="#Footnote_10" id="FNanchor_10" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-<p>The first year of the reign of Charles I. was an auspicious one,
-therefore, for the young Lord Herbert. His father, a stalwart, hale
-man, was in the prime of life, only 48 years of age, lord of one of
-the finest castles in the kingdom, whether considered for the beauty,
-strength and importance of its structure and its commanding situation,
-or the extent of its parks, pastures, plantations, and forests; it
-was a luxurious place well stored with paintings, furniture, and
-plate, while it was surrounded with every embellishment of fountains,
-fishponds, statuary, and gardens that art or wealth could command. Lord
-Herbert himself was rich in acquired knowledge, and in whatever way his
-natural genius then displayed itself, such a mind as he possessed must
-have afforded many evidences of latent talent. One important part of a
-young nobleman’s education in Elizabeth’s time, and later, was that of
-horsemanship, particularly in the tilt-yard, a kind of adjunct to noble
-residences, supposed by many to have existed even at Raglan Castle, but
-such an opinion is not even authorised by any tradition. Some interest
-he might take in tournaments, but we easily suspect without aiming at,
-or succeeding in that skill in manœuvres so requisite in the fierce
-and fiery jousts appertaining to such knightly contests, equipped in
-heavy armour, wielding a ponderous lance, and mimicking all the maddest
-encounters of the fellest enemies. We doubt if his talent lay that
-way. His grandfather’s horsemanship has been greatly extolled <span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>by all
-writers, in alluding to his character. In his youth (it is said) he
-was remarkable for his athletic acquirements, distinguishing himself
-by the manly exercises of riding and tilting, in which he was perhaps
-superior to any of his contemporaries. But we have no reason to extol
-the grandson for like success in these chivalric exercises.</p>
-
-<p>We conceive he was otherwise disqualified, that he was too light of
-weight and too short in stature. He appears to have been of slender
-figure, and rather under than above the middle standard in height. In
-another point, indirectly perhaps affecting this same matter, he did
-not possess that easy, boisterous speech which armed assailants may
-often be called on to assume, to strike terror into a foe, by throwing
-him off his guard. He himself acknowledges, later in life, to this
-vocal defect, when, in writing to Charles II. he admits that he takes
-up the pen, as he says,&mdash;“To ease your Majesty of a trouble incident
-to the prolixity of speech, and a <i>natural defect of utterance</i> which
-I accuse myself of.” “The prolixity of speech” any one may imagine,
-both from the letter in which this passage occurs, as well as in the
-noble lord’s general correspondence throughout his life; it seems to be
-a style in which the close of each sentence, or its matter, suggests
-the next, to be followed again in like manner, until the main subject
-becomes so overlaid as to be lost in needless verbose amplification.
-But he could and did write tersely enough on occasion. No man could
-then better display the admirable art of compressing large meaning
-into small compass. If eloquence in speaking “troubled” him, eloquent
-writing assuredly cost him, it would appear, vastly more trouble in
-the labour of the pen. We suspect that concentration of thought was
-natural to him, but its elaboration to produce that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> roundness of
-period assumed necessary for the style of a courtly gentleman, confused
-and perplexed him. We imagine the prosy writer, being conversationally
-sententious; perhaps painfully so to the ears of fashionable society,
-delighting as it does in the trivialties of such conversation as that
-which would principally characterise the Court of those days; rendered
-perhaps only the more irksome by his continuance in its fashionable
-frivolities for three or more years.</p>
-
-<p>A very fair specimen of the mechanical knowledge of the period, when
-Lord Herbert was finishing his education, is afforded in the work of
-Henry Peacham, published in 1627, entitled “The Compleat Gentleman.” In
-his ninth chapter, treating of Geometry, he says: “Out of Egypt, Thales
-brought it into Greece, where it received that perfection we see it now
-hath. For by means hereof are found out the forms and draughts of all
-figures, greatness of all bodies, all manner of measures and weights,
-the cunning working of all tools; with all artificial instruments
-whatsoever. All engines of war, for many whereof (being antiquated) we
-have no proper names; as, Exosters, Sambukes, Catapultes, Testudos,
-Scorpions, &amp;c. Petardes, Grenades, great Ordinance of all sorts.</p>
-
-<p>“By the benefit, likewise, of Geometry, we have our goodly ships,
-gallies, bridges, mills, chariots and coaches, (which were invented
-in Hungary, and there called Cotzki), some with two wheels, some with
-more; pullies and cranes of all sorts. She (Geometry) also with her
-ingenious hand rears all curious roofs and arches, stately theatres,
-the columns simple and compounded, pendant galleries, stately windows,
-turrets, &amp;c. And first brought to light our clocks and curious
-watches (unknown unto the ancients); lastly, <i>our kitchen jacks,
-even the wheel-barrow</i>. Besides whatsoever hath<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> artificial motion,
-either by air, water, wind, sinews or cords, as all manner of musical
-instruments, water works and the like.</p>
-
-<p>“Yea, moreover, such is the infinite subtilty, and immense depth of
-this admirable art, that it dares contend even with nature’s self, in
-infusing life, as it were, into the senseless bodies of wood, stone,
-or metal. Witness the wooden dove of Archytas, so famous not only by
-Agellius, but many other authors beyond exception; which by reason of
-weights equally poised within the body, and a certain proportion of air
-(as the spirit of life enclosed), flew cheerfully forth, as if it had
-been a living dove.”</p>
-
-<p>This Cambridge Master of Arts appears much delighted with these and
-certain minute automata, occupying two pages in describing Scaliger’s
-ship, to swim and steer itself by means of the pith of rushes, bladder,
-and little strings of sinews; a wooden eagle “which mounted up into the
-air, and flew before the Emperor to the gates of Nuremberg;” an iron
-fly that flew about a table; ants and other insects made of ivory, so
-small that the “joints of their legs could not be discerned;” a four
-wheeled coach, which a fly could “cover with her wings;” a ship with
-all its sails, “which a little bee could overspread;” and, “of later
-times, Hadrian Junius, tells us that he saw with great delight and
-admiration, at Mechlin, in Brabant, a cherry-stone cut in the form of
-a basket, wherein were fifteen pair of dice distinct, each with their
-spots and number, very easily of a good eye to be discerned;” how “the
-Ilias of Homer written, was enclosed within a nut;” while, to conclude,
-Scaliger, relates “of a flea he saw with a long chain of gold about its
-neck.” The account of these wonders of art, winds up with descriptions
-of brazen, glass, and silver models, or planetariums illustrating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> the
-situations and motions of the heavenly bodies.</p>
-
-<p>From this serious discourse, by a grave scholar, and contemporary,
-relating to the labours of the first mathematicians of a bygone as
-well as of the existing age, we may form a valuable conception of
-the state of science, in its popular character, when Edward, Lord
-Herbert, entered upon his own course of practical philosophical
-pursuits, affording the ground work of his Century of Inventions,
-the accumulated digest of whatever he had effected during the early,
-middle, and later years of his life. Viewed from any other point than
-the period in which he lived, the means of information around him, and
-the comparatively limited extent of scientific knowledge, the modern
-reader would form a serious misconception of his singular abilities,
-his versatile mechanical talent and the fecundity of his inventive
-ingenuity. There can be little or no doubt but that he was well versed
-in the mathematical knowledge of his times, and that it principally
-contributed in aiding him to obtain those mechanical results, to which
-we consequently find him restricting his attention.</p>
-
-<p>Lord Bacon had died but the year before the publication of Peacham’s
-work. Alchemy still ruled and had its adepts and votaries; and Ashmole
-made a large collection of alchemical writings, for Chemistry was but
-just faintly emerging from the mysticisms of its precursor, Alchemy.</p>
-
-<p>In the year 1628 Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert, being then about 27
-years of age, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Dormer,
-eldest son of Robert Lord Dormer of Weng, and sister to Robert Earl
-of Carnarvon.<a href="#Footnote_11" id="FNanchor_11" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
-She became in 1629 the mother of Henry<a href="#Footnote_12" id="FNanchor_12" class="fnanchor">[D]</a>
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> Somerset
-(afterwards created first Duke of Beaufort); and had besides two
-daughters, Anne, who married Henry Frederick, third Earl of Arundel of
-the Howards; and Elizabeth, who married William Herbert, first Marquis
-of Powis.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p16f.jpg" width="100%" alt="BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658." />
-
-
- Engraved by J. Cochran.
-
-<br /><br /><span class="ph2">ELIZABETH, LADY HERBERT,</span>
-
-<br />Died 31<sup>st.</sup> May, 1635.
-
-<br /><br />FIRST WIFE OF EDWARD SOMERSET, LORD HERBERT.
-<br />AFTERWARDS SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.
-
-<br /><br /><span class="ph2"><i>Drawn by Henry Dircks, C.E. from the Original of Vandyke in the
-Collection of His Grace the Duke of Beaufort.</i></span>
-
-
-<br /><br />Published by B. Quaritch, Piccadilly, London, 1864.</div>
-
-<p class="margin_top">
-No contemporary or other hand has recorded any details of Lord
-Herbert’s marriage, or even any particulars of his early life; in the
-absence of decisive information, we can only surmise from stray facts
-the possibility of his having withdrawn from the Court, taken up his
-abode at Raglan Castle, and there occupied himself in those scientific
-studies and pursuits which were his special delight at that early
-period, and which were indeed the solace even of his declining years.</p>
-
-<p>Judging from a statement that occurs in his writings,<a href="#Footnote_13" id="FNanchor_13" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> it is most
-likely that in 1628, soon after his marriage, he engaged the services
-of “the unparalleled workman both for trust and skill, <span class="smcap">Caspar
-Kaltoff</span>,” of whom we shall have occasion to speak more at length
-hereafter, and who, he says, was “as in a school under me employed;”<a href="#Footnote_14" id="FNanchor_14" class="fnanchor">[F]</a>
-by which we understand that Kaltoff had the practical management of
-those mechanical and other inventions which, then commenced, became the
-principal study and employment of his Lordship’s leisure during the
-remainder of his life. He must have set up a complete laboratory or
-workshop in which to operate on the many varied ingenious contrivances
-and experiments, of only part of which he has left us a most
-interesting catalogue raisonné.</p>
-
-<p>The early genius of Lord Herbert would appear to have exhibited itself
-in an attachment to mathematical studies, and a singular predilection,
-in a young nobleman, for mechanical pursuits. He has himself <span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>mentioned
-two instances which we consider may fairly be referred to his earliest
-continental tour, accompanied by his tutor. Speaking of a certain
-contrivance for a fountain, he explicitly declares:&mdash;“This I confess, I
-have seen and learned of the great mathematician Claudius his studies
-at Rome, he having made a present thereof unto a Cardinal.” And when,
-alluding to a peculiar kind of lever, he pointedly remarks: “This I
-saw in the arsenal at Venice;”<a href="#Footnote_15" id="FNanchor_15" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> thus showing how early his mind was
-impressed with those studies which became the distinguishing feature
-of his writings; and all the more surprising in him, considering
-his birth, his times, and the originality and fruitfulness of his
-inventive talent, which might have found ample scope in some branch of
-literature, in agriculture, or in military works.</p>
-
-<p>His employment of a foreign mechanic was quite in accordance with
-the spirit of the age. National and private undertakings, as well as
-manufacturing and other matters requiring engineering skill, were
-ordinarily superintended by eminent Italian, Dutch, German, French,
-Swiss, or other continental engineers.</p>
-
-<p>During a period of seven years, from the time of his marriage,
-his life appears to have borne an entirely studious and domestic
-character, spent, most likely, principally at Raglan. To the ample
-leisure and quiet thus afforded him we may attribute all his lesser
-inventions, such as the numerous schemes for effecting and conveying
-secret correspondence, which in early and troubled times were esteemed
-as highly useful; some of his automata, amusive toys, drawing and
-other instruments and mechanical devices. He appears to have taken
-considerable interest in multiplying these comparatively minor
-inventions almost to exhaustion, as it <span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>were, of the several subjects
-to which they apply. So fertile, indeed, was this inventive faculty in
-him, that he himself has stated: “The more that you shall be pleased to
-make use of my inventions, the more inventive shall you ever find me,
-one invention begetting still another.”<a href="#Footnote_16" id="FNanchor_16" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
-
-<p>Among his larger works we must rank his water-raising engines, in which
-his earliest efforts are exhibited in the water-works he erected in
-connection with the Citadel or Keep of Raglan Castle; which, as will
-be more minutely explained in a future commentary, belongs to this
-period. It probably depended for its operation on the influence of heat
-from burning fuel acting on a suitably constructed boiler containing
-water, and so arranged as to be able to apply the expansive force of
-steam to the driving of water through vertical pipes to a considerable
-elevation, which in this instance is supposed to have been limited to
-a large cistern on the summit of the Citadel or Donjon, known as the
-Tower of Gwent. This early work may, in fact, have been the occasion
-of calling in the aid of Caspar Kaltoff; and once thus employed, his
-after retention by such a master is readily conceivable. But master,
-and man, and works have all disappeared, and no printed, written,
-or drawn record or model remains of the waterworks there set up, to
-enable us to point distinctly to precise particulars of arrangement.
-All that the inquisitive and ingenious investigator can find to reward
-his most prying curiosity, are certain strange mysterious grooves
-in the external wall of the Citadel, on one side facing the moat
-and the castle, which point like a hieroglyphic inscription to the
-precise place where once stood in active operation the first practical
-application in a primitive form of a means of employing steam as a
-useful mechanical agent.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_20"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p20.jpg" width="100%" alt="Water-works side of the Citadel, Raglan Castle" /></div>
-
-<p id="Page_21"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span></p>
-
-<p>The annexed engraving represents a view of that side of the Citadel
-which looks across the moat towards the castle; that is, across the
-place where a bridge once stood, and opposite the Fountain Court.
-Commencing from below we observe a gothic doorway, which was the
-entrance to the draw and the permanent bridges. Over the arched
-interior of this entrance is a chamber or cell, measuring about seven
-feet by five feet, and better than six feet high in the centre. On the
-outside front of the cell are seen indications of two square places;
-and above them, one to each, two upright channels or grooves, each
-one foot wide and the same in depth. Adjoining is another groove but
-terminating at bottom in two lesser grooves of four inches and a half
-in width, connected a little way up with the large groove. This second
-portion has a distinct cell behind it, less in dimensions than the
-first. From the summit of the three large vertical channels to the
-ground measures forty-six feet.</p>
-
-<p>Now it would have been quite possible to work a small steam boiler in
-each cell, and the pipes from those boilers might have been enclosed
-in the grooves described, entering inwards at top to discharge their
-contents into a cistern on the Citadel roof. And the boilers might have
-been conveniently supplied with water from the moat either by hand
-pumps, or by forming a vacuum for that purpose. It is here, however,
-unnecessary to enter upon mechanical details, as the subject will
-appear at large when describing his matured Invention.</p>
-
-<p>That inimitable portrait painter Vandyck, who was born 1598&ndash;9, studied
-under Rubens, and was an especial favourite with Charles the First, has
-undoubtedly left us a faithful portraiture of the features of both his
-Lordship and of Elizabeth his first wife; the former dating probably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span>
-between 1621 and 1626, the latter between 1628 and 1635.</p>
-
-<p>The portrait of Lady Herbert, three-quarter size, is to be seen in the
-dining-room at Badminton House. It displays an intellectual countenance
-of a serious, dignified and most pleasing cast; her dark auburn hair
-is combed close from the forehead backwards, but so as still to leave
-a fringe of small curls in front; her hair braided and knotted behind
-is entwined with a string of pearls, while a portion of her tresses
-from behind falls in abundant ringlets about her neck and shoulders.
-She wears a large plain pearl necklace; with single pearl-drops as
-ear-rings. Her dress is low-bodied, of white satin, with the usual long
-tight stomacher, full short sleeves and large white vandyked frills
-or cuffs; on her arms, near each elbow, are single strings of pearls,
-like bracelets. Over her shoulders is thrown a light narrow fur tippet
-with long ends terminating backwards in short tails. The artist has
-represented her looking slightly aside as she might appear crossing her
-drawing-room, in the highly graceful and becoming style which Vandyck
-always so happily selected for the subjects of his magic pencil.</p>
-
-<p>This may have been the period to which his Lordship later in life
-fondly looked back as his “golden days.” He was, however, doomed to
-suffer his first great bereavement in the decease of his young wife at
-Worcester House in the Strand, on Sunday the 31st of May, 1635. She
-was buried at St. Cadocus, the parish church of Raglan, within the
-family vault beneath the Beaufort Chapel. He was thus left a widower
-with the charge of his son and heir not above six years of age, and two
-daughters.</p>
-
-<p>A singular error, as to the date, occurring in all genealogies and
-biographical accounts that mention the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> decease of Lady Herbert,
-renders it the more important to refer to the following certificate
-obtained from the Heralds’ Office:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“The right honourable Lady the Lady Elizabeth, late wife of the right
-honourable Edward Somerset Lord Herbert, son and heir to the right
-honourable Henry Earl of Worcester, and daughter of Sir William Dormer,
-Knight, eldest son of Robert Lord Dormer, of Wing, (which Sir William
-died in the lifetime of his father) and sister to the now Earl of
-Carnarvon, departed this mortal life at Worcester House in the Strand,
-near London, on Sunday the last of May, 1635, leaving issue, Mr. Henry
-Somerset, only son, about six years of age, Mrs. Anne eldest and Mrs.
-Elizabeth youngest daughter. Her body was honourably conveyed to
-Ragland, in the County of Monmouth in Wales, there to be interred. This
-Certificate was taken by George Owen Yorke, herald, the 1st day of
-June, 1635, to be registered in the Office of Arms, and testified by
-the right honourable Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Edward Herbert</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Among the family papers is a letter bearing date this year, alluding
-to Lord Herbert, but addressed by Secretary Coke to his Lordship’s
-father:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Upon a letter received from your noble son, the Lord Herbert, whereby
-he signifieth, that the Deputation is now come from the Lord President
-of Wales, I have according to his Lordship’s desire represented his
-thankfulness to his Majesty, and have order from his Majesty to signify
-to your Lordship that it is not only in this particular case; But
-hereafter also he will be graciously<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> mindful of your good service done
-heretofore, in the Lieutenancies of Glamorgan and Monmouth, and your
-willing resigning of them. And he hath also commanded me to tell the
-Earl of Bridgewater, that he shall proceed therein with your Lordship
-in the same manner the Earl of Northampton his predecessor did, and not
-otherwise: which accordingly I have signified to his Lordship. And thus
-having imparted to your Lordship both his Majesty’s gracious favour
-towards yourself and your son, who in this business hath performed as
-much respect and duty as can be expected from a worthy son, I humbly
-take leave and so remain,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your Lordship’s humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Coke</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller extra_indent margin_bottom">“Whitehall, December 3rd. 1635.<br />
-To the right honourable <span class="smcap">the Earl of Worcester</span>, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-
-<p>It is not at all unlikely that after the funeral his Lordship returned
-to Worcester House. London would afford him many advantages for the
-gratification of his scientific pursuits, not to be obtained in the
-country. It appears, indeed, pretty evident that about this period he
-set up in the Tower his large wheel for exhibiting self-motive power,
-which the learned assume to be a mechanical fallacy, but which no
-one has yet proved to general comprehension to be an impossibility.
-In a scientific point of view, but particularly in connection with
-the life of this remarkable man, a subject of this nature cannot be
-lightly passed over. It affects his reputation more than appears on the
-surface, as we shall show in the course of our observations.</p>
-
-<p>It was a machine, consisting of a wheel fourteen feet in diameter,
-carrying forty weights of fifty pounds each,<a href="#Footnote_17" id="FNanchor_17" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> and is supposed to
-have rotated on an axle, supported <span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span>on two pillars or upright frames.
-His Lordship has been very precise in describing all the circumstances
-under which it was shown. There were present Charles the First,
-accompanied by two extraordinary Ambassadors, the Duke of Richmond, the
-Duke of Hamilton, with most of the Court; and Sir William Balfour was
-at the time Lord Lieutenant of the Tower. Now the latter circumstance
-would fix the date as not being later than 1641, while other facts
-make it reasonable to suppose the experiment took place at least two
-or three years earlier. Up to 1638 Charles the First had reigned for
-ten years in comparative peace and leisure. May it not have been during
-this lull in the portending storm of public discontent that royalty
-deigned to inspect a singular piece of mechanism, supposed to move of
-itself without any aid from external agency? In 1642, Sir John Byron
-was made Lord Lieutenant of the Tower; and Sir William Balfour<a href="#Footnote_18" id="FNanchor_18" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> was
-in command of the Parliamentary forces at Edge-hill.</p>
-
-<p>This wheel experiment may have been made in 1638&ndash;9, prior to the
-decease of his lady, and during the most peaceable portion of his
-Majesty’s reign; and indeed while his Lordship’s own domestic affairs
-were wearing their most cheerful and agreeable aspect.</p>
-
-<p>His Lordship has been charged with dealing in paradoxes, and none
-greater than the one under consideration need be sought for. It
-relates to a problem which for 2000 years has not only perplexed
-mathematicians, but likewise been a stumbling-block to many ingenious
-mechanicians during at least five centuries. What mathematicians
-fail to prove and what mechanicians fail to produce, every modern
-philosopher demands <span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>shall be stamped as an impossibility, as absurd
-as it is impossible. Now the dilemma is, How has the author of the
-“Century of Inventions” fallen into the common, vulgar error of
-believing in the possibility of perpetual motion; and not only so, but
-publicly exhibiting a machine pretending to that character?</p>
-
-<p>We are not disposed to question either his talent, or his veracity,
-hence the difficulty of offering any simple, direct, satisfactory reply
-to what otherwise appears to be an easily answered interrogative.
-Eminent writers of the seventeenth and previous centuries maintained
-that perpetual motion was possible. Dr. Dee, in his very curious
-preface to the first translation of Euclid into English, wrote
-favourably on this very topic; so that, however the modern scientific
-sceptic may blame his Lordship for want of skill, or, worse, of
-veracity, his opinion was quite in accordance with the estimation in
-which the subject was viewed in his day. But he goes a step farther, he
-speaks of a practical result. Hence he leaves us no alternative but to
-declare that he propounds either a truth or a falsehood; and if false
-that he was either himself mistaken, or deceived by others. But either
-way it is difficult to arrive at a thoroughly satisfactory conclusion,
-even as to what his Lordship actually intended and performed in this
-instance, owing to the usual vagueness of his own statements.</p>
-
-<p>At 38 years of age Lord Herbert had enjoyed seven years of matrimonial
-felicity, and had been during four years a widower. In 1639, his son
-Henry would be 10 years old, his two daughters much younger, so that as
-well for their education as for the gratification of his own scientific
-investigations, he may have continued for some time to reside at
-Worcester House: the Strand and all that neighbourhood being then in
-the occupancy of families of title, wealth and high position.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> During
-his father’s lifetime, the resident housekeeper was James Redman,
-Esquire, as we learn from the list of his household.</p>
-
-<p>The private studies and pursuits in which Lord Herbert was
-indefatigably engaged, must have occupied his attention from an
-innate love of physical science. The society in which he moved had no
-tendency that way, while the times in which he lived were far from
-affording any encouragement for such investigations as those in which
-he was principally engaged. The metropolis in his day was without
-coaches until 1625, when they were first used by the gentry, and ten
-years later hackney coaches were considered to have arrived at such a
-dangerous increase that their plying was restrained by law; and London
-streets were either so bad, or the treasury so low, that penalties
-were levied on all heavy vehicles passing over the highways. It is
-characteristic of the state of our laws at that period, that Dr.
-Leighton was for his writings sentenced to barbarous mutilations, as
-also happened in 1633 to the unfortunate learned Mr. Prynne, and four
-years later to John Lilburn. The pillory, whipping culprits through
-the streets, cropping ears and other mutilations and barbarities were
-ordinary punishments, and in 1636 the plague was raging throughout the
-metropolis and its suburbs, with all its accustomed terrors.</p>
-
-<p>But not in this view alone do we see little to inspirit him in the
-ardent pursuit of mechanical employments, another and more serious
-obstacle arose from his belonging, like his father and ancestors, to
-the Roman Catholic faith. The laws against Papists were inconsistently
-stringent in England on religious grounds; and strange to say,
-in imperial Rome, the very seat of the papacy, absurdly severe
-denunciations were pronounced against even the free discussion of
-scientific subjects. On the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> memorable 22nd of June, 1633, Galileo,
-prosecuted by the Inquisition at Rome, was compelled to abjure his
-astronomical theories and discoveries as heretical! The inquiry
-with its results must have deeply interested Lord Herbert; but what
-could he hope to gain even from his own party, as the inventor of
-a “semi-omnipotent engine?” Thus situated he was surrounded by
-circumstances nowise calculated to stimulate his mental activity in
-the peculiar occupations that employed his leisure and his fortune;
-but the fact offers an invaluable proof of the intense satisfaction
-an inquiring mind always experiences in the realization of its mental
-speculations.</p>
-
-<p>There is every reason to believe that his studies were completed, his
-tastes fixed, his experiments pretty well matured at this period,
-and that it was, therefore, the occasion of stamping his future
-character. He was then terminating his “golden days,” to enter upon a
-very different career. While, therefore, most anxious to avoid every
-appearance of substituting fictions for facts, we feel impelled to
-indulge in an attempt to account for his long serious devotion to
-employments so apparently foreign to either his education, his station
-in life, or the necessities of the times; while, indeed, on the other
-hand, all operated against him, owing to the darkness, ignorance,
-persecution and prevailing prejudices of the age.</p>
-
-<p>It appears from his published work that Lord Herbert was better versed
-in mathematical than in classical literature. His mental activity may
-have been promoted by physical causes, assuming that from delicacy
-of constitution he may have been thereby disposed to those studious
-habits, to which he was ever after so much attached; the Vandyck
-portrait of him in his youth would indicate that he was not constituted
-for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> undergoing much severity of exercise in the fatiguing sports and
-pastimes then in vogue.</p>
-
-<p>In 1639, his confidential workman, Caspar Kaltoff, would have expended
-eleven years in constructing models and machines to establish the
-practicability of the many novel schemes which his Lordship had, up to
-that time, developed. Meanwhile, his own reading was no doubt pursued
-with vigour, and we cannot believe him to have been unpossessed of
-the celebrated authorities among English and foreign writers. He must
-have studied with interest Ramelli’s very elaborate volume, 1588, on
-machines, illustrated with one hundred and ninety-five large, finely
-executed copper-plate engravings; the popular Spiritalia of Hero of
-Alexandria; with even, perhaps, the works of the engineer and architect
-Solomon De Caus, published in 1615; together with the labours of many
-kindred writers. Judging, however, from internal evidence, there was
-one, among many English authors, whose work especially gratified his
-taste, the “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” by John Bate, which went
-through two editions, dating 1634 and 1635, containing a “Booke of
-Water-workes,” treating of “evaporating water, and rarifying ayre.”
-The peculiarity of such studies was sufficient to separate him from
-the fashionable society of Courts, and the too frequently frivolous
-society attendant even at Raglan Castle. If he then made few enemies,
-his conversation and pursuits were little calculated to enlarge his
-social acquaintance, and may even have early inspired a belief in his
-possessing equal eccentricity and enthusiasm. His memory, however,
-cannot fail to be cherished by posterity as the illustrious possessor
-of a highly cultivated intellect, displaying a singularly powerful,
-original, protean inventive genius.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<div class="figright" style="width:40%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p10.jpg" width="100%" alt="H. Herbert (autograph) Henry, 1st Marquis of Worcester" /></div>
-<p><a id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The annexed specimen of his Lordship’s autograph, during
-his father’s lifetime, is from a MS. certificate in the British Museum
-dated 21st May, 1604.
-</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_8"><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1603&ndash;1610. Edited by
-Mrs. M. A. E. Green. 8vo. 1857, page 529.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_9"><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> An. à Wood. Vol. 3, pp. 199&ndash;204.</p>
-
-<div class="figright" style="width:50%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p12.jpg" width="100%" alt="E. Worcester (autograph) Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester" /></div>
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_10"><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Bodleian Library, “Carte Papers&mdash;Earl of Huntingdon’s
-Papers, Temp. Eliz. Car. II. 77.” No 120. The annexed engraving is a
-facsimile of his autograph to the letter in question.
-</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_11"><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Atkyns.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_12"><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Henry, Duke of Beaufort, died in 1699, at 70 years of age, so that he must have been born in 1629.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_13"><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Dedication to the “Century.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_14"><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Ibid.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_15"><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> “The Century,” articles Nos. 21 and 26.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_16"><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> The “Century,” Dedication.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_17"><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The “Century,” Article No. 56.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_18"><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> It is not certain how long Sir William Balfour was Lord
-Lieutenant of the Tower prior to 1641.</p></div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_30"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">EDWARD, LORD HERBERT’S SECOND MARRIAGE.</p>
-
-
-<p>In 1639 Lord Herbert entered a second time into the matrimonial
-state, a prudential step as he was then situated, at the age of 38,
-having a young family without any sufficient guardian. He married the
-Lady Margaret, second daughter and co-heir of Henry O’Brien, Earl of
-Thomond; by which alliance he obtained some possessions, as well as a
-connexion with many of the best and most powerful families in Ireland.
-Of this, as of his first marriage, no particulars have been preserved,
-not even their date, or where celebrated; yet considering that both
-occurred during his father’s lifetime and greatest prosperity, we
-can readily believe that they were accompanied with all the usual
-demonstrations of joy, ceremony and feasting. They had but one
-daughter, Mary, who died during her infancy. In a family group, painted
-by Hanneman, a close imitator of Vandyck, Lord Herbert is represented
-as a Roman general, seated by his lady attired in a modern costume of
-pale blue satin, with their child standing before her in a reclining
-position. He has a very aged appearance, although one might presume
-that the portrait was executed when he was under forty-five. It is a
-very thinly and sketchily painted performance. His Lordship presents a
-singular appearance in a toga and tight fitting hose of deep scarlet,
-an ornamented leathern jerkin, and wearing a wig streaming over his
-breast and shoulders, sitting in a chair with his right hand resting
-on a walking stick, while his left hangs negligently over the arm of
-the chair in proximity with a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> mighty sheathed sword. His lady in
-ample folds of silk, with the usual long, tightly fitting, jewelled
-stomacher, has her hair in a fringe of small curls over her forehead,
-combed closely back, where it terminates in a knot from which a few
-ringlets flow behind; she wears also pearl ear-drops and a pearl
-necklace, which ornaments are repeated on her child.</p>
-
-<p>The same year, on the 8th of April, he lost his mother, Anne, Countess
-of Worcester, who was buried at Raglan. It is possible, therefore, that
-his marriage was deferred during her illness, and not celebrated until
-some months after her decease.</p>
-
-<p>It was then the 15th year of Charles the First’s reign. Before
-the close of the year following, the Long Parliament commenced
-its sittings, when <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Lenthal">Lenthall</ins> was chosen Speaker. All projectors and
-monopolists were denounced as incapable of holding office, several
-members, therefore, withdrew, whose places were speedily supplied. What
-must have been his Lordship’s impressions under the existing aspect of
-political affairs may easily be conceived, while as yet “Royalist” and
-“Roundhead” could scarcely be called popular terms of party distinction.</p>
-
-<p>In 1641, that martyr of science, Galileo, died, whose case so far
-assimilated with the Marquis’s own, that they were of the same
-religious persuasion: the one proscribed at home for the peculiar
-heretical turn his genius had taken, the other under the ban of
-suspicion for his papistical persuasion and supposed consequent
-prejudices.</p>
-
-<p>We now enter on the most critical era in the history of this great and
-good man. He was then residing in London, where he continued for some
-length of time, with the politic motive of avoiding as much as possible
-the suspicion of Parliament; for through his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> father’s liberality he
-had already commenced supplying Charles the First with heavy loans.</p>
-
-<p>In the collection of manuscripts at Badminton, is an unpublished letter
-from Charles the First, dated 3rd of August, 1641, and also copies, in
-an ancient and probably contemporary hand, of letters, the originals
-of which, according to Birch, form part of the Harleian collection.<a href="#Footnote_19" id="FNanchor_19" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
-In the first of these, dated 7th of December, 1641,&mdash;Charles the First
-requires Lord Herbert to repair to Whitehall, “not only for <i>his own
-particular use</i>, but <i>likewise for the good of the kingdom</i>,” so early
-had his Majesty taken him into his confidence and council. He had then
-not long returned from Scotland, and soon after he retreated to Hampton
-Court. He writes:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin, We greet you
-well,&mdash;whereas We have heretofore by many letters and messages signed
-by us, given you testimony of Our favour and inclination to reward the
-good service of you and yours: These are further to assure you, that
-neither the times nor business shall ever make us unmindful of them:
-Yet upon occasions when Our good intentions therein may be really
-manifested, We desire to be put in mind that we may readily concur to a
-speedy performance, of which you may be ever most confident. And being
-[seeing?] your indisposition of body is such, that before Our intended
-journey We cannot signify the same to yourself in person, We have
-thought good to express it by these our Letters, Given at our Palace of
-Westminster, 3 day of August, In the seventeenth year of Our Reign and
-1641.”</p>
-
-<p class="smaller right">[Endorsed in an old handwriting, 1641.]</p>
-
-<p class="smaller left">“To Our Right trusty and right well beloved Cousin, <span class="smcap">Henry Earl of
-Worcester.</span>”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_33"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span></p>
-<p class="margin_top">Next comes the following:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Yours of the 1st of December has given me a just reason for your
-absence but certainly I have juster cause for your attendance, for
-it is well known how that you are to give me account of matters not
-only for my particular use, but likewise for the good of the kingdom;
-wherefore I require your repair hither with all convenient diligence;
-And the rather that you may find out the authors of these lying and
-scandalous Pamphlets concerning your father and you, touching [which] I
-not only promise you protection to your innocency but justice against
-those offenders, assuring you likewise that I shall be so mindful of
-you that, if I live, you shall neither be a loser in, nor repent you
-for the services you have done me. And so I rest</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your assured friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Whitehall, the 7th December, 1641.<a href="#Footnote_20" id="FNanchor_20" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-
-<p>“I send you herein the paper that I could not find when you were with
-me.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">In his journey towards the north, his Majesty, on arriving at Royston,
-wrote to Lord Herbert as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Your services are expressed to me in so noble a way that I cannot
-but acknowledge to you under my own hand, and that I should think
-myself very unhappy, if I did not live by real testimonies to express
-my gratitude to you. And for your sister, Carnarvon, though I cannot
-punctually answer your expectation therein, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span>yet I hope you will be
-satisfied with the answer you will receive by your cousin Sir John
-Byron, to whom, referring myself for many things I have not time to
-write. I rest,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Royston, 6 March, [1641&ndash;2.]”</p>
-
-
-<p>And again he addressed him a few lines, shortly before being refused
-admittance to Hull:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I entrusted your cousin Byron with the particular answers to your
-letter, reserving only to myself to answer you, that I esteem your
-services such as my words cannot express them; but by showing myself at
-all occasions to be</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“York, 9 May, 1642.”</p>
-
-
-<p>We have here the earliest communications on record between these two
-remarkable individuals, whose personal histories have alike perplexed
-all political, polemical, and philosophical writers.</p>
-
-<p>Before setting out for Scotland, the King appears to have desired a
-personal interview with his Lordship, who seems to have been prevented
-from complying by some severe indisposition in July, 1641; his Majesty,
-therefore, conveys to him in writing, his “favour and inclination to
-reward the good service of you and yours.” His Lordship’s father had
-already made to the needy monarch some of those munificent advances,
-which, as long as he could obtain them, he was in the habit of repaying
-with ample promises and abundant flattery.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p>
-
-<p>In his second letter, he alludes to “lying and scandalous pamphlets
-concerning” his Lordship’s father, but what these may have been has not
-transpired; they may only have referred to him as connected with the
-Roman Catholic party.</p>
-
-<p>In another letter he expresses his “gratitude” for his Lordship’s
-noble expression of services; and alludes to his sister Carnarvon. And
-in the last of these letters, he flatteringly informs his Lordship,
-that,&mdash;“I esteem your services such as my words cannot express them;”
-yet by <i>words</i> alone were they ever, as then, expressed, only to be as
-conveniently repudiated.</p>
-
-<p>Up to forty years of age, Lord Herbert had lived as became a gentleman
-of ancient nobility, great expectations, and in the enjoyment of the
-most friendly intercourse with his sovereign. Well educated, travelled,
-accustomed to courtly life, devoted to learned studies and given to
-scientific pursuits, he has been hitherto only presented to us, in his
-domestic relations, as a dutiful son, a husband and father, having
-few engagements to withdraw him from the management of his estates,
-or distract him from the enjoyment of country sports and social
-intercourse. During this period, he had probably nothing more serious
-on hand than an occasional change of residence, as he passed some
-portions of the year at Raglan Castle, and occupied at others the ample
-accommodations of Worcester House.</p>
-
-<p>In a statement<a href="#Footnote_21" id="FNanchor_21" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> he wrote long after, he incidentally remarks:&mdash;“I was
-not privy, or present with his Majesty at Greenwich [26th February,
-1641] when he first took his resolution for the North, and removed,
-without the Queen, to Theobalds; from which he was pleased to write me
-a lamentable letter by the hands of Sir
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span>
-John Byron, averring that he had but £600, and £300 of which was given
-to defray his horses, which the Marquis of Hamilton, then Master of the
-Horse, refused to do, fearing to displease the Parliament.”</p>
-
-<p>For awhile he was necessitated to act with consummate caution to
-conceal his true political bias from the Parliamentary party. But the
-drama of his life has now to change; his “golden days” are gone, and
-hereafter we view him only in evil times, times so distracted and
-turbulent, that the materials they afford us of his future life, are
-but like the fragments of a terrible wreck.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_19"><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Inquiry, 1756, page 349.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_20"><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, gives the date “11th of December, 1641.” p 356.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_21"><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See <a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">Chapter XVIII</a>.</p></div>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_37"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">HENRY, EARL OF WORCESTER.&mdash;CREATED MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.&mdash;RAGLAN CASTLE.</p>
-
-
-<p>The general aspect of public affairs in 1641, foreshadowed the coming
-storm. Charles the First had departed from Whitehall; civil war raged
-through the length and breadth of the land, terminating in fearful
-consequences to the monarch and all his wealthiest loyal supporters.</p>
-
-<p>On the 2nd of November, 1642,<a href="#Footnote_22" id="FNanchor_22" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> Henry was created Marquis of
-Worcester, being the first of his family raised to that dignity. He
-would then be 65 years of age, but does not appear to have enjoyed
-uniform good health; he was corpulent in body, possessed a vigorous
-intellect, and was remarkable for his flow of humour. It is recorded of
-him, but without reference to any authority for the statement,<a href="#Footnote_23" id="FNanchor_23" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> that
-he was singular for the custom of wearing a coat of frieze, a coarse
-narrow cloth much in use; the term being applied to garments having
-long wool, then said to be friezed. Sanderson speaks of him as a plain
-man, especially in his apparel.</p>
-
-<p>His great wealth enabled him to afford Charles the First early
-important pecuniary assistance, which, together with his great loyalty,
-although a papist, secured him all that esteem and favour, which the
-peculiar mental constitution of his royal master, alone best knew
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span>
-how to turn to the largest possible amount of personal profit, without
-being absolutely necessitated to make any adequate return other than
-his word and honour. If the materials for the personal character of
-Charles the First had to be drawn solely from his treatment of the
-first two Marquisses of Worcester&mdash;the veteran Lord of Raglan Castle,
-and his enthusiastic valorous son, the Lord Herbert, sufficient
-evidence would be found to establish that monarch’s perfidious nature,
-and the utter worthlessness of his plighted word and most solemn
-protestations.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_bottom">The Parliament took early notice of the proceedings of both the Earl
-of Worcester and his son Lord Herbert. The Journals of the House of
-Commons<a href="#Footnote_24" id="FNanchor_24" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> inform us that on the 29th of January, 1640&ndash;41:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Die Veneris, 29 Jan., 1640.</p>
-
-
-<p>“Mr. Treasurer acquaints this House, that his Majesty’s pleasure is,
-that this House do attend his Majesty this afternoon, at two of [the]
-clock, in the Banqueting House, and that he had intimated his pleasure
-likewise to the Lords to attend him at the same time.</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the consideration of the commission granted to the
-Earl of Worcester, and his eldest son the Lord Herbert, and the
-sub-commissions by them granted to others, for the levying of forces
-in several Counties of England and Wales, and all the circumstances
-depending thereupon, be referred to the Committee appointed to draw up
-the charge against the Earl of Stratford, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">And on the 11th of February following, that:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_top" id="Page_39">“Die Jovis, 11º Feb 1640.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span></p>
-
-
-<p>“Mr. Reignolds reports from the Committee of the Earl of Worcester, the
-substance of that business. * * * * * * (thus printed in Journal.)</p>
-
-<p>“And then it was resolved, upon the question, That the particulars
-reported by Sir W. Erle, Sir Jo. Clotworthy, and Mr. Reignolds, shall
-be the heads of the Conference to be desired with the Lords, concerning
-the disbanding of the new-levied Irish Army, and disarming of the
-Popish Recusants here in England.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Later we find a guard set on his residence in London.<a href="#Footnote_25" id="FNanchor_25" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top dated_at_top">“Die Martis, 16º Nov. 1641.</p>
-
-<p>“Mr. Wittacre, Sir John Francklin, Sir John Hippisley, Mr. Wheler,
-Mr. G. Long, are appointed to go immediately, and take order to set a
-good guard upon the house of the Earl of Worcester; and to search for
-persons suspected of high treason.</p>
-
-<p>“They are to take like care for setting a guard upon, and searching * *
-*; and likewise upon such other houses, as they shall be informed; and
-that they have power to search all such houses at such times as they
-shall think fit.</p>
-
-<p>“... To acquaint their Lordships, what this House has done for the
-searching, and setting a guard upon, the Earl of Worcester’s house, and
-upon what grounds.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">On the 5th of January, 1642, his Majesty addressed the following letter
-to the Marquis, in which he says&mdash;</p>
-
-<p id="Page_40"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“The large expressions which you and your son have made unto us of your
-forwardness to a service, shall <i>never be forgotten</i>.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Right trusty and right entirely beloved Cousin, We greet you well.
-Your son, the Lord Herbert, hath excused your not writing unto us; but
-where we find so much royalty, there needs not ceremony, and your last
-performance of our desires hath crowned the rest. And we would have
-you confident that the mentioning of leaving few forces at Raglan,
-was not out of any diminution of our care of you, or meant to lessen
-any provision fitting thereto: For we well understand that there were
-never any of the forces raised in the county, applied thereunto more
-than a private company under servants of your own. But the Ward of
-Raglan was given as a general ward attributive to the country, as that
-time we understood it. The large expressions which you and your said
-son have made unto us of your forwardness to a service, shall never be
-forgotten. He now commands in chief in the absence of the Lord Marquis
-[of] Hertford, and besides his dutifulness unto you, our command is,
-that his power and yours shall [be] the same, as your hearts are to our
-service. The acceptance whereof we shall not fail to make appear on all
-occasions, whereof you may rest assured. Given under and signed at our
-Court at Oxford, the 5th day of January, in the eighteenth year of our
-reign, 1642.<a href="#Footnote_26" id="FNanchor_26" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top dated_at_bottom">“To Our Right trusty and right entirely beloved Cousin, <span class="smcap">Henry,
-Marquis of Worcester</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p>The earliest direct intimation we have of money passing from the
-Marquis to the King occurs in two <span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span>letters from Sir John Byron. In his
-first communication he says:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The King is so oppressed with [a] multitude of business that he has
-commanded me to write unto your Lordship this inclosed letter, not
-having leisure himself to write more than a short postscript to give
-credit to what I have written. I had thought to have sent some of my
-own servants to convey the money hither, but Mr. Griffin tells me
-your Lordship would rather send it by him and some other, whom you
-should think fit to trust, and then it may be brought so privately to
-Newstead, where I shall be ready to receive it, that none but such
-as your Lordship trusteth need to know of it. I humbly desire your
-Lordship it may be sent with all possible speed, because his Majesty
-hath allotted it for a service that must immediately be gone in hand
-with all [speed]. I shall not need to trouble your Lordship any
-farther, and therefore humbly kissing your hands, rest ever,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your Lordship’s most humble Servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Byron</span>.
-<a href="#Footnote_27" id="FNanchor_27" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“York, July 8, 1642.<br />
-“To the <span class="smcap">Earl of Worcester</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p>On the 24th of the same month Sir John Byron<a href="#Footnote_28" id="FNanchor_28" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> wrote a second letter
-as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My most honoured Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Your Lordship hath honoured me with a title which I value above any
-other that can be given me, and of which I shall ever endeavour to make
-myself worthy by all real expressions of faithful and humble service.
-It was my misfortune to be from home when <span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>Sir John Somerset came, and
-though I acquainted his Majesty therewith (upon whom I then attended),
-yet he would not permit me to go to him for a day or two, having some
-other service to employ me in by reason of his journey to Leicester,
-where it was thought he would have had some opposition; but upon his
-Majesty’s approach, his enemies fled, Hazelrick,<a href="#Footnote_29" id="FNanchor_29" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> the chief of them,
-was said to be lurking hereabouts, whereupon the King commanded me and
-some other gentlemen, to go out and see if we could apprehend him; but,
-though we used the best diligence we could, riding both day and night,
-yet we came short of him.</p>
-
-<p>“This is the cause of the delay in returning your Lordship an answer,
-for which I hope your Lordship will pardon me; and now, since Sir John
-Somerset is come hither, having left the £5000 your Lordship sent at
-Newstead, my house, his Majesty hath commanded me to make use of it
-for the levying of 500 horse, and withal, in his name, to return your
-Lordship all possible thanks for your seasonable assistance both now
-and heretofore, and that he hopes he shall not die in your debt. These
-are his own words, and desires to be excused for not writing himself,
-by reason of the little leisure he hath; for my own particular, I
-humbly beseech your Lordship to believe that, as there lives not any
-body more deeply engaged for real and noble favours to your Lordship
-than myself, so no man can be more sensible of them, or more ready upon
-all occasions to express myself, my Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most humble</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“and faithful servant,</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Byron</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Leicester Abbey, this Sunday, being the 24th of July, 1642.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_43"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span>
-Still later, and the House of Commons directs its
-attention to the disarming of the Earl, and the requiring
-of his son’s attendance.<a href="#Footnote_30" id="FNanchor_30" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top dated_at_top">“Die Sabbati, 20 Augusti, 1642. Post meridiem.</p>
-
-
-<p>“Message from the Lords by Sir Robt. Riche and Mr. Page;</p>
-
-<p>“That the Lords had sent them with Three Orders: 1. For the disarming
-of the Earl of Worcester, and all Papists; wherein they desire the
-concurrence of this House, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>“Answer returned by the same messenger (as to two of the Orders); And
-as to that of disarming the Earl of Worcester, will send an answer by
-messengers of their own.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">And again on the following month:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top dated_at_top">“Die Martis, 3º Septembris, 1642.</p>
-
-<p>“That Mr. Speaker shall write his letter to the Lord Herbert, son of
-the Earl of Worcester, to appear here, and attend the House.</p>
-
-<p>“Mr. Glyn to prepare this letter.</p>
-
-<p>“That the Lords be moved to send for the Earl of Worcester, to attend
-the Parliament.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">In August, 1642, had commenced that series of national disasters,
-which divided shires and even families into either Cavaliers or
-Roundheads&mdash;Royalists or Parliamentarians&mdash;Protestants or Puritans,
-in short, Tories or Whigs. It was then, or perhaps somewhat earlier,
-previous to his elevation, that the Earl of Worcester garrisoned
-Raglan Castle, strengthening his position by the raising of extensive
-earthworks on its most approachable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> side, and maintained there 800 men
-entirely at his own expense.</p>
-
-<p>In September, 1642, Lord Herbert was in personal communication with his
-Majesty at Nottingham. He was then, although 41 years of age, a man
-singularly inexperienced in the ways either of commerce or of courts.
-His studies, pursuits, domestic habits, were not calculated to foster
-that spirit of intrigue which a deep designing mind alone knows best
-how to conjure up and apply with consummate art, and the exercise
-of which base quality his position would seem to have frequently
-demanded. We have now to peruse a minute report, drawn up by Lord
-Herbert, of what passed between himself and the King in regard to a
-further loan.<a href="#Footnote_31" id="FNanchor_31" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> The cunning and artfulness of the royal negotiator is
-mirrored forth in this affair in most unmistakeable characters. But the
-whole document is a striking example of the arts by which Charles the
-First could practise on his unsuspecting victims. It is an engrossed
-copy&mdash;not signed&mdash;but has been endorsed on the back, “Lord Herbert’s
-Message from the King to be delivered to his father from Nottingham,
-Sept. 9th, 1642,” and runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“The effect of the message your Majesty desireth I should deliver to my
-father for your Majesty at Nottingham, the 9th of September, 1642.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“That your Majesty with many thanks expresseth yourself most sensible
-of the great expense and charge his Lordship hath been at for your
-service, far more than any man else, considering what I have had as
-well as Sir John Byron’s [expenses], that it is most true at this
-time, much lieth at stake both of your Majesty’s <span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span>honour and power
-for want of a little money, since £20,000, with what you have, would
-further your Majesty’s designs to a most hopeful condition; for want
-whereof, your Majesty is enforced to dally (though you will never
-yield), and at this present you offer that which is worth £100,000
-for £50,000, besides my Lord Capell, Sir William Savill and others
-of good estates do offer also theirs for security;&mdash;yet no want nor
-occasion can make your Majesty to press my Lord, who hath already done
-so much, but if he and his friends could procure £10,000, your Majesty
-would suddenly (if it please God to restore you) see it repaid, and
-would presently in token of thankfulness send my father the Garter,
-to be put on when he pleased, and also having the Great Seal in your
-Majesty’s own custody you would pass a patent of Marquis of what title
-my father should desire, and keep it private as long as he thought
-fitting; and to show that this proposition is far from urging him to
-his inconvenience, and so much doth your Majesty acknowledge yourself
-already beholding to him, as that even without procuring his Majesty
-this unspeakable advantage, your Majesty is graciously pleased that if
-he desire either or both these, your Majesty, at my return unto you,
-will vouchsafe them; but if this could be possibly performed, then the
-Crown, which hitherto your Majesty confesseth to stay upon your head
-by his assistance, will be then confirmed by him, and your Majesty;
-and your Majesty esteemeth so much of his understanding, as well as
-passionate zeal to your service, that if he will send your Majesty his
-advice (upon the relation of the state of business which your Majesty
-hath commanded me to make unto him) your Majesty will as soon follow
-it as any man’s, and the power you give, or intend to give me is, as
-I am subordinate, and most dutiful unto him to whom your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> Majesty
-esteemeth it to be given when it is to me; and your Majesty doth not
-only faithfully promise on the word of a King but of a Christian, that
-you will punctually perform your engagements advantageously to him and
-his, and never forsake either, whilst you breathe, joining his safety
-with your own, which is, and ever shall be your Majesty’s resolution.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">We have here a summary of the interview between Charles the First and
-Lord Herbert at Nottingham. The King was no doubt very gloomy, and
-the discourse between them most serious. There was on all occasions
-an imperturbable dignity of manner about his Majesty, although his
-personal appearance operated against him, his visage being long, with a
-narrow forehead, large nose, grey eyes, thick lips, and peaked beard.
-He stammered, too, in his speech, being also somewhat impetuous and
-hurried amidst all the apparent coolness and calmness of his conduct
-and conversation. Lord Herbert, on the contrary, in the very prime
-of life, was a man of cheerful aspect, with small dark full eyes,
-and smooth, oval, delicately formed features. Both wore the flowing
-locks in fashion, the one in ample curls, the other in plain long
-wavy hair. The Marquis fastidiously observed all courtly etiquette;
-without the accomplishment of fluency in speech, his conversation would
-be deferential, simple, without any show of boldness other than what
-conscious integrity of purpose might naturally inspire; unaffected,
-direct, and straightforward; displaying much suavity without any taint
-of selfishness, and profound zeal without the slightest hypocrisy.</p>
-
-<p>We almost see and hear again the wily financier, (such is the freshness
-of the reported conversation) while the meek, unsophisticated Lord
-Herbert is scrupulously<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> noting each suggestion as it is dictated
-by his suppliant royal master, anxious to give in their integrity
-the identical honeyed phrases the Sovereign employs in depicting his
-obligations, his necessities, his securities, with the readiest means
-for extricating the royal cause and assuredly giving stability to the
-already tottering crown. His Majesty is gracious to an extreme; he
-will in very “thankfulness send the Earl the Garter,” and having “the
-Great Seal” in his “own custody,” he offers to “pass a patent of what
-title the Earl should desire;” nay, should he desire unconditionally
-to have either or both “his Majesty will vouchsafe them.” It was by
-such unworthy arts in diplomacy that Charles the First drew the loyal,
-warm-hearted, sincerely attached Lord Herbert into his toils, inducing
-him by unremitting flattery, artfully simulated condescension, and
-consummate sophistry to become instrumental in the ruin of both himself
-and his father. There is not the slightest ground to suppose that from
-the first to the last advance of money made by this family to the King,
-a single offer in the first instance came direct from either the Earl
-or his son; but there are abundant proofs that his Majesty held out
-from time to time every possible inducement he could conceive to sap
-the wealth of the too-confiding Earl of Worcester. Transparent as the
-craftiness of the present transaction must appear to the reader, it was
-not so obvious to the peer whom it interested, for he having once made
-his election to support the royal cause magnanimously proceeded as he
-had begun, until he exceeded even the bounds of common prudence.</p>
-
-<p>It will be requisite, as we progress, to notice many particulars which
-might at first appear irrelevant, as relating more considerably to the
-father than to the son; but it is important to bear in mind, that Lord
-Herbert<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span> becomes intimately associated with events then apparently
-only concerning his father, but which really are those most seriously
-affecting that turn in events which colour all his future history,
-whether as regards his early military career or his later cheerless
-destiny.</p>
-
-<p>Raglan Castle was then in its glory; it was often gay with numerous
-noble visitors. Lord Herbert resided there with his lady, particularly
-at that disturbed period; his father too had a numerous family and
-household. Although rather isolated in position, it must have been a
-place possessing considerable internal comfort. The good old Marquis
-was constituted to make all around him as happy as circumstances would
-permit; with strong religious and moral principles he combined the
-strictest possible sense of honour, of a gentlemanly and military
-bearing, with a joyous temperament that refused no source of accidental
-innocent amusement, turning the very ills of life to sources either of
-merriment or moral reflection as the case might be: which, with his
-princely means and liberal spirit, must have largely contributed to the
-promoting of good feeling and hilarity within the fortress of Raglan.</p>
-
-<p>The Castle crowns one of the many broad low verdant hills occupying
-a valley of immense extent in Monmouthshire. It is at present so
-embowered in a forest of ancient lofty trees, as to be all but hid
-from view within the circuit of a mile radius. There is just one point
-from which may be seen at the same time towering above the foliage
-the Tower of Gwent or Citadel on the right, and the Closet Tower on
-the left. The Citadel, which in reality stands outside the Castle, as
-being the loftiest object, is visible from the village, the Warrage,
-and other points of view. In its palmy days there were attached to the
-Castle an extensive, well-wooded and highly picturesque home-park,
-with <span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>
-a well-stocked red-deer park; also various gardens, orchards,
-lawns, pleasure grounds, and fish-ponds artfully constructed, affording
-islands here, fountains there, and summer houses where they could
-be most advantageously placed. Thus were the demesnes of Raglan
-characteristic of its noble possessor’s distinguished position.</p>
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p49.jpg" width="100%" alt="Distant view of Raglan Castle" />
-DISTANT VIEW OF RAGLAN CASTLE, MONMOUTHSHIRE.</div>
-<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p>
-<p class="continued"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p>
-
-<p>The most ancient portions of the Castle itself, were probably raised
-in the reign of Henry V., others are of more recent construction, but
-not much, if any of it, dates later than that of Elizabeth. Its mixed
-styles of architecture are very obvious. Among its later improvements
-were, no doubt, those large windows, which were better suited for an
-elegant domestic mansion, than for a fortress. The grand entrance was
-secured by its double portcullis, as likewise by a gate, leading to the
-paved or pitched court; a portcullis also protected the south-eastern
-entrance, leading from the fountain court to the pleasaunce or
-bowling-green, supposed by some to have originally been the tilt-yard;
-both of which entrances were further guarded by draw-bridges. The tower
-of Gwent, citadel, or keep, stands before, and a little removed from
-the castle, surrounded with a broad moat, which it would appear could
-be crossed by two bridges; one permanent, connected with, and for the
-special use of the castle, reaching to the walls of the bastions,
-whence communication was kept up by a draw-bridge with the keep itself;
-the other a draw-bridge only, in an opposite direction, whereby to
-pass over the moat to the sunk walk, for ordinary use. The tower is of
-extraordinary strength, its form hexagonal, its walls ten and a half
-feet thick, and its summit reached by a stone staircase.</p>
-
-<p>The Castle may be described as presenting two portions, distinguished
-by two courts and two fortified<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> arched entrances. The grand entrance
-between two hexagonal towers leads to the paved court, with the closet
-tower or library to the right, a withdrawing or ball-room over head,
-and the banqueting or stately hall to the left, which last attracts
-much notice from its size, nobleness, and state of preservation. It had
-a magnificent oak roof lighted by a lantern or cupola window at the
-top; at one end is a large stone carving of the arms of the Beaufort
-family, with their celebrated motto, <i>Mutare vel timere, sperno</i>;
-at the opposite end rose the minstrels’ gallery. One entire side is
-occupied with an ample fire-place, having large windows above, and
-on the right hand side a magnificent bay window; the opposite side
-of this great apartment is a mere lofty blank wall. Returning to the
-court we see the kitchen-tower, larders, and other domestic offices.
-Passing to the second, or Fountain Court, we observe a small chapel,
-marked only by its foundation stones. Above it, on the same level and
-of no greater width, ran the picture gallery, which may have been
-126 feet long by 13 feet wide. In it were, among others, many family
-portraits, particularly one of Charles, the first Earl, and another of
-Henry, the second Earl of Worcester.<a href="#Footnote_32" id="FNanchor_32" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> The Marquis’s private chamber
-was probably over the gate; but here, the outer walls excepted and
-the grand staircase, few remains of the ruin rise above the ground to
-distinguish their character.</p>
-
-<p>The vaults and cellars are numerous, but not so large as is generally
-supposed, although sufficiently capacious. Some were undoubtedly used
-as cells for prisoners, others for various stores, while certain vaults
-are even reputed to have served the purpose of underground stables.</p>
-
-<p>The Fountain Court, derives its name from formerly <span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>possessing a
-handsomely carved fountain which stood in its centre, supposed to
-have been supplied with water by means of water-works erected by Lord
-Herbert, in contiguity with the citadel, and sufficiently near for that
-purpose, as already noticed.</p>
-
-<p>Such then was Raglan Castle in the days of its magnificence, during
-the life-time of its last munificent lordly resident. But the time had
-arrived to protect it against the worst consequences of civil war. Its
-paved court afforded ample scope for the drilling of recruits, and
-the reviews of the regular soldiery, when the open ground could not
-be safely taken. A mill was also erected for the home manufacture of
-gunpowder, in which we imagine the combined skill of Lord Herbert and
-Caspar Kaltoff was actively exercised. The clang of arms, the beat of
-drum, the constant firing of artillery, with all the noise, the show,
-and circumstance of war, soon transformed the once quiet homestead
-into a most mortifying scene of discomfort, alarm, watchfulness, care,
-anxiety and activity.</p>
-
-<p>Charles, Lord Somerset, the Marquis’s sixth son, officiated as governor
-of the castle. The garrison, originally amounting to 300 foot,<a href="#Footnote_33" id="FNanchor_33" class="fnanchor">[93]</a>
-was considerably augmented to meet the threatening aspect of public
-affairs.<a href="#Footnote_34" id="FNanchor_34" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
-
-<p>Warfare, as at that time conducted, bore but a slight analogy to
-modern practice. The bow and cross-bow, it is true, were entirely
-superseded by the use of gunpowder, but that material was comparatively
-indifferent, and the ordnance and arms employed of the clumsiest
-possible description. Great guns weighing from 3&frac12; tons to half and
-less that weight were denominated cannon, demi-cannon, culvering,
-demi-culvering, saker, minion, drake, &amp;c. Then for small arms, they had
-the musket, carbine, arquebuse, blunderbuss, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>pistol, &amp;c. Their weapons
-were chiefly swords and pikes. Armour was employed to a considerable
-extent. The curious in such military matters may consult with advantage
-“The exercise of arms for Calivers, Musketts, and Pikes,” in the
-masterly executed folio engravings by Jacob de Gheyne, printed at the
-Hague in 1607. The soldiers of the 17th century had to carry immense
-unwieldy fire-arms, requiring a crutch or rest on which to steady them
-while taking aim, and had to fire with the ignited end of prepared
-rope, used as a match for that purpose, and which for security against
-accidental extinction was usually kept lighted at both ends.</p>
-
-<p>In respect to the Marquis’s wealth, a contemporary authority informs
-us in reference to that period, that,&mdash;“His whole estate <i>ubique</i> was
-esteemed 24 thousand pounds per annum.”<a href="#Footnote_35" id="FNanchor_35" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> Indeed he was almost an
-universal landlord in the county.<a href="#Footnote_36" id="FNanchor_36" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> He had then altogether raised
-1500 foot and near 500 horse, the command of which he gave to his son,
-Lord Herbert; thus raising the first horse levied by the King.</p>
-
-<p>The writer of a contemporary pamphlet published at Oxford, entitled&mdash;“A
-short view of the late troubles,” states: “Moreover, within few days
-following, one John Davis discovered [12th Nov.] to the House that the
-Earl of Worcester had large stables under ground, at Raglan Castle, and
-a number of light horse in them; likewise arms for a hundred and forty
-horse, and two thousand men, whereof seven hundred were then in pay,
-and ammunition proportionate.”<a href="#Footnote_37" id="FNanchor_37" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
-
-<p>We learn little more personally affecting the Marquis of Worcester for
-about two years, during which his time must have been both fully and
-painfully absorbed in superintending the warlike preparations which
-environed his domicile.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_22"><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Sandford.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_23"><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Annual Register, 1769.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_24"><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> 1640. 16 Car. I. vol. ii. p. 75.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_25"><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Journals of House of Commons, 1641. 17 Car. I. vol. ii. p.
-317.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_26"><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_27"><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_28"><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Ibid.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_29"><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Sir Arthur Hazilrigge, Bart.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_30"><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Journal, House of Commons, 1642. 17 Car. I. vol. ii.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_31"><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> From MSS. at Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_32"><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_33"><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_34"><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_35"><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_36"><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Corbet.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_37"><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers.</p></div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_55"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 55]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">LORD HERBERT IN HIS MILITARY CAPACITY.</p>
-
-
-<p>The sad necessities of the times and the perilous position in which his
-tortuous policy had placed him, obliged Charles the First to court the
-assistance and presence of the wealthiest among the nobility, than whom
-none then ranked higher than the Marquis of Worcester, who, as we have
-seen, his Majesty pressingly sues, through his son, Lord Herbert, at
-Nottingham, for still further monetary supplies.</p>
-
-<p>It is not surprising then to find Lord Herbert, even against his better
-judgment, considering his tastes, habits and experience, taking an
-active part in military affairs, and the mailed philosopher actually
-setting forth as an enthusiastic Cavalier.</p>
-
-<p>In one of the political tracts of the day, published at Oxford in 1642,
-the writer gives as a reason for the Marquis of Hertford declining the
-service in which the King had employed him:&mdash;“For that the King hath
-not only given way to the raising of a popish army in the North, but
-hath granted commission to the Marquis of Worcester, a known papist,
-to be general of the forces in those parts, where he is; whose army
-consists of profest papists.”<a href="#Footnote_38" id="FNanchor_38" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
-
-<p>As early as 1640, rumours had been falsely circulated against the
-Marquis of Worcester, charging him with being concerned in a design to
-raise a large popish army in Lancashire, as also another in Ireland. In
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span>1642, however, he did raise a great number of Welsh in support of the
-royal cause;<a href="#Footnote_39" id="FNanchor_39" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and the same year Lord Herbert was made General of
-South Wales.<a href="#Footnote_40" id="FNanchor_40" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p>
-
-<p>Thus Lord Herbert, in command of troops raised by his father, being in
-favour with his sovereign, and generally esteemed both for his high
-nobility and his wealth, held a most important influential position.
-Fully to prepare himself for such a post, it appears most likely that
-he commenced the requisite course of training even previous to his
-second marriage, for so early as March, 1638, Lady Harley writes to
-inform her son:&mdash;“They say, my Lord of Worcester’s son shall be general
-of the horse.”<a href="#Footnote_41" id="FNanchor_41" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
-
-<p>In his first considerable exploit he appeared before Gloucester,
-then in the Parliamentary interest, stoutly defended by a company of
-volunteers, who had raised very extensive fortifications. In February,
-1642, it was summoned by Prince Rupert, and again later, but without
-effect. About the middle of the same month, Lord Herbert, with a body
-of about 1500 foot and 500 horse, well armed, attempted the reduction
-of the garrison. His eldest brother, Lord John Somerset, commanded the
-horse, while Sir Jeremiah Brett was general of the foot. A third time
-the city not only refused to surrender, but received with ridicule
-the summons from a Welsh brigade; the Welsh troops therefore encamped
-at Highnam within the distance of one mile and a half, where they lay
-still in their camp for five weeks in mistaken security, not even
-attacking the outguards, or attempting any great action, seemingly
-deluded by expectations of aid from Prince Rupert; who, however, could
-not leave Bristol. Sir William Waller, crossing the river by means of
-flat-bottomed boats, advanced on <span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>them with a body of light troops,
-numbering about 2000. The Welsh, without taking the least advantage
-arising from their strong position, sounded a parley, and surrendered
-on conditions which were readily granted; in consequence of which, 1300
-foot and three troops of horse were led prisoners into Gloucester,
-where several were kept for some time under strict confinement.
-Rushworth states, under date 19th of March, 1642&ndash;3, that Lord Herbert
-lost 500 men killed, and above 1000 taken prisoners. Lord Herbert, we
-find from his own account, was not present on the occasion of this
-defeat, for in reference to this disaster he says:&mdash;“God forgive those
-of the King’s party, who were the occasion that 1500 gentlemen were
-surprised, and I not despatched from Oxford until the day after. Yet
-at 14 days’ warning I brought 4000 foot and 800 horse to the siege of
-Gloucester.” But Rushworth and others erroneously speak of his escaping
-to Oxford.<a href="#Footnote_42" id="FNanchor_42" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> From first to last the defeat cost his Lordship,
-according to his own showing, £60,000.<a href="#Footnote_43" id="FNanchor_43" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> Such was the unpromising
-result of his earliest enterprise in his new career, offering a very
-gloomy foreboding of the future. He had been untiring in his exertions
-to raise those troops throughout Monmouthshire, Herefordshire, and
-adjacent counties, in which, as also in efforts to obtain sufficient
-stores for the garrison at Raglan, he appears to have acted with
-extraordinary energy.<a href="#Footnote_44" id="FNanchor_44" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
-
-<p>During the progress of operations against Gloucester, Lady Harley
-in her correspondence with her son, on the 14th of February, 1642,
-says:&mdash;“Nine days past my Lord Herbert was at Hereford, where he stayed
-a <span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span>week. There was held a council of war, what was the best way to take
-Brompton [Castle&mdash;her residence]. It was concluded to blow it up, and
-which counsel pleased them all. The sheriff of Radnorshire, with the
-trained bands of that county, and some of the Hereford soldiers, were
-to come against me. My Lord Herbert had appointed a day to come to
-Preston, that so his presence might persuade them to go out of their
-county. He had commanded them to bring pay to victuals for 10 days. The
-soldiers came to Preston, but it pleased God to call my Lord Herbert
-another way, for those in the Forest of Dean grew so strong, that they
-were afraid of them.”<a href="#Footnote_45" id="FNanchor_45" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
-
-<p>We ascertain from his own later statement of expenditure that from
-February, 1641, to October, 1642, or thereabouts, he was actively
-engaged in dispensing his father’s immense loans in support of the
-royal cause; he says,&mdash;“With as much privacy as might be, keeping good
-correspondence with the Parliament; remaining in London, to avoid
-suspicion, being then trusted both by King and Parliament.”</p>
-
-<p>Taking amounts as stated by his Lordship, the dates may be pretty
-correctly supplied from Iter Carolinum.<a href="#Footnote_46" id="FNanchor_46" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
-
-<table summary="expenditure amounts in support of the royal cause">
-<tr><td class="indent">Between 28th February, and 18th March, 1641, he sent to Theobalds for the “pressing necessities of his dear master,” the sum of</td>
-    <td class="right">£3,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">About the same time to Huntingdon, after the King’s departure from Theobalds</td>
-    <td class="right">3,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">On or after the 19th March, to York </td>
-    <td class="right">8,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">On or after 21st July, 1642, to Nottingham, “where his Majesty set up his royal standard.”
-<a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></td>
-    <td class="right">4,000<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">Officers’ expenses to York</td>
-    <td class="right">1,500</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">Besides, by his Majesty’s command, victualling the Tower, Sir John Byron being <ins class="correction" title="Original has Lord-Lieutenant">Lord Lieutenant</ins>, for which purpose, he “sent him in old plate, under pretence of coining it”</td>
-    <td class="right">2,500</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">And further, obtaining through some pretence, leave of absence, from the Parliament, he proceeded with their pass to York, carrying to the King in ready money</td>
-    <td class="right">15,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">And in bills and assurances</td>
-    <td class="right">80,500</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">For these his Majesty giving his “note for ninety-five thousand five hundred pounds,” his Lordship returned in two days.</td>
-    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent">Raising Sir John Byron’s regiment of Horse, the first completed</td>
-    <td class="right underline">5,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="right">Representing a total of &nbsp;</td>
-    <td class="right double_underline">£122,500</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-
-<p>Annexed to the record of this vast outlay, Lord Herbert has left us
-a short piece of autobiography. “Things being thus set in order,
-(he says) between his Majesty and me, I fairly took leave of the
-Parliament, to go down to my father; where I no sooner arrived
-but there came directed unto me from his Majesty a Commission of
-Array; whereof I presently, by a servant of my own, sent word to the
-Parliament, with a letter to the House of Lords, which I directed to
-my Lord of Holland, and to the House of Commons, to Mr. Pym; in both
-which I offered to intercede to his Majesty, and conceived I should
-prevail to suspend the Commission of Array, if they should make an Act
-that their Militia should not come into my country. But they with civil
-compliments and thanks replied that his Majesty’s [proceedings] was so
-illegal, and theirs for the good of the kingdom so just and necessary,
-that by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> no means would they waive the one for the other. At which I
-declared myself irritated, to see that they durst tell me that anything
-commanded by my master was illegal, and professed I would obey his
-Majesty’s commands, and let them send at their perils. So immediately,
-and in eight days’ time, I raised six regiments, fortified Monmouth,
-Chepstow, and Raglan, fetching away the magazine [of powder and
-ammunition] from the Earl of Pembroke’s town, Carlyon, and placed it in
-Raglan Castle, leaving a garrison in lieu thereof. Garrisoned likewise
-Cardiff, Brecknock, Hereford, Goodrich Castle and the Forest of Dean,
-after I had taken them from the enemy.”</p>
-
-<p>We have here a striking instance of his unflinching loyalty, of his
-first public expression of his political sentiments, with a brief
-sketch of the course he adopted in his first decisive military measures.</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_bottom">In the month of September several horses, the property of Lord Herbert,
-being seized in Gloucestershire, the same was formally reported, as
-appears first from the Journals of the House of Commons,<a href="#Footnote_47" id="FNanchor_47" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> as follows:</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Diè Martis, 13º Septembris, 1642.</p>
-
-<p>“A letter, from the city of Gloucester, from Mr. Perry, &amp;c. concerning
-the Lord Herbert, son of the Earl of Worcester, seven horses of war
-stayed there; and concerning some provisions they desire for the safety
-of the city; was this day read: And</p>
-
-<p>“It is ordered, that Sergeant Wilde do prepare an Order concerning both
-these particulars.</p>
-
-<p>“That Mr. Speaker shall write his letter to the Lord Herbert, son of
-the Earl of Worcester, to appear here, and attend the House.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_61"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 61]</span></p>
-
-<p>“Mr Glyn to prepare this letter.</p>
-
-<p>“That the Lords be moved to send for the Earl of Worcester, to attend
-the Parliament.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">And further, afterwards, from the particulars afforded by the annexed
-document:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Die Jovis, 15º Septembris, 1642.</p>
-
-<p>“Whereas information hath been given to the Lords and Commons assembled
-in Parliament, that seven great horses or geldings, of the Lord
-Herbert, son of the Earl of Worcester, were lately brought to the city
-of Gloucester, to be by them employed (as is justly suspected) upon
-some design against the Parliament; and that great endeavours are used
-by divers commissioners of array, and other ill-affected persons, in
-the several counties of Hereford, Monmouth, Glamorgan, Carmarthen,
-Brecknock, and Radnor, to draw the said counties by way of association
-against the Parliament, and their adherents, and in particular against
-the said city, as a place the most advantageous for the furtherance
-of their malignant designs; therefore upon the humble desire of
-the citizens of the said city of Gloucester, and for the better
-preservation of the safety of the said city, being a place of great
-importance, and of the counties and parts adjoining; it is thought
-fit and <span class="smcap">Ordered</span> by the said Lords and Commons, that the
-Mayor, aldermen, and citizens of the said city, shall have the use and
-disposal of the said horses, for the defence of the said city and parts
-adjacent, and the services of the Parliament; and that, for the same
-purpose, they shall have power to raise one or more troop or troops of
-horse and men, and to train, exercise, and employ the same, and other
-forces of the said city, as by the ordinance concerning the militia
-is appointed; and further, that, for their better encouragement and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span>
-assistance in this behalf, some such small pieces of ordnance shall be
-forthwith sent down to the said city, to be used, ordered, and employed
-for the uses and purposes aforesaid, as to them shall seem most meet
-and expedient; and that they and every of them, in so doing, shall be
-protected and assisted by the power and authority of both Houses of
-Parliament.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The records of Gloucester frequently allude to these seven great
-horses, which were afterwards placed under the command of Lieutenant
-Backhouse, and kept together till the close of the war.</p>
-
-<p>In February, Lord Herbert wrote to Prince Rupert,<a href="#Footnote_48" id="FNanchor_48" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Highness</span> [Prince Rupert],</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Your commands came unto me but the last night late, and being now upon
-making my entry into the Forest [of Dean], I cannot so suddenly execute
-the same; but as soon as it is any way feasible, there shall be no
-delay therein. Upon Thursday next, I have given order, that accordingly
-as I shall receive intelligence from the other side of Severn (which
-when I have taken order to receive), there shall be men sent over,
-hoping by that time to master all on this side of Severn. And in what I
-may I shall ever most readily obey your Highness’ commands, and remain,
-Sir,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Highness’ most affectionately</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">devoted Servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ed. Herbert</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent smaller margin_bottom">“Raglan Castle,<br />
-“This Tuesday morning, 7th Feb. 1643.”</p>
-
-
-<p>A contemporary, a clergyman,<a href="#Footnote_49" id="FNanchor_49" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> has preserved an interesting account
-of Lord Herbert’s operations before <span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span>Monmouth, on the 1st of April,
-1643. Sir William Waller having accepted the invitation of a number
-of resident gentlemen, when he came near the town of Monmouth, where
-Lord Herbert had begun to place a garrison, his presence occasioned
-the precipitate flight of his Lordship’s troops. But Waller, although
-so far victorious, failed in obtaining needful supplies, owing to the
-devotion of the stream of the people, most of whom were the Marquis’s
-tenantry.</p>
-
-<p>Lord Herbert afterwards united with Sir John Winter, the reputed plague
-of the Forest of Dean, who had strongly fortified and defended his own
-residence; he was, too, considered a most active enemy, as well as a
-chief agent of the popish faction. His Lordship’s horse so materially
-assisted Sir John’s operations as to compel the rebels to quit the
-forest, having made a passage over the Severn, at Newnham.</p>
-
-<p>Soon after this affair, rumours were current that forces were expected
-from Oxford for Paineswick and Stroud, while the Irish it was believed
-were to lie on one side of Berkeley, Lord Herbert and Sir John Winter
-holding the Forest. The same chronicler assures us that the taking of
-Monmouth gave a fearful alarm to the whole country, the Marquis of
-Worcester calling in Prince Rupert’s horse to their assistance. The
-result of these preparations was that Sir William Blaxton, with his
-brigade of horse, joined the country train-bands, with the forces from
-Raglan and Chepstow, making together about 500 horse and 1200 foot.
-They fell upon the enemy’s horse quarters, where were lodged two troops
-and ten musketeers; while 150 musketeers speedily came from Monmouth to
-their assistance. With these and further supplies of foot the Monmouth
-party routed the cavaliers, of whom many were slain and threescore
-taken prisoners.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_64"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 64]</span>
-Sir John Winter, despairing of longer subsistence, at length deserted
-the Forest, after first firing his house at Lidney, and somewhat
-revenging himself for past disasters by spoiling the Forest itself.<a href="#Footnote_50" id="FNanchor_50" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
-
-<p>In June, Charles I. addressed the following letter<a href="#Footnote_51" id="FNanchor_51" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> to the harassed
-Marquis of Worcester, conveying promises as usual, after a personal
-interview with his son:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I am very sensible of the miseries and dangers which of late you have
-been in, and do hope the time will come when I shall be able to requite
-all my good subjects, and none sooner than you; concerning the changing
-of your title, and other particulars, I leave to your son’s relation,
-who knows my mind therein, who will ever remain</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span>”</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 19th, June, 1643.<br />
-“For the Marquis of Worcester.”</p>
-
-<p>Lady Harley, writing on the 13th of June, 1643, observes:&mdash;“My Lord
-Herbert and Colonel Vavasour, who is to be Governor of Hereford, is
-gone up into Montgomeryshire to raise soldiers.”<a href="#Footnote_52" id="FNanchor_52" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
-
-<p>On the 25th of July, 1643, Lord Herbert, having sent a dispatch to
-Prince Rupert,<a href="#Footnote_53" id="FNanchor_53" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> in which he found he had omitted some important
-particulars, afterwards transmitted the same day by letter, dated from
-Raglan Castle, to the following effect:</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Highness</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Since my dispatch to you this morning there occurs one thing which
-I then omitted, which I <span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>thought fit to represent to your Highness;
-that some Parliament ships now lie in and about Milford Haven, which
-hath hitherunto so far countenanced the county of Pembroke, that
-they (dissenting from all Wales besides) have only showed themselves
-refractory to his Majesty’s commands; and could your Highness so
-dispose, that some of the ships late come in might speedily (before
-notice be given them there of their professing themselves for the King)
-surprise them, or draw them to their allegiance that county would be
-soon reduced to its due obedience, which otherwise by land will not
-without much difficulty and loss be done. One other thing I likewise
-forgot in my last; that in case your Highness became master of the
-city of Bristol, and the castle holding out, your Highness should need
-pioneers, for undermining the same, which (the situation considered)
-will easily be effected, upon notice from your Highness I shall procure
-some of the forest miners, who being very expert at those works shall
-speedily attend your pleasure. I wish all fortunate success in all your
-attempts as becomes your Highness’</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Most obedient and humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ld. Herbert</span>.<a href="#Footnote_54" id="FNanchor_54" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Ragland Castle, 25th July.<br />
-<span style="font-size: larger;">“After 10 of the clock in the morning.”</span></p>
-
-
-<p>Lord Herbert (probably immediately after the defeat
-at Gloucester) raised a regiment of foot and ten troops
-of cavalry, offering, however, according to Sir William
-Vavasour, to act only under the command of Prince
-Rupert or the King: the former writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_55" id="FNanchor_55" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Whereas the Right Honourable Henry Marquis of Worcester hath by his
-care and expenses long saved <span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span>the town and county of Monmouth from
-the hands of the enemies, and of late regained the said town from
-them; and in regard likewise that the towns of Monmouth and Chepstow
-are belonging to him of inheritance, and the interest he hath in the
-whole county, my desire is, that the Commander-in-chief of the said
-county and the Governors of both or each of those towns, or of any
-other garrison within the said county, should be complying with or
-observing any desires of his, intimated unto them: either concerning
-his Majesty’s service, the good of that county, or the particular
-safety and interest of him and his (whereof I am very tender). As also
-the High Sheriff, Commissioners of Array, Justices of the Peace, or
-other officers of the said county, martial or civil (as they tender my
-pleasure), and will answer the contrary at their perils. And for their
-so doing, the sight of these, or a copy hereof, attested by that Right
-Honourable Henry Marquis of Worcester, shall be their and either of
-their warrant. Given under my hand at Oxford, the 5th day of January,
-in the twentieth year of his Majesty’s reign.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Rupert.</span>”
-<a href="#Footnote_56" id="FNanchor_56" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The accounts we have of Lord Herbert’s military operations are
-extremely meagre; in a patent hereafter to be noticed, the sieges
-and battles at which he was present are briefly announced; with what
-courage and successful conduct he took Goodrich Castle, the Forest
-of Dean, and the city of Hereford; indeed with what remarkable good
-fortune, with what unhoped-for success, he made himself master of the
-strongly fortified town of Monmouth.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_67"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 67]</span>
-The achievements, as thus recorded, are sufficiently high sounding, but
-no contemporary historian seems to have considered them of sufficient
-importance to put on record. Neither his own letters, nor those of
-his numerous family and connexions, neither political nor religious
-partizans nor opponents give us a glimpse of our general’s skill,
-bravery, and final successes; while the few particulars actually
-recorded leave but a faint impression as regards facts, and a most
-unfavourable one as regards results. In short, in his military capacity
-he bears a most mythical character.</p>
-
-<p>We have his own statement<a href="#Footnote_57" id="FNanchor_57" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> that, through the means supplied by his
-father and himself, the Marquis of Hertford, after his defeat in the
-West, was supplied with recruits to attend his Majesty at Oxford, at a
-cost of £8000. They also raised Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse, at
-an expense of £5000.</p>
-
-<p>He further expressly alludes to having rendered his Majesty’s army
-considerable service before Edge-hill, by the men he furnished. And he
-was likewise at the charge, if not personally engaged in the reducing
-of Abergavenny and Carlyon to the service of the Crown.</p>
-
-<p>His own troop of Life Guards, consisted of one hundred and twenty
-noblemen and gentlemen, whose estates amounted to above sixty thousand
-pounds per annum, most of whom he supplied with arms and horses. This
-troop he acknowledges to have raised without consulting his father, who
-reproving him said: “The consequence would be that the love and power
-he had in the country would be perspicuous, although he should have
-thanks from the King, yet others, though his Majesty’s well-wishers,
-through envy, would hate him for it.” His Lordship adds:&mdash;“which I
-confess I have found too true, my services having been more <span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>retarded
-by those who called themselves the King’s friends, than obstructed by
-his enemies.”</p>
-
-<p>It is certain that Lord Herbert acquired no military celebrity. He
-was bold, determined, and energetic when acting on the defensive, but
-he was not remarkable for any adventurous or brilliant aggressive
-successes. His troops were formidable in number, well paid, and
-abundantly supplied with every requisite; but in all his reputed
-sieges, in all his encounters with the foe, we seek in vain for any
-return of the slain, the wounded, the prisoners taken, the disasters
-surmounted and inflicted, and the splendid store of spoil acquired.
-The red hand and unpitying slaughter of war are only shadowed forth to
-us like shapeless forms, creations of the imagination rather than even
-faint pictures of reality. His Lordship’s naturally studious habits
-would seem to have incapacitated him from entering ardently into the
-wanton destruction of human life and the infliction of severe injuries
-on multitudes, regarded by him more as deluded neighbours than cruel
-adversaries. Above forty years having passed over his head in the
-experience only of plenteous, peaceful times, and scholarly pursuits,
-he was no longer like the pliant sapling, but partook more of the
-stability of the sturdy oak. In perfect agreement with his own noble
-and generous spirit, he no doubt expected, as he desired, an early
-and complete compromise of the political differences which were then
-spreading their baleful contagion over the land.</p>
-
-<p>Nevertheless, it is rather remarkable that operations on so extensive
-a scale, prosecuted at a large cost by a single family, should have
-obtained comparatively so little renown in the annals of the civil war:
-among which we search in vain for details characterising the martial
-deeds of Edward Somerset, Lord Herbert of Raglan.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_38"><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts, vol. iv. p. 459.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_39"><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Whitelock.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_40"><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Thomas&mdash;also Clarendon.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_41"><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Harley.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_42"><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Rushworth.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_43"><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts, vol. v. p. 312.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_44"><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Rapin states that after thus relieving Gloucester, Sir
-William Waller took first Chepstow, and afterwards Monmouth.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_45"><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Washbourn.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_46"><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts, vol v. ed. 1811, 4to. page 263.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_47"><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Journals of the House of Commons. 18 Car. I. 1642. vol.
-ii. page 763.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_48"><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Warburton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_49"><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Corbet.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_50"><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Corbet.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_51"><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_52"><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Harley.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_53"><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> “Rupert’s correspondence, No. 18,980, vol. i.<ins class="correction" title="Original has single closing quote">”</ins> Brit. Mus.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_54"><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> The letter is in a clerk’s writing; the autograph in a
-different ink.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_55"><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_56"><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Endorsed in the same hand&mdash;“Prince Rupert, his Warrant.”
-And endorsed by a private hand,&mdash;“Prince Rupert’s Warrant to the
-Marquis of Worcester, Oxford, January 5, 1644.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_57"><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See <a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII"><ins class="correction" title="The original has see Chapter XIX, typo as chapter XVIII is the last chapter">Chapter XVIII</ins></a>, giving the entire statement.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="Page_69"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 69]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">LORD HERBERT CREATED EARL OF GLAMORGAN. IRISH AFFAIRS.</p>
-
-
-<p>Although many successes had early attended the Royalists’ arms,
-the chances of war in 1643 were interminably perplexing to all
-parties. The royal cause was becoming desperate, and the King, never
-over-scrupulous, then endeavoured to obtain speedy assistance at all
-hazards. After taking the sacrament at Oxford, in sacred repudiation of
-employing papists, yet was he privately urging his generals to engage
-all who would serve. The fact of the Marquis of Worcester being of the
-proscribed religion was no obstacle to his maintaining correspondence
-with him, personally communicating with his son, and constantly
-draining their fortunes and other resources.</p>
-
-<p>The impoverished monarch was at least liberal in promises and niggardly
-in fulfilling even those referring to mere dignities in acknowledgment
-of immense services, so long as farther demands might thereby possibly
-be the better secured; such was his insincerity in all social
-relations, and such his intriguing policy in all his acts of sovereign
-power.</p>
-
-<p>At home the battle of Edge-hill had just been fought, and in Ireland
-a rebellion had to be suppressed, and troops to be raised to swell
-the royal army. The King must have been much confounded how best to
-conciliate friends and enemies, protestants and papists, until he could
-fearlessly assert his claims in accordance with his own construction of
-regal rights.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_70"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 70]</span></p>
-
-<p>In the early part of the year 1644, the King conferred on Lord Herbert,
-during his father’s lifetime, the dignity of Earl of Glamorgan. “But,”
-says Sir Harris Nicolas,<a href="#Footnote_58" id="FNanchor_58" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> “great doubt exists whether the patent
-ever passed the great seal.” And Mr. Nichols states that, on reference
-to the original Docquet Book of grants made by the King at Oxford,
-commencing in December 1642, and ending in June 1646, nothing of the
-kind occurs among the numerous grants of Dignities there recorded.<a href="#Footnote_59" id="FNanchor_59" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>
-Yet the title was constantly employed by Charles the First in his
-several letters and commissions, and later in a message to the Houses
-of Parliament; and the following is a copy of the <span class="smcap">Patent</span> he
-privily granted to his Lordship on the 1st April, 1644.<a href="#Footnote_60" id="FNanchor_60" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“Charles, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France,
-and Ireland, defender of the faith, &amp;c. to our right trusty and
-right well-beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, alias Plantagenet, Lord
-Herbert, Baron Beaufort of Caldicote, Grismond, Chepstow, Ragland,
-and Gower, Earl of Glamorgan, son and heir apparent of our entirely
-beloved cousin, Henry Earl and Marquis of Worcester, greeting. Having
-had good and long experience of your prowess, prudence, and fidelity,
-do make choice, and by these nominate and appoint you, our right
-trusty and right well-beloved cousin, Edward Somerset, &amp;c. to be our
-Generalissimo of three armies, English, Irish, and foreign, and Admiral
-of a fleet at sea, with power to recommend your lieutenant-general
-for our approbation, leaving all other officers to your own election
-and denomination, and accordingly to receive their commission from
-you; willing and commanding them, and every of them, you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span> to obey, as
-their general, and you to receive immediate orders from ourself only.
-And lest through distance of place we may be misinformed, we will and
-command you to reply unto us, if any of our orders should thwart or
-hinder any of your designs for our service. And there being necessarily
-great sums of money to the carrying on so chargeable an employment,
-which we have not to furnish you withal; we do by these empower you
-to contract with any of our loving subjects of England, Ireland, and
-dominion of Wales, for wardships, customs, woods, or any our rights and
-prerogatives; we by these obliging ourselves, our heirs and successors,
-to confirm and make good the same accordingly. And for persons of
-generosity, for whom titles of honour are most desirable, we have
-intrusted you with several patents under our Great Seal of England,
-from a Marquis to a Baronet; which we give you full power and authority
-to date and dispose of, without knowing our further pleasure, so great
-is our trust and confidence in you, as that, whatsoever you do contract
-for or promise, we will make good the same accordingly, from the date
-of this our commission forwards; which for the better satisfaction, we
-give you leave to give them, or any of them, copies thereof, attested
-under our hand and seal of arms. And for your encouragement, and in
-token of our gratitude, we give and allow you henceforward such fees,
-titles, preheminences, and privileges, as do and may belong unto your
-place and command above-mentioned, with promise of our dear daughter
-Elizabeth to your son Plantagenet, in marriage, with three hundred
-thousand pounds in dower or portion, most part whereof we acknowledge
-spent and disbursed by your father and you in our service; and the
-title of Duke of Somerset to you and your heirs male for ever; and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span>
-from henceforward to give the Garter to your arms, and at your pleasure
-to put on the George and blue ribbon. And for your greater honour, and
-in testimony of our reality, we have with our own hand affixed our
-Great Seal of England unto these our Commissions and letters, making
-them patents.</p>
-
-<p>“Witness ourself at Oxford, the first day of April, in the 20th year
-of our reign, and the year of our Lord, One thousand six hundred and
-forty-four.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Under any ordinary circumstances there would appear to be no
-possibility of obscurity respecting this title, and that any should
-exist only occasions the more surprise, when considered in reference to
-a family so eminently in favour with Charles the First. But the subtle
-Monarch might have his own reasons for favouring any source of possible
-remote obscurity, until assurance of the Earl of Glamorgan’s success in
-his new enterprise should embolden him to make his title clear; for it
-has been well observed of him, that he was not only a most unscrupulous
-but a most unlucky dissembler.<a href="#Footnote_61" id="FNanchor_61" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
-
-<p>This much disputed title is, however, acknowledged by Charles the
-Second in a royal warrant, bearing date the 6th of April, 1661, as one,
-he is informed, “settled by our Royal Father, of blessed memory.”<a href="#Footnote_62" id="FNanchor_62" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">His Majesty gave the Earl the following instructions:<a href="#Footnote_63" id="FNanchor_63" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="quoted_indent margin_top">“<i>Oxford, this 2nd of January, 1644. Several heads whereupon you our
-right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin Edward Earl of Glamorgan may
-securely proceed in execution of our commands.</i></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top" id="Page_73"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 73]</span>
-“First, you may engage your estate, interest and credit, that we will
-most really and punctually perform any our promises to the Irish, and
-as it is necessary to conclude a peace suddenly, whatsoever shall be
-consented unto by our Lieutenant the Marquis of Ormond, We will die a
-thousand deaths rather than disannul or break it; and if upon necessity
-anything be to be condescended unto, and yet the Lord Marquis not
-willing to be seen therein, or not fit for us at the present publicly
-to own, do you endeavour to supply the same.</p>
-
-<p>“If for the encouragement of the Lord Marquis of Ormond you see it
-needful to have the Garter sent him, or any further favour demonstrated
-from us unto him, we will cause the same to be performed.</p>
-
-<p>“If for the advantage of our service you see fit to promise any titles,
-even to the titles of Earls in either of our kingdoms, upon notice from
-you we will cause the same to be performed.</p>
-
-<p>“For the maintenance of our army under your commands, we are graciously
-pleased to allow the delinquents’ estates where you overcome to be
-disposed by you, as also any our revenues in the said places, customs
-or other, our profits, woods, and the like, with the contributions.</p>
-
-<p>“Whatever towns or places of importance you shall think fit to possess,
-you shall place commanders and governors therein at your pleasure.</p>
-
-<p>“Whatever order we shall send you (which you are only to obey) we give
-you leave to impart the same to your council at war, and if they and
-you approve not thereof, we give you leave to reply; and so far shall
-we be from taking it as a disobedience, that we command the same.</p>
-
-<p>“At your return we will accept of some officers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span> upon your
-recommendation, to the end no obstacle or delay may be in the execution
-of your desires in order to our service, and our commands in that
-behalf.</p>
-
-<p>“At your return you shall have the command of South Wales,
-Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire of the Welsh side returned to you in
-as ample manner as before.</p>
-
-<p>“In your absence we will not give credit or countenance to anything
-which may be prejudicial to your father, you, or yours.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“C. R.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Next month his Majesty wrote the following letter:<a href="#Footnote_64" id="FNanchor_64" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I herewith send you the rest of my dispatches for Ireland, whither
-I pray hasten, time being most considerable. I am sensible of the
-dangers you will undergo, and the great trouble and expenses you must
-be at, not being able to assist you, who have already spent a million
-of crowns [£250,000] in my service; neither can I say more than I well
-remember to have spoke and written to you that already words could not
-express your merits, nor my gratitude: and that next to my wife and
-children I was most bound to take care of you, whereof I have, besides
-others, particularly assured your Cousin Byron, as a person dear unto
-you.</p>
-
-<p>“What I can further think at this point is to send you the Blue Ribbon,
-and a Warrant for the Title of Duke of Somerset, both which accept, and
-make use of at your discretion; and if you should defer the publishing
-of either for a while to avoid envy, and my <span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span>being importuned by
-others, yet I promise your antiquity for the one, and your Patent for
-the other shall bear date with the Warrants.</p>
-
-<p>“And rest assured, if God should cross me with your miscarrying, I will
-treat your son as my own, and that you labour for a dear friend as well
-as a thankful master, when time shall afford means to acknowledge, how
-much I am</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured, real, constant</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">“and thankful friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, Feb. 12th, 1644.”</p>
-
-
-<p>The Earl being from some cause detained at home, his Majesty wrote in
-March, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_65" id="FNanchor_65" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I wonder, you are not yet gone for Ireland; but since you have stayed
-all this time, I hope these will overtake you, whereby you will the
-more see the great trust and confidence I repose in your integrity,
-of which I have had so long and so good experience; commanding you to
-deal with all ingenuity and freedom with our Lieutenant of Ireland the
-Marquis of Ormond, and on the word of a King and a Christian I will
-make good anything, which our Lieutenant shall be induced unto upon
-your persuasion; and if you find it fitting, you may privately show
-him these, which I intend not as obligatory to him, but to myself;
-and for both your encouragements and warrantise, in whom I repose my
-chiefest hopes, not having in all my kingdoms two such subjects; whose
-endeavours joining, I am confident to be soon drawn out of the mire, I
-am now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span> enforced to wallow in; and then shall I show my thankfulness to
-you both; and as you have never failed me, so shall I never fail you,
-but in all things show how much I am...</p>
-
-<p class=" margin_top dated_at_bottom">“Oxford the 12th of March, 1644.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The newly created Earl of Glamorgan was now just entering on what
-afterwards proved to be the most perilous period of his life. He no
-doubt felt the weighty importance of the duties he was undertaking, and
-one cannot help imagining that it was under a lively impression of the
-possible change in his fortune, which, whether for good or for evil, it
-was past human wisdom to divine, that he addressed the following most
-reverential letter to his honoured father, in August, 1644.<a href="#Footnote_66" id="FNanchor_66" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Lordship</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Amongst other memorable expressions which have taken deep root in
-my heart, I assure your Lordship, that those you were pleased to use
-towards me on Sunday last, shall never be defaced out of my memory; for
-you were pleased so to interlace terror and comfort, as that I knew
-not whether joy or fear possessed me most, or whether you showed more
-justice or clemency; but at last a tender fatherly affection appeared
-to steer your words and deeds which shall be, God willing, answered
-with a filial duty and tenderness, and your unparalleled goodness shall
-not, with God Almighty’s grace, undo, but strengthen me in my duty to
-God and your Lordship, with as much zeal and true-hearted devotion as
-can be witnessed, with the uttermost endeavours of thought, word, and
-deed, lying in the power and uttermost abilities which I can at any
-time attain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span> unto, whose ambition is not greater to anything in this
-world than really and entirely to appear, my Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Lordship’s most dutifully obedient son,</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">“and most devoted servant,</p>
-
-<div class="figright" style="width:80%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p77.jpg" width="100%" alt="Ed. L. Herbert (autograph) afterwards 2nd Marquis of Worcester" /></div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“This 13th of August, 1644.”</p>
-
-<p>His military career in Wales appears to have terminated late in 1644,
-at which time the Parliament having protested against the cessation
-made by the Marquis of Ormond with the Irish rebels, by the King’s
-express orders, his Majesty determined not only on a speedy peace in
-Ireland, but also on the raising of troops there to be sent over to
-England. Difficulties, however, arising consequent on the demands
-made by the Irish Roman Catholics, the King devised the expedient
-of engaging the services of the Earl of Glamorgan in that hazardous
-negotiation. Adopting his customary narrow policy, he planned and
-plotted alike with friends and foes. Ormond was to be flattered
-and deceived, next Glamorgan, and in succession all his ministers,
-council and court, yea, the very Parliament and the public were to
-be hood-winked by a master-stroke of double-dealing. Such a net-work
-of intrigue had he woven, before the least of his measures could
-be finally executed, that Charles the First’s course of conduct
-throughout this affair, has confounded early as well as later and most
-dispassionate politicians. That the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span> King was wavering and uncertain,
-at least in his decisions, is admitted by all, and it is very evident
-that expediency was with him a sufficient plea for the most perfidious
-treachery, without distinction of parties. He first wrote to the
-Marquis of Ormond that well-known letter, in which he says:<a href="#Footnote_67" id="FNanchor_67" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“My Lord Herbert having business of his own in Ireland (wherein I
-desire you to do him all lawful favour and furtherance), I have thought
-good to use the power I have, both in his affection and duty, to engage
-him in all possible ways to further the peace there; which he hath
-promised to do. Wherefore, as you find occasion, you may confidently
-use and trust him in this, or any other thing he shall propound to you
-for my service; there being none in whose honesty and zeal to my person
-and crown I have more confidence. So I rest,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 27 Decemb. 1644.</p>
-
-
-<p><a href="#Footnote_68" id="FNanchor_68" class="fnanchor">[F]</a>“His honesty or affection to my service will not
-deceive you; but I will not answer for his judgment.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">In this letter we detect the artful arrangement of its
-matter, making Lord Herbert’s real mission secondary
-to some private business of his own, to the forwarding
-of which the wily monarch solicits the kind offices of
-his minister. Yet, secondary as was his mission apparently,
-he is much lauded for his “honesty and zeal” to
-the royal person and crown; while the same hand adds
-a postscript in cipher,&mdash;“but I will not answer for his
-<i>judgment</i>.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_79"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 79]</span>
-Yet he was not so insufficient in “judgment,” but that the royal
-adept in deception could purpose his eventually superseding the Lord
-Lieutenant, whom he was thus cajoling meanwhile.</p>
-
-<p>On the 12th of January, 1644, his Lordship received a Commission under
-the Great Seal from the King, empowering him to levy any number of men
-in Ireland and elsewhere, with other considerable powers, requiring
-for their exercise a man of no ordinary “judgment.” So that when the
-King wrote one thing, he meant another, for his acts reversed his own
-statement, and offer the best proofs of the want of truth, although
-he might consider himself obliged to adopt this shallow species of
-subterfuge, in such an emergency.</p>
-
-<p>The Commission is as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_69" id="FNanchor_69" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Whereas we have had sufficient and ample testimony of your approved
-wisdom and fidelity, so great is the confidence we repose in you, as
-that whatsoever you shall perform, as warranted under our sign-manual,
-pocket signet, or private mark, or even by word of mouth, without
-further ceremony, we do on the word of a King and a Christian, promise
-to make good to all intents and purposes, as effectually as if your
-authority from us had been under the Great Seal of England, with this
-advantage, that we shall esteem ourself the more obliged to you for
-your gallantry, in not standing upon such nice terms to do us service,
-which we shall, God willing, reward. And although you exceed what law
-can warrant, or any powers of ours reach unto, as not knowing what you
-have need of; yet it being for our service, we oblige ourself, not only
-to give you our pardon, but to maintain the same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> with all our might
-and power; and though either by accident, or by any other occasion, you
-shall deem it necessary to deposit any of our warrants, and so want
-them at your return, we faithfully promise to make them good at your
-return; and to supply anything wherein they shall be found defective,
-it not being convenient for us at this time to dispute upon them; for
-of what we have here set down you may rest confident, if there be faith
-and trust in men. Proceed, therefore, cheerfully, speedily, and boldly;
-and for your so doing this shall be your sufficient warrant.</p>
-
-<p>“Given at our Court at Oxford under our sign-manual and private signet,
-this 12th of January, 1644.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The Warrant his Lordship received from his Majesty, to treat and
-conclude with the Irish confederates, dated 12th of March, 1644,
-proceeds as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_70" id="FNanchor_70" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Charles, by the grace of God, of England, Scotland, France, and
-Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &amp;c., to our trusty and right
-well-beloved cousin, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, greeting. We, reposing
-great and especial trust and confidence in your approved wisdom and
-fidelity, do by these (as firmly as under our Great Seal, to all
-intents and purposes) authorise and give you power, to treat and
-conclude with the confederate Roman Catholics in our kingdom of
-Ireland, if upon necessity any be to be condescended unto, wherein our
-Lieutenant cannot so well be seen in, as not fit for us at present
-publicly to own. Therefore we charge you to proceed according to
-this our warrant, with all possible secrecy; and for whatsoever you
-shall engage yourself, upon such valuable considerations as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> you in
-your judgment shall deem fit, we promise on the word of a King and
-a Christian, to ratify and perform the same, that shall be granted
-by you, and under your hand and seal; the said confederate Catholics
-having by their supplies testified their zeal to our service. And this
-shall be in each particular to you a sufficient warrant.</p>
-
-<p>“Given at our Court at Oxford, under our signet and royal signature,
-the 12th of March, in the twentieth year of our reign, 1644.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">It is generally asserted that the visit of the Earl of Glamorgan to
-Ireland was of a personal nature, having by his marriage become allied
-to some of the first Irish families; but no one can doubt that the
-important commission he had received from the monarch swayed all other
-considerations. He was then about 43 years of age. His royal master was
-profuse in the professions of the most sincere attachment to the person
-of his Lordship; his acts and words being such as were best calculated
-to ensnare an honourable man quite incapable of insincerity. But the
-King, after his own fashion, had sound reasons for his conduct; the
-Marquis of Worcester was still rich, and might continue his liberality;
-and, as belonging to the Roman Catholic faith, the son might promote
-his measures in Ireland. He only felt it necessary to flatter without
-serious meaning, and to promise without feeling the duty of performing,
-should expediency cause him to change his views.</p>
-
-<p>To Ormond, however, from whom he was not seeking any favour, yet whose
-suspicion he desired not to awaken, the royal diplomatist made light
-of this visit to Ireland&mdash;“having business of his own” there; spoke
-sneeringly of the Earl&mdash;“I will not answer for his judgment;” and yet
-employed him on matters of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span> such vital importance for the success of
-his own measures, that we at once detect the sophistry of such language.</p>
-
-<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, it would appear, went to Ireland at the end of
-1644 or commencement of 1645, as his Majesty addressed the following
-letters to him in 1645;<a href="#Footnote_71" id="FNanchor_71" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> the first in February:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I am confident that this honest trusty bearer will give you good
-satisfaction why I have not in every thing done as you desired, the
-want of confidence in you being so far from being the cause thereof
-that I am every day more and more confirmed in the trust that I have of
-you, for believe me it is not in the power of any to make you suffer in
-my opinion by ill offices, but of this and divers other things I have
-given so full instructions that I will say no more, but that I am</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured constant friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 26th Feb. 1645.”<a href="#Footnote_72" id="FNanchor_72" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
-
-
-<p>The next in June following:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I am glad to hear that you are gone to Ireland, and assure you that
-as myself is no wise disheartened by our late misfortune so neither
-this country; for I could not have expected more from them, than
-they have now freely undertaken, though I had come hither absolute
-victorious, which makes me hope well of the neighbouring Shires. So
-that (by the grace of God) I hope shortly to recover my late loss
-with advantage, if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> such succours come to me from that kingdom which
-I have reason to expect, but the circumstance of time is that of the
-greatest consequence, being that which is chiefliest and earnestliest
-recommended you by</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your most assured, real constant friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Hereford, 23rd June, 1645.”</p>
-
-
-<p>The Earl wrote the annexed letter to the Marquis of
-Ormond, dated from Kilkenny in February, 1645:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_73" id="FNanchor_73" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I need not give you a relation of the public audience given to the
-Nuncio yesterday by the Assembly, nor of his addresses thereunto; all
-which (I am confident) will be at Dublin before this can have the
-happiness to arrive with your Excellency. Neither need I use many words
-to persuade your Lordship, that the expectance of a more advantageous
-peace, wrought by the powerful hand of her Majesty, soon wipes out
-the clandestine hopes of my endeavours to serve this nation, to which
-any professions of mine have never been other, and always in order
-to the King my master’s service, which my duty commands me ever to
-have before mine eyes. And my zeal unto that transports me beyond all
-other considerations. Neither was ever anything of vanity in me to
-be esteemed the person that should contribute to the satisfaction of
-this kingdom, which I have ever aimed more to do than to seem to do
-(as the private way of my proceedings may well testify for me). But
-the saying is, a burnt child dreads the fire; and, therefore, if I
-be contented to <span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span>withdraw my hands from meddling with concessions, I
-conceive it is your Excellency’s own dictamen, not only as you are so
-great a public Minister of State, but likewise as your Excellency is
-pleased in all things to express yourself my noble friend. And sure
-I am in all things you will find me a devoted servant unto you; and
-according unto the freedom that your Excellency is pleased to give me
-in order to his Majesty’s service, I must needs deal so plainly with
-your Excellency, as to put you in mind how absolutely necessary it is
-not to disgust the Nuncio, since that the supplies out of this kingdom
-unto the King can be but men. And certainly, before I can put myself
-into a handsome posture to serve the King my master by sea and land,
-and in some kind to supply his Majesty’s private purse, I think it
-will stand me in little less than £100,000, within three months; all
-which whence can I have it but out of Catholic countries; and how cold
-I shall find Catholics bent to this service, if the Pope be irritated,
-I humbly submit to your Excellency’s better judgment. And here am I
-constrained, to your friends and mine here, absolutely to profess not
-to be capable to do the King that service which he expects at my hands,
-unless the Nuncio here be civilly complied with, and carried along with
-us in our proceedings. Besides (if there be understanding or reality
-in me), it is impossible to carry this nation, and make them do any
-notable service for the King my master, against the hair, and contrary
-to the Nuncio’s satisfaction. And (pardon me to tell you) he is not a
-friend to your Excellency that will persuade to the contrary, knowing
-very well that you place your happiness and contentment in serving
-his Majesty and this kingdom, as far as any great and public Minister
-of State and real Protestant can attain unto. According to which
-conditions I confess<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span> it is not fit for your Excellency to appear in it
-yourself; but if you please to interest myself and some others of your
-chief assured friends and servants here (even with whom your Excellency
-must give me leave to vie in reality and zeal to serve you), to deal
-with the Nuncio, I am most confident in a few days (if not in a few
-hours), we shall bring him so far to comply in order to his Majesty’s
-service, as may give your Excellency satisfaction. And for the present
-I alone have dealt with him so efficaciously, as that he hath not only
-given his consent and approbation for the 3000 men to go for Chester
-(for the transporting whereof I shall find shipping sufficient ready);
-and if that will not serve, he means to-morrow or the next day to
-make it his absolute business. And I beseech your Excellency to take
-what I have said here into your serious and speedy consideration, as
-proceeding from me, who am not only transported with zeal to the King
-my master’s service herein, but also to manifest myself how much I am</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Kilkenny, the 8th of February, 1645.”</p>
-
-
-<p>To which the Marquis replied from Dublin Castle on the 11th of
-February:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_74" id="FNanchor_74" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top extra_indent">“I hope the supplies your Lordship labours for
-with so much diligence will yet come seasonably for
-the relief of Chester, notwithstanding the rumours
-raised here of the taking of it; but of this and the rest
-of the 10,000 men I can say no more than I lately
-have done, in a letter commended to Mr. Browne’s
-conveyance.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top"  id="Page_86"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 86]</span>
-And in a letter of the 26th of March, he observes:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“By intercepted letters of the 16th (Feb.) of this month out of the
-North, I find it confirmed that Chester held out, and was not delivered
-on the second, as was confidently written hither out of North Wales by
-some that desired it should not be relieved; but it will infallibly be
-lost if the succours be not speedily sent.”</p>
-
-<p>And also writes desiring to be informed when the shipping and men will
-be in readiness.</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Again the Earl addressed the Lord Lieutenant on the 24th:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_75" id="FNanchor_75" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I am now setting foot in stirrup for Waterford, having made an embargo
-of all the shipping there, at Wexford, and all other places of that
-coast, towards the exportation of six thousand men, and have likewise
-sent an express to St. Ives and Falmouth for shipping, either to convoy
-or to help to transport these men. And if your Excellency please to
-inform yourself what may be done to forward this business out of
-Dublin, I shall not fail to see performed any agreement your Excellency
-shall make, whose zeal to the service I know to be such as that it were
-vanity in me to recommend it unto you. I will, therefore, only desire
-to know your Excellency’s pleasure as soon as may be, and as it is my
-part, so it is my affection always to obey you, and ever to remain,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Kilkenny, the 24th Feb. 1645.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_87"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 87]</span>
-These letters seem at variance with the statement made by Dr. Birch and
-others, that “the Earl left Oxford, in March, 1644&ndash;5, in company with
-Sir Brian O’Neile and some Romish Priests, and went to Wales;”
-<a href="#Footnote_76" id="FNanchor_76" class="fnanchor">[K]</a>
-<a href="#Footnote_77" id="FNanchor_77" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
-unless we suppose he went to Ireland in December or January, and
-returned to England sometime in February or March, which, although not
-impossible, yet was a matter not so easily accomplished in those times
-and under existing circumstances.</p>
-
-<p>It is possible, however, that his own private, and the urgency of
-public affairs, might induce his setting out early to arrange the one,
-and to settle preliminaries in the other; for this latter purpose he
-would certainly require his commissions of the 6th and 12th of January,
-1644&ndash;5.</p>
-
-<p>Then in March, 1644&ndash;5, being returned from Ireland, he waits on his
-Majesty at Oxford, and receives from him his Warrant of the 12th of
-March, and on the 1st of April his extraordinary and ever-memorable
-patent; than which nothing could possibly show more convincingly his
-Majesty’s surpassing confidence in the newly-created Earl, and his
-determination to “answer for his judgment.”</p>
-
-<p>But this last favour had to be sent to him, as we find from his
-instructions to Edward Bosdon, accompanied by a letter to his Majesty,
-dated the 21st of March, 1644.</p>
-
-<p>We are here enabled to clear up a mystery which has hitherto hung over
-this portion of his personal history, through a very humble source,
-fortunately preserved in the Letter Book of Sir William Brereton,
-now in the British Museum, wherein is the copy of a letter from John
-Bythell, apparently the commander of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>the “Peter,” bound for Dublin.
-The circumstance is too interesting to epitomise, and might suffer in
-graphic description by any attempt to curtail its minute particulars
-intended to interest his father and family.</p>
-
-<p>From this document we learn that the party left Carnarvon for Dublin on
-the 25th of March, 1645:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top reference_quoted_indent"><a href="#Footnote_78" id="FNanchor_78" class="fnanchor">[L]</a>
-“John Bythell his letter to his father Rich:
-Bythell, in Wyre hall. Wherein the much
-admired Providence of God is to be observed
-in commanding the seas, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Loving Father and Mother,&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“My duty remembered unto you, and my love to my brother Peter and my
-sister. These are to certify you that I am in health, but am very sorry
-that I have such an occasion as this to write to you of. But I pray you
-be not dismayed nor discouraged, for I trust that that God that hath
-preserved me from my child-hood, and brought me into these troubles,
-will in his good time deliver me from them again. For when I went into
-a place into Wales, called Carnarvon, with a small barque laden with
-corn, intending to go for Dublin, which [where] it was my fortune to
-stay some six weeks for a wind; in the interim there came some great
-men from Oxford, and pressed the barque for the King’s service to
-carry them to Dublin, and said if I did deny they would throw my corn
-overboard; and they being of that power forced the barque to go out
-with them. There was the Lord Herbert, and the Lord John Somerset, the
-Lord Herbert’s brother, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>and many knights and colonels and captains,
-all being strangers to me. But as it seemed, and so it fell out, God
-was not pleased to grant them a passage, for we left Carnarvon upon the
-25th day of March, being our Ladyday, with a very fair wind, although
-north-east, and as fair a day as possibly could be. But when we came
-over the bar of Carnarvon the wind began to calm, and to come to the
-south and south-east. And when we had not sailed past three or four
-leagues, but the wind came to the south-west, and began to blow very
-hard about two or three of the clock in the next morning, so that we
-could not possibly get the Holyhead; and it increased more and more
-still, insomuch that when we came to the Skerries the storm grew to
-that [remorselessness?] that the barque had much ado to recover for
-being swallowed up in those great waves. But when we had passed the
-Skerries the wind grew greater and greater, and with much ado we
-recovered the shore with the [ship], but could not possibly gain any
-harbour, but were driven to the main sea. And seeing the danger we were
-now in, the passengers threw over some of my corn and cheese, so we lay
-on the sea Tuesday and Wednesday; and on Thursday we could not gain any
-land but in the North of England, at a place called Pillen; there we
-came to anchor on Thursday about five of the clock in the afternoon.
-But Lord Herbert would not go on shore, nor suffer any that was in the
-barque to land before him. But on the Friday the storm increased more
-and more, insomuch that no man did expect life, but every man prepared
-himself for death. But God (out of his great mercy) was pleased to
-spare our lives for that time most miraculously; for about ten of the
-clock in the morning, about one hour before full sea, the barque not
-being able to ride, we were forced to cast our main-mast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span> overboard,
-and presently after cut both her cables, and committed ourselves to
-God’s mercy. But it pleased God we run on a part of the sand called
-Cockram Sand, near to Pillen, but she struck many times before she came
-near any shore; but at the last we recovered shore, but had neither
-anchor nor cable to hold her, so she did [lie] all a-dry, and as soon
-as she did ebb a-dry all the great men went away that were papists,
-and are got to some garrison under the king’s command. But one Mr.
-Nutterfield and his wife, and one Mr. Argent and his daughter, and one
-Mr. Collour and his wife, and myself, went to Pillen with some few men
-more, to comfort ourselves with the fire and to refresh ourselves. And
-the next morning being Saturday, Mr. Collour and one Mr. Hambleton and
-myself hired horses from Pillen to go to the governor of that place
-to make him acquainted with our landing. His name is Colonel George
-Doddinge, and when we came to him and told him our cause, he said he
-could not do any less than commit us to Lancaster, where now I am, at
-a very good place, one Capt. Rippendshoupe’s. The Colonel was pleased
-to remove me out of the Castle to his house, a very good place, where I
-am well used; but it has pleased the Colonel to seize on all my corn,
-and to take it from me, so that I cannot tell what course to take; for
-all our names are sent up to the Parliament, and the Colonel cannot
-release any till he receives an answer, how we must be disposed of.
-The best course that you can take to have me released will be to make
-some friends to Sir Wm. Brereton and Colonel More, and to procure
-their answer to Colonel Doddinge, and to inform him where I lived,
-and that I never took up any arms on either side, but have lived in
-Ireland this ten years. And so I hope that will be answer to procure my
-enlargement,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span> for here I am a stranger, and am not known by anybody,
-so I desire this truly may be certified, and by the hands of Sir Wm.
-Brereton and Colonel More; and I hope that will give satisfaction.
-I desire my brother Peter to use his best endeavour herein for my
-liberty, and to come to see me. The Colonel hath granted Mr. Collour
-and me the favour [and me <i>sic</i>] to send to his friends, being at
-Namptwich, and the same messing [messenger?] to come down from thence
-to you with my letter for fear [if] ours were sent before [they] should
-miscarry, so we sent letters by the Colonel’s directions to Namptwich
-from hence on Wednesday, being the first of April; my letters were
-inclosed in Mr. Collour’s letters, and he desired his father-in-law,
-Lieut.-Col. Jones, Sir Wm. Brereton, Lieut. Coa, that as soon as his
-letters came to his hands, to send my letters down to you. But for fear
-these should miscarry, we have sent the bearer to you with this letter.
-I had all my money taken from me, therefore I pray you to make shift
-to procure me four or five pounds, for I have not a penny but what I
-do borrow. I pray you to send a shirt and two or three bands, for I
-have none left me. I hope my brother Peter will not fail to come and to
-bring these things along with him, that I have written for; so desiring
-you to remember my love to all our friends, especially to Mr. Glegg and
-Mrs. Gregg, to Capt. Edw. and Capt. John Glegg, and to Capt. Robert,
-and to Mr. Wm. and Mrs. Elizabeth and Miss Jones, and all the rest; so
-desiring a happy meeting, I rest,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your loving and obedient son, till death,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Jo. Bythell</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Lancaster, 6 April, 1645.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_92"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 92]</span>
-“I pray you give the bearer hereof, Mary Goadfine, 2<i>s</i> and 6<i>d</i>, and
-make much of her. But let her make what haste she can back again to me.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">We have next:&mdash;<ins class="correction" title="original has unreferenced footnote, placed here."><a href="#Footnote_79" id="FNanchor_79" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></ins></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“A list of their names that were aboard the ‘Peter,’ bound for Dublin
-and distressed by storms, and cast upon the coast of Lancashire, and
-[who] afterwards escaped to Skipton Castle.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top extra_indent">(The name of the Prisoners taken at Lancaster, 1st
-April, 1645.)</p>
-
-<p class="continued">The Earl of Glamorgan, the Lord Herbert.</p>
-<p class="continued">The Lord John his brother.</p>
-<p class="continued">Sir Brian, uncle of Sir Francis Edmonds.</p>
-<p class="continued">Sir Charles Hayward, the Duke of Norfolk’s grandchild.</p>
-<p class="continued">Lieut. Vivian Mouelex, a man who was very decrepid.</p>
-<p class="continued">Col. Cave, Col. Mitchell (Irish).</p>
-<p class="continued">Mr. F. Flemmia, a Lancashire man.</p>
-<p class="continued">Captain Mulbrian, Captain Bacon.</p>
-<p class="continued">Mr. Peters, the Lord Peters’ brother, Mr. Poynes.</p>
-<p class="continued">Mr. Hutton, Col. Pristoe, Captain Butler.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Some two or three more whose names are not known to any passenger, but
-they were men of ordinary quality.</p>
-
-<p>“The Protestants that are now prisoners at Lancaster, and went of their
-own voluntary will, and not taken by force, and hired horses.</p>
-
-<p>“Mr. Collham, Mr. Jones, James Hambleton, Jo. Bythell, Mr. Rob.
-Noterfield, his wife and children and three servants; not siding with
-the papists, Mr. Argent a gentleman, his daughter, and Boyes, and his
-maid; Mr. Barker, Mr. Floyde, a minister.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_93"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 93]</span>
-“Two of the Lord Herbert’s men who were taken in their escape after
-their Lordship; two poor sailors.”</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Carte, in his Life of the Duke of Ormond,<a href="#Footnote_80" id="FNanchor_80" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and Dr. Birch,<a href="#Footnote_81" id="FNanchor_81" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
-following the same authority, assert that&mdash;“The Earl of Glamorgan,
-having embarked on board a small vessel, was near being taken by a
-Parliament ship, which pursued him till he took refuge in a port of
-Cumberland.” This, however, must refer to his second, and not to his
-first, attempt to set sail from Wales.</p>
-
-<p>We can now understand the occasion of delay previously unaccounted for;
-thus, Dr. Birch, after informing us through Mr. Trevor’s letter of the
-9th of April, 1645,<a href="#Footnote_82" id="FNanchor_82" class="fnanchor">[N]</a> that the Earl has actually “gone into Ireland,”
-proceeds in the next page to quote a passage from Lord Digby’s letter,
-dated Dublin, 8th of May, 1645:&mdash;“Though I have no full knowledge of
-what Lord Herbert was to bring with him; yet by his letter to me out of
-Wales, I guess his <i>missing this place</i> (Dublin) was a great misfortune
-to the King’s service, even in relation to the credit I found the Irish
-were apt to give to his services and undertakings; and therefore if he
-be where he can <i>get once more to the water’s edge, and will venture
-over</i>, I am very confident the little frigate I now send to stay the
-return of the bearer, will land him in some safe port of Ireland.”</p>
-
-<p>In consequence of this arrangement he at length arrived at Dublin about
-the end of July or beginning of August,<a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> 1645, being a space of
-about six months from the time of his leaving Oxford.</p>
-
-<p>An incident with which the Earl of Glamorgan was connected occurred
-during his stay in Wales, affords an amusing episode illustrating the
-prevailing superstition of the age, against which his Lordship was
-by no <span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>means proof. Dr. Bayly states that: “The Earl, accompanied by
-officers, knights, and gentlemen of high rank, all of the red letter,
-as they were in their journey for Ireland, quartered in the town of
-Carnarvon, a sea-port in North Wales, where they were entertained with
-discourse at their table by some of the gentlemen of the country, who
-informed them of the fulfilling of an old Welsh prophecy, at that
-very time and place.” The legend related to the building of nests in
-the crown on the head of King Edward I., over the gate of Carnarvon
-Castle, and was interpreted as significant of the times. “Dinner being
-ended, they all went to the castle gate.” Thereon the Earl of Glamorgan
-“commanded the nest to be pulled down, which was done accordingly; and
-being thrown down, they found the materials of the nest to be such, as
-wherewith never any bird did build her nest, viz. with white thorn,
-which, for a memorandum or rarity, every one of them stuck a thorn in
-his hat-band, and wore it.”<a href="#Footnote_83" id="FNanchor_83" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
-
-<p>But we must now, however, revert to Raglan Castle, to keep in view what
-had been passing there in the interim.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_58"><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Synopsis of the Peerage.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_59"><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Nichols.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_60"><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch and others.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_61"><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Macaulay.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_62"><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Nichols.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_63"><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_64"><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_65"><a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_66"><a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_67"><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, Birch and others.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_68"><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Several lines of numerals have been deciphered as here
-given.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_69"><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch and others.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_70"><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch and others.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_71"><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_72"><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Birch, p. 359, gives the date 28 Feb. 1645.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_73"><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Bodleian Library, MS. Vol. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;57,
-Ireland,” No. 159.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_74"><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, vol. vi. p. 353.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_75"><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Bod. Lib. MS. Vol. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63,”
-Nos. 160 and 161.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_76"><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Birch’s Inquiry, p. 56.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_77"><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Carte.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_78"><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Additional Manuscripts, Brit. Museum, 11,331, Plnt.
-CLXXIII. E, 3 vols. folio. Lettered&mdash;“Letter-Book of Sir W. Brereton,
-1645.” 3 vols. folio. Vol. I. (old page, 13; pencil page, 15.)
-Indexed&mdash;“From John Bythell to his father Richard Bythell in Wyrehall,
-wherein the providence of God, in commanding the seas, is observable.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_79"><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> From additional MSS. Brit. Museum, 11,338&ndash;3. “Letter Book
-of Sir W. Brereton, 1645.” 3 vols. folio, Vol. 1, page 69.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_80"><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Carte.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_81"><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Birch.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_82"><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Birch’s Inquiry, p. 58.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_83"><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XIX.</p></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_95"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 95]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">RAGLAN CASTLE&mdash;ROYAL VISITS.</p>
-
-
-<p>While the Earl of Glamorgan was zealously prosecuting Charles the
-First’s designs in Ireland, he had left his Countess under his father’s
-protection at Raglan Castle. At the commencement of this period the
-noble Marquis would be in about the 63rd year of his age, rather
-feeble, and a martyr to gout, which his fondness for claret may have
-aggravated; a pleasant story being related by his chaplain, that on
-the physician recommending abstinence from his favourite beverage, he
-declared that he would rather incur the attacks of his old enemy than
-abandon his favourite claret.<a href="#Footnote_84" id="FNanchor_84" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
-
-<p>Between the years 1640 and 1641 Raglan Castle had been strongly
-garrisoned, when much activity was evinced in providing and securing
-stores, arms, and the munitions of war. It must, therefore, have worn a
-very animated and impressive appearance, occupied as it was by hundreds
-of soldiers, with a large number of war-horses. The exercising of the
-troops would most likely take place daily in the extensive paved or
-pitched court, under full view of the drawing-room windows, a spacious
-upper apartment, ranging behind the hexagonal towers of the grand
-entrance, all of which remain to this day.</p>
-
-<p>A contemporary writer<a href="#Footnote_85" id="FNanchor_85" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> states that in the hall windows <span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span>of this
-princely castle might be seen the ancient arms:&mdash;Argent, a lion
-rampant, sable, within a garter. Thomas Lord Morley, died 1416; and an
-old carving on the outside walls, representing three lions rampant,
-impaling, a fess, in chief three martlets.</p>
-
-<p>In the adjoining village of Raglan the old parish church of St. Cadocus
-had its large pedestal sun-dial perfect, its yew-tree flourishing, and
-its burial-ground hedged in with trees. Within the sacred edifice, the
-Worcester chapel possessed its funeral ornaments in varieties of fine
-marble, sculptured with artistic skill. Against the north wall was the
-statue of an armed knight, in parliamentary robes, decorated with the
-Garter, in memory of William Somerset, who died 21st of March, 1589,
-aged 61 years. Another fair monument consisted of two statues, male
-and female, under an arch between the chancel and this chapel; he in
-parliamentary robes, garter, badge, <i>sans gloire</i>, an earl’s crown, and
-the privy-seal purse. Edward Somerset died 1627&ndash;8.<a href="#Footnote_86" id="FNanchor_86" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
-
-<p>Dr. Bayly, in his capacity of chaplain to the then Marquis of
-Worcester, appears to have resided in the Castle from 1643 to 1646. His
-collection of the Marquis’s sayings and family anecdotes, under the
-title of “Apophthegms,” includes some antecedent matters related on the
-authority of others. He expressly remarks:&mdash;“I have lived in Raglan
-Castle three years, and in all that time I never saw a man drunk, nor
-heard an oath amongst any of all his servants; neither did I ever see a
-better ordered family.”</p>
-
-<p>He describes from hearsay, in his usual gossiping strain, the ceremony
-of a mock wedding, which was conducted as a kind of masque at the
-Castle some <span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span>years previously, on the occasion of the marriage of
-the Marquis’s fourth daughter Elizabeth to Francis Brown, Viscount
-Montagu, the particulars of which graphically illustrate the domestic
-manners and customs prevailing in those times, affording also a fair
-example of the Marquis’s own peculiar humour, and further offering a
-scene in which there can be little doubt that the then Lord Herbert
-fully participated: for he would scarcely have absented himself on so
-important an occasion as that of his sister’s marriage.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Bayly expresses himself as not being sure whether the mock ceremony
-happened on the occasion of Lord Herbert’s marriage, or on that of his
-fourth sister Elizabeth.<a href="#Footnote_87" id="FNanchor_87" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> However, it seems that no sooner had the
-marriage party been seated at the feast provided for the occasion,
-than, as the chaplain states, “Tom Deputy, an old bachelor, chanced
-to cast his eye upon a pretty piece of waiting woman, one of the
-appurtenances of this honourable bride. He, this jovial Tom, having
-whetted his wits by the sides of the marriage bowl, fixes upon her,
-being enabled sufficiently thereby to follow any humour, as a fit
-subject to make their lordships some sport; which happened to be so
-suitable to the occasion and so well performed, that it soon captivated
-the ears also.” Tom, being informed he may have the lady for asking,
-makes that request of the fair bride, remarking, “I protest I will
-marry her, and fancy myself to be a lord, and herself a lady. <i>My mind
-to me a kingdom is</i>, which shall make her a sufficient jointure.”</p>
-
-<p>“Tom, Tom,” said the Marquis, “such men as you and I, whose joints are
-enfeebled with the strokes of many years, must not think to win young
-maids, by promising to make them jointures of the mind, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>but will you
-make her Deputy of Deputy Hall? and landlady of all the land that is
-belonging to it? and mistress of all the stock that is upon the land,
-and goods that are within the house, and then you shall hear what my
-daughter<a href="#Footnote_88" id="FNanchor_88" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> and her waiting woman will say unto you.”</p>
-
-<p>“With all my heart,” said Tom, “and all the hogs and poultry that are
-about the house to boot, and she shall lie upon six feather-beds the
-first night.”</p>
-
-<p>Matters being arranged after some jocular preliminary promises, Tom
-telling the bride that they were agreed, the lady drank to him, he
-promising to marry her after dinner; the only difficulty appearing to
-arise from the want of wedding clothes. The Marquis, willing to remove
-that obstacle, told Tom that he thought his clothes would fit him, and
-bid him go into his wardrobe, and take what he had a mind to.</p>
-
-<p>“Give me your key,” said Tom; and receiving it, went up, and equipped
-himself with the Marquis’s beaver hat, satin cloak laid with plush,
-daubed with a gold and silver lace, suit of the same, silk-stockings,
-with roses and garters suitable, inside and outside, cap-a-pie, all as
-brave as if he carried a lordship on his back.</p>
-
-<p>“The lady bride takes her woman aside, and dresses her in one of her
-richest and newest gowns, with all things answerable thereto, not
-without some store of slight jewels, and brings her down as glorious as
-the morn that breaks from the eastern hill, and chases night away.</p>
-
-<p>“Tom acted this scene of mirth in the Hall, which proved to be a thing
-of that convenience, as if it had been an act of some set policy to
-keep the crowd out of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span>the parlour, that the Masquers might have room
-enough to dance in. At last, when the Masque was ended, and Time had
-brought in supper, the Cushion led the dance out of the Parlour into
-the Hall,<a href="#Footnote_89" id="FNanchor_89" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> and saluted the old new-made bridgroom and his lady,
-leading them into the parlour to a table which was furnished with the
-same allowance that was allotted for all the nobles; where they were
-soon forced to sit down,” and were bountifully served.</p>
-
-<p>“Supper being ended, the Marquis of Worcester asked the Lady, his
-daughter, if she had a hundred pounds about her. No, my Lord, she
-answered, but I can send for as much. I pray do, said the Marquis, but
-it must be all in gold. She sent for it accordingly, presenting it to
-her father, who pulled out another purse of a hundred pieces; and put
-the two hundred pieces in the basin, saying&mdash;‘Madam, if you do not
-give earnest, Deputy will tell you in the morning, that he married
-your woman but in jest.’ Whereupon some gave fifty, others forty, some
-twenty, others ten, the least gave five pieces, who sat at the table,
-in all seven hundred pounds; the apparel and other gifts amounting to
-no less value than one thousand pounds, which so transported the old
-man, that he protested, that now he was in the humour, he would marry
-all the waiting gentlewomen they had; one every day in the week, as
-long as the wedding lasted.”</p>
-
-<p>Thomas, however, was at that period of the entertainment overcome with
-the potent effects of the good wine of which he had freely partaken.
-The Marquis, desirous of making the practical experiment of trying
-whether Thomas could be persuaded that the past was all a dream; had
-him carried to his old lodging in the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>Porter’s Lodge, and disrobed
-of his fine clothes, which was done accordingly. Next morning the
-experiment realized all their expectations; and the Marquis, after many
-good exhortations to both parties, delivered unto them the money that
-had been collected.</p>
-
-<p>During the troubles preceding the civil war, a circumstance occurred
-at the castle which establishes the early attachment of the Earl of
-Glamorgan to scientific and mechanical pursuits, whilst it affords
-tolerably conclusive proof of his having actually constructed the
-identical invention which has immortalized his name.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Bayly informs us, to quote his own words, that “At the beginning
-of this Parliament (Nov. 1640), there were certain rustics who came
-into Raglan Castle to search for arms, his Lordship being a Papist.”
-The Marquis met them at the castle gate, desiring to know whether they
-came to take away his money, seeing they intended to disarm him. They
-stated that they made the application merely in consequence of his
-being a recusant. To which he replied, “he was a peer of the realm, and
-no convict recusant, therefore the law could not in reason take notice
-of any such things.” Finding some sharp and dubious expressions coming
-from the Marquis, they were at last willing to take his word; but he,
-not wishing to part with them on such easy terms, had before resolved
-to return them one fright for another. With that view he conveyed them
-up and down the castle, until at length he “brought them over a high
-bridge that arched over the moat, that was between the castle and the
-great tower,<a href="#Footnote_90" id="FNanchor_90" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> wherein the Lord Herbert had newly contrived certain
-water-works, which, when the several engines and wheels were to be <span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span>set
-a-going, much quantity of water, through the hollow conveyances of the
-aqueducts, was to be let down from the top of the high tower; which,
-upon the first entrance of these wonderful asinegoes, the Marquis had
-given order that these cataracts should begin to fall, which made
-such a fearful and hideous noise, by reason of the hollowness of the
-tower, and neighbouring echoes of the castle, and the waters that were
-between, and round about, that there was such a roaring as if the mouth
-of hell had been wide open, and all the devils conjured up, occasioning
-the poor silly men to stand so amazed, as if they had been half dead;
-and yet they saw nothing. At last, as the plot was laid, up came a man
-staring and running, crying out, <i>Look to yourselves, my masters, for
-the lions are got loose</i>. Whereupon the searchers tumbled so over one
-another escaping down the stairs, that it was thought one half of them
-would break their necks, never looking behind them until out of sight
-of the castle.”<a href="#Footnote_91" id="FNanchor_91" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
-
-<p>It was probably not long after the commencement of the civil war that
-the occurrence we have next to notice happened at the castle, affecting
-the then Lord Herbert, which is related by the family chronicler in
-his 48th Apophthegm thus:&mdash;“My Lord Herbert of Raglan (eldest son of
-the Marquis) came into Raglan Castle, attended with 40 or 50 officers
-and commanders; and his business with his father being about procuring
-from the old man more money for the King, the Lord Herbert in his
-request unto his father (unhappily and unawares) chanced to use the
-word <i>must</i>; which his father (the Marquis) laying hold on, asked him,
-<i>Must you? I pray take it</i>; and threw him the keys of his treasury, out
-of his pocket; whereat his son was wonderfully out of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>countenance,
-and abashed (being otherwise ever a dutiful and respectful son to his
-father) replied: ‘Sir, the word was out before I was aware, I do not
-intend to put it in force; I pray will you put up your key again?’</p>
-
-<p>“To which the Marquis returned his son these words. ‘Truly, son, I
-shall think my keys not safe in my pocket, whilst you have so many
-swords by your side; nor that I have the command of my house whilst you
-have so many officers in it; nor that I am at my own disposal, whilst
-you have so many commanders.’</p>
-
-<p>“My Lord (replied the son), I do not intend that they shall stay in the
-castle, I mean they shall be gone.</p>
-
-<p>“I pray let them (said the Marquis), and have care that <i>must</i> do not
-stay behind.</p>
-
-<p>“Whereat, after my Lord Herbert was gone out of the room, there were
-some who, as mannerly as they could, blamed the Marquis for his too
-much severity to his son, after that he had seen him express so much
-of sorrow for that over-slip; whereupon the Marquis replied:&mdash;‘Hark
-ye, if my son be dejected, I can raise him when I please; but it is
-a question, if he should once take a head, whether I could bring him
-lower when I list. Ned was not wont to use such courtship to me, and I
-believe he intended a better word for his father; but <i>must</i> was for
-the King.’”<a href="#Footnote_92" id="FNanchor_92" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
-
-<p>In August, 1644, Charles the First wrote to the Marquis, in the
-following gracious and flattering terms:<a href="#Footnote_93" id="FNanchor_93" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I am sensible of the great affection which you and your son have
-expressed unto me, by eminent services, and of the means he may have
-of doing me more in that way wherein he is now engaging himself,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span> that
-I cannot choose, before his going, but express unto you, in a very
-particular manner, the value I have of you both, and to assure you,
-that if God bless me, I will not be behind-hand with either of you. In
-the meantime, finding your son so much more desirous that there should
-be placed upon you some mark of my favour, rather than upon himself,
-I have thought fit to let you know that as soon as I shall confer the
-Order of the Garter upon any, you shall receive it as a testimony of my
-being,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your assured constant friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Liskeard, Aug. 2nd, 1644.”</p>
-
-
-<p>And again, the same month, he further assured and
-promised him as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_94" id="FNanchor_94" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Yours and your son’s daily endeavours to serve me, makes me think
-which way to give you assurance of my gracious acceptance. And,
-therefore, as a further testimony, I have sent you this enclosed,
-only known to him and me, and fit, for several reasons of importance
-to you and me, to be kept private, until I shall esteem the time
-convenient, when, as God shall enable me, I will show my tender care
-of you and yours; as, by a match propounded for your grandchild, you
-will easily judge; the particulars I leave to your son, Glamorgan his
-relation, which I have commanded him to make to you only; and you may
-be confident that I so much esteem your merits, and your upholding your
-son in my service (wherein no subject I have equals either of you), as
-that I cannot think anything <span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span>too much that lies in my power; though,
-as yet, some considerations hinder me from doing all I would towards
-you and yours. But, by your son’s endeavours, I make no question but
-in short time to pass them so over, as that I shall make good the
-intentions I have, to manifest that I esteem your services such as
-my words cannot express them; nor I, but by showing myself at all
-occasions, and in all things to be,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your assured friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“For the Marquis of Worcester.”</p>
-
-<p>Which communication conveyed the following enclosure, prepared some
-time previously.<a href="#Footnote_95" id="FNanchor_95" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Our will and pleasure is, that you prepare a
-bill for our signature, for creating our right trusty and
-entirely-beloved cousin, Henry, Marquis of Worcester,
-Duke of Somerset, to him and the heirs male of his
-body issuing, with all the privileges and immunities
-thereunto belonging, and with a grant of an annuity of
-fifty pounds yearly, to be paid to him and them, out of
-our customs of Swansea, in our county of Glamorgan,
-for the support of the said dignity, for which this shall
-be your sufficient warrant. Given at our Court in
-Oxford, the sixth day of January, in the twentieth year
-of our reign.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“To our Attorney or Solicitor-General</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“for the time being.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">After the fatal battle of Naseby, 14th June, 1645, the position of
-Charles the First becoming desperate, he early sought the repose and
-security afforded by Raglan Castle, with the equally or more important
-purpose <span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>of stimulating a further drain on the fast diminishing
-resources of its munificent proprietor. It will be requisite to
-relate some particulars in reference to these royal visits from their
-connection with this memoir, incidentally proving the position and
-prospects of the Earl of Glamorgan; while they account for much of both
-his father’s and his own misplaced confidence in the fickle monarch
-and false friend, whose obligations to the aged Marquis of Worcester
-and his noble minded son were equally of personal as well as political
-importance to him, during the many mischances of his career at that
-most critical period of his reign.</p>
-
-<p>On Thursday, the 3rd of July, 1645, late in the afternoon, Charles the
-First arrived at Raglan Castle, where he was received with all possible
-state and ceremony. We are informed that:&mdash;When the King first entered
-the castle, the Marquis having kissed the King’s hand, on rising, he
-saluted his Majesty with the compliment&mdash;<i>Domine non sum dignus</i>. The
-King replied:&mdash;“My Lord, I may very well answer you again; I have not
-found so great faith in Israel; for no man would trust me with so much
-money as you have done.” To which the Marquis rejoined:&mdash;“I hope your
-Majesty will prove a defender of the faith.”<a href="#Footnote_96" id="FNanchor_96" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> He was entertained to
-supper on the occasion, remaining at the castle until Wednesday, the
-16th of the same month, when his Majesty left to proceed to Cardiff.</p>
-
-<p>From a Warrant issued on the 5th of July, 1645, we learn the losses
-sustained by and the situation of the Earl of Glamorgan’s regiment of
-horse. It is a manuscript in the Harleian Collection, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_97" id="FNanchor_97" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-<p>“Whereas the Earl of Glamorgan’s regiment of horse being over at least
-200, is now by reason of continual <span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>duty, 2 troops taken from it, and
-60: (<i>sic</i>) more lost in fight, much weaker, therefore it is desired
-that the remainder of this horse may be by order secured in Colonel
-Lingen’s regiment; till such time the rest of the money by the said
-Earl, appointed for the raising of his regiment, may be received.”</p>
-
-<p>On Friday, the 18th of July, his Majesty returning to the Castle dined
-there, continuing his visit until the 22nd, when he set out for a
-place called The Creek. In the evening, however, he had supper at the
-Castle, and remained there until Thursday, the 24th. He purposed going
-to Bristol, but apprehending the approach of the Scots, on arriving
-at The Creek, he went thence to Newport, Cardiff, Radnor, and Ludlow
-Castle. After a lapse of six weeks, his Majesty, on Sunday, the 7th of
-September, paid his third visit to Raglan Castle in time to partake of
-supper. He staid until Monday, the 15th of September,<a href="#Footnote_98" id="FNanchor_98" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> when he took a
-final leave of his bountiful host. During this last visit his Majesty
-appears, on different occasions, to have gone to Abergavenny on the 8th
-and 11th, attended with his guards.<a href="#Footnote_99" id="FNanchor_99" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
-
-<p>Much misapprehension prevails respecting these royal visits, which it
-is clear were made on three distinct occasions, his Majesty staying the
-first time thirteen days, on the second six days, and on the last eight
-days.</p>
-
-<p>A singular instance of the Marquis’s freedom in addressing the King
-occurs in the following statement made by his chaplain:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_100" id="FNanchor_100" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
-
-<p>“The Marquis had a mind to tell the King as handsomely as he could,
-of some of his (as he thought) faults; and thus he contrived his plot
-against the time that his Majesty was wont to give his Lordship a
-visit, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>as commonly he used to do, after dinner. His Lordship had the
-book of John Gower<a href="#Footnote_101" id="FNanchor_101" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> lying before him on the table; the King, casting
-his eye upon the book, told the Marquis that he had never seen it
-before.</p>
-
-<p>“Oh,” said the Marquis, “it is a book of books, which if your Majesty
-had been well versed in, it would have made you a King of Kings.”</p>
-
-<p>“Why so, my Lord?” said the King.</p>
-
-<p>“Why,” said the Marquis, “here is set down how Aristotle brought up and
-instructed Alexander the Great in all his rudiments, and the principles
-belonging to a prince.”</p>
-
-<p>“And under the persons of Alexander and Aristotle, he read the King
-such a lesson, that all the standers by were amazed at his boldness;
-and the King, supposing that he had gone further than his text would
-have given him leave, asked the Marquis whether he had his lesson by
-heart, or whether he spoke out of the book.</p>
-
-<p>“Sir,” the Marquis replied, “if you could read my heart, it may be you
-might find it there; or if your Majesty please to get it by heart, I
-will lend you my book.”</p>
-
-<p>“Which latter proffer the King accepted, and did borrow it.</p>
-
-<p>“Nay,” said the Marquis, “I will lend it you upon these conditions: 1.
-That you read it; and 2. That you make use of it.”</p>
-
-<p>“But perceiving how some of the new made Lords fretted and bit their
-thumbs at certain passages in the Marquis’s discourse, he thought a
-little to please his Majesty, though he displeased them, the men who
-were so much displeased already, protesting unto his Majesty <span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span>that no
-man was so much for the absolute power of a King as Aristotle. Desiring
-the book out of the King’s hand, he told the King he would show him one
-remarkable passage to that purpose; turning to that place that had this
-verse, viz.:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<div class="poem">
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">“A king can kill, a king can save,</span>
-<span class="i0">&nbsp;A king can make a lord a knave,</span>
-<span class="i2">And of a knave, a lord also, &amp;c.”</span>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>“Whereupon there were divers new-made Lords who slunk out of the room,
-which the King observing, told the Marquis&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“My Lord, at this rate you will drive away all my nobility.”</p>
-
-<p>“I protest unto your Majesty,” the Marquis replied, “I am as new a made
-lord as any of them all, but I was never called knave and rogue so much
-in all my life, as I have been since I received this last honour; and
-why should they not bear their shares?”</p>
-
-<p>An incident is related as occurring during one of the entertainments
-given to the royal visitor, which is too characteristic to be omitted.
-A dessert of Welsh grown fruit having been provided, had to be
-presented to the King. Sir Thomas Somerset, the Marquis’s brother,
-living at Troy House, five miles from Raglan, delighted much in fine
-gardens and orchards, ordering and replenishing them with all the
-varieties of choicest fruits. He sent his brother a present of fair,
-ripe fruit, which the Marquis could not suffer to be presented to
-the King by any other hands than his own, the particulars of which
-are circumstantially detailed by Dr. Bayly, who was very likely an
-eye-witness. He says:&mdash;“In comes the Marquis to the King, at the latter
-end of the supper, led by the arm, having such a goodly presence
-with him, that his being led became him, rather like some ceremony
-of state, than show of impotence; and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span> his slow pace, occasioned by
-his infirmity, expressed a Spanish gravity rather than feebleness.
-Thus, with a silver dish in each hand filled with rarities, and a
-little basket upon his arm, as a supply in case his Majesty should be
-over-bountiful of his favours to the ladies that were standers by.”
-Making his third obeisance, he, in his own peculiar mode of pleasantry,
-presenting the fruit, observed: “I assure your Majesty that this
-present came from Troy.”</p>
-
-<p>The royal reply was no less witty. The King, smiling, said, “Truly, my
-Lord, I have heard that corn now grows where Troy town stood, but I
-never thought there had grown any apricots there before.
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has &quot;’">”</ins><a href="#Footnote_102" id="FNanchor_102" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
-
-<p>During his stay at Raglan the King made the tour of neighbouring towns.
-At the Castle he was sumptuously entertained; the apartment he occupied
-is still marked by its fine large remaining window, and its proximity
-to the picture gallery; also the Pleasaunce or Bowling-green, where he
-sought amusement and exercise.</p>
-
-<p>It was most likely about or soon after the King’s last visit that the
-next circumstance occurred we shall have to record affecting the Earl
-of Glamorgan, which is related as follows by Dr. Bayly:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
-
-<p>“My Lord Herbert, after that he had sufficiently exhausted his father,
-by all the means he could possibly use, for his Majesty’s relief, and
-had taken up all his father’s moneys far and near, where he could
-either prevail with force or argument, he chanced to hear of a sum of
-money to the value of £6000, which the Marquis had committed to the
-Lord John (his son), his care and trusty preservation abroad. This
-money my Lord Herbert happened to hear of, and acquaints the King
-therewith, engaging the King in the business, and tells <span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span>the King,
-that if he would send for his brother the Lord John, to come unto him,
-and would say but thus and thus unto him, that he would undertake he
-might have the £6000. The King’s occasions were then urgent (being then
-before Gloucester, and hard pinched for lack of money); through my Lord
-Herbert’s persuasion, my Lord John was sent for, came, and the business
-took effect; the King promising to repay it by such a time. When time
-and suspicion persuaded the Marquis to call in his money, excuses
-made delays for a time, but at last all excuses being set apart, by
-importunity, the Marquis wished his son John to go and fetch the money,
-or else never to see his face any more; part of which injunction the
-Lord John performed, but never the other. Not long after the Lord
-Herbert coming to his father, his father received him with wonted, but
-unexpected, cheerfulness. It so happened that my Lord Herbert began to
-excuse himself unto his father, concerning this business; on whom the
-father bestowed this language:&mdash;‘Son, I pray save yourself the labour,
-for I do not blame you at all, neither am I angry with you; for I never
-trusted you with the money. I love no man the worse for following his
-profession; and you have made it your profession (all along) to deceive
-your father, to help the King; but I do not love a man that will take
-away another man’s profession from him, and deceive his own father of
-his money, and his brother of his calling.’”</p>
-
-<p>In 1650, the chronicler of this anecdote dedicated his book to the
-subject of it, in the following strain:&mdash;“The many favours which I
-received from your noble family, especially from your Lordship, wrought
-upon a disposition, some-deal a pretender unto gratitude, how it might,
-in some measure or other, answer the respect and clear the heart, that
-had lain charged so long with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span> benefits.” Such expressions seem to
-qualify the sense in which the affair just related should be taken,
-coming as it does from no unfriendly hand, and certainly could never
-have been indited in the way of serious censure on the prevailing
-character of Lord Herbert. While we cannot omit relating so striking a
-family incident, it evidently should not be too rigidly construed, when
-the recorder of it dedicates the recital to Lord Herbert himself at a
-future day, without offering any apology for introducing a narrative,
-which, to modern ears, reads exceedingly harsh and offensive; but it is
-clear that the Sub-Dean of Wells, never contemplated any unfavourable
-construction, relying probably on the generally well known character of
-his Lordship at the time of publication.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_84"><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bayly.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_85"><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_86"><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Symonds.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_87"><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XX.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_88"><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Elizabeth, his fourth daughter.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_89"><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> The Banqueting Hall. See
-<a href="#Page_xxv">plan</a>, preceding Chapter I.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_90"><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The Citadel, or Yellow tower of Gwent. The bridge crossing
-the moat was a gothic arched bridge, terminating with a drawbridge,
-leading direct from the tower to the bridge. See <a href="#Page_xxv">Plan of the Castle</a>,
-preceding Chapter I.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_91"><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. LI.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_92"><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XLVIII</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_93"><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_94"><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_95"><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_96"><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. VIII.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_97"><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Mus. Brit. Bibl. Harl. 6852. Plut. LXIV. F.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_98"><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Symonds in his Diary states that, on “Sunday, 14th [Sep.],
-About noon his Majesty left Raglan, and marched to Monmouth; thence
-that night to Hereford.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_99"><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Somers’ Tracts,&mdash;Iter Carolinum.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_100"><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. XIV.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_101"><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Gower, the poet.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_102"><a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Bayly, Ap. IX. and Ap. XLIX.</p></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_112"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 112]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">THE EARL OF GLAMORGAN’S SECOND VISIT TO IRELAND.</p>
-
-
-<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, actuated by private claims and public business
-visited Ireland early in 1645, as already stated. Returning to England
-he again set out for Ireland in March of the same year, but being
-defeated in his intentions, he had to delay his departure until some
-months later, arriving at length in Dublin either in July or August.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis of Ormond had been fully apprized of his Lordship’s mission
-through Charles the First’s letter from Oxford, dated the 27th of
-December, 1644, as also by personal communications with his Lordship
-during his first visit. The powers granted by the Crown to the Earl of
-Glamorgan and the nature of his patent, dated 1st of April, 1644&ndash;5,
-are matters of history, so remarkable as to have been already made
-the subject of distinct treatises, and their peculiar features ably
-discussed by Dr. Birch and others.</p>
-
-<p>The dates of his Lordship’s several commissions and powers are:&mdash;I. On
-the 6th of January, 1644&ndash;5, a commission, of which a Latin translation
-is given in the Nuncio’s Memoirs.<a href="#Footnote_103" id="FNanchor_103" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> II. Another commission dated the
-12th of January, 1644&ndash;5.<a href="#Footnote_104" id="FNanchor_104" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> III. Another warrant dated the 12th of
-March, 1644&ndash;5. And IV. a patent granting him, as Earl of Glamorgan,
-most extensive and extraordinary powers, dated the 1st of April, 1644&ndash;5.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_113"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 113]</span>
-At this period the Marquis of Ormond addressed a letter to the Earl,
-as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_105" id="FNanchor_105" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Mr. O’Neill hath with him, to be delivered to the Commissioners that
-treated here, two kinds of dispatches, the one an answer to their
-paper of the 11th of November, which contains likewise conditional
-answers to the several requests made upon the propositions that were,
-for the most part, debated on in your Grace’s presence. This is drawn
-and sent with the full approbation of the Council; the other contains
-some observations of mine, together with undertakings in some points
-wherein I held it unseasonable to press the Council to a concurrence,
-considering that, in the paper transmitted by their advice, there
-is a clear and full obligation, both upon them and me, to transmit
-as bills whatsoever his Majesty shall hereafter direct for the good
-of his subjects. In these two I have stretched my authority to the
-uttermost that, either with safety to the treaty or myself it will
-endure, which meeting with equal desires of accommodation there, I
-doubt not will produce the intended effects of seasonable succour to
-his Majesty; and therein of safety to his kingdom. Having told your
-Grace that I am at the highest I will venture on in this great affair,
-I should beseech your Grace for accomplishment of those noble ends that
-induced you through so great and apparent dangers to undertake this
-your journey, now to set all your strength upon bringing it to a good
-(that is a speedy) conclusion; but my experience of your judgment and
-indefatigable industry informs me that such a request is needless.</p>
-
-<p>“We have here reports (made I believe without ground of truth) of the
-manner of the Italian Bishop’s reception <span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span>at Kilkenny; but though I
-believe not all here said of his errand, yet I conceive your Grace may
-observe something, the knowledge whereof might direct me how to govern
-myself, in the account I take myself obliged to give his Majesty of the
-coming of so unbidden a guest into his kingdom.</p>
-
-<p>“I have not yet had time to put your commands touching the parties
-mentioned in your last letter, received by Col. Fitzwilliams, into a
-way of execution; but I shall not fail to satisfy your Grace, either in
-doing the things or in giving such reasons why I could not, as shall
-still manifest my being</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Grace’s most faithful Kinsman,</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">“and humblest servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dub. Cast. 22 of Novem. 1645.”</p>
-
-
-<p>This communication contains the Marquis’s remarkable expression of
-confidence in the Earl of Glamorgan, when he says&mdash;“my experience of
-your judgment and indefatigable industry.” Only that courtiers are as
-little to be put faith in as princes, one might take this as sufficient
-evidence of the King’s false estimate of his Lordship’s “judgment,” as
-expressed in his letter to the Marquis.<a href="#Footnote_106" id="FNanchor_106" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-<p>His Lordship’s negotiations with the Irish related to the raising of
-a body of 10,000 men to be transported to England in the royal cause;
-their first destination being for the relief of Chester, which measure
-was to be promoted through certain arrangements to conclude a peace
-with the rebellious party in Ireland: to be mainly effected through
-important concessions being made to the Irish Roman Catholic Clergy, to
-afford extended religious liberty to their cause in Ireland.</p>
-
-<p>It had been arranged that the political articles of <span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span>peace, to be
-made with the Lord Lieutenant, should be published at once; but other
-articles, affecting the Roman Catholic religion, concluded with the
-Earl of Glamorgan, were meanwhile to be kept secret, until ratified by
-his Majesty himself. The Lord Lieutenant was disposed to act liberally;
-but the Earl of Glamorgan, from his political and religious bias,
-combined with his warm, enthusiastic disposition, was fully disposed to
-approve and support demands in which he saw no extravagance, but, on
-the contrary, anticipated much real benefit to his own party.</p>
-
-<p>All his Lordship’s negotiations, treaties, plans, promises, all
-his well laid schemes, and all the plottings of his party broke
-down through delays and repeated disasters, further promoted by the
-pertinacity with which the clergy held out to the last for the entire
-acceptance and complete settlement of their every demand; indeed the
-Nuncio went so far as to insist on the necessity of having a Roman
-Catholic Lord Lieutenant.</p>
-
-<p>On the 24th of December, 1645, the Earl of Glamorgan went from Kilkenny
-to Dublin to confer with the Marquis of Ormond. On the 25th he was
-received by the Lord Lieutenant with the greatest possible civility,
-and every assurance of regard for his Lordship. But on the 27th, the
-whole course of events had changed, causing his Excellency to adopt a
-totally different line of conduct; an unexpected circumstance having
-meanwhile brought to light transactions of which he was not previously
-cognisant, which naturally aroused his worst suspicions, at so critical
-a period.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Birch has very lucidly narrated the particulars. The Popish
-Archbishop of Tuam, President of Connaught, and one of the Supreme
-Council at Kilkenny, going into Ulster to visit his diocese, and put
-into execution an order for arrears of his Bishopric, granted to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span>
-him by that Council, met with a body of Irish troops marching to
-besiege Sligo, and joined with them. When they came near that town,
-the garrison made a sally on the 17th of October, charged the troops,
-utterly routed them, killing the Archbishop of Tuam in the encounter;
-among whose baggage was found an authentic copy, attested and signed
-by several bishops, of the treaty concluded with them by the Earl of
-Glamorgan; together with an order from the Supreme Council for the
-arrears of his Archbishopric; a bull of the Pope; and several letters
-between the Archbishop and his agents at Rome, Paris, and other
-places.<a href="#Footnote_107" id="FNanchor_107" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-<p>The result of these disclosures was, that when the Council was
-assembled at Dublin on the 26th of December, 1645, the Lord Digby came
-to the board, and charging the Earl with suspicion of high treason,
-moved that his person might be secured. This done, he proceeded to
-substantiate the charge on most irrefragable evidence; wherefore the
-Lord Lieutenant and Council gave a warrant for the commitment of the
-Earl to the custody of the Constable of Dublin Castle, in condition of
-a close prisoner.<a href="#Footnote_108" id="FNanchor_108" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-<p>We have uninterruptedly, thus far, followed Lord Herbert, seen him
-created Earl of Glamorgan, and eventually engaged by Charles the First
-in an extraordinary and extra-official capacity in Ireland; where he
-was delegated by the King to act in certain matters intended to promote
-the royal cause. So secret and so unheard of was this mysterious
-affair, that it is without a parallel in history. A Protestant monarch
-and a Roman Catholic nobleman are the sole actors in this strange
-drama; a monarch whose crown was tottering to its fall consequent
-on successive losses, opposed to <span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span>surprising successes continually
-accruing to his enemies; for the battle fields of Marston Moor and of
-Naseby were alone sufficiently disheartening to have paralysed even
-a stouter heart; yet he finds in addition that, to the surrender of
-Bristol, he may soon have to add that of the strong city of Chester.
-His immediate necessities, added to the increasing expenses of the
-long continued war, were rapidly impoverishing not only his nobles
-but the country. While his own and the public distress thus gradually
-lessened every prospect of success, one last ray of hope seemed to
-present itself to the unhappy monarch. There was still a chance of
-succour from Ireland, the acceptance of which, however, was fraught
-with many difficulties. The loyalty of the Irish, it was quite evident,
-could only be ensured by nothing short of conciliatory measures of a
-more than ordinary nature, especially if desired to bring over to his
-service ten thousand of his Irish subjects.</p>
-
-<p>The King had written from Liskeard, in August, 1644, to the enfeebled
-Marquis of Worcester, respecting himself and his son, of “the value I
-have of you both,” assuring him, “that if God bless me, I will not be
-behindhand with either of you.”</p>
-
-<p>The most ordinary delays pressed heavily on his Majesty, whose nerves
-seem to have been completely unstrung by successive misfortunes and
-the pitiable state of his entire kingdom. In June, 1645, he expressed
-himself to the Earl of Glamorgan, “I am <i>glad</i> to hear that you
-are gone to Ireland;” so keenly alive was he to the importance of
-the mission on which he had engaged him, and in one short sentence
-expresses the sincere trust of his heart, when he says&mdash;“So that,
-by the grace of God, I hope shortly to recover my late loss with
-advantage, if such succours come to me from that kingdom, which I
-have reason to expect, <i>but</i> the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span> circumstance of <i>time</i> is that
-of the <i>greatest consequence</i>, being that which is <i>chiefliest and
-earnestliest</i> recommended you.”</p>
-
-<p>No one better knew than Charles the First himself, that he was
-incurring great risk, that he was adopting a bold, daring course, which
-success would scarcely palliate, which nothing but his own ideas of
-expediency could extenuate, and from the effects of which, at best, he
-could only hope to escape by artifice or by some strange amplification
-of his royal prerogative. Whatever might be the issue, the King well
-knew that the means he had taken would divide the opinions of all
-classes, and leave the final decision open to endless litigation. Such,
-indeed, has been the result even of its failure, but the success of the
-Earl’s negotiations would have brought far more important interests to
-bear on the questions involved in such strange transactions, than has
-ever yet occupied the pens of historians or biographers.</p>
-
-<p>The plan for realizing this last hopeful event appeared well arranged.
-The agent employed was unexceptionable, he was eminently loyal, he had
-laid his fortune in his royal master’s lap, and zealously offered to
-do his bidding to the utmost of his power. The King was not wanting
-in condescension, affability and every gracious expression in the
-acknowledgment of the money and means raised by, and the energetic
-operations throughout, of the Earl of Glamorgan. He and his father
-were further each offered a dukedom; and a matrimonial alliance was to
-rivet their future connexion. But the King had his confidence in this
-singular mission strengthened materially by his intimate knowledge
-that both as being in accordance with his religious and political
-sympathies, the Earl was the most fitting instrument he could employ
-in so delicate an undertaking. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span> what respect the Earl of Glamorgan
-acted inconsistently or over-zealously in this perilous affair does not
-appear; while, on the contrary, his wonderful tact, patient submission,
-and judgment throughout make his remarkable discretion in every act
-conspicuous.</p>
-
-<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, on the 5th of January, 1645&ndash;6, was formally
-examined before the Lord Lieutenant and the Council of Ireland, a copy
-of which proceeding the Committee forwarded to Secretary Nicholas,
-the nature of which will be understood from the following copy of
-interrogations put to him, with his replies annexed:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_109" id="FNanchor_109" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
-
-<p>1. “Did your Lordship enter into Articles of Agreement with the Rt.
-Hon. Richard Lord Viscount Mountgarret, Donogh Lord Viscount Muskerry,
-Alexander McDonnell, and Nicholas Plunkett, Esq.; Sir Robert Talbott,
-Bart; Dermott O’Bryen, John Dillon, Patrick Darcy and Geffry Browne,
-Esqs., for and on the behalf of his Majesty’s Roman Catholic subjects,
-and the Catholic Clergy of Ireland, or with any of them, and with
-which of them in the month of August last, or at any time since
-your Lordship’s coming into Ireland, for or concerning any grants,
-or commissions, to be made on behalf of his Majesty, his heirs and
-successors, to his Roman Catholic subjects, or their clergy; or did
-your Lordship make any articles or agreement with any other person or
-persons, for or concerning any such grants or commissions?”</p>
-
-<p><i>Earl of Glamorgan’s Answer.</i> “That being at Kilkenny, he did before
-Michaelmas last (but knows not the exact time), enter into Articles
-of agreement with the Lord Viscount Mountgarret, and for and on the
-behalf, &amp;c.; for and concerning certain grants or <span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>concessions made
-on the behalf of his Majesty, &amp;c.; and he did not make any Articles
-or agreements with any other person or persons for or concerning any
-such grants or concessions other than those in this his examination
-mentioned, for the matter of which he refers himself to the Articles;
-and that an oath of secrecy was taken by himself and the others to
-keep the said Articles secret, and conceives he hath done nothing but
-what he hath warrant for; and done without intention of prejudice to
-his Majesty’s peace and service, or to the Protestant religion, all
-circumstances considered.”</p>
-
-<p>2. “Was there any counterpart of the said Articles delivered by the
-persons above named, or any of them, or by any other, unto your
-Lordship? And if so what have you done therewith? Who were the
-witnesses at the signing, sealing and delivering thereof; and where or
-in whose custody or keeping are the said Articles or counterpart? And
-were not John Somerset, Geffry Brown and Robert Barry present at the
-signing, sealing, and delivering of the said Articles, and subscribed
-their names?”</p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i> “That there was a counterpart to deliver to him, and it
-remains among his things at Kilkenny or Bonretty; he remembers not all
-witnesses, but refers to the counterpart, only he remembers Geffry
-Brown (who was entrusted to write the Articles), signed as a witness,
-and so did Lord John Somerset, whom he called to sign, but he did not
-read the Articles.”</p>
-
-<p>3. “What is the substance of the said Articles?”</p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i> “He refers to the Articles for the substance.”</p>
-
-<p>4. “Did your Lordship grant, conclude, and agree on the behalf of
-his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, to and with the persons
-in the first interrogatory named,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span> or any of them, or any others,
-that the Roman Catholic Clergy of the said kingdom should and might
-from thenceforth for ever hold and enjoy all, and every such lands,
-tenements, tithes, hereditaments whatsoever by them respectively
-enjoyed within this kingdom, or by them possessed at any time since the
-23rd of October, 1641, and all other such lands, tenements, tithes,
-and hereditaments belonging to the Clergy within this kingdom, other
-than such as are now actually enjoyed by all his Majesty’s Protestant
-Clergy; or did your Lordship make any grant, conclusion, or agreement
-to the like effect.”</p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i> “He refers as before, but conceives the Articles are not
-obligatory to his Majesty (to which he afterwards desired might be
-added these words, <i>and yet without any just blemish of my honour, my
-honesty, or my conscience</i><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has .&quot;) ">.)”</ins></p>
-
-<p>5. “Did the said Richard Lord Viscount Mountgarret and the rest of
-the persons above named, or any of them, or any others agree with
-your Lordship on the behalf of the Confederate Roman Catholics of
-Ireland, that two parts in three parts to be divided of all the said
-lands, tithes, and hereditaments whatsoever mentioned in the precedent
-question, shall for three years next ensuing the feast of Easter,
-which shall be <span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1646, be disposed of and converted for
-and to the use of his Majesty’s forces, employed or to be employed in
-his service; and the other third part to the use of the said Clergy
-respectively; and so the like disposition to be renewed from three
-years to three years by the said Clergy during the wars? Or, did your
-Lordship make any agreement to that or the like effect?”</p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i> “Refers to the Counterpart.”</p>
-
-<p>6. “Did your Lordship agree for and in the behalf of his Majesty, his
-heirs and successors, that the Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span> Marquis of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant
-of Ireland, or any other or others authorised by his Majesty, should
-not disturb the professors of the Roman Catholic religion in their
-present possession and continuance of the possession of their churches,
-lands, tenements, tithes, and hereditaments, jurisdiction, or any other
-of the matters aforesaid, until his Majesty’s pleasure were signified
-for confirming and publishing the said grants? Or, did your Lordship
-make any agreement to that or the like effect?”</p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i> “That (for aught he knows), he did not agree for, &amp;c.; but
-saith that he promised to use his best endeavours therein with the Lord
-Lieutenant.”</p>
-
-<p>(And so on to the 15th Interrogatory.)</p>
-
-<p>16. “Did your Lordship take an oath in these following words, viz.: I,
-Edward Earl of Glamorgan, do protest and swear faithfully to acquaint
-the King’s most excellent Majesty, with the proceedings of this
-kingdom, &amp;c.”<a href="#Footnote_110" id="FNanchor_110" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i> “He remembers something to this effect, but refers to
-original or copy, which he will produce.”</p>
-
-<p>The proceedings involved by this affair, the Earl’s examination
-before the Council, the documents in evidence against him, his own
-counter-statements, the correspondence between parties, and especially
-Charles the First, who entirely repudiated and ignored the acts of his
-duped agent; together with the proceedings in Parliament, and opinions
-expressed there, with others published in the political tracts of
-those agitated times, have been handled by every eminent historian,
-and still afford abundant matter for dispute. Those who take up the
-cause of the King, censure the Earl of Glamorgan in most unmeasured
-terms: Hume assails his intellect, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span>Carte charges him with forgery.
-While those who see in the whole transaction but another instance of
-the King’s duplicity, of his contempt of every obligation (which a
-Christian feels bound to respect), so long as he fancies expediency
-offers him, in his high position, a sufficient excuse for the boldest
-tergiversation, exonerate the Earl from the charge of having acted on
-his own responsibility.</p>
-
-<p>Indeed it requires a large amount of credulity to believe that any
-subject, much less a man of the mild and honourable tone characteristic
-of the Earl’s whole conduct, could have acted as he did, otherwise
-than with a full and perfect previous understanding with his misguided
-sovereign, and empowered with sufficient proofs, if even legally
-insufficient instruments under his hand and seal to warrant his
-proceedings. That he had such powers is well authenticated, and that
-he did not abuse them is his highest merit. He did not coin money, or
-appropriate property, or commit any other extravagance, such as a man
-deficient in “judgment” possibly would have done, under the grant of
-similar powers.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_124"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 124]</span>
-We cannot be mistaken as advocates of his acts in the Irish affairs,
-by merely showing that those acts were in strict conformity with the
-injunctions of the Royal will; for so long as troops were required,
-no means were to be spared that were found absolutely requisite to
-gain the desired end. We rejoice that the warm-hearted Earl did <i>not</i>
-succeed, that all his negotiations failed, and that the exorbitant
-demands made on him destroyed the measures they were intended to
-render unbounded and permanent; at the same time, as a Roman Catholic,
-the Earl of Glamorgan acted honestly, consistently, and by no means
-extravagantly. The folly and blame and entire shame of the whole affair
-weighs heavily on the King’s memory.</p>
-
-<p>While the death of the Archbishop of Tuam in October, 1645, led to
-this exposure in Ireland, very different circumstances conveyed the
-intelligence to England.</p>
-
-<p>Sir Thomas Fairfax, having some dragoons at Padstow in Cornwall,
-boarded a packet boat from Ireland, and seized Captain Allen, one of
-the passengers, who threw a parcel and some loose papers overboard;
-among those recovered were the Earl of Glamorgan’s articles of
-agreement with the Confederate Irish Roman Catholics, and letters
-from himself. These were published by order of Parliament, the 17th
-of March, 1645&ndash;6<a href="#Footnote_111" id="FNanchor_111" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>: viz. “Articles of Agreement made and concluded
-between the Right Honourable Edward Earl of Glamorgan, in pursuance,
-and by virtue of his Majesty’s authority under his signet and royal
-signature, bearing date at Oxon, the 12th day of March, in the 20th
-year of his reign, signed, sealed and delivered by the Earl, 25th
-August, 1645, in the presence of John Somerset, Jeffrey Browne, and
-Robert Barry.”</p>
-
-<p>To this document was appended his declaration as
-follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, do protest and swear faithfully to
-acquaint the King’s most excellent Majesty with the proceedings of this
-kingdom, in order to his service and in the endearment of this nation,
-and punctual performance of what I have (as authorized by his Majesty)
-obliged myself to see performed, and in default not to permit the army
-intrusted to my charge to adventure itself, or any considerable part
-thereof, until conditions from his Majesty, and by his Majesty, be
-performed.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Sep. 3. 1645.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_125"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 125]</span>
-From the same source we have a letter addressed to Lord Culpepper, in
-which the Earl says:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Having overpassed many rubs and difficulties, the expected work is at
-last compassed, which by what means it was retarded, your Lordship,
-perhaps, before hath learned; and will be more faithfully and amply
-related by the bearer, Captain Bamber, whom I have employed to his
-Highness the Prince, to give an account of the state of affairs here,
-and in what a mist we are for want of intelligence, whereby we might
-be ascertained of the King’s and Prince’s condition, which one Allen,
-a merchant of Waterford, proposeth to undertake a course for. And &mdash;&mdash;
-his Highness desire, which moved for 300 men for the Prince’s Life
-Guard, which the Irish party is willing should be sent him, by the
-return of such shipping as I have humbly desired from his Highness,
-might be sent hither to Waterford for to waft over the men, whereof
-six thousand are in readiness for the relief of Chester, which yet we
-hear holds out, and the other four thousand by the first of May are
-to follow. Your Lordship would extremely further the service by your
-representing to his Highness the necessity of a course of intelligence,
-that we might not [be] as we are now, buried in ignorance of his
-Majesty’s and the Prince’s being and condition: of which I hope your
-Lordship will vouchsafe me some light, that our motion may be according
-thereunto; by which likewise to be ascertained of your Lordship’s
-welfare and happiness would be most welcome news to,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most affectionate</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“and humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, the 27th of Febr. 1645.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_126"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 126]</span>
-Also to Lord Hopton he wrote as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My noble Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“If the report of the many difficulties wherewith I have struggled
-in compassing the designs of his Majesty’s service, have not before
-this reached you, a faithful relation of the whole will be made to
-you by the bearer hereof, Captain Allen, whom I desire your Lordship
-to present unto the Prince his Highness as an honest man, and one
-that proposeth a course of intelligence to pass between this country
-and his Majesty’s quarters, whereof there is great need. Now (God be
-thanked) the business is brought to that upshot, that the 10,000 men
-are designed for his Majesty’s service, 6000 whereof are ready for
-transportation; the means for which are wanting, unless your Lordship
-will please to solicit his Highness the Prince for transmitting what
-shipping those parts are furnished with, that all possible expedition
-may <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has he">be</ins> used. We hear, God be thanked, that as yet Chester holds out, to
-relieve which the 6000 men are ready are transportation. This bearer
-hath intimated the Prince’s desire for having 300 men hence for his
-Highness’ Life-Guard, which may be transported to his Highness by the
-return of such shipping as shall be sent hither, for the aforesaid
-service. By his return I desire to learn from your Lordship, the King’s
-present state and being, that we may shape our designs accordingly.
-Thereby I should be most glad to know the Prince’s and your Lordship’s
-good success and prosperity, for which none can be more solicitous than
-I who am,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“My Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Lordship’s most affectionate</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, 28 Feb. 1645.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_127"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 127]</span>
-In the same publication appears Fairfax’s communication
-to the Parliament, that he had given Captain
-Moulton of the Lyon, cruising on the Irish Seas, intimation
-of the enemy’s intentions, which resulted in his
-capturing a barque from Dublin, taking her into
-Milford Haven, and seizing various letters intrusted
-to one of the passengers.</p>
-
-<p>Among these are copies of a long undated letter
-from his Lordship to his Lady, the Countess of Glamorgan,
-then resident at Raglan Castle. He writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_112" id="FNanchor_112" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My dear Heart</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I hope these will prevent any news shall come unto you of me, since
-my commitment to the Castle of Dublin, to which I assure thee I went
-as cheerfully and as willingly as they could wish, whosoever they
-were by whose means it was procured; and should as unwillingly go
-forth, were the gates both of the Castle and Town open unto me, until
-I were cleared: as they are willing to make me unserviceable to the
-King, and lay me aside, who have procured for me this restraint; when
-I consider thee a Woman, as I think I know you are, I fear lest you
-should be apprehensive. But when I reflect that you are of the House
-of <i>Thomond</i>, and that you were once pleased to say these words unto
-me, That I should never, in tenderness of you, desist from doing,
-what in honour I was obliged to do, I grow confident, that in this
-you will now show your magnanimity, and by it the greatest testimony
-of affection, that you can possibly afford me; and am also confident,
-that you know me so well, that I need not tell you how clear I am,
-and void of fear, the only effect of a good conscience; and that I am
-guilty of nothing, that may testify one thought of disloyalty to his
-Majesty, or of what may stain the honour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span> of the family I come of,
-or set a brand upon my future posterity. Courage (my heart), were I
-amongst the King’s enemies you might fear; but being only amongst his
-friends and faithful subjects, you need doubt nothing, but that this
-cloud will be soon dissipated, by the sunshine of the King my Master;
-and did you but know how well and merry I am, you would be as little
-troubled as myself, who have nothing that can afflict me; but lest
-your apprehension might hurt you, especially since all the while I
-could get no opportunity of sending, nor yet by any certain probable
-means, but by my Cousin <i>Brereton’s</i>, Master <i>Mannering’s</i>, our Cousin
-<i>Constable</i> of the Castle, and my Lord Lieutenant’s leave: and hope you
-and I shall live to acknowledge our obligations to them, there being
-nothing in this world that I desire more, than you should at least hear
-from me. And believe it (sweet heart), were I before the Parliament
-in <i>London</i>, I could justify both the King and myself in what I have
-done. And I pray acquaint my father, who I know so cautious, that he
-would hardly accept a letter from me, but yet I presume most humbly to
-ask his blessing, and as heartily as I send mine to pretty <i>Mall</i>; and
-I hope this day or to-morrow will set a period to my business, to the
-shame of those who have been occasioned of it. But I must needs say
-from my Lord Lieutenant, and the Privy Council here, I have received
-as much justice, nobleness, and favour, as I could possibly expect.
-The circumstances of these proceedings are too long to write unto you,
-but I am confident all will prove to my greater honour. And my Right
-Honourable accuser, my Lord <i>George Digby</i>, will be at last rectified
-and confirmed in the good which he is pleased to say he ever had of me
-hitherto, as the greatest affliction that he ever had, did do what his
-conscience enforced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span> him unto; and indeed did wrap up the bitter pill
-of the impeachment of suspicion of high treason in so good words, as
-that I swallowed it, with the greatest ease in the world, and it hath
-hitherto had no other operation than that it hath purged melancholy:
-for I was not at the present any way dismayed, so have I not since been
-any way at all disheartened. So I pray let not any of my friends that’s
-there, believe anything, until ye have the perfect relation of it from
-myself. And this request I chiefly make unto you, to whom I remain a
-most faithful, and most passionately devoted husband and servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Remember my service to my brother, my cousin <i>Browne</i>, and the rest of
-my good friends.”
-</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">There is also a letter from her Ladyship’s relative in Dublin, Mr.
-Roger Brereton, probably very near the same date, being the 5th of
-January, 1645&ndash;6.<a href="#Footnote_113" id="FNanchor_113" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Madam</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I presume that some rumours of my Lord of Glamorgan’s being confined
-in the Castle of Dublin for some matters laid to his charge by the Lord
-George Digby have before this time come to your Ladyship’s hearing; I
-thought fit therefore by these few lines to let you know that my Lord
-is in perfect health, hearty and very cheerful, not doubting to give a
-satisfactory answer to what may be laid to his charge, I have so much
-confidence in your Ladyship’s accustomed discretion, that I know there
-needs no dissuasive arguments to your Ladyship from either grieving or
-taking any reports you may receive to heart too much, not doubting but
-his Lordship will ere long see your Ladyship, when you may partake of
-all things more fully than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span> may be by writing. My Lord your uncle is in
-health at Bunraly, and with him there the Earl of P. my Lord John and
-my Lady Honora. I wish your honour all health and happiness, and am,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Ladyship’s still faithful servant</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“and kinsman,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Roger Brereton</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Mr. Brereton likewise wrote, as follows, to Colonel Pigot:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Worthy Cousin</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I have here enclosed sent two letters to the
-Countess of Glamorgan at Raglan, her Lord being
-lately confined here to the Castle of Dublin; and lest
-her Ladyship may take things too much to heart,
-these letters are sent to add some comfort. Both my
-Lord and I shall acknowledge our thankfulness unto
-you, if you be pleased to use the best and speediest
-course you may, for conveying them to my Lady.***</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Yours, &amp;c.,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Roger Brereton</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dublin, January 5, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
-
-
-<p>The King in his message of the 29th of January, 1645&ndash;6, to Parliament,
-as Sir Thomas Fairfax and others believed, and as Vittorio Siri
-declares,&mdash;“thundered against the Earl in his Declaration only in
-appearance, that he might be thought not to have been privy to the
-obnoxious concessions made by the Earl in his Majesty’s name to the
-Irish Roman Catholics.”<a href="#Footnote_114" id="FNanchor_114" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-<p id="Page_131"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 131]</span>
-The next day the King addressed a <i>private</i> letter to the Lord
-Lieutenant, affording sufficient evidence of the shifts to which he had
-recourse to uphold his miserable policy, which no experience of ensuing
-hazards and vexations could induce him to abandon.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>,<a href="#Footnote_115" id="FNanchor_115" class="fnanchor">[13]</a><a href="#Footnote_116" id="FNanchor_116" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I cannot but add to my long letter, that, upon the word of a
-Christian, I never intended Glamorgan should treat anything without
-your approbation, much less without your knowledge. For besides the
-injury to you, I was always diffident of his judgment (though I could
-not think him so extremely weak) as now to my cost I have found, which
-you may easily perceive by the postscript in a letter of mine to
-you,<a href="#Footnote_117" id="FNanchor_117" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> that he should have delivered you at his coming into Ireland,
-which if you have not had, the reason of it will be worth the knowing;
-for which I have commanded Digby’s service, desiring you to assist
-him. And albeit I have too just cause, for the clearing of my honour,
-to command (as I have done) to prosecute Glamorgan in a legal way; yet
-I will have you suspend the execution of any sentence against him,
-until you inform me fully of all the proceedings. For I believe it was
-his misguided zeal, more than any malice, which brought this great
-misfortune on him and on us all. For your part, you have in this, as in
-all other actions, given me such satisfaction, that I mean otherwise,
-more than by words, to express my estimation of you. So I rest</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your most assured,</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“constant, real friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Jan. 30, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
-
-
-<p>On the 31st of January, 1645, Secretary Nicholas wrote to the Lord
-Lieutenant and Council of Ireland, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_118" id="FNanchor_118" class="fnanchor">[13a]</a><a href="#Footnote_119" id="FNanchor_119" class="fnanchor">[25a]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lords</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“His Majesty having, with the Lords of the Privy Council here, heard
-and duly weighed your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span> Lordship’s [letter] to me of the 5th present,
-concerning your prudent and grave proceedings, in the business of the
-Lord Edward Herbert of Raglan, so highly importing his Majesty, hath
-commanded me to send your Lordships his royal thanks, as well for your
-affectionate expressions of your tenderness of his honour, as your
-just resentment, how scandalous and disadvantageous such the said
-Lord Herbert’s proceedings might have been to his Majesty’s affairs
-and service here, and on that side, if the wise course your Lordships
-have taken to vindicate his Majesty, had been deferred. Your Lordships
-will, by the King’s own letter herewith sent, receive the particulars
-of all, that his Majesty can call to mind or imagine he may have done
-or said to the Lord Herbert in that business. And since the Warrant,
-whereby his Lordship pretends to be authorised to treat with the Roman
-Catholics there, is not sealed with the signet, as it mentions, nor
-attested by either of his Majesty’s Secretaries, as it ought, nor
-written in the style that Warrants of that nature used to be; neither
-refers to any instructions at all; your Lordships cannot but judge it
-to be, at least, surreptitiously gotten, if not worse; for his Majesty
-saith, he remembers it not. And as the Warrant is a very strange one,
-so hath been also the execution of it. For it is manifest, the Lord
-Herbert did not acquaint the Lord Lieutenant with any part of it,
-before he concluded with the said Roman Catholics, nor ever advertised
-his Majesty, the Lord Lieutenant, or any of the Council here or there,
-what he had done in an affair of so great moment and consequence four
-months before, till it was discovered by accident. This doth not sound
-like good meaning; and I am sure is not fair dealing. But his Majesty
-having, by his letter to your Lordships, left the charge against the
-Lord Herbert, to be prosecuted by your Lordships, I shall say no more
-of that unhappy subject.”
-</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top" id="Page_133"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 133]</span>
-To the Lord Lieutenant he wrote the same day another and separate
-letter, viz.&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_120" id="FNanchor_120" class="fnanchor">[25]</a><a href="#Footnote_121" id="FNanchor_121" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“We are all here much amazed at the news of the Lord Herbert’s
-imprudent action (to say no more of it) which hath most extremely
-prejudiced his Majesty and his affairs here. Your Excellency, and the
-Council there, will herewith receive a full and particular relation
-from his Majesty, of all that he can call to mind concerning that
-business, wherein as the Lord Herbert hath dealt very unworthily
-with his Majesty, so it is believed, that even the Roman Catholics
-themselves will condemn him for his imprudent proceeding therein.
-For if his pretended Warrant had been authentic, yet to do anything
-thereupon without your Excellency’s privity, was a madness, rather than
-a folly; and the concealing so long what he had done argues something
-worse. The King hath commanded me to advertise your Lordship, that the
-patent for making the said Lord Herbert of Raglan Earl of Glamorgan is
-not passed the Great Seal here, so as he is no Peer of this kingdom;
-notwithstanding he styles himself, and hath treated with the rebels in
-Ireland, by the name of Earl of Glamorgan, which is as vainly taken
-upon him, as his pretended Warrant (if any such be) was surreptitiously
-gotten. And I am sure, that honour cannot be conferred upon him under
-the signet (as firmly as under the Great Seal, to all intents and
-purposes) as his Lordship’s pretended warrant and power is alleged to
-be, though there be no signet to it.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">In a letter from the King dated Oxford, March 22nd, 1645&ndash;6, addressed
-to the Queen while in France, he says:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_122" id="FNanchor_122" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Dear Heart</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">* * * “I find that Sir Edw. Nicholas his gloss upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span> Lord Glamorgan’s
-business hath made thee apprehend that I had disavowed my hand, but
-I assure thee I am very free from that in the understandings of all
-men here, for it is taken for granted the Lord Glamorgan neither
-counterfeited my hand, nor that I have blamed him more than for not
-following his instructions, as Secretary Nicholas will more at large
-show thee.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">On the 3rd of February, 1645, the King addressed the Earl himself, by
-his title, which we have just seen disputed:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I must clearly tell you, both you and I have been abused in this
-business; for you have been drawn to consent to conditions much beyond
-your instructions, and your treaty hath been divulged to all the world.
-If you had advised with my Lord Lieutenant (as you promised me), all
-this had been helped. But we must look forward. Wherefore, in a word, I
-have commanded as much favour to be shown to you as may possibly stand
-with my service or safety; and if you will yet trust my advice (which I
-have commanded Digby to give you freely), I will bring you so off, that
-you may be still useful to me; and I shall be able to recompense you
-for your affection. If not, I cannot tell what to say. But I will not
-doubt of your compliance in this; since it so highly concerns the good
-of all my Crowns, my own particular, and to make me have still means to
-show myself</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your most assured friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Charles R.</span><a href="#Footnote_123" id="FNanchor_123" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Oxford, 3rd Feb. 1645.”</p>
-
-
-<p>But this letter was no doubt written by the King under some restraint,
-as it might be read both by <span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span>Ormond and Digby. Yet no further evidence
-need be required of Charles the First’s consummate duplicity, or how
-thoroughly he could make a convenience of his subjects to serve his own
-subtle and deceitful policy.</p>
-
-<p>The tone of these last three letters sufficiently shows the weakness
-of the cause in which they were interested; if we credit the
-statements they contain we are required to believe that Lord Herbert
-presumptuously assumed the title of Earl of Glamorgan; and that his
-treaty with the Irish Catholic party was without the privity, much less
-instructions of his sovereign!</p>
-
-<p>Lingard says, “I have in my possession the original warrant itself,
-with the King’s signature and private seal; bearing the arms of the
-three kingdoms, a crown above, and C. R. on the sides, and endorsed
-in the same handwriting with the body of the warrant,&mdash;‘The Earl of
-Glamorgan’s especial warrant for Ireland.’”<a href="#Footnote_124" id="FNanchor_124" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Earl’s imprisonment created great sensation, many insisting on
-his release by force of arms. The General Assembly of the Confederate
-Catholics pressed for his being liberated, as absolutely necessary
-for the relief of Chester, then besieged, and in distress; for which
-service 3000 men were reported as being ready to embark, waiting only
-for the ships contracted for by the Earl, for their transport; the
-expedition being thus delayed through his imprisonment, and likewise
-the treaty of peace frustrated.</p>
-
-<p>The Earl of Glamorgan was set at liberty on the 21st of January,
-on giving up to the Lord Lieutenant the Instrument by which the
-Confederate Catholics obliged themselves to the articles of their
-treaty; but he would not resign the command of the Irish troops, for
-England, intended for the King’s service; bail being accepted <span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span>in
-£20,000, on his own recognizance, and the Marquis of Clanricarde, and
-the Earl of Kildare, for £10,000 each, to appear on thirty days’ notice.</p>
-
-<p>Returning to Kilkenny, he zealously endeavoured to obtain from the
-Confederate Catholics acceptance of the Lord Lieutenant’s offer of
-terms to conclude a peace; but they, persisting in their exorbitant
-demands, refused to accept the slightest modification of their own
-views, so that the Earl was at length compelled to abandon his own
-measures in despair, only to fall under the suspicion of his own
-party as well as of his opponents. On the 11th of March, he wrote the
-following letter to the Marquis of Ormond:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_125" id="FNanchor_125" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The perfect knowledge I have of your Excellency’s desire to perform
-what may be of most advantage to the King our master’s service, makes
-me confident to lay before you what I humbly conceive may most conduce
-thereto; my duty and affection obliging me not only to adventure my
-life and fortune therein, but also plainly to declare my sense thereof;
-which being made known to your Excellency, I shall ever most willingly
-and readily submit to your better judgment. I, therefore, take the
-boldness to acquaint you, that as I intend (God willing) to go into
-France, without which journey I cannot possibly bring things to that
-height of advantage to his Majesty’s service, either in the business of
-shipping, ammunition or money, as I have designed to myself, and can
-(God willing) infallibly perform; yet if, before my own return, and
-during my abode in any of those places, the Articles of Peace should
-be proclaimed here, and not appear so really advantageous, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>as is by
-them in other countries expected. It would not only prove a cooling
-card to many, whose zeal otherwise would transport them to supply me
-gallantly in order to his Majesty’s service, but also perhaps render
-me incapable thereof; for which reason of great importance, I should
-humbly beseech that the cessation should be continued until about the
-middle of June next; yet so as that the condition of having the residue
-of the ten thousand men by the first of May next may be enforced by
-your Excellency, against which time, though I return not myself, yet
-shipping shall be provided, and that service no way neglected. But
-with this motion of mine I have not acquainted the Commissioners that
-are gone to Dublin, nor the Supreme Council, lest in some I might have
-raised a spirit I could not lay down: who might have taken a rise at
-this my inclination for the furtherance of his Majesty’s service,
-to countenance their backwardness in preparing the supplies, or in
-their unwillingness to submit to a perfect peace; than which nothing
-is more heartily desired or aimed at by me, to the end that, under
-your Excellency’s most judicious and wise conduct, all things may
-unanimously proceed to the furtherance of the King my master’s service,
-and the happiness and contentment of this kingdom. And to receive
-your Excellency’s commands hereupon I have sent Sir Vivien Molineux,
-who goes with me into France. And give me leave to tell you that the
-continuance of the cessation upon the terms above mentioned (without
-which I cannot resolve to go myself into France), will be likewise
-advantageous to your Excellency and this kingdom; since during it,
-the Nuncio (whose mission is only to the Confederate Catholics) will
-plentifully contribute here to the maintenance of the war against
-the common enemy. And your Excellency, giving me a power to engage
-your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span> word with mine, I will promise you at my return, to bring for
-the King’s service and the good of this kingdom, ten, if not twenty
-thousand pounds sterling; which, if managed by you, I conceive will
-be better than £60,000, as hitherto moneys have been disposed. And of
-this business, if you please, you may acquaint my Lord Digby, to whom I
-have intimated something thereof in my letter. But your Excellency, nor
-my Lord Digby, need not be told with what secrecy my intended journey
-ought to be kept, though I fear not the Parliament, since I have bought
-a gallant ship at Galway, with 16 pieces of ordnance, and victualled
-for two months, manned with 34 good seamen, an excellent captain, and
-good pilots, of 300 tons, English built, and a good sailer. And for my
-return, I intend (God willing) it shall be with a fleet, which how it
-is to be left under your Excellency’s command, I hope you are already
-well assured, as you may be of anything within my power, who am,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Kilkenny, 11th of March, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Ormond wrote from Dublin Castle, 4th March, 1645, naming “the sad
-certainty of the loss of Chester,”&mdash;the men, long expected, he hopes
-will arrive “seasonably for some other service;” and says, “there are
-many reasons against the prolonging of the cessation till the midst of
-June,” but especially “the inevitable ruin that must in the meantime
-come upon all his Majesty’s true servants,” promising in his next to
-send the “authority to engage me for such money as you shall be able,
-upon so small an assurance as mine, to get.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_139"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 139]</span>
-On the 29th of September, 1645&ndash;6, the Earl addressed a letter of
-explanations to the Lord Lieutenant.</p>
-
-
-<p>“For to endear myself to some, the better to do his Majesty service, it
-is true I did declare a promise from the King of the assent that after
-your Excellency’s time he would make me Lord Lieutenant. But it is no
-meaning of mine but to keep your Excellency in during your life, and
-not really to pretend unto it, or anything in discrimination of your
-Excellency’s honour or profit; or derogating from the true amity and
-real service which I have professed, and will ever make good towards
-your Excellency. And my intention was ever to acquaint your honour
-herewith, and I once intended to do it before my going to Kilkenny,
-but never to conceal it totally from you, though for some reasons it
-being hitherto omitted, I think it not necessary for the present but as
-an obligation upon me thereunto. And in witness of my true intent and
-meaning, I leave this sealed in your Excellency’s hands this 29th of
-September, 1645, at Dublin.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The Earl being thus bound to continue his residence in Ireland,
-notwithstanding the unpromising aspect of affairs, we shall proceed,
-in order of date, to consider the position of his father, at Raglan
-Castle.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_103"><a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Fol. 713. Also Carte, vol. i. p. 557.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_104"><a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Nuncio’s Mem. fol. 715; and Carte, vol. i. p. 554.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_105"><a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_106"><a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_107"><a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Husband’s Collection, p. 787, &amp;c. edit. London, 1646, fol.
-and Rushworth, Part IV. Vol. I. p. 239.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_108"><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 94.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_109"><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;57, Ireland, 63.” No. 150.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_110"><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_111"><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Glamorgan.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_112"><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Glamorgan.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_113"><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Glamorgan.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_114"><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 121, and p. 124&ndash;5.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_115"><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 121, and p. 124&ndash;5.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_116"><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, vol. ii. Append. No. xxiii. p. 12.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_117"><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_118"><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[13a]</span></a> Birch, p. 121, and p. 124&ndash;5.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_119"><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[25a]</span></a> Carte, vol. iii. No. 426, p. 446.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_120"><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Carte, vol. iii. p. 447.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_121"><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 133.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_122"><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Bruce.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_123"><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Harl. libr. 163, c. 3, 147. Birch, p. 356.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_124"><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Lingard, 5th edition, Vol. vii. p. 627.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_125"><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.”</p></div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_140"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 140]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">RAGLAN CASTLE: ITS DEFENCE AND SURRENDER. DEATH OF HENRY, MARQUIS OF
-WORCESTER.</p>
-
-
-<p>From the close of 1645 to the middle of 1646 the military operations
-within and surrounding the strong fortress of Raglan were conducted
-with untiring energy. Parties from the castle were continually annoying
-the enemy, while they on their part pushing their works with vigour at
-several points caused many disasters, keeping the favourably situated
-garrison in a state of constant agitation and watchfulness; finding
-their course of operations gradually limited to acting entirely on
-the defensive, not being in sufficient force to disperse the stronger
-besieging army, against whom it is next to a miracle how they
-maintained their position so long, Raglan Castle having held out longer
-than any other.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis of Worcester, the last lord of Raglan Castle, usually
-occupied, as is supposed, a handsomely carved oak wainscotted parlour
-or sitting room in the ground floor of the south side of the castle,
-nearly the whole side of which was a large, handsome window looking
-over the moat towards the tall, massive tower or citadel. Over that
-chamber was his dining room, and from his table the various dishes
-would be conveyed to the grand banqueting hall, the most complete and
-spacious apartment within the present ruin.</p>
-
-<p>The great state in which the noble Marquis was accustomed to live may
-be gathered from the following authentic account of the order of his
-household:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_126" id="FNanchor_126" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
-
-<p>At 11 o’clock the Castle gates were shut and the tables laid&mdash;two in
-the Dining Room, three in the Hall, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>one in Mrs. Watson’s apartment
-where the Chaplains eat (Sir Toby Mathews being the first), in the
-Housekeeper’s room for the Ladies’ women.</p>
-
-<p>The Earl came into the Dining Room attended by his gentlemen. As soon
-as he was seated Sir Ralph Blackstone, Steward of the House retired,
-the Comptroller, Mr. Holland, attended with his staff, the Sewer, Mr.
-Blackburn, the Daily Waiters, Mr. Clough, Mr. Selby and Mr. Scudamore,
-with many gentlemen’s sons, from £2. to £700. a year, bred in the
-castle. My Lady’s Gentleman Usher, Mr. Harcourt. My Lord’s Gentlemen of
-the Chamber, Mr. Morgan and Mr. Fox.</p>
-
-<p>At the first table sat the noble family and such of the nobility as
-came there.</p>
-
-<p>At the second table in the dining room sat Knights and honourable
-gentlemen attended by footmen.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Sir Ralph Blackstone, Steward.<br />
-The Comptroller.<span class="ml30"> The Secretary.</span><br />
-The Master of the Horse, Mr. Delaware.<br />
-The Master of the Fish ponds, Mr. Andrews.<br />
-My Lord Herbert’s preceptor, Mr. Adams,</p>
-
-<p class="continued">with such gentlemen as came there under the degree of a knight,
-attended by footmen and plentifully served with wine.</p>
-
-<p>At the second table in the Hall, served from my Lord’s table and with
-other hot meat&mdash;The Sewer, with the gentlemen waiters and pages, to the
-number of twenty-four or more.</p>
-
-<p>At the third table in the Hall&mdash;The Clerk of the Kitchen, with the
-Yeomen Officers of the House, two Grooms of the Chamber, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Chief Auditor, Mr. Smith.<br />
-Clerk of the Accounts, George Wharton.<br />
-Surveyor of the Castle, Mr. Salisbury.<br />
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span>Ushers of the Hall, Mr. Moyle and Mr. Cook.<br />
-Closet Keeper.<br />
-Gentleman of the Chapel, Mr. Davies.<br />
-Keeper of the Record.<br />
-Master of the Wardrobe.<span class="ml30">Master of the Armory.</span><br />
-Master Groom of the Stables for the war horses, twelve.<br />
-Master of the Hounds.<span class="ml30">Master Falconer</span></p>
-
-<p class="continued">Porter and his Men, two Butchers, two Keepers of the Home Park, two
-Keepers of the Red Deer Park, Footmen, Grooms, and other menial
-servants to the number of 150. Some of the footmen were butchers and
-bakers.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top center">Out Officers.</p>
-
-<p>Steward of Raglan, Wm. Jones, Esq. Governor of Chepstow, Sir Mich.
-Keneys, Bart. Housekeeper of Worcester House in London, James Redman,
-Esq. Bailiffs thirteen; two Counsel for the Bailiffs to have recourse
-to. Solicitor, Mr. Jos. Smith.</p>
-
-<p>His Lordship appears to have been very indifferently informed
-respecting his son’s operations in Ireland. The conveyance of
-communications of any kind was difficult, hazardous, and uncertain. Of
-this a rather romantic instance occurs in the relation given of his
-adventures, by Allen Boteler, in his documentary evidence entitled:&mdash;“A
-most true account of my business from his Majesty at Oxford, intended
-for the most honourable the Marquis of Ormond, it being the last of my
-[engagements in?] these employments.” It is a long, prolix account,
-but sufficiently interesting from the facts it details to be given in
-extenso. He states:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“On Friday night being the 22nd of February, 1646, I was conveyed to
-Abbington by Sir George Lisle, and a party under his command, and from
-thence near Cisseter, where I parted from them, took a guide and went
-to Sir William Pooles, from whence by night I was carefully guided to
-Sir Robert Poyntz’s at Acton,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span> which his Majesty conceived to be the
-safest way; there by Sir Robert was I exceedingly welcomed as coming
-from his Majesty, and in that employment, and for the space of five
-days I was concealed in Sir Robert’s house whilst he did continually
-employ some of his trusty servants to endeavour a way for my passage
-over Severn, which both by land and water was very strongly guarded;
-yet having disguise from him I hired a boat for Black Rock, and passed
-as a grazier, and a farmer, a friend of his with me, to assist me; but
-no sooner had we landed but we had, by a grazier, intelligence that
-in the village, and in all that country of the Moors, were Parliament
-forces driven by his Majesty’s party from Newport and Carlisle.
-Thereupon the farmer brought me to a church on a rock [a] few yards
-from the sea side, into which rock I conveyed my dispatches, and myself
-and horse into the porch, whilst the farmer bought [brought?] me a
-guide, a man of his acquaintance, well known to the enemy’s party but
-honest to his Majesty’s; and after night he conveyed me through their
-guards by the name of a butcher of Bristol, and on the break of day,
-three Parliament officers, newly landed at Gouldcliffe from Bristol,
-seeing me riding fast, charged me in a lane and questioned me who I
-was for; and I answered that it was then no time to ask impertinences,
-by my being here you may judge who I am for; I intended for Newport or
-Carleon in business for the States, but my guide tells me that there
-is my Lord Charles Somerset with 300 horse, for God’s sake tell me how
-I shall avoid them. Whereupon they being as much affrighted with my
-word, as I with their summons, hastily pointed me out a way, and ran
-themselves another way into the Moors. By this means I came to Carleon,
-from whence the King’s party were marched two days before; and being
-then within four<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span> miles of Raglan I came (as I thought) undiscovered
-to Colonel Richard Herbert’s, and finding the passage full of dangers,
-by reason of Langibby Castle and many soldiers quartered in the way,
-I sent to the Lord Charles, desiring a convoy, and acquainting him
-with what business I was in. His Lordship returned me answer that by
-one of the clock, the next day, by a windmill on Christ Church hill,
-a party should meet me punctually; and so there did, but it was of
-the enemy, who having foot with the horse made me distrust and betake
-myself to a wood adjoining; and when they were past, no convoy coming,
-nor intended, as it appeared afterwards, I returned to the Lady Mary
-Herbert’s, who then lay in, and some intelligence being given to the
-enemy, so soon as it was dark, a party being sent to take me, my Lady
-Mary secured the despatches in or under her bed, commanded a servant
-of hers to go with me, called my horse hers; and [I] going on foot all
-night in most bitter weather and bad way, full of danger, I came to
-the Castle about the day’s dawning, where I presently appeared myself
-to my Lord Charles, made my relation, and besought him for a present
-convoy. His answer was that that house was their own, and not as other
-garrisons, they must look on their own securities, and had done more
-than they had thanks for, but would bring me to his father, so soon
-as he was ready. His Lordship did so, and in the first place my Lord
-asked me whether in my despatches I had any letters from his Majesty
-to his son Glamorgan. I answered, not that I knew of, but there might
-be within the Lord Marquis of Ormond’s; on that I delivered to his
-
-<span class="sidenote">That message I well remember and so will his Majesty, I
-having set it down so soon as I went out of the bed chamber.</span>
-
-Lordship his Majesty’s most gracious and comfortable message concerning
-my Lord his son, with thanks for their former loyal expressions; unto
-which my Lord Marquis answered that it was the grief of his heart that,
-he was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span> inforced to say that the King was wavering and fickle, and that
-at his Majesty’s last being there, he lent him a book<a href="#Footnote_127" id="FNanchor_127" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> to read in his
-chamber, the beginning of which he knows he read, but if he had ended,
-it would have showed him what it was to be a fickle prince; for was it
-not enough, said his Lordship, to suffer him, the Lord Glamorgan to
-be unjustly imprisoned by the Lord Marquis of Ormond for what he had
-his Majesty’s authority for; but that the King must in print protest
-against his proceedings and his own allowance, and not yet recall it.</p>
-
-
-<p>But I will pray for him, and that he may be more constant to his
-friends, saith my Lord; and so soon as my other employments will give
-leave, you shall have a convoy to fetch securely your despatches;
-that I daily pressed and expected, sometimes it was delayed with fair
-language and sometimes with such as was very unwelcome to me, both
-from the father and the son; it being invectives against his Majesty
-and the Lord Marquis of Ormond, and after fourteen days delay,<a href="#Footnote_128" id="FNanchor_128" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> I
-advised with Colonel Ratcliffe Jarrard, Colonel Thomas Butler, Major
-Hugh Butler, and William Watkins, Receiver General for South Wales,
-being all Protestants, and of the Council of War, who agreed in opinion
-that the delay was of purpose, and caused by jealousy, conceiving
-that if I got over before Captain Bacon who was then attending for a
-despatch to his Lord the Lord Glamorgan, my despatch might tend to
-the prejudice of his said Lord. On this I took occasion to wait on my
-Lady Glamorgan, and remembering her of the King’s gracious intentions
-towards her Lord, I <span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span>besought her assistance, to which she answered
-that my going so hastily was not material whatsoever I considered of
-it, for that there were others gone with duplicates of business to her
-Ladyship’s knowledge, of whom her cousin Will. Winter was one, and he
-had no relation to the Lord Marquis of Ormond, but was her husband’s
-friend. To which I answered that my Lord was her Lord’s very good
-friend, as I was very much his servant, but if his Majesty’s business
-be done I care not by whose hand it is; but I thank your honour, for
-now I know wherefore I am stayed here; and from her Ladyship I went to
-my Lord Charles, and told him that by his neglect his Majesty might
-be undone, and that to acquit myself I must lay the blame on those
-that deserved it; but if his Lordship would yet give way Captain Spite
-would undertake to do the business with twenty horse. His Lordship
-answered, that he took my importunity ill, but would impart it to
-the Council of War, and take their advice, which he did indeed, but
-that caused so general a knowledge, that the country was laid for me
-and my business, as I had very good intelligence; and thereupon the
-Protestant party showed themselves to be much discontented, insomuch
-that Colonel Butler, Major Butler, and others quitted the Castle the
-next day, being the nineteenth of my stay there. My Lord sent a party,
-who bringing the despatches, I desired my Lord, in obedience to his
-Majesty’s Warrant to afford me a convoy, or if not, two guides, one
-to ride before me to discous [discover or discourse?] and the other
-to direct me in my way, both which he refused because, as he said, I
-had no letters to his brother. Thereupon I went discontentedly away to
-Aburgainy [Abergavenny] with Colonel Ratcliffe Jarrard, Colonel Butler,
-and Major Butler, with whom I advised, and sent with their approbation
-for a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span> woman who was continually employed betwixt the Castle of Denby
-in North Wales and Raglan in South Wales. I agreed with her to go to
-Denby, Conway, or Harlo Castles, with the letters quilted up in a truss
-of linen and tied next to her body, and with her my own man disguised
-to receive them from her, and to go over with them, if I could not make
-my way to overtake him, but directed him by the Governors to whom I
-wrote. The man and woman were taken and carried before Howell Gwynn,
-then High Sheriff; but what became of the despatches, or how the woman
-concealed or made them away, I know not, nor dare enquire, but she saw
-the man taken, being a great distance from her, as I had directed them,
-to keep in sight one of the other, but not to go together; and she
-was not taken in two or three hours after, so that by all likelihood
-she conveyed them away, otherwise the Parliament pamphlets would have
-told us of it as they did not, for with much fear, I expecting it,
-perused all the diurnals for more than a quarter of a year. This is all
-I can deliver of it, and the particulars of these will be punctually
-justified by those several parties formerly meant, some of them being
-now about the Court, and for the truth of this I am ready to make Oath
-when I shall there unto be called.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Allan Boteler.</span>”<a href="#Footnote_129" id="FNanchor_129" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Boteler or Butler’s evidence would appear to have been taken during the
-Marquis of Ormond’s temporary sojourn in England, after his leaving
-Dublin in June, 1647, previous to his shortly after going to Paris for
-six months, when he returned to Ireland to assume his <span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span>post of Lord
-Lieutenant.<a href="#Footnote_130" id="FNanchor_130" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> The document derives considerable interest from its
-conveying to us the sentiments of the Marquis of Worcester, in his
-reflections on the King’s conduct affecting himself and his son. It was
-on no light grounds he charged Charles the First with being “wavering
-and fickle;” declaring his son to have been “unjustly imprisoned;” and
-bitterly lamenting that the King should, in print, “protest against
-his [son’s] proceedings;” being no doubt well satisfied through his
-Majesty’s own discourse and his after written instructions, that the
-Earl of Glamorgan had, in every sense, been most unworthily used from
-first to last by his royal master. The upright old Marquis, touched
-in a tender part, was not disposed to overlook the injury done to his
-family, although coming from so high a quarter, for he must have felt
-it as nothing short of a gratuitous maligning and blackening of his
-son’s character from the most sordid, selfish motives, reckless of all
-risks and hazards. No considerations swayed him to conceal his utmost
-anger at the indignity put on himself and his house, rendered perhaps
-all the keener by the presence of the unsuspecting messenger from that
-prince who had so utterly deceived him, and that peer who had aided
-in his dishonour. The blunt Boteler adds, in a marginal notification,
-“That message I well remember, and so will his Majesty; I having set it
-down, as soon as I went out of the bed chamber.”<a href="#Footnote_131" id="FNanchor_131" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Marquis, a shrewd, observant man, appears to have expressed his
-wrath not only by words but acts; not caring that the messenger should
-return with any favourable account of his reception or dismissal, for
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span>after having so unequivocally expressed his mind to him, he is left to
-shift for himself, is long detained, and at length departs at his own
-expense.</p>
-
-<p>The siege of Raglan Castle was maintained by Colonel Morgan, Major
-General Laughorne, Sir Trevor Williams, Baronet, and Colonel Robert
-Kirle, with about 5000 horse and foot.</p>
-
-<p>It became necessary for the besieged, in their extremity, in the
-pleasant month of May, 1646, to destroy every shelter or advantage the
-enemy might derive from the houses in the village, or its old church.
-They, therefore, levelled the goodly tower of the latter, as also the
-houses near, burning likewise whatever might in any way have been
-likely to prove available.</p>
-
-<p>Sir Trevor Williams, at the same time, was arranging to blockade
-Raglan, garrisoning his men in the town of Usk. On the other side,
-Colonel Kirle, with his force, was stationed within two miles of
-Raglan; while Laughorne occupied Abergavenny; and Colonel Birch,
-besieging Gutbridge Castle, left Raglan without hope of relief.</p>
-
-<p>In their skirmishes with the enemy, posted in these positions, the
-Royalists lost 16 killed, and 20 taken prisoners; while Sir Trevor
-Williams seized 80 horses grazing under the castle walls. Colonel
-Morgan, then at Worcester, shortly after, joining the army, made
-Landenny his head-quarters, within a distance of three miles.</p>
-
-<p>A domestic incident may be here mentioned, not only as showing the
-discomfort of the place, but as connected with the wife of the subject
-of this memoir; and also as characteristic of the Marquis’s religious
-sentiments. Dr. Bayly states that:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“One evening, during the hottest period of the cannonade, there came
-a musket ball in at the window of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span> the withdrawing room, where my
-Lord used to entertain his friends with his pleasant discourses after
-dinners and suppers, which, glancing upon a little marble pillar of the
-window, from thence hit the Marquis upon the side of his head, and fell
-down flattened upon the table, which breaking the pillar in pieces, it
-made such a noise in the room, that his daughter-in-law, the Countess
-of Glamorgan, who stood in the same window, ran away as if the house
-had been falling down upon her head, crying out, ‘O Lord! O Lord!’ But
-at length, finding herself more afraid than hurt, she returned back
-again, no less excusing her&mdash;as she was pleased to call it&mdash;rudeness to
-her father, than acknowledging her fears to all the company. To whom
-the Marquis said, ‘Daughter, you had reason to run away, when your
-father was knocked on the head.’ Then pausing some little while, and
-turning the flattened bullet round with his finger, he further said,
-‘Gentlemen, those who had a mind to flatter me, were wont to tell me
-that I had a <i>good head</i> in my younger days; but, if I don’t flatter
-myself, I think I have a good head-piece in my old age, or else it
-would not have been <i>musket proof</i>.’”</p>
-
-<p>It shows how closely Raglan Castle was besieged, when on the 26th of
-May, about 11 o’clock at night, some of the Parliamentary soldiers
-could be drinking at a public house, but a little distance from
-the Castle, having alighted from their horses, and sent a scout
-to reconnoitre: who bringing them favourable news, they refreshed
-themselves at their ease. Meanwhile, having been observed, 60 or 80
-horse were sent from Raglan to surprise them, and they succeeded in
-seizing three or four of their horses; but some of the Roundheads
-escaped in a cornfield, while most of their companions quickly mounted;
-some riding off were lost in the darkness, while the remainder, in a
-skirmish of half an hour, took<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span> two prisoners and rescued their lost
-horses. Many fruitless skirmishes appear to have been thus made; often
-as many as 150 horsemen rushing forth, only to return with the report
-of bootless labour.<a href="#Footnote_132" id="FNanchor_132" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
-
-<p>On the part of the besiegers, Captain Hooper was employed to conduct
-the mining approaches, which were pushed forward with great vigour.</p>
-
-<p>The garrison of Raglan (estimated when in full force at 800 strong,
-in horse and foot) made several desperate sallies on Colonel Morgan’s
-forces: their bold commander often personally encountering the hostile
-party with marked gallantry, losing on one occasion a colour; and a
-cornet his life. While on the Royalist side a major and a captain
-were slain, besides many wounded. But when General Fairfax, sending
-reinforcement from Oxford, had raised Colonel Morgan’s regiment of
-1500 to 3500 men, such sallies became less frequent.<a href="#Footnote_133" id="FNanchor_133" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> The General,
-who had been at Bath to recruit his health, hastening to Raglan, put
-life into the siege by his presence, and, on the 7th of August, he
-sent in his summons to the Castle; in consequence of which, numerous
-messages passed between the Marquis and the General, the Marquis
-reminding him in one of his replies how well he was known “in Henry,
-Earl of Huntingdon’s time, unto your [the General’s] noble grandfather
-at York;” at the same time inviting some propositions to be made;
-specially requiring on his own behalf to have any acts of his first
-approved by the King, through whom, moreover, he was “above £20,000
-out of purse.” The conditions offered, required, among others, that
-the Marquis should submit to the mercy of the Parliament; while those
-affecting the garrison and inmates of the Castle were honourable to
-all parties. In <span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span>consequence of these negotiations, the Marquis,
-on the 13th of August, sent out a drum, desiring leave for his
-Commissioners to meet the next day, to arrange articles of peace;
-which being approved, the drum was returned with safe-conduct for the
-Commissioners’ coming forth, and orders given for five hours cessation
-of arms.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis must have been fully alive to the jeopardy in which he
-was placed, after ten weeks of close siege, hemmed in on every side,
-stores fast diminishing, the cannon ball of the enemy knocking down
-turret and tower, and demolishing the weaker portions of his castle,
-never originally intended to withstand more than the ravages of time,
-with the exception of a very limited portion, the Citadel itself. The
-main work of the enemy’s approaches, too, was then within 60 yards of
-the garrison’s works, and a breach already made in the eastern wall,
-near the library or closet tower; besides which, four mortar pieces had
-been advantageously planted, capable of carrying grenado shells of 12
-inches diameter; also two mortar pieces in another position, capable
-of delivering similar shells. Captain Hooper, the engineer, expressed
-his expectation to be in a few days within ten yards of the castle,
-with trenches, which he was constructing very exact and secure; from
-these he purposed making galleries, mines, and numerous batteries. The
-General himself, not only took great interest in these military works,
-visiting them daily, but at that very time had designed a new approach.</p>
-
-<p>On the 15th of August, final terms were to be concluded; for which
-purpose the meeting of the Commissioners was appointed to take place at
-Keventilla House, the residence of Mr. Oates, about a mile and a half
-from Raglan.<a href="#Footnote_134" id="FNanchor_134" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
-
-<p id="Page_153"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 153]</span>
-The terms of peace being concluded on the 17th of August, the
-Castle was to be surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax for the use
-of the Parliament, the articles of the treaty, among others,
-stipulating:&mdash;That all the officers, soldiers, and gentlemen of the
-garrison, should march out with horses and arms, colours flying, drums
-beating, trumpets sounding, matches lighted at both ends, bullets in
-their mouths; and every soldier with twelve charges of powder and ball;
-with permission to select any place within 10 miles of the Castle, for
-the purpose of delivering up their arms to the General in command;
-after which the soldiers were to be disbanded and set at liberty; and
-safe-conduct and protection given to all the gentlemen and others who
-had sought refuge within the walls of Raglan Castle.</p>
-
-<p>Wednesday, the 19th of August, 1646, in conformity with the treaty,
-the Castle was taken possession of by General Fairfax. The Marquis of
-Worcester, bordering on 70 years of age, infirm and careworn as he was,
-accosted Fairfax in a pleasant, jocose mood; yet it must have been
-but a melancholy cortege by which he was attended, on abandoning that
-roof which was soon to be destined to irreclaimable ruin. It must have
-appeared to the bystanders more like a military funeral procession than
-any other conceivable spectacle, in which, however, the glistening of
-arms and armour, the rustling of banners, the blast of trumpets, and
-the roll of drums must have been felt by all alike, as though more in
-mockery than evincing any cause of exultation.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis was accompanied by his son, the Lord Charles Somerset,
-governor of the Castle; the Countess of Glamorgan; Lady Jones and Sir
-Philip Jones; Dr. Thomas Bayly, the chaplain, who had also acted as one
-of the Commissioners from the Castle; Commissary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span> Guilliam; together
-with 4 colonels, 82 captains, 16 lieutenants, 6 cornets, 4 ensigns,
-4 quarter-masters, and 52 esquires and gentlemen; including also his
-Lordship’s numerous visitors, household, and retainers.</p>
-
-<p>The General, having thus secured the last stronghold that had withstood
-the power of the Parliamentary army, went to Chepstow to take part the
-same night in a splendid entertainment, returning thence the following
-day to recruit himself at Bath.</p>
-
-<p>There were found in Raglan Castle, a mill for the manufacture of
-gunpowder, 20 pieces of ordnance, only 3 barrels of powder, good store
-of corn and malt, beer, and various wines; not many horses, and but
-little hay or oats. The apartments, however, were amply supplied with
-rich furniture, and well stored with goods. All these the General
-committed to the charge of Mr. Herbert, the Army Commissioner, and
-others to be inventoried.</p>
-
-<p>Thus far the articles of capitulation were punctually performed with
-regard to all matters, except only the Marquis himself. We are not
-very precisely informed respecting his removal, but only assured that
-he was in the custody of the Black Rod; and next hear of him as being
-in Covent Garden, probably at that official’s residence, where he was
-repeatedly visited by his former chaplain, the loquacious Dr. Bayly.<a href="#Footnote_135" id="FNanchor_135" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
-It was a base violation of the conditions in the treaty, on the part
-of the Parliament, to keep the Marquis in confinement, and still worse
-considering his age, corpulency, and bad state of health, aggravated
-no doubt by the excessive toils and troubles of the last few years,
-together with the more recent fatigues of his journey from Wales to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>London. Harassed, afflicted, and a prisoner, he died within the space
-of four months, in the custody of the Parliament’s Black Rod, in Covent
-Garden, on the &mdash; of December, 1646.<a href="#Footnote_136" id="FNanchor_136" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
-
-<p>The House of Commons, on the 20th of December, proposed allowing
-£500<a href="#Footnote_137" id="FNanchor_137" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> for the funeral, out of the Marquis’s estate; the votes being
-168 for, and 92 against so much liberality. It was resolved&mdash;“That
-the £500 be raised out of the plate and other goods of the Earl of
-Worcester, brought up by Mr. Thomas Herbert; and that the disposing of
-it be referred to his care, to be accountable for it to the House; and
-especially to take care that the said Earl of Worcester may be buried
-according to the Directory, and not otherwise.”<a href="#Footnote_138" id="FNanchor_138" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
-
-<p>In dedicating to the son his collection of the father’s “Apophthegms,”
-Dr. Bayly observes&mdash;“I laid your noble father in his grave, with my own
-hands.” He was interred in the vault of the Chapel of our Lady, now
-known as the Beaufort Chapel, in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle,
-near his great ancestor, Charles first Earl of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p>Among the property at Raglan Castle, the most interesting to the
-biographer was that respecting which an order passed the House of
-Commons, on the 25th of August 1646, to the effect:&mdash;“That Mr. Thomas
-Herbert be enjoined to deliver all the letters and papers found at
-Raglan Castle, and remaining in his hands, to the Committee of the
-Army: Who have hereby further power to send for all such other letters
-and papers, found at Raglan Castle, which they shall have information
-of to be in the hands of any other Committee <span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span>or persons; and are to
-report the whole to the House.”</p>
-
-<p>The fate of Raglan Castle was decided by an order of the House the
-same day, when it was resolved:&mdash;“That the Castle of Raglan, the works
-about it, and the house and buildings thereof, be forthwith pulled down
-and demolished.” And further, “That it be referred to the Committee
-of the county of Monmouth, to take care that the same may be totally
-demolished, and all the materials thereof sold and disposed of for the
-best advantage of the state; deducting the charges for pulling it down;
-and a due account rendered for the same.”</p>
-
-
-<p>Various orders were passed regarding the sale of estates, and
-disposition of the funds, sometimes to raise money for the service of
-Ireland, at others for reparation of losses through depriving certain
-noblemen of the Court of Wards, with other and numerous demands. But we
-must return to review the closing scene of affairs in Ireland.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_126"><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_127"><a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_128"><a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Note opposite sentence commencing “after fourteen days
-delay.”&mdash;“After myself, Colonel Butler and the rest were gone, Lord
-Charles threatened to take from Mr. Watkins £800 which was in the
-Castle (his Majesty’s money) for siding with us, as he now present is
-ready to testify.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_129"><a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> In MS. Index entitled, “No. 145. Boteler’s Account of his
-business at Oxford, 1646. f. 210.” The MS. vol. containing above is
-lettered at back, “Carte Papers, 1604&ndash;1660. 30.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_130"><a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 262.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_131"><a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> It is generally believed that this chamber was over the
-south-west gate.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_132"><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Raglan Castle.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_133"><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Sprigge.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_134"><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Raglan Castle.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_135"><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bayly.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_136"><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Sandford.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_137"><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Whitelock states £1000.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_138"><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. Ho. of Comm. Vol. V. p. 20.</p></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_157"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 157]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">THE EARL OF GLAMORGAN’S TRANSACTIONS IN IRELAND&mdash;CONCLUDED.</p>
-
-
-<p>We left the Earl at Kilkenny after his enlargement. That his own
-confidence in his position was not misplaced all his acts clearly
-prove, and no attempt has been successfully made by his adversaries to
-show him in any other light than that of being a too ready instrument
-in the hands of his prince to work out his mystified political schemes.</p>
-
-<p>It requires considerable calmness and consideration on the part of the
-biographer while undertaking to become the apologist of the Earl’s
-conduct, particularly when wholly differing in political and religious
-views. But sincerity will always command respect. That he was strictly
-conscientious in all his conduct there cannot be the shadow of a
-doubt; nor can he be accused of rather tempting the monarch than being
-tempted by him, a man open and most anxious to adopt any measures to
-regain his despotic authority over the people. Charles the First was
-all things to all men who offered him service; he was a Catholic to
-the Catholics, and a Protestant to the Protestants; and it was this
-duality of character, united with unbounded selfishness and a fatal
-attachment to secrecy, that perplexed his most discreet ministers.
-No man’s life or property was safe in his hands. No engagements were
-held sacred or inviolable, all being artfully contrived to conceal
-some mental reservation, which expediency always found it convenient
-to be shifting to serve some opposite purpose or other. All this
-subtle<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span> strategy was perfectly consistent with the possession of the
-most distinguished domestic affections and habits, and tastes most
-refined for art and literature, which, after all, may have been but the
-consummation of that all-grasping selfishness which shows but little
-integrity beyond the confines of self and home. His Majesty united so
-many inconsistencies of character that he completely deluded not the
-Earl alone but the entire Roman Catholic party throughout the land.
-He had succeeded in draining the Marquis of Worcester of his enormous
-wealth, and had not blushed to degrade his son, the Earl, by a public
-accusation (which his private conduct repudiated) to give colour to his
-own sophisms.</p>
-
-<p>A letter written by the Earl to the Nuncio, in February, together with
-the oath he afterwards took, are not a little remarkable.<a href="#Footnote_139" id="FNanchor_139" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Most illustrious and most reverend Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“There is no occasion for me to employ any further protestations to
-persuade your Lordship, how sincerely I desire that the whole glory
-of the advantages, which this nation and we poor Catholics of England
-may attain, should, as it ought, be ascribed to his Holiness, through
-your Lordship’s intervention; whom I beseech to consider the authority
-granted your Lordship by his Holiness, and to recall to your memory
-the letter written by the King my master to your Lordship, and my
-powers for treating with your Lordship. These things being laid down
-as a foundation, let us not sleep over our cause, but finish all the
-conventions made or to be made between his Holiness and our Queen
-(though without suffering them to be published), till your Lordship
-shall have received the original instruments themselves, or till an
-answer shall be returned <span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span>from the King by means of my brother, who
-shall be sent to his Majesty in the name of your Lordship and myself.
-During which interval, though there be only a cessation of arms, yet
-our peace will be secure, and depend only on such conditions, as
-shall be acceptable to his Holiness; for it will not be such a peace,
-as the Pope disapproves of in his letters, but the same which your
-Lordship desires. But while the articles are agreed upon and concluded
-between your Lordship and me, and no change is made in the government,
-or in any other respect, till the peace shall be published, and the
-ratification transmitted hither by the King from England, no danger
-will arise either on your Lordship’s or my part, since the seven
-thousand soldiers will not pass over into England, till the peace
-be concluded and published, nor ever depart, till I shall return
-from Italy, and there shall be a certainty concerning his Holiness’
-pleasure.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">He proceeds to suggest the conclusion of the peace at the end of three
-months; the signing of the articles by the Nuncio and himself, on the
-part of the Pope and the King respectively; thus satisfying the Irish,
-while affording the King security, the articles not being published;
-the safety of the kingdom ensured, and the Nuncio at ease in having
-thus conformed to the Pope’s instructions.</p>
-
-<p>He afterwards signed, on the 18th February, 1646, an engagement to the
-Nuncio; and the next day took the following oath.<a href="#Footnote_140" id="FNanchor_140" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, promise and swear to your most
-illustrious and most reverend Lordship, that I will adhere to your
-party, not only against the Marquis of Ormond, and all his relations
-and favourers, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span>but likewise against all others, who shall oppose the
-Pope’s treaty and your measures for the good of the Catholic Religion,
-and the service of the King my master, to supply your Lordship with&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="center"> 200,000 crowns,<br />
-<span class="ml25">10,000 arms for foot,</span><br />
-<span class="ml35">2,000 cases of pistols,</span><br />
-<span class="ml50"> 800 barrels of powder,</span><br />
-<span class="ml90">and 30 or 40 ships well provided, over</span></p>
-<p class="continued">which your Lordship shall name an Admiral. For I esteem your cause
-to be the cause of God, and of the King my master, in whose name I
-make all the concessions agreed upon between your Lordship and me;
-and am therefore ready, if your Lordship pleases, to confirm this my
-resolution before the most holy sacrament. In the mean time I subscribe
-my name, and affix my seal, this 19th day of February, 1646.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The Earl, in conformity with the power granted him on the 1st of April,
-by the King, agreed with the Nuncio to create, at his recommendation,
-one Earl, two Viscounts, and three Barons, hoping thereby to gratify
-the Irish.</p>
-
-<p>But previously, on his arrival in Waterford, he wrote to the
-King:<a href="#Footnote_141" id="FNanchor_141" class="fnanchor">[87]</a><a href="#Footnote_142" id="FNanchor_142" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Majesty</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I am now at Waterford, providing shipping immediately to transport
-6000 foot; and 4000 more are by May to follow them. I hope these will
-yet come opportunely to the relief of Chester. What hath been the
-occasion of so long delays, and yet suffers <span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span>not your Majesty’s service
-herein to proceed with that advantage it might do, I conceive not so
-fit to commit to paper; but I will shortly send my brother, who shall
-fully inform your Majesty with all particulars, and thereby rectify
-your opinion, and give you true knowledge, who are your faithful
-servants. I hope long ere this Captain Bacon hath arrived with you
-since my enlargement; and, therefore, I need only tell your Majesty
-that, my further services intended for you will, I hope, without
-further crosses, be suffered to go on; though strange is the industry
-used by many seeming friends to hinder me therein. But I am confident
-it shall not lie in their power, your Majesty remaining still constant,
-as I doubt not but you will, to your favourable opinion, and right
-interpretation of my poor endeavours; which, if they may take place,
-will procure you to be a gracious and happy prince, I having no other
-ends, but to approve myself,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Sir, your sacred Majesty’s</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Most dutiful, obedient subject,</p>
-<p class="signed_line2">“and passionately devoted servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, Feb. 23, 1645&ndash;6.”</p>
-
-<p>The same month, however, Chester surrendered to the Parliamentary
-forces, after a stubborn siege; while in March following news arrived
-at Kilkenny of his Majesty’s message of the 29th of January, addressed
-to the Parliament, denying any participation in and unreservedly
-disavowing all knowledge of the Earl’s treaty of the 25th of August,
-1645. The Roman Catholics were astounded; all their labour and expense,
-all their negociations at once appeared worse than vain, being only
-calculated to arouse public indignation.</p>
-
-<p>But the Parliamentary party appeared pretty well satisfied that the
-Earl’s imprisonment was a merely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span> colourable affair, suspecting that
-the King was merely sacrificing a devoted friend to clear himself and
-appease the public wrath.</p>
-
-<p>Notwithstanding this state of affairs in Ireland, the Earl was, on the
-4th of March, 1646, created “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” which
-title he afterwards resigned, but the original patent, still existing
-at Badminton, is translated as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Charles, by the grace of God of England, France, and Ireland King,
-Defender of the Faith, &amp;c. To all our Archbishops, Dukes, Marquesses,
-Earls, Viscounts, Bishops, Barons, Knights, Governors of Towns,
-Freemen, and all other Officers, Ministers, and subjects to whom these
-Presents shall come Greeting.</p>
-
-<p>“We esteem the greatness of our Royal Dignity not only to be highly
-adorned but even to be augmented and enlarged when men eminent for
-their nobility and virtue, who have deserved well of their country, and
-by notable achievements and particularly by trophys and other monuments
-of military valour acquired at home and abroad and distinguished
-and adorned by any illustrious accession of Honour, Dignity, or
-Titles.&mdash;And Whereas our right trusty and well beloved Cousin Edward
-Somerset, alias Plantagenet, Knight of the most noble order of the
-Garter, Earl of our County of Glamorgan, son and heir apparent of
-our right trusty and well beloved Cousin Henry Earl and Marquess of
-Worcester, Baron of the Honours of the castles of Raglan, Chepstow, and
-Gower, a man eminent for the nobleness of his blood, and his approved
-attachment and fidelity to us, (by always furnishing the most ready
-supplies out of his own fortune to us in these most calamitous times)
-Hath in a special manner recommended himself to our favour: as he is
-rendered illustrious by a long train of noble ancestors, and by the
-high<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span> nobility transmitted by paternal succession from John of Gaunt
-Duke of Lancaster, and his son John Plantagenet Duke of Somerset, from
-the place of his nativity surnamed Beaufort&mdash;and by other connections
-of blood with the Royal Houses of Lancaster and York, to Charles the
-first Earl of Worcester; All which dignity of birth and accumulated
-honours he hath himself greatly surpassed by his own personal virtues
-and inviolable fidelity to Us.</p>
-
-<p>“For with what integrity, with what constancy, with what expense, he
-did execute the royal command of President of the six counties of South
-Wales and the places adjoining to the Severn coast? He was present at
-sieges and battles.&mdash;With what courage and successful conduct did he
-take Goodridge Castle, the Forest of Dean and the city of Hereford? In
-short, with what remarkable good fortune, with what unhoped for success
-he made himself master of the strongly fortified town of Monmouth? And
-not content with the confined limits of one kingdom, go to the most
-distant places beyond the seas, through the midst of hostile forces and
-the dangers of shipwreck, yet at his own private expense, regardless
-of all dangers, at the loss of his own private fortune, that he might
-raise succours for the support of the tottering crown of his King.
-These things, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-<p>Endorsed&mdash;“1646, 4 March. 21 Charles I. Creation of Edward, Earl of
-Glamorgan, Duke of Somerset and Beaufort, 4 March, 1646, and 21 C. I.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">This patent, worthless as it proved for confirming the title it was
-intended to convey, may well serve to seal the duplicity of the monarch
-who could thus intend to honour one whom he charged with treasonable
-acts, if not with absolute forgery of warrants in his own name.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_164"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 164]</span>
-In March 1646, the Earl committed to writing the following
-memorandum:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_143" id="FNanchor_143" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Considerations and conclusions concerning the present state of my
-affairs, 29 March, 1646.</p>
-
-<p>“1. As the King has published such a Declaration, I think myself at
-present incapable of serving him. Yet I am persuaded, that he has done
-this unwillingly, and through the violent impulse of others, and on
-account of the bad situation of his affairs. For which purpose, I am
-desirous to send express to him a person of rank, and my relation; by
-whose means I shall propose to his Majesty a method, by which he may
-enable me, under the authority of the Great Seal, to proceed further,
-both in promoting the interest of this nation, and his Majesty’s own,
-in such a manner, that his forced renunciation shall not be openly
-touched upon, and yet my justification, as far as it shall conduce to
-the good of this kingdom, so sincerely desired by me, may attain its
-wished-for effect. The safety even of the lowest person of this nation,
-is so truly at my heart, that I would not expose the life of one man to
-danger on my own account, nor press the transportation of the soldiers,
-till the return of the messenger to be sent to the King.</p>
-
-<p>“2. As I have received such instructions from the King as these, viz.
-If by any unfortunate accident we should be involved in any counsels,
-in appearance contrary to the powers given by us to you, you shall
-make no other account of them, but by putting yourself in a condition
-to help us, and set us free; I do not find any more expeditious way of
-relieving his Majesty from his distress, than by taking no notice of
-anything which he has done through compulsion, and by supporting this
-nation. But if the Supreme Council will engage to adhere firmly to me,
-I will likewise oblige myself to employ the ships and money, which I
-had before designed for England, to the assistance of this nation, and
-devote my labours and endeavours to the service of this kingdom, till
-we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span> can all jointly succour his Majesty in England. I desire, that the
-most illustrious and most reverend Nuncio of the Apostolic See will
-first of all subscribe this treaty of ours.</p>
-
-<p>“But in this affair, I require nothing of the Supreme Council, but
-their private faith, till I shall return, by God’s blessing, with all
-things necessary. And though I am sensible, how little this concerns
-my own interest, yet my zeal prompts me to it. But I am extremely
-desirous, that General Preston should march the troops, designed for
-me, into Munster, to compose the commotions there, as well as to take
-care of this kingdom, whose safety is greatly concerned in it, as that
-when, through God’s blessing, I return with the subsidies, I may find
-an army ready. I desire, that our mutual engagement may be committed
-to writing, and signed and sealed, and kept under the most profound
-secrecy.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The Earl of Glamorgan had designed a visit to Rome, anticipating
-important assistance there, as well as the especial favour of the
-King in that matter. But the Supreme Council, wearied by the expense
-of keeping a large army, intended for the relief of Chester, finding
-no vessels were supplied from England for that purpose, and being
-further discouraged by his Majesty’s recent proceedings, finally
-resolved against sending any troops out of Ireland. The critical state
-of affairs had become so acutely distressing to the Earl, that in a
-letter addressed to Father Robert Nugent at Kilkenny, he expressed the
-bitterness of his anguish in the most unrestrained language, such as we
-find no example of in any other portion of his varied correspondence.</p>
-
-<p>To Father Robert Nugent, he thus wrote:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_144" id="FNanchor_144" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Reverend Sir</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I return you thanks for the messenger sent me on purpose, and your
-letter; and desire you to signify to the Nuncio, that if all the devils
-on earth and in hell had not conspired against me, I should not have
-been reduced to these difficulties and distresses; and that the loss
-of life itself would have been more tolerable to me, being now tired
-of it on account of the present difficulty, and I can think of nothing
-but redeeming myself; assuring you, that the misfortunes of my whole
-life have not perplexed me so much as this: to remedy which, though
-I am pressed by letters and most urgent business to go to Limerick,
-I still continue here. I swear to you, that I have been disappointed
-of seven thousand pounds sterling, which I thought as entirely my own
-as if the money had been actually paid to me; and all this since the
-resolution was published against sending the soldiers to England. I do
-not think it necessary to remind the Nuncio, that my enemies in Ireland
-are exasperated against me, because they perceive me so warmly and
-sincerely affected towards him, and know, that I shall always continue
-so; and because I should not hesitate to expose my life and fortune
-to the utmost danger, in order to bring to an issue his commission
-and business in this kingdom. This seems to me to deserve, that some
-pity and toleration should be shown towards me, especially in an
-event unforeseen by me, and forced upon me, and which has given me a
-vexation, than which I can imagine nothing more severe to me.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“I remain, in great affliction,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Your affectionate Cousin and Servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, 3 May, 1646.”</p>
-
-
-<p>His operations in Ireland were virtually terminated,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span> every measure
-had signally failed, and he was without hope, after the Parliamentary
-publications, of regaining confidence with any party. Much as has been
-written on this subject, and ably as it has been investigated by Dr.
-Birch and other writers, it must be admitted that we gain little from
-the mass of evidence accumulated to enlighten us in respect to the
-personal character of the Earl of Glamorgan, beyond entire satisfaction
-that he acted solely as his sovereign’s agent, at his instigation, and
-entirely under such authority as he could alone give him under all
-the circumstances of such an important secret mission. Charles the
-First’s confidence in him was by no means misplaced, and he had no
-doubt well weighed his character before taking him into his confidence.
-For this inquiry he had sufficient opportunity while the Earl was at
-his court, and again while himself a guest at Raglan. He well knew
-the weak side of the father and the son, the one expectant that his
-Majesty would be “a defender of <i>the</i> faith,” the other warm-hearted,
-and generous, to an extraordinary and enthusiastic degree. Not alone
-were the Marquis and Lord Herbert deceived by the machinations of the
-wily monarch, but so likewise were the whole Roman Catholic community.
-Had it been otherwise we might suspect undue measures would have been
-adopted, but wherever such were carried into effect they were on the
-side of the Crown and not of the subject. Charles the First’s duality
-of character in this respect has never been, nor can be, successfully
-refuted. Embarking, therefore, in his Majesty’s cause, in Ireland, we
-cease to be surprised that the Earl of Glamorgan should, consistently
-with his faith, be in constant consultation with the Nuncio and
-conform to proffered oaths. In short, had he adopted any other course
-than that which he pursued, his negociations would from the first
-either have ceased, or merged into the dilatory measures attending
-the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span> Lord Lieutenant’s previous course, which it was expected by the
-King that the Earl would be able to out-run and overmatch. But his
-utmost diplomatic skill was insufficient to grapple with and satisfy
-the grasping party on his own side; and he was equally unsuccessful
-placed in opposition to such practised politicians as Ormond, Digby,
-and others. And above all, a supreme difficulty must have been, the
-conducting of his entire system to accord with the subtleties and
-secrecies of the King’s personally communicated and private counsels.
-He was thus placed in many painful straits, but which his ardent,
-vigorous temperament determined him to overcome. In his position,
-however, the Earl felt a compulsory necessity to maintain great
-secrecy; negociating with many mental reservations. He had to satisfy
-the King, while he did not wish to disoblige Ormond, and although there
-was a natural bond of sympathy between himself and the Roman Catholic
-party, he could neither wholly accede to the Nuncio’s measures nor
-satisfy the Council. To the best of his ability he consistently and
-conscientiously employed the vast powers delegated to him for the
-good of his King and his country through his own party; so that no
-historian, not his most bitter, sarcastic enemies, can point to any
-single fact that could cast the slightest taint on the rectitude of
-his conduct throughout the unfortunate and unhappy transactions into
-which it was his misfortune to be drawn by a too sanguine, hopeful, but
-helpless monarch.</p>
-
-<p>On the 3rd of April the Earl wrote to the Marquis of Ormond:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_145" id="FNanchor_145" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“With many thanks for your letter delivered me by Sir Vivien Molineux,
-give me leave to congratulate <span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>your Excellency’s happy escape from
-the mischievous intentions against you by the wicked enterprise for
-the taking of the castle of Dublin. And as nobody joys more in your
-deliverance than I do, so cannot any one wish more heartily than I,
-that all the warnings which your Excellency hath had might prevail
-to persuade you, in whom you might totally best confide, and of whom
-to beware; and then with a stedfast resolution to adhere to your
-truest and most real friends. Amongst whom, if your Excellency afford
-me not a place, I dare boldly say that it is not for want of having
-already endeavoured to deserve the same by serving you, with as great
-expressions, both public and private, as my wish and will could
-possibly obtain unto. Neither shall my future actions be inferior
-to what is past, but shall (God willing) enact those things wherein
-my good will only can yet be seen: for upon the ground work of my
-professed reality and affection unto your Excellency, and of your
-noble and friendly acceptance thereof, have I ever thought to build a
-fabric of my future services to his Majesty and most real friendship
-to yourself, whose subsistence I tender as mine own. And if your
-Excellency’s first begotten and expressed confidence in me had not been
-retarded by some unknown means unto me, though I humbly and thankfully
-acknowledge you never suffered it to be extinguished; give me leave to
-aver with truth, that your Excellency ere this should have seen the
-remarkable effects thereof. But this is so copious a theme, as that I
-fear already I have been too prolix, I will therefore abridge myself,
-and not extend unto the latitude, which the truth of this subject
-prompts me unto.</p>
-
-<p>“And to the second part of your Excellency’s letter, give me leave to
-thank you for your tenderness in not accepting the £2500 from me; but
-also your Excellency may know, that it is upon a reliance thereon, that
-the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span> Council offered you the £3000, and for the performance thereof I
-am enforced to this journey, without which against the prefixed time
-I could not have supplied them with the money. Now to the latter part
-of your letter, wherein you promise I should at large hear farther
-from you, as upon Friday last; but yet have received no other your
-commands, which I expected, before I thought it necessary to answer
-yours of the 24th of March. But receiving no other your directions, I
-think it opportune to let your Excellency know, that, of three vessels
-which I sent for a convoy unto the Prince, Sir Nicholas Crispe, and Mr.
-Hasendanke, the merchant, I have but one return, Captain Allen being
-taken and stript. And I hear a packet of your Excellency’s, as well as
-letters, thrown overboard without weight, were taken up; which I look
-for shortly to have in print.<a href="#Footnote_146" id="FNanchor_146" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
-
-<p>“By the sole return which came unto me, I received notice from the
-Prince and those about him, in how ill a condition he was enforced
-to retire into the Isle of Scilly, where he now is; and made use of
-Hasendanke’s frigates to transport himself, whereby I was not only
-disappointed of what I hoped for by the Prince, but also of his.</p>
-
-<p>“Sir Nicholas Crispe indeed offers to send me three, but they were not
-then with him, and he desires a return from me first, so that only
-my Lord of Antrim’s frigates are come; and a ship with 18 pieces of
-ordnance, which is hourly expected, and bought by me at Galway. Two
-Hollanders there are likewise at Waterford, and two frigates likewise
-of Captain Antonio’s, and the Spanish agents, which carry ordnance.
-These are all of force, and truly I conceive, might, for so short
-a cut, be a sufficient convoy, were not Chester taken, the Prince
-in so bad a condition, and some defeat of my <span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span>brother’s forces in
-Glamorganshire spoken of. But upon these considerations, how hazardous
-it will be to send away a part of the army only. I humbly offer to
-your Excellency, not speaking anything of a great disheartening and
-discouragement some take at a pretended declaration of his Majesty
-against me, though I myself value it so little, as that, could I,
-without shortening much more advantage to his Majesty’s service, go
-myself in person with 6000 men, I should no ways boggle thereat. And
-as it now stands, to give testimony that my zeal is not lessened
-to his service, and that you may have further assurance of my care
-to your person, I make this offer, that if you please to join, and
-together with the Supreme Council assure me, that against my return
-I may have 10,000 men in readiness for his Majesty’s service, I will
-immediately go and bring back with me twenty sail of good shipping at
-the least, well furnished for men of war; £40,000 ready money; 10,000
-musquets, 2,000 case of pistols, 800 barrels of powder, and a gallant
-train of artillery.<a href="#Footnote_147" id="FNanchor_147" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> For I shrink not at this instant from pain and
-expenses out of diminution of zeal to his Majesty’s service, as by the
-present difficulties propounded may perchance be surmised by others,
-though not by your Excellency, who (I am confident) will make a right
-construction, and how I only would willingly retire myself from further
-present charge, as a ram doth to take a greater vease. For I am not so
-much frightened at the bugbear declaration, but that, if I could go
-myself with a considerable force <span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span>and provisions, it should not any
-ways deter me, from the confidence I have in his Majesty’s justice and
-goodness. It is true that two days since I have sent to take myself
-off from paying demurrage, which would have amounted to one hundred or
-two hundred pounds a day. But the shipping are still under an embargo,
-and the soldiers designed for England no other ways disposed of,
-who may in the interim until my return be useful unto this kingdom,
-assisted by the Nuncio’s purse. If therefore your Excellency resolve
-upon my journey, I pray send me immediate word by this messenger, whom
-I have sent of purpose, assuring that the shipping I speak of shall
-also attend this coast. And if (which God forbid) the King should be
-already joined with the Parliament, and that my services for him there
-be consequently rejected, I shall endeavour to serve his Majesty at
-my return in preserving your Excellency and this kingdom for him; and
-nothing but an extraordinary confidence in your Excellency’s goodness,
-and an infinite zeal unto my master’s service, could make me take this
-resolution; which I humbly submit to your better judgment, and ever
-remain,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, the 3rd of April, 1646.”</p>
-
-
-<p>The reply made by the Marquis of Ormond,<a href="#Footnote_148" id="FNanchor_148" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> to this noble offer, only
-three days after, shows that he did not esteem it as being in any way
-extravagant or impossible; he writes:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I receive your gratulations and devices for my future security as
-evident testimonies of your continued favour to me; and I am much joyed
-to find, that the accidents fallen out concerning your Lordship have
-not <span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span>left any impression on you, to the prejudice of the real affection
-you give me to bear you.</p>
-
-<p>“My Lord, I had, according to my promise, given you a larger account
-of things here; but that, at the concluding of the articles, we found
-ourselves so straitened in time, that many material parts of the
-agreement were fain to be put in another way than was first thought
-of; and at this instant I am so pressed with important despatches from
-Kilkenny, that I shall be able but shortly and confusedly to give you
-a return to the main parts of your Lordship’s [letter] of the 3rd of
-this month, which came to my hands yesterday about noon. Touching
-the noble and large offer you are pleased to make of shipping, arms,
-ammunition, and a train of artillery for the King’s service, in case
-you may receive assurance from those in power among the confederates,
-and from me, that ten thousand men shall be ready against your return,
-to be transported to serve the King in England. I return your Lordship
-this answer, that I shall, and by this letter do, cheerfully oblige
-myself for as much as shall lie in my power, either in my public or
-private capacity, to have that number of men in the readiness you
-expect; and to compass it, am contented all the remainder of my fortune
-should stand engaged. If your Lordship can procure as much as this from
-the other party, I conceive you will proceed in your intended voyage
-with satisfaction, and return (I hope) with success; which is earnestly
-wished by</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your Lordship’s, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Ormond</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dublin Castle, the 6th of April, 1646.”</p>
-
-
-<p>The following letter from the King, dated the 20th of July, 1646,<a href="#Footnote_149" id="FNanchor_149" class="fnanchor">[E]</a>
-originally written in cipher, while it <span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span>shows the estimation in which
-he justly held the Earl of Glamorgan, only throws a darker shade on his
-own mysterious and inexplicable line of policy. The Earl’s zeal and
-unbounded confidence in his Royal Master (determining rather to die in
-his service than to break faith with him), served, as they well might
-to continue him in his favour:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I am not so strictly guarded, but that if you send to me a prudent
-and secret person, I can receive a letter, and you may signify to me
-your mind, I having always loved your person and conversation, which I
-ardently wish for at present more than ever, if it could be had without
-prejudice to you, whose safety is as dear to me as my own. If you can
-raise a large sum of money by pawning my kingdoms<a href="#Footnote_150" id="FNanchor_150" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> for that purpose,
-I am content you should do it; and if I recover them, I will fully
-repay that money. And tell the Nuncio, that if once I can come into his
-and your hands, which ought to be extremely wished for by you both, as
-well for the sake of England as Ireland, since all the rest, as I see,
-despise me, I will do it. And if I do not say this from my heart, or
-if in any future time I fail you in this, may God never restore me to
-my kingdoms in this world, nor give me eternal happiness in the next,
-to which I hope this tribulation will conduct me at last, after I have
-satisfied my obligations to my friends, to none of whom am I so much
-obliged as to yourself, whose merits towards me exceed all expressions,
-that can be used by</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your constant Friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“From Newcastle, July 20th, 1646.”</p>
-
-
-<p>On receipt of this letter in Ireland, a copy of it was sent to the
-Pope, who is related to have shed tears, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span> mingled feelings of
-gratification and sorrow, the King’s circumstances being so desperate;
-while at the same time his determination to favour the Irish and
-English Roman Catholics in all their demands was, to all appearance,
-proportionably increased. The Earl of Glamorgan, on his part, sent
-his suggestions and devised a plan for his Majesty’s safe conduct to
-Ireland; but the scheme either failed or was abandoned.</p>
-
-<p>On the 30th of August, the Earl addressed a long letter to the Lord
-Lieutenant,<a href="#Footnote_151" id="FNanchor_151" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> when he must have been unaware of the fate of Raglan
-Castle:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I have this long time expected your commands, which to receive, having
-sent two expresses, I verily believed would have come ere this into
-my hands; trusting likewise to Mr. Walsingham’s solicitations; but as
-yet I have neither heard from him nor your Excellency, one word since
-his departure, and receiving an earnest desire from the Nuncio to
-speak with me; as understanding likewise how prejudicial it might be
-to me, and especially to my brother who is in Italy, if the dean whom
-he hath sent thither, should depart without satisfaction from me of so
-pressing an occasion, as was by my Lord Nuncio pretended unto me. I
-repaired thither on Saturday last, with so much the more contentment
-as that I persuaded myself that your Excellency would be at Kilkenny,
-and I so much the nearer to kiss your hands; but I now return to the
-county of Clare, there to expect your commands. Yet let me not forget
-to give you an account of the business I was sent for. The rumour being
-spread that the Concessions (which some call mine) were to be printed
-and published at <span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span>Kilkenny, as I have absolutely disowned any such
-thing to my Lord Nuncio, and denied to patronise the same; so I think
-myself bound to acquaint your Excellency, and by your means the Council
-Table, how mindful I am of the favours I there received, so as not to
-incur the least censure of yours and theirs by enacting anything, for
-which I had already a check. And certainly it cannot be imagined that
-the Supreme Council which was, could expect or desire any such thing
-at my hands, since they never urged to take off my recognizance, which
-through innocency I also neglected, and I joy to be disengaged from so
-perilous a business, protesting before Almighty God, that since that
-time I have entered into no new engagements unto them; and what hath
-passed before (conditions not having been held with me), none of the
-Commissioners themselves can think them obligatory, all other reasons
-also considered. Besides, when they had first thought to make use of
-them, it was resolved, that after the completing of conditions with
-your Excellency, they might bear a true date subsequent thereunto;
-and how invalid they are without the same is sufficiently evident,
-abstracting from the King’s declaration, which (though enforced upon
-him), I esteem it yet a warning for further proceedings therein,
-and fit only for great persons, who can maintain the same, to go
-contrary to the intimation of his Majesty’s pleasure, though never so
-compulsorily granted. For as I never have, nor will esteem, and be
-frighted at the contradiction of any others, when the intimation of
-his Majesty’s pleasure continues to me in any particular unrevoked;
-so, on the contrary, can I never be drawn, for any man’s pleasure,
-to go immediately contrary to what proceedeth from him, deeming it
-not my part to enter into dispute which way his Majesty is induced,
-when I see his positive act extant. Let this, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span>therefore (I beseech
-your Excellency), give you and the world satisfaction, that I no ways
-countenance the standing upon any articles heretofore treated of by me,
-who am no more tied to make anything thereof good, than any man is to
-deliver up the possession of his lands for which he never received the
-consideration agreed upon. Besides, in order to the King’s subsistence,
-one man was then more considerable than three now. In fine, having
-washed my hands of that business, verify I will that proverb that
-the <i>Child burned dreads the fire</i>. And those noble Lords, who stand
-my bail, may be confident, I shall never deservedly put them in
-fright, or myself in danger to save them further harmless; or to show
-such ingratitude to your Excelleney and the Council as to own those
-concessions which they so much endeavoured to prevent. And thus fearing
-to have been too tedious, I abruptly kiss your Lordship’s hands and
-ever remain</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your Excellency’s, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Waterford, the 30th of August, 1646.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Ormond replied under date, Dublin Castle, the 2nd of September,
-1646, saying&mdash;“I must profess myself exceedingly satisfied with the
-prudence of your Lordship’s carriage at Waterford, and with the wisdom
-of the resolution you have taken in the particular of those things
-now endeavoured to be fastened upon you;” ... and which course he
-designates “a thing so much to your Lordship’s honour and advantage.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_178"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 178]</span>
-Under date of 11th of September, the Earl again addressed the Lord
-Lieutenant:<a href="#Footnote_152" id="FNanchor_152" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Excellency</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I think myself very happy in that the resolution which appeared in
-my letter unto you proved so acceptable, as by the noble expressions
-of your letter and of my Lord Digby’s I find it is, and do humbly
-acknowledge infinite thanks for your Excellency’s great desire of
-seeing me; and had the self-same letter informed me of any service I
-could have done you, I should have been far from taking the resolution
-which I now have put on, correspondent unto my expressions in my last
-unto your Excellency, and unto the sense for which the commendations
-given me by you (I conceive) do proceed: which was to keep myself free
-from having any part in those most unfortunate and newly occasioned
-distractions, from which the further I withdraw myself, and the sooner,
-suits best with my disposition. Besides, my intentions wherewith I came
-into this kingdom were first to serve his Majesty and it; and next
-to serve your Excellency above all his subjects, and my own friends,
-which being now frustrated, that part only remains which can only die
-with myself, which is <i>Omnibus viis et modis</i>, to endeavour to promote
-his Majesty’s service, finding myself more capable and more probable
-for to do it elsewhere for this present, than in this kingdom. I
-hasten towards the sea-side, where I am informed some conveniency of
-shipping will afford; ... yet I could not omit to send a person of
-trust and confidence, by whom your Excellency may send unto me before
-my departure such notions as perhaps you may think not fit to put to
-paper. And if, either by word of mouth or writing sent by so trusty a
-person as Mr. Joyner (by whom I have sent you the reasons, that debar
-me of the happiness to kiss your Excellency’s hands <i>in transitu</i>),
-I find myself thought capable by you to serve his Majesty or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span> your
-Excellency longer in these parts, and more advantageously than what I
-am now going about, you may be confident to receive such a return from
-me as may best stand with my duty to his Majesty and my affection to
-your person, to whom my professions have been ever real; and had my
-ambition and only thoughts taken place, I dare boldly say, I should
-have vied with the nearest person in blood or affection you have in
-Ireland, in the reality of being ever,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Excellency’s most really</p>
-<p class="signed_line2">“affectionate kinsman and</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">“devoted servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Limerick, the 11th of September, 1646.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
-<img class="div_scaled" src="images/p179.jpg" width="100%" alt="The Earl of Glamorgan’s writing in the address of a Cipher letter" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p> Among the Carte MSS. in the Bodleian Library, from which the foregoing
-letter is taken, there occurs a curious undated letter written in
-cipher, which it is just possible may be the writing above named “sent
-by so trusty a person as Mr. Joyner.” The annexed engraving is a
-facsimile of an endorsement at the back of it
-in the Earl’s own hand-writing, affording the only specimen approaching
-to an autograph exemplifying his use of the title of <i>Glamorgan</i><a href="#Footnote_153" id="FNanchor_153" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> yet
-made public: every effort to obtain it in any other form having proved
-unavailing. And on page 180, an exact copy is given of the letter
-itself, as traced from the original.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_180"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 180]</span></p>
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p180.jpg" width="100%" alt="The letter written in his Cipher." />
-Facsimile of a letter written by the Earl of Glamorgan, September, 1646&ndash;7.</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_181"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 181]</span>
-The Nuncio wrote from Kilkenny on the 21st of September, 1646, to
-Cardinal Pamphilio at Rome,<a href="#Footnote_154" id="FNanchor_154" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“Among other patents and commissions signed by the King, and brought
-by the Earl of Glamorgan from England, there is one, appointing him
-Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, upon the expiration of the Marquis of
-Ormond’s term of holding that post, or in case the Marquis should, by
-any fault, deserve to be removed from it. For this reason, I was of
-opinion, that the Earl, who had designed to go to Rome, should stay for
-the present in this kingdom, imagining, that a way might perhaps be
-opened for accomplishing this affair. And in fact the way seems open
-for us, since the Marquis of Ormond is now publicly negotiating with
-the Parliamentarians, and consequently making a treaty with the King’s
-enemies. Upon which occasion, the Earl, being desirous of advancing
-himself to the Marquis’s post, has begun to solicit the consent of the
-kingdom, and believes, that he has the interest of the two Generals,
-and all the Congregation of the Clergy and the New Council. I have
-thought it the more proper to promote this affair, since when Dublin
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span>shall be taken, it will be immediately necessary for the kingdom to
-provide a Lord Lieutenant. And it is a point of no small importance to
-the present situation of affairs, to begin with appointing to that post
-a Catholic, so highly beloved by this kingdom and the King himself.
-Besides it is to be considered, that the King’s inclination and
-pleasure concurs with this design; for though his Majesty has appointed
-the Earl by his lesser seal only, yet that is sufficient for the Irish,
-since they have just reason to consider that appointment as legal and
-valid. Add to this, that as the Confederates of Ireland have it in
-their view to transport the Holy Faith into England by their arms, no
-person appears to be more fit for the execution of such a purpose, than
-the Earl, in whom two characters are united, that of a faithful servant
-to the King, and a perfect Catholic; and who, the winter before, was
-ready to carry over to the King from that country ten thousand men for
-the same purposes. Some, and those but a few, oppose this design, upon
-this single consideration, that the Earl being both an Englishman and
-of a very mild temper, will not be favourable enough to Ireland, nor
-exert the firmness necessary in this case. But I believe no better
-choice can now possibly be made, and that the appointment of a Catholic
-Lord Lieutenant, who is in so many respects attached to the Apostolical
-See, and bound to it by oath and promises, which the Earl has a hundred
-times repeated to me, is sufficient to weigh down every other doubt.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">And about the 28th of the same month the Earl took the following
-Oath<a href="#Footnote_155" id="FNanchor_155" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> to the Nuncio:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent margin_top">“I, Edward Earl of Glamorgan, &amp;c. faithfully promise and swear, that
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span>I will do nothing of moment without the consent and approbation of
-the most illustrious Nuncio; and if I shall happen to do anything
-imprudently, which shall not be approved by him, I will correct my
-error upon the first intimation of his pleasure, and obey his commands.
-If it should be more conducive to the praise and glory of God, the
-splendour of the Catholic Church, and the happiness of this kingdom,
-that the post of Lord Lieutenant be conferred upon another person
-rather than myself; I swear, that I will readily and without reluctance
-resign it, at the command of the most illustrious Nuncio. And in all
-things I vow a perfect, voluntary, and religious obedience to his
-Holiness, saving any secular obligations towards my most serene King.
-And if I fail in any part of the oath taken by me, I consent, that the
-said oath be published, and myself exposed; otherwise the said oath
-shall be communicated only to the Bishop of Fernes, Chancellor of the
-Congregation, and Father Robert Nugent, Superior of the Jesuits in
-Ireland. In confirmation of this oath voluntarily taken by me, I have
-written all this with my own hand, subscribed my name, and affixed my
-seal, the 28th of September, 1646.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Glamorgan.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">These various letters and documents make us familiar with the Earl of
-Glamorgan’s Irish treaties,<a href="#Footnote_156" id="FNanchor_156" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> and to a great extent with the cause of
-their failure: a most happy and provident circumstance for himself,
-his family, and above all for his country. His conduct throughout,
-notwithstanding the many temptations in his way, and his own naturally
-enthusiastic conduct in every enterprise in which he engaged, bears
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>none of the distinguishing traits of intolerant bigotry. The King had
-already sapped the Earl’s available property, and was continually
-tantalising him with the prospect of coming fortune and ample honours.
-He fawned on the old Marquis and flattered his son; inducing the one
-to place his wealth, and the other his honour and happiness at his
-disposal. Perhaps in the whole course of his political scheming he
-never succeeded so completely, as in this instance, in thoroughly
-victimising any single noble family.</p>
-
-<p>On the 1st of October, 1646, the House of Lords ordered, That a pass be
-granted to the Lady Herbert, Countess of Glamorgan, into Ireland, with
-thirty of her menial servants, etc.<a href="#Footnote_157" id="FNanchor_157" class="fnanchor">[M]</a><a href="#Footnote_158" id="FNanchor_158" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> So that from August, when
-she left Raglan Castle, with the other inmates, to this period, she
-must have been a wanderer.</p>
-
-<p>Towards the close of the year 1646, it was decided between the Earl and
-his own party, to send his brother, the Lord John Somerset, a zealous
-Catholic, on a mission to the Pope. The Earl’s complicity with the
-clergy in these affairs, which had been conducted with great secrecy,
-occasioned much suspicion, creating for him many enemies among the
-Protestant party.</p>
-
-<p>In August, 1647, the Marquis of Ormond, leaving Ireland, waited on
-Charles the First at Hampton Court: Dublin being besieged, and likely
-to fall into possession of the English Parliament.</p>
-
-<p>While affairs were in this distracted state the Earl was apprised of
-his father’s decease, in December, 1646; and as Marquis of Worcester,
-he wrote from Galway to the titular Bishop of Fernes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_159" id="FNanchor_159" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My noble Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Although the place whither I go be now changed upon serious
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span>consideration, and my Lord Nuncio’s concurrence therein, as most
-advantageous <i>super totam materiam</i>, yet are my intentions the same
-they were when I left your Lordship; and I hope a shorter way contrived
-to them than I then imagined, having found a probable (I may call it
-even a certain) way to bring the Queen about to befriend this nation.
-In the interim, I beseech your Lordship, together with the Lord Bishop
-of Clogher and Mr. Rochfort, to be mindful of your promises to me,
-and to be sure that General O’Neile dissent not from the letter which
-you approved; the contents whereof I have not failed accordingly
-to recommend to his Majesty: and if I should deceive him therein,
-I must betake myself unto your Lordship’s advice and approbation,
-given thereupon. The copy of the original letter, together with the
-Nuncio’s recommendation, are to be delivered to General O’Neile by
-Father Definitor; and I have no more to say than that your Lordships
-(as I have said before), with Mr. Rochfort are the Triumvirate and the
-pillars upon whom I build, making no question of the goodness of that
-foundation; and I hope none of you do of my affection, which is not
-only devoted to yourselves, but as you shall further apply it to such
-persons as may be useful to God’s service, the King my master’s, and
-the good of this kingdom. And so, with my service to you all, I ever
-remain,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most humble</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">“and devoted Servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Galway, 12th Oct. 1647.”</p>
-
-<p>His Lordship ultimately left Ireland in company with Father George
-Leyburn, a Roman Catholic priest, with whom he went to France in March,
-1647&ndash;8.<a href="#Footnote_160" id="FNanchor_160" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_139"><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 175.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_140"><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 182; Nuncio’s Memoirs; and Siri, Mercurio, Vol.
-viii.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_141"><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Rushworth, Part IV. vol. I. p. 249.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_142"><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, Inq. p. 184.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_143"><a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 188.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_144"><a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Birch, p. 192.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_145"><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 172.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_146"><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_147"><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> This statement agrees pretty nearly with that occurring
-at page 160, and in “The Earl of Glamorgan’s instructions to me, to be
-presented to your Majesty,” signed by Edward Bosden, 21st of March,
-1644, viz.:&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-“That, God willing, by the end of May or beginning of June, he will
-land with 6000 Irish, &amp;c. &amp;c.
-</p>
-<p>
-“That to advance these his undertakings, he hath £30,000 ready, 10,000
-muskets, 2000 case of pistols, 800 barrels of powder, besides his own
-artillery; and is ascertained of £30,000 more, which will be ready upon
-his return.” See the “King’s Cabinet opened,” 4to. 1645. And Birch’s
-Inquiry, 1756, p. 57.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_148"><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 175.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_149"><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> A Latin copy is in the Nuncio’s Memoirs, and in Italian in
-Vittorio Liri’s Mercurio, Vol. vii. p. 97, 98. Translation in Birch’s
-Inquiry, 8vo. 1756, p. 244.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_150"><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Being empowered by the King’s Commission of the 1st April,
-1644</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_151"><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 202.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_152"><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers, 1634&ndash;1657, Ireland, 63.” No. 207.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_153"><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The autograph of <i>Glamorgan</i> is said by Dr. Lingard to
-have attested a <i>copy</i> of his Warrant of 12th January, 1644; possibly
-the one originally handed by him to the Marquis of Ormond. It is not,
-however, among his papers at St. Cuthbert’s College, Durham.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_154"><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Nuncio’s Memoirs, fol. 1376&ndash;1379. Birch, Inq. p. 253&ndash;256.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_155"><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> See his previous Oath, page <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_156"><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> See his own explanations, given in a letter to the Earl of
-Clarendon, dated 11th June, 1660.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_157"><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Lords’ Jour. VIII. 507.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_158"><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Nichols.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_159"><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Clarendon, vol. ii. p. 380.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_160"><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Leyburn, p. 61.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_186"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 186]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER AN EXILE; RESIDES IN FRANCE.</p>
-
-
-<p>The Earl of Glamorgan, succeeding to his father’s title and honours in
-December, 1646, while he was yet in Ireland, very soon after, as we
-have seen, went to France, a voluntary exile. His countrymen had heaped
-on him (in common with the entire Roman Catholic adherents to the
-royal cause) all the acrimonious abuse which political and religious
-intolerance is always too ready to disseminate, with a zealous ardour
-which defies discrimination. His fate, it is true, was the general
-fate of hundreds of noble families, condemned in like manner to suffer
-for their loyalty. While we are prone to praise what is gained by a
-rebellion, we are apt to overlook whether the civil war entered upon
-for effecting it, might not have been avoided; and while lauding times
-which bring to light some great military and naval spirits or still
-greater statesmen, we overlook entirely the possibility of altogether
-destroying the mental energies of men of brighter intellects, doomed to
-fall in the flower of their age on the field of battle. The blessings
-of good government all readily admit, but sad indeed is it, when
-wholesome changes in a state have to be effected through convulsions
-that paralyse a nation’s advance in civilization.</p>
-
-<p>It is clear, on a retrospect, that much has been delayed, much missed,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span>
-and more possibly lost that otherwise might have arisen from energies
-sacrificed, alas! to the sword, and fortunes turned into other and
-wasteful channels. In this nineteenth century we can calmly look with
-some wonder and astonishment on the indifference of the seventeenth,
-in failing to realize at least some of the Marquis of Worcester’s
-remarkable Inventions, of which we shall shortly have to treat more at
-large.</p>
-
-<p>On the 18th of September, 1646, the House of Commons “Ordered, That
-the Lady Herbert, wife of the Lord Herbert of Raglan, shall have Mr.
-Speaker’s pass to go into France, only according to the pass given
-her by Sir Thomas Fairfax.”</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Carte,<a href="#Footnote_161" id="FNanchor_161" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> in his life of the Duke of Ormond, incidentally alludes
-to the Marquis of Worcester, as being at Paris a few months before
-March, 1648; he says:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“In 1648, the Duke of Ormond considered the Parliament was grown
-jealous of him, and wanted a pretext to seize his person. He had
-notice likewise given him, that a warrant was actually issued out
-for that purpose, though in breach of the articles.<a href="#Footnote_162" id="FNanchor_162" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> Upon this
-advertisement, he quitted Acton&mdash;ten miles from Bristol, where he was
-then residing,&mdash;and crossing the country to Hastings in Sussex, he took
-shipping for France, and landed happily at Dieppe in Normandy. From
-thence he went in the beginning of March [1648] to Paris, there to wait
-upon the Queen and Prince, and assist with his advice in the present
-conjuncture of affairs, when matters of the greatest consequence, the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span>
-most intricate nature, and the most embroiled circumstances, were
-under their consideration, and resolutions to be taken therein for his
-Majesty’s service:”&mdash;he having just previously escaped from the Isle of
-Wight.</p>
-
-<p>“The Earl of Glamorgan<a href="#Footnote_163" id="FNanchor_163" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> had come to Paris a few months before him,
-recommended by the Nuncio Rinuccini to Cardinal Mazarine, and to the
-Pope’s Nuncio in that place, on account of his attachment to the Holy
-See, though unfortunate in all his undertakings, and not endued with
-that prudence which was necessary to the post he desired. His business
-there was to solicit the Queen to make him Governor of Ireland, but
-he met with so ill a reception at Court, that he soon despaired of
-succeeding. His Lady, to whom the Marquis of Ormond had once made his
-addresses, (before he had hopes of marrying his cousin, and uniting
-the estate of his family) resented the neglect shewed of her Lord, and
-imputed it, as well as his imprisonment at Dublin, to the influence and
-power of the Marquis. She carried her resentment so far, that when he
-waited upon her after his arrival at Paris, and offered to salute her,
-she turned away her face with great disdain. The Marquis thereupon made
-her a reverence, and with great presence of mind, said, ‘Really, Madam,
-this would have troubled me eighteen years ago;’<a href="#Footnote_164" id="FNanchor_164" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> and then went to
-the next, the company present being of his acquaintance, and much
-pleased with what he had said.”</p>
-
-<p>We may here pause to remark that, from the close of the year 1640, when
-the Long Parliament commenced its memorable sittings, the prominent
-events affecting the history of art and science in England are
-comparatively meagre, as might be expected, while the public mind was
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span>
-being perpetually distracted and disturbed not by intestine war alone,
-but also by plague and pestilence in fearful forms.</p>
-
-<p>Of remarkable events of the period we especially notice the fortifying
-of London in 1643, and the delivering up of Charles the First to the
-Parliament by the Scots in January 1647, followed by his execution on
-the 30th of January 1649, the establishment of the Commonwealth on the
-6th of February following, and of the Protectorate under Cromwell in
-1654.</p>
-
-<p>Under the new regime, public taste either was greatly changed, or was
-to be compulsorily directed into new channels, for, in 1647, theatrical
-performances were prohibited, actors were declared rogues and
-vagabonds, and all places usually employed for theatrical performances
-were ordered to be demolished. Such was the narrow-minded and furious
-puritanical zeal of the then governing power.</p>
-
-<p>Charles the Second held his Court at Paris, where alone the Marquis
-of Worcester associated with the libertine monarch; at least no
-circumstance occurs to show that he ever removed with the Court in its
-several changes to Cologne, Bruges, Brussels, and other continental
-towns.</p>
-
-<p>Sir Richard Browne, ambassador at Paris, in his correspondence with
-John Evelyn, when writing from Paris, the 3rd of August, 1648,
-incidentally observes in a postscript:&mdash;“Our Court wants money, and
-lives very quietly at St. Germains: where no peer appears but my Lord
-Jermin. The Marquis of Worcester, the Lords Digby and Hatton, though
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span>
-yet in France, yet live for the most part in Paris.”<a href="#Footnote_165" id="FNanchor_165" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Marquis had been little more than a year in France, when he
-seems to have written to the exiled King, then at Jersey, for some
-confirmation of his titles; to which request he received the following
-courtly compliments and vain empty promises:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_166" id="FNanchor_166" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord Worcester</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">I am truly sensible of your great merit and sufferings in the service
-of the King my father, and I shall never be wanting to reward and
-encourage as well that kindness to his person as that zeal to his
-service which you have expressed in all your actions, and which I doubt
-not but you will still continue to me. I fear that in this conjuncture
-of time it will not be seasonable for me to grant, nor for you to
-receive the addition of honour you desire; neither can I at this time
-send the order you mention concerning the Garter, but be confident that
-I will in due time give you such satisfaction in these particulars and
-in all other things that you can reasonably expect from me, as shall
-let you see with how much truth and kindness I am</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“Your affectionate friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="margin_bottom">“I do not send the letter to Monsieur Monbrun till I understand more
-particularly from you what the intention of it is, which I do not yet
-well understand.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Jersey, 21/31 of Octob. 1649.<br />
-“For the <span class="smcap">Marquis of Worcester</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p>The Marquis was probably for four or five years a refugee in France,
-intimately associated with the exiled Court; “Paris and indeed all
-France (says Evelyn<a href="#Footnote_167" id="FNanchor_167" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>), being full of loyal fugitives,” in 1650. Many
-vague surmises have originated with different writers to account for
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span>the manner in which he passed his time abroad, all alike fallacious,
-being inconsistent with facts. It is certain that his finances were
-equally straitened with those, not only of the nobility around him,
-but likewise of the King himself. He could have had but few, if any,
-opportunities for leisurely engaging in his usual studies, much less
-for any practical pursuits in experimental natural philosophy. That
-he was not wholly idle, however, we may well conceive; yet it is more
-consistent to suppose that it was a period in his life which he would
-most likely employ to investigate the works of those writers whose
-labours he most affected, rather than engage himself in productions
-which might only add to the danger as well as the difficulties of his
-uncertain journeyings, surrounded as the Court was with political spies.</p>
-
-<p>During the Marquis’s absence on the continent, we proceed to trace the
-progress of events at home.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_161"><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Carte, vol. 2. p. 16.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_162"><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> He had liberty by his articles to stay twelve months in
-England&mdash;but the Parliament was jealous of his doing them a disservice.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_163"><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See Nuncio’s Memoirs, fol. 1818. Ireland, iii. 100.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_164"><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See her Marriage in 1639, page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_165"><a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn. The Editor of the Diary erroneously indexes the
-Marquis as&mdash;“Henry Somerset, &amp;c.,” instead of “Edward Somerset, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_166"><a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_167"><a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn.</p></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_192"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 192]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">AFFAIRS AFFECTING THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s FAMILY, IN RESPECT OF
-WORCESTER HOUSE AND OTHER PROPERTY IN AND NEAR LONDON.</p>
-
-
-<p>Worcester House, in the Strand, was of course early in possession
-of the Parliament, who used it for the state paper and other public
-offices. The mansion had gardens to the water-side.<a href="#Footnote_168" id="FNanchor_168" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> In the reign of
-Henry VIII. it had belonged to the see of Carlisle; it was afterwards
-inhabited by the Earls of Bedford, being then known as Bedford and
-Russell House, from whom it came to the Earls of Worcester, when it
-assumed their name. It also figured as the temporary residence of the
-great Earl of Clarendon,<a href="#Footnote_169" id="FNanchor_169" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> who is represented to have paid for it a
-rental of £500<a href="#Footnote_170" id="FNanchor_170" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> per annum, probably taking it furnished.</p>
-
-<p>On the 21st of April, 1643, the House of Commons had<a href="#Footnote_171" id="FNanchor_171" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> ordered,
-“That the iron seized in Worcester House, be forthwith sold; and the
-proceeds delivered to the collectors in the county of Middlesex,
-appointed by the ordinance for seizing the estates of Papists, and
-notorious malignants; to the end that they may be accountable to the
-Committee for it: And that no Committee, or other person, do grant out
-Warrants for seizing the estates of malignants, without the knowledge
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span>of that Committee; in regard there is an ordinance settled to that
-purpose, and a Committee armed with power for the execution of the said
-Ordinance, in all the points and circumstances hereof.”</p>
-<p>In pursuance of an Ordinance of Parliament,<a href="#Footnote_172" id="FNanchor_172" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> passed the 11th of
-September, 1646, contracts were concluded by the Government with
-various purchasers of houses, stables, sheds and plots of ground, the
-joint property of the Marquis of Worcester and his brother, Sir John
-Somerset, some situated in the parish of Clements Danes in the Strand,
-a part in Drury Lane, and smaller tenements in Fish-Street Hill, Cross
-Lane, and Coppings Court, in the City; together with a house, farm and
-land in Stepney, “alias Stebunheath;” also the manor of Acton, with its
-farm-house, buildings, and 805 acres of land; the whole for the sum of
-£12,584. 12<i>s.</i>&mdash;Nearly half this amount arose from the purchases of
-“William Pennoyer and Richard Hill of London, merchants,” to whom the
-Government was indebted in the sum of £9,402. 5<i>s.</i>&mdash;which was to be
-paid out of such sales of this property, and any amount remaining was
-to bear “interest after the rate of £8. <i>per centum</i> for a year.” And
-they had further the option of claiming any purchases of the property
-not paid for within ten days; so that either out of purchases or by
-forfeitures they were secured for their balance of £3,199. 13<i>s.</i> over
-and above their own purchases.<a href="#Footnote_173" id="FNanchor_173" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-<p>That Worcester House became a depot for the security of treasure seized
-by the Parliament, we learn from a Resolution passed by the Commons<a href="#Footnote_174" id="FNanchor_174" class="fnanchor">
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has [5]">[57]</ins></a>
-on the 10th of January, 1650.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, That Colonel Berksted be, and is hereby, required to appoint
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span>
-four of his soldiers to lodge every night at Worcester House; and four
-other of his soldiers to lodge every night at Guildhall; for the better
-securing the treasuries there, from time to time, as the Treasurers at
-War shall appoint.”</p>
-
-<p>On the 11th of February following, the House,<a href="#Footnote_175" id="FNanchor_175" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> among other business&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That it be referred to the Council of State, to dispose of
-Worcester House, and the yards and gardens thereunto belonging, for the
-best carrying on of the public service of the Commonwealth.”</p>
-
-<p>The Marchioness of Worcester, being deprived of other sources of
-property, petitioned the Parliament in respect to the only likely means
-of obtaining pecuniary consideration. A copy of her petition, being
-a printed folio fly-leaf, probably as then in use for members of the
-House, preserved in the Library of the British Museum, has upon it
-the MS. date “October 1654,” but it is more probable that it was not
-presented to Parliament before the end of 1656 or early in 1657. It is
-as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“To the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and
-Ireland.</p>
-
-<p>“The humble Petition of Margare[t Somerset] Countess of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Sheweth,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“That your Petitioner having been married to Edward, now Earl of
-Worcester, in the year 1639, with a considerable portion, to the value
-of twenty thousand pounds, and not having received out of the whole
-estate but four hundred pounds these nine neares [years], in lieu of
-jointure, fifths, or thirds. Notwithstanding her claim and four years’
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span>attendance: and finding now only <i>Worcester</i> House unsold, and in
-pursuit to discover some other little thing.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent6">“<i>Your Petitioner humbly prayeth your Honours, to
-grant her the benefit of the said House, and such
-other things as may be discovered.</i></p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“And your Petitioner shall ever pray, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Every circumstance connected with this petition acquires interest from
-the peculiar position of the times, and of all parties interested.
-The Marquis of Worcester had rendered himself highly obnoxious to the
-dominant party, he was beyond their power, a recusant and a papist,
-and here was his noble Lady petitioning the Cromwellian Parliament
-in respect to her rights, a papist demanding her fifths at the hands
-of her husband’s bitterest enemies. We need, therefore, offer no
-apology for tracing rather more particularly than might otherwise seem
-requisite, the course pursued in this simple affair.</p>
-
-<p>On Monday, the 30th of March, 1657, Mr. Burton<a href="#Footnote_176" id="FNanchor_176" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> reports from the
-Committee, to whom the Petition of Margaret Countess of Worcester was
-referred;</p>
-
-<p>“A Bill for settling the messuage in the Strand, called Worcester
-House, on Trustees, for the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester, in
-trust, for Margaret, Countess of Worcester, in lieu and satisfaction of
-the arrears of her fifths, was this day read the first time; and, upon
-the question, ordered to be read the second time, on Thursday morning
-next.”</p>
-
-<p>On Saturday, the 2nd of May, 1657.</p>
-
-<p>“The Bill for settling Worcester House upon Margaret Countess of
-Worcester, and some discoveries, in lieu of the arrears of her fifths,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span>was this day read the second time; and, upon the question, committed
-to Mr. Nath. Bacon, Mr. Franc. Bacon, Mr. Burton, and 29 other members,
-to meet on Tuesday next.”</p>
-
-<p>On Friday, the 16th of June, 1657, “a Bill for settling of Worcester
-House upon Christofer Copley, Esquire, and William Hawley, Esquire,
-during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester, and also such monies as
-were due to the said Earl or Margaret his Countess, from Barnaby, Earl
-of Thomond; in trust for the said Countess, was this day read the third
-time.</p>
-
-<p>“The humble petition of Barnaby, Earl of Thomond, was this day read:</p>
-
-<p>“A Proviso was tendered to this Bill, in these words; viz. ‘Provided
-that this shall not impeach or invalid the sale of the Gate-house
-of the said Worcester House, by the trustees appointed for the sale
-thereof.’</p>
-
-<p>“Which was read the first and second time; and, upon the question,
-agreed to be part of the Bill.</p>
-
-<p>“And the said Bill, with the Schedule annexed, being put to the
-question, passed.</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That this Bill be tendered to the Lord Protector, for his
-consent.”</p>
-
-<p>After other business, the Speaker, with the whole House, repaired to
-the Painted Chamber, to present the Bills to his Highness, who gave his
-assent to this, along with other Bills.<a href="#Footnote_177" id="FNanchor_177" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
-
-<p>After much delay, from unexplained postponements and references, it
-was at length, on the 24th of March, 1658&ndash;9, resolved, to agree with
-the Committee’s recommendation.<a href="#Footnote_178" id="FNanchor_178" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> We, therefore, find on the 14th of
-April, 1659,<a href="#Footnote_179" id="FNanchor_179" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> after prayers&mdash;</p>
-
-<p id="Page_197"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 197]</span>
-“Mr. Terill reports from the Grand Committee of the House of
-Grievances, the state of the case, upon the petition of Margaret,
-Countess of Worcester, concerning her interest in Worcester House in
-the Strand.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That Margaret, Countess of Worcester, have the actual
-possession of Worcester House in the Strand delivered up to her on the
-25th day of March next: and that, in the meantime, the rent of £300 be
-paid to her for the said house, for this year, commencing from the 25th
-day of March last, out of the receipt of the Exchequer, half yearly, by
-equal portions, if her interest therein shall so long continue.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the sum of £400 be paid to Margaret, Countess of
-Worcester, or her assignees, out of the receipt of the Exchequer, in
-recompense of all demands for the detaining of Worcester House from her
-since her title thereto, by virtue of the late act of Parliament, until
-the 25th day of March last.</p>
-
-<p>“Sir George Booth, Sir William Wheeler, Mr. Raleigh, Sir William
-Doyley, Mr. Annesley, or any three of them, are appointed a Committee
-to wait on his Highness, the Lord Protector, from this House, to desire
-his Highness to give direction for a Privy-Seal to be issued for the
-payment, as well of £400 allowed to the Countess of Worcester, for her
-recompense of all demands for detaining of Worcester House from her
-since her title thereunto, by the late act of Parliament; as of the
-rent of £300 appointed to be paid to her for this present year, for the
-said house, to end on the 25th of March next.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That it be referred to a Committee, to consider how
-to remove, and where to place, the conveyances, records, and other
-writings, now remaining at Worcester House, so as they may be disposed
-for their safety, and the service of the Commonwealth.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span>
-“A Committee accordingly appointed.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Tuesday, the 19th of April, 1659<a href="#Footnote_180" id="FNanchor_180" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-<p>“Mr. Annesley reports from the Committee appointed to attend his
-Highness about the payment of £400 to the Countess of Worcester, in
-satisfaction of all demands due to her, for the use of Worcester
-House, till the 25th day of March last; and of £300 more for the rent
-of the said house for this present year, to end the 25th day of March
-next; that the Committee had attended his Highness, and acquainted him
-with the Orders of this House in that behalf: that his Highness was
-pleased to give the Committee this answer, That he assured himself the
-House had considered of her interest; and that himself was therewith
-satisfied; and did take notice of the Orders; and would give speedy
-direction for her satisfaction accordingly.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Saturday, August 20th, 1659.<a href="#Footnote_181" id="FNanchor_181" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the sum of £6 by the week shall be paid unto Margaret,
-Countess of Worcester, or her assigns, so long as Worcester House shall
-be made use of by the Commonwealth; to be paid to her, or her assigns,
-out of the contingencies of the Council of State: and the acquittance
-of the said Margaret, Countess of Worcester, testifying the receipt
-thereof, shall be a sufficient discharge in that behalf.</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the Commissioners for removing of obstructions,
-trustees, contractors, and other officers, at Worcester House, do quit
-the said house, as soon as they can conveniently, without prejudice to
-the service of the Commonwealth: and that when the said house shall be
-quitted, that the same shall be settled upon the Countess of Worcester,
-or upon trustees to her use, during the life of Edward, Earl of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span>
-Worcester: And it is “Ordered, That it be referred to a Committee, to
-set out some rooms in Worcester House, for the use of the said Countess
-of Worcester in the meantime: And it is further&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the said Committee do also examine whether it is
-necessary for the Commonwealth to continue to make use of Worcester
-House for the service of the Commonwealth; or whether it be best to
-take some other course for the accommodation of the said Commissioners,
-&amp;c. at Worcester House, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Wednesday, 14th March, 1659. Afternoon.<a href="#Footnote_182" id="FNanchor_182" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
-
-<p>“An act for settling Worcester House in the Strand upon trustees, for
-the use of Margaret, Countess of Worcester, during the life of Edward,
-Earl of Worcester; and also such monies as are due to the said Earl or
-Countess, from Barnaby, Earl of Thomond, was this day read the first
-time.</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the pension of six pounds a week formerly ordered to
-Margaret, Countess of Worcester, be continued until the Parliament
-take further order; and that the same be forthwith paid, with all
-arrears thereof, from the time of the granting thereof unto her the
-said Margaret, Countess of Worcester, or her assigns, out of the
-contingencies of the Council of State: And that the Council of State
-be, and are hereby, authorized and required forthwith to pay the same,
-accordingly: And that the Council of State be repaid the same money out
-of the public revenue of the Exchequer.</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the possession of Worcester House in the Strand, in the
-county of Middlesex, be forthwith delivered up to Margaret, Countess of
-Worcester: And the Council of State are hereby authorized and required,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span>to take care, that the possession of the said house be delivered up to
-her, or her assigns, accordingly.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Wednesday, 14th March, 1659. Afternoon.<a href="#Footnote_183" id="FNanchor_183" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-<p>“A Bill empowering the trustees for sale of lands forfeited to the
-Commonwealth for treason, to convey Worcester House to trustees in
-trust for Margaret, Countess of Worcester, was this day read the first
-and second time; and, upon the question, passed.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Thus it occupied above two years to obtain anything approaching an
-equitable arrangement of the Countess’ very obvious claim, concluding
-at last with a “pension of six pounds a week,”&mdash;a pension in arrear in
-March, 1659, but to be “continued until the Parliament take further
-order.”</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_168"><a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See engraved view, page <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_169"><a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_170"><a href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Allen’s London.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_171"><a href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. iii. p. 54.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_172"><a href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See “Ordinances of Parliament,” 1641&ndash;46, 4to. Brit. Mus.
-517, K. 11&ndash;36.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_173"><a href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See also Miscellaneous MSS Brit. Mus. No. 5501.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_174"><a href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. pp. 523, 533.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_175"><a href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. pp. 523, 533.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_176"><a href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Burton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_177"><a href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 512, 529, 576.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_178"><a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Burton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_179"><a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[57]</span></a>Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 512, 529, 576.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_180"><a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Page 642.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_181"><a href="#FNanchor_181"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Page 763.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_182"><a href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Page 875.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_183"><a href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Page 876.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_201"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 201]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s SON, AND TWO DAUGHTERS.</p>
-
-
-<p>With a view to giving completeness to the preceding domestic narrative
-(affecting the Marchioness of Worcester, in respect to Worcester
-House), our remarks have extended to the early part of the year 1659,
-thus going some years beyond the time of the Marquis of Worcester’s
-flight to and residence in France.</p>
-
-<p>We come next, in the order of family claimants, to consider the several
-petitions, first of his son, Henry Lord Herbert; and next of his
-daughters, Ladies Anne and Elizabeth.</p>
-
-<p>On Wednesday, the 23rd of April, 1651, the humble petition of Henry,
-Lord Herbert, was read in the House of Commons,<a href="#Footnote_184" id="FNanchor_184" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> when it was&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That it be referred to a Committee, to consider what
-interest the Petitioner hath in any of the lands, late the Earl of
-Worcester’s, settled by Act of Parliament on the Lord General, and
-the value thereof, and to report the whole state of the business to
-the Parliament. And, in case they find the Petitioner hath any good
-title to any of the said lands, that then they bring in a proviso, for
-excepting out of sale, by this Act, so much of the lands of the said
-Earl, now in the power of the Parliament to dispose of, as may be of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span>like value; to be disposed of as the Parliament shall see cause.”</p>
-
-<p>After naming a Committee&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the business of the delinquency of the Lord Herbert of
-Raglan, as to the matter of fact, be referred to this Committee; to
-send to the Commissioners at Goldsmiths’ Hall, for what evidence they
-have against him; and to report the state of the business touching the
-delinquency charged on the said Lord Herbert, to the Parliament.”</p>
-
-<p>This was succeeded, on Wednesday, the 21st of May, 1651,<a href="#Footnote_185" id="FNanchor_185" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> by an
-inquiry into the state of the case of the Lord Herbert of Raglan,
-reported as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Manors and lordships of Tidenham in the county of Gloucester; Chepstow
-Barton, and Hardwick Chepstow, Burgus, and Frythwood, in the county of
-Monmouth; the seigniory of Gower in the county of Glamorgan; by force
-of two several indentures, one of them dated 3º Junii, 3º Caroli, the
-other dated 10º Novembris, 1631, for good and valuable considerations,
-in the said indentures mentioned, were settled upon the Earl of
-Worcester, for and during his life only; the remainder thereof to
-the said Lord Herbert, and the heirs male of his body; with divers
-remainders over; which said lordships and manors are, by Act of this
-present Parliament, settled upon the Lord General Cromwell and his
-heirs; and are of the yearly value of one thousand seven hundred and
-seven pounds, fifteen shillings and two pence.</p>
-
-<p>“And that the manors of Monmouth, Wisham, Pelleny, Purcasseck,
-Trellacks Grange, the demesnes of Grosmond, Skewfreth, and Monmouth,
-Bettus, and Per Lloyd, in the county of Monmouth, the manor of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span>Crookham in the county of Berks, the manor of Kendall in the county
-of Westmorland, the manor of Shopden in the county of Hereford, by
-force of several conveyances thereof made, are settled upon the Earl
-of Worcester, and the heirs males of his body; with divers remainders
-over; all which said manors and lands are forfeited, for treason of the
-said Earl; and are in the power of the Parliament, to settle or dispose
-of; and are of the yearly value of one thousand seven hundred pounds,
-twelve shillings and sixpence.</p>
-
-<table summary="values of various manors">
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="right">£. </td><td class="right"><i>s.</i></td><td class="right"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manors of Monmouth and Wyesham</td>
-    <td class="right">186</td><td class="right"> 0</td><td class="right">10</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Pellenny</td>
-    <td class="right">38 </td><td class="right">18</td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manors of Purcasseck, and Trellecks Grange</td>
-    <td class="right">443</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">8 </td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The demesnes of Grosmont, Skenseth, and Monmouth &nbsp;</td>
-    <td class="right">160</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">Bettus and Per Lloyd</td>
-    <td class="right">110</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Berks.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Crookham</td>
-    <td class="right">392</td><td class="right">6 </td><td class="right">10</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap"><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Westmoreland.">Westmorland.</ins></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Kendal</td>
-    <td class="right">220</td><td class="right">6 </td><td class="right">6 </td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Hereford.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The manor of Shobdon</td>
-    <td class="right underline">150</td><td class="right underline">0 </td><td class="right underline">0 </td></tr>
-<tr><td class="right">Sum &nbsp;</td>
-    <td class="right double_underline">£1700</td><td class="right double_underline">&nbsp;12</td><td class="right double_underline">&nbsp;10</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-
-<p>“Lands disposed of by the Parliament to my Lord General Cromwell, and
-entailed on my Lord Herbert:&mdash;</p>
-
-<table summary="Lands disposed of by the Parliament to my Lord General Cromwell, and entailed on my Lord Herbert">
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Gloucester.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="right">£. </td><td class="right"><i>s.</i></td><td class="right"><i>d.</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The lordship of Tyddenham</td>
-    <td class="right">356</td><td class="right">3 </td><td class="right">&nbsp;11<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The lordships of Chepstow Barton, and Hardwick</td>
-    <td class="right">510</td><td class="right">1 </td><td class="right">10</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">Chepstow Burgus</td>
-    <td class="right">68</td><td class="right">13</td><td class="right">8 </td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">Frithwood, near unto Chepstow, conceived to be equivalent to £100 per annum</td>
-    <td class="right">100</td><td class="right">0 </td><td class="right">0 </td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="center"><span class="smcap">Glamorganshire.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="hanging_indent">The seigniory of Gower</td>
-    <td class="right underline">672</td><td class="right underline">&nbsp;15</td><td class="right underline">9 </td></tr>
-<tr><td class="right">Sum &nbsp;</td>
-    <td class="right double_underline">£1707</td><td class="right double_underline">5</td><td class="right double_underline">2</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-
-<p>“The question being put, That the House do take into debate the
-business of delinquency, concerning the Lord Herbert of Raglan.</p>
-
-<p>“It passed with the negative.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, That it be sent back to the Commissioners for compounding,
-to proceed touching the point of delinquency charged on the Lord
-Herbert of Raglan; and give judgment therein; and to report their
-judgment, and the grounds of it, to the Parliament, forthwith.”</p>
-
-<p>Again, on Thursday, the 30th of October, 1651.<a href="#Footnote_186" id="FNanchor_186" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
-
-<p>“The humble Petition of Henry, Lord Herbert, of Raglan, was this day
-read.</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That this Petition be referred to the former Committee,
-touching the Lord Herbert, to consider of this business; and if they
-find the Petitioner hath just title to the land, to present some lands
-to the Parliament for the Petitioner’s satisfaction, in consideration
-thereof.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_205"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 205]</span>“Ordered, That it be referred to the same Committee, to consider of
-the lands settled upon Mr. Peters, to which the Lady Anne Somerset
-maketh title; and if they find her title thereunto to be just, that
-then the said Committee do present some other lands to be settled upon
-the said Lady, in lieu and satisfaction of her title to those lands.”</p>
-
-<p>And on Friday, the 9th of January, 1651&ndash;2.<a href="#Footnote_187" id="FNanchor_187" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
-
-<p>“Mr. Say reports from the Committee, to whom the business touching
-the Lord Herbert of Raglan was referred, several resolutions of that
-Committee, as followeth:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, That the houses and lands conveyed by Act of Parliament
-unto Mr. Pennoyer and Mr. Hill, were, by indenture, dated 3º Caroli,
-conveyed by Edward, then Earl of Worcester, unto the Petitioner and his
-heirs, after the decease of Edward, now Earl of Worcester, who is but
-tenant for life thereof.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, That the yearly value of the said houses and lands are, and
-were, before the beginning of these wars, £786.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, That it be humbly presented to the Parliament, as the
-opinion of this Committee, That the several manors and lands, the
-inheritance whereof is by this present Parliament settled upon the
-Petitioner and his heirs, and are of the yearly value of £1700; that
-the present possession thereof be granted unto the Petitioner, he
-paying to the trustees for sale of delinquents’ lands, the sum of £800.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, That it be presented to the Parliament, as the opinion
-of this Committee, that the trustees and contractors for sale of
-delinquents’ lands, do convey the said manors and lands to the said
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span>
-Petitioner, during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester; the said
-Petitioner paying to them therefore the said sum of £800.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, by the Parliament, That in satisfaction and discharge of
-the title and claim of the Lord Herbert of Raglan unto the houses and
-lands settled by ordinance of Parliament on Mr. Pennoyer and Mr. Hill,
-the trustees for sale of several lands and estates forfeited to the
-Commonwealth for treason, be authorized and required to convey unto
-the said Lord Herbert of Raglan, and his assigns, all the manors and
-lands, the inheritance whereof is, by this present Parliament, by an
-Act, intituled, An Act for Sale of several Lands and Estates forfeited
-to the Commonwealth for Treason, settled on the said Lord Herbert,
-and his heirs, during the life of Edward, Earl of Worcester; the said
-Lord Herbert paying for the same, to the Treasurers of the receipt,
-the sum of £800. And that the present possession of the said manors
-and lands be thereupon delivered unto the said Lord Herbert: And that
-the Commissioners for compounding be authorized and required, upon
-a certificate of the said Treasurers, to take off the sequestration
-thereof.”</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis’s two daughters were, like their mother-in-law,
-petitioners to Parliament for the restoration of their rights in their
-proportionate share of their father’s property. On the 17th of March,
-1647, after other business before the House of Commons, “The humble
-petition of Anne and Elizabeth, daughters of Edward, Earl of Worcester,
-was read.” And it was ordered, “That this petition be referred to the
-consideration of the Committee, where Mr. Wheeler has the chair.”</p>
-
-<p>On the 9th of July, 1649, after a lapse of two years and a quarter,
-this matter was again before the House, when, “The humble petition of
-the Ladies Anne and Elizabeth, daughters of the Earl of Worcester, was
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span>read:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Whereas, according to an order of the Committee of Lords and Commons
-for sequestrations, of the 17th of March, 1646, the Committees of
-Monmouth, Brecknock, Glamorgan, Gloucester, and Berks, have sent out,
-and assigned, unto the Petitioners, a fifth part of their father’s
-estate in those counties, towards their respective maintenance: It is
-ordered by the Commons assembled in Parliament, That the Petitioners
-shall have and receive the profits of the said fifth part, so allotted
-unto them, from the time of their demand, according to the said order
-of the Lords and Commons, until this House take further order: And
-the several Committees of the said counties are hereby authorized
-and required forthwith to pay the same, or permit the Petitioners to
-receive the same accordingly.”<a href="#Footnote_188" id="FNanchor_188" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
-
-<p>The period from the surrender of Raglan Castle in August, 1646, down
-to the close of 1651, extending over five years, must have been one of
-the most galling and trying nature to the Marquis of Worcester. From a
-state of ease and affluence he was suddenly plunged into a condition
-the most mortifying possible to a noble and independent mind; without
-any other than the barren consolation that his Prince, the Court, and
-men of all ranks shared a similar fate. He did not stand alone, a
-monument of ruin amidst plenty. In September, 1649, Charles the Second
-had quitted the Continent for Jersey, and the next year he arrived
-in Scotland; in 1651, his romantic career in England terminated, and
-in November he was once more in France, without credit, as Clarendon
-asserts, to borrow twenty pistoles.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis’s extensive property in Middlesex and in Wales enabled the
-Government to discharge many heavy claims; but among its claimants,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span>its very good friends, its warmest and most needful supporters had
-first to be considered; while charitable acts, and the asserted claims
-of persons related to recusants, and persons specially proscribed by
-Parliament, and all who were even remotely related to them would have
-to submit to long delays and hard wrung submissions, when the object
-was to obtain the least assistance from an already depressed treasury.</p>
-
-<p>That the Marquis’s wife and family received any assistance whatever,
-through appeals to the Commonwealth Parliament, is significant of the
-high estimation in which he himself must have been held, simply for
-his moral worth, and his not overstrained political bias: marking his
-acts with extreme humanity in war, and good sense in avoiding the risk
-of launching into any of those extraordinary measures, for which the
-late King had granted him the ample powers already considered. Indeed
-the Nuncio,<a href="#Footnote_189" id="FNanchor_189" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> as early as 1646, had correctly estimated his Lordship’s
-character, designating him “an Englishman of a very mild temper.”</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_184"><a href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. p. 565.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_185"><a href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Page 577. The same inquiry also supplied an interesting
-notice of Lord Herbert’s early life.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_186"><a href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. p. 33.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_187"><a href="#FNanchor_187"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Page 67.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_188"><a href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. v. p. 504; vi. p. 256.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_189"><a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p></div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_209"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 209]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">HIS RETURN TO ENGLAND&mdash;IMPRISONMENT, AND LIBERATION&mdash;HIS
-“CENTURY”&mdash;PECUNIARY DIFFICULTIES&mdash;PETITIONS&mdash;AT CHARLES THE SECOND’S
-CORONATION&mdash;LORD HERBERT.</p>
-
-
-<p>We find that in the House of Commons, on the 14th of March, 1648, “The
-persons reported to be banished, and their estates confiscated, being
-fourteen in number, were every one particularly put to the question;”
-when it was resolved, &amp;c. “That Charles Stuart, eldest son of the late
-King, be one of that number; also James Stuart, his second son;” then
-follow the Earls of Bristol, and Newcastle, along with Witherington,
-Digby, Musgrave, Langdale, Greenvill, and Dodington. After which it
-was&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the Earl of Worcester be one other of that number.”
-Likewise were added the names of Winter, Culpepper, Byron, the Duke of
-Buckingham; and finally, “all that have been plotting, designing, or
-assisting, in the Irish rebellion,” shall be proscribed, as enemies and
-traitors to the Commonwealth; and shall “die without mercy, wherever
-they shall be found within the limits of this nation; and their estates
-employed for the use of the Commonwealth.”<a href="#Footnote_190" id="FNanchor_190" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
-
-<p>It appears, on the authority of Dr. White Kennet,<a href="#Footnote_191" id="FNanchor_191" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> the historian,
-that while Charles the Second was a refugee in the Court of France, the
-King of France, Louis XIV., was in himself disposed not only to assist,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span>
-but if possible to restore the royal family of England. His commanding
-minister, the Cardinal Mazarine, however, was always averse to any such
-measure; so that all the exiled prince could do was to send abroad
-his envoys and agents, to solicit for justice and relief, although
-without effect, as the result proved. He sent to England, says Kennet,
-“the noble Marquis of Worcester for private intelligence as well as
-for supplies; but the Marquis was taken up prisoner in London, and
-committed to the Tower in September[?]; where he was threatened with a
-speedy trial, and worse punished with a long confinement.”</p>
-
-<p>We are brought by this circumstance to an interesting period in the
-adventurous life of the Marquis of Worcester. His visit to England was
-every way extraordinary for its boldness or apparent recklessness; as
-he was a marked man, one who could have no reason for expecting to be
-able to conciliate the reigning power, which had already stigmatized
-him as an “enemy and traitor to the Commonwealth,” his estates to be
-confiscated, and himself, wherever taken, doomed to “die without any
-mercy whatever.”</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis’s son sat in the Cromwellian Parliament; Cromwell enjoyed
-the Monmouthshire estates of the Marquis, to the value of £2500
-per annum, and allowed Lord Herbert a pretty liberal income. From
-Edinburgh, Cromwell wrote on the 12th of April, 1651, a letter to his
-wife:&mdash;“My dearest, Beware of my Lord Herbert his resort to your house;
-if he do so may occasion scandal, as if I were bargaining with him:
-indeed be wise; you know my meaning.”<a href="#Footnote_192" id="FNanchor_192" class="fnanchor">[A]</a><a href="#Footnote_193" id="FNanchor_193" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Marquis might have some private object in view, equally with that
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span>of serving his prince, and might have been better assured than history
-determines, that his life, at all events, would be safe. It is stated
-in the History of the Tower,<a href="#Footnote_194" id="FNanchor_194" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> in noticing the Marquis of Worcester
-being added to the number of distinguished persons confined there in
-1652, that the wants and distresses to which he had been subjected on
-the continent had driven him to seek shelter in his own country.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p211.jpg" width="100%" alt="The Tower, Map of London, 1658." />
-BIRD’S-EYE VIEW FROM MAP OF LONDON, 1658.</div>
-
-<p>On the 28th of July, 1652, the House of Commons, immediately after
-prayers, “Resolved, That the Earl of Worcester do stand committed to
-the Tower of London, in order to his trial.” And, “That it be referred
-to the Council of State to consider, in what way the Earl of Worcester
-may be tried, and who hath harboured him; and to consider of all
-circumstances in his business, and to report their opinion thereon to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span>
-the House, on Friday morning next.”</p>
-
-<p>A year later, being on the 29th of August, 1653, Colonel Rous reports
-from the Committee of Petitions, “The most humble Petition of Edward
-Somerset, Earl of Worcester, now prisoner in the Tower.</p>
-
-<p>“As also, the humble Petition of Margaret, Countess of Worcester; which
-were both read.”</p>
-
-<p>Followed, on the 3rd of October, by repetitions of the same report,
-when it was “Resolved that this Petition be laid aside.”</p>
-
-<p>While, on the 5th of October, 1654, one year later, after other
-business, the Earl’s petition was again read, and it was thereon
-“Resolved, That the Earl of Worcester have his liberty for the present
-upon bail, until the Parliament take further order. And that the
-Lieutenant of the Tower do take sufficient bail: And that a Warrant do
-issue under Mr. Speaker’s hand, to that purpose.”<a href="#Footnote_195" id="FNanchor_195" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
-
-<p>In Burton’s highly valuable and interesting Diary of Oliver Cromwell’s
-Parliament, when noticing the foregoing business in respect to the
-Marquis’s petition, it is added:&mdash;“The Petitioner was alleged to be a
-papist, in arms in England, who had headed a party in Ireland, making
-a most dishonourable peace there, and had done many other disservices,
-for which he was excepted from all mercy and pardon; his whole estate
-ordered to be sold, and all such to be banished. Yet, it was urged, he
-was an old man, had lain long in prison, and the small-pox then raging
-under the same roof where he lay. And he had not, as was said, done any
-actions of hostility, but only as a soldier; and in that capacity had
-always shown civilities to the English prisoners and protestants. It
-was, therefore, ordered, that he should be bailed out of prison.”<a href="#Footnote_196" id="FNanchor_196" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
-
-<p id="Page_213"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 213]</span>Consequently he was a close prisoner for at least two years and a
-quarter, assuming that he was then liberated; which is the more likely,
-as we find that a Warrant was given by Cromwell, dated the 26th of
-June, 1655, to pay his Lordship the sum of three pounds a week, for
-his better maintenance.<a href="#Footnote_197" id="FNanchor_197" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> He would be about or verging on 53 years
-of age, and must have suffered very seriously from fatigue, disease,
-and severe mental disquietude, prolonged through at least eight years
-passed in every diversity of honour and disgrace, wealth and poverty,
-high hopes and aspirations, terminating in blank disappointment; he
-thus united in his own person and history the most violent contrasts,
-enough to have broken down and utterly destroyed any enthusiasm less
-than is due to the conscious possession of surpassing mental wealth.
-It would be difficult to find in the voluminous history of scientific
-biography a parallel case of so much self-reliance on the promptings of
-a great and noble mind, under anything like such an unmitigated burden
-of uncontrollable evils, as fell to the share of this extraordinary man
-in the very decline of life, when tired nature seeks calm, repose, and
-competence.</p>
-
-<p>It would seem as if, while still a prisoner, he was treating for
-Vauxhall, where we shall find he was afterwards actively engaged with
-his Water Engine; for Samuel Hartlib, well known from his acquaintance
-with Milton, writes to the Honourable Robert Boyle on the 8th of
-May, 1654, signifying that, the Marquis is buying Vauxhall from Mr.
-Trenchard.<a href="#Footnote_198" id="FNanchor_198" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
-
-<p>The next incident we meet with, of which any record occurs, after his
-enlargement, is a melancholy evidence of his extreme necessities and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span>
-indeed absolute poverty. It consists in the following, taken from the
-original acknowledgment:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_199" id="FNanchor_199" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“Receaved and borrowed of my Honored friend S<sup>r</sup> David Watkins the full
-somme of Twenty pownds sterling w<sup>ch</sup> I faythfully promise to repaye
-at or before the second day of February next ensueing to w<sup>ch</sup> I
-oblige myselfe my Hayre Executor Administrator or assign in a dubble
-somme or forfeiture Witnesse my hand and seale this eight of De: 1655.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Witnessed by <span class="smcap">Lancelot Hodshon</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p>We have thus far traced the career of the Marquis of Worcester from
-youth to manhood; the scholar, husband, father, general of armies, a
-wealthy nobleman, an impoverished exile, in danger of his life by war
-and shipwreck, twice imprisoned, now a freeman, oppressed by pecuniary
-difficulties and earnestly striving against the pressure of his own
-misfortunes and the weight of public prejudice, to which his political
-life and religious persuasion subjected him: sometimes through court
-intrigue, but mostly from the rooted bigotry of those gloomy times.</p>
-
-<p>Whatever interest the history of the life of the Marquis of Worcester
-may derive from other sources, the philosopher will dwell alone with
-delight on that period which divulged the extraordinary inventive
-mental capabilities of such a singular scholar and early man of
-science. He now first produced, as he himself states, his remarkable
-little work, of which the full title runs thus:&mdash;“A century of the
-names and scantlings of such Inventions, as at present I can call to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span>mind to have tried and perfected, which (my former notes being lost)
-I have, at the instance of a powerful friend, endeavoured now, in
-the year 1655, to set these down, in such a way as may sufficiently
-instruct me to put any of them in practice.” That small book, then only
-in manuscript, and not published until eight years afterwards, has
-sealed his fame; for through all time the “Century” will be regarded
-as a great curiosity in scientific literature, for its variety of
-subjects, and its author’s versatility of genius in pursuits then but
-little cultivated.</p>
-
-<p>The first year of his release, appears, therefore, to have been mainly
-distinguished by this valuable contribution, as he says, “at the
-instance of a powerful friend.” We think that that <i>friend</i> was no
-other than Colonel Christopher Coppley, or Copley,<a href="#Footnote_200" id="FNanchor_200" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> who had served
-in the Parliamentary army of the North, under the command of General
-Fairfax; a sufficient reason for the author omitting to particularize
-him by name. That he and the Marquis were, however, on terms of close
-friendship, is evident from the annexed letter;<a href="#Footnote_201" id="FNanchor_201" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> alluding to
-previous kind offices accorded by his “powerful” now his “dear” and his
-“honoured friend.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Dear Friend</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I know not with what face to desire a courtesy from you, since I
-have not yet paid you the five pounds, and the main business so long
-protracted, whereby my reality and kindness should with thankfulness
-appear; for though the least I intend you is to make up the sum already
-promised, to a thousand pounds yearly, or a share amounting to far
-more, which to nominate, before the perfection of the work, were but
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span>an <i>individuum vagum</i>; and, therefore, I defer it, and upon no other
-score. Yet, in this interim, my disappointments are so great as that
-I am forced to beg if you could possibly, either to help me with ten
-pounds to this bearer; or, to make use of the coach, and to go to Mr.
-Clerke, and if he could this day help me to fifty pounds, then to
-pay yourself the five pounds I owe you out of them. Either of these
-will infinitely oblige me. The alderman has taken three days’ time to
-consider of it. Pardon the great troubles I give you, which I doubt not
-but in time to deserve by really appearing,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your most thankful friend,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“28th of March, 1656. To my honoured friend,<br />
-“<span class="smcap">Colonel Christopher Coppley</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p>This epistle the Colonel endorsed, “My Lord of Worcester’s letter about
-my share in his engine.” What was the result of these negociations
-remains untold; but eight months later it would seem that, for some
-reason or other, he entered into a solemn obligation with the Colonel,
-in the terms following:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_202" id="FNanchor_202" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top extra_indent">“I, under written, do confess and acknowledge to have received of
-Colonel Christopher Copley so great civilities and obligations as that
-I do take him into so strict bonds of kindness, as that, if at any time
-the adventure of my life and fortune may bestead him, I do, upon the
-word of a gentleman, and the faith of a Christian, engage myself not
-to stick thereat, but cheerfully to run the same fortune with him. And
-upon the same ties I vow never to deceive or delude him in thought,
-word, or deed; and to declare the truth at all times unto him, using
-neither hyperbole nor equivocation concerning my water-work; or any
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span>
-promise made or to be made between us; which, as I am a gentleman,
-a Christian, and Roman Catholic, I will even keep inviolable, and
-that (if I should do any thing to the contrary), I may appear a most
-dishonest and perjured person; I have signed these with my hand, and
-affixed on them my seal at Stems (?), the 18th day of November, 1656,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">On the 28th of December, 1656, he wrote a short letter to Mr. Secretary
-Thurloe. Politicians have generally supposed that it had reference to
-some great state secret, which he was bargaining to disclose; while,
-how contrary must have been his views is now transparent, from seeing
-what really was the one absorbing subject of his daily meditation,
-arising out of his arduous endeavours to obtain assistance, and to
-carry out the working of his “water-commanding engine.” The letter is
-in every sense remarkable and interesting, both from the mistiness that
-has for so long a time clouded its meaning, and from the circumstances
-under which it was dictated. The Marquis writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_203" id="FNanchor_203" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“28th of December, 1656.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I do confess, that the old saying is, that proffered service is not
-valued, and in that respect I wonder not to have my endeavours so
-little set by. In a word, I am very well pleased to acquiesce, if
-his Highness nor your Honour think me not worthy of one quarter of
-an hour’s audience; yet I must needs say, that if esteemed of, I am
-able to do his Highness more service than any one subject of his three
-nations; and though, after a message by Mr. Noell, and a letter of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span>
-mine delivered by my own hands to Mr. Owng, and as he told me, by
-him to your Honour, I cannot get a time assigned me to wait upon you.
-I here send you a true copy of Don Alonzo, his answer to me, and do
-assure you, that I have in readiness a person whom you yourself will
-confess Don Alonzo cannot except against: so that there only resteth
-needful your approbation. When your Honour shall have read this, and
-the copies of the Don’s letter, I have entreated and enjoined Mr. Noell
-to bring them me back, and in his presence I will burn them, and remain
-silent for the future in anything of this nature, but in all things
-else, your Honour’s most affectionate friend and humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.”<a href="#Footnote_204" id="FNanchor_204" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The noble inventor’s proceedings could have been no secret at Court,
-surrounded by spies of every description to report all his operations;
-and his principal object being one of a large and costly character,
-would be better known for its nature than its construction. It would
-also become known from the manuscript of his Century, copies of
-which seem to have been privately circulated, that his inventions
-extended to improvements in fire-arms, cannon, and general naval and
-military improvements. Now it is not in the least improbable that some
-foreign party or parties communicated with him in reference to some
-particular invention, but particularly his much commended novelty of a
-“water-commanding engine,” while the Marquis might feel it a delicate
-as well as an imprudent act on his part, to make arrangements with
-foreigners before he had confided his secret and rendered it available
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span>in his own country. That his object in desiring an interview with
-Cromwell, or with his haughty Secretary, bore no political cast,
-is next to self-evident, from their perfect indifference to his
-communication; while for any political ends, either would have shown
-some tokens of regard, and not have left the author of the slightest
-thread of interested intelligence craving for a few minutes’ audience.
-Besides, we have the inferential evidence that the communication
-referred to scientific inventions, rather than to political intrigues,
-from the context&mdash;“proffered service is not valued, and in that respect
-(he says) I wonder not to have my endeavours so little set by.” And
-what could those endeavours be, at that particular crisis more than any
-other, but the possible requirement of patronage from the Protector,
-and probably also the Parliament, before committing himself to
-foreigners for that aid which he rightfully considered he would soon
-merit from his countrymen. But he still further says, “I am able to do
-his Highness more service than any one subject of his three nations.”
-Will any one pretend to assume that such language had reference to
-political plottings, of which he possessed the secret knowledge to
-such an extent of national importance, without being either listened
-to, or at once seized and consigned to the dreaded chambers of that
-fortress, from which he had been only three years released? Admit that
-the language is inflated, it still would be very significant if it
-bore at all on the state of public affairs at home or abroad. But its
-true significance may be found in its counterpart in the Dedications
-appended to the first edition of the “Century,” printed in 1663. The
-promise to burn the returned copies of papers, in the presence of Mr.
-Noell, would seem merely another way of showing, that, come what might
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span>of the matter, he would break off all negociations with others than
-his countrymen. The communication can only be read as alluding to one
-subject, and not as introducing anything forced and irrelevant. It
-can only be reconciled as being wholly political, or wholly affecting
-his special scientific engagements. Besides, had it been otherwise,
-it would not have escaped the historian, or some court spy to record
-the wonderful discovery of a plot of frightful magnitude, with all
-particulars. But no plot ever came to light; and the Marquis never did
-Cromwell or the Commonwealth any service beyond anything accomplished
-by the humblest citizen. We must, therefore, for ever abandon the
-opinion of there being any political character attached to this
-supposed mysterious communication.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis of Worcester’s son and heir, Lord Herbert, married Mary,
-Lady Beauchamp, on the 17th of August, 1657. The following certificate
-on a small square piece of parchment is preserved among other family
-documents at Badminton House:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“These are to certifie: It being desired by the p’ties concerned,
-that, Henry Somerset Lord Herbert and Mary Lady Bochampp, both of the
-parish of St. Clements Danes, Middlesex, were Legally married before me
-Richard Powell of Clerkenwell, Middle Sq: one of the Justices for the
-said County, authorized soe to doe by vertue of an Act of Parliam_{t.}
-bearing date the ffower and twentieth day of August 1653. There then
-being pre’te Charles Price and Edward Gibbes, dated this Seaven tenth
-day of August 1657.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Richard Powell.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The Marquis of Worcester’s private affairs were year by year growing
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span>more and more desperate, we continually find him and the Marchioness
-petitioning the Parliament for pecuniary assistance out of the
-confiscated estates. He seems to have been on friendly terms with
-John Lenthall, Speaker of the House of Commons, from whom we find the
-following letter:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_205" id="FNanchor_205" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I will ever acknowledge that your Lordship hath dealt most honourably
-with me, and with all hearti[ness] I will profess that to all; and
-will endeavour to show my thankfulness to your Lordship, and to your
-honourable Lady; and do assure you both that, if I may do you any
-service to my brother speaker, about your business in Parliament, I
-will endeavour my uttermost to act for you. My wife takes your promise
-of half a buck exceeding thankfully, and also some great <i>belles</i> here.
-We shall all endeavour to make a requital; and I shall ever acknowledge
-myself to be</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your Honour’s most humble Servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">John Lenthall</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“8th July, 1659.</p>
-
-
-<p>“I have received from your Lordship 20 marks in full of all your
-Lordship’s fees, which I hereby acknowledge, and acquit your Lordship
-of that and all other demands at this day.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top dated_at_bottom">“To the Right Honourable the
-<br /><span class="smcap">Lord Marquis of Worcester</span>&mdash;these presents.”</p>
-
-
-<p>His manuscript of his wonderful “Century” had been four years written,
-copies passing probably from hand to hand, and himself urging the great
-and noble of the land to patronise his efforts. In the British Museum
-is the only MS. of the Century extant, having on the top of its title
-page the dates “From August y<sup>e</sup> 29th to Sep. y<sup>e</sup> 21st, 1659,” which
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span>may, however, merely refer to the
-date of copying, or to a period granted for lending it. The 88th
-article alludes to a <i>Stamping Engine</i>, while in the printed edition
-this is omitted and a <i>Brazen Head</i> substituted; there are also some
-slight verbal differences; only an abbreviated title page; and no
-dedication.</p>
-
-<p>Among other petitions a rough draft exists of one evidently prepared by
-the Marchioness herself; whether sent or not cannot now be ascertained,
-but of its authenticity as a family record of distress there can be no
-doubt whatever. It is so negligently and imperfectly written, that an
-entire copy cannot be advantageously given. It runs thus:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_206" id="FNanchor_206" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Master Speaker, I beseech you not to stand so much upon an order of
-the House as to forget God Almighty’s precepts, to do as you would be
-done by. Most of the honourable House I conceive have wives, and if
-any of you would be contented his wife should suffer as I do, then
-let me still endure; if otherwise, be pleased to consider me, if not
-according to my sex or quality”&mdash;yet, “in consideration of seven years
-attendance, and millions of court sueings, and my heart almost broken
-with supplications and vain promises to them, and at last instead
-of many thousand pounds,” out of the estates, “all now ending in a
-ruined house, and that but for an uncertain time, not for my own life,
-rather but this poor pittance for his life, who is near three score.”
-She also seems to allude to fever, and the breaking up of his health,
-concluding, “I, therefore, most humbly seek this honourable House to
-make an end of it.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span>We find the Marquis with noble perseverance contending against every
-difficulty, evincing an elasticity of mind that cannot but excite
-surprise.</p>
-
-<p>Writing to the Earl of Lotherdale,<a href="#Footnote_207" id="FNanchor_207" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> he says:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My thrice honourable Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The two predominant powers which reign over my soul, and do chiefly
-guide and govern my actions, are love and gratitude; the one begotten
-in me towards your Lordship by the knowledge I had in the Tower of
-the virtues and excellent parts, the other by a certain and most true
-information of some passages vouchsafed by your Lordship in your
-servant’s behalf, and even in his absence yesterday, before his Majesty
-at Hampton Court. The particulars I set not down, because (?) they
-seemed so obliging to me as that Colonel Charles Groger, telling them
-me but at nine of the clock this night, yet I could not defer till
-morning this most humble acknowledgment; but before I go to rest, as
-a little token of great thankfulness, I promise your Lordship a box,
-with such conveniences and rarities as that which you saw had, and
-though it were presumptuous in me to say, I would give a subject a
-better qualified present than I gave my Sovereign; yet the King must
-pardon an humour I have, never to be contented to produce any invention
-the second time without appearing refined; this doth not also content
-me, but I do likewise engage myself that as soon as with security and
-satisfaction, by Act of Parliament, I may put in practice the greatest
-gift of invention for profit that I ever yet heard of vouchsafed
-to a man, especially so unworthy and ignorant as I am (I mean my
-water-commanding engine). I offer to your Lordship’s disposal the
-accruing benefit of five hundred pounds; and that your Lordship may not
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span>
-think it improbable to rise thence, I beseech you to vouchsafe to read
-over, but to keep it to yourself, this enclosed, which shall be made
-good to a tittle by me,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Your Lordship’s most really affectionate</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">“and ever obliged servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Saturday night, 26th of January, 1660, be therefore pleased to pardon the scribbling,
-and regard but my real meaning. For the <span class="smcap">Right Hon. the Earl of Lotherdale</span>, &amp;c. these.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">(<i>Copy of the enclosure.</i>)</p>
-
-<p>“The name and the truly significant definition of a most admirable and
-most stupendous invention, through the providential dispensation of the
-Almighty God’s infinite mercy and goodness, found out, and perfected
-by the sole expenses, ingenuity, knowledge, and mathematical insight
-of the Right Hon. Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, and by his
-Lordship deservedly termed, and pithily defined to be&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“An Imperial, or a Water-commanding Engine, boundless for height and
-quantity, and requiring no external, nor even additional help, or force
-to be set, or continued in motion, but what intrinsically is afforded
-from its own operation, nor yet the twentieth part thereof, and the
-engine consisteth of these following particulars:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“1. A perfect counterpoise for what quantity of water soever.</p>
-
-<p>“2. A perfect countervail for what height soever it is to be brought
-unto.</p>
-
-<p>“3. A primum mobile, commanding both height and quantity,
-regulator-wise.</p>
-
-<p>“4. A vice-gerent, or countervail, supplying the place, and performing
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span>
-the full force of man, wind, beast, or mill.</p>
-
-<p>“5. A holme, or stern, with bit and reins, wherewith any child may
-guide, order, and control the whole operation.</p>
-
-<p>“6. A particular magazine for water, according to the intended height
-and quantity.</p>
-
-<p>“7. An aqueduct, capable of any intended quantity, or height of water.</p>
-
-<p>“8. A place for the original fountain, or even river, to run into,
-and naturally of its own accord to incorporate itself with the rising
-water, and at the very bottom of the same aqueduct, though never so big
-or high.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">This communication affords the earliest distinct reference to the
-Water-commanding Engine, and renders it reasonable to suppose that
-similar written copies of the “Definition” were in circulation at the
-same period, if not earlier.</p>
-
-<p>The letter itself is peculiarly interesting for the insight it gives
-us into a distinguishing trait in his mental constitution, when
-he observes:&mdash;“a humour I have, never to be contented to produce
-any invention the <i>second</i> time <i>without appearing refined</i>.” He
-seems to have had no idea of cessation in invention. It was in this
-self-same spirit that he dedicated his “Century” to the Houses
-of Parliament:&mdash;“The more you shall be pleased to make use of my
-inventions, the more inventive shall you ever find me, one invention
-begetting still another.”</p>
-
-<p>It is rather remarkable that, with this exception, his inventions are
-never named either in his own or his family’s correspondence; indeed
-the latter may have considered the circumstance as more marking his
-misfortune, than calculated to bring him enduring fame.</p>
-
-<p>The death of Cromwell, the short reign of his son, and the proclamation
-of Charles the Second on the 8th of May, 1660, followed by his
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span>triumphal entry into the metropolis on his birth-day, the 29th of
-the same month, must have had their influence on the Marquis in his
-most distressing condition. He was, no doubt, one among the privileged
-to congratulate his Majesty in private, at Whitehall, while bonfires
-blazed, fireworks glared, and cannon roared; what conflicting emotions
-must have revelled in his own breast, broken down as he was by
-disasters on every hand, which through more than thirteen years he had
-borne with magnanimous fortitude.</p>
-
-<p>His son, Lord Herbert, resided at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, but
-being in London, on his way to Dover, after the proclamation, he wrote
-to his wife, as follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_208" id="FNanchor_208" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Dear Heart</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“We have this night received our instructions, and to-morrow begin
-our journey towards the King, whom we are commanded to acquaint with
-what great joy and acclamation he was here proclaimed; and to let him
-know that the Parliament hath enjoined all ministers in England and
-Ireland to pray for him, the Duke of York, and the rest of the Royal
-progeny; and ordered that the Arms of the Commonwealth, wherever they
-are standing, be taken down, and that his Majesty’s be set in the
-place. We are further to beseech his Majesty to return with speed to
-his dominions and government; and finally, to acquaint him that the
-Parliament hath given order to the Admiral to obey his commands with
-the navy, and to desire that he will please to signify to us when and
-where he will land, and whether he will come from Dover by land, or to
-London by water; where lodged, and how his pleasure is to be received.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_227"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 227]</span>“I hope we shall soon return with him we go for, and so have nothing
-wanting for my particular satisfaction (as when he is here, there will
-not be to the general). I desire you would begin and come this way some
-time next week, that I may find you here at my return, in order to
-which I have given order that lodgings, such as can be found, be taken,
-where you may be till you can choose yourself a house to your mind, for
-I cannot be anywhere with my contentment without you,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your most affectionate husband,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“London, the 9th of May.”</p>
-
-
-<p>Charles the Second had not been many days on the throne, when the
-Marquis of Worcester wrote a long letter to Lord Clarendon,<a href="#Footnote_209" id="FNanchor_209" class="fnanchor">[* 26]</a>
-explanatory of his instructions from his late Majesty, and the powers
-he granted to him to negotiate with the Irish Roman Catholics. It
-very fully and lucidly explains the whole of that affair, showing how
-completely he was in the King’s confidence; and it was, no doubt,
-written to answer all doubts that his Lordship might entertain. It
-bears internal evidence of coming from a strictly conscientious
-character, and its truthfulness has never been disproved.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“The Marquis of Worcester (late Earl of Glamorgan), to the Earl of
-Clarendon.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord Chancellor</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“For his Majesty’s better information, through your favour, and by
-the channel of your Lordship’s understanding things rightly, give me
-leave to acquaint you with one chief key, wherewith to open the secret
-passages between his late Majesty and myself, in order to his service;
-which was no other than a real exposing of myself to any expense or
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span>
-difficulty, rather than his just design should not take place; or,
-in taking effect, that his honour should suffer. An effect, you may
-justly say, relishing more of a passionate and blind affection to his
-Majesty’s service, than of discretion and care of myself. This made
-me take a resolution that he should have seemed angry with me at my
-return out of Ireland, until I had brought him into a posture and power
-to own his commands, to make good his instructions, and to reward my
-faithfulness and zeal therein.</p>
-
-<p>“Your Lordship may well wonder, and the King too, at the amplitude
-of my commission. But when you have understood the height of his
-Majesty’s design you will soon be satisfied that nothing less could
-have made me capable to effect it; being that one army of ten thousand
-men was to have come out of Ireland through North Wales; another, of
-a like number at least, under my command-in-chief, have expected my
-return in South Wales, which Sir Henry Gage was to have commanded as
-Lieutenant-General; and a third should have consisted of a matter of
-six thousand men, two thousand of which were to have been Liegois,
-commanded by Sir Francis Edmonds, two thousand Lorrainers to have been
-commanded by Colonel Browne, and two thousand of such English, French,
-Scots, and Irish as could be drawn out of Flanders and Holland. And the
-six thousand were to have been, by the Prince of Orange’s assistance,
-in the associated counties; and the Governor of Lyne, cousin-german to
-Major Bacon, major of my own regiment, was to have delivered the town
-unto them.</p>
-
-<p>“The maintenance of this army of foreigners was to have come from
-the Pope and such Catholic Princes as he should draw into it, having
-engaged to afford and procure £30,000 a month; out of which the foreign
-army was first to be provided for; and the remainder to be divided
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span>
-among other armies. And for this purpose had I power to treat with
-the Pope and Catholic Princes, with particular advantages promised
-to Catholics, for the quiet enjoying their religion, without the
-penalties which the statutes in force had power to inflict upon them.
-And my instructions for this purpose, and my powers to conclude and
-treat thereupon, were signed by the King under his pocket signet,
-with blanks for me to put in the names of Pope or Princes, to the end
-the King might have a starting hole to deny the having given me such
-commissions, if excepted against by his own subjects; leaving me as it
-were at stake, who for his Majesty’s sake was willing to undergo it,
-trusting to his word alone.</p>
-
-<p>“In like manner did I not stick upon having this Commission inrolled or
-assented unto by his Council, nor indeed the seal to be put upon it in
-an ordinary manner, but as Mr. Endymion Porter<a href="#Footnote_210" id="FNanchor_210" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> and I could perform
-it, with rollers and no screw-press.</p>
-
-<p>“One thing I beseech your Lordship to observe, that though I had power
-by it to erect a mint any where, and to dispose of his Majesty’s
-revenues and delinquents’ estates, yet I never did either to the value
-of a farthing, notwithstanding my own necessities, acknowledging that
-the intention of those powers given me, was to make use of them when
-the armies should be afoot; which design being broken by my commitment
-in Ireland, I made no use of those powers; and consequently, repaying
-now whatever was disbursed by any for patents of honour, as now I am
-contented to do, it will evidently appear that nothing hath stuck to my
-fingers, in order to benefit or self-interest; which I humbly submit
-to his Majesty’s princely consideration, and the management of my
-concerns therein to your Lordship’s grave judgment, and to the care of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span>
-me, which your Lordship was pleased to own was recommended unto you
-by the late King, my most gracious Master, of glorious memory: And the
-continuance thereof is most humbly implored and begged by me, who am
-really and freely at your Lordship’s disposal, first, in order to his
-Majesty’s service, and next to the approving myself,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“My Lord,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Lordship’s most really affectionate,</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“and most humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“June, 11th, 1660.”</p>
-
-
-<p>Within a fortnight after writing this letter, no doubt encouraged by
-the Lord Chancellor’s reception of it, he petitioned the Crown as
-follows:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_211" id="FNanchor_211" class="fnanchor">[M]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">To his most excellent Majesty</span>, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The most humble petition of Edward Somerset, Earl and Marquis of
-Worcester, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_231"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 231]</span>“Sheweth,&mdash;That your Petitioner’s father and himself, having in ready
-money expended incomparably more for the service of the Crown than any
-subject of England, for which your Petitioner is possessed of sundry
-promises of extraordinary reward and satisfaction, as well under
-the Great Seal of England, as likewise voluntarily under his late
-Majesty the King, your Majesty’s father of blessed memory, his own
-handwriting and private signet set down in a most gracious ample and
-kind manner, it being all that in those necessitous times his Majesty,
-your Petitioner’s most graciously obliging master, could afford or be
-rationally demanded from him, yet in these perhaps may not be so fit
-to be ratified, lest they should draw upon your Petitioner the envy of
-others, and prove prejudicial to your Majesty.</p>
-
-<p>“Your Petitioner, therefore, most willingly layeth all these grants
-and promises to his father, or to your Majesty’s Petitioner made (as
-far as they concern himself) at your Majesty’s feet, without any
-the least capitulation, expecting no more in his own behalf for his
-loyalty therein than that your Majesty will be graciously pleased (in
-consideration of his dutiful zeal thereby manifested) effectually and
-through your Majesty’s innate and transcending goodness, feelingly
-to recommend to your Majesty’s most dutiful Houses of Parliament
-the speedy re-investing of your Petitioner in his due and proper
-estate, according unto the laws of the land, and so by your Majesty’s
-most gracious assistance, this his Petition of right (as he humbly
-conceives) shall be by your Petitioner most really acknowledged as a
-grant of favour and remunerating grace from your sacred Majesty.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“And he shall ever pray,” &amp;c.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The Marquis, in November, 1660, signed what appears to be a circular
-note to certain of his creditors, of which the following is one
-written in an official hand, but concludes, “Your most humble servant,
-Worcester,” in his own handwriting:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Madame</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Those Commissioners whom I have appoynted to take care of my
-affayres are now enquiringe into ye state of my debts, and I have
-given directions to the bearer to wayte upon you and receive your
-propositions about what is due unto you from him who is,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Madame,<span class="ml30">Your most humble servant,</span></p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“November 22, 1660.”</p>
-
-
-<p>Mr. Secretary Nicholas, writing to Sir Henry Bennet, 3rd of January,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span>1660, states: “The King joins the Queen and Princess at Guildford,
-and in two days they go to Portsmouth. On New Year’s day, the ceremony
-of christening the young Earl of Cambridge&mdash;for this is to be his
-title&mdash;was performed at Worcester House; the King and Duke of Albemarle
-godfathers; the Queen and Marchioness of Ormond godmothers. The Duke
-and his Duchess then came to Court, and the Queen received them very
-affectionately. The Coronation is deferred to St. George’s day.”<a href="#Footnote_212" id="FNanchor_212" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Lord Bishop of Peterborough,<a href="#Footnote_213" id="FNanchor_213" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> in his ecclesiastical and civil
-register and chronicle of the period, records the following particulars
-in reference to the order of proceedings at the Coronation of Charles
-the Second, April the 23rd, 1661: “The Marquis of Dorchester, the
-Marquis of Worcester, in their robes, with their coronets in their
-hands.”</p>
-
-<p>Then as to the homage paid by the nobles; after the oath given by the
-Archbishop of Canterbury; and other Bishops, saluting the King; among
-others came up the Marquises of Worcester and Dorchester.</p>
-
-<p>That even at the Restoration the Marquis’s religion presented some
-obstacles to his progress may be inferred from the resolution of
-the House of Lords, that the indulgence to be granted to the Roman
-Catholics should not be extended to the Jesuits. Whereupon that Society
-drew up a paper, entitled, “Reasons why the Jesuits hope that they
-should partake of the favours shown to other priests, in taking away
-the sanguinary laws.” And it is noticed that, “As for noble persons
-who lost great estates, and endured much hardship for his Majesty, the
-late Duchess of Buckingham, the late Marquis of Worcester,<a href="#Footnote_214" id="FNanchor_214" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> and the
-late Earl of Shrewsbury were Penitents of the Society, as other prime
-nobility yet in being.”<a href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span></p>
-
-<p>For some reason or other it now became the son’s lot to be committed
-to the Tower, of which, however, he makes very light, as will be seen
-by his letter to his Lady announcing his position; which, however, has
-no other immediate interest than as making us acquainted with the last
-occurrence of the kind affecting this noble family. He writes:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_215" id="FNanchor_215" class="fnanchor">[P]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Dear</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I have now sent according to your desire to let you know of my being
-safely arrived at London. I was last night examined, and am now in the
-Tower. I have already so well satisfied you of my innocence that I am
-sure my being lodged here cannot fright you, neither can I imagine my
-restraint should be long, for I think I only owe it to my Lordship. I
-desire you would not resolve upon your journey hither till you hear
-further from me, for I hope yet you may lie in, in the country, and not
-have the trouble of any journey to bring us together. If these hopes
-fail me, and that I see myself like to continue longer than I can yet
-fancy, I will let you know it, and send the coach down for your women,
-and (if you think fit) your children to come up in; to whom in the
-meantime I send my blessing, and remain</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your most affectionate husband,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Herbert</span>.</p>
-<p class="smaller continued margin_bottom">“Aug. the 20th.<br />
-“For my dear wife the Lady Herbert.”</p>
-
-
-<p>It does not fall within our province to enter particularly into any
-circumstances relating to Lord Herbert, but it may not be out of place
-to mention here that, he was then about 23 years of age, and had not
-long been constituted Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_190"><a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vi. p. 165.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_191"><a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Kennet.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_192"><a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Cole MSS. Vol. xxxiii. p. 37.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_193"><a href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Carlyle.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_194"><a href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Bayley.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_195"><a href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Jo. H. C. Vol. vii. pp. 309, 373.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_196"><a href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Burton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_197"><a href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_198"><a href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle, Vol. v. p. 264.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_199"><a href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Robert Cole, Esq. had the original receipt lithographed in facsimile.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_200"><a href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_E">Appendix E</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_201"><a href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Walpole. Mr. Bliss’ states that he
-discovered the MS. among the papers of Wm. Wilcox of St. John’s
-College, Oxford.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_202"><a href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MS. collection of the late Dawson Turner, Esq., of Yarmouth.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_203"><a href="#FNanchor_203"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Thurloe’s Papers, Vol. xlv.”&mdash;“Rawl. MS. A. 45.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_204"><a href="#FNanchor_204"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> This letter is dated 28th of December, but might be
-mistaken for 18th. See Thurloe’s Papers.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_205"><a href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_206"><a href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Harleian MS. No. 2428.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_207"><a href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> From MS. collection of the late Dawson Turner, Esq. of
-Yarmouth.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_208"><a href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_209"><a href="#FNanchor_209"><span class="label">[* 26]</span></a> Clarendon, Vol. ii. p. 201.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_210"><a href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> One of the King’s attendants, who had formerly accompanied
-him to Spain. Clayton’s Charles II. Vol. i. p. 136. 1859.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_211"><a href="#FNanchor_211"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Cal. of State Papers, Dom. Series, 1660&ndash;61. Edited by Mrs.
-M. A. E. Green, 8vo. 1860.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_212"><a href="#FNanchor_212"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, Charles II. 1660&ndash;1661,
-Vol. xxviii. p. 466.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_213"><a href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Peterborough.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_214"><a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> Henry Somerset.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_215"><a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_234"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 234]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">HIS PROSPECTS AT THE PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION&mdash;PROCEEDINGS
-IN PARLIAMENT RESPECTING THE PATENT TO CREATE HIM DUKE OF
-SOMERSET&mdash;RECOVERY OF ESTATES, ETC.&mdash;PARLIAMENTARY DUTIES.</p>
-
-
-<p>Charles the Second was only thirty years of age when he ascended
-the throne, the Marquis was verging on sixty. Charles, gay, lively,
-accomplished, and fascinating in his manners, well knew from bitter
-experience the pain of leading a courtly life on straitened means; and
-the Marquis had been too closely associated with him on the continent,
-not to be aware of his exact position then, and his now brilliant
-change of circumstances. The Marquis of Worcester too, was one of those
-happily constituted men who do not grow misanthropic on every fresh
-instance of the world’s ingratitude. His own nobleness and goodness
-of heart found a thousand excuses for the cold, callous, calculating
-society around him; and with his enlarged views, and greatness and
-purity of mind, he never despaired that the day would arrive, when he
-should be able to move at least in ease, if not in plenty. As regarded
-his Majesty, he enjoyed the fullest confidence in his behaving towards
-him with more than ordinary consideration; he might not be able to be
-magnificent, but at the very least he dared not to doubt that the word
-of the King would be realized, who had written to inform him<a href="#Footnote_216" id="FNanchor_216" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>&mdash;“I
-am truly sensible of your great merit and sufferings in the service
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span>of the King my father, and <i>I never shall be wanting</i> to reward and
-encourage as well that kindness to his person as that zeal to his
-service which you have expressed in all your actions.” But he was then
-only nineteen years of age, unseared by the eleven years of profligacy,
-the expiration of which found him on the throne of his ancestors.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis’s political position had been unpopular, making him many
-enemies, which even altered times could not wholly obliterate. It was
-not merely a question whether he was justified in acting in concert
-with the late King, but it was manifestly imprudent and unwise, to say
-the least, his becoming the champion of his church in so dangerous an
-enterprise as that in which he engaged in Ireland. Consequently he
-found comparatively few who sincerely sympathised in his sufferings,
-amidst the crowd of suffering humanity distinguishing those unhappy
-times.</p>
-
-<p>On the 9th of May, 1660, being the day after the King’s proclamation,
-the House of Lords had before them a petition from the Marchioness of
-Worcester,<a href="#Footnote_217" id="FNanchor_217" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> the subject of which was strange enough, being no other
-than to complain “That Colonel Christopher Copley, doth undermine
-Worcester House.” Wherefore it was ordered, “That stop be made to
-further proceedings therein.”</p>
-
-<p>His Lordship early solicited the kind offices of Lord Clarendon,
-offering him gratuitously the use of his mansion in the Strand.<a href="#Footnote_218" id="FNanchor_218" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> He
-says:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord Chancellor</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The world speaks you to be a person of honour, and I know your
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span>Lordship to be so, and that if you say the word your Lordship will
-make good the same. My humble suit, therefore, to your Lordship is,
-but to tell me freely whether you will be my friend in all things
-honourable, just, and fitting; and when I ask of your Lordship anything
-contrary to either of these, then do not only deny it me, but spit in
-my face, having afforded me only patience first to give you my reasons.</p>
-
-<p>“Nothing, I am confident, can set an obstacle to your Lordship’s
-granting me this reasonable request, but an apprehension of the
-obnoxiousness of my religion, as for that, such are my abilities to
-serve not only my Prince but the whole kingdom, that when once known in
-Parliament, and his Majesty looking but as favourably upon me as the
-tenth part of my deserts (pardon me if I say so) doth require, I will
-undertake, within few days, there shall be a vote in the very House
-of Commons to make me capable of any service whereof I may be thought
-worthy. Another Remora doth perhaps forcibly lie in the way, which is
-my son the Lord Herbert’s underhand working by false suggestions; but I
-shall soon blow them over. In a word, if your Lordship please to accept
-of me, I am the most real and affectionate servant, and as a little
-token of it, be pleased to accept of Worcester House to live in, far
-more commodious for your Lordship than where you now are, though not in
-so good reparation; but such as it is, without requiring from you one
-penny rent (yet that only known between your Lordship and me). It is
-during my life at your service, for I am but a tenant in tail; but were
-my interest longer, it should be as readily at your Lordship’s command,
-and I believe I may serve you in some things of ten times the value;
-yet I never desire word or deed from your Lordship other than according
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span>to what I first began with. Be but pleased to deal plainly with me,
-and I desire to show your Lordship in the King’s presence or ... if you
-please, what I intend to produce or say, having had a dearly bought
-experience what it is to trust to Princes alone. So preventing your
-Lordship further trouble, and asking pardon for what I have put your
-Lordship unto, I only desire to receive a verbal answer by this most
-deserving person, Mr. White, my ancient acquaintance, into whose hands
-I would deposit the greatest imaginable treasures untold, and intrust
-the greatest secrets, without other tie than his acceptance of them.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord,</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">“your Lordship’s,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line2">“Most really affectionate and humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“June 9th, 1660.<br />
-“For the Right Honourable the <span class="smcap">Lord Chancellor</span>, present
-these.”<a href="#Footnote_219" id="FNanchor_219" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">It is painful to find the Marquis of Worcester compelled by the
-theological tendencies of that age, to allude in his letter to “the
-obnoxiousness of his religion.” But it is in just accordance with all
-that we have seen of his progress through life, his “having had a
-dearly bought experience what it is to trust to <i>princes alone</i>,”&mdash;that
-is, without witnesses or other sufficient legal evidence. This last
-observation is called forth by his “desire to show” Clarendon, as he
-states&mdash;“what I intend to produce or say.” This might possibly have
-reference to his long written statement of his losses, amounting to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span>
-£918,000, intended for the King’s inspection, if not also to form
-the basis of an address to the House of Lords, as given in the last
-chapter. If this surmise is correct, it would clearly establish how
-severely pressing were his pecuniary affairs, the King having then only
-been eleven days at Whitehall; so early, would it seem, was he a suitor
-for the royal favour.</p>
-
-<p>The House, on the 20th of June,<a href="#Footnote_220" id="FNanchor_220" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> upon the reading of the Marquis’s
-Petition, “That he hath been dispossessed of his estate in the late
-unhappy wars, and hath undergone many pressures in the same,”&mdash;ordered,
-“That he be put into possession of his estate, which is not sold; and
-a stop and stay of waste, and cutting wood upon his land sold; and the
-rents to be stayed in the tenants’ hands; and to have a view of the
-writings and evidences which concern him, which are in the custody of
-the trustees at Drury Lane.”</p>
-
-<p>And further, on the 11th of September,<a href="#Footnote_221" id="FNanchor_221" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> the said order was ratified
-and confirmed, with the exception that, it was not to “extend to any
-manors or lands sold unto or enjoyed by Henry Lord Herbert, son and
-heir apparent of the said Marquis.”</p>
-
-<p>But previously, on the 9th of July,<a href="#Footnote_222" id="FNanchor_222" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> the House of Lords, “Upon
-information given, That Elizabeth Cromwell, widow, the relict of
-Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell, Esquire; and Henry Lord Herbert,
-have many deeds, evidences, and writings belonging to the Lord Marquis
-of Worcester,”&mdash;it was ordered that “all such deeds, evidences,
-conveyances, court-rolls, surveys, patents, fines, recoveries, rentals,
-plates, papers, memorials, and writings, whatsoever,” in their hands,
-should be delivered up unto his Lordship.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_239"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 239]</span>Among other purchasers of his estates under the authority in power, in
-1651, was one Ann Tisser, a widow, whose husband had become possessed
-of the Gatehouse attached to Worcester House. On the 27th of July the
-House had ordered possession to be given up, but Ann Tisser refusing,
-another order was issued on the 20th of August, requiring possession
-within two days, but with no better effect; so, on the 29th, the
-refractory widow “was brought to the Bar, to hear what she can say, why
-she does not deliver up the Gatehouse.” To which she answered, “She
-bought it of the trustees that did sell the Marquis of Worcester’s
-lands in 1651.” Her plea, however, was only met by the House directing
-the Lord Chancellor to inform her, “That the House expected that she
-should deliver up the said Gatehouse forthwith; or else she must
-expect to undergo the displeasure of the House, for contempt of their
-Lordships’ order.” Three days were allowed her to obey this mandate,
-and as we hear no further account of Ann Tisser, she, like many others
-in the same pitiable plight, was doubtless speedily ejected.</p>
-
-<p>In August, 1660, the House of Lords<a href="#Footnote_223" id="FNanchor_223" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> discussed the subject of his
-Patent creating him Duke of Somerset, declared to be in prejudice
-to the Peers; and therefore the following particulars will prove
-interesting, taken in connexion with the copy of this Patent given at
-page 162.</p>
-
-<p>On the 18th of August, “upon information to the House, by the Marquis
-of Hertford, that a patent is granted to the Marquis of Worcester,
-which is a prejudice to the Peers:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p id="Page_240"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 240]</span>“It is Ordered, That the consideration of the said Patent is referred
-to the consideration of these Lords following:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">D. of Gloucester.</p>
-<p>Marq. of Winton.</p>
-<p><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Marq. of Dorcester.">Marq. of Dorchester.</ins></p>
-<p>L. Steward.</p>
-<p>Comes South’ton.</p>
-<p>L. Chamberlain.</p>
-<p>L. Great Chamberlain.</p>
-<p>Comes Derby.</p>
-<p>Comes Portland.</p>
-<p>Comes Peterborough.</p>
-<p>Comes Bolingbrooke.</p>
-<p>Comes Bristol.</p>
-<p>Comes Devon.</p>
-<p>Comes Winchilsea.</p>
-<p>Comes Dorset.</p>
-<p>Comes Scarsdale.</p>
-<p>Comes Berks.</p>
-<p>Comes Rivers.</p>
-<p>Viscount Stafford.</p>
-<p>Viscount Paget.</p>
-<p>Viscount Fynch.</p>
-<p>Viscount Lucas.</p>
-<p>Viscount Arundel.</p>
-<p>Viscount Robertes.</p>
-<p>Viscount Seymour.</p>
-<p>Viscount Mohun.</p>
-<p>Viscount Wharton.</p>
-<p>Vis. Howard de Charlt.</p>
-<p>Viscount Tenham.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Their Lordships, or any five, to meet on Monday next, in the
-afternoon, at 3 of the clock; and to have power to send for such
-persons as they think fit, to give them information concerning this
-business; and to send for the Patent.”</p>
-
-<p>On the 20th of August, it was ordered, “That the Lord Chancellor and
-Mr. Attorney General do attend the Lords Committee, which are to meet
-this afternoon, to advise them, in point of law, concerning the Marquis
-of Worcester’s Patent.”<a href="#Footnote_224" id="FNanchor_224" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> Then on the 23rd of August, the Marquis of
-Dorchester reports from the Committee, “That the Marquis of Worcester
-confessed to their Lordships, that a Patent was made, and left in
-his hands, by the King, to create him Duke of Somerset, upon certain
-conditions, which never yet were performed; that he made no use of it;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span>
-that the said Patent is in the hands of his son the Lord Herbert; and
-his Lordship is willing to deliver it up to his Majesty.”</p>
-
-<p>A message was sent to the House of Commons, by Justice Tyrrell and
-Justice Turner:</p>
-
-<p>“To let them know, that the Marquis of Worcester hath acknowledged that
-the Patent of the Dukedom of Somerset was made to him upon conditions
-on his part to be performed, which he hath not performed; and that
-therefore he hath not assumed the place or title, and is willing to
-submit it to be surrendered, or otherwise disposed, as the King should
-appoint; but that it is in the hands of his son the Lord Herbert, who
-is a member of the House of Commons; and therefore to desire that the
-Lord Herbert may deliver it up to the Marquis of Worcester.”<a href="#Footnote_225" id="FNanchor_225" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> Then it
-was on the&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>1st of September, “Ordered, That the Committee formerly appointed to
-examine the business concerning the Marquis of Worcester’s patent do
-meet on Monday next, in the afternoon, peremptorily: And these Lords
-following are added to that Committee:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Comes Bristol.</p>
-<p>Comes Bridgwater.</p>
-<p>Comes Clare.</p>
-<p>Viscount Montagu.</p>
-<p>Viscount Maynard.</p>
-<p>Viscount Petre.</p>
-<p>Viscount Culpepper.</p>
-<p>Viscount Clifford.</p>
-<p>Viscount Craven.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“The Marquis of Worcester is to have notice hereof; and if his Lordship
-be not present in the House on Monday morning, then witnesses are to be
-examined upon oath in the business, by the Committee.”<a href="#Footnote_226" id="FNanchor_226" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
-
-<p>On the 1st of September it was “Ordered, That the said Committee do
-meet on Monday next in the Prince’s lodgings;” but in repeating the
-names the Earl of Bristol was omitted.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_242"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 242]</span>On the 3rd of September, the Lord Arundel of Warder signified to the
-House, “That the Marquis of Worcester hath delivered up the patent to
-his Majesty, for the Dukedom of Somerset.” When it was&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, That the same Committee prepare a Bill, that all patents and
-grants obtained since the beginning of the late wars shall be brought
-within a short time to be limited, or else the same to be vacated.”</p>
-
-<p>In consequence of this order, on the 5th of September, Lord Roberts
-reported the Draught of a Bill for bringing in of grants and patents,
-which was twice read and committed; and being read a third time on the
-6th, it was duly passed.</p>
-
-<p>It is very humiliating to find the Marquis of Worcester stripped, not
-only of his great wealth, but of even empty titles; and this latter act
-not by professed enemies, but through his peers conjointly with his
-very sovereign! There is something so utterly contemptible in the whole
-proceedings, which deprive without substitution, and sap the wealth of
-any man without an adequate effort at remedial measures, that we feel
-perplexed how to account for treatment so heartless and discreditable;
-whether considered in reference to Charles the First, or his son and
-successor, or the reformed Parliament. In all the relations of private
-life the conduct of Charles the First was as commendable as that of
-his son was reprehensible; and if Charles the Second had viewed the
-Marquis’s case only in respect to his father’s private debts, he must
-have felt bound in honour and in common gratitude to assist and uphold
-the Marquis of Worcester in every way and by every means consistent
-with existing circumstances. It is true that his property was restored
-along with the very deeds held by Cromwell, but his Castle was an
-untenantable ruin, and his estates denuded of their wood; so that
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span>without fortune, and in debt, his possessions were almost valueless.
-Besides, the Marquis was remarkably modest and fastidiously considerate
-in all he urged; yet he sought royal patronage in vain, for the gay
-monarch was not to be won from his levity by the philosopher’s most
-plausible petitions.</p>
-
-<p>On the 14th of December, 1661, Lord Herbert and other members brought
-a message to the Lords, with several Bills, one being “An Act for
-confirming the Marquis of Hertford to the Dukedom of Somerset,” which
-had passed the House of Commons; and on the 17th, having then been read
-a third time, it also passed the House of Lords.</p>
-
-<p>As Courthope<a href="#Footnote_227" id="FNanchor_227" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> observes, although the Marquis of Worcester thus
-resigned his claim on the Dukedom of Somerset he still retained the
-titles of Earl of Glamorgan and Baron Beaufort, as will be seen
-hereafter in the copy given of his funeral certificate.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis seems to have attended the House of Lords for the first
-time after the Restoration, on the 13th of June, 1660, continuing
-very regularly for some months. The only others of his rank were the
-Marquises of Winton, Hertford, Dorchester, and Newcastle, and later,
-the Marquis of Winchester, seldom more than one or two of these being
-present on the same occasion. Between this date and the 30th of August,
-he sat in the House on thirty-seven days. Then after an absence of more
-than two months he is again present on the 6th of November, from which
-to the 24th of December he attended twenty-five meetings, the King
-being in the chair on the last occasion. He was not again in his place
-until the 29th, when his Majesty in person adjourned the House; which,
-meeting again on the 8th of May, “his Majesty, being arrayed in his
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span>regal robes with his crown on his head, ascended his seat of state,
-the Peers being in their robes. On the right hand of his Majesty stood
-the Lord Great Chamberlain of England, the Marquis of Winton, bearing
-the cap of state, and on his left hand stood the Earl of Brecknock,
-Lord Steward of his Majesty’s household, bearing the sword.</p>
-
-<p>“And the Commons being below the bar, his Majesty made a short speech,
-declaring the cause and the reasons for his summoning this present
-Parliament.”</p>
-
-<p>In all this august assembly the Marquis of Worcester, robed as were
-the other Peers, claims our special notice. He sat there in strange
-contrast with that gorgeous company, and the formalities which marked
-every process of action or language. Was it possible for him to be too
-expectant, seeing what he then saw and hearing what he then heard? Here
-was one who was no obscure individual, no questionable professor, or
-undeserved claimant on the patronage and smallest available favours
-often solicited by him from the crowned monarch in whose presence he
-then sat.</p>
-
-<p>We again miss his attendance until the 11th of May, and the 8th of
-June, from which time he attended twenty-nine meetings, the last being
-on the 30th July, when his Majesty in person adjourned the House, and
-again recalled it on the 20th November, when the Marquis was present,
-as before.</p>
-
-<p>He again attended in his place on the 26th of November, 1661, from
-which time to the 17th of May, when Parliament was prorogued, until
-the 18th of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Feburary">February</ins>, 1662, he attended thirty-two meetings with much
-irregularity, being on one occasion absent for above a month; and he
-did not appear on the re-opening of Parliament, when the House being
-called, he was declared absent; wherefore, it would seem he attended on
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span>the next meeting of the House, on the 25th of the same month, when he
-was elected one of a Committee to report on Petitions, occasioning his
-further more regular attendance.</p>
-
-<p>These particulars satisfactorily show his residence in or near London,
-while they likewise account for the nature of a large share of the
-employments that then engaged his active mind. But a change in the
-Government had brought him little if any alleviation in a pecuniary
-point of view, for on the 2nd of July, 1661, his petition was read in
-the House of Peers,<a href="#Footnote_228" id="FNanchor_228" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> showing “That he having contracted many debts in
-the service of his late Majesty’s wars, and some of his creditors have
-obtained judgments against his estate, and are now extending his lands,
-being contrary to the privilege of Parliament, he being a Peer of this
-Realm.</p>
-
-<p>“It is Ordered, That there shall be no further proceedings, by any of
-the Marquis of Worcester’s said creditors, against him, during the time
-of the privilege of this Parliament: And hereof all counsel, attornies,
-and solicitors herein employed, or to be employed, are to take notice,
-and yield obedience to this Order, as the contrary will be answered to
-this House.”</p>
-
-<p>And as affecting his property, on the 7th of August, 1660, he had
-leave granted him by the House to bring in a Bill,<a href="#Footnote_229" id="FNanchor_229" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> “for restoring
-him to his estate, as other Lords have.” Accordingly, on the 13th of
-that month an Act for the same was read. But in consequence of the
-petitions of certain creditors, his Lordship had leave granted him on
-the 28th of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Feburary">February</ins>, 1661&ndash;2, to withdraw his Bill; and on the 10th of
-March following he brought forward an amended Bill, entitled&mdash;“An Act
-on the behalf of Edward, Marquis of Worcester, and of the creditors
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span>of the said Marquis, for vesting and settling upon the feoffees, in
-trust, certain manors, lands, and tenements, for payment of the debts
-of the said Marquis.” In fact, the estates were heavily encumbered,
-the petitioners, among others, alleging, that “They have bought lands
-and houses of the Marquis of Worcester, for which they have as good
-assurances as the law can give;” and being heard by counsel at the bar
-of the House, they succeeded in their object, as just stated.</p>
-
-<p>It was in the midst of such distractions as these Parliamentary details
-serve to illustrate, that this talented inventor and noble benefactor
-to his species, had to maintain his social position; and at the same
-time, struggle to convince a bigoted age that he was master of a power
-of such magnitude for the abridging of human labour, as the mind of man
-had never before conceived.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_216"><a href="#FNanchor_216"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_217"><a href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 19.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_218"><a href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Clarendon.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_219"><a href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The Lord Chancellor was at this time occupying Dorset
-House, in Salisbury Court, once the residence of the Bishops of
-Salisbury, one of whom alienated it to the Sackville family.
-</p>
-<p>
-Notwithstanding this offer (free of rent), it is stated by Lord
-Clarendon, that he paid for Worcester House a yearly rent of £500. (T.
-H. Lister’s Life of Edward, first Earl of Clarendon.)</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_220"><a href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. pages 70 and 302.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_221"><a href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Ibid. Vol. xi.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_222"><a href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Ibid. p. 85.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_223"><a href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 133.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_224"><a href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 135.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_225"><a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, 1660. 12 Car. II.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_226"><a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Ibid. p. 152.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_227"><a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Nicholas.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_228"><a href="#FNanchor_228"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 296.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_229"><a href="#FNanchor_229"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Ibid, pages 119, 125, 149, 150, 348, 386, 393, 395.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_247"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 247]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">HIS INVENTIONS&mdash;FURTHER PETITIONS&mdash;PUBLICATION OF HIS CENTURY&mdash;CHARLES
-II. VISITS HIS SON AT BADMINTON&mdash;WORCESTER HOUSE, STRAND.</p>
-
-
-<p>The preamble of an Act for awarding £60,000 to poor cavaliers sets
-forth, that “Whereas there was a loyal party which through all hazard
-and extremities in the defence of the King’s person, crown, and
-dignity, the rights and privileges of Parliament, the religion, laws,
-and honour of the English nation, did bear arms by command of his
-late Majesty of ever blessed memory, according to their duty, and the
-known laws of this land, and did with an unwearied courage, faith,
-and constancy, with their lives and fortunes, oppose the barbarous
-rebellion raised against his most excellent Majesty in the year
-1642, &amp;c. &amp;c.”<a href="#Footnote_230" id="FNanchor_230" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> But means so inadequate could really benefit few,
-particularly so large a claimant as the Marquis of Worcester, who had
-sacrificed more than fifteen times the whole amount of that fund.</p>
-
-<p>And although he received back a large portion of his estates, the very
-deeds held by Cromwell being at this day in the family’s possession,
-his own debts had accumulated to a most ruinous extent, less from
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span>
-improvidence on his own part, than from the precarious course of life
-his necessities had obliged him to lead, especially during the last ten
-or twelve years.</p>
-
-<p>But his indomitable spirit rose superior to every calamity, whether
-public or private, and we find him in the midst of all his personal
-grievances having a patent sealed on the 15th of November, 1661, for
-four several inventions; 1. a watch or clock; 2. guns or pistols; 3. an
-engine applicable for giving security to a coach; and 4. a boat to sail
-against wind and tide. No description is afforded to guide the mechanic
-in constructing such inventions, being a mere statement of their nature
-and properties, as detailed probably in the first written copy of the
-<i>Century</i> in 1655, and still preserved in the printed edition. There
-is not the slightest connection between these inventions, and their
-incongruity would rather dishearten than encourage modern enterprise,
-variety of employments being contrary to the proverbial recommendation
-of all traders. It may be as well, therefore, to remark that this brief
-and strange assemblage of inventions in the same inventor, and in his
-single patent, was customary long before and after this period; so
-that, considered in this respect alone, the circumstance wore no air
-of singularity in the 17th century. Nothing occurs to throw the least
-light on the effect of this first publication of these inventions, we
-are consequently led to suppose that they proved of but little value
-to him, as regarded watches or firearms; and in respect to coaches and
-paddle-boats we should certainly have heard more about them had the one
-perambulated the streets or the other sailed on the Thames.</p>
-
-<p>He appears, previous to his patent, probably immediately after his
-release from the Tower, to have circulated a written statement of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span>
-such of his inventions as he conceived most likely to attract public
-notice. In the Library of the British Museum<a href="#Footnote_231" id="FNanchor_231" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> there is a small
-quarto half sheet of paper, closely written on both sides in a clerk’s
-hand, bearing the title of “Inventions of y<sup>e</sup> Earle of Worcest<sup>r</sup>,”
-enumerating eight subjects, viz. improvements in a watch, vessel,
-artificial bird, hour ball, coach engine, raising weights, raising
-water, and to stay motion.<a href="#Footnote_232" id="FNanchor_232" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-<p>A matter of slight consequence at the time makes us acquainted with
-a small matter passing in reference to the recovered estates. Sir
-Robert Mason writing, on the 10th of November, 1661, to Mr. Secretary
-Nicholas, states that the person whom he has taken into custody is
-Edward Herbert, late of the Grange, near Magor, Monmouth, where he
-was Cromwell’s tenant of part of the Marquis of Worcester’s estate;
-but since the Marquis had power to recover it, he retired to Bristol.
-He further says, that he was Cromwell’s right hand, and is an
-Independent.<a href="#Footnote_233" id="FNanchor_233" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Marquis of Worcester must have been very fully occupied at this
-time, with the various incidents portending a change in his domestic
-affairs, yet he appears never to have forgotten, or considered it any
-trouble, to assist and relieve the necessities of others. In this
-humane spirit we find him addressing two long letters to the Secretary
-of State, the first in respect to Captain William Foster, a prisoner in
-the Tower; the other relating to the Captain’s servant. They derive a
-further interest from the allusion he makes to his own former captivity
-in the same fortress:&mdash;<a href="#Footnote_234" id="FNanchor_234" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top" id="Page_250"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 250]</span>
-“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Though I bear as great a reverence to the Act of Oblivion as any,
-yet methinks justice also requires it at my hands to make a great
-difference between those who in their then actings carried a respect
-and afforded kindness to us their poor prisoners for his Majesty’s
-cause; I think myself therefore bound in honour and gratitude to
-give such a testimony in Captain William Foster’s behalf to my own
-knowledge, and was an eye-witness thereof to the very saving some
-prisoners of quality and merit [from?] their greatest hazards, who I
-believe (if they were in town, or present with you) would not deny it:
-the favour he only begs, and I in his behalf, is, that upon sufficient
-bail, he may follow his own calling, and provide for many children of
-his wife’s relict, of one once a soldier for his Majesty; and some
-little ones of his own, now by her ever a most Lady Cavalier. And if my
-intercession may be of stead to him, and of value to you, I shall take
-it for a good obligation upon one who am confident his accusations are
-of some priest animosities, and will prove so when rightly understood:
-for before his Majesty’s happy restoration his commission was upon that
-account taken from him to his damage, and that he should now likewise
-suffer for his Majesty does seem very hard. But I submit all this to
-your Honour’s best judgment towards him, and create an obligation from
-you upon me, though not very personally known to you, yet a great
-admirer of your great parts and merit; and shall ever approve myself</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">“Your Honour’s</p>
-<p class="signed_line1">“most affectionate and most humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent smaller margin_bottom">“November 18th, 1662.<br />
-“For the Right Honourable Sir Henry Bennett, One of his Majesty’s principal Secretaries of State, these.”
-</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top" id="Page_251"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 251]</span>
-And the month following he wrote:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Right Honourable</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Had not my indisposition hindered my attendance at Court, I should
-in one of the first places waited upon you to give humble thanks
-for your extended favour upon my letter, in taking bail for Captain
-Foster’s servant; and I hope his Honour is now satisfied so well at
-the sessions, as not to detain him any longer, in whose behalf, had I
-thought him in the least guilty, I should rather have suffered myself
-than have appeared for him; but my six years’ experience of him during
-my imprisonment in the Tower, made me confident, and if you please now
-to crown your favour to me by his despatch, it shall be, ere long, most
-thankfully acknowledged by me, who do not long for any one reason more
-to be at Court, and haste thither, than to be an eye-witness of so
-bright a star showing there; and that I may have occasion to appear</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Honour’s</p>
-<p class="signed_line2">“most humble and obliged servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.<a href="#Footnote_235" id="FNanchor_235" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent smaller margin_bottom">“December 13th, 1662.<br /><br />
-“For the Right Honourable Sir Henry Bennett, One of his Majesty’s principal Secretaries of State, these.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">We learn from the latter communication that he was in attendance
-at Court, though at the time, through indisposition, obliged to
-discontinue. His expression&mdash;“my six years’ experience of him, during
-my imprisonment in the Tower,” will bear two or three constructions,
-unless certain particulars are well noted. He may be considered to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span>
-have been a state prisoner from July 1652, to May 1660. But he may
-have been confined in the Tower only from July 1652, until 5th of
-October 1654, when an order passed for his liberation on bail, but yet
-virtually a prisoner. As we have for the longest period the term of
-nearly eight years, the preceding “six years” acquaintance may have
-commenced only shortly before his discharge on bail, which appears
-to be the most reasonable construction, as he is not speaking of the
-precise term of his own imprisonment but of that of his “experience of
-him <i>during</i> my imprisonment.” From the time of his enlargement to the
-termination of the Protectorate was five years and seven months, still
-leaving five months to accomplish the acquaintance within the precincts
-of the prison, and which he might fairly date to the period of Charles
-the Second’s accession, as the full term of his “imprisonment,” whether
-within or without its precise locality; for he was certainly not at
-liberty, like any other subject of the Commonwealth, to leave the
-kingdom. It has generally, however, been supposed that he suffered
-many years of absolute close confinement, and most romantic fictions
-have grown out of the interesting fable of a philosopher incarcerated
-in some dungeon-like chambers within the Tower, experimenting on
-culinary vessels, led by the explosion of a pot-lid to study the
-nature of steam, thereon applying his great discovery to practice, and
-forthwith writing a book, a true picture of science struggling under
-the most excruciating difficulties. The fable lost nothing of interest
-by repetition, being of a nature which left much to the imagination
-whether of readers, writers, or artists, all of whom have exercised
-almost unlimited indulgence in picturing the Marquis of Worcester,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span>
-under circumstances purely mythical and absurdly ingenious.</p>
-
-<p>We now approach the great event of the Marquis of Worcester’s life,
-that for which alone, through all time, he will be distinguished, as
-pre-eminent among the luminaries who have advanced those branches
-of science which have most contributed to promote and extend the
-necessaries, conveniences, and comforts of mankind, thereby giving a
-decided impulse to civilization.</p>
-
-<p>The new reign was marked by highly favourable circumstances connected
-with the advance of science, giving rise to the institution of the
-Royal Society, in 1660, for “improving natural knowledge,” which was
-incorporated by Royal Charter two years later.</p>
-
-<p>As early as January 1660&ndash;61, the Marquis had intimated his intention
-to proceed practically to work, so soon, as he expresses himself,&mdash;“as
-with security and satisfaction, by Act of Parliament, I may put in
-practice the greatest gift of invention for profit, that I ever yet
-heard of vouchsafed to a man, especially so unworthy and ignorant as I
-am (I mean my Water-commanding Engine).<a id="FNanchor_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-<p>Two years later the House of Peers, and afterwards the House of
-Commons, had this subject before them, and therefore, in a matter which
-has grown to be one of national importance, we shall proceed to afford
-the fullest particulars of what transpired, to obtain for the Marquis
-the long contemplated Act.</p>
-
-<p>In the House of Lords, on the 16th of March, 1662&ndash;3, the Marquis of
-Worcester being present, his Bill was read the first time, for&mdash;“An
-Act to enable Edward Marquis of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit
-of a Water-commanding Engine, by him invented; one tenth part whereof
-is appropriated for the benefit of the King’s Majesty, his heirs and
-successors.”<a id="FNanchor_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
-
-<p id="Page_254"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 254]</span>
-It was read a second time, and committed on the 19th following,
-his Lordship again attending, when a Committee of 14 members was
-appointed.<a id="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p>
-
-<p>“His Lordship was again present on the 28th of March, 1663, when the
-Bill was reported with amendments and recommitted; and he also attended
-on the 30th, when the Report was received with a proviso, which was
-read twice, agreed to, and the Bill ordered to be engrossed. And on the
-31st of the same month it was read a third time and passed.”<a id="FNanchor_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[J]</a></p>
-
-<p>On the 2nd of April<a id="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> the House of Lords sent the Bill, with the
-following message, to the House of Commons, by Sir Thomas Bennett and
-Sir Justinian Lewyn, Knights:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Mr. Speaker, The Lords have sent you down a Bill to enable Edward
-Marquis of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit of a
-Water-commanding Engine, by him invented; one tenth part whereof is
-appropriated for the benefit of the King’s Majesty, his heirs and
-successors; to which they desire the concurrence of this House.”</p>
-
-<p>After other business, in the House of Commons,<a id="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> on the 4th of April,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span>
-the Bill was read a second time and committed, and it was recommended
-to the Committee<a id="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> to provide, “That after the death of the Lord
-Marquis, the benefit of the Water-commanding Engine may come to the
-Lord Herbert his son.”</p>
-
-<p>“And they are to meet on Tuesday next, in the Exchequer Chamber, at
-two of the clock in the afternoon: And to send for persons, papers and
-records.”</p>
-
-<p>The Commons’ Committee<a id="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[N]</a> reported on the 5th of May following, through
-Mr. Hungerford, “That the Committee had accordingly prepared a proviso
-for the purpose aforesaid: which he read in his place; and after,
-delivered the same in at the clerk’s table.</p>
-
-<p>“The said proviso being twice read;</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the words ‘raising and’ be inserted in the proviso,
-after the word ‘the,’ and before the word ‘carriage,’ in the fourth
-line of the proviso.</p>
-
-<p>“Which was done accordingly.</p>
-
-<p>“The proviso, thus amended, was read the third time.</p>
-
-<p>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the proviso, so amended, be agreed to.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_256"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 256]</span>“Resolved, &amp;c. That the Bill, with the amendments and proviso, agreed
-to, be returned to the Lords, for their concurrence.</p>
-
-<p>“And the Lord Herbert is to carry the same up to the Lords.”</p>
-
-<p>In the House of Lords,[O] on the 7th of May, “A message was brought
-from the House of Commons, by the Lord Herbert and others: To return
-a Bill formerly sent down, concerning the Lord Marquis of Worcester’s
-Water Engine; wherein they have made some amendments and alterations,
-and desire their Lordships’ concurrence therein.”</p>
-
-<p>On the 8th of May, after other business:&mdash;“Next, was read the
-alterations and proviso brought up from the House of Commons, which
-are to be added to the Bill concerning the Marquis of Worcester’s
-Water-commanding Engine; and being thrice read over, and considered
-of,&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“The question being put, ‘Whether this Bill, with the alterations and
-additions now read, shall pass?’</p>
-
-<p>“It was resolved in the affirmative.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">On these three last occasions the Marquis was likewise present.</p>
-
-<p>On the 12th of May<a id="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[O]</a> their Lordships, in their message,<a id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[P]</a> by
-Sir William Child and Sir Toby Woolrich, to the House of Commons,
-acquainted them that they agreed to their alterations; and, on the 3rd
-of June, the royal assent was given to “An Act to enable the Marquis
-of Worcester to receive the benefit and profit of a Water-commanding
-Engine, by him invented, &amp;c.”&mdash;in these words:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“<i>Soit fait come il est desiré.</i>”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_257"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 257]</span>But the Marquis was not in attendance, as on former occasions, to
-watch the proceedings.</p>
-
-<p>We have thus traced the progress of this remarkable Act through
-Parliament; from the 16th of March to the day of its receiving the
-royal assent on the 3rd of June. It will have been remarked that the
-Marquis was in constant attendance, and that it was his son who was
-deputed by the Commons, on the 3rd of May, to present the amended
-Bill to the Peers. It is impossible to imagine what might have been
-the feelings of the Marquis himself throughout the period of these
-prolonged proceedings, but he unquestionably had set his mind on this
-measure as the palladium of his inventive rights and the forerunner of
-brighter prospects.</p>
-
-<p>In a memorandum relating to various grants, among others, occurs one
-to the Marquis of Worcester, thus noticed:&mdash;“March, 166&frac34;. That by
-Act of Parliament his Invention of a Water-commanding Engine, granted
-him for ninety-nine years, one tenth reserved to the King. The King
-remitted the tenth to the Marquis upon a surrender of a Warrant dated
-at Oxford, 5th Jan. 20 Car. I. by which his then Majesty did grant the
-Marquis lands to the value of £40,000, in consideration of a debt due
-to the Marquis from his Majesty.”<a id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a><a id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[R]</a></p>
-
-<p>The prospect of better days had now fairly set in; he had at least
-succeeded in securing his invention to himself and to his family after
-him, as a property in the value of which he felt unbounded confidence,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span>
-roundly estimating it at not less than £400,000. Shortly after the
-passing of this Act he published his ever memorable and extremely
-curious and ingenious little work, entitled “A Century of the names and
-scantlings of Inventions.”<a id="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p>
-
-<p id="Page_259"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 259]</span>It is dedicated to Charles the Second, and also to both Houses of
-Parliament; in addressing the latter he expresses himself as being&mdash;“by
-the Act of the Water-commanding Engine (which so cheerfully you have
-passed) sufficiently rewarded;” and as the work bears date on the title
-page, 1663, it must have been published after the passing of the Act,
-in May, that year. This edition, only duodecimo size, consisting of 98
-pages, is now very scarce, but it has been frequently reprinted. This
-small volume was most likely only intended for private distribution,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</span>
-particularly among members of Parliament, and persons whose support
-might be solicited; for it is generally believed that a company was
-being organised for bringing the invention into public use.</p>
-
-<p>During this state of affairs in London an agreeable episode was being
-enacted at Badminton House, Gloucestershire, the seat of his son, Lord
-Herbert. In September, 1663, Charles the Second and his Queen visited
-Bath, Badminton, Cirencester, and other places, in their progress to
-Oxford. Mr. Godolphin, writing from Bath on the 18th of September,
-1663, to his brother, says:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[T]</a>“We were waiting on the King to Badminton,
-a house of my Lord Herbert of Raglan, where the King dined, and was
-handsomely entertained.” From Oxford, he again writes to his brother,
-on the 28th September, 1663, in which he informs him that, among other
-matters, he will “receive the account promised of our progress through
-Bath, hither.” A news-letter, dated “Oxford, 28th” [1663,] which is no
-doubt the one alluded to, commences:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“On Tuesday, the 22nd instant,.[?] the King and Queen left Bath, and at
-their entrance into Gloucestershire were met by the High Sheriff; and
-a little after by the Lord Herbert of Raglan, Lord Lieutenant of that
-County, with a brave appearance of the gentry of that County, who all
-conducted their Majesties to the Lord Herbert’s house, at Badminton,
-where their Majesties were nobly entertained at dinner.”</p>
-
-<p>They went thence to Cirencester, where they supped at Lord Newburgh’s,
-and lodged that night.</p>
-
-<p>An obvious discrepancy occurs in the two accounts of the dinner, Mr.
-Godolphin on the 18th writes of it as having taken place, whereas the
-Oxford news-letter names the 22nd.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_261"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 261]</span>From 1660, we find Lord Clarendon making a temporary residence of
-Worcester House in the Strand, where, in December, the same year,
-Evelyn paid a visit to the Lord Chancellor’s newly married daughter.
-And four years later he dined there, being afterwards taken in their
-coach by the Chancellor and his Lady, to see their palace, building at
-the upper end of St. James’s Street.<a id="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Marquis’s own residence never transpires, but it is more than
-probable he would reside near to, or within easy access of Vauxhall,
-where we have next to trace his very different, exceedingly arduous,
-and most trying undertaking.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_230"><a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Bod. Lib. “Carte Papers. Lord Wharton’s Papers, 81.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_231"><a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Birch MSS. No. 4459.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_232"><a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_233"><a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> Col. State Papers, 1661&ndash;1662; Domestic Series. Edited by
-Mrs. M. A. E. Green, page 141. 8vo. 1861.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_234"><a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Col. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1662. [Nos. 28 and 60.
-Vols. 63 and 64.]</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_235"><a href="#FNanchor_235"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> This and the former letter are holographs.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_236"><a href="#FNanchor_236"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_222">222.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_237"><a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords. Vol. xi. p. 493, 494.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_238"><a href="#FNanchor_238"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> It was “Ordered, That the consideration of this Bill is
-committed to these Lords following; <i>videlicet</i>,
-</p>
-<p>Lord Privy Seal.</p>
-<p>Marquis of Dorchester.</p>
-<p>Comes Bridgwater.</p>
-<p>Comes North’on.</p>
-<p>Comes Bollingbroke.</p>
-<p>Comes St. Albans.</p>
-<p>Viscount Say et Seale.</p>
-<p>Bp. London.</p>
-<p>Bp. Winton.</p>
-<p>Bp. Ely.</p>
-<p>Bp. Sarum.</p>
-<p>Bp. Petriburgh.</p>
-<p>Bp. Carlisle.</p>
-<p>Ds. Berkeley de B. </p>
-<p>Ds. Pagett.</p>
-<p>Ds. Chandos.</p>
-<p>Ds. Hunsdon.</p>
-<p>Ds. Craven.</p>
-<p>Ds. Loughborough.</p>
-<p>Ds. Byron.</p>
-<p>Ds. Colepeper.</p>
-
-<p>
-“Their Lordships, or any other five, to meet on Saturday next, in the
-afternoon at three of the clock, in the Prince’s Lodgings.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_239"><a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 499, 501, 502.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_240"><a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Ibid. p. 504.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_241"><a href="#FNanchor_241"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 464.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_242"><a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> The following Members were on the Committee:&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<p>Lord St. John,</p>
-<p>Sir Geo. Probert,</p>
-<p>Sir Robert Atkyns,</p>
-<p>Mr. Clifford,</p>
-<p>Sir John Goodrick,</p>
-<p>Sir Tho. Meres,</p>
-<p>Mr. Wm. Sandis,</p>
-<p>Mr. Chichley,</p>
-<p>Sir Tho. Ingram,</p>
-<p>Mr. Crouch,</p>
-<p>Mr. Culleford,</p>
-<p>Serjeant Charlton,</p>
-<p>Lord Herbert,</p>
-<p>Lord Bruce,</p>
-<p>Mr. Hen. Coventry,</p>
-<p>Sir Lanc. Lake,</p>
-<p>Mr. Birch,</p>
-<p>Sir Tho. Tompkins,</p>
-<p>Mr. John Vaughan,</p>
-<p>Sir Rich. Braham,</p>
-<p>Sir John Birkinhead,</p>
-<p>Mr. Wren,</p>
-<p>Sir Rowland Berkley,</p>
-<p>Colonel Fletchvile,</p>
-<p>Sir Geo. Downing,</p>
-<p>Mr. Westphaling,</p>
-<p>Mr. Waller,</p>
-<p>Sir Cha. Harbord,</p>
-<p>Mr. Wm. Montague,</p>
-<p>Colonel Windham,</p>
-<p>Mr. Hungerford,</p>
-<p>Mr. Sprye,</p>
-<p>Sir Wm. Lewis,</p>
-<p>Sir Rich. Onslow,</p>
-<p>Mr. Gaudy,</p>
-<p>Mr. Prideaux,</p>
-<p>Sir Tho. Littleton,</p>
-<p>Sir Humphrey Bennet,</p>
-<p>Colonel Gilby,</p>
-<p>Sir Wm. Fleetwood,</p>
-<p>Sir Solomon Swale,</p>
-<p>Mr. Geo. Montague,</p>
-<p>Mr. Morice,</p>
-<p>Sir John Low,</p>
-<p>Sir John Holland,</p>
-<p>Sir Roger Bradshaigh,</p>
-<p>Sir Nich. Steward,</p>
-<p>Mr. Whorwood,</p>
-<p>Sir John Denham,</p>
-<p>Sir John Norton,</p>
-<p>Mr. Cornwallis.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_243"><a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p.
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 474">475</ins>, 476.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_244"><a href="#FNanchor_244"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. pages 517 and 519.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_245"><a href="#FNanchor_245"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> Jo. H. of Lords, Vol. xi. p. 522 and 533; and Jo. H. of
-Com. Vol. viii. p. 480.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_246"><a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> See Calendar of State Papers, 1663&ndash;1664. Domestic Series,
-Charles II. edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, referring to Vol. 95, and
-papers between Nos. 101 and 102. The same memorandum, in another form,
-appears also in Domestic Correspondence, Feb. 1664. Vol. 93, No.
-83,&mdash;thus:&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-“Water Engine Invented. The tenths of the benefit remitted to the
-Marquis of Worcester, the Inventor, in lieu of lands to the value of
-£40,000, granted by warrant from his Majesty for that sum disbursed in
-his service.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_247"><a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_248"><a href="#FNanchor_248"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> Mr. Thomas Baker, a talented engineer, and withal a poet,
-has very gracefully epitomized the character of the <i>Century</i> in his
-poem on “The Steam Engine; or the Powers of Flame,” published in 1857.
-As the work is now extremely scarce, and not likely to be met with by
-the general reader, the following extract may prove acceptable:&mdash;
-</p>
-<p class="center margin_top">
-<span class="smcap">The Vision of the Marquis of Worcester.</span>
-</p>
-<div class="poem">
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">With hopes now high, now with despair oppress’d,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">As Phœbus sunk, he also sunk to rest;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">When lo! uprose before his mental view<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">A <span class="smcap">hundred Engines</span> of devices new!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">In slow procession he their forms survey’d;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">In each recondite fabric were display’d<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Rare works of art, and such as far surpass<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Ought erst beheld in iron, steel, or brass;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">While gems with gold and silver’s polished sheen<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Blended their hues in this artistic scene:<br /></span>
-</div>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">Resplendent seals were there in groups arranged,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Which by a touch their rare devices changed,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And secrets in all languages convey’d<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">From man to man, nor once their trust betray’d.<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Such were the seals to Eastern Magi known,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">By which of old their wond’rous feats were shown.<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Nine engines next in slow succession came,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Explosive from the slightest touch of flame,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Replete with missiles, used in various ways:<br /></span>
-</div>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">A floating garden, gay, with verdant bowers,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And redolent with blooming trees and flowers,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Drew its own moisture, moved its pleasing form,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Spontaneous met the sun, and shunn’d the storm;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Such scenes of fair delight, are wont to smile<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">From age to age in Hainan’s palmy isle!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Nine splendid founts their varied forms display’d,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Whence cooling streams, abstrusely winding, stray’d;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">In one, tall jets bright Iris’ colours show’d;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">In one, the waters ever ebb’d and flow’d:<br /></span>
-</div>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">Next there came forth a vast abstruse machine,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Where motions of ten thousand worlds were seen;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Th’ æthereal vault around was wide display’d,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">As by bright Phœbus from his car survey’d;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Here scenic splendour and rich art outshone<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">All Orreries to modern science known!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">A new variety, in number vast,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Of ever-changing forms before him pass’d:<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Not Proteus’ self could with their antics cope,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Nor modern scenes of gay Kaleidoscope:<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Their graceful symmetry and rainbow-hues<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">A rapt’rous wonder o’er his mind diffuse!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">To vary these abstruse artistic scenes,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">There pass’d along a group of fresh machines;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Many there were that in these days impart<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Essential aid to various schemes of art:<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">One was a globe buoy’d by a crystal well,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Which night or day the passing hour could tell,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">With the elapsing minutes, seconds too;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And, like the dial, to the heaven true;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">The famed Clepsydra, in its artifice,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Was but a bauble when compared with this!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Martial designs came next, in size immense,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Adapted for attack, and for defence:<br /></span>
-</div>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">To crown these shows of wonder and delight,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">A <span class="smcap">Being</span> rose of superhuman might:<br /></span>
-</div>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">At every motion from his nostrils came<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">A mounting vap’rous breath like subtle flame!<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">At once it beam’d on Worcester’s mental eye,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">That <span class="smcap">Steam</span> alone might this great power supply:<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">And lo! as ’twere this thought to realize,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">He saw it, fuming, from vast cauldron rise;<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">From whence this prodigy his spirit drew,<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Achieving thus what met the wondering view!<br /></span>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_249"><a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1663&ndash;64, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, 8vo. 1862. </p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_250"><a href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Evelyn.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_262"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 262]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">HIS OPERATIONS AT VAUXHALL&mdash;PETITIONS AND DECEASE&mdash;CASPAR KALTOFF
-AND FAMILY&mdash;M. SORBIERE&mdash;COSMO, GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY&mdash;THE DOWAGER
-MARCHIONESS OF WORCESTER.</p>
-
-
-<p>In the second Dedication to his “Century” the Marquis of Worcester
-expressly alludes to “the experiments extant, and comprised under these
-several heads, practicable with my directions, by the unparalleled
-workman both for trust and skill, Caspar Kaltoff’s hand, who hath been
-these five and thirty years as in a school under me employed; and still
-at my disposal, in a place by my great expenses made fit for public
-service, yet lately like to be taken from me, and consequently from the
-service of King and kingdom, without the least regard of above £10,000
-expended by me through my zeal to the common good.”</p>
-
-<p>We have thus the fact on record, that Kaltoff was employed by him
-in the execution of his mechanical experiments from 1628 to 1663,
-commencing with the period of his first marriage, when he was about
-twenty-seven years of age.</p>
-
-<p>In 1664, M. Samuel Sorbière, historian to the King of France, published
-in Paris a small work entitled&mdash;“Relation d’un voyage en Angleterre,
-&amp;c.” As he appears to have interested himself in scientific matters,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span>as much or more than in any other single subject, no apology need
-be offered for quoting his entire remarks; because, although perhaps
-in one sense they appear irrelevant, yet they acquire interest here,
-as proving that he was not an incompetent authority in reference
-to his most important remarks resulting from a visit to Vauxhall.
-Besides, it is not a little remarkable that Dr. Sprat, a Fellow of
-the Royal Society, as well as its historian,<a id="FNanchor_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> in a book of equal
-extent to that written by this contemporary authority, addressed to
-Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy, under the title of “Observations on
-M. Sorbière’s Voyage into England,”<a id="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> not only passes over these
-remarks, but ridicules his short experience of only “three months;”
-and, “that when he declares he came into England to content his
-curiosity, to see all rare things and men amongst us, yet he scarce
-mentions the Duke of York!” This last omission, however serious a one
-it might have been in 1665, the lively Frenchman has amply compensated
-for, by the substitution of matter that has a far greater interest for
-posterity. Sorbière says:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“M. de Monconis showed me his journal, which was so curious, and
-where he had collected so exactly all that was passing among the
-learned men of the Royal Society of London, that his industry has
-made me negligent in collecting afresh for myself the things found
-there. We shall see some day all that he has said in it, for if he
-believes me he will lay before the public that, as well as his other
-journal of Egypt and Jerusalem. He speaks of several new inventions,
-which would be very difficult to believe, if not tried. One is a
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span>
-self-registering instrument to mark atmospheric changes which happen
-every 24 hours, effected by a pendulum clock. A thermometer; a compass;
-a self-registering weather-cock; a means by which Mr. Willis causes a
-piece of iron by exposure to moderate heat to calcine, without the help
-of a corrosive, and dissolve on being plunged into water; of a deaf and
-dumb person at Oxford, who Mr. Willis has taught to read by showing
-the different inflexions of the voice necessary for articulation; a
-new manner of exploding ships in the water; a way by which several
-short beams can be made into a plain flat surface, by placing them
-one on the top of another without being supported, nailed, or grooved
-one into another; of a furnace or stove by Dr. Kuffler, in the style
-of Drebble’s, which I saw some time ago at La Hague, and which was so
-successful at Arnheim, with self-acting registers; another kind of
-furnace which, for five sous worth of wood, cooked a large quantity
-of bread; a way of distilling salt-water to make it drinkable, where
-for five sous you can distil water enough for 100 persons to drink; an
-instrument to design and draw every description of object by a person
-who has never learnt.”</p>
-
-<p>He adds:&mdash;“One of the most curious things I wished to see was a
-Hydraulic Machine, which the Marquis of Worcester has invented, and
-of which he has made an experiment. I went expressly to Vauxhall, the
-other side of the Thames, a little below Lambeth, which is the Palace
-of the Archbishop of Canterbury, in sight of London. This machine will
-raise to the height of 40 feet by the strength of one man, and in the
-space of one minute of time, four large buckets of water, and that by
-a pipe or tube of 8 inches. But what will be the most powerful help
-to the wants of the public is the work which is performed by another
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span>
-ingeniously constructed machine, which can be seen raised on a wooden
-tower on the top of Somerset House, which supplies that part of the
-town with water, but with some difficulty, and a smaller quantity than
-could be desired. It is somewhat like our Samaritane water-work on the
-Pont-Neuf; and on the raising pump they have added an impulsion which
-increases the force; but for what we obtain by the power of the Seine,
-they employ one or two horses which incessantly turn the machine, as
-the tide of their river changes its course twice a day, and the spring
-or wheels which are used for the ebbing tide would not do for the flow.”</p>
-
-<p>M. Sorbière’s Dedication of his narrative to the King is dated 12th
-December, 1663, so that it is possible the <i>Century</i> had been published
-previous to the visit he has just described, and it is worthy of notice
-that he expresses no difficulty in obtaining access to the exhibition
-of the machine, which gives colour to the belief that it was on public
-view, for the purpose of establishing a company to carry out the
-invention on a large scale.</p>
-
-<p>Vauxhall, as it is now called, was variously designated Fox-hall,
-Faukeshall, Fulke’s Hall, corruptions of a derivation from Fulke de
-Breauté, who built a mansion in the manor of South Lambeth, long known
-as Fulke’s-hall.<a id="FNanchor_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> In 1652, the Parliament having determined that
-Vauxhall-house, which had been reserved by a former order, should be
-sold, it was purchased by John Trenchard of Westminster. After the
-Restoration it was leased to Henry Lord Moore, afterwards Earl of
-Drogheda, together with the demesne lands of Kennington for 31 years;
-with a proviso, that if his Majesty should think fit to make use of
-the house, or any part thereof, it should be surrendered upon a proper
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span>
-allowance being made for the same. The King, availing himself of this
-proviso the year after the lease was granted, settled Casper Kaltoff,
-a Dutchman, at Vauxhall, who was employed in making guns and other
-warlike implements for government service.<a id="FNanchor_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
-
-<p>By an Act of the House of Commons, 17th of July, 1649, for the sale of
-the houses, &amp;c. of the late King, Queen, and Prince, it is provided
-that “it should not extend to the house called Vaux Hall, nor to the
-grounds, houses, buildings, <i>models</i>, utensils, or other necessaries
-for <i>practical inventions therein contained</i>; but that they should
-remain for the use of the Commonwealth, to be employed and disposed
-of by the Parliament, as they shall think fit.”<a id="FNanchor_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Now the mention of
-<i>inventions</i> and <i>models</i>, taken in connection with recent facts, would
-lead to the inference that the Marquis of Worcester might have been
-much earlier associated with practical experiments at Vauxhall than
-at first appears. On this point he was always reserved, even in his
-<i>Century</i> only cautiously alluding to Kaltoff as being “in a place by
-my great expenses made fit for public service, yet lately like to be
-taken from me.”</p>
-
-<p>Among the manuscripts of the Royal Society is a letter from Samuel
-Hartlib, the author of works relating to Husbandry, addressed to the
-Honourable Robert Boyle,<a id="FNanchor_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> dated Amsterdam, May the 18th, 1649, in
-which he remarks:<a id="FNanchor_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>&mdash;“Fauxhall is to be set apart for public uses,
-by which is meant making it a place of resort for artists, mechanics,
-&amp;c. and a dépôt for models and philosophical apparatus.” It is further
-proposed, that “experiments and trials of profitable inventions
-should be carried on,” which, says Hartlib, “will be of great use to
-the Commonwealth.” Adding that the late King (Charles I.) “designed
-Fauxhall for such an use.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_267"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 267]</span>
-After a lapse of five years, he writes another letter to Boyle,<a id="FNanchor_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
-on the same subject, furnishing us, incidentally, with the following
-curious and important details:&mdash;“The Earl of Worcester is buying
-Fauxhall from Mr. Trenchard, to bestow the use of that house upon
-Gaspar Calehof [Kaltoff] and son [son-in-law], as long as they shall
-live, for he intends to make it a College of Artisans. Yesterday (he
-adds) I was invited by the famous Thomas Bushel to Lambeth Marsh, to
-see part of that foundation.”<a id="FNanchor_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
-
-<p>Hartlib was a generous-hearted man, who projected many schemes for
-public benefit. Evelyn styles him an “ingenious person, honest and
-learned;” that he deserved the latter distinction we may infer from the
-fact of Milton having addressed to him his treatise “Of Education.”</p>
-
-<p>These particulars serve to show a very early connection on the part of
-the Marquis of Worcester with Vauxhall, making it still more probable
-that he had established a laboratory or workshop there, years before
-the Civil War broke out; that from its extent it was proposed to retain
-it for the benefit of the State; and that on his own release from the
-Tower he sought to regain possession of the premises, but possibly, for
-politic reasons, in the name of his faithful workman Caspar Kaltoff.</p>
-
-<p>During 35 years there would be a large accumulation of models for one
-hundred inventions and several hundreds of experiments, as well as a
-considerable quantity of tools and machinery. He would certainly choose
-some place as near as possible to the great mart, where alone he could
-obtain, within any reasonable time, the numerous articles and materials
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</span>
-constantly required in experimental employments; and desiring to be
-near London, when we find him at Vauxhall in 1663, who can doubt, that
-he rather continued, than selected for the first time, the locality
-where we now find the indefatigable noble inventor and his veteran
-“unparalleled workman,” engaged on the first public example of the
-“Water-commanding Engine.”</p>
-
-<p>Pressing as were his personal necessities, he continued untiring in
-maintaining the practical working of the new engine set up under
-protection of the Act he had obtained in 1663. But, like all novel
-enterprises, people were sceptical as to its real value. He appears
-to have been wholly neglected by the first scientific authorities of
-his day, who yet could not be otherwise than aware of the remarkable
-performance of the engine erected by him at Vauxhall. We find him
-making sufficient allusion to its nature and properties in his
-<i>Century</i>, published in 1663; then, in 1664, Sorbière published his
-account of his visit to England, further describing what he had seen of
-the water-works at Vauxhall; while Dr. Sprat, by the severe strictures
-he wrote on the Royal-Hydrographer’s book, in the letter he published,
-addressed to Dr. Wren, at Oxford, must have spread the intelligence,
-and served to call attention to Sorbière’s statement. What benefit
-the Marquis of Worcester really received through the intervention
-of friends or the public, beyond temporary loans of money, does not
-transpire, and, judging from the following documents, his financial
-position was reduced to the lowest state possible. The original papers
-are fortunately preserved at Badminton House. The first is endorsed,
-“Copy of the letter which was sent by my Lord Duke of Albemarle to the
-Lord Arlington.”
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The sad condition of my Lord Marquis of Worcester, after his so
-great merits from the Crown of England, as few can imagine, but now
-discovered by sure hands unto me, inclined me to write such a letter to
-his Majesty, as I find by him that your Lordship hath been acquainted
-with; but reflecting, that if it should be presented to the King, it
-might seem against some resolutions of mine, not to importune his
-Majesty for things of the like nature, as are therein mentioned, I
-choose rather to desire my Lord Marquis to suspend my endeavours to
-serve him therein with his Majesty, till I have the honour personally
-to attend him; yet, in the meantime, if your Lordship find an occasion
-to incline the King thereunto, I shall not fail to second your Lordship
-therein, or any other who may be instrumental to get from his Majesty a
-due consideration of my Lord Marquis, his just pretensions to as much
-favour and recompense as any subject I know; and I make no question
-but when your Lordship hath thoroughly known him, you will be of the
-same opinion, and if that be any value with you, I do profess that in
-obliging my Lord Marquis of Worcester, you will also exceedingly oblige,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“Your Lordship’s, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The next is a Draft Petition in the Marquis’s handwriting, written with
-more care than usually occurs in his letters:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Dread Sovereign</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Although I know very well that were the wise and politic Cornelius
-Tacitus living, he durst not whisper unto your Majesty as he did to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span>
-other Princes, prone to hear him, when he said:&mdash;‘Eo usque grata sunt
-beneficia quam diu solvi posse videantur ubi semel antevenere pro
-gratia odium vedditur.’ I am, notwithstanding, very loth to trouble
-your sacred Majesty in order to myself, not but I am sufficiently
-necessitated to importune you, even as much as any poor subject your
-Majesty hath; and warranted by as good a title unto it (if, after an
-opulent and flourishing condition to become an object of pity, through
-my zeal and services to the crown you wear, may challenge any esteem);
-but my very nature abhors anything that may seem self-interest, though
-indeed whatever I have or do ambition, be it of favour or benefit from
-your Majesty’s most gracious self, it hath been, really is, and shall
-be ever, but to make me able the more eminently to serve your matchless
-Majesty, whose advantage is my greatest comfort; and, in earnest, my
-very heart’s objectum adæquatum. Think of me whatever others please
-to suggest, yet such shall your Majesty ever find me, and unless your
-Majesty command me to speak, I shall still say nothing, but seeing a
-coldness in your Majesty, I shall continue dumb and speechless:&mdash;Leves
-loquunter curæ ingentes stujescunt. Yet, animated by your Majesty’s
-cheerful commands, I shall ingenuously lay before you the truth and
-nothing but the truth, and (though to mine own confusion) I will as
-candidly shrive me to your benign self, as to a ghostly father, and I
-will make your most excellent Majesty my sole judge, as well spiritual
-as temporal, that is to look into my inward man, as well as my outward
-actions and deportment.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span>
-In November we have another petition in respect to a large claim on his
-estate, and a report thereon, as follows:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“To the King’s most excellent Majesty, the humble petition of Edward
-Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Sheweth</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“That whereas your Petitioner and his late father did heretofore lend
-to serve his then late Majesty’s urgent necessities the sum of two
-hundred thousand pounds and upwards, (ninety-five thousand pounds
-whereof appears under his late Majesty’s hand and seal, and the rest
-the Petitioner, if permitted, will make appear), besides other great
-sums the Petitioner employed in other his Majesty’s service, by which
-means your Petitioner’s estate was encumbered, and continued encumbered
-with vast debts, insomuch that to the Petitioner and his family there
-is left but a small pittance for a mean livelihood; the Petitioner’s
-estate being charged with the debts so contracted for his late
-Majesty’s service, and your Majesty’s, as aforesaid.</p>
-
-<p>“That the Petitioner by bond from himself and others (his sureties) in
-1643, amongst other engagements, became bound in six thousand pounds
-to Henry Hall, Esq.; which bond was sued in his Majesty’s Exchequer by
-John Hall, Esq. administrator of the said Henry (not only against your
-Petitioner, but also against his sureties, the Lady Lingen, and Charles
-Price, Esq. whom the Petitioner is bound to save harmless, great
-sufferers for their loyalty in his Majesty’s service), who thereupon
-hath obtained judgment against your Petitioner for six thousand pounds,
-and as particular receiver of some part of your Majesty’s revenue hath
-assigned the same as debtor unto your Majesty, whereupon an extent
-is in the sheriff’s hands (by the said Mr. Hall’s prosecution) to
-extend your Petitioner’s estate for the use of your Majesty, whose
-prerogative intervening, that extent (as your Petitioner is advised by
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</span>
-counsel) will take place (although subsequent in time of all former
-encumbrances), by which means not only the Petitioner’s other creditors
-will be defeated of their respective debts, but the small remainder
-of your Petitioner’s (once considerable) now shattered estate will by
-your Majesty (to pay a debt to your Majesty) be swallowed up, and your
-Petitioner and his other creditors wholly deprived thereof.</p>
-
-<p>“The Petitioner therefore most humbly prays, that in regard your
-Majesty’s name is made use of against your Petitioner, and since that
-this debt (being subsequent in time to other encumbrances) could not
-affect your Petitioner’s estate, but by your Majesty’s prerogative,
-your Majesty will be graciously pleased to supersede the said Mr.
-Hull’s prosecution, and order him some other satisfaction; the
-Petitioner being absolutely disabled by those vast sums in his late
-Majesty’s service expended as aforesaid.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">“And your Petitioner shall ever pray.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“At the Court of Oxford, Nov. 24th, 1665.</p>
-
-<p>“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer the consideration of this
-petition to Mr. Attorney, or Mr. Solicitor-General, to consider how
-far his Majesty may fitly gratify the honourable Petitioner, of whose
-condition he hath a just sense, but sees not what he can do in this
-particular for his satisfaction, till he receive Mr. Attorney’s or Mr.
-Solicitor’s opinion upon it.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Arlington.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Agreeable to the preceding reference the following report was made:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Majesty</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The Petitioner hath been pleased to show me the sign-manual of your
-royal father, acknowledging £95,000 to be due to him, for so much
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</span>
-advanced by his father and himself in his late Majesty’s service.</p>
-
-<p>“The Petitioner doth further allege that the six thousand pounds [£6000]
-owing by him to Mr. Hall, and for which Mr. Hall hath obtained a
-judgment against the Petitioner, is part of that very £95,000 advanced
-in the service of your royal father.</p>
-
-<p>“I find likewise that Mr. Hall hath assigned this judgment to your
-Majesty, and all the time of that assignment was indebted to your
-Majesty five or six hundred pounds.</p>
-
-<p>“But I am humbly of opinion, that though your Majesty may by your
-prerogative release this judgment thus assigned, yet it will not be fit
-for your Majesty to do it as this case is, because then your Majesty
-will stand obliged to make good to Mr. Hall so much money as would
-remain due to him after your Majesty’s debt [is ?] satisfied, which is
-in effect to put your Majesty in the Petitioner’s place for payment of
-Mr. Hall’s debt.</p>
-
-<p>“Nevertheless the Petitioner’s case being very worthy of relief, I do
-humbly consider it fit for your Majesty to reserve the consideration of
-his satisfaction to some better occasion.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Heneage Finch.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">Among family documents at Badminton House is the following draft, which
-may relate to the foregoing petition:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“The Case of Edward Marquis of Worcester, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>“Edward, Marquis of Worcester is indebted £6000 unto John Hall, Esq.
-the Receiver for the Counties of Gloucester, Monmouth, and Hereford, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_274"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 274]</span>
-“John Hall assigns this judgment to the King, whose prerogative
-interfering, John Hall’s debt of £6000 will affect the Earl of
-Worcester’s estate, and obstruct the other creditors from their
-respective satisfactions, by the former settlement of my Lord of
-Worcester’s.</p>
-
-<p>“The Lord of Worcester petitions the King in regard he had expended,
-and lent towards his late Majesty’s service the sum of £92,500, for
-which and his other very many and considerable losses, to the utter
-impoverishment of himself and family, he never yet received any
-compensation or satisfaction. His Majesty would be pleased to take the
-state of the Petitioner into his gracious consideration, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer this petition unto Mr.
-Attorney or Mr. Solicitor. Mr. Solicitor reports to his Majesty matter
-of fact in the petition mentioned to be true, and further adviseth it
-is not safe for his Majesty either to supersede or discharge the said
-judgment, but that likewise the Earl doth justly merit his Majesty’s
-just and favourable consideration, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>“Whereupon the Earl of Worcester prayeth, that in regard what he
-petitioned for, was for the satisfaction merely of creditors, and not
-to his mediate or immediate advantage, and his fortune totally disposed
-of to his Majesty’s service, other than what is settled as aforesaid to
-the payment of his many creditors, which in honour (his only livelihood
-now left him), he is bound to see satisfied, the which as the present
-case standeth with my Lord cannot be, without his Majesty extendeth
-his favour, either by payment of the money, or some other means
-equivalently satisfactory, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>“His Majesty will be graciously pleased to confer the honour of Baron
-on J. B. being fitly qualified, and whose estate suits in proportion
-with the charge that dignity requireth, by which means his Majesty will
-not be out of purse and the Petitioner indemnified.”</p>
-
-<p>On Christmas day the Marquis wrote a long epistle (but to whom is
-unknown) requesting the favour of a letter by means of which he could
-obtain the services of Lord Arlington and Lady Castlemaine, probably
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</span>
-to obtain some protective influence over his property, then much
-jeopardized:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Honoured Sir</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“You have by God’s infinite providence not only befriended my wife and
-me in Cromwell’s time, but likewise by his great mercy and goodness,
-I think, reserved to do the like in his now Majesty’s reign; in whose
-happy memory [he] was pleased to say, even to his Queen, now dowager,
-that next to his own children and her, he was obliged to take care and
-recompense me; so can you not do now a greater act of charity, nor
-loyalty, than to set your concurring hand to procure from her Grace,
-and her unparalleled deserving husband, the favour of setting their
-hands each to a letter I shall be bold to present to your perusal
-first, and then your favour to their Graces; which done, my Lord
-Arlington and my Lady Castlemaine undertake to perfect my most humble
-request to his Majesty; so that they shall incur no risk of denial, and
-yet by the same obliging hand of yours which promotes my most humble
-suit, I shall present a thousand pieces to the Duchess, to buy her a
-little jewel to what she deserves to wear every day of the week. And if
-it please God I live but two years, I will, out of the profits of my
-Water-commanding Engine, appropriate five hundred pounds yearly, for
-ever, to her Grace’s, and two hundred pounds yearly, likewise, to your
-disposal; and in present forty pieces to buy you a Nogge; all which,
-as I am a gentleman and a christian, shall be faithfully and most
-thankfully performed, though the benefit I pretend to by my petition,
-will not amount to what my gratitude obliges; yet the satisfaction
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</span>
-which it will be to my mind, and my credit therein at stake, I
-value at ten times as much. And this will enable me to place my
-Water-commanding Engine, where I am a certained [assured?] an hundred
-pounds a day profit, without further troubling the King or any body.
-And that done the greatest of my ambition will be to show my gratitude
-and pay my debts; confessing not to owe to any person living more
-real acknowledgment of thankfulness than to her Grace, who hath been
-pleased, in my absence and my wife’s, to be a champion for us, which
-draws upon herself in part this trouble, with more than confidence to
-receive from her more than gracious hands and princess-like disposition
-this further favour, which my wife and I shall never forget, and
-thankfully to acknowledge to her Grace, and your most worthy self,
-whose further trouble it is time to prevent in subscribing myself as
-you shall ever find me,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Sir, your most real affectionate friend,</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">“and humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Christmas Day, 25th of Dec. 1665.</p>
-
-<p>“Because the profit accruing from my Water-commanding Engine may
-seem uncertain, I humbly offer in lieu thereof and in token of my
-gratitude, a judgment of ten thousand pounds for the payment of one
-thousand pounds a year for four years, at the disposal of her Grace,
-and two hundred pounds per annum at yours; so their Graces be pleased
-cheerfully to sign the letter, and positively to own them and me
-to be their perpetual servant, not doubting then to find ways more
-efficaciously to testify my reality and devotion to them if accepted
-of, and thus obliged to them and you.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Whether the following is the draft of a letter, proposed in the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</span>
-preceding communication, is uncertain; it is however in a contemporary
-handwriting, and, therefore, may be the very letter he offered to
-submit for approval.<a id="FNanchor_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> It runs thus:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Majesty</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Upon my Lord of Worcester’s speaking to my husband for his letter to
-your Majesty, and laying open his sad condition, there comes into my
-mind a petition from his Lady to the Speaker ready to adjourn the House
-in Cromwell’s time, without relief to her, but upon her petition, as
-here enclosed, Worcester House was granted her. God forbid a greater
-hardness should possess your Majesty’s heart, our most gracious King,
-than did those regicides to one they took for their enemy; and I do,
-therefore, with more than confidence in remembrance of my Lady’s former
-pressures and miseries make myself a party with my Lord Marquis, in his
-most humble suit to your Majesty, in my Lord Powis his behalf, that
-he may not be frustrated of what the last King entitled him, of being
-created Earl, because it came through my Lord Marquis his hands, but
-further likewise to bestow a Baron’s patent upon a friend of my Lord
-Marquis, for both which I become a suitor with his Lordship, and beg
-pardon if I become more importunate to your Majesty in this case, than
-for myself in anything, who do already acknowledge most thankfully many
-great favours done to me,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“Your Majesty’s most humble servant.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The following letter it would appear was addressed to the Duke of
-Albemarle:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your Grace</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“The objections you were pleased to make against the owning and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</span>
-subscribing the letter to his Majesty were as I humbly conceive
-your Grace’s resolution not to trouble the King for money business
-even in your own behalf, much less in another’s; and secondly that
-as for Creations you had absolutely promised his Majesty you would
-not importune him again. To the first I answer that this is to save
-the King’s coffers, since certainly if either honour or conscience
-should take place his Majesty ought to save me harmless from the six
-thousand pound confessed and proved to be the Crown’s debt; so happily
-now upon his head by your Grace’s no less prudent and valorous, than
-dutiful endeavours, blest by Divine Providence, never intending the
-ruin of his best deserving subjects, and the only promoting of his
-rebels, which the child unborn may rue if not timely prevented; and
-as a wise Privy-Councillor your Grace’s part is to mind his Majesty
-so of, as not totally to dishearten, I will not say disgust his good
-subjects well deserving, yet that as far as loyalty and religion will
-give them leave; and I am sorry his Majesty should bid adieu to works
-of supererogation and love in his subjects, and most certainly they
-are not his best counsellors who advise him to it; and your Grace will
-be most commendable in doing the contrary, and at long running the
-King will love you best for it, so that this objection of your Grace I
-humbly conceive to be totally solved.</p>
-
-<p>“As for the second, your Grace’s promise not to speak for any more
-Creations, be pleased to understand it rightly, and you are no motioner
-of this; you do but lay before him my reasonable petition therein,
-such as my Lord Chancellor was pleased to think so fitting as he once
-undertook it for me, and I am confident will thank your Grace for
-reviving of it, and in my conscience so will the King too in granting
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</span>
-of it; for I cannot have so mean a thought of his Majesty but that
-against the hair he hath been forced to bestow honour to the highest
-degree upon five member men, and * * * upon earth, as subscribed to
-his father of happy memory his death, and that he will think much to
-countenance him who only assisted his late Majesty to fly from their
-compulsion of him, to agree to such acts as would have left himself our
-now gracious King the successor of a title of a King of three kingdoms,
-but to the substance of no one of them. It was I furnished his Majesty
-with money to go (to) Theobalds to go to York, when the then Marquis
-of Hambleton refused to pay three hundred pounds for his Majesty at
-Theobalds only to deliver him to the Parliament, as he had done the
-Earl of Strafford, and to * * * the * * * Parliament. It was I carried
-him money to set up his standard at York, and procured my father to
-give the then Sir John Byron five thousand pounds to raise the first
-regiment of horse, and kept a table for above twenty officers at York,
-which I underhand sent thither to keep them from taking conditions from
-the Parliament, and so were ready to accept his. It was I victualled
-the Tower of London, and gave five and twenty hundred pounds to the
-then Lieutenant, Sir John Byron, my cousin-german by my first wife’s
-side. It was I raised most of the men at Edge-hill fight, and after I
-was betrayed at * * * * * when so many gentlemen of quality were taken,
-and of twenty-five thousand men first and last by me raised, eight
-thousand men dispersed by the contrivance of such as called themselves
-the King’s good subjects, and some of them rewarded for it; they were
-my men weekly paid, without taking a farthing contribution, because
-the country tottered; who took * * * * * * * * * in the forest of
-Dean, Goodridge Castle, Monmouth, Chepstow, Carlyon, and Cardiff from
-the Parliamentary forces; in which, and the garrison of Raglan, I can
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</span>
-bring proof of above an hundred and fifty thousand pounds expended;
-and in ready money first and last to the King’s own purse above as
-much more; and of above thirty-five thousand pounds received by my
-father and me comunely armes, in forty, forty-two, and forty-three,
-I have not now five and twenty hundred, and that clogged with twenty
-thousand pounds crying debts, that keep me not only from a competent
-maintenance, but even from sleep. I speak not here of above three
-hundred thousand pounds which it hath cost the noblemen, knights, and
-gentlemen, which rode in my Life-Guard * * for * * * their comporting,
-they making amongst them above threescore thousand pounds yearly, of
-land of inheritance; and I, upon my interest with seven counties, had
-begun an engagement of above three hundred thousand pounds yearly
-land of inheritance against my return with men from beyond the sea;
-in which endeavours my charges have been vast, besides hazard by sea
-even of shipwreck, and by land of deadly encounters, I do not trouble
-your Lordship with, but all this being true to a tittle, as upon my
-word and honour, dearer to me than my life, I avouch it; I cannot
-doubt but your Grace will call for a pen to sign the letter, and if
-you please send this together with it, and rest assured that if the
-King refuse my request, I will never importune you more, nor ever set
-my foot into his Majesty’s Court again, unless expressly commanded by
-him for his service; otherwise I will only heartily pray for him, but
-never hereafter shall I or any friend of mine engage for him further,
-than the simple duty of a loyal subject sitting quietly at home, no
-ways break the peace, or disobeying the wholesome laws of the land,
-and God send him better and more able subjects to serve his Majesty
-than myself; willinger I am sure he cannot, and I beseech your Grace to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</span>
-pardon me if passion hath a little transported me beyond good manners,
-and lay what penance you please upon me, so I tend not to lessen your
-Grace’s belief that I am</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“Your Grace’s most really devoted friend</p>
-<p class="signed_line2">“and servant ever to obey you,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Dec. 29, 1665.”</p>
-
-
-<p>“My dear Lord, my heart is yet full fraughted, and I can say much more
-for myself, were I not ashamed of giving your Grace so great a trouble
-with my scribbling, which I will thus end, promising to smother as
-long as may be, my deplorable condition, and worse usage, but it will
-at last fly over the whole world to the disheartening of all zealous
-and loyal subjects; unless such a true-hearted Englishman and faithful
-servant as your Grace do awaken his Majesty out of the lethargy my
-enemies have cast him into, not to be sensible of what I have done
-or suffered. Cardinal Mazarine presented me to his King with these
-words, ‘Sire, whosoever hath loyalty or religion in recommendation,
-must honour this well-born person;<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has &quot;">’</ins> and the Queen-mother, now Dowager,
-hath often said to have heard her husband say, that next to her and
-his children, he was bound to take a care of me, of whom it may be now
-verified, qui jacet in terra non habet unde cadet, I am cast to the
-ground, I can fall no lower.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">This month the Marquis appears to have obtained the loan of £200, for
-which a draft receipt<a id="FNanchor_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> is extant, as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“I, Edward Somerset, Earl and Marquis of Worcester, do confess and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</span>
-acknowledge to have received and borrowed of **** the full sum of two
-hundred pounds sterling, for the assurance thereof I do constitute
-him the said *** to be receiver of two hundred pounds, payable from
-the Right Honourable the Lord High Chancellor of England, the Earl
-of Clarendon, at Michaelmas next, which shall be in the year of our
-Lord 1666, and therewith to repay himself the said two hundred pounds.
-Witness my hand and seal, this 30th day of Dec. 1665.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span></p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">“Signed, sealed and delivered<br />
-“in presence.”</p>
-
-
-<p>From 1662 to 1665, the Marquis of Worcester appears to have been pretty
-regular in his attendance at the House of Peers. But the last we hear
-of him was on the 31st of October, 1665. When the House met on the 1st
-of October, 1666, the Marquis was absent, being “excused,” possibly
-from the state of his health, as he was never present afterwards.<a id="FNanchor_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p>
-
-<p>About the same time we have his Petition for the appointment of a
-Committee of Inquiry:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.&mdash;The most humble Petition of
-Edward, Marquis of Worcester:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Sheweth</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“That your Petitioner overwhelmed with the very, very much he hath
-to say, and fearful too long to detain your sacred Majesty therewith
-from more serious affairs, humbly prayeth that you will be pleased
-to refer him to be heard by the Lord High Chancellor of England, the
-Lord Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Lotherdale, the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</span>
-Lord Arlington, the Lord Ashley and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to
-such of them or other persons as your Majesty shall think fit, and
-that upon their report your Majesty will vouchsafe to do with your
-Petitioner, or to your Petitioner, what they in the Petitioner’s
-behalf, and congruous to your service shall find reasonable, and
-consonant with your Petitioner’s merits or demerits; the Petitioner
-most entirely submitting to your will and pleasure: Casting himself
-upon your Majesty’s goodness, no ways standing upon his deserts,
-though really found never so many not thought of, or hitherto kept
-from your Majesty’s knowledge, your Petitioner doth not say through
-envy or malice, since perhaps through ignorance, such ignorance,
-notwithstanding, as the Divines call ignorantia crassa. But whatsoever
-in quality or number his services were, they were but due to such a
-gracious King and Master as your Majesty’s father, of happy memory,
-was to your Petitioner, and to your incomparable self; and, therefore,
-acknowledgeth they fall far short of his true loyalty and devotion to
-either; and being once rightly made known and presented to your sacred
-Majesty, your Petitioner promiseth himself no less encouragement for
-the future from your Majesty, nor less abilities in himself to become
-as useful as formerly; and as disinterestedly to serve you. Neither
-shall anything for the future dismay, or in any kind deter your
-Petitioner from that his resolution, but from the bottom of his heart</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“He shall ever pray, &amp;c.</p>
-<div class="figright" style="width:60%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p238.jpg" width="100%" alt="Worcester [autograph, 1665&ndash;6, of the Author of the &quot;Century&quot;]" /></div>
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<p id="Page_284"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 284]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“At the Court, at Hampton Court, Jan. 29th, 1665/6.</p>
-
-
-<p>“His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer and recommend the
-Petitioner to be heard by the within named Lords, referees, or to any
-four or more of them, and they to give their report to his Majesty as
-soon as conveniently may be.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Arlington.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The next letter is without date or address, but appears
-both to belong to the present period and to relate to
-the same business as the foregoing; he says:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">My Noble Lord</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“I must and ever will most thankfully and humbly acknowledge your
-Lordship’s civil and obliging language and carriage towards me,
-your humble servant. But pardon me if I cannot conceive how my Lord
-Arlington, Principal Secretary of State, and as well of the Bourne [?]
-as Cabinet Council, and that most deservedly, can, notwithstanding,
-miss of an opportunity to acquaint and receive his Majesty’s answer to
-the meanest of his Majesty’s subjects; praying but a reference to the
-chiefest of his Privy Councillors, and by them only to be heard for
-the King’s service, as well as his own concerns. His Majesty little
-thinks what he hath, or doth daily lose for not suffering himself to
-be disabused of a premeditated opinion concerning me; nor doth your
-Lordship imagine what services I do intend to your Lordship’s most
-worthy self, and that the King will have cause to thank you for any
-service you may please to afford me whose aim (I take God to witness)
-is in chief more really to the King’s advantage and service than mine
-own interest, who could not want forty or fifty thousand pounds yearly
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</span>
-beyond seas, and do as good as want bread at home, where I was born to
-five and thirty thousand pounds, land of inheritance, and two hundred
-thousand pounds in cash left me by my grandfather, which, for so good a
-cause as I have lost it for, I joyfully renounce.</p>
-
-<p>“Monsieur La Sual told me that Germany, France, Spain, and Italy
-censured England very much for so ill requiting my services and
-sufferings, and being so little sensible of my yet abilities to serve
-it; and yet those Kings and Princes know not the quarter, and mine own
-King the least of all, or the least sensible and persuaded, as well not
-to understand what I can yet perform, as not to reflect upon what is
-past.</p>
-
-<p>“My dear Lord, look once more upon both my petitions; and if the King
-thinks me not worthy of common justice to be heard, or you deem them
-fit, and me, to be laid aside, I will gladly acquiesce, and I will not
-further trouble the King, nor importune your Lordship, but, fair and
-far off, ever quietly without more importunity remain,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">“My Lord, your Lordship’s</p>
-<p class="signed_line2">“most faithful and most humble servant,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">In the April of this year, the plague had commenced its appalling
-ravages in the metropolis, the stagnant air of which was partially
-purified by means of large bonfires, to promote circulation, the air
-having, it was supposed, become noxious through unusually prevalent
-calm sultry weather. The unhealthy state of the town may have had its
-influence on the Marquis, contributing to weaken a constitution already
-sufficiently harassed; yet so far from relief of any kind coming to
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</span>
-solace him in his afflictions, we next find him compelled to petition
-for protection of his public works, which (as noted three years before,
-in his <i>Century</i>), were again being similarly nearly taken from him,
-“without (as he observes) the least regard of above ten thousand
-pounds expended by me, and through my zeal to the common good.” His
-application is endorsed&mdash;“10 Jan. 1666. The Marquis of Worcester’s
-Petition for a Fee and Farm of Works House at Foxe Hall:”<a id="FNanchor_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">[I]</a>&mdash;and is as
-follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. The humble
-Petition of Edward, Lord Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Humbly Sheweth</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“That the Petitioner (over and above great sums of money lent by him
-to his late Majesty of blessed memory) did expend in building of a
-house called Fauxhall, for an operatory for engineers and artists to
-work public works in, £9000 and upwards, as appears by the bills of the
-workmen that built the house.</p>
-
-<p>“That the Petitioner hath expended above £50,000 trying experiments
-and conclusions of arts, in that operatory, which may be useful to his
-Majesty and his kingdoms.</p>
-
-<p>“That there being a grant made by your Majesty, under the Great Seal
-of England to the Lord Moore, of the manor of Kennington, (within
-which manor the said Fauxhall is situated and being) the Petitioner
-applied himself to your Majesty, and acquainted your Majesty with the
-Petitioner’s equitable right to the said Fauxhall, that thereupon
-your Majesty was graciously pleased to recall the said Patent, and to
-cause an exception to be made therein as to Fauxhall, which was done,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</span>
-whereby your Majesty might gratify the Petitioner therewith, but the
-Petitioner hath not hitherto desired the same.</p>
-
-<p>“The Petitioner humbly prayeth that your Majesty will be graciously
-pleased, in consideration that the Petitioner hath built the said
-house, at so great a charge, to serve your Majesty,</p>
-
-<p>“That you will be pleased to grant it to the Petitioner at some fee
-farm rent, as your Majesty shall think fit.</p>
-
-<p>“And the Petitioner shall pray.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">This document divulges at least one important secret in regard to
-the Marquis of Worcester’s personal history, in connection with his
-practical mechanical pursuits. We now find that he actually built
-suitable premises as workshops at Vauxhall,<a id="FNanchor_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> for “engineers and
-artists to work public works in.” That in that “operatory,” or
-laboratory, he had “expended above £50,000, trying experiments and
-conclusions of arts.” And that on the building alone he had laid out
-above £9000. It is, however, only by bearing in mind the enormous
-amount that these sums of money represent, considered in reference to
-the value they bore two hundred years ago, that we become fully alive
-to the princely expenditure of this great scientific experimentalist,
-whose patronage and encouragement of experimental philosophy, for
-practical designs, is without a parallel in any other age or country.</p>
-
-<p>The very next month his Lady was necessitated to petition in the
-following terms, in regard to Worcester House.<a id="FNanchor_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</span>
-“To the right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, now
-assembled in Parliament.</p>
-
-<p>“The humble Petition of Margaret, Marchioness of Worcester, wife of
-Edward, now Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Humbly Sheweth</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“That the said Marquis for his services to his Majesty did expend many
-vast sums of money, and thereby contracted great debts; that although
-the said Marquis, since his Majesty’s happy restoration, hath paid
-above fifty thousand pounds of those debts so contracted, as aforesaid,
-yet there remains so many great debts, that the said Marquis his
-estate is all seized on by his creditors upon judgments, statutes, and
-recognizances, insomuch that the said Marquis is deprived of his whole
-estate; and nothing left for his and your Petitioner’s support and
-maintenance.</p>
-
-<p>“That in particular the said Marquis his estate was extended by one Mr.
-John Hall<a id="FNanchor_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> in March last, upon a judgment of six thousand pounds for
-money borrowed by the Petitioner’s husband in 1642, to pay the garrison
-of Monmouth, then in a mutiny.</p>
-
-<p>“That the said extent is assigned now to the Lord John Somerset,
-who now threatens (having got most part of the estate) to turn the
-Petitioner out of Worcester House, so that she will be destitute of an
-habitation and maintenance.</p>
-
-<p>“The Petitioner humbly prayeth your Lordships’ consideration of the
-Petitioner’s most necessitous condition, and to find out a way for her
-relief, and also your Lordships’ recommendation of her case to the
-Right Honourable the Lords and Commons of England.</p>
-
-<p>“And your Petitioner shall pray.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Worcester.</span>”</p>
-
-
-<p class="dated_at_top">“Die Jovis, 7 die Febr. 1666.</p>
-
-<p>“Upon reading the humble Petition of the Lady Marchioness of Worcester,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</span>
-it is ordered by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament
-assembled, that the Duke of Albemarle, the Lord Chamberlain of his
-Majesty’s Household, the Earl of Anglesey, the Lord <ins class="correction" title="alternative spellling">Arundell</ins> of Warder,
-and the Lord Howard of Charlton, be appointed a Committee to wait
-on his Majesty and represent unto him the sad condition of the said
-Marquis and his Lady.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">“<span class="smcap">Jo. Brown</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature smaller">“Cleric. Parliament.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">From the Marchioness’ petition we obtain a further acquaintance with
-the deplorable situation in which the Marquis was placed, even seven
-years after the Restoration, when he had recovered his estates, and
-possessed whatever he may have received as gifts from the Crown; and
-by the way of loans from friends, from secured money-lenders, and for
-assigned portions of interest in the profits to arise from working his
-“Water-commanding Engine.”</p>
-
-<p>In a report made to the Duchy of Cornwall<a id="FNanchor_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> (although two years
-later) full particulars are furnished of the nature and extent of
-the property in which the Marquis was interested, as stated in his
-preceding petition. The Surveyors General say:&mdash;“Foxhall house is
-parcel of the manor of Kennington and Duchy of Cornwall, and the use
-thereof was lately allowed by his Majesty unto Mr. Jaspar Calthoff, who
-was employed in the making of guns and divers engines and works for his
-Majesty’s service, since whose death part thereof hath been granted by
-his Majesty to Peter Jacobson (the said Jaspar Calthoff’s son-in-law)
-for his life, and the residue is enjoyed by this Petitioner (widow of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</span>
-the said Jaspar) in favour of her said late husband’s services for his
-Majesty; containing in the whole within the brick walls, two acres and
-28 perches of ground, divided into divers parcels, whereof the furthest
-part S. contains about 214 feet in length from E. to W. and about 66
-feet in breadth at the W. end, nearest the Thames, and about 109 feet
-in breadth at the end next the highway, leading from Lambeth Church
-towards Kingston; and hath a dwelling house thereon erected at the
-S.E. corner thereof, containing about 40 feet in length, and 24 feet
-in breadth, and several sheds both at the E. and W. ends of the said
-piece, all which are affirmed to be let together to one John Collins,
-at £16 per annum.</p>
-
-<p>“And one other part of the said ground next adjoining N. used for a
-great garden, containeth in length, on the E. side thereof next the
-said highway, about 238 feet, and on the W. side next the Thames about
-213 feet, and in breadth at the S. end about 192 feet.</p>
-
-<p>“And other part of the said ground still more N. used for a yard or
-garden, containeth in length from the last mentioned great garden to
-the mansion house of Foxhall, about 144 feet, and in breadth from a
-range of pales, dividing this and the said Jacobson’s part, to the said
-highway about 98 feet.&mdash;On the E. side whereof (next the said way) is
-erected a long range of building, used for a working house, containing
-in length about 132 feet, and in breadth (from out to out) about 20
-feet, two stories high, besides garrets.</p>
-
-<p>“At the N. end of which working house there is a cross building
-erected, of the same height, part used for a forging house, and the
-rest for dwelling; extending from the said highway W. about 46 feet in
-breadth from out to out.</p>
-
-<p>“Still more W. is the chief mansion house, extending W. from the last
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</span>
-mentioned building about 46 feet more in length, and about 24 feet
-in breadth, three stories high, besides garrets and cellars, with a
-stair-case built out cross on the N. side thereof about 18 feet square.”</p>
-
-<p>The remaining portion of the report concerns property on the north side
-let to another tenant; to stables, and to outhouses; concluding with
-an opinion that the whole, when repaired, would render a lease for 31
-years worth £100 per annum.</p>
-
-<p>We thus ascertain that the “Working house,” as it is here called
-(the “Operatory” named in the petition), where Caspar Kaltoff and
-his engineers worked, and in or near which the first great public
-exhibition of the “Water-commanding Engine” was consummated, occupied
-a considerable space of crown property. It was no exposition of
-questionable utility that was there offered to public view. And that
-it was public is every way certain, and, indeed, there could be
-no reasonable occasion for its being otherwise, after being fully
-protected for ninety-nine years by Act of Parliament. Besides, in
-no other way would it have been possible to obtain a sufficient
-proprietary, such as was evidently sought by the publication made
-by the Act itself, and apparently also by the distribution of large
-posting bills; of which latter a curious specimen still exists in the
-archives of the British Museum.<a id="FNanchor_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
-
-<p>It was the Marquis of Worcester’s misfortune, being involved in heavy
-debt, to be necessitated to seek pecuniary benefit from his great
-invention. What means were particularly adopted, beyond setting up a
-practical illustration at Vauxhall, it is impossible to ascertain,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</span>
-but he would most likely engage the services of one or more active
-business agents. That a public company was intended to be carried out
-by means of several shareholders, is also highly probable, judging
-from remarks occasionally made by himself, and from the dispersion of
-placards and similar written statements, headed a “Definition” of the
-Engine.</p>
-
-<p>Now it is assuredly a matter of surprise that an invention so singular
-and novel in character, promising unheard of advantages, should not
-have attracted the general attention of all patrons and promoters of
-science. The only instance of a passing remark from a scientific source
-is anything but gratifying. Dr. Hook, writing to the Honourable Robert
-Boyle about the early part of 1667,<a id="FNanchor_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> reports certain experiments
-with glass tubes then being carried on at Gresham College, after
-which he says:&mdash;“Sir R. Moray presented the Society with an engine
-sent them by Prince Rupert; being for raising water, such a one as, I
-am sure, you have seen and taken notice of in Scottus his mechanics,
-whose contrivance is, continually to raise water, by turning round
-a cylinder with a sliding board in it, included in another hollow
-cylinder, or barrel. The Engine has not been tried, but it will be
-the next Wednesday. But I find that it goes exceedingly hard with the
-several grating and sliding motions that it has, so that it is more
-likely to prove a pretty curiosity than a useful engine. But this gave
-an occasion for producing the definition or description of the Marquis
-of Worcester’s Water-commanding Engine, which is so purely romantic
-that it would serve one rarely to fill half a dozen pages in the
-<i>History of Fortunatus his Wishing Cup</i>. A transcript of some of the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</span>
-most observable passages, because I could not procure the book itself
-to send you, I have here enclosed, which if it should chance to perform
-but the least part of what is therein specified, my Lord Brereton is
-likely to pay £5 towards the revenue, that is to accrue thereby to the
-Marquis, he having wagered so much against him. I was since my return
-to London to see this engine, where I found Caltrop his chief engineer,
-to laugh at it; and as far as I was able to see it, it seemed one of
-the perpetual motion fallacies. Of which kind Caltrop himself, and two
-or three others, that I know, are labouring at this time in vain, to
-make, but after several ways; and nothing but costly experience will
-make them desist.”</p>
-
-<p>The prejudices created against monopolists in the reign of Queen
-Elizabeth, were not without foundation, in consequence of the absurd
-rights conceded to patentees of imaginary inventions; amounting to the
-legalizing of extortion of the most unquestionable and aggravating
-kind, without any chance of remedy. Real inventions were few, and
-impositions were everywhere practised with bold effrontery. There
-was nothing in the public character of the Marquis of Worcester to
-bespeak public favour. Who could ever dream that the Earl of Glamorgan
-was suddenly to assume a new character? The few inventions that were
-regarded as wonders of art were of ancient origin, slowly perfected,
-and in 1663 were considered to have reached almost the acmé of
-perfection. Yet here was a nobleman, unheard of, except for his share
-in Charles the First’s design to punish his rebellious subjects with
-the aid of an Irish army, suddenly proposing to supersede all ancient
-approved and improved methods of elevating water; and to perform many
-other surprising mechanical feats. And not only was he an inventor,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</span>
-but an innovator on old custom and a monopolist, not by patent
-alone, but by Act of Parliament for ninety-nine years! Even Dr. Hook
-could not view the Marquis otherwise than by the common standard of
-public opinion, acknowledging that he only went to see the wondrous
-engine at Vauxhall <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing opening quotes">“</ins><i>to laugh at it</i>!” And he could even condescend
-to report of his fellow inventor’s labour, that,&mdash;“as far as I could
-see it, it <i>seemed</i> one of the perpetual motion fallacies.” So that
-its very regularity and remarkable continuity of operation were alone,
-considered enough to condemn it! Dr. Robert Hook was deservedly
-esteemed as a mathematician, and he was also distinguished for his
-mechanical ingenuity; but he was a man of very peculiar habits and
-singular disposition, being excessively jealous and cynical. This
-splenetic philosopher appears to have set out for Lambeth in no
-disposition to form a dispassionate opinion on the work of a rival
-inventor. A few lines of description, however meagre, would have been
-invaluable, whereas his cynical remark leads to the unfavourable
-supposition that his disingenuous statements had their influence on
-Boyle and other Fellows of the Royal Society, to check any further
-inquiry respecting the supposed mechanical marvel.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis might well allude in his <i>Century</i> to “the melancholy which
-had lately seized upon him;” his sole desire being to pay his debts
-and possess “a competency to live according to his birth and quality;”
-yet every way frustrated, month by month, year by year, even after his
-last ray of hope was realized in the return of the exiled sovereign.
-He makes slight allusion to enemies, and none to public neglect. The
-enemies must have existed, Papist as he was, when so late as November
-1666, the King had published a declaration to banish all priests and
-jesuits, on pain of punishment if found in the kingdom after the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</span>
-middle of the next month; the public neglect, from his aristocratic
-sympathies, he might not choose to recognise. It is certain he had been
-abundantly persecuted for his political acts, and was being neglected
-with a degree of callousness for which it is difficult at this remote
-period, and in the absence of needful intelligence, to account, so as
-fairly to reconcile the many incongruities and inconsistencies in the
-statement of his devotion to Charles the First, the coolness of Charles
-the Second, the Marquis’s own firm clinging to a Court which used him
-so basely, and the utter oblivion into which his efforts fell among all
-classes of men esteemed patrons of art, literature and science.</p>
-
-<p>Amidst plague, and intestine troubles, and surrounded with domestic
-calamities of the most poignant character, this great and good man,
-this glorious genius deceased on Wednesday, the 3rd of April, 1667.
-Where he died is nowhere recorded, and no incident of his latter days
-affords the slightest information. It is not unreasonable to suppose
-that he had resided at Lambeth, if not indeed at the mansion then
-called Faux-hall. He was conveyed with funeral solemnity from London to
-his barony of Raglan, in the county of Monmouth, where he was buried in
-the family vault within the Parish Church, on Friday the 17th of the
-same month, near to the body of Edward, Earl of Worcester, Lord Privy
-Seal, his grandfather, the following inscription being engraved on a
-brass plate:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<i>Depositum Illustrissimi Principis Edwardi Marchionis &amp; Comitis
-Wigorniæ, Comitis de Glamorgan, Baronis Herbert de Raglan, Chepstow, &amp;
-Gower, nec non Serenissimo nuper Domino Regi Carolo primo, Southwalliæ
-Locum-tenentis: Qui obiit apud Lond. tertio die Aprilis</i>, An. Dom.
-<span class="smcap">m.dc.lxvii.</span>”
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p296.jpg" width="100%" alt="St. Cadocus, Raglan Church" />
-<span class="larger"><span class="smcap">St.</span> CADOCUS:</span><br />
-THE PARISH CHURCH OF RAGLAN, MONMOUTHSHIRE</div>
-
-<p id="Page_297"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 297]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p297.jpg" width="100%" alt="St. Cadocus east end and plan" />
-EAST END VIEW AND PLAN OF RAGLAN CHURCH.</div>
-
-<p>In the above view of Raglan Church, a corresponding plan is given,
-showing, by the letter <span class="smcap">a</span>, that portion of the chancel beneath
-which is situated the family vault of the Beaufort family. The flagged
-area has a font in the centre, pews in one corner and at the sides,
-with a window at one end, and at the other a door opening to the
-church-yard.</p>
-
-<p>Although Francis Sandford, Pursuivant at Arms, in noticing heraldic
-particulars, when alluding to his funeral, adds, “which myself had the
-honour to attend,” he makes no comment of a personal or interesting
-character, beyond the customary genealogical details. From Sandford’s
-remark one is led to suppose he attended as a personal friend. He
-was a native of Wicklow, of humble origin and moderate education,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</span>
-long resident in London. He was therefore a person likely to be
-intimately acquainted with the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester’s Irish
-connexions, and to take a more than usual interest in the circumstances
-relating to the death and funeral obsequies of the Marquis.<a id="FNanchor_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></p>
-
-<p>On the 24th of the same month the following funeral certificate was
-attested by his son Henry, Marquis of Worcester, at the Herald’s
-College:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p298.jpg" width="100%" alt="Arms of the Marquis of Worcester, and his two wives" /></div>
-
-<p>“The Right Hon<sup>ble</sup> Edward Somerset Marquess and Earle of Worcester,
-Earle of Glamorgan, and Baron Herbert of Raglan, Chepstow, and Gower
-departed this mortall life upon <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Wedensday</ins> the third of Aprill 1667,
-and was conveyed with ffunerall Solemnitie from London to his Barony
-of Raglan in the County of Monmouth (accompanied with many Gentry of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</span>
-y<sup>e</sup> County’s of Gloucester and Monmouth aforesaid) and there interred
-in his Lordships Chappell in the Parish Church, neare to the body of
-Edward Earle of Worcester Lord Privie Seale, his Grandfather (in a
-vault arched with stone) on fryday the 19 day of the same month. His
-Lordship married to his first wife Elizabeth Dormer daughter of Sir
-William Dormer Knight that dyed in the lifetime of his father, and
-sister unto Robert Earle of Carnarvon by whom he had issue his only
-son Henry Lord Herbert, now Marquess of Worcester at the time of the
-takeinge of this Certificate, who, marrying with Mary daughter of that
-most loyall Nobleman Arthur, Lord Capell, beheaded by the rebells upon
-the 9th day of March 1648 (Sister to Arthur Earle of Essex, &amp;c.<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has (">)</ins> and
-Widdow to Henry Seamour, Lord Beauchampe that dyed in the lifetime of
-his father, by whom she had issue William now Duke of Somerset aged 15
-years and Frances and Mary, dead, and Elizabeth Seamour third daughter
-now liveing, had by the said Mary also issue Henry Somerset his eldest
-son dead, and buried at Windsor; Charles Somerset second son and heire,
-now Lord Herbert about 6 years old; Edward Somerset 3<sup>d</sup> son, dead also,
-and was interred at Raglan; and Henry Somerset the yonger 4 sonne who
-departed this world about two dayes before his Grandfather and was
-buried at Raglan; Elizabeth Somerset elder daughter dyed young and
-was buried at Raglan, and Lady Mary Somerset, younger daughter is now
-liveing about a yeare and halfe old. Lady Anne Somerset elder daughter
-to the defunct was married to Henry Howard second sonne of Henry Earle
-of <ins class="correction" title="alternative spellling">Arundell</ins>, and brother and heire to Thomas Duke of Norfolke, and
-by him hath issue Henry Howard, <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing comma">Thomas,</ins> Elizabeth and Frances. Lady
-Elizabeth Somerset younger daughter to the defunct is the wife of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</span>
-William, Lord Herbert of Powis and by him hath issue William Herbert
-his only son and five daughters.</p>
-
-<p>“The said Edward Lord Marquess defunct married to his second wife the
-Lady Margaret O’Bryan daughter and coheire of Henry Earle of Thomond,
-and by her had issue one only daughter named Mary, who dyed an Infant,
-and was buried at Raglan. This Certificate was taken upon the 24th
-day of Aprill 1667 by Ffrancis Sandford, Rouge Dragon, who, served
-for S<sup>r</sup> Edward Walker K<sup>t</sup>. Garter Principall King of Armes, and the
-truth thereof attested by the subscription of the Right Ho<sup>ble</sup> Henry
-Marquesse of Worcester</p>
-
-<div class="left_text"><span class="ml20">“Examd. F. R. S. D.</span></div>
-<div class="right_text"><span class="ml90">&nbsp;</span><span class="smcap">Worcester.</span>”</div>
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">It is, throughout, very observable that the invention of the
-Water-commanding Engine was no imaginary scheme, no merely ingenious
-idea, but a realized fact, of the nature and importance of which the
-late Marquis had been fully sensible. And it affords a striking proof
-of his high estimation and correct knowledge of the magnitude of his
-discovery, that he should have bowed himself before his Maker in humble
-adoration, acknowledging in a simple yet solemnly sublime strain, his
-sense of obligation to the supreme Source of all intelligence, for
-permitting him to become instrumental in the development of so great a
-mystery of nature.</p>
-
-<p>The following is from the original manuscript at Badminton:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top extra_hanging_indent">“<i>The Lord Marquesse of Worcester’s Ejaculatory and extemporary
-thanksgiueing prayer when first with his corporall eyes, he did
-see finish’d a perfect tryall of his Water-commanding Engine
-delightfull and usefull to whomsoeuer hath in recomendation eyther
-knowledge, profit, or pleasure.</i></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</span>
-“Oh! infinitly omnipotent God whose mercyes are fathomlesse, and
-whose knowledge is immense and inexhaustible next to my Creation and
-Redemption I render thee most humble thanks even from the very bottome
-of my heart and bowells, for thy voutchchafeing me (the meanest in
-understanding), an insight in soe great a secret of nature beneficial
-to all mankind as this my Water-commanding Engine. Suffer me not to
-be puff’d upp, O Lord, by the knowing of it, and many more rare and
-unheard off, yea unparaleled Inventions, Tryals, and Experiments, but
-humble my haughty heart, by the true knowledge of myne owne ignorant,
-weak, and unworthy nature, proane to all euill O most mercifull Father
-my creator, most compassionatting Sonne my Redeemer, and Holyest of
-Spiritts, the sanctifier, three diuine persons and one God! grant me a
-further concurring grace with fortitude to take hould of thy goodnesse,
-to the end that whatever I doe, unanimously and courageously to serue
-my King and Countrey, to disabuse, rectifie, and convert my vndeserved
-yet wilfully incredulous<a id="FNanchor_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">[P]</a>
- enemyes, to reimburse thankfully my
-creditors, to reimmunerate my benefactors, to reinhearten my distressed
-family, and with complacence to gratifie my suffering and confiding
-friends may, voyde of vanity or selfe ends, only be directed to thy
-honour and glory euerlastingly. Amen.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</span>
-With Caspar Kaltoff to superintend the work at Vauxhall, the engine
-would no doubt be kept in operation, for the benefit alike of the
-Dowager Marchioness and all interested, most likely including Colonel
-C. Copley.</p>
-
-<p>In the travels of Cosmo de Medici the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany,<a id="FNanchor_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
-through England,<a id="FNanchor_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">[Q]</a> among other matters that attracted his attention
-in the metropolis, it is recorded that on the 23rd of May, 1669:&mdash;“His
-Highness went to see an hydraulic machine upon a wooden tower, in the
-neighbourhood of Somerset House,<a id="FNanchor_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">[R]</a> which is used for conveying water
-of the river to the greater part of the City. It is put in motion by
-two horses, which are continually going round, it not being possible
-that it should receive its movement from the current of the river, as
-in many other places where the rivers never vary in their course; but
-this is not the case with the Thames, owing to the tide; consequently
-the wheels, which serve at the ebb, would not be able to do their
-office when the tide returns.”</p>
-
-<p>On the 29th following, his Highness was entertained by the Earl of
-Devonshire, when a sumptuous banquet was provided.</p>
-
-<p>“His Highness, that he might not lose the day uselessly, went again
-after dinner to the other side of the city, extending his excursion as
-far as Vauxhall, beyond the palace of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
-to see an hydraulic machine, invented by my Lord Somerset, Marquis of
-Worcester. It raises water more than forty geometrical feet by the
-power of one man only; and in a very short space of time will draw up
-four vessels of water through a tube or channel not more than a span in
-width; on which account it is considered to be of greater service to
-the public than the other machine near Somerset House.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_303"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 303]</span>
-Up to September next year we still find the “Water-commanding Engine,”
-engaging the attention of the Dowager Marchioness, who was fully alive
-to the importance of so wonderful an invention; not only as enhancing
-her late husband’s fame, but also as affecting her own interest, with
-that of the other parties who had assisted in its promotion. She
-seems to have acted with a persevering and noble spirit under all the
-disadvantages of her situation, oppressed as she was in fortune, her
-heart lacerated by the accumulated wrongs she and her husband had
-through life endured, and now alone, neglected, and with but this
-one hope left, of which his prophetic views must have left a lively
-impression on her heart.</p>
-
-<p>But the Marquis’s surprising invention was doomed to another, and a
-more novel persecution than could well be conceived possible, one which
-assuredly might very justly be doubted, had we not the written record
-before our eyes. Among the other manuscripts at Badminton House is
-the letter of a Roman Catholic priest, dated 6th of September, 1670,
-addressed to the Marchioness “at her house in Lincoln’s Inn Fields.”<a id="FNanchor_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p>
-
-<p>As her spiritual adviser, he says:&mdash;“Almighty God hath, Madam, put you
-into a happy and flourishing condition, fit and able to serve God,
-and to do much good to yourself and others; and your Ladyship makes
-yourself unhappy, by seeming not to be contented with your condition,
-but troubling your spirits with many thoughts of attaining to greater
-dignities and riches.”</p>
-
-<p>He next declares that she is in danger “to lose the right use of her
-reason,” all arising from disposing herself for great dignity and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</span>
-wealth&mdash;“by getting of great sums of money from the King to pay your
-deceased Lord’s debts, and enriching yourself by the great Machine [the
-Water-commanding Engine] and the like.”</p>
-
-<p>To deter her from proceeding in this course, he points out, as ill
-effects, “the danger of losing her health and judgment,” and “the
-probability of offending Almighty God.” That she is under “great
-temptation” he considers certain, “yet I confess (he adds) that the
-devil, to make his suggestion the more prevalent, doth make use of
-some motives that seem plausible, as of paying your Lord’s debts, &amp;c.”
-For her future government he recommends her Ladyship&mdash;“To seek after
-eternal riches and honours, which your age doth assure you are not
-far off; for which you may dispose yourself, before death comes, by
-retiring into the country for some time, from the distractions of the
-Court, where you may have the advice and directions of some learned
-priest, in whose virtue you may wholly confide, for your internal
-quiet and security.” With this view he recommends a lady’s house at
-Hammersmith, where, “by Almighty God’s blessing, you may recover from
-that most pernicious distemper of body and mind, into which every one
-sees you to be very near approaching.”<a id="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[T]</a></p>
-
-<p>He claims “the candour of his intentions,” as a plea for this
-extraordinary interference, in a matter of personal and strictly
-honourable conduct of a wholly private nature.<a id="FNanchor_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">[U]</a></p>
-
-<p>We lose after this all intelligence regarding the Vauxhall Water
-Engine, and it is in vain to enter on mere conjectures as to what may
-have been its fate. It is certain, however, that great disadvantages
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</span>
-in exhibiting, and in manufacturing or repairing, would ensue on the
-decease of the Marquis’s right hand man “both for trust and skill.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1670&ndash;71, letters patent were granted to the late Marquis’s son,
-Henry, Marquis of Worcester, remitting payment of certain sums due to
-the Crown at the time of his father’s decease.<a id="FNanchor_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">[V]</a></p>
-
-<p>And on the 1st of August, 1672, letters patent were obtained, in
-respect to property at Vauxhall, which state that the same are granted
-by Charles the Second “from grace and favour towards Jasper Calthoff
-and Martha Calthoff, <i>lately deceased</i>.” From the same document we
-learn in reference to their children, that there were then living,
-Catherine, married to Claude Denis,</p>
-<p class="extra_margin">Jasper Calthoff, and</p>
-<p class="extra_margin">Isabel Calthoff.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">And we find from letters patent, bearing date 22nd March, 1667&ndash;8, that
-Peter Jacobson (married to another daughter) is named as the “son in
-law,” So that it would appear that, in 1672, four children were living,
-one son and three daughters. The Peter Jacobson, here named, was a
-sugar baker, holding a portion of the Vauxhall estate for carrying on
-his business, at a trifling rental, during the term of his natural
-life.<a id="FNanchor_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">[W]</a></p>
-
-<p>Beyond all question the Marquis of Worcester’s prime invention, the
-<i>Water-commanding Engine</i>, was erected and at work from 1663, to the
-year 1670, during which time it had been made the subject of an Act
-of Parliament; had been published in the <i>Century</i>, in brief outline;
-also noticed in a separate pamphlet, copies of which are exceedingly
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</span>
-rare; and likewise in large posting bills. Besides which a model was
-deposited with the Chancellor of the Exchequer as required by the Act.
-It was also the subject of much correspondence. That it excited the
-attention of intelligent sight-seeing travellers we ascertain from the
-Diaries published first by M. Sorbière, and five years later by Cosmo
-de Medici. And after the noble inventor’s decease, his warm-hearted
-and enthusiastic widow brought herself under priestly censure for
-her active endeavours “to enrich herself by the great Machine;” on
-which, alas! both had built reasonable, but such as were at that time
-considered extravagant, expectations of present fortune and future fame.</p>
-
-<p>With the Marquis of Worcester this invention was no idle fancy, no
-mere experiment, no amateur work, no casual, doubtful trial, and was
-not lightly estimated by himself. He had by practice so thoroughly
-satisfied himself, that, long after 1655, amidst all his troubles,
-without his notes, and to oblige a friend, he wrote off, <i>con amore</i>,
-three distinct accounts of his invention, under the titles of, “A fire
-water-work;” “A semi-omnipotent engine;” and lastly, “A stupendous
-water-work.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_307"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 307]</span>
-How it happens that the Marquis of Worcester should have been wholly
-unnoticed for his inventions by contemporaries it is difficult to offer
-anything like a sufficiently reasonable or satisfactory conjecture. But
-surprise might seem to vanish when such diarists as John Evelyn and
-Samuel Pepys, with all their curiosity and all their apparent pleasure
-in recording scientific novelties, although they name the Marquis,
-notice Worcester House, and mention Vauxhall, never so much as hint
-at one invention by the Marquis of Worcester. When these gossips had
-nothing to say, conjecture may well cease to promise a satisfactory
-solution.</p>
-
-<p>But it must be remembered that the means for giving publicity to any
-matter were then comparatively limited; and it is possible that the
-Water-commanding Engine was little known beyond a certain aristocratic
-circle, who afforded the chief support of the affair pending other
-arrangements. Even this supposition very indifferently accounts for
-the dead silence on the subject at home, when it seems apparent that
-the invention was looked on by foreigners as in striking contrast with
-a much inferior mode of raising water at Somerset House, performed
-by machinery worked by two horses. One would suppose that of all
-inventions an engine of superior capabilities for supplying the
-city with water, would have excited attention in every quarter. The
-inventor, and all concerned with him, might see certain difficulties in
-meeting any demand adequately remunerative, until works and machinery
-were provided; not so much to make the engines, but to provide certain
-requisite articles and materials, well understood in modern times, but
-wholly unknown two centuries ago. The Marquis was in fact creating a
-demand for iron plates, wrought and cast iron cylinders, metal rods,
-and all manner of tools and novel kinds of workmanship, so completely
-was this wonderful man in advance of the age he might have adorned.</p>
-
-<p>Charles the Second, in the midst of all his gaiety and all his poverty,
-had it in his power to benefit the Marquis by, at least, affording him
-some countenance. He had every reason to be grateful to him, but his
-ruling passion gained the sway over all other considerations. What
-Samuel Pepys relates of him, as happening on the 1st of February,
-1663&ndash;4, is characteristic of what may have been his utmost estimate
-of even the Marquis himself. He says:&mdash;“I to Whitehall, where, in the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</span>
-Duke’s chamber, the King came and stayed an hour or two, laughing at
-Sir W. Petty, who was then about his boat; and at Gresham College [the
-Royal Society] in general, which he mightily laughed at, for spending
-time only in weighing of air, and doing nothing else since they
-sat.”<a id="FNanchor_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p>
-
-<p>Our great historian has given a masterly miniature of the volatile
-monarch, observing:&mdash;“To do him justice his temper was good; his
-manners agreeable; his natural talents above mediocrity. But he was
-sensual, frivolous, false and cold-hearted, beyond almost any prince of
-whom history makes mention.”<a id="FNanchor_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">[X]</a> His neglect of the Marquis of Worcester
-had the effect of retarding the full development of the Steam Engine in
-this country for above half a century; and thus he, who had never been
-known to say a foolish thing, lost the chance of performing a wise one,
-that would have evinced the existence of at least one redeeming quality
-in his character.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_251"><a href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> History of the Royal Society of London. By Thomas Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, 4to. 1667.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_252"><a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Sprat.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_253"><a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Tallis.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_254"><a href="#FNanchor_254"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Lysons.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_255"><a href="#FNanchor_255"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Allen.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_256"><a href="#FNanchor_256"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_257"><a href="#FNanchor_257"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Weld.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_258"><a href="#FNanchor_258"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_259"><a href="#FNanchor_259"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Weld.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_260"><a href="#FNanchor_260"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> MS. Public Record Office, in course of being calendared by Mrs. M. A. E. Green.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_261"><a href="#FNanchor_261"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_262"><a href="#FNanchor_262"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_263"><a href="#FNanchor_263"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_264"><a href="#FNanchor_264"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> On the 10th of October, 1667, his son occupied his place, as Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_265"><a href="#FNanchor_265"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_266"><a href="#FNanchor_266"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> This is a holograph letter, from MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_267"><a href="#FNanchor_267"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series. Ch. II. 1667. No. 101.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_268"><a href="#FNanchor_268"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_269"><a href="#FNanchor_269"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series. Ch. II. 1667. No. 33.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_270"><a href="#FNanchor_270"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_271">271</a> and <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_271"><a href="#FNanchor_271"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> Duchy of Cornwall Office. Report H. 1.1665&ndash;8. (April, 1668.) See <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_272"><a href="#FNanchor_272"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> It is very similar to the Draft, page <a href="#Page_224">224</a>; and the
-“Definition” in <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_273"><a href="#FNanchor_273"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Boyle, Vol. v. page 532.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_274"><a href="#FNanchor_274"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> I am the more particular in naming these facts, as it
-is singular that there should be any doubt thrown on the place of
-his sepulture. Yet in a copy of “The Baronage of England, by William
-Dugdale,” containing his own manuscript corrections, he substitutes for
-“Ragland,” to read “Windsor, near to the tomb of Charles of Worcester
-his ancestor.” This copy is in the Bodleian Library, and I have not
-only examined it very carefully, but also the Register at St. George’s
-Chapel, and the tombs in the Beaufort Chapel, Windsor, without being
-able to confirm Dugdale’s manuscript emendation.&mdash;D.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_275"><a href="#FNanchor_275"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> This had been written “wilfully malicious”&mdash;but
-“malicious” has been struck out, and “incredulous” substituted. This
-with other corrections are in the Marquis’s own handwriting.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_276"><a href="#FNanchor_276"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Cosmo.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_277"><a href="#FNanchor_277"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> Being this portion only of his Travels, derived from two large folio MS. volumes, narrated by the celebrated Count Lorenza
-Magalotti, preserved in the Laurentian Library, Florence.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_278"><a href="#FNanchor_278"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> See Sorbière’s Account, page <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_279"><a href="#FNanchor_279"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> Her being there 3&frac12; years <i>after</i> the decease of the
-Marquis, makes it probable she had removed from Lambeth, or wherever
-she had previously resided.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_280"><a href="#FNanchor_280"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_281"><a href="#FNanchor_281"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> She afterwards married Donough O’Kearney, and died 26th
-July, 1681.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_282"><a href="#FNanchor_282"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_283"><a href="#FNanchor_283"><span class="label">[W]</span></a> Duchy of Cornwall Office. See Index to Reports&mdash;1660&ndash;1684.
-A. to P. 1. And Report H. 1. 1665&ndash;8. And <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_284"><a href="#FNanchor_284"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Pepys.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_285"><a href="#FNanchor_285"><span class="label">[X]</span></a> Macaulay’s Essays.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_309"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 309]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
-
-
-
-<p class="chapter_heading">A BRIEF RETROSPECT OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s GENEALOGY, AND HIS
-PRIVATE, POLITICAL, AND PHILOSOPHICAL CHARACTER; INCLUDING HIS OWN
-STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE DURING THE CIVIL WAR.</p>
-
-
-<p>The ancient and Honourable family of Somerset is descended from John of
-Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward the Third.</p>
-
-<p>1. Charles,<a id="FNanchor_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> the only natural son of Henry Beaufort, third Duke
-of Somerset, in that line (eldest son of Edmond, Duke of Somerset),
-assumed the surname of Somerset. He, in consequence of the devastating
-wars of the Roses, was, on the accession of Henry the Seventh to
-the throne, the only remaining representative of that monarch’s
-illustrious ancestors, and he, therefore, considerably distinguished
-him. In addition to his other honours, he was created a Knight of the
-Garter; and in the succeeding reign elevated to the dignity of Earl of
-Worcester, on the 1st of February, 1514.</p>
-
-<p>In right of his first marriage with Elizabeth Herbert, only child
-of William Herbert, Earl of Huntingdon, he bore the titles of Baron
-Herbert, Lord Herbert of Raglan, Chepstow and Gower. After the decease
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</span>of his first wife he was twice married; first, to Elizabeth West,
-daughter of Thomas, Lord la Warr; and on her decease to Eleanor Sutton,
-daughter of Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley. He died on the 15th of April,
-1526, leaving her a widow.</p>
-
-<p>2. He was succeeded by his eldest son Henry, second Earl of Worcester,
-who died 26th of November, 1549.</p>
-
-<p>3. And he was succeeded by his eldest son, William, third Earl of
-Worcester, and a Knight of the Garter, who died the 21st of February,
-1589.</p>
-
-<p>4. Being succeeded by his only son, Edward, fourth Earl of Worcester,
-and a Knight of the Garter, who died 3rd of March, 1628.</p>
-
-<p>5. And was succeeded by his second son, Henry (his eldest son William
-having died during his father’s lifetime). Charles the First created
-him Marquis of Worcester, by patent dated at Oxford, 2nd of November,
-1642 (which dignity was repudiated by the Commonwealth Parliament). He
-was the fifth Earl and first Marquis of Worcester, and died December,
-1646.</p>
-
-<p>6. When he was succeeded in his honours by his eldest son, Edward,
-the subject of this memoir; but the latter never enjoyed any portion
-of the vast estates until after a lapse of fourteen years, when, at
-the Restoration in 1660, he recovered a large portion of his landed
-property, as already set forth.</p>
-
-<p>He bore the second or family title of Lord Herbert, from March, 1628,
-to the end of March, 1643; being on the 1st of April following, created
-Earl of Glamorgan (during his father’s lifetime) by Charles the First,
-he was best known by that title, from the part he took in Irish affairs
-during the civil commotions from 1644, until the decease of his father
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</span>
-in 1646; when, in consequence of the Cromwellian Parliament refusing
-to acknowledge any of the King’s later creations of Peers, he was
-uniformly styled <i>Earl</i> of Worcester; but at the Restoration in 1660,
-his proper style of Marquis of Worcester was fully recognized. These
-latter party distinctions now materially serve to fix or limit the
-dates of some documents, not otherwise to be approximated.</p>
-
-<p>Until the 27th year of his age we meet with little respecting his
-education, travels, and pursuits. With his marriage commenced his
-engagement with that artificer Caspar Kaltoff, whom he employed in
-promoting his own practical course of studies in a branch of inquiry
-which had never before, and has never since, been so assiduously
-examined and tested. The pursuits then commenced and indefatigably
-pursued, as well for instruction as amusement, combined with a strong
-natural bias for such occupations, may have served at a later period,
-under less favourable circumstances, to lighten the tedium of exile and
-imprisonment.</p>
-
-<p>He enjoyed but seven years of married life, being then left with three
-children, and remained a widower for three years; when, in 1639, he
-married a second time, having but one child by his second marriage, who
-died an infant. In the family group, painted by Hanneman (now first
-engraved), the artist has drawn him seated beside his wife and child;
-but when this work was executed is unknown, although it most likely
-dates between 1639 and 1641.</p>
-
-<p>The breaking out of the Civil War would seriously interfere with the
-Marquis of Worcester’s scientific investigations; he would no longer be
-able to settle down to the serious study of his favourite authors; his
-models and mechanical experiments would be in abeyance; and there was
-no alternative left for him but to unite himself to the cause either of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</span>
-the King or the Parliament. His loyalty led him to choose the former
-course, and his association with Charles the First, combined with that
-unfortunate monarch’s unhappy situation and disposition, eventually
-worked the entire ruin of the Marquis of Worcester. But apart from the
-ordinary occurrences of the war, it was his misfortune to be selected
-by the King to act as his emissary in negotiating a peace with the
-Roman Catholic party in Ireland, on terms contrary to the established
-religion of the realm and irrespective of the laws. That he should
-have listened to the urgent demands of his sovereign is, under any
-circumstances, not very remarkable; and we are the less disposed
-to be surprised at his being won over by the King’s solicitations,
-considering that he was not a practised statesman, and that the
-proposed measure was preceded by his being created Earl of Glamorgan,
-and that it was represented as offering enlarged privileges to his own
-church and party, as well in Ireland as in England. A more cautious
-politician might have suspected some ulterior design beneath this
-promising external appearance, might have questioned the possibility
-of some extraordinary exercise of the royal prerogative, and at
-length concluded that no measure was safe, coming from a sovereign
-who actually seemed to imagine that divine right was delegated to him
-to annul any obligation whatever, however freely tendered by himself,
-provided he could satisfy his own conscience that his so acting would
-be to the advantage of the Crown. But the Marquis was no grovelling
-worldling; he had left the study for the battle-field, and for awhile
-abandoned the path of philosophy to become the King’s agent in Ireland.
-It was thus that his loyalty and his zeal, uniting with his religious
-sentiments and his sovereign’s gracious conduct toward him, and seeming
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</span>
-sincerity, combined effectually to plunge himself, his family, and his
-posterity into a series of disastrous losses in fortune and property.</p>
-
-<p>He had not been many months a refugee in France, when he received a
-very welcome and highly gratifying acknowledgment of his past services,
-from the exiled Queen, in a present of valuable jewels, accompanied
-with a testimonial, empowering him to make what use he might please of
-the regal gift. The original, written in French and sealed with the
-royal arms, is translated as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">Henrietta Maria R.</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“We, Henrietta Maria of Bourbon, Queen of Great Britain, have, by the
-order of the King our very honoured Lord and Husband, caused to be
-delivered into the hands of our dear and well beloved cousin, Edward
-Somerset, Count and Earl of Worcester, a necklace of Rubies, containing
-ten large Rubies and one hundred and sixty pearls set and strung
-together in gold; among the said Rubies are likewise two large diamonds
-called the Sancy and the Portugal, acknowledging that besides the great
-expenses made by him for the said King our very honoured Lord, he has
-supplied us with three hundred and seventy thousand Livres Tournois,<a id="FNanchor_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>
-exclusive of the very great services at least of equal consequence,
-which up to the present time, even, he has rendered us, in regard
-to which we make known that the said necklace and diamonds belong
-entirely to him, so that he may either sell or engage them without any
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</span>
-interference on our part, or that of any other, or seeking after or
-troubling any person, who may buy them, or lend money on the ten jewels
-heretofore mentioned, in faith of which we have signed this present and
-put thereto our Royal Seal in our Court at St. Germain en Laye, this
-20th day of May, one thousand six hundred and forty-eight.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top extra_margin">(<span class="smcap">Royal Arms.</span>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The lamentable fate that befel Charles the First, effectually
-terminated all expectation of relief; and therefore, from the year
-1647, when the Marquis left Ireland, to 1660 the period of the
-Restoration, about 13 years, was, if possible, the most unhappy and
-gloomy of his eventful life. He was about five years in exile, about
-two years and a quarter a prisoner in the Tower, and nearly six
-years a state prisoner at large, most likely under strict surveillance.</p>
-
-<p>The year following his Lordship’s release from the Tower, 1655, will ever be
-memorable for his having then written his “Century of Inventions,”
-which was published eight years later.</p>
-
-<p>There is every reason to believe that the Marquis of Worcester pursued
-his scientific inquiries both in secrecy and seclusion. This might
-arise from his early domestic habits, particularly during his married
-life, commencing in 1628, when he first engaged Caspar Kaltoff. We
-never find him associated with, or mentioned by, men of his time,
-which, therefore, leads to the supposition that he was naturally of
-a recluse and retiring disposition. But, on the other hand, we have
-nothing to guide us in forming an opinion of the origin, the nature,
-and the progress of his experimental operations. They may have been
-commenced for the simple gratification of a mind desirous to satisfy
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</span>
-itself in every particular of whatever it undertakes. In his early
-travels, when at Venice, he had observed in the arsenal there a
-peculiar employment of the lever; and when at Rome his mathematical
-studies had led him to a knowledge of a particular kind of fountain.
-After his return he had undertaken the erection of water works at
-Raglan Castle, in connection also, no doubt, with the fountain set
-up in one of its adjacent courts. The young engineer may have been
-deeply read in Ramelli’s elaborate work, and may have determined, with
-the assistance of Kaltoff, to adopt, what he long after expressed, as
-“a humour I have, <i>never to be contented</i> to produce any invention
-the second time, without appearing refined.”<a id="FNanchor_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> Once started on an
-inquiry so peculiarly suitable to his taste, he may have pursued it
-almost without design, and continued it only because it interfered
-with no more serious employment. Being drawn into the designing of
-novel inventions, and further encouraged by his workman’s production
-of excellent models, it seems natural enough that, in the seclusion
-of Raglan, immersed in the scientific literature then available, and
-possessing as he did a remarkably inquisitive and inventive genius,
-he should grow up an inventor almost without taking cognizance of
-his own progress. It is certain that it was peculiar to him to take
-nothing on trust, but to reduce everything to the test of absolute
-experiment. There was perhaps never any contrivance of which he thought
-or read, that he did not reduce to a model; and his was the experience
-of a great practical mechanic, whose information was founded on known
-results; whether of success or failure. It was thus that he required
-the services of Kaltoff through nearly forty years, together with many
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</span>
-assistants employed under him. The great ingenuity, perfection, and
-variety of his Lordship’s inventions are traceable to this laborious
-and expensive practical process.</p>
-
-<p>When at length, in 1655, he commenced in earnest to make known among a
-select number of persons his determination to bring out his inventions
-for public advantage, he had a difficult task before him. The recluse
-philosopher was about to assume a new character, offering to submit
-for approbation, to an ignorant and prejudiced public, his mechanical
-marvels, the product of nearly thirty years’ study! At fifty-four years
-of age, without the least practice in trading transactions, bred to no
-profession, and known only as a high-minded but ruined nobleman, he
-sues for public patronage!</p>
-
-<p>Among his manuscripts we find a slip of paper which has all the
-appearance of having passed through many hands,<a id="FNanchor_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> and suggests the
-idea that it was one of many similarly written, to enable others to
-make known among their friends what the Marquis had to offer, seeking
-their encouragement therein, of what they chose to select. It reads
-thus:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">1. Intelligence at a distance communicative &amp; not limitted to
-distance, nor by it the time p’long’d.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">2. Ffountaines of pleasure, with artificiall snow or haill or
-thunder, &amp; quantity not limitted.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">2. Oft suteing [shooting] peerds, controuleable, in one plane,
-either for number or time.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">3. Discourse to be had by a Lamp.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent2">4. A Brass head, capable to Receave at the Eare a Whisper &amp; the mouth
-thereof to Render Answere in any Language to the Interrogator.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_317"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 317]</span>
-There is a somewhat similar but fuller MS. list of eight of his
-inventions, evidently issued between 1655 and 1660, from its being
-headed, “Inventions of y<sup>e</sup> Earl of Worcester.”<a id="FNanchor_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> as he only bore the
-title of Earl during the Commonwealth. By these means, a small select
-circle of friends would become acquainted with the singular mechanical
-skill of the Marquis; but, with what success for the desired end is
-problematical. He would unquestionably astonish all, while it is but
-too likely he would convince very few indeed. Besides, his ultimate
-views were beyond the scope of the ordinary trader, and could only be
-effectually realized through government influence; particularly in an
-age when the common manufacturing resources of the country were but
-sparingly developed, and when trading enterprise was monopolized by
-special corporate bodies. Here was a spectacle to behold; one of our
-country’s brightest ornaments, and its unquestionable glory, degraded
-to this hopeless drudgery; deprived of his princely property, and
-allowed a pittance of £3 per week!</p>
-
-<p>When, in 1661, Parliament passed “An Act for distribution of £60,000
-amongst the truly loyal and indigent commission-officers, &amp;c.” the
-following was the appointment of Commissioners named therein for
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</span>
-Monmouth:&mdash;“Henry, Lord Herbert<a id="FNanchor_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> of Raglan, eldest son of Edward,
-Lord Marquis of Worcester; Sir Anthony Morgan, Sir George Probert,
-Knights; William Jones of Lanarth; Thomas Morgan of Lansoan; Miles
-Morgan; William Morgan, one of his Majesty’s household; Charles Hughes;
-Roger Williams of Kentild, Esquire; James Progers, Esquire.”</p>
-
-<p>Also, “For the county of Gloucester, and the city and county of the
-city of Gloucester, Henry Lord Herbert of Raglan, &amp;c.” along with 21
-other Commissioners.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis of Worcester had every reason to expect an agreeable change
-of fortune on the accession of Charles the Second to the throne. He
-made a full declaration to Lord Clarendon of the powers under which he
-had acted for the late King in Ireland. He recovered a large portion of
-his estates. He had given up all claim to the promised title of Duke of
-Somerset. He was granted an Act of Parliament for his Water-commanding
-Engine, in 1663; and immediately after he printed the first edition
-of his “Century of Inventions.” But he was entirely neglected by
-the frivolous monarch on whose consideration and patronage he had
-calculated, with his usual confiding sincerity of heart.</p>
-
-<p>Worn out by three years’ delay, without any prospect of improvement, he
-seems to have concluded on an appeal in person to the House of Lords.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</span>
-But his first course was to submit a draft of his proposed discourse
-to his Majesty, agreeable to an understanding at the Hague, when his
-Majesty was in exile, that he should so act, previous to consulting
-any of his ministers. The document now at Badminton, is most likely
-his Lordship’s own copy of the one forwarded to the King, who seems
-either to have discouraged its being brought forward, or to have given
-it no further attention. It is in every sense a remarkable production,
-whether as regards its matter, its style, or the extraordinary evidence
-it affords of his Lordship’s unbounded confidence in and devotion to
-Charles the First. The MS. is endorsed&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Statement of the Marquis of Worcester’s expenses for his King and
-country;” and is as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="continued margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">May it please your most excellent Majesty.</span></p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Sire</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“To ease your mind of a trouble incident to the prolixity of speech,
-and a natural defect of utterance which I accuse myself of, I have
-presumed here to set down summarily in writing what I desire (if your
-Majesty approve thereof) to speak in the House of Lords, whereby your
-Majesty may gather how far (some things being rectified) I am confident
-of myself to serve you, praying your Majesty’s favourable construction
-of what I shall endeavour candidly to submit unto your Majesty.</p>
-
-<p>“In the first place, according to your most gracious commands laid
-upon me at the Hague, when I offered to make my Lord Chancellor privy
-to what I should at any time presume to offer to your Majesty’s
-transcendent judgment, having sufficiently suffered for treating with
-the late King, of happy memory, alone; to which request of mine you
-were pleased to give this most gracious and never-to-be-forgotten
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</span>
-reply, that, notwithstanding you would have me first to acquaint
-yourself therewith, and then only such as your Majesty should consent
-unto, and think proper for it: In pursuance whereof I most humbly
-offer this following discourse, which I shall with a most ready and
-implicit obedience augment, diminish, or alter, as your Majesty shall
-think fittest; disputing nothing, much less waiving anything, that your
-Majesty shall command either as to substance or circumstance.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">“<span class="smcap">My Lords</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“Amongst Almighty God’s infinite mercies to me in this world, I
-account it one of the greatest that his Divine goodness vouchsafed
-me parents as well careful as able to give me virtuous education,
-and extraordinary breeding at home and abroad, in Germany, France,
-and Italy; allowing me abundantly in those parts, and since most
-plentifully at my master of happy memory, the late King’s Court, by
-which means, had it not been my own fault, I ought to have become
-better able and more capable to serve Almighty God, my King and
-country, which obligatory ends of theirs have I always had in my eyes,
-as drawing and sucking them thence, it being certainly the greatest and
-surest portions parents can leave to their children; since breeding and
-knowledge cannot be taken from them, when as riches and possessions
-are fading and perishable, witness my own case, my Lords. Yet, by
-dear-bought experience and their great expenses, for which I honour the
-happy memory of my most beloved parents, more than for my very life,
-drawn from them, they giving me by the one but my being, and by the
-other my <i>bene esse</i>. Whereby I find nothing more certain than that
-the way to make oneself considerably useful to his Prince and nation,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</span>
-is the surest means for him to become cherished by them, which they
-then do for their own sake, not his, though he had spent and lost above
-7, or £800,000, sterling; and narrowly escaped several times, both by
-sea and land, imminent dangers, and long and close imprisonment, and a
-scaffold, threatening death, as I have done, <i>Experte Crede Roberto</i>,
-my Lords; yet happy is this day unto me, wherein I have the honour,
-sitting amongst your Lordships, to express from my heart that I have
-not the least repining thought within me, though I had suffered ten
-times more for so good a cause, and so gracious and obliging a master
-as the late King, of happy memory, was unto me. And for so majestical
-and promising a Prince as my new sovereign is, whom God long preserve;
-and, morally speaking, cannot do amiss, whilst he hearkens to so
-wise a great Council, and so tender of his good and welfare as your
-Lordships, assisted by so discreet, experienced, and well-affected
-persons as sit now in the honourable House of Commons, the whole
-kingdom’s representatives. And may your Lordships be ever as tender of
-your innate privileges, members, and birthrights, as they of theirs,
-and both of you equally likewise tender of his Majesty’s just and
-undoubted prerogatives, upon which two hinges, or rather bases (that
-is, our most gracious King’s prerogatives and the birthright of his
-subjects), this excellent government of King and Parliament outvies
-and excels all other in the world. Let them, therefore, my Lords, hold
-together as the surest props of a settled kingdom; his Majesty’s power
-consisting in nothing more than in the greatness of your Lordships,
-who are, as well by Divine Providence as human policy, allotted to
-be as it were the medium between the King and the people; that is,
-to interpose yourselves as mediators if the King’s supreme authority
-should become severe, which cannot be feared from so gracious a Prince;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</span>
-as also to be curbers of the people’s rustic stubbornness, if they
-should prove insolent, which cannot likewise happen to a nation that
-hath so lately smarted for such inconveniences, as, had the Lords’
-former greatness and power been continued in them, could never have
-happened; for, as I hold with the old saying, <i>No Bishops, no King</i>,
-so may I boldly aver that no power of temporal Lords being extant,
-there will be neither Bishop nor King. But I am too tedious, my Lords;
-yet what I further shall presume to say, will need no eloquence, being
-upon a theme pleasing, as I humbly conceive, to the minds of all your
-Lordships, there being none of you whose birth brings you unto this
-place, but so much generosity possesses your hearts, that you conclude
-and harbour a firm resolution to believe and follow that noble and
-heroic maxim&mdash;<i>Beatius est dare quam accipere</i>, since <i>Beneficium
-accipere est libertatem vendere</i>, a thing beneath your Lordships.
-According, then, to which maxim, as having the honour to be a member
-of this House, esteeming in the first place the right of Peerage, even
-before the titles of Earl, Marquis, or Duke; as a Peer, therefore, I
-say of this House, I shall (with your Lordships’ approbation) humbly
-offer a present unto his most excellent Majesty, our most gracious
-Sovereign, a present, my Lords, which cannot be done without you, and
-fit to be owned by a House of Lords, it being no less than to raise
-an auxiliary troop for his Majesty’s Life-guard, of an hundred horse,
-and commonly called in France an hundred Meistres; [Reistres?] that is, each
-Cavalier to keep a servant with a led horse, as well as his own, and
-one of them to be worth £100. The whole troop shall amount the first
-day unto upwards of ten thousand pounds, besides arms and equipage
-accordingly; nay, my Lords, every one of this troop shall be of that
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</span>
-quality and power as to be capable to raise at his Majesty’s command
-an hundred men in 14 days; and at the entering into the troop, shall
-furnish into his Majesty’s store-house a 100 foot arms, two parts
-fire-arms, and the third pikes, at his own proper cost and charges,
-and marked by him, there to be kept till his Majesty’s occasions be to
-raise men accordingly: but God long preserve his Majesty from needing
-of them; yet if, at any time, then will his Majesty have in readiness
-at a fortnight’s warning 10,000 men, without costing his Majesty or
-the kingdom sixpence, till they be raised and armed. And that most
-worthy nobleman, the Earl of Northampton, who, according to the Spanish
-saying, <i>So many brothers united so many castles</i>,<a id="FNanchor_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> hath approved
-himself to be such in gallantry and strength for his King and kingdom’s
-defence, is desirous and willing through his zeal to his Majesty’s
-service, to be but lieutenant to the said troop. But the whole troop,
-consisting of such persons qualified as above-mentioned, volunteers,
-and not serving for pay or gain, will deservedly require not to be put
-upon common services, and not to be commanded but by his Majesty, or
-his most deserving general the Duke of Albemarle; and they themselves
-not to be tied to daily duties, but to have liberty to substitute some
-gentleman of quality, or an experienced officer, to serve for him at
-any time when his Majesty requires not his personal appearance, and
-that the Captain of the troop gives way unto it. I presume, my Lords,
-to nominate my Lord of Northampton but as second to me, because his
-goodness and zeal to his Majesty’s service makes his Lordship contented
-to give me the precedence as Captain, though far less worthy, and shall
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</span>
-indeed be but a servant to his Lordship and the rest of the troop, in
-order to his Majesty’s command, and the welfare of his tenderly beloved
-people. The rest of the troop shall be nominated when your Lordships
-shall approve of the motion, and his Majesty vouchsafe an acceptance
-thereof. They shall all of them be approved persons in zeal, loyalty,
-and allowed by you, and do ambition the honour of being called a troop
-of the House of Lords, and being so termed, and most of them of your
-members, I dare without vanity affirm that no King in Christendom but
-may boast of such a troop; and it will not only be a safety to his
-Majesty’s person, but an honour to the whole nation; and an evident
-testimony of your Lordships’ constant loyalty and zeal to both King and
-kingdom, and will keep up the honour of this House, and not subject
-[it] again to be thrust out of doors; and I beseech your Lordships that
-I may be rightly understood, for it is my duty to his Majesty, and the
-honour I bear to this House, and not the ambition of being Captain of
-the said troop, that makes me to motion the raising thereof; for as I
-acknowledge that there are many greater persons in the House, as well
-titular as real, in merit and power, any of whom, if they please to
-undertake it, I shall with more joy and readiness serve as a trooper
-therein, than to have the command thereof.</p>
-
-<p>“My second humble offer, disposable by your Lordships, is at my own
-cost and charges, but under your Lordships’ name and approbation, and
-out of the accruing profits of my Water-commanding Engine, to cause to
-be erected a competent ordinary, affording as well wine as meat, for
-one meal a day, for forty indigent officers, such as the calamity of
-the late times has brought to so pressing necessities, as none of your
-Lordships, I am confident, but is very sensible thereof, especially
-of such persons who (had not their zeal to their King and country
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</span>
-transported them) might have lived plentifully of their own; yet if
-your Lordships’ commiserating eyes look not speedily upon them, may
-follow the destiny of some others of quality, yea colonels, and never
-were under my command; yet I never made distinction when his Majesty’s
-honour or service was interested, or his well-deserving subjects
-suffered, and were within my power of relief, for whose burials it
-hath been my good fortune to pay; they not leaving behind them to the
-value of an angel; and I humbly conceive this act of charity, worthy
-your Lordships’ owning, since your Lordships’ cheerfully passing the
-act of my Water-commanding Engine enableth me thereunto; and I most
-humbly offer this little testimony of gratitude, to be under your name
-thus employed. And I intend there shall be so good order given therein,
-within 6 months, as that there shall be a stipend given to a person
-to read unto them during their meals, either of military affairs or
-history, the better to avoid frivolous discourse tending to quarrels
-and quaffing.</p>
-
-<p>“Thirdly, in favour and benefit of the commonalty as well as your
-Lordships, and for the general good and honour of this most famous
-City of London, I most humbly offer, under your Lordships’ name
-and protection, to cause a fair causeway to be made, upon which,
-without disturbance, two carts may pass one by the other for 2 miles
-together, at 4 of the greatest avenues to the City, as the Lord Mayor
-and Aldermen shall best advise; and at the end of each of the four
-causeways, an Hospital and House of Correction to be erected and
-endowed, with a perpetuity of £500 a year to each house; and this pious
-work to begin within two years, and to be finished within seven.</p>
-
-<p>“Fourthly&mdash;and, indeed, I should have begun with it, according to
-the true rule&mdash;<i>a Jove principium</i>&mdash;I do humbly offer, in honour of
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</span>
-this House, to cause £1000 a year, for ten years, from Michaelmas
-come twelve-month, to be allotted towards the building of Paul’s,
-according as his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, and the
-Bishop of London, and now Bishop of Winchester, together with the Dean
-and Chapter of Paul’s shall set forth, and may continue:&mdash;a memorable
-gift from the House of Lords. And thus, I humbly conceive, to have
-offered an acknowledgment of thankfulness both to his Majesty, and to
-your Lordships, Spiritual and Temporal, and for the Honourable House
-of Commons, for passing the Act of my Water-commanding Engine; and
-to improve this my humble thankfulness, shall be my daily exercise
-and study, no ways meaning that what here I suffer shall set a period
-thereunto, so as your Lordships will be pleased to set your helping
-hands to remove some misconstructions and personal inconveniences,
-which, if not diverted from my mind, and from a too generally received
-opinion, though upon false grounds, and not appearing otherwise than
-false; I beseech your Lordships to be so tender of a member of yours,
-as to contribute to the vindicating of me therein, whereof no ways
-doubting but that your Lordships will remove such an absolute remora
-to all my intended services; and, therefore, I will presume to lay my
-case openly and cheerfully before you, not doubting but that at your
-Lordships’ intercessions, his most gracious Majesty (having given
-way that I should speak thus before your Lordships) will vouchsafe a
-concurrence, and suffer himself to be disabused, and such false and
-malicious opinions to be eradicated out of his princely mind, as have
-been endeavoured, by either envy, malice, or ignorance, to be rooted
-therein, and so certainly have obstructed the natural influence of
-grace and favour, which could not otherwise but have been the effects
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</span>
-of so great a Sun as shines within a throne of so much goodness and
-majesty. Now, whether my merits have been considerable, I beg leave
-here to set down not as a trumpet to proclaim them, but narrative-wise,
-modestly, yet truly, for your Lordships’ better information, accusing
-myself in some things with the same candour and freedom as to vindicate
-myself, in others, desiring to stand or fall by your Lordships’ just
-judgment, and his Majesty’s gracious proceeding thereon; no further
-relying even upon his Majesty’s most gracious act of general pardon,
-than in compliance with others, his Majesty’s subjects, have taken it
-out, yet with so great a reluctance, through the clearness of my heart,
-not to have deserved for it, that the Lord upon the Woolsack was forced
-to chide me to it, through his tenderness of my good, and, as I humbly
-conceive, a further apprehension than I could have of a necessity
-thereof; for which his tender care I acknowledge thankfulness, yet, at
-the same time, I must humbly ask leave to stand upon my justification,
-humbly praying to be rightly understood, for I do it not out of pride
-or vain glory, but purely&mdash;<i>Me defendendo</i>,&mdash;and if any body&mdash;<i>Se
-defendendo</i>,&mdash;kills another, the law quits him, much more will your
-Lordships pronounce me not guilty of arrogance, though I should
-arrogate to myself a praiseworthy desert, and not, through too much
-modesty, be mealy-mouthed, and not discover what of right appertains to
-the blessed memory of my dead father, and even my own commendations,
-crying with Virgil,&mdash;<i>Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves; sic vos non
-vobis vellera fertis oves; sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves; sic
-vos non vobis mellificatis apes</i>. Know, then, my noble Lords, that
-herein I speak not to derogate from the merit of the Roman Catholics
-from their duty and love to their Sovereign, we having all of us,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</span>
-with an unanimous resolution, <i>nemine contradicente</i>, that is to
-say, no one gentleman of quality throughout the whole nation, but has
-stuck to the cause, adventuring his life, and lost his whole fortune
-therein; yet give me leave to aver it, boldly, that all the Catholics
-of England assisted not my father, or me, to the value of £5, without
-real security for it, and such, indeed, as at this time lieth heaviest
-upon me; and this I aver as in the presence of Almighty God and your
-Lordships. In the second place, my Lords, how came the then Marquis of
-Hertford, after his defeat in the west, with recruits to his Majesty
-at Oxford, but by my father’s means and mine. The forces that I sent
-with him had cost me £8000; and £2000 my father lent him, ready money.
-How came Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse to be first raised, but by
-£5000 in gold, given him by my father? How came the Forest of Dean to
-be reduced; Goodrich strong castle to be taken; Monmouth itself, with
-its garrison, to be surprised; Chepstow, Newport, and Cardiff to be
-taken, and secured for his Majesty, but by my forces and my father’s
-money? How came Raglan Castle to be first fortified and last rendered,
-but by £50,000 disbursed therein by my father?</p>
-
-<p>“How came his Majesty’s army to be considerable before Edge-hill
-fight, but by the men I brought, and how was his Majesty recruited
-at Gloucester side, even after the defeat given by Waller to my men?
-God forgive those of the King’s party, who were the occasion that
-1500 were surprised, and I not despatched from Oxford until the day
-after; yet, my Lords, at 14 days warning I brought 4000 foot and 800
-horse to the siege of Gloucester, paying them £6000 down upon the
-nail at Gloucester, besides my troop of Life-guard, consisting of 6
-score noblemen and gentlemen, whose estates amounted to above 3 score
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</span>
-thousand pounds a-year, most of whom I furnished with horse and arms,
-which of a sudden they could not do themselves; for I was then master
-of 34 horses in my stable, for the worst of which I have refused £100,
-and above 40 others lonely worth £50 a horse. I kept a table for the
-said troop, not only at Gloucester side, but all the way to the west,
-without so much as making use of free quarter, but all upon the penny;
-for General Raven complained of me to the King, who graciously and
-smilingly reprehending me publicly, I desired to know my accuser, and
-called my Lord-General Raven, afterwards made Earl of Bradford, before
-his Majesty, who, objecting that it was of ill example and made them to
-be thought the more burdensome; my humble reply was, that I yielded to
-his Excellency to be the better soldier, but still to be a soldier of
-fortune, here to-day and God knows where to-morrow, and therefore he
-needed not care for the love of the people; but though I were killed
-myself I should leave my posterity behind me, towards whom I would not
-leave a grudge in the people, but whilst I could serve his Majesty upon
-my own purse and credit I would really do it, and afterwards leave it
-to such as his Lordship.</p>
-
-<p>“I confess I raised this troop without my father’s consent first asked;
-his Majesty’s peremptory commands and the shortness of time requiring,
-and I confess his Lordship checked me for it, and said I had undone
-myself thereby, and [I] replied that 5 or £6,000 would not undo me;
-the horses being all my own already, and the arms, by accident coming
-to Bristol afforded a sudden and cheaper means for it. My father
-answered, that he did allow that 6 nor £16,000 would not undo me, but
-the consequence would be that the love and power I had in my country
-would be perspicuous; although I should have thanks from the King, yet
-others, though his Majesty’s well-wishers, yet, through envy, they
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</span>
-would hate me for it: which I confess I have found too true, and my
-services have been more retarded by those who called themselves the
-King’s friends than obstructed by his enemies.</p>
-
-<p>“Pardon me, my Lords, if I detain you a little longer,
-descending to some particulars as near as I can call to
-mind; and beginning first to tell your Lordships that I
-was not privy nor present with his Majesty at Greenwich,
-when he first took his resolution for the North, and
-removed without the Queen to Theobalds, from which he was
-pleased to write me a lamentable letter by the hands of
-Sir John Byron, averring that he had but £600, and £300 of
-which was given to defray his horses, which the Marquis of
-Hamilton, then Master of the Horse, refused to do, fearing
-to displease the Parliament; but upon such a lamentable
-complaint, and pressing necessities of my dear master (yet
-no ways advising him unto the journey), I sent him to
-Theobalds.<span class="ml30">&nbsp;</span></p> <!-- leave room for right aligned £3,000 shifted up from line below -->
-<p class="right line_above">£3,000</p>
-
-<table class="nomargins" summary="description of monies spent">
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To Huntingdon, after his departing from Theobalds</td><td class="right">3,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To Nottingham</td><td class="right">4,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To York</td><td class="right">8,000</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“And took order for a table, to be kept for several
-experienced officers, who by this means were kept from
-taking arms for the Parliament, and were ready for the
-King’s service, and the defraying of their debts here,
-their journey into York, and their table there, which none
-of them but 2 knew it came from other hand than the King’s
-privy purse, yet stood me in</td><td class="right">1,500</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“And these sums, with as great privacy as may be, keeping
-good correspondence with the Parliament, and myself
-present at London, to avoid suspicion, being then trusted
-both by King and Parliament. For victualling the Tower
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</span>
-of London, by his Majesty’s command I sent to the then
-Lieutenant, Sir John Byron, in old plate, under pretence
-of coining it</td><td class="right">2,500</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“By a feigned pretence getting leave of the Parliament
-(the circumstance being too tedious to relate to your
-Lordships, but yet notable in itself), I went with their
-pass to York, and carried to his Majesty in ready money</td><td class="right">15,000</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“In bills and assurances.</td><td class="right">80,500</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“For both which sums I had his Majesty’s note, yet extant,
-for ninety-five thousand 5 hundred pounds. Which done,
-in two days, his Majesty’s further commands received, I
-returned to the Parliament, with a plausible answer to a
-message sent from them by me, and I agreed with Parliament
-to remove the magazine of powder and [ammunition] for
-[from?] Monmouth, which was a town of my own, to Carlyon,
-a town of the Earl of Pembroke, a professed adherent unto
-them, which they took kindly at my hands, though done by
-design by me, who could not have pretension to take it
-from the town of Monmouth had it been still there.</td><td></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“For the raising of Sir John Byron’s regiment of horse,
-being the first completed</td><td class="right">5,000</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“Things being thus set in order between his Majesty and
-me, I fairly took leave of the Parliament to go down
-to my father; where I no sooner arrived but there came
-directed unto me from his Majesty a Commission of Array;
-whereof I presently, by a servant of my own, sent word
-to the Parliament, with a letter to the House of Lords,
-which I directed to my Lord of Holland, and to the House
-of Commons, to Mr. Pym; in both of which I offered to
-intercede to his Majesty, and conceived I should prevail
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</span>
-to suspend the Commission of Array, if they should make
-an Act that their militia should not come into my country;
-but they, with civil compliments and thanks, replied,
-that his Majesty’s [proceeding?] was so illegal, and
-theirs for the kingdom so just and necessary, that by no
-means would they waive the one for the other. At which
-I declared myself irritated to see that they durst tell
-me that anything commanded by my master was illegal, and
-professed I would obey his Majesty’s commands, and let
-them send at their perils. So, immediately, and in 8 days’
-time, I raised 6 regiments, fortified Monmouth, Chepstow,
-and Raglan; fetching away the magazine from the Earl of
-Pembroke’s town, Carlyon, and placed it in Raglan Castle,
-leaving a garrison in lieu thereof. Garrisoned likewise
-Cardiff, Brecknock, Hereford, Goodrich Castle and the
-Forest of Dean, after I had taken them from the enemy.</td><td></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="indent">“To the then Lord Marquis of Hereford, in Wales, as many
-forces as cost me the raising and arming
-<a id="FNanchor_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></td><td>[8000?]</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="indent">“Lent him to prosecute that expedition, in raising of
-forces in Wales, first and last, [to the?] number of
-twelve thousand men, and [maintaining] them, whilst the
-country was tottering, [also providing?] them weekly for
-fifteen months: . . [plainly?] speaking, and it shall be
-made good.<a id="FNanchor_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> }</td>
-<td class="t b r" rowspan="3">&nbsp;</td><td class="top">[2000?]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="top">[130,500?]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="indent" colspan="2">“Brought to Oxford and delivered [with my?] own hands
-<a href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></td><td></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="indent" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</span>
-“My journey to Ireland with levies and incident[al
-expenses?], there as well at sea as at land.<a id="FNanchor_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">[J]</a>
-
-<img class="div_scaled" src="images/p333.jpg" width="90%" alt="One line of the Marquis of Worcester’s cipher writing" />
-</td><td rowspan="1" class="t b r">&nbsp;</td><td rowspan="1" class="middle">****</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“The furnishing of troops of 6 score [gentlemen with?]
-arms, and most of them with horses, some of them of an
-hundred pounds price, and many of £50; for though the
-gentlemen betwixt them made above £60,000 per annum land
-of inheritance, yet being unexpectedly raised in 8 days,
-and could not furnish themselves, which I did according
-to their quality, together with their servants to the
-number of 200, keeping a constant table for them the whole
-journey, all along from Gloucester into the West; whereat
-they never wanted wine, that being carried along with us,
-but oftentimes beer; together with £6,000 in ready money,
-paid my foot soldiers at the raising of the siege of
-Gloucester: which, all modestly rated, came unto above</td><td class="right">25,000</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“The keeping of the garrison of Raglan, towards which,
-till the very last cast, there was never a penny
-contribution raised or exacted, amounted to, at the least</td><td class="underline right">40,000</td></tr>
-<tr><td  colspan="3" class="right">The total &nbsp;</td><td class="double_underline right">£318,000</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“Besides the garrison of Monmouth, both town and castle,
-Chepstow, Goodrich with Hinan, and the Forest of Dean,
-recovered from the enemy, all at my charge till Sir
-William Vavasour came, who hath had of me 500 twenty
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</span>
-shilling pieces at a time, to encourage him to go on at
-Gloucester; besides, likewise, the charge of reducing
-of Abergavenny, Carlyon, and Newport to his Majesty’s
-obedience.</td><td></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“Furthermore, for seven years, both in England and
-Ireland, I allowed twenty pounds each meal, to which
-all officers and gentlemen were welcome; and I believe
-the charges in these particulars, not to be inserted or
-charged on this account, amounts to one-half as much as
-the former sums. I never received a farthing towards it as
-General or [otherwise], nor a penny out of my estate in 20
-years. These times came unto upwards of <i>sumebus viis et
-modis</i>, which alone amounted unto</td><td class="right underline">600,000</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="indent">“These sums added together balance the accounts and make
-good that I have spent, lent, [and lost?] for my King and
-country, <i>revera</i></td><td class="double_underline right">£918,000</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>“My Lords, being conscious of this, and many things forgotten by me
-to set down, I was become proof against anything the King’s enemies
-could do against me, since by their principles I knew I deserved it;
-but, since his Majesty’s return and happy restoration it hath almost
-stupified me to have been so laid by as not to have had any promise
-made good to me, for which I had his Majesty’s royal word, hand, or
-even the Great Seal of England; but, of the contrary, I humbly beseech
-your Lordship’s leave to set down what, with all submission to his
-Majesty’s will and pleasure, flesh and blood cannot but resent, yet
-so far only as shall stand with the duty of a loyal subject and the
-unquenchable zeal of my real heart towards my King and country, and a
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</span>
-most humble submission to your Lordships’ better judgment, casting
-myself wholly at your disposal and favourable construction of what I
-shall set down, according to the old saying, that&mdash;<i>losers may have
-leave to speak</i>.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">In this proposed address to the House of Peers, the Marquis of
-Worcester offers some introductory remarks bearing on his parentage,
-education, and travels; but the burden of his speech is a detailed
-account of the severe losses himself and his family sustained,
-consequent on the Civil War, combined with his father’s and his own
-liberality to Charles the First personally. His proposed plan of laying
-his case before the House is prefaced with a singular offer on his own
-part, under four different heads:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>1st. He proposes to raise an auxiliary troop for his Majesty’s
-Life-guard.</p>
-
-<p>2nd. To cause to be erected a complete ordinary for forty indigent
-officers.</p>
-
-<p>3rd. To cause a fair causeway to be made, for two miles together, at
-four of the greatest avenues to the city.</p>
-
-<p>And 4th, to cause £1,000 a year, for ten years, to be allowed towards
-the building of St. Paul’s.</p>
-
-<p>Then follow items of the various and vast sums expended in the Royalist
-cause.</p>
-
-<p>His allusion to the Act obtained for his Engine, in 1663, fixes the
-date of this document at or soon after that period. The amount expended
-in the Royal cause by his father and himself was so enormous, that it
-is difficult to understand on what ground he considered he bettered
-his claim to some compensation, by burdening his statement with four
-separate offers, calculated to absorb far more than he could ever
-expect to obtain through a monarch so needy, extravagant, and dissolute
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</span>
-as Charles the Second.</p>
-
-<p>Whatever may have been the Marquis of Worcester’s previous private
-engagements, there is every reason to believe that from the time he
-was protected by Act of Parliament, he vigorously put forth all his
-energies to promote the works at Vauxhall, where, aided by Caspar
-Kaltoff, he soon had one of his “stupendous” engines in operation.</p>
-
-<p>James Rollock, an “ancient servant of his Lordship’s” (as he styles
-himself), who made some pretence to being a poet, wrote “a Latin
-Elogium and an English Panegirick, both of them composed through duty
-and gratitude.” He informs us that, he “hath for forty years been an
-eye-witness of his great ingenuity:” adding, “I think it not amiss
-to give further notice in his Lordship’s behalf, that he intends
-within a moneth or two to erect an Office, and to intrust some very
-responsible and honourable persons with power to Treat and Conclude
-with such as desire at a reasonable rate to reap the benefit of the
-same Water-commanding Engine.”<a id="FNanchor_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">[K]</a> About the same time would also appear
-to have been issued large posting bills, one rare and curious specimen
-of which may be seen in the Library of the British Museum,<a id="FNanchor_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">[L]</a> setting
-forth a short address to the King, followed with the usual “definition”
-of “A stupendous or a Water-Commanding Engine, boundless for height or
-quantity.” We have thus very clear evidence that he was employing every
-possible means at command to impress his claim on public notice.</p>
-
-<p>Then, as regards the Engine itself, it was required by the Act of
-Parliament, “that a model thereof be delivered to the Lord Treasurer
-or Commissioners for the Treasury for the time being, at or before
-the 29th day of September, 1663,” and the same to be “put into the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</span>
-Exchequer and kept there;” a requirement which he was certain to obey
-punctiliously, not only to avoid dispute, but because nothing was
-easier for him to perform, through the agency of Kaltoff.</p>
-
-<p>Another remarkable point referring to his Engine is that he concludes
-the 98th article of his Century, which alludes to it, by saying:&mdash;“I
-call this a semi-omnipotent Engine, and do intend that <i>a model thereof
-he buried with me</i>.”</p>
-
-<p>And lastly, there was his practical demonstration on a large scale.
-As early as May 1654, we have an intimation of his being in treaty
-for works at Vauxhall. Not long afterwards we find his workman
-Kaltoff settled there, and in one of his Petitions he explicitly
-mentions having spent “£9,000 on buildings and improvements,” and at
-least “£50,000 in trying experiments and conclusions of art in that
-Operatory:”<a id="FNanchor_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">[M]</a> thus actually curtailing his personal comforts to fulfil
-his engagements with all those persons who confided in his promises to
-perfect his novel undertaking.</p>
-
-<p>His works and Engine were examined and noticed in 1663, by the French
-traveller M. Sorbière; in 1666 or 1667 by the eminent mathematician
-Dr. Robert Hook, whose cynicism unfortunately thwarted his judgment;
-in 1669, by the Grand Duke, Cosmo de Medici; and we find it still in
-existence in September, 1670, being then alluded to in a letter written
-by Walter Travers, a Roman Catholic priest.<a id="FNanchor_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">[N]</a></p>
-
-<p>We have, therefore, certain evidence that the Marquis of Worcester’s
-Engine was in full operation for at least seven years, and that one of
-the conditions of the Act of Parliament obliged him to deposit a model
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</span>
-in the Exchequer. His own estimate of its value may be judged by his
-gladly giving up for the promised tithe of it to the King, his claim on
-Charles the First equal to £40,000, in lieu thereof.<a id="FNanchor_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">[O]</a></p>
-
-<p>His Lordship’s invention was never offered by him as a merely amusing
-trifle; it was not a curious model which might or might not possess
-some practical advantage; and it was not of a nature of which he was
-but partially aware, and which it was left to others to apply. It
-is even possible that as early as 1628 he had set up his Engine in
-its most simple form of application; and that, improved upon through
-thirty-five years of study and experimenting, the Engine of 1663
-was a master-piece of workmanship and contrivance for that age. His
-invention was no longer a secret, he had done all that any inventor
-could possibly be required to perform to establish his claim to be
-considered as a true and first inventor. His right did not depend on
-the vague notice first put forth in his <i>Century</i>, but on the actual
-Engine made, and, for not less than seven years, constantly worked for
-public inspection at Vauxhall. Any one so disposed could have obtained
-the same examination of it that was conceded to Sorbière and to Cosmo
-de Medici. Dr. Hook does not condescend to state what he saw of it; he
-set out for Lambeth with the intention of going to Vauxhall, but the
-<i>laughing</i> philosopher may have settled the problem in his own mind, to
-his own entire satisfaction, without taking any trouble on a supposed
-foolish errand. We speculate in vain whether among the visitors
-stimulated by curiosity, or invited by intending shareholders, there
-were such men as Sir Samuel Morland, the King’s Master of Mechanics;
-Rupert, Duke of Cumberland; Dr. Sprat, the historian of the Royal
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</span>
-Society; Bishop Wilkins, the author of “Mathematical Magic”; the
-Honourable Robert Boyle, Sir William Petty, Lord Viscount Brouncker,
-and other distinguished personages.</p>
-
-<p>Without positive facts to guide us we are ever in danger of misjudging
-a bygone age, and in the present instance it would be imprudent to
-hazard an opinion on what is no less true than strange, that the
-Marquis of Worcester entirely failed to arouse public inquiry into the
-merits of his invention: being treated throughout with an indifference,
-which, to modern apprehension, appears wholly inexplicable. Yet, so
-inconsistent is human nature, that the same age which burned and
-drowned so-called witches, which believed in the transmutation of base
-metals into gold, put faith in the curative effect of sympathetic
-powders, and the King’s touch for bodily distempers, saw portents in
-meteoric phenomena, and considered astrology a sound science, could
-yet look with stolid indifference on this germ of the steam-engine,
-unimpressed by what was publicly exhibited, written, printed, and
-for at least four years made the subject of its inventor’s daily
-conversation. Books and pamphlets were constantly being published,
-filled with mysticism, gravely recording the day-dreams of fanatics and
-impostors, and letters lent their aid to promulgate such fables; yet
-here was a new agent at work, of such potent power that its like had
-never been seen, which nevertheless men saw, heard, and listened to in
-dumb astonishment, with the infantile simplicity of the poor Indian,
-ignorant of the value of the gold or diamonds strewn in his path.</p>
-
-<p>The early associated scientific men may have been perplexed on finding
-an individual coming forth, in the sixty-second year of his age, to
-propound a new doctrine. The suspicion was natural; the cause appeared
-evident; his project might be a chimera, or an absolute delusion. No
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</span>
-one ever so remotely suspected his own want of wisdom. Had the Marquis
-suddenly dropped from the clouds, or sprung from the earth, he could
-not have been in himself a much greater phenomenon than he appeared to
-the virtuosi (as the learned were called) of his day. Such a prodigy
-had never been heard of, and perhaps will never again appear, as that
-of a secluded scholar, studying all his life, suddenly coming to light
-with unheard-of knowledge. If true, he was a Leviathan, and compared
-with him all must have acknowledged a sense of painful inferiority. The
-Marquis on his part appears to have acted with unsuspecting confidence
-and modesty, as one quite unconscious of the intellectual disparity
-between himself and the professors of mechanical science in his day.
-However, he neither sought nor formed new acquaintances; he seems to
-have rested satisfied with his early associates, or his own immediate
-connexions; so that no one was gratified by his condescension, or
-induced to proffer advice, through any application on his part.
-Indeed he mainly looked to the Crown for efficient support; but the
-luxurious and gay monarch sought only youth and beauty, the banquet,
-the ball-room, or the tennis-court, and was not to be disturbed in his
-pleasures by aged philosophy propounding mechanical experiments, and
-smoky steam-engines. The King carried “Hudibras” in his breast, and
-might perchance have a copy of the “Century” in some remote cabinet.
-Need we be surprised that his Lordship’s confidence in succour from
-such a source was every way misplaced? His treaties with the business
-world, it is to be feared, ran counter to all accepted forms, the
-talented philosopher being no plodding trader; so that act as he
-might for the best, it nevertheless appears to have been his uniform
-misfortune neither to acquire friends nor conciliate enemies, a posture
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</span>
-of affairs not uncommon to fallen greatness.</p>
-
-<p>It is most unfortunate that he did not survive to complete his intended
-publication of a larger work than the “Century,” presenting his hundred
-inventions with illustrative engraved plates. But in common candour let
-it never be overlooked, that we have before us a promise published in
-1663, long preceding the devastating plague, which almost depopulated
-the metropolis in 1665, and the terrible conflagration of 1666, which
-laid waste the city of London; and that it was in the midst of such
-accumulated public calamities his health appears to have suddenly
-given way, aged, harassed, disappointed, and dismayed, when he was
-prematurely called to his long rest.</p>
-
-<p>Neglected by contemporaries, modern writers have rested satisfied
-with a detail of some three or four years of his political career
-in Ireland, and a notice that he possibly possessed some mechanical
-ability, as giving a sufficiently comprehensive view of his character
-through a life extending over sixty-six years. This lax course, on the
-part of his biographers, has favoured the opinion expressed on the
-Continent, that the invention of the steam-engine is not of English,
-but of French origin! And this statement has been long colourably
-supported by means of a forged letter, the subject of which has been
-graphically represented by the painter, and copied by the lithographer;
-all attesting the prevailing zealous ardour of France to honour native
-genius. Thus, as though it were not a sufficient infliction to be
-ruined, dishonoured, oppressed, and neglected while living, it would
-almost seem as if events conspired to lessen, if possible, the lustre
-of his memory by the dark shades of apocryphal history.<a id="FNanchor_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">[R]</a></p>
-
-<p id="Page_342"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 342]</span>
-The Marquis of Worcester, considered in his true character, was in
-every sense a learned, deep-thinking, studious, amiable, and good man.
-He was a Roman Catholic wholly free from religious prejudices, and
-a most loyal subject without displaying under an adverse change of
-circumstances any appearance of undue party zeal. In all his public
-conduct he was invariably consistent, scrupulously conscientious, and
-strictly honourable and humane. In scientific acquirements he stood
-grandly alone, not from pride, but rather as the result of a naturally
-modest retiring habit, probably constitutional, but certainly confirmed
-by long continued close study, favoured by his early domestic course
-of life. When at length he was forced to come before the public, he
-proved himself one of the most extraordinary mechanical geniuses of the
-seventeenth, or any preceding century; yet he was neither understood
-nor appreciated in his own day; his surpassing mental endowments
-were probably lost for want of earlier and fuller exhibition; while
-the influence of combined prejudice and ignorance served further to
-obstruct his rising in public estimation. It is, however, the glorious
-privilege of genius to leave on all its works the sure impress of
-mighty intellect. The “Century of Inventions,” gradually increasing in
-public estimation through two hundred years, owes its vitality to its
-remarkable ingenuity and its concentration of thought; and it cannot
-fail to happen that each succeeding age will inquire, with increasing
-interest, into every particular of the singular and touching history of
-its noble author.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin2_top">END OF THE LIFE.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<div class="figright" style="width:70%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p309.jpg" width="100%" alt="C. Somerset (autograph) Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester" /></div>
-<p><a id="Footnote_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The annexed autograph of this great ancestor of the
-Marquis of Worcester, is obtained from a document in the British
-Museum. Cotton. MSS. Vesp. F. xiii. fol. 78.
-</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_287"><a href="#FNanchor_287"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> According to the old money system prevalent in France
-before the Revolution, accounts were kept in Livres Tournois of 20 Sous
-or Sols.&mdash;<i>Dr. Patrick Kelly’s Universal Cambist</i>, 4to. 1811, page 146.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_288"><a href="#FNanchor_288"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_289"><a href="#FNanchor_289"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> From MSS. Badminton.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_290"><a href="#FNanchor_290"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_291"><a href="#FNanchor_291"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Between the 14th of July, and the 21st of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Angust">August</ins>, 1684,
-being then Duke of Beaufort, he made his progress through North and
-South Wales, as Lord President of Wales, and Lord Lieutenant of the
-counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Monmouth, accompanied by “T.D.
-<i>gen.</i>” that is “T. Dineley,” who left the particulars thereof in a
-manuscript of some length, containing many interesting anecdotes,
-inscriptions of arms, and pen sketches of scenery and antiquities, now
-very curious.
-</p>
-<p>
-At Worcester, on Wednesday&mdash;“After divine service his Grace was
-attended in great order with drums, trumpets, the city-waites,
-haut-bois, flutes, and other wind music, together with harps, Welsh
-and Irish, viols, violins, and other stringed instruments, to the Town
-Hall.” His Grace was numerously and handsomely attended, being himself
-“in glorious equipage.” While at Troy, near Monmouth, on the 20th of
-August, his Grace viewed the County Militia Regiment; “several of the
-principal gentry” on the occasion “placing themselves in the front of
-the stand of pikes. Doublings, countermarches, wheelings, variety of
-exercise, and good and close firings were made.”
-</p>
-<p>
-He returned to Badminton after nine weeks’ absence, “extremely
-satisfied with the good order in which his Grace found the militia,”
-also “with the reception and entertainments in all places of the
-progress.”
-</p>
-<p>
-The MS. has been printed for private circulation, under the title of
-“An account of the progress of his Grace, Henry the First Duke of
-Beaufort, through Wales, 1684. And Notitia Cambro-Britannica. By T.
-Dineley. Edited by Charles Baker, Esq. 4to. 1864.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_292"><a href="#FNanchor_292"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The Earl of Northampton, who fell at Hopton Heath, left
-five sons in arms for the King. The young Earl fought as gallantly as
-his father for the cause.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_293"><a href="#FNanchor_293"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_294"><a href="#FNanchor_294"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The MS. being defective on this side, the particular sums
-of money cannot be ascertained.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_295"><a href="#FNanchor_295"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> The cipher follows on the same line, and agrees in
-character with the cipher-writing on page <a href="#Page_180">180</a>. See <a href="#CommentArticle5">Comment on Article
-No. 5</a>, in the “Century.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_296"><a href="#FNanchor_296"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> “An Exact and true Definition, &amp;c.” <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_297"><a href="#FNanchor_297"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Brit. Mus. 12. El. 75. 10.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_298"><a href="#FNanchor_298"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_287">287.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_299"><a href="#FNanchor_299"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_300"><a href="#FNanchor_300"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, and <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_301"><a href="#FNanchor_301"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> <a href="#Appendix_H">Appendix H.</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_343"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 343]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2>
-<span class="smaller">THE</span>
-
-<br />CENTURY OF INVENTIONS,</h2>
-
-<p class="center">WRITTEN IN 1655;
-
-<br /><span class="smaller">BY</span>
-
-<br /><span class="larger">EDWARD SOMERSET, MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</span>
-
-<br /><span class="smaller">BEING</span>
-
-<br />A VERBATIM REPRINT
-
-<br /><span class="smaller">OF</span>
-
-<br />THE FIRST EDITION, PUBLISHED IN 1663.<br />&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<p class="center">“He was a man, take him for all in all,
-<br />We shall not look upon his like again.”</p>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller">&nbsp;<br />WITH</span>
-
-<br /><span class="larger">An Introduction and Commentary</span>
-
-<br /><span class="larger">BY HENRY DIRCKS, ESQ.,</span>
-
-<br />CIVIL ENGINEER,
-
-<br /><span class="smaller">AUTHOR OF “PERPETUUM MOBILE, OR HISTORY OF THE SEARCH AFTER
-SELF-MOTIVE POWER;”
-
-“CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF ELECTRO-METALLURGY;”
-
-AND “THE LIFE OF SAMUEL HARTLIB;” ALSO
-
-INVENTOR OF THE “DIRCKSIAN PHANTASMAGORIA,” PRODUCING THE OPTICAL
-ILLUSIONS POPULARLY CALLED “THE GHOST!”</span>
-</p>
-
-
-<p class="blank_page" id="Page_344"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 344]</span></p>
-
-<p id="Page_345"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 345]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.</h2>
-
-
-<p>The Middle Ages are usually considered to have closed between 1490
-and 1500, only one century previous to the birth of that Marquis
-of Worcester to whom posterity is indebted for his ever memorable
-publication, the “Century of Inventions,” of which a reprint is now
-before the reader. It records the earliest full, though brief, sketch
-of a practically working Steam-Engine; an invention which, whether in
-relation to the age in which it was produced, or the difficulties under
-which it was wrought out, cannot be considered otherwise than as a
-marvellous effort of ingenuity. The literature and science of that era,
-as compared with the progressive stages of improvement distinguishing
-the two succeeding centuries, were barren and meagre indeed. Hallam
-justly observes: “Learning, which is held pusillanimous by the soldier,
-unprofitable by the merchant, and pedantic by the courtier, stands in
-need of some countenance from the ruling powers before whom all three
-bow down.” But even at that early period Leonardo da Vinci, born 1452,
-had anticipated Lord Bacon in the universally accepted principle, that
-experiment and observation must ever be the only sure guides to the
-forming of just theories in the investigation of nature.</p>
-
-<p>The “Century of Inventions” derives its name rather from the
-circumstance of the work containing one hundred articles, than the
-same number of inventions. Its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</span> noble author may have had in mind the
-<i>Centuria di Secreti Politici, Cimichi, e Naturali</i>, by Francesco
-Scarioni of Parma, duodecimo, printed at Venice in 1626, when he fixed
-on the quaint title of his own remarkable production.</p>
-
-<p>Among the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum Library is
-a manuscript copy of the “Century,” the title of which omits the
-words “at the instance of a powerful friend,” also the motto, date,
-dedications, and author’s name. It also differs in other respects from
-the printed edition, by introducing “A stamping Engine” as the 88th
-article, in place of which its author has printed his account of “A
-Brazen Head;” the concluding article likewise varies, especially in
-closing with a short notice of “three sorts” of other inventions “set
-down in cypher,” but which do not appear. The top of the title page has
-written on it “From August y<sup>e</sup> 29th to Sept. y<sup>e</sup> 21st 1659,” probably
-by the copyist, to notify the time occupied in writing.</p>
-
-<p>The first edition was printed in 1663, during the author’s lifetime,
-as he died in 1667; and the last edition, with notes by Mr. C. F.
-Partington, is dated 1825. This last edition professes on the title
-page to be “from the Original Manuscript”; and, at page 6, alludes
-to “a manuscript in the Marquis’s handwriting, having been preserved
-in the <i>Harleian</i> Collection, appended to <i>an original copy</i> of the
-Century of Inventions.” Now, as no other manuscript is known to exist,
-it is important to state distinctly that the Manuscript Century in
-question is neither original nor yet in the handwriting of the Marquis;
-it is evidently no more than one of those copies, which it was then
-a common practice to circulate; and the MS. bound up in the same
-volume with this interesting document, relating to a method of “Cypher
-writing,” is <i>not</i> in the Marquis’s handwriting.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_347"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 347]</span> So far, therefore,
-from “The Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester, from
-the Original MS.” being what it thus distinctly professes, it is an
-amalgamation of the Harleian MS. copy, and the first printed edition.
-This obliges the introduction of two Nos. 88; but unfortunately there
-is neither mark, note, nor observation to guide or guard the reader
-even as to the editor’s numerous emendations; and the result has been
-such as to render this the most unreliable of all the reprints of the
-“Century,” which will appear more evident by the unauthorised readings,
-marked P, in the notes.</p>
-
-<p>The “Century” remained in manuscript from 1655, the period of its
-author’s release from the Tower, until 1663, the date of the first
-printed edition; the title page of which repeats the date of its
-composition, adding, “my former notes being lost;” as he was, however,
-the inventor of many ciphers or kinds of short-hand, it is probable his
-lost notes would be written so as to be unreadable without the key. It
-was printed soon after the passing of the Act for his “Water-commanding
-Engine,” which is mentioned in the Dedication to the Houses of
-Parliament.</p>
-
-<p>It has been frequently reprinted singly, as well as produced entire in
-larger works, of all which publications a list is hereunto annexed.</p>
-
-<p>We subjoin the title pages of the “Century”:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="margin_top smaller">From the Harleian MS. in the British
-Museum.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="margin_top smaller">“From August y<sup>e</sup> 29th to Sept. y<sup>e</sup> 21st, 1659.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="margin_top smaller">From the printed edition of 1663.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="margin_top">
-“A Century of the names
-and scantlings of such Inventions
-as att present I
-can call to mynde to have
-tryed, and perfected; (my
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</span>former notes being lost) I
-have endeavoured to sett
-these downe in such a way,
-as may sufficiently instruct
-me to putt any of them
-in practice havinge wherewith
-to doe it.”</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="margin_top">
-“A Century of the Names
-and Scantlings of such Inventions,
-As at present I
-can call to mind to have
-tried and perfected, which
-(my former notes being lost)
-I have, at the instance
-of a powerful Friend, endeavoured
-now in the year
-1655, to set them down in
-such a way as may sufficiently
-instruct me to put
-any of them in <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quotes">practice.”</ins></p>
-
-<hr class="tb nomargins" />
-<p class="center">“Artis et Naturæ prole.”</p>
-<hr class="tb nomargins" /></div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The peculiar term “Scantlings,” here employed, is no doubt derived from
-<i>eschantillon</i>, a pattern or quantity cut for a particular purpose,
-a certain small quantity serving as a sample of some similar larger
-piece of work; the “Century” being intended by its author as but the
-precursor of his proposed ample, finished, descriptive and illustrated
-production.</p>
-
-<p>No one unacquainted with the state of scientific knowledge between
-1601 and 1667, can justly estimate the character and value of the
-Marquis’s labours. Properly to understand him the reader must place
-himself as much as possible in his actual condition, peruse the books
-that he might have read, and consider the existing state of society and
-science. No commentator has yet done this, and consequently a serious
-difficulty has been thrown in the way of the purely classical scholar,
-who, though he might fairly estimate the Marquis’s character on points
-of history, learning, or theology, could in no way turn to account
-his one hundred extraordinary inventions. When Walpole composed his
-“Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors,” the capricious cynic was sorely
-perplexed how to treat such a literary production as the “Century.” It
-has been said of the wit that he had so disparaged all things in his
-own eyes, that nothing appeared to him worthy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</span> of admiration, respect,
-or emulation; and it is no wonder, therefore, that he should cover his
-own ignorance on scientific matters by declaring the book he affected
-to criticise, “an amazing piece of folly;” closing his flippant
-strictures with the sapient remark, “But perhaps too much has been said
-on so fantastic a man; no wonder he believed transubstantiation, when
-he believed that himself could work impossibilities!”</p>
-
-<p>David Hume was equally at fault in comprehending the mechanical skill
-of the Marquis of Worcester, for we find the eloquent historian, in his
-History of England, in perfect simplicity and ignorance, observing,
-“That the King judged aright of this nobleman’s character, appears from
-his <i>Century of arts or scantling of inventions</i>, which is a ridiculous
-compound of lies, chimeras and impossibilities, and shows what might
-be expected from such a man!” That the “Century” shows “what might be
-expected from such a man,” as its author, all must willingly admit; but
-that Hume’s pungent tirade presents any logical sequence, all must as
-strenuously deny. Never surely did two talented writers, in different
-departments of our literature, figure so unfortunately and contemptibly
-as Walpole and Hume in their unseemly efforts thus to misrepresent and
-malign their country’s noblest mechanical <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has geuius">genius</ins>.</p>
-
-<p>Verstegan, in his “Restitution of decayed Intelligence,” printed at
-Antwerp in 1605, treating in the second chapter of Germany as it was
-of old, exclaims: “And as touching the knowledge of the people, what
-learning or skill is there among men that they exceed not in.” And
-proceeds&mdash;“Sundry most rare inventions have had their original and
-birth among them. Whereof the noble art of printing, and the use of
-Artillery, are of most note.” He then goes on to enumerate “the heaven
-of silver,” a piece of exquisite workmanship<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</span> which it took twelve men
-to carry; and the wonderful flying “eagle made of wood.”</p>
-
-<p>We in the 19th century are ever liable to misunderstand the inventions
-of the 17th century. Either the inventions often appear puerile, or
-their authors seem perplexed on very small occasions of difficulty.
-Many have no doubt hastily formed opinions in regard to the automata
-and other curiosities of the “Century.” But such judgments can only
-emanate from persons not versed in our history and literature from
-Elizabeth to Charles the Second’s reign. A few brief illustrations
-may be advantageously offered here, to show that within a very short
-period after the death of the Marquis of Worcester, scientific
-men, in mechanical matters, not only seldom rose above very slight
-improvements, but were at the same time delighted with every species of
-amusing mechanical device.<a id="FNanchor_A_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_63"><span class="fnanchor">[A]</span></a></p>
-
-<p>The late Marquis’s nephew, then Lord Herbert, being on the Continent,
-writes from Blois, 18th July, 1674:<a id="FNanchor_B_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_64"><span class="fnanchor">[B]</span></a> &mdash;“We are again settled here
-for this summer. In our passage from Aix we saw at Lyons the most
-curious closets of Monsieur Cervier, which for mathematical Inventions
-and Machines (all his own handywork) are the most surprising and
-astonishing, I believe, in the world. His many pretended Perpetual
-Motions, Hydraulic Dials, various Clocks and Hour-glasses, his Engines
-of Sympathy and Antipathy; but above all his device to discover the
-most predominant quality in every spectator, are past my comprehension
-and conception. These, and a hundred other things
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</span>there, might be well worthy a journey in this long
-vacation for one of your experimentators.”</p>
-
-<p>In the 21st volume of the Royal Society’s Transactions, for 1685, Dr.
-Papin, describes the external appearance, and the performance, of a
-small hydro-pneumatic fountain, which is represented in an engraving,
-as being enclosed by a cylindrical glass, under a glass shade. The
-Doctor states that it might be seen at his house, in operation on his
-mantel-piece, where Dr. Hook had watched it for half an hour, and other
-visitors for four hours together. The secret had been communicated
-to Mr. Boyle, but, with a view to excite the speculations of the
-ingenious, was not made public; for it was the pleasure of the learned
-to puzzle each other with such paradoxes.</p>
-
-<p>The Diaries of John Evelyn and of Samuel Pepys offer numerous instances
-of the possession of similar cabinets of mechanical curiosities.</p>
-
-<p>In the Life of Baron Guilford,<a id="FNanchor_C_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_65"><span class="fnanchor">[C]</span></a> we have a fuller notice of scientific
-society about the same period, of which the following extracts will
-suffice to give a clear idea. It is evident that, except as relates
-to the most ancient, approved appliances, then in common use in the
-mechanical arts, all mechanical improvement beyond these was in its
-non-age; so much indeed was this the case, that no invention was too
-simple, and scarcely any too outrageous or absurd, to be esteemed
-unworthy of being submitted to the attention of the learned.</p>
-
-<p>“His Lordship was no concealed virtuoso; for his diffused acquaintance
-and manner of conversation, made <span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</span>him known and esteemed, as a
-professor of most polite arts, and given to scientific inquiries. This
-brought upon him an importunity to be admitted a member of the Royal
-Society. But his Lordship never countenanced the proposal; and at
-length, gave his positive denial. He esteemed it a species of vanity
-for one, as he was, of a grave profession, to list himself of a society
-which, at that time, was made very free with by the ridiculers of the
-town: and he could not discover what advantage of knowledge could come
-to him that way, which he could not arrive at otherwise.”</p>
-
-<p>Among his acquaintance were “Sir John Werden&mdash;very far gone in the
-mystery of algebra and mathematics.&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“One Mr. Aubrey of Surrey, a professed virtuoso, and always replete
-with new discoveries.</p>
-
-<p>“One Mr. Weld, a rich philosopher, lived in Bloomsbury. He was single,
-and his house a sort of knick-knack-atary. Most of the ingenious
-persons about town, sometimes visited him; and, among the rest, (his
-Lordship) did suit and service there.</p>
-
-<p>“His Lordship was once invited to a philosophical meal, at the house of
-Mr. Evelyn at Deptford. The house was low, but elegantly set off with
-ornaments and quaint mottos at most turns; but, above all, his garden
-was exquisite, being all boscoresque.</p>
-
-<p>“He had a great value for Sir Jonas Moor, a capital mathematician,
-knowing well his worth and honesty, ... (he) once invited his Lordship
-to dine with him in the Tower, and, after dinner, presented Mr.
-Flamstead ... the star-gazer (who was) invited to come and see him.”</p>
-
-<p>He “had another virtuoso acquaintance in the Temple, one Mr. Ball
-... one in the list of his Lordship’s ingenious acquaintance.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_353"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 353]</span>
-“And once, upon an invitation, his Lordship dined with Sir Samuel
-(Morland) at his house; and though his entertainment was exquisite,
-the greatest pleasure was to observe his devices; for every thing
-showed art and mechanism, as&mdash;1. A fountain in the room.&mdash;2. A cistern
-in his garret&mdash;supplying all parts of the house.&mdash;3. His coach was
-most particular.&mdash;4. A portable engine, moved by watch-work&mdash;it had a
-fire-place and grate,&mdash;cost £30. He took it with him in his own coach,
-and, at inns, he was his own cook.”</p>
-
-<p>These notices afford a glimpse of the early progress of mechanical
-science. To return to our remarks on the “Century;” two of the articles
-the Marquis borrowed, No. 21, “A Bucket fountain,” of which he obtained
-information at Rome; and No. 26, “A to and fro Lever,” which he saw at
-Venice. A great number refer to Cipher writing and means of holding
-secret correspondence, many of which contrivances depend on very
-slight modifications, so that, although only twenty-three are set
-down, he might very easily have enlarged this one subject tenfold,
-only to arrive at still more extended conclusions. His engine is noted
-under the articles Nos. 68, 98, and 100, as, <i>a fire water-work</i>;
-<i>a semi-omnipotent engine</i>; and <i>a stupendous water-work</i>. So that
-discarding 2, and reducing these three to one, will leave 96 inventions
-emanating from the Marquis. But a further reduction might be made, if
-we strike out the additions made to the list, thus: No. 9 is “a ship
-destroying engine,” but No. 10 is only the means whereby to fasten it;
-and No. 11, a mode of preventing the operation of the engine, in the
-hands of an enemy. Now in strictness the whole can only be considered
-as one invention. So likewise, in his improvements on Fire-arms;
-No. 61, is a way for Muskets, No. 62, for Harquebusses, and No. 63,
-for Sakers, &amp;c. which again<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</span> can but be taken as representing <i>one</i>
-invention variously applied. These examples would remove four other
-inventions from the list, thereby reducing the number of inventions,
-due to the Marquis of Worcester in the Century, to 92. But this rather
-explains the plan adopted in indicating the several inventions, and in
-no way detracts from the value of the work.</p>
-
-<p>The Inventions may be thus classified:</p>
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="ml10">3 refer to Seals and Watches.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml20">2 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Games.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml20">2 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Arithmetic and Perspective.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml20">6 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Automata.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml15">23 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Ciphers, Correspondence, and Signals.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml15">10 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Domestic affairs.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml20">9 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Mechanical appliances.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml15">32 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Naval and Military affairs.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml15">13 . &nbsp; . &nbsp; . &nbsp; Hydraulics and the Water Engine.</span>
-<br /><span class="ml10">&mdash;&ndash;</span>
-<br /><span class="ml10">100</span></p>
-
-<p>The very incongruous character of these matters is suggestive of their
-having occurred to the inventive mind of the Marquis at very different
-times, at remote intervals, and under varied circumstances; they might
-occasionally have resulted from his reading, his studies, or his
-experiments. He evidently availed himself of every suggestion that
-either reading, accident, experience, or travel threw in his way. His
-domestic life led to light, amusive, and mechanical exercises; while
-his military operations drew him to consider improvements in ordnance,
-fire-arms, and military and naval affairs generally.</p>
-
-<p>All we know regarding the origin of the work itself is derived from the
-author’s title page, wherein he states that it was written in 1655, his
-“former notes” then “being lost.” He consequently sets down “at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</span> the
-instance of a powerful friend,” only those inventions he “can call to
-mind to have <i>tried and perfected</i>.” This explicit language admits of
-no doubtful construction, yet he has been maligned by the envious as
-recording dreams and fancies. The Century closes with the remarkable
-declaration of his “meaning to leave to posterity a book, wherein under
-each of these heads the means to put in execution and visible trial all
-and every of these inventions, with the shape and form of all things
-belonging to them, shall be printed by brass-plates.” An intention
-which his premature decease rendered unavailing, yet sarcastic
-writers have not been wanting to stigmatize the “Century” as though
-its author had offered it to public approbation as a complete work;
-making no allowance for the circumstances under which it was produced,
-as a mere syllabus of the intellectual treasures he possessed, or
-the sad occurrence to which alone the non-completion of his promised
-publication with engravings of his several designs can be attributed.</p>
-
-<p>Some of his inventions he specially notices to signify their practical
-development. Thus No. 56, he performs at the Tower before Charles I,
-most of his Court, and the Lieutenant, Sir William Balfour.</p>
-
-<p>No. 64, an improvement on fire-arms, was “tried and approved before the
-King (Charles I.), and an hundred Lords and Commons.”</p>
-
-<p>Nos. 59 to 67, further improvements on fire-arms and cannon, occasion
-his particularly stating that:&mdash;“by several trials and much charge I
-have perfectly tried all these.”</p>
-
-<p>No. 77, his scheme for flying, whatever it might have been, whether
-a balloon, wings, or a machine, yet even of this he says&mdash;“which I
-have tried with a little boy of ten years old.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_356"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 356]</span> Lastly, No. 100,
-a water-work is spoken of as “by many years experience and labour,
-advantageously contrived.” And connected with this water-raising
-subject we may take No. 68, of which he says:&mdash;“I have seen the water
-run like a constant fountain-stream forty feet high.” This is not the
-language of a speculative theorist. It is experimental, practical, and
-demonstrative.</p>
-
-<p>Considering the vast sums expended by the Marquis on his experimental
-and on his practical works, the immense variety of his inventions, and
-the extreme novelty and singularity of many, it is rather surprising
-that no account of any of them has come down to our time, through some
-of the many channels of information then open to receive any accounts
-of the marvellous. Our next surprise is that none of the many cabinets
-of the curious seem to have possessed any model or any curious work
-of his production; not even the indefatigable Tradescant, although
-his museum was at Lambeth, bought by Ashmole, and given by him to
-the Bodleian Museum at Oxford. The Marquis did, however, present a
-peculiarly constructed box to Charles the Second, and he offered an
-improvement on it to the Earl of Lotherdale,<a id="FNanchor_D_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_66"><span class="fnanchor">[D]</span></a> remarking:&mdash;“I promise
-your Lordship a box, with such conveniences and rarities as that which
-you saw had,&mdash;though it were a presumption in me to say, I would give
-a subject a better qualified present than I gave my Sovereign.” The
-invention might refer to the Cabinet mentioned in article No. 79, of
-the Century, as well as include some of his ingenious escutcheons,
-keys, and locks.</p>
-
-<p>We cannot but suppose that the Marquis was intimately acquainted with
-the published works of the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</span>renowned Roger Bacon, born in 1212, and who
-died at Oxford in 1292, celebrated for his proficiency in mathematics,
-mechanics, and chemistry. In his “Discovery of miracles of Art,”
-published 1659, there occurs the following passage:&mdash;“A man may easily
-make an instrument, whereby one man may, in despite of all opposition,
-draw a thousand men to himself, or any other thing, which is tractable.”</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis has left in manuscript a list of nine inventions, due to
-the “Quint-essence of Motion,” by means of which, he says in the 8th
-section,&mdash;“I can stop any other man’s motion, and render it null, since
-from any point of the compass, I can forcibly and effectually cause
-a counter-buff, or absolute obstruction to such motion, which way I
-please; all ways being indifferent to me, to work a perfect resistance,
-and to countermine their intentions, or to force their motions a clear
-contrary way.”<a id="FNanchor_E_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_67"><span class="fnanchor">[E]</span></a></p>
-
-<p>What may be the meaning of either statement it is difficult to imagine;
-or even to decide whether they be really allied to each other, for
-although in some respects alike, each is very enigmatical.</p>
-
-<p>We have also given in the “Life,” at page 216, a copy of a MS. list
-of heads of some inventions, among which occurs:&mdash;“Intelligence at a
-distance communicative, and not limited to distance, nor by it the
-time prolonged.” The wording of which article as clearly as possible
-expresses what in modern times has actually been attained by the
-magnetic and the electric telegraph. The “not limited to distance,”
-and the “time not prolonged” appear conclusive. Wires, tubes, or other
-mechanical means of communication would necessarily be “limited to
-distance;” and that which alone we believe to be <span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</span>illimitable through,
-any human agency is <i>electricity</i>. Truly the Marquis of Worcester was a
-man of no ordinary stretch of mind.</p>
-
-<p>The “Century” has but slender claims to our notice as a literary
-performance. Some persons have even imagined that it would have been
-fortunate for the character of its noble author had it never been
-written. This is a mistaken view of the subject. In the absence of his
-elaborated work, it is fortunate that this precious relic has come
-down unmutilated to our time. It is but as a sketch compared with the
-finished picture, but we realize the master-hand in the brief outline,
-and feel conscious of the intelligence and versatile genius of the mind
-that could conceive, work out, and minutely register the forming of
-alphabets, automata, ordnance, and finally “a semi-omnipotent engine.”
-His work has two dedications, one addressed to Charles the Second, the
-other to both Houses of Parliament, composed in a quaint but courtly
-style. He mingles classic lore with every-day proverbs. He re-entitles
-his book as a “summary collection,” and a “Century of summary heads
-of wonderful things,” as “experiments extant and comprised under
-these heads practicable with my directions,” and is convinced of “The
-treasures buried under these heads both for War, Peace and Pleasure
-being inexhaustible;” concluding that it is a “Century of Experiences
-perhaps dearly purchased” by him.</p>
-
-<p>He also touches on his pecuniary position, offering, in case he is
-assisted with the patronage and support sought, “to outgo the £6 or
-£700,000 already sacrificed;” alludes to “the melancholy which hath
-lately seized” upon him; and to his work-place at “great expenses made
-fit for public service,” amounting to about £10,000, “yet lately like
-to be taken” from him.</p>
-
-<p>He assures Parliament that his several inventions are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</span> “practicable
-with my directions, by the unparalleled workman both for trust and
-skill, <i>Caspar Kaltoff’s</i> hand, who hath been these five and thirty
-years as in a school under me employed.” So that, dating from 1663,
-when he made this statement, we are thus carried back to the year
-1628, about the period of his first marriage, and the whole comprises
-a space of time from the 27th to the 62nd year of his age. How had he
-employed the peaceable portion of those 35 years? It seems to have
-been peculiar to the noble experimenter to keep his favourite workman
-fully employed in putting into practice whatever was known, and in that
-way establish his own improvements. We can find some analogous device
-in old scientific writings for the greater part of the subjects he
-investigated; and it is no disparagement of his ingenuity to say that
-his refinements may often be traced to the crude efforts made by others
-to attain similar results. Italy, Germany, Holland, and France abounded
-in authors whose works we may easily imagine formed a favourite portion
-of his library; Vitruvius, Vegetius, Hero, Ramelli, Branca, De Caus,
-Fludd, Besson, Van Etten, Schwenter, Porta, Lana, and other similar
-tomes replete with engraved brass, copper, and wood-engravings. But the
-English press likewise produced such works, as Bourne’s Inventions,
-1578; Lucar’s Lucar-solace, 1590; Bate’s Mysteries of Art, 1634;
-Wilkins’ Mathematical Magick; Porta’s Natural Magick, 1658; De Caus’
-New and Rare Inventions, 1659, &amp;c. Of all these we are disposed to
-think that <i>Bate’s Mysteries of Nature and Art</i> was an early favourite;
-the second edition appeared in 1635, when the Marquis was 34 years of
-age. The first portion of the work on “Water-works” opens with the
-observation: “It hath beene an old saying amongst Philosophers, and
-experience doth prove it to bee true, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</span>
-<i>Non datur vacuum</i>, that is
-to say, Nature will not admit of any vacuity or emptinesse. For some
-or other of the Elements, but especially Ayre and Water, doe insert
-themselves into all manner of concavities, or hollownesses, in, or
-upon the earth, whether they are such as are formed either by Art or
-Nature.” Through 82 pages the same subject of Water-works is carefully
-examined, and at page 57, is a description with engravings of “the
-Watermill or Engine neare the North end of London Bridge.”</p>
-
-<p>In the composition of the “Century,” we notice several peculiarities
-which may sometimes be accounted for by the writer having caught
-the style of certain English authors. In a letter dated 30th of
-August, 1646, he quotes the proverb, “a <i>child</i> burned dreads the
-fire,” and in the “Century” we find the word “<i>child</i>” occurring
-six times to indicate little power or strength being required. The
-word “<i>conceited</i>” is used three times in the sense of ingeniously
-contrived. All these modes of expression are also peculiar to Bate,
-Plat, and the translation of Van Etten. The “<i>twinkling of an eye</i>”
-is an expression used twice. The article No. 15, is “A boat <i>driving</i>
-against wind and tide;” in <i>Humane Industry</i>, 1661, appears&mdash;“a way to
-<i>drive</i> their ships without oar.” The term “<i>admirable</i>” is common to
-Bate and to the Marquis; and so is another, that of the word “<i>force</i>,”
-peculiarly used in article No. 68, when he speaks of the “vessels”
-being “strengthened by the <i>force</i> within them:” really meaning no
-more, as appears, than some kind of pump-force or plunger acting the
-part of a valve to diminish any superabundant steam pressure; and not,
-as is perplexingly supposed, that he had some contrivance for making
-the expansive force of the steam within the boiler act of itself to
-strengthen the vessel!</p>
-
-<p id="Page_361"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 361]</span> When we read in article No. 56, the expression,
-“A most incredible thing if not seen,” and find Dr. Dee, in his preface
-to Euclid, expressing himself on a kindred subject, that it is&mdash;“A
-thing almost incredible,” we cannot refuse to believe from internal
-evidence that the author was from natural inclination well acquainted
-with that early English translation. The range of such studies as
-he delighted in, taken from the reign of Elizabeth to the troubled
-times of Charles the First, or even later, was very restricted;
-therefore a course of scientific reading would soon be exhausted by an
-indefatigable inquirer, who would then probably settle down to being
-satisfied with a small but chosen collection of his favourite authors.
-It is not only in traits of language that we see a resemblance in such
-early authors, but equally do we find a certain agreement in their
-matter. John Bate, for example, mingles the great with the small, the
-serious with the ludicrous; he has philosophical experiments, a great
-water-work, amusive toys, pyrotechny, drawing, and medical recipes
-arranged in four books; and the several editions appear to have enjoyed
-an amount of popularity which has made any of them very scarce in a
-perfect form.</p>
-
-<p>A careful perusal of the “Century” will satisfy the reader that
-its contents relate principally to the practical and useful,
-notwithstanding that some appear of doubtful value, and some even
-paradoxical. The variety of cannon and musquetry is singular, the
-improvements in ships and fortifications quite surprising, and in
-various mechanical appliances remarkably ingenious. But, after all,
-what was the special design of its author; what was he principally
-seeking to establish through this wide course of investigation? It is
-evident he sought some mechanical power to supersede ordinary wind,
-water, and animal power. He tried weights and springs, screws and
-levers, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</span> finally he filled a piece of a cannon three-quarters
-full of water, which, after making a fire under it, “burst and made a
-great crack.” The aim and object of all his laborious experiments was
-now attained, and from the day when he thus burst the cannon, steam
-power was realized, its application pursued, various kinds of machines
-constructed, and the strangeness, novelty, and power of the new engine
-were such that he declared, as in an <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">ecstacy</ins> of delight, “I call
-this <i>A Semi-omnipotent Engine</i>, and do intend that a model thereof
-be buried with me.” Nay, more, he bowed down in adoration before his
-Maker, rendering him most humble thanks for vouchsafing him “an insight
-in so great a secret of nature.”</p>
-
-<p>It is worth remarking, that the very form of the “Century” was rather
-due to a custom among scientific inventors than to any whim on the part
-of its author. In the 13th century, Wilars de Honecort had given a
-statement of fourteen inventions. In like manner Leonardo da Vinci, of
-ten various schemes for bridges, ditches, fortifications, and others,
-military and naval. So again Ralph Rabbards in 1574, Edmund Jentill
-in 1594, and Henry Marshall in 1595, gave notices of their several
-discoveries in medical waters, fire-works, and mechanical devices.
-In 1583, appears a MS. note of twenty “sundry sorts of <ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quotes ---">engynes.”</ins> In
-1596, Lord Napier wrote concerning his four “secret inventions,”
-concluding:&mdash;“These inventions, besides devices of sailing under water,
-with divers other devices and stratagems for harming of the enemies, by
-the grace of God, and work of expert craftsmen, I hope to perform.” In
-James the First’s reign was published a tract entitled, “Cornu-Copia:
-a miscellaneum of lucriferous and most fructiferous experiments,
-observations, and discoveries, immethodically distributed; to be really
-demonstrated and communicated in all sincerity.” The suggestions,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</span>
-amounting to seventeen, are chemical, medicinal, agricultural, and
-mechanical. In 1632, Thomas Grent patented six inventions, not one
-of which is otherwise described than after this manner:&mdash;“First. An
-instrument very profitable when common windes doe fail, for a more
-speedy passage of calmed shipps, or other vessels upon the sea or great
-rivers, which may be called the wind’s mate.” In 1636, Sir John C. Van
-Berg patented eight inventions, specified after this manner:&mdash;(First)
-“Diverse mechanicke instruments and frames operating by waights, soe
-to bee fitted and ordered that the force and strength of them may bee
-augmented or diminished either in regard of the instruments themselves,
-or in respecte of the number of workmen to be employed aboute them
-accordinge as occasion or necessitie shall require; &amp;c.” In 1646,
-Captain Bulmer gave Emanuel College, Cambridge, a certificate of four
-hydraulic and mechanical inventions. In 1659, an account of Roger
-Bacon’s “admirable artificial instruments” was published, relating to
-ships, chariots, flying, scaling ladders, diving bell, &amp;c. So that
-there was no lack of precedents for the form adopted in treating the
-multifarious subjects recorded in the “Century.” But, indeed, had
-no other existed, he had a sufficient example in the vague patent
-specifications that his predecessors, and he himself (in 1661), lodged
-as sufficient and valid instruments to secure a right in the matters
-therein specified. And in confirmation of this we have only to place in
-juxta-position the fore-named patent of 1661, and the “Century,” to see
-at once the close resemblance between the two; thus No. 1, is the 78th
-article, No. 2, the 58th, No. 3, the 19th, and No. 4, the 15th article
-of the “Century,” copied almost verbatim.<a id="FNanchor_F_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_68"><span class="fnanchor">[F]</span></a> We, therefore,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</span>find that the one hundred articles are as explicit as any of the patent
-specifications of, and prior to, the reign of Charles the Second. Yet
-men of unquestionable literary taste, but unacquainted with these
-simple facts, have charged the Marquis of Worcester with mystifying
-his statements, by writing too enigmatically, without considering
-his promise, had he lived, “to leave to posterity a book” containing
-“the means to put in execution all these inventions;” and without the
-indulgence of awarding him at least the merit of writing his very
-syllabus with all the amplification required by law for the enrolment
-of a Patent Specification.</p>
-
-<p>While the Marquis was struggling to obtain royal and state patronage,
-he had a powerful rival in Sir Samuel Morland, a gentleman of the Privy
-Chamber and Master of Mechanics, to Charles the Second. It has never
-been noticed that, simultaneously with the Marquis, he was projecting
-plans of novel means for draining mines, and it is very improbable
-that, while so engaged, he could view disinterestedly the various
-efforts of the Marquis of Worcester. In the “Calendar of State Papers,
-Domestic Series for 1661&ndash;1662, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green,” octavo,
-1861, we find the following particulars under the respective dates,
-viz:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“Dec? 1661. No. 36. Petition of [Sir] Samuel Morland to the King, for
-a patent for the sole use of his invention of an Engine for
-raising water out of mines or pits, quicker and better than before
-practised.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“Dec. 11. Whitehall. Warrant for a grant to Sir Sam. Morland of the
-sole use for 14 years of his invention for raising water out of
-pits, &amp;c. to a reasonable height, “by the force of powder and air
-conjointly.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</span></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“Dec. Whitehall. Vol. 46. No. 49. Warrant for a grant
-to Sir Sam. Morland of the sole making of an Engine invented by him
-for raising water in mines or pits, draining marshes, or supplying
-buildings with water.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The annexed reprinted title page is a facsimile for size and
-letter-press <i>within</i> the gothic frame, employed to enlarge it. The
-smallness of the work was by no means unusual, indeed the first
-edition, in the British Museum, is bound in a volume uniform with the
-discourses of Sir William Petty, and of Dr. Grew, before the Royal
-Society, in 1674, issued by its own printer. Although more than ten
-years later the quaint style reminds one of the Dedications to the
-“Century,” as when Sir William says he was commanded to print his
-discourse&mdash;“Because, as drapers cut patterns of their whole cloth out
-of an end, not because the end is better than the rest, but because
-it may be best spared; so (I suppose) the Society are content, that
-this exercise pass for a sample, <i>pro tanto</i>, of what they are doing.”
-And of his second part he observes that it is “To excite the world to
-the study of a little Mathematics, by showing the use of Duplicate
-Proportions in some of the most weighty of human affairs, which notion
-<i>a child of 12 years</i><a id="FNanchor_G_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_69"><span class="fnanchor">[G]</span></a> old may learn in an hour.” Lastly, the Epistle
-Dedicatory informs us that:&mdash;“Falsity, disproportion, and inconsistence
-cannot be rectified by any sermocinations, though made all of figurate
-and measured periods, pronounced in tune and cadence, through the most
-advantageous organs; much less by grandiosonous or euphonical nonsense
-farded with formality; no more <span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</span>than vicious wines can be remedied with
-brandy and honey, or ill cookery with enormous proportions of spice
-and sugar: <i>Nam Res nolunt malè administrari</i>.” One example from Dr.
-Grew’s epistle to his discourse will suffice, where he says:&mdash;“I know,
-my Lord, that there are some men, who have just so much understanding,
-as only to teach them how to be ambitious: the flattering of whom, is
-somewhat like the tickling of children, till they fall a dancing.”</p>
-
-<p>The annexed Commentary has for its object to show the several
-sources from which it is not less probable than possible that the
-Marquis derived a certain amount of information for his guidance in
-endeavouring to advance and refine on the same by his own efforts at
-improvement. Many intelligent persons, particularly classical scholars,
-and men of purely literary tastes, whose reading has not embraced the
-study of the literature of science, have supposed that the whole or
-greater part of the Marquis of Worcester’s inventions emanated solely
-from his own unguided inventive skill; and not a few may have imagined
-it would be derogatory to the originality of an inventor to suppose
-him walking in the steps of others, however much he might outstrip
-their attainments in the same branch of inquiry. But all invention is
-progressive&mdash;first, laws of nature are discovered, then applications
-are invented, and last follow divisions and sub-divisions of endless
-great, small, and minute improvements. The Marquis originated many
-improvements, but assuredly only one pre-eminent invention, his
-great “fire water-work.” It would have been easy for us to make the
-commentary consist of essays on modern improvements, more or less
-traceable to the suggestive character of the “Century.” But we stop
-where the Marquis laid down his pen, preferring rather to show that
-materials<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</span> existed from which he might derive the several classes of
-subjects therein noted, which many have so far doubted as to believe
-they originated wholly with himself; as by adopting the other course,
-we should only satisfy the public of the great use the “Century” has
-been to others, a matter which has never been doubted.</p>
-
-<p>We thus see that the “Century” is but the epitome of a greater work,
-designed to have been published with suitable explanatory engravings,
-which the premature decease of the author alone frustrated. During two
-hundred years the subjects of the various inventions and improvements
-it calendars have been long superseded, so that there is not one,
-perhaps, that would in the least assist the modern engineer, however
-minutely it could be described. Yet the history of the Steam Engine,
-of Inventions, and of Inventors would be incomplete indeed without a
-Memoir of the Marquis of Worcester, and some account of his inimitable
-“Century of Inventions.”</p>
-
-<p>Much might be written on the conflicting opinions expressed by
-historical, biographical, and scientific writers, regarding the
-intellectual capacity and ingenuity of the Marquis as well as of
-their adverse statements on various historical points. But instead
-of adopting such a thoroughly controversial strain, which after all
-would only lead to a very doubtful result, another and very different
-course has been adopted in the present work, by supplying facts in
-place of conjecture. The writer, who is strongly imbued with political,
-theological, or scientific views, cannot write otherwise than as
-directed by the natural effect of such influences. But as a rule the
-arena of scientific discussion is neutral ground; and the biographer
-and commentator, in the present instance, does not feel swayed by
-any party prejudice, and certainly not by any peculiar scientific<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</span>
-views. It has been his wish to associate himself as much as possible
-with the Marquis and with his times, irrespective of modern taste,
-changed customs, and enlarged knowledge, as contrasted with a period
-about the middle of the seventeenth century. Here the critic rises in
-importance with the information he possesses of a bygone age. But it
-has been so uniformly the misfortune of the Marquis of Worcester to be
-examined solely through a modern medium, that it is almost surprising
-his antiquated costume, and style of writing, should have escaped the
-generally reckless course of censure bestowed on the precious relics
-that alone remain to attest his amazing genius.</p>
-
-<p>Every work descriptive of the Steam-engine, gives some historical
-notice, awarding a certain amount of dubious merit to the Marquis of
-Worcester, among other early inventors, but it would be impossible
-to point to a single instance savouring of any national pride in the
-inquiry. It seems incredible, and might be believed to be so, had we
-not the fact before our eyes, that the true history of the origin of
-the Steam-engine is only now emerging into light in the form best
-calculated to place the fact beyond dispute.</p>
-
-<p>Like all other great inventions, the improvements in the Steam-engine
-have been progressing from 1663 to the present day. Its history
-presents three eras:&mdash;1st, the period when the parent engine and
-its immediate successors were called “fire engines;”&mdash;2nd, from
-Newcomen’s time, when that stage of improvement was designated
-the “atmospheric-engine;” and, 3rdly, its last form, the true
-“steam-engine” of Watt. We cannot destroy one link in this mystic chain
-without serious hazard, without deranging the natural consanguinity of
-these children of the brain. But while we consider it unnecessary to
-deal singly with each work<span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</span> contributing an apocryphal history to the
-origin of the steam-engine, a solitary instance occurs, within the last
-five years, the publication of which demands special notice.</p>
-
-<p>Nowhere should we less expect to find a want of sympathy with the
-amiable character and astonishing scientific abilities of the Marquis
-of Worcester than in the pages recording the life of James Watt; for
-there we might hope to be supplied, as from a fountain-head, with the
-pure stream of most authentic information; an elaborate, careful,
-and comprehensive digest of the best materials that learning and
-influence could accumulate; at once clearing up many doubts, and for
-ever dissipating the groundless surmises of a multitude of superficial
-writers. We should never expect a less careful procedure, or in its
-absence other than the most respectful allusion to the true inventor of
-the steam-engine&mdash;that engine from which Watt’s is lineally descended.</p>
-
-<p>Had the Marquis of Worcester and his “Century,” together with his
-Engine, been unknown, and consequently also his untiring representation
-and advocacy of its wonderful properties, where would have been the
-justly-admired models of Savery, Newcomen, and Watt? The inveterate
-prejudice against the employment of any new engine with which the
-Marquis had to contend, was not wholly extinct even in the days of
-Watt’s early career; and it was the all-powerful influence of large
-capital alone that secured for him what Charles the Second blindly
-withheld from the great engineer’s noble predecessor.</p>
-
-<p>We are far from advocating any undue devotion either to a theory or
-to a hero. But, certainly, if the rhetorical flourishes of M. Arago
-can justly be summoned to eulogize the hot-water fountain of De Caus,
-in preference<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</span> to producing his own clear, simple description; then,
-assuredly, in common fairness Mr. Muirhead should have felt bound to a
-somewhat similar advocacy of the Marquis of Worcester’s invention. If
-M. Arago’s example is to be quoted, showing how much could be advanced
-in favour of De Caus’s little metal sphere, then surely Mr. Muirhead
-should have exerted himself to represent and distinguish the superior
-properties of the Marquis’s Water-commanding Engine, raising four
-vessels of water, forty feet high, through a tube a span wide.<a id="FNanchor_H_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_70"><span class="fnanchor">[H]</span></a></p>
-
-<p>But Mr. Muirhead hazards no opinion decidedly favourable to either the
-Marquis or his inventions; while, on the contrary, his observations
-suggest unfounded difficulties, and raise unnecessary doubts,
-contributing to increase the existing confusion found in our current
-literature, in relation to the great inventor and his projects; an
-instance is even adduced of the pseudonymous writer, Robert Stuart,
-who, in his “Anecdotes,” and his “History,” flatly contradicts himself;
-and frequently what one compiler only conjectures, another takes up
-as a fact. But this vicious system of writing is not to be corrected
-by following in the same track and proposing new speculative views,
-offered too in a strain seriously derogating from the Marquis’s
-character for honour, integrity, consistency, and consummate ingenuity.</p>
-
-<p>In quoting the “Century” Mr. Muirhead notices that it concludes with
-the promise of a more finished work, which only elicits the sinister
-remark: “that he either was unable, or never seriously intended to
-make such a further publication.” This is indeed unjust, and severe
-enough. And what he quotes from the “Century” about the <i>Engine</i>, is
-only to tell what “posterity <span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</span>supposes” about it; and to note that,
-in respect to it, “there has always prevailed a great diversity of
-opinion.” But here is no attempt made to trace and analyse that
-“diversity of opinion,” or to dissipate the cloud. The Marquis’s
-captivity in the Tower is mis-stated; and the luckless “pot-lid” story
-enlarged and improved upon, for it is concluded that hence&mdash;“so runs
-the story&mdash;arose the ‘Century of Inventions,’ with its steam-engine
-all ready&mdash;made and acting;&mdash;at least in the mind of its contriver!”
-This undignified view of the case of the imprisoned, ruined, neglected
-inventor of the steam-engine, never deserved to be enrolled in the
-volume devoted to the life of his glorious but remote successor.<a id="FNanchor_I_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_71"><span class="fnanchor">[I]</span></a></p>
-
-<p id="Page_372"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 372]</span>
-Although, however, we have been presented with a view of De Caus
-as elevated through the medium of Arago’s eloquent Eloge, when
-endeavouring with true national zeal to claim the honour of the
-invention of the steam-engine (even on this slender proof) for his own
-country; this position seems only to have been assigned to him in the
-present instance, to make his downfall the more signally complete;
-for Mr. Muirhead most dispassionately observes:&mdash;“Considering the
-uselessness of the contrivance of De Caus, and the doubtfulness
-existing as to that of the Marquis, it is, perhaps, rather surprising
-that ‘the invention of the steam-engine’ should have been attributed
-to either of them, with such great confidence as both English and
-French writers have alternately shown.” Unfortunately for this
-antithesis, the one invention is not “worthless,” and the other is not
-properly to be charged with “doubtfulness.” It may be justly said, in
-one sense, that all the engines preceding those made in Watt’s time
-are “worthless,”&mdash;but we have here a wide range. In 1615 De Caus’s
-invention was not “<i>worthless</i>,” although its worth was limited to
-its demonstrating one simple mode of applying an important elementary
-principle. And the vast amount of accumulated evidence relating to the
-Marquis of Worcester’s Engine indisputably removes all “<i>doubtfulness</i>”
-as to its actual accomplishment and general construction, so far
-as words, irrespective of absolute models and drawings, can supply
-information; and the absence of these latter accessories is traceable
-solely to the lapse of time, combined with the indifference of the
-public to designs that went beyond general information on such matters,
-as well as from their exceeding the common manufacturing skill, and
-not captivating the small commercial <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">enterprize</ins> of that age.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_373"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 373]</span> We must
-estimate the Marquis of Worcester by his general character. His natural
-taste and domestic habits led him into mechanical studies, while his
-large fortune enabled him to retain a paid mechanic in his service for
-nearly forty years, expending many thousands of pounds in experimental
-and practical trials of engines, machines, automata, naval and military
-works, and great guns and fire-arms. In his private life he was
-strictly honourable, virtuous, consistent, and free from all narrow or
-bigoted views, either in politics or religion. So adverse, however, did
-the course of events prove to him, that his loyalty and his religion
-combined, can alone be named against him as his greatest misfortune.
-His “Century” has been preserved to these times, but all his other
-works which might have thrown a fuller light on his inventions have
-perished. Whether books and papers belonging to him were procured and
-burnt, according to the story relating to such an incident, is now past
-discovery; but it is abundantly evident that the great scarcity of
-information which exists, has led to the propagation of many unfounded
-statements, and given undue weight to others purely conjectural.
-That which cannot be established by producing positive evidence, is
-too often only complicated by hazarding opinions irrespective of
-reasonable evidence, or worse, in the face of reasonable grounds for
-contrary statements. The “Century” stands alone in the languages of
-the civilized world, the strange monument of a strong mind, seeking
-its full development in a prejudiced age, striking into new paths
-which society could not comprehend, and which it therefore would not
-patronise.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">H. D.</p>
-
-<p class="dated_at_bottom">Blackheath, Kent, November, 1864.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</span></p>
-
-<p class="heading">EDITIONS OF THE CENTURY.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1663. London: Printed by J. Grismond in the year 1663. small 12mo.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1746. London: Printed in the year 1663. Reprinted and sold by T.
-Payne, in Round-Court in the Strand, 1746.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1748. No particulars. A copy was sold, according to Lowndes’s Bib.
-Man. with MS. additions.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1763. No particulars. Query&mdash;1663.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1767. Glasgow: Printed by R. and A. Foulis, 1767.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1778. Dated “Kyo, near Lanchester [co. Durham], June 18, 1778,” with
-an “Appendix containing an Historical account of the Fire-Engine
-for raising water.”</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1778. A reprint agreeing with above, except in having <i>no name or</i>
-<i>date</i>. It repeats the Title of the first edition, 1663, and
-at the end gives the foregoing “Appendix: containing an
-Historical Account of the Fire-Engine for raising water.” 8vo.
-In the latter, Dr. Desagulier’s Lectures, 1744, are quoted, so
-that this may possibly be an edition short only of a leaf,
-bearing the same place and date as the preceding.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1786. Glasgow, Printed. London: Reprinted by W. Bailey, Proprietor of
-the Speaking Figure, now shewing, by Permission of the Right Hon.
-the Lord Mayor, at No. 40, within Bishopgate, 1786. Sq. 16mo.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1813. Newcastle; Printed by S. Hodgson, Union Street, 1813. 8vo. pp. 53.
-Title page:&mdash;“The Marquis of Worcester’s Century of Inventions,
-to which is added, An Appendix containing an historical account
-of the Fire-Engine, for raising Water; which invention originated
-from the above work. By John Buddle.” [The Preface is dated “Kyo,
-near Lanchester, June 18, 1778,”&mdash;in the North West of Durham.
-See edition 1778. A copy of this reprint is in the Library of the
-Patent Office.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1813. The Title page is a reprint of 1663, and on the back appears
-“Reprinted by J. Adlard, 27, Bartholomew Close, 1813.” [London.]
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</span>Sq. 16mo. 1813. [It would appear from a MS. note by Mr. P. Bliss,
-in an interleaved edition of “Walpole’s Royal and Noble Authors,”
-Brit. Mus. that this year there was another edition of “The
-Century, &amp;c.” viz.]&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="date_ref_continued">London, sold by R. Triphook, 37, St. James’s Street; J. Major,
-West Smithfield; and R. Priestley, 143, High Holborn.</p>
-
-<p class="date_ref_continued">[12mo. price 4<i>s.</i> sewed; 100 copies printed, 1813.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1825. The Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester. From
-the Original MS. &amp;c. By Charles F. Partington. London: John Murray,
-Albemarle Street, 1825. 12mo.</p>
-
-
-<p class="heading"><span class="smcap">Reprinted in the following Works: viz.</span>&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1789. The Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 18. 8vo.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1801. The Philosophical Magazine. By Alexander Tilloch. Vol. 12. 8vo.
-pp. 43 to 57.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1802. The Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture. Vol. 1.
-Second Series. 8vo.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1809. The Harleian Miscellany: a collection of scarce Pamphlets and
-Tracts, &amp;c. By Oldys and Park. Vol. 4. 4to.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1815. A Treatise of Mechanics. By Olinthus Gregory, L.L.D. &amp;c. 3rd
-edition. Vol. 2. 8vo.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1822. The Mechanic; or, compendium of Practical Inventions. By James
-Smith. 2 vols. 8vo. p. 403.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1824. The Kaleidoscope. Liverpool. Vol. 5. 4to. No. 212 to No. 219.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1825. The Mechanics’ Magazine [London.] Vol. 3. 8vo. p. 18.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1827. One thousand Notable Things. London, T. Tegg; and Glasgow,
-Griffin and Co. [Appended to this reprint of the original work,
-12mo. by “Thomas Lupton,” B.L. 1586. 4to.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1833. Mechanics’ Magazine. New York. Vol. 1. 8vo. pp. 82 to 92.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1856. Weale’s Quarterly Papers on Engineering. Vol. 5. 4to.</p>
-<p class="blank_page" id="Page_376">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 376]</span></p>
-
-<p id="Page_377"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 377]</span></p>
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%"><img class="div_scaled" src="images/p377.jpg"
- alt="A Cipher Seal" /></div>
-
-
-<p class="blank_page" id="Page_378">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 378]</span></p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller" id="Page_379"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 379]</span>
-TO THE</p>
-<p class="center margin_top"><i>KINGS</i></p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top"><i>Most Excellent MAJESTY</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent"><span class="smcap">Scire</span> meum nihil est, nisi me scire hoc sciat alter, <i>saith the Poet,
-and I most justly in order to Your Majesty, whose satisfaction is my
-happiness, and whom to serve is my onely aime, placing therein my</i>
-Summum bonum <i>in this world: Be therefore pleased to cast Your gracious
-Eye over this Summary Collection, and then to pick and choose. I
-confess, I made it but for the superficial satisfaction of a friends
-curiosity, according as it is set downe; and if it might now serve
-to give aime to Your Majesty how to make use of my poor Endeavours,
-it would crowne my thoughts, who am neither covetous nor ambitious,
-but of deserving Your Majesties favour upon my own cost and charges;
-yet, according to the old English Proverb</i>, It is a poor Dog not worth
-whistleing after. <i>Let but Your Majesty approve, and I will effectually
-perform to the height of my Undertaking: Vouchsafe but to command, and
-with my Life and Fortune I shall chearfully obey, and</i> maugre <i>envy,
-ignorance and malice, ever appear</i></p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1"><span class="smcap">Your Majesty’s</span></p>
-<p class="signed_line2">Passionately-devoted, or</p>
-<p class="signed_line3">otherwise dis-interested</p>
-<p class="signed_line4">Subject and Servant,</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">WORCESTER.</p>
-
-<p class="blank_page">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</span></p>
-
-<p class="heading"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</span>
-                   <i>To the Right Honourable</i></p>
-
-<p class="heading_continued smaller"><span class="smcap">The Lords Spiritual and Temporal</span>;</p>
-
-<p class="heading_continued smaller"><i>And to the</i> <span class="smcap">Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses</span> <i>of the
-Honourable House of Commons;</i> <span class="smcap">now</span> <i>assembled in Parliament</i>.</p>
-
-<p><i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,
-<br />Be not startled if I address to all, and every of you, this Century
-of Summary Heads of wonderful things, even after the Dedication of
-them to His most Excellent Majesty, since it is with His most gracious
-and particular consent, as well as indeed no wayes derogating from my
-duty to His Sacred Self, but rather in further order unto it, since
-your Lordships, who are His great Council, and you Gentlemen His whole
-Kingdoms Representatives (most worthily welcome unto Him) may fitly
-receive into your wise and serious considerations what doth or may
-publickly concern both His Majesty and His tenderly-beloved People.</p>
-
-<p>Pardon me if I say (my Lords and Gentlemen) that it is joyntly your
-parts to digest to His hand these ensuing particulars, fitting them
-to His palate, and ordering how to reduce them into practice in a way
-useful and beneficial both to His Majesty and His Kingdom.</p>
-
-<p>Neither do I esteem it less proper for me to present them to you in
-order to His Majesty’s service, then it is to give into the hands of
-a faithful and provident Steward whatsoever dainties and provisions
-are intended for the Masters diet; the knowing and faithful Steward
-being best able to make use thereof to his Masters contentment and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</span>
-greatest profit, keeping for the morrow whatever should be overplus or
-needless for the present day, or at least to save something else in
-lieu thereof. In a word, (my Lords and Gentlemen) I humbly conceive
-this <i>Simile</i> not improper, since you are His Majesty’s provident
-Stewards, into whose hands I commit my self, with all properties fit to
-obey you; that is to say, with a heart harbouring no ambition, but an
-endless aim to serve my King and Countrey: And if my endeavours prove
-effectual, (as I am confident they will) His Majesty shall not onely
-become rich, but His People likewise, as Treasurers unto Him; and His
-Pierless Majesty, our King, shall become both belov’d at home, and
-fear’d abroad; deeming the riches of a King to consist in the plenty
-enjoyed by His People.</p>
-
-<p>And the way to render him to be feared abroad, is to content his
-People at home, who then with heart and hand are ready to assist
-him; and whatsoever God blesseth me with to contribute towards the
-increase of His Revenues in any considerable way, I desire it may be
-imployed to the use of His People; that is, for the taking off such
-Taxes or Burthens from them as they chiefly groane under, and by a
-Temporary necessity onely imposed on them; which being thus supplied
-will certainly best content the King, and satisfie His People; which,
-I dare say, is the continual Tend of all your indefatigable pains,
-and the perfect demonstrations of your Zele to His Majesty, and an
-evidence that the Kingdoms Trust is justly and deservedly reposed in
-you. And if ever Parliament acquitted themselves thereof, it is this
-of yours, composed of most deserving and qualified Persons; qualified,
-I say, with your affection to your Prince, and with a tenderness to
-His People; with a bountiful heart towards Him, yet a frugality in
-their behalfs.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_383"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 383]</span> Go on therefore chearfully (my Lords and Gentlemen)
-and not onely our gracious King, but the King of Kings, will reward
-you, the Prayers of the People will attend you, and His Majesty will
-with thankful arms embrace you. And be pleased to make use of me and
-my endeavours to enrich them, not my self; such being my onely request
-unto you, spare me not in what your Wisdoms shall find me useful,
-who do esteem my self not onely by the Act of the Water-commanding
-Engine (which so chearfully you have past) sufficiently rewarded, but
-likewise with courage enabled to do ten times more for the future;
-and my Debts being paid, and a competency to live according to my
-Birth and Quality setled, the rest shall I dedicate to the service of
-our King and Countrey by your disposals: and esteem me not the more,
-or rather any more, by what is past, but what’s to come; professing
-really from my heart, that my Intentions are to out-go the six or
-seven hundred thousand pounds already sacrificed, if countenanced and
-encouraged by you, ingenuously confessing that the melancholy which
-hath lately seized upon me (the cause whereof none of you but may
-easily guess) hath, I dare say, retarded more advantages to the public
-service than modesty will permit me to utter: And now revived by your
-promising favours, I shall infallibly be enabled thereunto in the
-Experiments extant, and comprised under these heads practicable with
-my directions by the unparallel’d Workman both for trust and skill,
-<i>Caspar Kaltoff’s</i> hand, who hath been these five-and-thirty years as
-in a school under me imployed, and still at my disposal, in a place by
-my great expences made fit for publick service, yet lately like to be
-taken from me, and consequently from the service of King and Kingdom,
-without the least regard of above ten thousand pounds expended by me,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</span>
-and through my Zele to the Common good; my Zele, I say, a field large
-enough for you (my Lords and Gentlemen) to work upon.</p>
-
-<p>The Treasures buried under these heads, both for War, Peace, and
-Pleasure, being inexhaustible; I beseech you pardon me if I say so;
-it seems a Vanity, but comprehends a Truth; since no good Spring but
-becomes the more plentiful by how much more it is drawn, and the
-Spinner to weave his web is never stinted but further inforc’d. The
-more then that you shall be pleased to make use of my Inventions, the
-more Inventive shall you ever find me, one Invention begetting still
-another, and more and more improving my ability to serve my King and
-you; and as to my heartiness therein there needs no addition, nor to my
-readiness a spur. And therefore (my Lords and Gentlemen) be pleased to
-begin, and desist not from commanding me till I flag in my obedience
-and endeavours to serve my King and Country.</p>
-
-
-<div class="poem">
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0 smaller"><i>For certainly you’l find me breathless first t’ expire,</i></span>
-<span class="i0 smaller"><i>Before my hands grow weary, or my legs do tire.</i></span>
-</div></div>
-
-
-<p>Yet abstracting from any Interest of my own, but as a Fellow-Subject
-and Compatriot will I ever labour in the Vineyard, most heartily and
-readily obeying the least summons from you, by putting faithfully in
-execution, what your Judgments shall think fit to pitch upon amongst
-this Century of Experiences, perhaps dearly purchased by me, but now
-frankly and <i>gratis</i> offered to you. Since my heart (methinks) cannot
-be satisfied in serving my King and Country, if it should cost them
-any thing; As I confess when I had the honour to be neare so obliging
-a Master as His late Majesty of happy memory, who never refused me his
-Ear to any reasonable motion: And as for unreasonable ones, or such
-as were not fitting for him to grant, I would rather to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</span> have dyed a
-thousand deaths, then ever to have made any one unto him.</p>
-
-<p>Yet whatever I was so happy as to obtain for any deserving Person, my
-Pains, Breath and Interest imployed therein satisfied me not, unless I
-likewise satisfied the Fees; but that was in my Golden Age.</p>
-
-<p>And even now, though my ability and means are shortened, the world
-knows why my heart remains still the same; and be you pleased (my Lords
-and Gentlemen) to rest most assured, that the very complacency that I
-shall take in the executing your Commands shall be unto me a sufficient
-and an abundantly-satisfactory reward.</p>
-
-<p>Vouchsafe therefore to dispose freely of me, and whatever lieth in my
-power to perform; first, in order to His Majesty’s service; secondly,
-for the good and advantage of the Kingdom; thirdly, to all your
-satisfactions, for particular profit and pleasure to your individual
-selves, professing that in all and each of the three respects I will
-ever demean my self as it best becomes,</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top signed_line1"><i>My Lords and Gentlemen</i>,</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top hanging_indent4"><i>Your most passionately-bent Fellow-Subject in
-His Majesty’s service, Compatriot for the
-publick good and advantage, and a most
-humble Servant to all and every of you</i>,</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top signed_signature">WORCESTER.</p>
-
-<p class="blank_page" id="Page_386">&nbsp;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 386]</span></p>
-
-<p class="center larger" id="Page_387"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 387]</span>A CENTURY</p>
-<p class="center margin_top smaller">OF THE</p>
-<p class="center margin_top">Names and Scantlings of</p>
-<p class="center margin_top">Inventions by me already</p>
-<p class="center margin_top">practised.</p>
-
-
-<p class="smaller">[<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> The numerals refer to variations in the reading,
-afforded by the <i>Harleian MS.</i>; except when marked P, to distinguish
-the unauthorised and other alterations made by Mr. Partington, in his
-edition of 1825.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">I.</p>
-<p class="number_text_continued">
-Several sorts of Seals, some shewing by scrues, others by
-gages, fastening or unfastening all the marks at once; others
-by additional points and imaginary places, proportionable
-to ordinary<a id="rn_1_1" href="#fn_1_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> Escocheons
-<a id="rn_1_2" href="#fn_1_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a><a id="rn_1_3" href="#fn_1_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> and Seals at Arms, each way
-palpably and punctually setting down (yet private from all
-others, but the Owner, and by his assent) the day of the
-Moneth, the day of the Week, the Moneth of the Year, the Year
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</span>
-of our Lord, the names of the Witnesses, and the individual
-place where anything was sealed, though in ten thousand several
-places, together with the very number of lines contained in
-a Contract, whereby falsification may be discovered, and
-manifestly proved, being upon good grounds suspected.</p>
-
-<p class="number_text_continued">Upon any of these Seals a man may keep Accompts of Receipts
-and disbursments from one Farthing to an hundred millions,
-punctually shewing each pound, shilling, peny or farthing.</p>
-
-<p class="number_text_continued">By these seals likewise any Letter, though written but in
-English, may be read and understood in eight several languages,
-and in English it self to clean contrary and different sense,
-unknown to any but the Correspondent, and not to be read or<a id="rn_1_4" href="#fn_1_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>
-understood by him neither, if opened before it arrive unto
-him; so that neither Threats, nor hopes of Reward, can make
-him reveal the secret, the Letter having been intercepted, and
-first opened by the Enemy.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_1" id="fn_1_1"></a><a href="#rn_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a><i>Escocheon</i> is the old heraldic term.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_2" id="fn_1_2"></a><a href="#rn_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>Escucheons. MS.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_3" id="fn_1_3"></a><a href="#rn_1_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>Escutcheons. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_1_4" id="fn_1_4"></a><a href="#rn_1_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>nor to be.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="Page_389"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 389]</span>
-[<i>Seals abundantly-significant.</i>] Under this
-title the present article is referred to in the “Index,” given by the
-Marquis, at the end of the first edition of his “Century,” while the
-articles themselves are only distinguished by consecutive numerals.
-Therefore, without deranging the original form of the “Century,” the
-designation of the several articles will appear throughout, as above,
-at the head of each comment.</p>
-
-<p>The author, never having met with any attempt to elucidate the
-mechanical arrangement here suggested, communicated a plan that
-occurred to him in 1829, soon after reading the foregoing, which was as
-follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>A Cipher Seal. Amidst the variety of inventions for giving security
-to property, few improvements have been made in seals or signets. I
-shall proceed to describe a cipher seal, which, though not, perhaps,
-so “abundantly significant” as those described by the Marquis of
-Worcester, might, nevertheless, be applied to very important uses,
-inasmuch as the face of the seal may be varied at pleasure.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width: 40%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p389" src="images/p389.jpg"
-      alt="Portrait of Edward Lord Herbert, afterwards second Marquis of Worcester, from a painting by Vandyke." />
-</div>
-
-<p>Fig. 1. A, the seal handle; B, the seal made moveable on the pivots at
-<i>c c</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Fig. 2. Is a section of the seal. It consists of two metal plates, B
-B, and D D, having a number of corresponding holes drilled through
-them, as at <i>a a a a</i>, and <i>b b b b</i>, into which the ends of small
-rollers, <i>a b</i>, <i>a b</i>, are made to fit and turn exactly. When all the
-holes are supplied with rollers, the plates, B B, D D, are retained at
-a proper distance by a metal rim, soldered to the edges of the plates.
-The ends of the rollers being thus exposed, and ground level with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</span>
-surface of each plate, are to have a groove cut in each, similar to a
-screw head; this is to be effected by cutting lines from end to end
-of the plate, as shown at <i>e e</i>, <i>e e</i>, Fig. 1. With a graver a small
-dot is next to be made, all to the right on one plate, and all to the
-left on the other; or, <i>vice versa</i>, of each line occupying the small
-circular end of <i>each</i> roller. It is now evident that, by using a small
-chisel-shaped steel instrument, or key, with which to turn the roller,
-the small dotted line on its end, may be so varied as to form any
-alphabetical arrangement.</p>
-
-<p>The position of the dotted line admits of sufficient variety to take
-in 24 letters, distinct enough to the eye, without increasing the size
-of the seal. In this alphabet only three variations are supposed to be
-made from the horizontal and perpendicular, one very slight on either
-side, the other greater, and the third at an angle of 45°. It only
-requires a transposition of the letters to produce a correspondence
-which shall be private between two persons. The use of two faces to the
-seal is obvious, one serving to compose on, and <i>the other</i>, being a
-reverse, to make an impression on the wax. Were this not the case, a
-sentence would have to be written from right to left. Its use might be
-multiplied by making each cipher refer to an entire word or sentence;
-as, if <i>a</i>, stood for men; <i>b</i>, for horses; <i>c</i>, food; <i>d</i>, money; and
-so forth: a mode which it would be next to impossible for any third
-party to decipher.&mdash;See Mechanics’ Mag. vol. x.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">2.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How ten thousand Persons may use these seals to all and every
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</span>
-of the purposes aforesaid, and yet keep their secrets<a id="rn_2_5" href="#fn_2_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> from
-any but whom they please.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_2_5" id="fn_2_5"></a><a href="#rn_2_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>secrets private.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>[<i>Seals private and particular to each owner.</i>] The present is one of
-those articles of a nature already noticed in the introduction, which
-can scarcely be classed as an independent invention; it is in fact
-little, if any, more than some intricate application of the foregoing,
-a mere step beyond the more obvious employment of such seals. We may
-consider the first as the instrument, and No. 2 as an ingenious table,
-by the aid of which to construct alphabets, words, or sentences.</p>
-
-<p class="number">3.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Cypher and Character so contrived, that one line, without
-returns and<a id="rn_3_6" href="#fn_3_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> circumflexes, stands for each and every of the
-24. Letters; and as ready to be made for the one letter as the
-other.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_3_6" id="fn_3_6"></a><a href="#rn_3_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>or&mdash;for and.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An one-line Cypher.</i>] A line to be continuous, and yet capable of
-signifying a series of letters, must be curved. A method of performing
-this occurred to the author some years ago, which affords a very
-simple key, being composed from the Circle and the Ellipsis, and can
-be, therefore, very readily kept in mind. The first affords only one
-figure, the second can be varied to one vertical and two inclined
-figures, and all can be again varied as to size, but for convenience
-only three gradations are recommended, as four or more would increase
-the difficulty of writing accurately.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</span> These varieties are shown in the
-annexed diagram&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p392" src="images/p392.jpg"
-      alt="A one line Cipher" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="continued">where each is described three-fold, with a horizontal line through
-the centre. Each figure thus affords three varieties of size above,
-and three below the line, making six figures each, or twenty-four in
-all, as curvilinear signs for letters. These taken in rotation, may be
-extended as above, or in any arbitrary order, and each employed, as in
-short-hand, to signify letters, syllables, or words. In practice it
-is only requisite to bear in mind the three gradations of size, so as
-never to mistake the middle semicircle for the outer ones. This is to
-be avoided by invariably making the small figure as small as possible,
-and the greater figure as large as space will permit.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">4.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-This invention refined, and so abreviated that a point onely
-sheweth distinctly and significantly any of the 24. letters;
-and these very points to be made with two pens, so that no
-time will be lost, but as one finger riseth the other may make
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</span>
-the following letter, never clogging the memory with several
-figures for words, and combination<a id="rn_4_7" href="#fn_4_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of letters; which with
-ease, and void of confusion, are thus speedily and punctually,
-letter for letter, set down by naked and not multiplied
-points. And nothing can be less then a point, the Mathematical
-definition of<a id="rn_4_8" href="#fn_4_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> being <i>Cujus pars nulla</i>. And of a motion<a id="rn_4_9" href="#fn_4_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a>
-no swifter imaginable then<a id="rn_4_1" href="#fn_4_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> <i>Semiquavers</i> or <i>Releshes</i>, yet
-applicable to this manner of writing.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_7" id="fn_4_7"></a><a href="#rn_4_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>combinations. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_8" id="fn_4_8"></a><a href="#rn_4_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>of it. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_9" id="fn_4_9"></a><a href="#rn_4_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>motion, equally as swift as <i>semiquavers</i>. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_4_1" id="fn_4_1"></a><a href="#rn_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>than what expresseth even.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<p>[<i>Reduced to a Point.</i>] A man of the Marquis of Worcester’s ingenious
-cast of mind could readily have made up the entire “Century” out
-of these systems of alphabets and secret writing. He may have been
-acquainted with “Traicté des Chiffres, ou Secretes Manieres d’escrire,
-par Blaise de Vigenere, Bourbonnois.” 4to. Paris, 1586&mdash;now very
-scarce; but indeed there were many learned works on the subject, among
-which Trithemius’s “Libri Polygraphia VI,” 1600, was conspicuous. The
-long disuse of such methods of secretly conveying information, has
-reduced the cleverest of these systems of Cryptographia in public
-estimation. But, at the same time, these inventions were quite
-consistent with the early times in which the Marquis flourished. We
-shall see, in the next article, what probably illustrates this proposed
-use of a mere point or dot.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_394"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 394]</span>5.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way by a Circular motion, either along a Rule or Ring-wise,
-to vary any Alphabet, even this of Points, so that the
-self-same Point individually placed, without the least
-additional mark or variation of place, shall stand for all the
-24. letters, and not for the same letter twice in ten sheets
-writing; yet as easily and certainly read and known, as if it
-stood but for one and the self-same letter constantly signified.</p>
-
-
-<p id="CommentArticle5">[<i>Varied significantly to all the 24. letters.</i>] This and the former
-article may certainly be taken in connection with each other; and the
-cipher engraved in No. 3, would seem to anticipate the present proposal
-of “a circular motion along a rule.” The “ring-wise” method may have
-been no more than a substitution for the octagon or any other figure.
-We fortunately find among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum,
-No. 2428, a probable clue to this particular method of writing, which
-we shall give entire. It forms the first portion of the small oblong
-folio volume containing the Manuscript Century at the end, with many
-intervening blank pages between them. It is as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“<i>An explanation of the most exact and most compendious way of short
-writing. And an example given by way of Questions, and Resolves upon
-each significant point, proving how, and why, it stands for such and
-such a letter, in order Alphabetically placed in every page.</i></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2" id="Page_395"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 395]</span>
-“A. Q. How is a point made to signifie an A. Resol. By being placed between
-the constant center of the square and the right side thereof in a
-streight line not touching it. [See <a href="#Page_398">diagram at the end</a>].</p>
-
-<p class="answer">It is proved by drawing a line from the said center towards, and
-not to touch the right side line, and then you will finde the line
-placed under an A of the Alphabett in each page.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“B. Q. How is a point made to signifie a B. Res. By being placed
-between the center of the square, towards the right corner upper angle
-of the Octagon, or square devided in to eight Angles, not touching the
-line thereof.</p>
-
-<p class="answer">It is proved by drawing an oblique line from the center, towards
-the right corner upper angle, yett not touching the line thereof,
-and then you will finde it to bee the line placed under a B, in
-the Alphabett of each page.</p>
-
-<p class="small_margin">In like manner lett there be a Question, and a Proofe made of all the
-other Letters in order and you will finde&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“C. The C. to bee placed in a streight line from the center upwards,
-but not arriving to the upper side line of the square.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“D. The D. in an oblique line towards the left upper corner line but
-not touching it.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“E. The E. in a streight line between the center of the left side line,
-butt not touching it.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“F. The F. in an oblique line downwards, towards the left angle line,
-butt not touching it.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“G. The G. in a streight line downwards from the center, likewise
-towards the lower line of the square not touching it.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</span></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“H. The H. in an
-oblique line downwards towards the right angle line, butt not touching
-it.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“I. The I. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the right
-side line.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“K. The K. in an oblique line from the center to the right upper angle
-touching it.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“L. The L. in a streight line from the center upwards, and touching the
-upper line.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“M. The M. in an oblique line from the center towards the left upper
-corner line touching it.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“N. The N. in a streight line from the center to the midle of the left
-side line.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“O. The O. in an oblique line from the center downwards, towards the
-left corner touching the line thereof.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“P. The P. in a right line from the center downwards touching the lower
-side line.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“Q. The Q. in an oblique line downwards towards the right corner
-touching the line thereof.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“R. The R. in a streight line from the center to the outside, and
-furthest line of the right midle and opposite chequer touching it.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“S. The S. in an oblique line from the center, and passing the right
-upper corner line.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“T. The T. in a streight line from the center and passing the
-upper-side line of the square.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“V. The V. in an oblique line from the center upwards passing the left
-upper corner line.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“W. The W. in a streight line from the centre to the left outside and
-furthest line of the left midle and opposite chequer.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“X. The X. in an oblique line downwards passing the left lower corner
-line.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“Y. The Y. in a streight line downwards passing the lower side or
-bottome line.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</span></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">“Z. The Z. in an oblique line downwards passing the
-right corner line of the square.</p>
-
-<p class="answer">“The Chequers are five in number, which of either outside show the
-vowells, and each Chequer haveing two corners inwards of each side
-make tenn, those towards the preceding square may conteyne of the
-24 letters, and the opposite corners as many Alphabetically, and
-the centers of the two upper Chequers square, and of the two lower
-shew the other 4 letters; The 20 in the Chequers are noted by a
-separation of a corner in the printed Alphabett, and the 4 by the
-midde points.</p>
-
-
-<p>“It is for curiosity and secresy to bee deservedly observed that
-whether in squares or chequers single points only stand for letters,
-and they being varyed att pleasure, it is in any ones power to
-keepe his secrett from me or any other not made acquainted with the
-denominations by him given to the severall points, and accordingly
-by him marked in the 24 blank squares, and rowes of chequers placed
-under the Alphabett in his private explanation easily to be framed by
-him mutatis mutandis, only that is making the questions and resolves
-according to his points as they represent the letters to his owne fancy
-keept private from others without his consent.</p>
-
-<p>“The points are to bee written, and reade as they precede, or as they
-are the one above the other, unlesse they have a sequell distinction
-made by takeing the penn of the paper thus <sup>✓</sup> without further
-losse of tyme, and such as are soe marked, must be written and read as
-the others they being soe made, but for husbanding of paper, the word
-being soe conteyned in lesse roome, the e at the end of most words
-prolonging butt the sillable, and all needlesse and unsounding letters
-are to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</span> bee omitted; I will not trouble you with more rules leaving the
-rest to practice.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">The preceding description is written on small oblong pages, which
-measure 11&frac14; by 7&frac14; inches, the whole surface of the unwritten
-portions being covered with an engraved pattern, of which Fig. 1 is
-but a portion of the top left-hand corner, and therefore proceeds no
-further than letter <i>h</i>, which ends the application of that particular
-figure.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p398_1" src="images/p398_1.jpg"
-      alt="The Marquis’s Cipher" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-<div class="figleft" style="width: 15%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p398_2_3" src="images/p398_2_3.jpg"
-      alt="The Marquis’s Cipher" />
-</div>
-
-<p>Fig. 2. Gives the next form for 8 other similar situations, commencing
-at <i>i</i>. And&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>Fig. 3. Is again 8 more, commencing at <i>r</i>; making in all 24 characters
-or letters.</p>
-
-<p>We thus see how, whether by a dot, or a short line of three gradations
-in length, an entire alphabet may be obtained.</p>
-
-<p>On page 180 of “The Life of the Marquis of Worcester,” is the facsimile
-of a letter written by his Lordship about 1646&ndash;7, apparently adopting
-this very cipher. It occurs in a volume, entitled “Carte Papers,
-1634&ndash;57. Ireland, No. 63,” in the Bodleian Library.</p>
-
-<p>It is worth remarking here, that the foregoing description, with
-its accompanying brass-plate engravings, looks exceedingly like an
-instalment of his promise, conveyed to us in the concluding lines of
-the 100th Article.</p>
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_399"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 399]</span>6.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How at a Window, far as Eye can discover<a id="rn_6_2" href="#fn_6_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> black from white,
-a man may hold discourse with his Correspondent, without noise
-made or notice<a id="rn_6_3" href="#fn_6_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> taken; being, according to occasion given
-and means afforded, <i>Ex re natâ</i>, and no need of Provision
-before-hand; though much better if foreseen, and means prepared
-for it, and a premeditated course taken by mutual consent of
-parties.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_6_2" id="fn_6_2"></a><a href="#rn_6_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>discern.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_6_3" id="fn_6_3"></a><a href="#rn_6_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>noise&mdash;for, notice. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<p class="number">7.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way to do it by night as well as by day, though as dark as
-Pitch is black.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A mute and perfect discourse by colours.</i>]</p>
-
-<p>[<i>To hold the same by night.</i>]</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">These two may be ranked as the same system, the one used by day, the
-other illuminated to be conspicuous at night. As early as 1658, John
-Baptista Porta, in his “Natural Magick,” entitled the last chapter of
-his 16th Book, “By night we may make signs by fire.”</p>
-
-<p>We have here a simple system of telegraphy, the only examples afforded
-by the “Century,” of this particular mode of correspondence.</p>
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_400">8.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 400]</span></p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way how to level and shoot Cannon by night as well as by day,
-and as directly; without a platform or measures taken by day,
-yet by a plain and infallible rule.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>To Level Cannons by Night.</i>] In 1587 was published, “<i>The Arte of
-shooting in great Ordnaunce</i>,” by William Bourne. Among other matters
-in the table of contents are the following:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“The 10th Chapter showeth how to mount a mortar piece, for to lay the
-shot at any distance appointed.</p>
-
-<p>“The 13th Chapter is, how to give level at a mark upon a hill or valley
-with a quadrant.</p>
-
-<p>“The 24th Chapter is, how for to batter the walls of any town, as well
-by night as by day.</p>
-
-<p>“The 25th Chapter doth declare how to plant ordnance by night, to
-batter the walls of any town, or displace any ordnance in any bulwarks,
-or any such other like, as well by night as by day.” And&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“The 26th Chapter doth declare how for to keep a haven, or river, on
-the sea coast, for to sink a ship, as well by night as by day in all
-points.”</p>
-
-<p>On the subject of levelling great guns, Fludd’s “Historia Macrosmi,”
-1618, would afford abundant suggestions, with three copper-plate
-engravings, showing the operation of using the quadrant.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">9.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An Engine, portable in ones Pocket, which may be carried and
-fastened on the inside<a id="rn_9_4" href="#fn_9_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> of the greatest Ship, <i>Tanquam aliud</i>
-<i>agens</i>, and at any appointed minute, though a week after,
-either of day or night, it shall irrecoverably sink that Ship.
-
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</span></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_9_4" id="fn_9_4"></a><a href="#rn_9_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>the side.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Ship-destroying Engine.</i>] In 1578, William Bourne, in his
-“Inventions or Devices,” had in the 17th article, suggested, “How for
-to sink a ship that hath laid you aboard, without shooting of ordnance.”</p>
-
-<p>And again in his “Arte of shooting in great ordnaunce,” published in
-1587, the 56th Chapter, suggests a mode “to sink a ship.”</p>
-
-<p>The whole passage in the “Century” is abundantly obscure. The smallness
-of the Engine suggests some explosive missile, connected with
-clock-work, as the only means to insure its being compact and operating
-on a precise day at a stated point of time. But his inventive faculty
-once stimulated, even by the notices of Bourne, would speedily lead him
-to many ingenious contrivances.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">10.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way from a mile off to dive and fasten a like Engine to any
-Ship, so as it may punctually work the same effect either for
-time or execution.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>How to be fastened from aloof and under water.</i>] The wording of this
-article so far differs from the title as to allude only to diving, or a
-kind of submarine navigation, but gives no intimation of the fastening
-“aloof;” so that this latter may refer to any part of the ship’s sides
-above her water-line.</p>
-
-<p>“Mersennius,” observes Bishop Wilkins, “doth largely and pleasantly
-descant concerning the making<span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</span> of a ship, wherein men may safely
-swim under water.” He further declares, that “such a contrivance is
-feasible, and may be effected, is beyond all question, because it hath
-been already experimented here in England by Cornelius <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Dreble</ins>.” He
-next considers various schemes, and mentions as one of the advantages
-of such a submarine vessel, that, “It may be of very great advantage
-against a navy of enemies, who by this means may be undermined in the
-water and blown up.”&mdash;Math. Magick, 1648, p. 178.</p>
-
-<p>Among the Sloane MSS. No. 4159, in the British Museum, is one for a
-means of destroying an entire fleet with one ship. It is endorsed, “A
-proposition sent to Mr. Augier, from Paris,” and the following is a
-copy:&mdash;“A person who makes profession of honour, and saith he hath had
-the good [fortune?] to have been known of Sir Oliver Flemming during
-his public employments abroad, doth propound to a friend of yours that
-by a secret he hath he can, with one ship alone, break what naval army
-or fleet, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1596, the celebrated John Napier, of Merchiston, wrote a statement
-of four “Secret Inventions,” concluding with the remark: “These
-inventions, besides devices of <i>sailing under the water</i>, with divers
-other devices and stratagems for harming of the enemies, by the grace
-of God, and work of expert craftsmen, I hope to perform.” The original
-MS. anno 1596, is in the Lambeth Library, No. 658.</p>
-
-<p>There is an article in Tilloch’s “Philosophical Magazine,” Vol. 18,
-for 1804, reviewing a Memoir of Lord Napier of Merchiston. On his
-device for sailing under water, the writer observes:&mdash;“The famous Dutch
-philosopher, Cornelius <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Drebell</ins>, the reputed inventor of the microscope
-and the thermometer, constructed for James I. a subaqueous vessel,
-which he tried on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</span> Thames, and which carried twelve rowers, besides
-some passengers, for whom the effete air was again rendered respirable
-by a liquor, the composition of which Drebell never would communicate
-to more than one person, and that person told Mr. Boyle what it
-was.” The Marquis, might, likewise, even be acquainted with Napier’s
-statement of his secret inventions.</p>
-
-<p>Evelyn, in his Diary, informs us on the 1st of August, 1666, “I went
-to Dr. Keffler, who married the daughter of the famous chymist,
-Drebbell, inventor of the bodied scarlet.” On which his editor, Mr.
-Bray, remarks, “Cornelius Van Drebbell, born at Alkmaar, in Holland,
-in 1572; but in the reign of Charles I. settled in London, where he
-died in 1634. He was famous for other discoveries in science&mdash;the most
-important of which was the thermometer. He also made improvements in
-microscopes and telescopes; and though, like many of his scientific
-contemporaries, something of an empiric, possessed a considerable
-knowledge of chemistry, and of different branches of natural
-philosophy.”&mdash;Diary, vol. ii. p. 9.</p>
-
-<p>Pepys, in his Diary, under date the 14th of March, 1662, says: “This
-afternoon came the German, Dr. Knuffler, to discourse with us about his
-engine to blow up ships. We doubted not the matter of fact, it being
-tried in Cromwell’s time, but the safety of carrying them in ships;
-but he do tell us, that when he comes to tell the King his secret, for
-none but the Kings, successively, and their heirs must know it, it will
-appear to be of no danger at all.”&mdash;Pepys’ Diary, ed. 1858, vol. i. p.
-264.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Robert Hooke, in his “Philosophical Collections,” published in
-1679, has “an account of Jo. Alphon. Borellius’s De Mo. Animalium,”
-two volumes quarto, containing, among other things, “A way to make a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</span>
-submarine vessel, whereby several persons may pass together from place
-to place under water, accommodated with two ways to move it to and fro,
-and to make it rise and sink in the water, &amp;c. It is supposed it may be
-much like that which Mersennus long since published.”</p>
-
-<p>The American engineer, Robert Fulton, turned his attention to this
-subject, and published “Torpedo War, and Sub-marine Explosions,” 4to.
-New York, 1810.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">11.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to prevent and safeguard any Ship from such an attempt by
-day or night.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>How to prevent both.</i>] Some armour or alarum is probably proposed,
-which should be either invulnerable, or when struck indicate
-the presence of the enemy’s “portable pocket engine,” intended
-“irrecoverably to sink the ship;” not by merely perforating a single
-hole, but by a powerful disruptive explosion, rending asunder all
-the timbers. But the whole passage is so abundantly obscure that all
-opinion on the matter goes for very little.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">12.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way to make a Ship not possible to be sunk though shot<a id="rn_12_4" href="#fn_12_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> an
-hundred times betwixt wind and water by Cannon, and should<a id="rn_12_5" href="#fn_12_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
-lose a whole Plank, yet in half an hours time should be made as
-fit to sail as before.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_12_4" id="fn_12_4"></a><a href="#rn_12_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>shot at. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_12_5" id="fn_12_5"></a><a href="#rn_12_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>she lose. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_405"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 405]</span>
-[<i>An unsinkable Ship.</i>] As early as 1583, appeared “A Note of sundry
-sorts of Engines,” without the author’s name. The 20th and last of
-these is:&mdash;“To preserve a boat from drowning and the people that be
-therein.” See J. O. Halliwell’s Rara Mathematica.</p>
-
-<p>Considering the state of ship-building in 1655, the foregoing plan
-must have been some very primitive scheme; but, rendering vessels
-unsinkable, has long been a favourite subject with inventors.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">13.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make such false Decks as in a moment should kill and
-take prisoners as many as should board the Ship, without
-blowing the<a id="rn_13_6" href="#fn_13_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> Decks up, or destroying them from being
-reducible, and in a quarrer<a id="rn_13_7" href="#fn_13_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of an hours time should recover
-their former shape, and be made fit for any imployment without
-discovering the secret.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_13_6" id="fn_13_6"></a><a href="#rn_13_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>the real. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_13_7" id="fn_13_7"></a><a href="#rn_13_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a><i>read</i> quarter.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>False destroying Decks.</i>] William Bourne, in his “Inventions of
-Devices,” 1578, devotes the “Third device” to show&mdash;“How to use a plain
-or open deck hatches, that it is not possible to enter the ship without
-spoiling of the enemies.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">14.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to bring a force to weigh up an Anchor, or to do any
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</span>
-forcible exploit in the narrowest or<a id="rn_14_8" href="#fn_14_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> lowest room in any
-Ship, where few hands shall do the work of many; and many hands
-applicable to the same force, some standing, others sitting,
-and<a id="rn_14_9" href="#fn_14_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> by virtue of their several helps a great force augmented
-in little room, as effectual as if there were sufficient space
-to go about with an Axle-tree, and work far from the Centre.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_14_8" id="fn_14_8"></a><a href="#rn_14_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>and&mdash;for, or.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_14_9" id="fn_14_9"></a><a href="#rn_14_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>and yet.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>Multiplied strength in little room.</i>] We shall have to allude to the
-ambiguous use of the word “force” in the same sentence, as indicating
-“strength, power, &amp;c.” or, “a pump, or pump plunger,” in John Bate’s,
-and other old works on mechanics. Now if we were to read this, “How to
-bring the force [or plunger of a pump] to weigh up an anchor, &amp;c., and
-many hands applicable to the same force [or pump], &amp;c.”&mdash;we should have
-a statement strongly indicating the modern contrivance of the hydraulic
-press. The concluding portion of the sentence only serves to strengthen
-this suggestion. See “force” used in <a href="#Article_21">No. 21.</a></p>
-
-<p>In 1594, Edmund Jentill, writing to Lord Burghley, mentions, as
-his fourth invention:&mdash;“A devise whereby two men may be sufficient
-to weigh the weightiest anchor in her Majesty’s navy, with greater
-expedition than it is now done with the number now used.” Also, “The
-like device is found for the hoisting of the main-yard with the like
-expedition.”&mdash;MS. Lansdown, 113, Art. 4: and, “Letters on Scientific
-Subjects,” edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. 8vo. 1841.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_407"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 407]</span>15.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way<a id="rn_15_1" href="#fn_15_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> how to make a Boat work it self against Wind and Tide,
-yea both without the help of man or beast; yet<a id="rn_15_2" href="#fn_15_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> so that the
-Wind or Tide, though directly opposite, shall force the Ship or
-Boat against it self; and in no point of the Compass, but it
-shall be as effectual, as if the wind were in the Pupp,<a id="rn_15_3" href="#fn_15_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> or
-the stream actually with the course it is to steer, according
-to which the Oars shall row, and necessary motions work and
-move towards the desired Port or point of the Compass.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_15_1" id="fn_15_1"></a><a href="#rn_15_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>A way&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_15_2" id="fn_15_2"></a><a href="#rn_15_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>but&mdash;for yet.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_15_3" id="fn_15_3"></a><a href="#rn_15_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>poop. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Boat driving against wind and tide.</i>] The wording of this article
-is varied as follows in the MS. of certain of his Inventions. See
-<a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A</a>. He therein states:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“By this (his quintessence of motion), I can make a vessel, of as
-great burden as the river can bear, to go against the stream; which,
-the more rapid it is, the faster it shall advance. And the moveable
-part that works it, may be, by one man, still guided, to take the best
-advantage of the stream; and yet to steer the boat to any point. And
-this engine is applicable to any vessel or boat, whatsoever, without
-being, therefore, made on purpose; and work these effects:&mdash;It roweth;
-it draweth; it driveth, if need be, to pass London bridge against the
-stream, at low water. And a boat lying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</span> at anchor, the engine may be
-used for loading or unloading.”</p>
-
-<p>He made this invention one of the four subjects in his Patent of 1661
-(see <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>), which again varies the reading; but this last plainly
-indicates the motive power as having been a mill. He proposes in his
-patent specification:&mdash;“To make a boat that roweth, draweth, or setteth
-even against wind or stream, yea, both, and to any part of the compass
-which way soever the stream runs or wind blows, and yet the force of
-the wind or stream causeth its motion, nothing being required but a
-steersman; and whilest the boat stayeth to be loaded or unloaded, the
-stream or wind shall perform such work as any water-mill or wind-mill
-is capable of.”</p>
-
-<p>Among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, there is an Italian book
-of sketches on parchment, No. 3281, attributed to the 15th century,
-entitled, “Delineationes Machinarum;” from one of the pen and ink
-drawings of which the annexed engraving is a reduced copy. It is a
-paddle boat of a very primitive form, to be operated by men working
-at two crank handles. The Marquis seems to have had a very similar
-idea, only employing the mechanical arrangements of a suitable wind or
-water-mill.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 60%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p408" src="images/p408.jpg"
-      alt="Ancient Paddle Boat" />
-</div>
-
-<p id="Page_409"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 409]</span> In that fine work, “Vitruvia de Architectura,” folio,
-Como, 1521, there is an engraving of a large vessel propelled by
-paddles, worked by animal power; therefore, so far as such a mode of
-propulsion is concerned, paddle-wheels are of very ancient origin.
-In 1574, Ralph Rabbards<a id="FNanchor_J_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_72"><span class="fnanchor">[J]</span></a> presented to Queen Elizabeth, through
-the medium of the venerable Lord Burghley, a list of twenty-five
-inventions. The 24th is:&mdash;“The rarest engine that was ever invented
-for sea service. A vessel in manner of a galley or galliotte to pass
-upon the seas and rivers without oars or sail, against wind and tide,
-swifter than any that ever hath been seen; of wonderful effect both
-for intelligence, and many other admirable exploits, almost beyond the
-expectation of man.”</p>
-
-<p>William Bourne, in his “Inventions or Devices,” published in 1578, most
-of which he claims to be his own projects, yet acknowledging some to
-have been borrowed, offers the following in the 19th Device without
-comment:&mdash;“And furthermore you may make a boat to go without oars or
-sayle, by the placing of certain wheels on the outside of the boat, in
-that sort, that the arms of the wheels may go into the water, and so
-turning the wheels by some provision, and so the wheels shall make the
-boat to go.”</p>
-
-<p>This is followed by another application, being the 20th Device:&mdash;“And
-also, they make a water-mill in a boat, for when that it rideth at an
-anchor, the tide or stream will turn the wheels with great force, and
-these mills are used in France, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1583, proposals were made for 20 different inventions, but the
-author’s name does not appear. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</span> 19th is:&mdash;“To make a boat to go
-fast on the water without oar or saile;” but this is all we learn of
-his project. See “Rara Mathematica,” edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S.
-&amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
-
-<p>In 1594, Edmund Jentill addressed to Lord Burghley two communications
-respecting his inventions. The last he names thus:&mdash;“A device wonderful
-strange is also found out, whereby a vessel of burden may easily and
-safely be guided both against wind and tide.” MS. Lansdown, 113, Art.
-4; and “Letters on Scientific Subjects,” edited by J. O. Halliwell,
-F.R.S. &amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
-
-<p>Cressy Dymock, in his letter published by Hartlib in the “Legacie; or
-an enlargement of the Discourse of Husbandry,” 4to. 1651, describing
-what he saw at Wicklesen, mentions&mdash;“a pretty kind of Pinnace with
-ordinance, somewhat like a close litter, but flat-bottomed; which
-rowed with wheeles instead of oares, imployed it seemes formerly with
-admirable successe, for the taking in of Crowland, and which gave me
-a proofe of what I for many years have thought possible, and of very
-great use and service, and still think it of unknowne value, if it were
-skilfully indeed framed, and applyed as it might be.” [p. 110.]</p>
-
-<p>Samuel Cotton, on the 28th of January, 1619, obtained a patent for
-making and erecting mills upon barges or lighters in the river Thames.</p>
-
-<p>David Ramsey and Thomas Wildgoose, on the 17th of January, 1618,
-patented, among various other inventions, one “to make boats for the
-carriage of burthens and passengers run upon the water as swift in
-calms and more safe in storms than boats full sailed in great winds.”</p>
-
-<p>David Ramsey includes in his patent of 21st of January, 1630, his
-invention “to make boats, ships, and barges to go against the wind and
-tide.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</span></p>
-
-<p>And Dr. Thomas Grent, on the 20th of July, 1632, patented a
-plan “for a more speedy passage of calmed ships.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1640, Edward Ford, patented his invention, whereby he can make all
-boats, &amp;c. “go faster against wind and tide than now they use to do,
-with half the men they have formerly used.”</p>
-
-<p>It is stated in “Frier Bacon’s discovery of the Miracles of Art, &amp;c.”
-published in 12mo. 1659, that&mdash;“It is possible to make engines to sail
-withal, as that either fresh or salt water vessels may be guided by the
-help of one man, and made sail with a greater swiftness, than others
-will which are full of men to help them.” Chap. iv. p. 17.</p>
-
-<p>In “Humane Industry,” 1661, chap. 10, p. 154, it is noticed&mdash;“The
-ancients had a way to drive their ships without oar or sail, so that
-they could never be wind bound.” And at page 155, it is observed
-that&mdash;“Scaliger doth aver, that he could make a ship that could steer
-herself.”</p>
-
-<p>Thomas Togood and James Heyes, in 1662, patented their invention for
-the making of ships to sail without the assistance of wind or tide.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">16.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make a Sea-castle or Fortification Cannon-proof, and<a id="rn_16_4" href="#fn_16_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>
-capable of a thousand men, yet sailable at pleasure to defend
-a passage, or in an hours time to divide it self into three
-Ships as fit and trimm’d to sail as before: And even whilest
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</span>
-it is a Fort or Castle they shall be unanimously steered, and
-effectually be driven by an indifferent strong wind.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_16_4" id="fn_16_4"></a><a href="#rn_16_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>and&mdash;omitted. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Sea-sailing Fort.</i>] Vitruvius, Vegetius, and many ancient writers
-supply a variety of schemes to direct an inventor’s ingenuity. The idea
-of such a construction, to divide into three or more sailing vessels
-is likewise suggested, in many early designs, although no doubt very
-different in some details. But the peculiarity hitherto unnoticed, of
-the present invention, consists in the propelling and steering by means
-of an artificial current of air. It is very clear that the Marquis had
-discovered some pneumatic mode of propulsion. There is no inconsistency
-in the idea of the same means being adapted for both steering and
-propelling alternately. Even within the last few years extensive
-experiments have been made, in which air-pumps were used to compress
-the air beneath an inclined plane under the stern, which in flowing
-upwards gave motion to the vessel.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">17.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make upon the <i>Thames</i> a floting Garden of pleasure,
-with Trees, Flowers, Banquetting-Houses, and Fountains, Stews
-for all kind of fishes, a reserve for Snow to keep Wine in,
-delicate Bathing-places, and the like; with musick made with<a id="rn_17_5" href="#fn_17_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</span>
-Mills: and all in the middest of the stream, where it is most
-rapid.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_17_5" id="fn_17_5"></a><a href="#rn_17_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>by&mdash;for with. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A pleasant floating Garden.</i>] There appears to be little more
-invention here than in the contrivance of so much variety, and the
-selecting of “the stream where it is most rapid,” to give motion to
-the water-mills to work the bellows for producing the promised music;
-as well as to raise water high enough to obtain a pressure of it for
-making the snow. The whole offers one of those raree-show designs in
-which our great-grandfathers delighted, and the descriptions of which
-formed the staple of their scientific discussions in polite society.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">18.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An Artificial Fountain, to be turned like an Hour-glass by
-a child, in the twinkling of an eye, it<a id="rn_18_6" href="#fn_18_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> holding great
-quantity<a id="rn_18_7" href="#fn_18_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of water, and of force sufficient to make snow,
-ice and thunder, with a<a id="rn_18_8" href="#fn_18_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> chirping and singing of birds, and
-shewing of several shapes and effects usual to Fountains of
-pleasure.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_18_6" id="fn_18_6"></a><a href="#rn_18_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>yet&mdash;for it. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_18_7" id="fn_18_7"></a><a href="#rn_18_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>quantities. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_18_8" id="fn_18_8"></a><a href="#rn_18_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>the&mdash;for a. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An Hour-glasse Fountain.</i>] In a MS. among the Marquis’s papers,
-the foregoing appears to be the invention indicated under the
-title:&mdash;“Fountains of pleasure, with artificial snow or hail, or
-thunder, and quantity not limited.” [See <a href="#Page_316">p. 316.</a>]</p>
-
-<p>Kircher, Schottus, and others give descriptions, with engravings of
-fountains, having the external appearance of the hour-glass. The
-process of turning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</span> may have been facilitated by the machine resting
-on two central pivots. But it must have been of considerable size to
-produce an efficient hydraulic pressure engine to give forth snow
-and ice. The thunder, &amp;c., would depend on plans well understood for
-producing stage effects, and their introduction here, with the music of
-birds, &amp;c. [see <a href="#Article_46">Article 46.</a>] is similar to other automatic arrangements
-which were the wonder and delight of that age, and a much later period.</p>
-
-<p>In 1755, an engine of peculiar construction, to raise water from an
-Hungarian mine, was erected by M. Hoel, at Chemnitz, which generated
-intense cold as the water and air rushed out together, under great
-columnar pressure, causing the formation of artificial hail, projected
-with amazing force; the effect being very analogous to the suggestions
-offered by the present articles, Nos. 17 and 18.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">19.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A little engine within a Coach, whereby a child may stop it,
-and secure all persons within it, and the Coachman himself,
-though the horses be never so unruly<a id="rn_19_9" href="#fn_19_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> in a full career; a
-child being sufficiently capable to loosen<a id="rn_19_1" href="#fn_19_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> them in what
-posture soever they should have put themselves, turning never
-so short; for a child can do it in the twinkling of an eye.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_19_9" id="fn_19_9"></a><a href="#rn_19_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>and running.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_19_1" id="fn_19_1"></a><a href="#rn_19_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>unloose. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Coach-saving Engine.</i>] We have two other readings of this article;
-the first is the 5th article in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</span> his list of a portion of his
-Inventions, (see <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a>) as follows:&mdash;“By this (his quintessence
-of motion) I can make a child, in a coach, to stop the horses (running
-away), and shall be able to secure himself, and those that be in the
-coach; having a little engine placed therein, which shall not be
-perceived, in what posture soever the horses draw. A child’s force
-shall be able to disengage them, from overturning the coach, or
-prejudicing anybody in it.”</p>
-
-<p>The second reading is in his patent of 1661, (see <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a>) wherein
-he offers:&mdash;“To make an engine applicable to any coach, by which a
-child of six years old may secure from danger all in the coach, and
-even the coachman himself, though the horses become never so unruly,
-the child being able in the twinkling of an eye to loosen them from the
-coach, in what posture soever they draw or turn, be it ever so short,
-or to either hand.” By means of a T-ended lever, two or four bolts
-could be simultaneously drawn inwards, and the horses thereby released
-with the greatest possible ease and certainty.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">20.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to bring up water Balance-wise, so that as little weight
-or force as will turn a Balance will be onely needful, more
-then the weight of the water within the Buckets, which
-counterpoised<a id="rn_20_2" href="#fn_20_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> empty themselves one into the other, the
-uppermost yielding its water (how great a quantity soever it
-holds) at the self<a id="rn_20_3" href="#fn_20_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a>-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</span>
-same time the lower-most taketh it in,
-though it be an hundred fathom high.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_20_2" id="fn_20_2"></a><a href="#rn_20_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>counterpoise, and empty. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_20_3" id="fn_20_3"></a><a href="#rn_20_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>self&mdash;omitted. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Balance Water-work.</i>] It is to be regretted that we have nothing
-at present to aid us in offering a description at all approaching the
-singular construction of this hydraulic machine. There are some curious
-designs given in the description of M. Grollier de Servière’s cabinet,
-1719, but we have never seen any plan fully realizing the effect above
-indicated.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number"><a id="Article_21">21.</a></p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to raise water constantly with two Buckets onely day and
-night, without any other force then its own motion, using not
-so much as any force, wheel, or sucker, nor more pullies then
-one, on which the cord or chain rolleth with a Bucket fastened
-at each end. This, I confess,<a id="rn_21_4" href="#fn_21_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> I have seen and learned<a id="rn_21_5" href="#fn_21_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
-of the great Mathematician <i>Claudius</i><a id="rn_21_6" href="#fn_21_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> <a id="rn_21_7" href="#fn_21_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> his studies at
-<i>Rome</i>, he having made a Present thereof unto a Cardinal; and
-I desire not to own any other mens<a id="rn_21_8" href="#fn_21_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> inventions, but if I set
-down any, to nominate likewise the inventor.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_4" id="fn_21_4"></a><a href="#rn_21_4"><span class="label">
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original is missing number 4">[4]</ins></span></a>confess to have seen.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_5" id="fn_21_5"></a><a href="#rn_21_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>in the great Mathematician’s study, Clauius at Rome.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_6" id="fn_21_6"></a><a href="#rn_21_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>Clauius.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_7" id="fn_21_7"></a><a href="#rn_21_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>Clavius’s Studies at Rome. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_21_8" id="fn_21_8"></a><a href="#rn_21_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>man’s. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="Page_417"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 417]</span>
-[<i>A Bucket-fountain.</i>] In the present
-and preceding articles the water is elevated by means of buckets, and
-it was only while these pages were passing through the press that the
-author perceived those precise marks of distinction between the two
-methods of employing the buckets which enables him now to offer the
-following explanation of each.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width: 60%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p417" src="images/p417.jpg"
-      alt="A Balance Water-work" />
-</div>
-
-<p>As regards No. 20, it seems, at first, absurd to expect to raise water
-which is to be in a balance and pass from one bucket to the other. But
-let us suppose an arrangement, as in the subjoined engraving, where
-A, B, is a strong vertical wooden frame carrying six metal or wooden
-pipes C, C, which can be moved simultaneously up and down on centres,
-<i>a</i>, <i>a</i>, being connected by the iron rods, <i>b</i>, <i>b</i>; these pipes are
-united with the top of six buckets at D, D', and with the bottom of six
-other buckets at E, E'. The buckets D, D', are also connected at the
-bottom with six other pipes F, F, each open at the end F, F, and so
-arranged that the topmost pipe passes over a pulley <i>c</i>, but the other
-five pipes with guide rods <i>d</i>, <i>d</i>, at their ends, enter the top end
-of the five uppermost buckets on the side E; the pipe F, passing over
-<i>c</i>, delivers the contents of bucket D, while the lower-most bucket E',
-is being replenished, “thus the uppermost yielding its water at the
-same time when the lower-most taketh it in.” In the present position
-of the machine the pipes C, C, are inclined, and the pipes F, F, are
-horizontal, but when the bucket E' is elevated,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</span> then these pipes will
-all reverse their positions, being connected with the buckets by means
-of flexible leather hose, or suitable jointed metal tubing.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width: 35%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p418" src="images/p418.jpg"
-      alt="A Bucket-fountain" />
-</div>
-
-<p>We have next to consider the present article No. 21. The conditions
-stated require the use of but one pulley, one cord, and two buckets,
-without any “force” or pump plunger, or “any wheel, or sucker.” An
-arrangement so simple seems only possible to be attained by some such
-plan as that exhibited in the illustration given below. We have here an
-endless chain or cord, A B, passing over the pulley C, with a bucket
-D, at the upper end; and another bucket E, at the lower end; the first
-in the act of discharging its contents into the trough G, the second
-re-charging with water at the level E. This endless chain is further
-supplied with a series of conical or other shaped buckets, <i>a</i>, <i>a'</i>,
-set on the endless cord in a reverse direction, so as to receive water
-conveyed from an upper stream by the spout F, by which means the side
-B, of the cord will descend, and the side A, ascend, “without any
-other force than its own motion,” and that “with two buckets only, day
-and night.” On the side <i>a'</i>, the conical buckets reverse and empty
-themselves, thereby lightening the ascending side A, of the endless
-chain or cord.</p>
-
-<p class="number">22.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To make a River in a Garden to ebbe and flow constantly, though
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</span>
-twenty foot over, with a childs force, in some private room or
-place out of sight, and a competent distance from it.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An ebbing and flowing River.</i>] In reference to this invention Mr.
-Partington has quoted Peter Bogaerts’ ingenious method of a canal lock,
-so contrived that, in a model, a weight of seven pounds was made to
-raise ten hundred weight of water more than four feet in a few seconds.</p>
-
-<p>But still the process of ebbing and flowing is not made out; it does
-appear, however, that its operation requires the constant services of
-a boy or other attendant, probably to keep alternately opening and
-closing certain sluice arrangements, placed somewhere concealed from
-view; the whole affording a water-work to amuse and surprise, and
-forming a variety on the usual strange schemes attached to grottos,
-caves, &amp;c. spouting water in every variety of form.</p>
-
-<p>See further the comments on article <a href="#Article_57">No. 57</a>, which very probably
-includes the principle here employed by the Marquis.</p>
-
-<p>There is no communication in this article of facts requisite to direct
-an engineer or inventor in the adjustment of any special kind of
-machinery to obtain the desired ebbing and flowing river; which is
-a novelty, in this respect, peculiar to the Marquis of Worcester’s
-ingenuity. He was evidently not copying or improving any anterior
-system of water-work. The next article is but an application of this
-new system; and it is not until he has taken us through descriptive
-hints of thirty-three totally different designs or devices, that in
-No. 57, he offers “A constant water-flowing and ebbing motion.” We
-think the three may be taken together, that is, No. 57, refers to the
-principle and mechanism, of which Nos. 22 and 23, are mere simple
-applications.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</span></p>
-
-<p>Thus, referring to what we have stated under No. 57, the
-purpose named in the present article might be attained by means of two
-domed or bell-shaped vessels, placed like gasometers, but otherwise
-immoveable, partially immersed in a pond, or other artificial piece of
-water; which being arranged so that, by admitting a steam pipe into
-each, the contained air could be driven out thereby, condensation would
-naturally follow, or might be accelerated; and one vessel immediately
-filling with water, while the other was emptying, the surface of the
-pond or river would be kept in a continual state of agitation, and the
-water might be said to “ebb and flow constantly, though 20 feet over.”</p>
-
-<p>No reason is assigned for proposing this modification of water work,
-no advantage is pointed out, the Marquis doubtless depending on its
-apparent impossibility for its exciting and stimulating inquiry. He
-knew how the promulgation of such a wonder would have affected his
-own mind, and never imagined but that the public would feel equally
-inquisitive. His incomprehensible truths are, however, often denounced,
-without investigation, as though they were false.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">23.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To set a Clock in<a id="rn_23_9" href="#fn_23_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> a Castle, the<a id="rn_23_1" href="#fn_23_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> water filling the
-Trenches about it;<a id="rn_23_2" href="#fn_23_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> it<a id="rn_23_3" href="#fn_23_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> shall shew by ebbing and flowing
-the Hours, Minutes and Seconds, and all the comprehensible
-motions of the Heavens, and Counterlibation<a id="rn_23_4" href="#fn_23_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> of the Earth,
-according to <i>Copernicus</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_9" id="fn_23_9"></a><a href="#rn_23_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>as within a. MS and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_1" id="fn_23_1"></a><a href="#rn_23_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>and the.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_2" id="fn_23_2"></a><a href="#rn_23_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>about it shall show the hours, minutes, and seconds by ebbing.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_3" id="fn_23_3"></a><a href="#rn_23_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>which&mdash;for it. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_23_4" id="fn_23_4"></a><a href="#rn_23_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>counterlibration.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_421"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 421]</span>
-[<i>An ebbing and flowing Castle-clock.</i>] John Bate, in his “Mysteries
-of Nature and Art,” 1635, at p. 45, describes&mdash;“A water-clock, or a
-glasse showing the hour of the day,” by three different arrangements.</p>
-
-<p>This article is further noticed in commenting on No. 57.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">24.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to increase the strength of a Spring to such an height,<a id="rn_24_5" href="#fn_24_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
-as to shoot Bumbasses and Bullets of an hundred pound weight
-a Steeple-height, and a quarter of a mile off and more,
-Stone-bow-wise, admirable for Fire-works and astonishing of
-besieged Cities, when without warning given by noise they find
-themselves so forcibly and dangerously surprised.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_24_5" id="fn_24_5"></a><a href="#rn_24_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>degree&mdash;for height. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Strength-increasing Spring.</i>] The technical term
-<span class="smcap">Bumbasses</span>, or probably bombasses, here used, has escaped the
-attention of all compilers of Archaic Dictionaries. By the context
-we may presume it was applied to the large stones usually fired from
-bombards, and differing only from bullets in these last being made of
-lead or iron.</p>
-
-<p>Ancient cannon appear to have consisted of two kinds; a large one for
-discharging stones, called a <i>Bombard</i>, and a lesser one for darts. In
-1388, a stone bullet, weighing 195 pounds, is related, according to
-Meyrick, to have been discharged from a <i>Bombard</i>, called the Trevisan.
-Such stone missiles may have been of the kind called by the Marquis
-“bumbasses,” and would be perhaps more properly named bombasses.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</span> The
-Stone-bow was the Prodd; probably the Slurbowe was furnished with a
-barrel through a slit, in which the string slided, when the trigger
-was pulled. Three kinds are mentioned by Du Cange. See Fosbroke’s
-Encyclopædia of Antiquities, 8vo. 1840.</p>
-
-<p>Bishop Wilkins, treating on Catapultæ in his <i>Mathematicall Magick</i>,
-1648, observes that their usual form was “after the manner of great
-bows placed on carriages, and wound up by the strength of several
-persons;” adding: “These were sometimes framed for the discharging of
-two or three arrows together.”</p>
-
-<p>As the Marquis wrote the Century in 1655, only seven years after
-Wilkins’ publication, it is not at all unlikely that he seriously
-contemplated the contriving of a most useful warlike implement; and
-this appears the more reasonable when we find the worthy and learned
-prelate advancing, as it appeared to him, cogent reasons in his 19th
-chapter, in favour of the “Military offensive engines used amongst the
-ancients,” as compared to cannon; gravely summing up his observations
-with the remark&mdash;“that the force of these Engines does rather exceed
-than come short of our gun-powder inventions.” Then again on the ground
-of expense he shows an advantage in favour of Ballistæ and Catapultæ.
-Thus: “the price of these gun-powder instruments is extremely
-expensive.” This is proved from “a whole Cannon weighing commonly 8,000
-pounds, a half Cannon 5,000, a Culverin 4,500, a Demi-culverin 3,000,”
-which “must needs be very costly,” amounting “to several hundred
-pounds,” for which sum “at least 10 of the ancient timber made engines
-might be purchased”!</p>
-
-<p>Then their transport was a serious matter, for “a whole Cannon does
-require at the least 90 men, or 16 horses,” and so in proportion for
-others. But the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</span> timber made engines are light, and their “materials to
-be found everywhere.”</p>
-
-<p>Then the gun-powder is costly; “a whole Cannon requiring for every
-charge 40 pound of powder, and a bullet of 64 pounds,” and in
-proportion for lesser cannon; whereas those other engines may be
-charged only with stones. So that only for the superior force of cannon
-“those ancient inventions” he conceives to be “much more commodious
-than these later inventions.”</p>
-
-<p>Among questions propounded and agreed upon, in January, 1660, to be
-sent to Teneriffe by the Lord Brouncker and Mr. Boyle, the fifth
-was,&mdash;“Try the power of a stone bow, or other spring, both above and
-below (the hill), and note well the difference.”&mdash;Weld’s Hist. Royal
-Society, Vol. i. p. 98.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">25.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make a Weight that cannot take up an hundred pound, and
-yet shall take up two hundred pound, and<a id="rn_25_6" href="#fn_25_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> at the self-same
-distance from the Centre; and so proportionally to millions of
-pounds.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_25_6" id="fn_25_6"></a><a href="#rn_25_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>and&mdash;omitted.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A double-drawing Engine for weights.</i>] The articles Nos. 25, 27,
-and 29 can only be taken as descriptive of elucidatory models,
-demonstrative of the applications of a certain principle, the result
-of condensation. For some unaccountable reason there has been a
-prevalent opinion that the Marquis was ignorant of condensation. If
-such an opinion is grounded on his not expressly alluding to it in
-the “Century,” then by the same rule it might be doubted whether he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</span>
-understood anything about steam! But as the “Century” was written to
-remind himself, and not to inform others of the <i>modus operandi</i>, it
-was sufficient for his purpose to particularise only the results. We
-can usually distinguish where he treads a beaten track, the result
-of reading, and where his course deviates into his “fire-water-work”
-experiments. The former generally has its parallel in some old author;
-but when the same rule is attempted to be applied to measure the
-others, we find we are dealing either with a new order of things, or
-else with sheer paradoxes of the most chimerical character. While,
-on the other hand, follow him in his own new track of experimental
-research, and we are rewarded at every step with a full and clear
-exposition of the wonderfully ingenious processes of inquiry by which
-he attained the perfection ascribed by him to his “Water-commanding
-Engine.”</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width: 35%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p424" src="images/p424.jpg"
-      alt="A double-drawing Engine" />
-</div>
-
-<p>In the present article it is required that a weight shall take up
-double its own weight, not by the old rule of leverage, but “at the
-self-same distance from the centre.” In the subjoined diagram we have
-two cylinders C, B, connected at the lower end with a steam pipe,
-supplied with the steam-cock A. A cord passing over the drum wheel D,
-is connected at its ends with the pistons B, C; and the whole stands
-in a trough E. Steam having been admitted to B, and then cut off,
-condensation has ensued, the piston B has descended and C has been
-raised, and along with it a quantity of water. Here we may take the
-two pistons as representing “one hundred pound” each, and although
-they balance, yet we thus find “how to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</span> a weight” under such
-circumstances, nevertheless, take up “two hundred pounds,” that is,
-including the water.</p>
-
-<p>A very similar kind of piston to the one here shown, is suggested by
-Fludd, Besson, and others, to be worked by a spiral spring, which being
-drawn to the bottom of a cylindrical vessel, water may be poured in
-above it, and being then tightly covered, with a lid having either an
-open jet or a tap in the centre, on releasing the spiral spring, the
-false bottom rising, and pressing the liquid, causes it to escape in a
-jet d’eau, gradually diminishing as the spring relaxes. The contrivance
-is elaborately illustrated in <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has the the">the</ins> 18th folio engraving of Besson’s
-“Theatrum Instrumentorum et Machinarum,” 1578; the Marquis, therefore,
-had only to substitute steam for the spiral spring.</p>
-
-<p class="number">26.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To raise weight as<a id="rn_26_7" href="#fn_26_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> well and as forcibly with the drawing
-back of the Lever, as with the thrusting it<a id="rn_26_8" href="#fn_26_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> forwards; and by
-that means to lose no time in motion or strength. This I saw in
-the <i>Arcenal</i> at <i>Venice</i>.<a id="rn_26_9" href="#fn_26_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_26_7" id="fn_26_7"></a><a href="#rn_26_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>so&mdash;for as.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_26_8" id="fn_26_8"></a><a href="#rn_26_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>of it.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_26_9" id="fn_26_9"></a><a href="#rn_26_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>at Venice in the arsenal.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A to and fro Lever.</i>] William Bourne offers the following as his
-112th Device, “touching the making of engines to thrust from or pull
-to you with great force or strength.” He says, “And furthermore, you
-may make an engine to thrust from you or to pull unto you, to lift vp
-or to presse downe with great force, eyther to goe with wheeles as
-before is declared, or else to goe with skrewes or to goe with both,
-as to thrust open huge and strong gates, or else you taking good hold,
-to pull them open vnto you wards, and will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</span> make but little noyse in
-the doyng thereof, but you must be sure to set the engine fast, if to
-thrust from, to be strongly and well backed, and to pull to them it
-must be strongly bolstered before, sufficient to be of force to scrue
-the turne.”</p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 50%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p426" src="images/p426.jpg"
-      alt="A to and fro Lever" />
-</div>
-
-<p>The Venetian arrangement may be described, as shown in the annexed
-engraving, where A, B, C, is a frame, the two upright sides of which D
-E, are provided with a series of clicks, appearing in the drawing like
-the serrated edge of a saw, and each is so placed secured by a pin on
-which it moves, as always to incline to fall outwards. F, F, is a long
-lever, having a stout short cross bar in the centre, and is represented
-on the point of taking up on a click at <i>a</i>, while it leaves one on the
-opposite <i>b</i>, such being the <i>to</i> and <i>fro</i> motion required, thereby
-losing “no time in motion or strength.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_427"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 427]</span>27.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way to remove to and fro huge weights with a most
-inconsiderable strength from place to place. For example, Ten
-Tunne with ten pounds, and less; the said ten pounds not to
-fall lower then it makes the ten Tunne to advance or retreat
-upon a Level.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 70%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p427" src="images/p427.jpg"
-      alt="A most easy level Draught" />
-</div>
-
-<p>[<i>A most easie level Draught.</i>] The weight is in this case to be moved
-“with a most inconsiderable strength.” Ten pounds, or less, are to be
-capable of moving 22,400 pounds. And the precise conditions are&mdash;“the
-said ten pounds not to <i>fall lower</i> than it makes the ten ton <i>to
-advance</i>.” The annexed engraving shows, as in No. 25, two cylinders B,
-C, with their steam-pipe and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</span> valve at A, having above a platform G, on
-which is a loaded truck F, attached by a cord <i>a</i>, at one end passing
-over a pulley, and the drum wheel D, to the piston B; and a second
-cord at the other end passing over a pulley at <i>a'</i>, attached in like
-manner to the other piston C. Steam having been admitted to B, on its
-condensation the piston descending draws along with it the weighted
-truck F, while the piston C, ascends, drawing in air at E.</p>
-
-<p>We thus attain the strict letter of the conditions set down, the <i>fall</i>
-and the <i>advance</i> being equal.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">28.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Bridge portable in<a id="rn_28_1" href="#fn_28_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> a Cart with six horses, which in a
-few hours time may be placed over a River half a mile broad,
-whereon with much expedition may<a id="rn_28_2" href="#fn_28_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> be transported Horse, Foot
-and Cannon.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_28_1" id="fn_28_1"></a><a href="#rn_28_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>upon a. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_28_2" id="fn_28_2"></a><a href="#rn_28_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>there may be.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A portable Bridge.</i>] The great painter, Leonardo da Vinci, born in
-1452, and who died at 67 years of age in 1520, was a man of singularly
-inventive talent. Among his other projects, he declares:&mdash;“I have the
-means of constructing light bridges, easy of carriage, and equally
-adapted to pursue or escape an enemy, secure from fire; and as easy to
-remove as to replace; and also the means of destroying those of the
-enemy.” See an interesting Memoir of him by J. W. Brown. 12mo. 1828.</p>
-
-<p>Bourne’s 94th Device promises, “How you may make a bridge upon a
-sudden, that a whole army of men and their carriages may pass over any
-river or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</span> haven, if that it be of not too great breadth.”&mdash;See his
-Inventions or Devices, 1578.</p>
-
-<p>Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1653, shows, in
-article No. 22, “How to erect or build over any brook, or small river,
-a cheap and wooden bridge of 40 or 50 feet in length, without fastening
-any timber work within the water.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">29.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A portable Fortification able to contain five hundred fighting
-men, and yet<a id="rn_29_3" href="#fn_29_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> in six hours time may<a id="rn_29_4" href="#fn_29_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> be set up, and made
-Cannon-proof, upon the side of a River or Pass, with Cannon
-mounted upon it, and as complete as a regular Fortification,
-with Half-moons and Counterscarps.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_29_3" id="fn_29_3"></a><a href="#rn_29_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>yet&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_29_4" id="fn_29_4"></a><a href="#rn_29_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>able to be&mdash;for, may be.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A moveable Fortification.</i>] Vegetius, in “De re militari,” 1535,
-offers many similar schemes but less ambitious than the present
-one; which is, after all, little if any more than an extension and
-improvement on what had previously been more or less practised.</p>
-
-<p>In his “Naturæ simia seu technica,” dated 1618, Robert Fludd, at page
-421, gives a folio engraving of a triangular fort, with six pieces of
-cannon and three gunners. It appears to be on wheels, and is pushed
-along by a beam running on three wheels, having four horses yoked to
-it; literally the cart before the horse.</p>
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_430"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 430]</span>30.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way in one nights time to raise a Bulwork twenty or thirty
-foot high, Cannon-proof, and Cannon mounted upon it, with men
-to overlook, command and batter a Towne; for though it contain
-but four Pieces, they shall be able to discharge two hundred
-Bullets each hour.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Rising Bulwork.</i>] Grose, in his “Military Antiquities,” Vol. I.
-Page 355, notices a moveable tower, the use of which was revived by the
-Royalists in their attack on Gloucester, during the Civil War.</p>
-
-<p>In 1644, Edmond Felton, gentleman, published a pamphlet entitled,
-“Engins invented to save blood and moneys;” the nature of which he
-“discovered unto the Committee for the fortifications of the City of
-London.” The Honourable Major General Skippon attested in respect of
-it, that the engine “was of three tiers of ten muskets in a tier, to
-shoot arrows withal.” The inventor satisfied the Committee, “how an
-engine will secure the foot from the horse, and the soldiers from
-musket shot, which engine in fair ways two men may manage at pleasure.”</p>
-
-<p>He complains of a piracy of his invention, observing, “There was about
-twenty of the said engines made at Oxford, and from thence carried
-to Gloucester, to go up to the walls. And had not his Excellency the
-Earl of Essex so happily arrived to raise the siege as he did, it was
-reported by some of the army, the city was in great fear to be taken
-thereby; most of which said engines the besiegers burnt, because
-they should not be taken.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</span></p>
-
-<p>In the second volume of “Bibliotheca
-Gloucestrensis: a collection of scarce and curious tracts, by John
-Washbourn, jun. Gloucester. 4to. 1825,” there is a reprint of “Corbet’s
-Historicall relation of the Military Government of Gloucester, 1645,”
-which contains this passage: “Wherefore besides their mine and battery,
-they framed great store of those unperfect and troublesome engines to
-assault the lower parts of the city. Those engines ran upon wheels,
-with planks musket-proof placed on the axle-tree, with holes for
-musket-shot and a bridge before it, the end whereof (the wheels falling
-into the ditch) was to rest upon our breast works.” Page 54.</p>
-
-<p>And in the reprint of “A briefe and exact diurnall of the siege
-before Gloucester, by John Dorney, Esquire, 1643,” we meet with the
-following:&mdash;“Munday, September 4. We understood likewise that the
-enemy had by the direction of that Jesuitticall Doctor Chillingworth,
-provided great store of engines after the manner of the Romane
-Testudines cum Pluteis, with which they intended to have assaulted the
-parts of the city, between the south and west gates. These engines ran
-upon cart wheeles, with a blinde of plankes musquet proofe, and holes
-for foure musquetiers to play out of, placed upon the axeltree to
-defend the musquetiers and those that thrust it forward, and carrying
-a bridge before it; the wheeles were to fall into the ditch, and the
-end of the bridge to rest upon our brest-workes, so making severall
-compleat bridges to enter the city. After the raising of the siege, we
-tooke all these engines, and brought them into the towne.”&mdash;Page 225.</p>
-
-<p>In the first volume of this work there is a note on the two preceding
-passages, in which the editor observes:&mdash;“The plan of these machines
-was borrowed from the ancients. Various contrivances of this kind
-were also employed in the middle ages, before and for a considerable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</span>
-time after the invention of fire-arms. Sometimes they used them for
-undermining the walls. At the siege of Ribadavia in Spain, during
-the reign of Richard II. similar moveable machines were used. See
-Froissart, viii. c. 26. Such an engine is also mentioned by the Marquis
-of Worcester in his Century of Inventions.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">31.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way how safely and speedily to make an approach to a Castle
-or Town-wall, and over the very Ditch at Noon-day.</p>
-
-<p>[<i>An approaching Blinde.</i>] Vegetius, in “De re militari,” 1535, depicts
-and describes several kinds of these ancient military blinds, screens,
-and other contrivances and machines for protecting the attacking party.
-At page 15 he shows a ponderous advancing screen or shield on four
-wheels, and at two pages further a side view of the same, covering
-a large body of soldiers. Some have raised, hinged platforms, to be
-lowered for crossing a ditch.</p>
-
-<p>Grose says:&mdash;“The cattus, cat-house, gattus or cat, was a covered shed,
-occasionally fixed on wheels, and used for covering soldiers employed
-in filling up the ditch, &amp;c.”&mdash;Military Antiquities, 4to. 1801.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">32.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to compose an universal Character methodical and easie to
-be written, yet intelligible in any Language; so that if an
-English-man write it in English, a French-man,<a id="rn_32_5" href="#fn_32_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> Italian,
-Spaniard, Irish,<a id="rn_32_6" href="#fn_32_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> Welsh,<a id="rn_32_7" href="#fn_32_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> being Scholars; yea, Grecian
-or Hebritian shall as perfectly understand it in their owne
-Tongue, as if they were perfect<a id="rn_32_8" href="#fn_32_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> English, distinguishing the
-Verbs from the Nouns, the Numbers, Tenses and Cases as properly
-expressed in their own Language as it was written in English.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_5" id="fn_32_5"></a><a href="#rn_32_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>man&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_6" id="fn_32_6"></a><a href="#rn_32_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>Irish and.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_7" id="fn_32_7"></a><a href="#rn_32_7"><span class="label">
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original is missing number 7">[7]</ins></span></a>or Welchman. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_32_8" id="fn_32_8"></a><a href="#rn_32_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>perfect&mdash;omitted. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_433"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 433]</span>
-[<i>An universall Character.</i>] In 1668, the Royal Society ordered the
-printing of “An Essay towards a real Character, and a philosophical
-language; by John Wilkins, D. D. Dean of Ripon, and F. R. S.,” folio.
-It is dedicated to the president, William Lord Viscount Brouncker, and
-consists of a treatise of 454 pages, to which is appended a dictionary
-of 155 pages. The very extent of such a work is almost fatal to its
-acceptance, and we must admit that it is questionable whether, with
-all its learning and ingenuity, it affords a single hint calculated to
-promote the intended object.</p>
-
-<p>In relation to this subject, the reader, desirous of enlarged
-information, could not do better than consult the recently published
-“Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Professor Max Müller, M. A.</p>
-
-<p>It would be highly interesting to possess any clue whatever to the
-ideas of the Marquis on this subject. He was so truthful in his
-statements, that he must have made a considerable advance in the
-discovery of means for obtaining the end proposed, although he may have
-over-estimated its application, according to our judgment.</p>
-
-<p>Of early publications on this topic we would especially notice, “Le
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Caractere">Caractère</ins> universel, par lequel<span class="pagenum" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</span> toutes Nations peuvent comprendre les
-conceptions l’une de l’autre en lisant par une escriture commune, à
-toutes leur propre langage maternelle. Par Cave Beck. M. A.” London,
-1657, 12mo. Also “Joh. J. Becheri Spirensis character, pro Notitia
-Linguarum Universali.” Francfort, 1661. And “Ars signorum, vulgo
-character universalis et lingua philosophica,” by Georgius Dalgarno: a
-small 12mo. volume in Latin. 1661.</p>
-
-<p>A system of a universal alphabet has been recently proposed for
-telegraphic purposes, by means of which it is believed all the sounds
-of the human speech may be recorded and transmitted; mastering all the
-sounds which the human voice is capable of uttering in any language.
-The proposed scheme is even said to have been severely tested by many
-eminent linguists. It is to be hoped that the announced discovery will
-be found to realize all it promises, and remunerate the ingenious
-inventor.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">33.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To write with a Needle and Thred, white, or any<a id="rn_33_9" href="#fn_33_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> colour upon
-white, or<a id="rn_33_1" href="#fn_33_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> any other<a id="rn_33_2" href="#fn_33_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> colour, so that one stitch shall
-significantly shew any letter, and as readily and<a id="rn_33_3" href="#fn_33_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> as easily
-shew the one letter as the other, and fit for any Language.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_9" id="fn_33_9"></a><a href="#rn_33_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>any other. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_1" id="fn_33_1"></a><a href="#rn_33_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>or upon.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_2" id="fn_33_2"></a><a href="#rn_33_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>other&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_33_3" id="fn_33_3"></a><a href="#rn_33_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>and as. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Needle-alphabet.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">34.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To write by a knotted Silk string, so that every knot shall
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</span>
-signifie any letter with Comma, Full point, or Interrogation,
-and as legible as with Pen and Ink upon white Paper.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A knotted String-alphabet.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">35.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-The like, by the fringe of Gloves.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Fringe-alphabet.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">36.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-By stringing of Bracelets.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Bracelet-alphabet.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">37.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-By Pinck’d Gloves.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Pinck’d Glove-alphabet.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">38.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-By holes in the bottom of a Sieve.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Sieve-alphabet.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">39.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-By a Lattin or<a id="rn_39_4" href="#fn_39_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> Plate Lanthorn.<a id="rn_39_5" href="#fn_39_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_39_4" id="fn_39_4"></a><a href="#rn_39_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>or candlestick lantern. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_39_5" id="fn_39_5"></a><a href="#rn_39_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>plate candlestick Lanthorn.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Lanthorn-alphabet.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">40.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-By the Smell.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">41.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</span>
-By the Taste.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">42.</p>
-<p class="number_text_continued">
-By the Touch.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-By these three Senses as perfectly, distinctly and unconfusedly,
-yea as readily as by the sight.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An alphabet by the&mdash;Smell; Taste; Touch.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">43.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to vary each of these, so that ten thousand may know them,
-and yet<a id="rn_43_6" href="#fn_43_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> keep the understanding part from any but their
-Correspondent.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_43_6" id="fn_43_6"></a><a href="#rn_43_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>yet&mdash;omitted.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A variation of all and each of these.</i>] We have here ten Alphabets,
-concluding with a variation on each, which, had it been given, would
-have at least increased the number to twenty, but that was by no means
-the limit. Cipher Alphabets are the least interesting portion of the
-“Century;” we imagine we trace in them some of the Marquis’s earliest
-studies, and fancy that later in life they were retained from fond
-recollections of the past.</p>
-
-<p>These secret methods of corresponding are no longer of any service, and
-have no interest beyond what may attach to them in connection with the
-history of short-hand writing, wherein the object is rather dispatch
-than secrecy. Among early writers on the art of Senigraphy, and
-Stenography, are Bright, 1588, Bales 1590, Arnold Bostius, Trithemius
-1600, Willis 1618, Dix 1633, Wilkins 1641, Cartwright 1652, Rich 1654,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</span>
-Falconer (“The Art of Secret Information,”) 1685, with others.</p>
-
-<p>John Baptista Porta, a Neapolitan of considerable eminence, born 1445,
-and who died in 1515, wrote “De Occultis Literarium Notis, Libri
-quinque,” Argent. 1608, octavo, in which he gives no less than 180
-different methods of secret writing.</p>
-
-<p>The learned and ingenious Bishop Wilkins in 1641, published his
-“Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger.”</p>
-
-<p>Of line alphabets he says&mdash;“Who would mistrust any private news or
-treachery to lie hid in a thread, wherein there was nothing to be
-discerned, but sundry confused knots or other the like marks?” It is,
-however, easily effected by each party having like tablets marked at
-top with the alphabet, and having hooks down each side for the passing
-and holding of a thread worked backwards and forwards, in which action
-it is to have a knot made on it for the desired letter above; making
-altogether words and sentences.</p>
-
-<p>Chapter 6, is on “Secret writing with the common letters, by changing
-of their places.”</p>
-
-<p>In chapter 11, “Of writing by invented characters,” he says: “There
-have been some other inventions of writing by points, or lines, or
-figures.”</p>
-
-<p>Chapter 13 is, “concerning an universal character that may be legible
-to all nations and languages,” concluding with observations on “The
-benefit and possibility of this.”</p>
-
-<p>In chapter 17, we are told “of secret and swift informations by the
-species of sound.” Among others he names “Bells,” as a species which
-“may be a sufficient means, whereby to communicate the thoughts;” and
-in chapter 18, he treats “concerning a language that may consist only
-of tunes and musical notes, without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</span> any articulate sound.” And lastly,
-in chapter 20, we have “Of informations by significatory fires and
-smokes.”</p>
-
-<p>Among the “variations” the sense of Seeing may be employed, as proposed
-by Sir Hugh Plat in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1653, in
-which he describes “How to speak by signs only without uttering of any
-word”&mdash;using the fingers and motions with them and the hands, which he
-calls a “conceited alphabet.”&mdash;Page 38.</p>
-
-<p>Those who are curious in such matters, may see more at large in Dr.
-W. Hooper’s Rational Recreations, ed. 1794, 8vo. different methods of
-writing in cipher, commencing at p. 143, of 1st Vol.&mdash;thus:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>To communicate intelligence by a pack of piquet cards.&mdash;The musical
-dial.&mdash;The corresponding spaces.&mdash;The musical cipher.&mdash;Rules for
-deciphering.&mdash;Example of a cipher written in arbitrary characters,
-and the words separate from each other.&mdash;Visual correspondence; and,
-Correspondence by bells.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number"><a id="Article_44">44.</a></p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To make a Key of a Chamber door, which to your sight hath its
-Wards and Rose-pipe but Paper-thick, and yet at pleasure in a
-minute of an hour shall become a perfect Pistol, capable to
-shoot through a Brest-plate commonly of Carabine-proof, with
-Prime, Powder and Firelock, undiscoverable in a strangers hand.</p>
-
-
-<p id="Page_439"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 439]</span>
-[<i>A Key-Pistol.</i>] This mere piece of ingenuity, so pleasing to certain
-mechanics in working out mechanical trinkets, might be effected by
-causing the removal of the key handle to expose a sufficiently strong
-pistol barrel, while the <ins class="correction" title="[sic] kept unhypenated words">“rose pipe but paper thick”</ins> would answer to
-receive, and perform the office of retaining the key handle securely,
-by which to hold it while firing this key-pistol. The next part of
-the contrivance would be, to make the “wards” serve to conceal the
-pistol pan, cock, &amp;c. The description is well calculated to mislead
-the reader, under the impression that the barrel itself is “but
-paper-thick.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">45.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to light a Fire and a Candle at what hour of the night
-one awaketh, without rising or putting ones hand out of the
-bed. And the same thing<a id="rn_45_7" href="#fn_45_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> becomes<a id="rn_45_8" href="#fn_45_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> a serviceable Pistol at
-pleasure; yet by a stranger, not knowing the secret, seemeth
-but a dexterous Tinder-box.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_45_7" id="fn_45_7"></a><a href="#rn_45_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>to be a. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_45_8" id="fn_45_8"></a><a href="#rn_45_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>becomes to be.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A most conceited Tinder-box.</i>] The following note from “Humane
-Industry,” 1661, appears highly suggestive of such an instrument,
-although the Marquis’s invention is more elaborate. “Andrew Alciat the
-great Civilian of France, had a kind of Clock in his chamber, that
-should awake him at any hour of the night that he determined, and when
-it struck the determined hour, it struck fire likewise out of a flint,
-which fell among tinder, to light him a candle: it was the invention of
-one Caravagio of Sienna in Italy.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_440"><a id="Article_46"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 440]</span>46.</a></p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make an artificial Bird to fly which way and as long as
-one pleaseth, by or against the wind, sometimes chirping, other
-times hovering, still tending the way it is designed for.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An artificial Bird.</i>] The third article in his list of a portion
-of his inventions supplies a different reading, thus: “By this (his
-‘quint-essence of motion’) I can make an artificial bird to fly which
-way, and as long as I please.” [<a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a>]</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis, not to be behind the curious and ingenious men of ancient
-times, has here and in article No. 18, emulated John Muller of
-Nuremberg, better known as Regiomontanus, who was born in 1436. He is
-celebrated for this species of <i>rara avis</i>; a self-moving and flying
-eagle, and an iron fly have afforded much matter for romantic and
-no doubt exaggerated accounts of their performances; the one flying
-a good way in the open air and returning; the other flying from the
-philosopher round a table and coming back to his hand. He evinced a
-genius of the first order as a great inventor, and also as a promoter
-of the advancement of science.</p>
-
-<p>In Ramelli’s great work on various machines, folio, 1588, the 187th
-figure offers a detailed representation of a handsomely furnished
-apartment, in which a large carved sideboard sustains a gigantic vase
-containing a flowering shrub, in the branches of which six birds appear
-in the act of singing. The vase being a sectional drawing, various
-pipes can be seen, also the performer behind, who is blowing through a
-single pipe into the body of the vase.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_441"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 441]</span>But the highly popular work of
-Hero of Alexandria promulgated several similar schemes. He shows how to
-make an artificial bird sing by flowing water, or alternately sing and
-be silent. See Mr. Woodcroft’s handsome edition of Hero’s Pneumatics,
-4to. 1851.</p>
-
-<p>William Bourne, also, in his “Inventions or Devices,” 1578, treats of
-“birds of wood or metal made by art to fly,” and of others, “to sing
-sweetly at certain hours appointed.”</p>
-
-<p>Bate, in his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” 1635, treats, at page
-24, “How to make that a bird sitting on a basis, shall make a noise,
-and drink out of a cup of water, being held to the mouth of it;” and
-further, “Advice whereby several voices of birds chirping may be heard.”</p>
-
-<p>So again Isaac De Caus, in his “Rare Inventions of Water Works,” folio,
-1659, at page 20, gives instructions&mdash;“To counterfeit the voice of
-small birds by means of water and air.” And in Plate XIV. “To represent
-divers birds which shall sing diversly when an owl turns towards them;
-and when the said owl turns back again they shall cease their singing.”</p>
-
-<p>These later examples show that the Marquis was neither altogether
-original nor singular in attempting improvements in these automatic
-toys, which from the time of Hero of Alexandria were accounted
-sufficiently wonderful evidence of mechanical ingenuity to attract
-the serious attention of even the most talented engineers of the last
-century. Of such mechanical achievements of the ingenious a full
-account may be read in Montucla’s edition of Ozanam’s “Mathematical
-Recreations.”</p>
-
-<p>Volant automata, as he calls them, did not escape the attentive
-consideration of Bishop Wilkins, and he says enough on this class of
-mechanical curiosities to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</span> have stimulated the mechanical ingenuity of
-even a less enthusiastic inventor than the Marquis of Worcester, as
-of the wooden dove of Archytas, and the wooden eagle and iron fly of
-Regiomontanus.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis, if he ever perused the little treatise just quoted, would
-be keenly alive to the truthfulness of the remark that&mdash;“it is none
-of the meanest discouragements, that any strange inventions are so
-generally derided by common opinion, being esteemed only as the dreams
-of a melancholy and distempered fancy; for that saying of Virgil,</p>
-
-<p class="saying">“Demens qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen,” &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="continued">“hath been an old censure applied unto such as ventured upon any
-strange or incredible attempt.”&mdash;See Math. Magick, 1648, p. 198.</p>
-
-<p>The Rev. Dr. Powell, in the last chapter of his “Humane Industry,”
-1661, treats of various minute automata as&mdash;“Certain sports and
-extravagancies of art,” for which he offers an ingenious apology,
-observing: “As nature hath her <i>ludicra</i>, so art hath hers too; that
-is, some pretty knacks that are made, not so much for use, as to show
-subtilty of wit, being made <i>de Gaieté de Cœur</i>, and for pastime
-as it were; yet the workmanship and elegancy of these may justly
-deserve admiration;” concluding&mdash;“art, as well as nature, is never
-more wonderful than in smaller pieces.” After describing small chains,
-locks, chariots, ships, clocks, and insects, he remarks:&mdash;“though
-these knacks are but little useful, and take up more time than needed
-to be lost, yet they discover a marvellous pregnancy of wit in the
-artificers; and may be <i>experimenta lucifera</i>, if not <i>frugifera</i> hints
-of greater matters.”</p>
-
-<p>It will not appear strange to find the inventor of the steam engine
-engaged toying with an artificial bird, an imprisoning chair, a brazen
-head, or a riding horse,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</span> when it is remembered that for a hundred
-years later such automata were highly prized by the nobility and
-gentry, and proved <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">extemely</ins> lucrative to the public exhibitors of such
-mechanical imitations of life. M. Vaucanson’s inventions were of this
-<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">chararcter</ins>, attracting admiring audiences among the learned and the
-vulgar, on the Continent and in England. A learned society received
-his communication in Paris, while in London it had the unquestionable
-honour of being translated by Dr. Desaguliers, who says in his preface,
-“In giving this paper an English dress, I am still acting in my
-province, which has been for many years to explain the works of art, as
-well as the phenomena of nature;” and his translation is given under
-the following elaborate title:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“An account of the mechanism of an automaton or image playing on the
-German Flute: as it was presented in a memoire, to the gentlemen of the
-Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. By M. Vaucanson, Inventor and maker
-of the said machine. Together with a description of an artificial Duck,
-eating, drinking, macerating the food, &amp;c. As also that of another
-image, no less wonderful than the first, playing on the tabor and
-pipe; as he has given an account of them since the memoir was written.
-Translated out of the French original, by J. T. Desaguliers, LL.D.,
-F.R.S., Chaplain to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, 4to. 1742.”
-[24 pages, and an engraved frontispiece.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">47.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To make a Ball of any metal, which thrown into a Pool or Pail
-of water shall presently rise from the bottom, and constantly
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</span>
-shew by the <i>superficies</i> of the water the hour of the day
-or night, never rising more out of the water then just to the
-minute it sheweth of each quarter of the hour; and if by force
-kept under water, yet the time is not lost, but recovered as
-soon as it is permitted to rise to the <i>superficies</i><a id="rn_47_9" href="#fn_47_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> of the
-water.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_47_9" id="fn_47_9"></a><a href="#rn_47_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>surface. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An Hour Water-ball.</i>] The 4th article of his selected list of his
-inventions supplies the following varied reading:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“By these (his quintessence of Motion) I can make a ball of silver or
-gold, which thrown into a pail, or poole of water, shall arise again
-to the perfect hour of any day or night. The superficies of the water
-shall still show the hour distinctly; even the minutes, if I please.”
-See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
-
-<p>Many curious specimens of these Horologies occur in the description of
-M. Grollier de Servière’s cabinet, published 1719.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">48.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A scrued Ascent, instead of Stairs, with fit landing places to
-the best Chambers of each Story, with Back-stairs within the
-Noell<a id="rn_48_1" href="#fn_48_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> of it, convenient for Servants to pass up and down to
-the inward Rooms of them unseen and private.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_48_1" id="fn_48_1"></a><a href="#rn_48_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>Noell, in the MS.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_445"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 445]</span>
-[<i>A scru’d ascent of Stairs.</i>] This title does not strictly agree
-with the text, for there is a material difference between “a screwed
-ascent, <i>instead</i> of stairs,” and “a screwed ascent of stairs;”
-the former altogether dispenses with stairs, giving the idea of an
-inclined ascent without steps, such as is employed in the construction
-of the Observatory of Copenhagen; the width being sufficient and the
-ascent so gradual, that a carriage and four may easily be driven up to
-the top circular gallery.</p>
-
-<p>According to this improvement there are “back-stairs within the
-<i>noell</i>,” that is, the Noel, Nowel, Noyau, or Newell, a term applied
-to the centre round which the stairs of a circular staircase wind, and
-which may be either a solid column, or an open space. Such stairs are
-said to be neweled.</p>
-
-<p>The great labour and expense bestowed on some kinds of staircases is
-well exemplified by Evelyn in his tour of France, who describes going
-to Blois, in 1664, and seeing there a palace built by Francis the
-First, the staircase of which, consisting of 274 steps, is mentioned
-by Palladio; he notices it as a wonderful piece of work, from its
-construction having occupied 1800 workmen during twelve years. “The
-stayre-case (he says) is devised with four entries or ascents, which
-cross one another, so that though four persons meet, they never come
-in sight, but by small loopholes, till they land.”&mdash;Memoirs of John
-Evelyn, 2nd edit. 4to. vol. i. page 59.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">49.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A portable Engine, in way of a Tobacco-tongs, whereby a man may
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</span>
-get over a wall, or get up again being come down, finding the
-coast proving<a id="rn_49_2" href="#fn_49_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> <a id="rn_49_3" href="#fn_49_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> unsecure unto him.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_49_2" id="fn_49_2"></a><a href="#rn_49_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>proveth insecure for him. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_49_3" id="fn_49_3"></a><a href="#rn_49_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>proveth.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Tobacco-tongs Engine.</i>] The designation here given, when published
-in 1663, was doubtless generally understood, but the smallness of the
-“engine,” its very nature, and not less, its long discontinuance of
-use, now renders the passage obscure. It so happens, however, that a
-scientific experiment, in which this humble instrument was employed
-by the Honourable Robert Boyle, has preserved, for our information
-in this matter, the true figure of the “tobacco-tongs.” In the 3rd
-Volume of Boyle’s Works, folio, published in 1744, is recorded his
-pneumatical experiments on the falling of bodies in vacuo. Treating
-of “New experiments physico-mechanical, touching the spring of the
-air,” illustrated by the well-known experiment of dropping at the same
-time a guinea and a feather within an exhausted glass receiver, he
-says: “We so fastened a small pair of <i>tobacco-tongs</i> to the inside
-of the receiver’s brass cover, that by moving a turning key, we might
-by a string tied to one part of them open the tongs, which else their
-own spring would keep shut.”</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width: 15%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p446" src="images/p446.jpg"
-      alt="Tobacco-tongs" />
-</div>
-
-<p>In an illustrative engraved plate,
-accompanying his description, the fourth figure therein is designed to
-show the “tobacco-tongs,” which appear in the form of a figure of 8, as
-in the annexed diagram, where <i>a</i>, is the top or hand portion, being
-the largest oval, while the lower oval <i>b</i>, is not above one third its
-size, at which point this steel spring instrument was cut through, to
-form the tong or nippers. We imagine that a side view would be like the
-dotted figure <i>c</i>, <i>d</i>, where <i>d</i>, shows how the ends of these nippers
-were probably elongated a little, the more readily to take up and part
-with the tobacco<span class="pagenum" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</span> or other material. The least pressure on the outside
-of the large oval, will extend the nippers <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, which again close
-when such pressure is removed.</p>
-
-<p>But there may have been another form of such tongs, like the letter X,
-or two such figures combined; and by increasing the series we should
-produce the instrument known as the lazy-tongs, which collapse into a
-very small space, yet will extend to a great distance.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">50.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A complete light portable Ladder, which taken out of ones
-Pocket, may be by himself fastened an hundred foot<a id="rn_50_4" href="#fn_50_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> high to
-get up by from the ground.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_50_4" id="fn_50_4"></a><a href="#rn_50_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Pocket-ladder.</i>] There are many curious and ingenious designs for
-portable scaling ladders, offered by Vegetius in “De re militari,”
-1535, but which would require to be very considerably modified to
-become pocketable; however, they occur in every variety at page 35,
-in short pieces, each with a screw at one end, and a socket at the
-other; at p. 59, as a neat rope ladder; at p. 113, on the principle of
-the lazy-tongs; and at p. 162, a method of connecting short poles is
-exhibited.</p>
-
-<p>Robert Fludd, in the second book of his works, published in 1617 and
-1618, folio, Page 384, gives a large copper-plate engraving of a very
-ingenious form of ladder. Each step is of wood, and the two sides of
-rope. The ingenuity of the invention consists in each step having
-a ferrule at one end, and the opposite end tapered sufficiently to
-fit into each ferrule of the adjoining step; by this means the whole
-can be put together like an ordinary fishing rod, and the top step
-terminating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</span> with a hook, it can easily be attached to any elevated
-place, and on pulling the pole, each part separates, falling at once
-into the form of a ladder with rope sides. Bourne’s 62nd Device, in his
-“Inventions, or Devices,” 1578, is&mdash;“How for to make a scaling ladder.”</p>
-
-<p>Van Etten, 1653, gives for his 111th Problem, “To make a Ladder of
-Cords, which may be carried in ones pocket: by which one may easily
-mount up a wall, or tree alone.” It consists simply of two pulleys,
-with “a cord of an half inch thick (which may be of silk, because it
-is for the pocket),” having a staff at one end to sit upon. The author
-gravely concludes, “This secret is most excellent in warre, and for
-lovers, its supportablenesse avoids suspition.” See page <a href="#Page_248">248.</a></p>
-
-<p>Among Friar Bacon’s inventions, the following is recorded in the
-fourth chapter of his “Discovery of the Miracles of Art, Nature and
-Magick,” 12mo. published in 1659:&mdash;“It is possible to invent an Engine
-of a little bulk, yet of great efficacy, either to the depressing
-or elevation of the very greatest weight; which would be of much
-consequence in several accidents; for hereby a man may either ascend or
-descend any walls, delivering himself or comrades from prison; and this
-engine is only three fingers high and four broad.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">51.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Rule of Gradation, which with ease and method reduceth all
-things to a private correspondence, most useful for secret
-Intelligence.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Rule of Gradation.</i>] Probably some scheme which appeared to
-be capable of indefinite multiplication, the object of the secret
-correspondent always being<span class="pagenum" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</span> to elude the utmost skill of an expert
-decipherer. Twenty-six lines of 26 letters of the alphabet each, would
-form a square; and supposing the letters placed in different order
-on each line, we might produce 26 linear alphabets, and 26 columnar
-alphabets; or change these by diagonal or other lines. These, and
-similar variations appear interminable, but it is questionable whether
-they would not delay rather than defy detection.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">52.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to signifie words and a perfect Discourse by<a id="rn_52_5" href="#fn_52_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> jangling
-of<a id="rn_52_6" href="#fn_52_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> Bells of any Parish-Church, or by any Musical Instrument
-within hearing, in a seeming way of tuning it; or of an
-unskilful beginner.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_52_5" id="fn_52_5"></a><a href="#rn_52_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>by the.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_52_6" id="fn_52_6"></a><a href="#rn_52_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>of the.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A mysticall jangling of Bells.</i>] There occurs at page 185, of Van
-Etten’s Math. Recreat. 1653, among the several heads of Problem 84,
-“Of changes in Bells.” He inquires: “Is it not an admirable thing
-to consider how the skill of numbers doth easily furnish us with
-the knowledge of mysterious hidden things?” He says: “It is often
-debated&mdash;what number of changes there might be made in 5, 6, 7, 8, or
-more bells;” observing thereon, “that a childe which can but multiply
-one number by another, may easily resolve it.” Not only have we here
-a kindred subject discussed, but also in language very analogous to
-that employed by the Marquis, particularly in the use of the words
-“mysterious,” “admirable,” and “a child;” the latter being a favourite
-similitude.</p>
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_450"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 450]</span>53.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way how to make hollow and cover a Water-scrue as big and as
-long as one pleaseth in an easie and cheap way.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An hollowing of a Water-scrue.</i>] This was probably no more than an
-ingenious piece of carpentry, to obtain an object which was then most
-likely of considerable importance. Three of his inventions refer to the
-Archimedian screw, so that the Marquis seems to have given the subject
-more than ordinary attention.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">54.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make a Water-scrue tite, and yet transparent, and free
-from breaking; but so clear, that one may palpably see the
-water or any heavy thing how and why it is mounted by turning.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A transparent Water-scrue.</i>] This invention does not appear to be
-offered as one of any other use than for pleasure and instruction, to
-“see the water or any heavy thing, how and why it mounteth by turning.”
-Was it not by such models that he had early informed his own mind?</p>
-
-<p>If the transparent covering was not to be glass or horn, the Marquis
-may have used the material proposed by Sir Hugh Plat in his “Jewel
-House of Art and Nature,” 1653, in which is given, at page 72, a
-recipe: “To make parchment clear and transparent to serve for divers
-purposes. This I commend, (he says) before<span class="pagenum" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</span> oiled paper, because it is
-more lasting”&mdash;when employed for windows.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">55.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A double Water-scrue, the innermost to mount the water, and
-the outermost for it to descend more in number of threds, and
-consequently in quantity of water, though much shorter then
-the innermost scrue, by which the water ascendeth, a most
-extraordinary help for the turning of the scrue to make the
-water rise.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A double Water-scrue.</i>] The arrangement of this simple invention is
-so clearly and amply set forth, that it is a wonder it could ever have
-been misunderstood; yet it so baffled Mr. Partington, that he classes
-it among “extraordinary sleight of hand discoveries.”</p>
-
-<p>M. Pattu, a French engineer, in 1815, published his account of a double
-water-screw of this description which he had invented, capable of
-being applied in three different ways, the construction, however, in
-all being the same. In one arrangement, the enlarged end of the screw
-is about one-eighth part that of the entire length of the internal
-or lesser screw, and it surrounds the “innermost” screw, the spirals
-winding in a reversed direction. The top of the shorter or “outermost”
-screw may be on a level with a stream of water “for it to descend”
-therein, to promote “the turning of the screw” (of greater length and
-smaller diameter) “to make the water rise,” from a lower stream.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</span></p>
-
-<p>In a second application, the long screw may be used to propel the short one,
-to raise water a moderate height.</p>
-
-<p>Or, thirdly, the enlargement may form the upper end, and be used to
-propel from above, instead of from below, as at first described.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">56.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-To provide and make that all the Weights of the descending side
-of a Wheel shall be perpetually further from the Centre, then
-those of the mounting side, and yet equal in number and heft
-to<a id="rn_56_71" href="#fn_56_71"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> the one side as the other. A most incredible thing, if
-not seen, but tried before the late king (of<a id="rn_56_81" href="#fn_56_81"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> blessed memory)
-in the <i>Tower</i>, by my directions, two Extraordinary Embassadors
-accompanying His Majesty, and the Duke of <i>Richmond</i> and
-Duke<a id="rn_56_9" href="#fn_56_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> <i>Hamilton</i>, with<a id="rn_56_1" href="#fn_56_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> most<a id="rn_56_2" href="#fn_56_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> of the Court, attending
-Him. The Wheel was 14. Foot<a id="rn_56_3" href="#fn_56_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> over, and 40. Weights of 50.
-pounds apiece. Sir <i>William Balfore</i>,<a id="rn_56_4" href="#fn_56_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a><a id="FNanchor_K_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_73"><span class="fnanchor">[K]</span></a> then Lieutenant
-of the <i>Tower</i>,<a id="rn_56_5" href="#fn_56_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> can justifie<a id="rn_56_6" href="#fn_56_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> it, with several others.
-They all saw, that no sooner these great Weights passed the
-Diameter-line of the lower<a id="rn_56_72" href="#fn_56_72"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> side, but they hung a foot
-further from the Centre, nor no sooner passed the Diameter-line
-of the upper<a id="rn_56_82" href="#fn_56_82"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> side, but they hung a foot nearer. Be pleased
-to judge the consequence.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_71" id="fn_56_71"></a><a href="#rn_56_71"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>of&mdash;for to. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_81" id="fn_56_81"></a><a href="#rn_56_81"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>of happy and glorious. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_9" id="fn_56_9"></a><a href="#rn_56_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>of, omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_1" id="fn_56_1"></a><a href="#rn_56_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>and&mdash;for with.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_2" id="fn_56_2"></a><a href="#rn_56_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>most part.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_3" id="fn_56_3"></a><a href="#rn_56_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_4" id="fn_56_4"></a><a href="#rn_56_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>Belford. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_5" id="fn_56_5"></a><a href="#rn_56_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>and yet living can.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_6" id="fn_56_6"></a><a href="#rn_56_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>testify&mdash;for justify. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_72" id="fn_56_72"></a><a href="#rn_56_72"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>upper&mdash;for lower. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_56_82" id="fn_56_82"></a><a href="#rn_56_82"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>lower&mdash;for upper. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="Page_453"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 453]</span>[<i>An advantageous change of Centres.</i>] This is the most minutely as
-well as circumstantially noted of all the Marquis’s inventions; yet we
-have no evidence of his ever afterwards recurring to it. The mention of
-Sir William Balfour makes it probable that the exhibition of this great
-weighted wheel took place between 1638 and 1641. [See Life, Times,
-&amp;c., page 25.] Dr. John Dee, in his celebrated preface to Sir Henry
-Billingsley’s first English edition of Euclid, published in folio,
-1570, speaks of such a machine, as not only possible, but as having
-been actually constructed, and “a thing most incredible if not seen;”
-this, compared with the language used by the Marquis, would lead to the
-supposition that he had not only read but copied the passage.</p>
-
-<p>It is difficult to reconcile the statement he has here made, with the
-declaration on the title page, of his inventions having been “tried
-and perfected.” In this single instance, he leaves the reader to “Be
-pleased to judge the consequence.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 50%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p454" src="images/p454.jpg"
-      alt="A weighted wheel" />
-</div>
-
-<p>Dr. Desaguliers, in a memoir, published by the Royal Society, vol.
-31, 1720&ndash;21, quoting the foregoing article, ventures the reply: “Now
-the consequence of this, and such like machines [assuming them to be
-as above<span class="pagenum" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</span> described,] is nothing less than a perpetual motion.” Of
-course he does not admit even the possibility of such an arrangements
-of parts, he only allows that if <i>that</i> could be executed, the other
-would follow. But Desaguliers admitted too much, for it may easily be
-demonstrated that the conditions stated may be mechanically produced,
-without any resulting motion. Let the annexed diagram represent a
-wheel of 14 feet in diameter, having 40 spokes, seven feet each, and
-with an inner rim coinciding with the periphery, at one foot distance,
-all round. Next provide 40 balls or weights, hanging in the centre
-of cords or chains two feet long. Now fasten one end of this cord at
-the top of the centre spoke C, and the other end of the cord to the
-next right hand spoke one foot below the upper end, or on the inner
-ring; proceed in like manner with every other spoke in succession;
-and it will be found, that, at A, the cord will have the position
-shown outside the wheel; while at B, C, and D, it will also take the
-respective positions, as shown on the outside. The result in this
-case will be, that, all the weights on the side A, C, D, hang to the
-great, or outer circle, while on the side B, C, D, all the weights
-are suspended from the lesser or inner circle.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</span> And if we reverse the
-motion of the wheel, turning it from the right hand to the left hand,
-we shall reverse these positions also, (the lower end of the cord
-sliding in a groove towards a left hand spoke) but without the wheel
-having any tendency to move of itself.</p>
-
-<p>His notice of this exhibition was not written by the Marquis until
-1655, from 14 to 17 years after its occurrence, and he may have then
-hesitated to say that it was not a success; but he may have persuaded
-himself that he was at last in possession of the secret that was at
-first wanting. Besides, we are not to infer that the company described
-as being present had gone to the Tower purposely to see the Marquis’s
-wheel; it being far more probable that, Charles the First and the
-foreign ambassadors were there to view that fortress with all its
-treasures and curiosities.</p>
-
-<p>According to the state of knowledge in 1663, the Marquis of Worcester
-was not singular in entertaining this subject, and all we can make of
-the present article is, that he has left it open to doubt whether he
-himself did not consider that his experiment required confirmation.
-“Perpetuum Mobile; or a history of the search for self-motive power,”
-1862, is a work which may be taken as an elaborate note on this
-article, for it was the perusal of it that led the author, to commence
-the compilation of that work, more than thirty years ago.</p>
-
-<p>Before the publication of the “Century” Samuel Hartlib had, (on the
-10th of August, 1658,) written to Mr. Boyle on the subject of a
-perpetual motion invented by the ingenious and celebrated John Joachim
-Becher, an account of which was to be printed at Frankfort.&mdash;Boyle’s
-Works, fol. 1744, p. 280.</p>
-
-<p>Charles the Second was favoured with the exhibition of another scheme
-of this sort, by John Evelyn, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</span> Fellow of the Royal Society at the
-time, and therefore not likely to participate in any matter which the
-scientific world of his day repudiated. But learned men of his time
-rather approved of all wonder-working automata than otherwise. Evelyn
-says in his Diary, under the date of 14th July, 1668, that during an
-interview with the King:&mdash;“I showed his Majesty the perpetual motion
-sent to me by Dr. Stokes from Cologne.”&mdash;Vol. ii. p. 37, ed. 1859.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number"><a id="Article_57">57.</a></p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An ebbing and flowing Water-work in two Vessels, into either
-of which the water standing at a level, if a Globe be cast in,
-instead of rising it presently ebbeth, and so remaineth untill
-a like Globe be cast into the other Vessel, which the water is
-no sooner sensible of, but<a id="rn_57_9" href="#fn_57_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> that<a id="rn_57_1" href="#fn_57_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> Vessel presently ebbeth,
-and the other floweth, and so continueth ebbing and flowing
-untill one or both of<a id="rn_57_2" href="#fn_57_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> the Globes be taken out, working some
-little effect besides its own motion, without the help of
-any man within sight or hearing: But if either of the Globes
-be taken out with ever so swift or easie a motion, at<a id="rn_57_3" href="#fn_57_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> the
-very instant the ebbing and flowing ceaseth; for if during
-the<a id="rn_57_4" href="#fn_57_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</span>
-ebbing you take out the Globe, the water of that Vessel
-presently returneth to flow, and never ebbeth after, until<a id="rn_57_5" href="#fn_57_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
-the Globe be returned into it, and then the motion beginneth as
-before.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_9" id="fn_57_9"></a><a href="#rn_57_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>but that the. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_1" id="fn_57_1"></a><a href="#rn_57_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>the&mdash;for that.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_2" id="fn_57_2"></a><a href="#rn_57_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>of&mdash;omitted. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_3" id="fn_57_3"></a><a href="#rn_57_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>at that instant. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_4" id="fn_57_4"></a><a href="#rn_57_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>that&mdash;for the.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_57_5" id="fn_57_5"></a><a href="#rn_57_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>unless&mdash;for until.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<p>[<i>A constant Water-flowing and ebbing motion</i>.] We are very much
-mistaken if this is not the result of one of the Marquis’s early
-experimental model demonstrations, and a happy illustrative example for
-the lecture-table of raising water by the condensation of steam.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 60%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p457" src="images/p457.jpg"
-      alt="A water-flowing and ebbing motion" />
-</div>
-
-<p>A, B, represents two water tanks or cisterns, permanently connected
-by the water-pipe C, and having within, D, D, two perforated shelves
-or false bottoms; E, is a main steam-pipe, with a four-way steam cock
-at F, branching into the form shown at G, G', and passing through
-the bottom of each tank, rises vertically to the level of the false
-bottoms, where each is supplied with a valve at the top end, to prevent
-the ingress of water. G', is shown receiving steam from E. H, I, are
-two hollow metal globes, surmounted with a small crown ornament to
-conceal a spring valve, to which a floating weight is suspended by a
-chain, as at X'; but floated upwards at X, where it operates to open
-the spring valve within the crown. In the above<span class="pagenum" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</span> diagram, it is obvious
-that water placed in A, will flow onward to B, and stand at the same
-level in both cisterns. The valve in each globe requires to be so
-arranged, that when forced open its spring will prevent its closing
-until acted on by a weight, which weight must hang to the inside of the
-valve by means of a chain, and be able to float on the surface of the
-water, and it will be requisite to adjust the chain to such a length
-that when the water is at a certain level it shall have no influence on
-the float-weight of the valve, which will then close.</p>
-
-<p>With this apparatus, the operator can conceal the connection between
-the two cisterns, and that between the bottoms to admit steam. The
-water is now seen at the same level in “two vessels,” and with a
-perforated shelf about an inch below the surface of each. We may
-now find, “if a globe be cast in,” the water “instead of rising, it
-presently ebbeth, and so remaineth,” doing nothing further “until
-a like globe be cast into the other vessel; which the water is no
-sooner sensible of, but <i>that</i> vessel presently ebbeth, and the other
-floweth.” For it must be observed, the first globe was placed in the
-centre, over a steam pipe, its nozzle protected with a valve, and on
-letting in the steam, being otherwise empty and the valve purposely
-opened for the escape of steam and air, but which its weight closed
-as soon as permitted to act, and thereon condensation followed, the
-water flowed into that vessel, but ebbed in the other. We then insert a
-second globe, in the second cistern, under like conditions; and as soon
-as the rising water has opened the top valve of the first globe, this
-second globe will repeat the operation, “and so continueth ebbing and
-flowing until one or both the globes be taken out.” And this ebbing and
-flowing, this rising, and these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</span> changing heights in the water in the
-two tanks or cisterns, may easily be adapted for “working some little
-effect besides its own motion, without the help of any man within sight
-or hearing,” and of course too far off to be the acting agent in such
-additional “working of some little effect,” some see-sawing action,
-to work automata or like “little effects” for the delectation of the
-ingenious and the delight of all the lovers of the marvellous. And
-note “if during the ebbing,” when that globe and that cistern is all
-but empty, “you take out the globe, the water of that vessel presently
-returneth to flow,” showing that the globe thus removed was quite
-empty; and therefore would be shown as part of the miracle, the same
-empty globe had been performing such strange motions in the water.
-But let “the globe be returned (empty as it was before) into it [the
-cistern], and then the motion beginneth as before.”</p>
-
-<p>If we are correct in this conjecture, the principle involved would
-easily account for the inventions couched in the terms of articles No.
-22, An ebbing and flowing river; and No. 23, An ebbing and flowing
-Castle Clock.</p>
-
-<p>The present article, viewed in any other light than as illustrative
-of the peculiar properties of the great principle with which he was
-operating, and which he was incessantly investigating, and varying its
-applications, is altogether incomprehensible. But it was very natural
-for him to preserve in this simple but striking form the sure signs of
-greater applications. In the present example, we have no attempt, in
-this philosophical demonstrative model, to cater to the popular taste,
-although the fertile genius of the noble inventor could not permit
-the suggestion to escape his pen that the rise and the fall of the
-water might be made to operate&mdash;shall we say bellows, mills and the
-like, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</span> cause birds to chirp, and fountains to play? Thus “working
-some little effect besides its own motion” of soberly ebbing and
-flowing. But this is a mere parenthetical, gratuitous offer to dash the
-concealed purpose, and give colour to the supposition that it had no
-higher design. There is generally something to serve for amusement, or
-to answer some practical purpose, observable in all the 100 articles,
-but who could assign the use of two globes, in two vessels of water,
-causing the same to flow and ebb? Viewed independent of the object here
-suggested, it bears a most purposeless character; and in no other way
-than as illustrative of the results of the condensation of steam, set
-forth in a merely experimental apparatus, can we conceive it possible
-of receiving either a scientific or any other reasonable explanation.</p>
-
-<p>For adjusting the apparatus it would be necessary to fill the troughs
-or cisterns until the water was level with the perforated false
-bottom, and next to add as much more water as would be equal to the
-contents of one globe, when the water altogether would cover the false
-bottoms. The globes should be heavy enough not to overturn either on
-the admission of the steam, or the expulsion of steam and air from
-beneath. While steam is entering, the top spring-valve is kept closed
-by the float-weight, but when condensation commences, the external
-pressure performs the same duty; so soon, however, as the rising water
-has elevated the float to the underside of the spring-valve, its
-pressure against it and the action of the spring, cause it to open,
-and then the column of water will at once commence descending. As a
-matter of detail, the float would require a guide rod, or some similar
-contrivance to direct and keep its course uniformly under the valve, so
-as to open it.</p>
-
-<p>The whole experiment is one of mere matter of fact<span class="pagenum" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</span> and not of
-excellence. It is simply to develope a principle and not to carry out
-any express piece of curious workmanship; there is not, therefore, any
-statement of its possessing surprising qualities, the utmost proposed
-is “a constant water-flowing and ebbing motion,” without any condition
-as to degree, quantity, or extent of its effect. This and no more would
-the apparatus here described demonstrate on its trial.</p>
-
-<p>This article of the “Century” strikingly illustrates how truly the
-Marquis wrote it as he says&mdash;“in a way, as may sufficiently instruct
-<i>me</i> to put any of them in practice;” or, rather to repeat the practice
-of them, for he has only a line or two before told us, they are such
-of his inventions as “I can call to mind to have <span class="smcap">tried</span> and
-<span class="smcap">perfected</span>;” and what he wrote he meant, let sceptics and
-superficial critics pervert his words as they may to uphold their own
-narrow conceits. The reader of articles, Nos. 22 and 23, is informed
-of effects without the least intimation of a means; he is then amused
-with springs, weights, levers, portable bridges, fortifications,
-stenography, keys, automata, stairs, ladders, cochlea, and so forth, to
-the number of 33 inventions, and then, after losing sight of No. 22,
-and No. 23, he is invited to examine the machine by which the “ebbing
-and flowing” effects are produced. All this is perfectly legitimate,
-but, nevertheless, well worthy of notice, as opening to view the
-peculiar tact and skill of the writer; and the extreme necessity of
-exercising cautious judgment in our estimate of “The treasures buried
-under these heads, both for war, peace, and pleasure.”</p>
-
-<p>It is when we refer back to No. 22, that we become convinced, beyond
-what No. 57 alone might persuade us of, that by no means short of
-the condensation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</span> of steam could the proposed ebbing and flowing be
-effected on a river “twenty feet over,” and be managed by “a child’s
-force,” as in article No. 100.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">58.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make a Pistol to discharge a dozen times with one
-loading, and without so much as once new Priming requisite, or
-to change it out of one hand into the other, or stop ones horse.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An often-discharging Pistol.</i>] About the year 1575, a description
-was given of the operation and advantages of a certain newly invented
-engine of war, whereby twenty-four bullets could be discharged from one
-piece at a time. And it appears that at that period there were in the
-Tower 200 of the engines and 3000 bullets.&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Vol. 106.</p>
-
-<p>About 1580 (?) John the Almain wrote to Walsyngham, recommends one of
-his countrymen, who had invented an harquebuse, “that shall contain
-ten balls or pelletes of lead, all the which shall go off, one after
-another, having once given fire; so that with one harquebuse one may
-kill ten thieves or other enemies without recharging.”&mdash;Cal. State
-Papers, Vol. 146.</p>
-
-<p>Porta, in his “Natural Magick,” folio, English edition, 1658, gives an
-account, in the 12th Book, how “A brass gun once fired, may discharge
-ten times.” He says, “It is a new invention, that a great brass-gun, or
-hand-gun, may discharge 10 or more bullets one after another without
-intermission. Make a dark powder, such as I used in the precedent part,
-and fill it thus:&mdash;First, put in a certain measure of gunpowder, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</span>
-being put in, may discharge the ball, but a small one, that it may go
-in loosely, and that the powder put in upon it may come to touch the
-gunpowder: then pour in this dark powder two or three fingers deep;
-then put in your gunpowder and your bullet; and thus in order, one
-after the other, until the gun seems to be full to the very mouth.
-Lastly pour in some of your dark clammy powder: and when you have
-levelled your gun to the place appointed, put fire to the mouth of
-it; for it will cast out the bullets, and then fire for so long time
-as a man may discharge a hand-gun at divers shoots. And thus with one
-brass-gun you may discharge many times.”&mdash;(p. 293.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">59.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-Another way as fast and<a id="rn_59_6" href="#fn_59_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> effectual, but more proper for
-Carabines.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_59_6" id="fn_59_6"></a><a href="#rn_59_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>and as.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An especial way for Carbines.</i>] The Carabine or Carbine was a short
-gun for bullets of twenty-four to the pound.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">60.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way with a Flask appropriated unto it, which will furnish
-either Pistol or Carabine with a dozen Charges in three minutes
-time, to do the whole execution of<a id="rn_60_7" href="#fn_60_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> a dozen shots, as soon as
-one pleaseth, proportionably.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_60_7" id="fn_60_7"></a><a href="#rn_60_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>of 12.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Flask-charger.</i>] His patent of 1661 gives the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</span> following altered
-reading to his improvements applying to guns, thus:&mdash;“To make certain
-guns or pistols, which in the tenth part of one minute or an hour, may,
-with a flask contrived to that purpose, be recharged, the fourth part
-of one turn of the barrel, which remains still fixed, fastening it as
-forcibly and effectually as a dozen threads of any screw, which in the
-ordinary and usual way require as many turns.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="number">61.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A third way, and<a id="rn_61_8" href="#fn_61_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> particular<a id="rn_61_9" href="#fn_61_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> for Musquets, without taking
-them from their Rests to charge or prime, to a like execution,
-and as fast as the Flask, the musquet containing but one Charge
-at a time.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_61_8" id="fn_61_8"></a><a href="#rn_61_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>and&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_61_9" id="fn_61_9"></a><a href="#rn_61_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>particularly. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A way for Musquets.</i>] The heavy firearms of the seventeenth century
-afforded the Marquis fine scope for the exercise of his versatile
-ingenuity. Muskets were originally matchlocks; long, heavy, and
-requiring a tall forked rest to steady them in firing. Eventually
-their bore was reduced for bullets of eighteen to the pound. It is
-curious to observe the difference between the drill practice of those
-times compared with the present. In “The compleat Gentleman,” by
-Henry Peacham, M.A., published in 1627, among his other “Military
-Observations,” he gives the following: “The postures of the Musquet.
-1. March with your Musquet and Rest shouldred; 2. Prepare your Rest;
-3. Slipp your Musket; 4. Pease your Musket; 5. Joyne your Rest and
-Musquet; 6. Take out your Match; 7. Blow your Match; 8. Cock your
-Match; 9. Try your Match;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</span> 10. Guard your Pann; 11. Blow your Match;
-12. Open your Pann; 13. Present; 14. Give Fire,” &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Then, “25. Open your Charge; 26. Charge your Musket; 27. Draw out your
-Scouring Sticke; 28. Shorten your Scouring Sticke; 29. Ram your Powder;
-30. Withdraw your Scouring Sticke;” &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Thomas Smith, in his “Additions to the Book of Gunnery, both pleasant
-and profitable,” published in quarto, 1643, black letter, mentions
-“certain short muskets of an inch, or very near an inch bore, out of
-which you may shoot either chained bullets, or half a score pistol
-bullets, or half a dozen harquebus bullets at one shot, or you may
-shoot out of the same fire arrows made with strong shafts, feathered
-with horn, or with common feathers, glued and bound on with thread.
-When you are to shoot a fire arrow out of any of these pieces, you must
-not give the piece her full loading of powder.” He further notices that
-“The string made fast to the end of the fire-work is to keep the arrow
-straight in his passage.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p465" src="images/p465.jpg"
-      alt="A musketeer, 1643 " />
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_466"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 466]</span> A graphical sketch of the soldier accompanies
-these remarks (as in the facsimile annexed), which appears almost
-a caricature, but it must have been seriously approved as a good
-illustration, by our author, the “Souldier of Berwick-upon-Tweed.”</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Hewett gives the following table in his “Ancient Armour and
-Weapons,” page 715.</p>
-
-<table summary="length and number of bullets to the pound of various weapons">
-<tr><td class="t l r b"></td>
-    <td class="center t l r b">Length of Barrel.</td>
-    <td class="center t l r b">Number of Bullets to the pound.</td>
-    <td class="center t l r b">Nature of lock.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center left t l r">Musquet<span class="ml10">.</span><span class="ml10">.</span> </td>
-    <td class="center l r">4 ft.</td>
-    <td class="center l r">10</td>
-    <td class="center l r">Match</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left l r">Harquebus <span class="ml10">.</span></td>
-    <td class="center l r">2&frac12; ft.</td>
-    <td class="center l r">17</td>
-    <td class="center l r">Wheel</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left l r b">Carbine <span class="ml10">.</span><span class="ml10">.</span></td>
-    <td class="center l r b">2&frac12; ft.</td>
-    <td class="center l r b">24</td>
-    <td class="center l r b">Flint</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-
-<p class="number">62.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way for a Harquebuss, a Crock, or Ship-musquet, six upon a
-Carriage, shooting with such expedition, as<a id="rn_62_1" href="#fn_62_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> without danger
-one may charge, level, and discharge<a id="rn_62_2" href="#fn_62_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> them sixty times in a
-minute of an hour, two or three together.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_62_1" id="fn_62_1"></a><a href="#rn_62_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>as that.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_62_2" id="fn_62_2"></a><a href="#rn_62_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>level and discharge&mdash;omitted.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A way for a Harquebus, a Crock.</i>] Arquebuse, corrupted to
-Harquebus&mdash;a firearm requiring a forked rest placed in the ground, on
-which to steady the heavy barrel, which carried a ball of 2 ounces, or
-for fortresses 3&frac12; ounces.</p>
-
-<p>Arquebuse à croc&mdash;a small piece of ordnance placed on a stock or club,
-fired by a match. We find among the records of the State Paper Office
-the following notice in the Calendars, viz.:&mdash;John the Almain<a id="FNanchor_L_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_74"><span class="fnanchor">[L]</span></a> writes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</span> to
-Walsyngham, recommending one of his countrymen, who had invented an
-harquebuse “that shall containe ten balls or pellets of lead, all the
-which shall goe off, one after another, having once given fire, so that
-with one harquebuse one may kill ten theeves or other enemies without
-recharging.”&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547&ndash;1580. Edited by R.
-Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, p. 696. No. 45.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">63.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A sixth way,<a id="rn_63_3" href="#fn_63_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> most excellent for Sakers, differing from the
-other, yet as swift.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_63_3" id="fn_63_3"></a><a href="#rn_63_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>way&mdash;omitted.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>For Sakers and Minyons.</i>] Sakers were cannon, 5 to 8 pounders; and
-Minion, long 4 pounders, or short 3 pounders.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">64.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A seventh, tried and approved before the late King (of ever
-blessed memory) and an hundred Lords and Commons, in a Cannon
-of 8. inches half quarter,<a id="rn_64_4" href="#fn_64_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> to shoot Bullets of 64. pounds
-weight, and 24. pounds of pouder, twenty times in six minutes;
-so clear from danger, that after all were discharged, a Pound
-of Butter did not melt being laid upon the Cannon-britch, nor
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</span>
-the green Oile discoloured that was first anointed<a id="rn_64_5" href="#fn_64_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> and used
-between the Barrel thereof, and the Engine, having never in it,
-nor within six foot, but one charge at a time.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_64_4" id="fn_64_4"></a><a href="#rn_64_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>a quarter. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_64_5" id="fn_64_5"></a><a href="#rn_64_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>it and.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>For the biggest Cannon.</i>] This article affords a further example of
-the practical working out of another invention of the Marquis, and
-possibly at the Tower, previous to 1641.</p>
-
-<p>As early as the 16th century cannon had been undergoing gradual
-although slight improvements. The Marquis had many opportunities for
-obtaining the best information, and his active mind must have long been
-on the alert, both at home and abroad, to ascertain all that was then
-known on the subject of their manufacture, with their best form and
-dimensions. We have very early intelligence on the subject of Engines
-of War among the valuable records of our State Paper Office, from which
-we have selected the following:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>1575? No. 74. Description of the operation and advantages of a certain
-newly invented engine of war, whereby twenty-four bullets can be
-discharged from one piece at a time.</p>
-
-<p>No. 75. Notes by the inventor touching the engines of war, with the
-expense of making a few at a time. It would require above 100 engines
-to be employed at once. Desires a yearly pension in consideration of
-his invention.</p>
-
-<p>No. 76. A note of the effects already performed by the engine of war;
-of which there are 200 engines and 3000 bullets already delivered into
-the Tower for service.&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547&ndash;1580.
-Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, page 513.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</span></p>
-
-<p>In the Bodleian
-Library there is a folio volume of the MS. papers of General Mountagu,
-or the Earl of Sandwich, lettered on the back “Carte Papers, 1604&ndash;1684.
-Letters to Earl of Sandwich, &amp;c. 74,” in which is the following:
-“Invention for Cannon to doe extraordinary execution. (No. 123.) Canon
-that shall shute more then 400 paces, a bulett of four fadem longe to
-destroy the Riggings of any ship, the which bulett must necessarily goe
-a twart, and cannot come perpendicularly, as other chayne buletts, and
-other such like, who by that means may misse the intended effect and
-passe through the cordage or Riggings.”</p>
-
-<p>Among the Sloane MSS. in the British Museum is one, No. 2497, with
-rude drawings of cannon, &amp;c. viz.: a fauconet; a faucon; a minnion;
-a saker; a demi-culveringe; a culvering; a demi-cannon; a cannon; a
-cannon-peuterer; a cannon-rial; each with its proper ball, ramrods, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Robert Norton, Engineer and Gunner in “The gunners dialogue with the
-art of great Artillery,” a black letter quarto, accompanying “The Arte
-of shooting in great ordnance,” by William Bourne, 1643, gives the
-names, &amp;c. of ordnance, thus:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom"><span class="ml15">Cannon of 8 weighing</span> <span class="ml10"> 8,000 lbs.</span>
-<br />&mdash;〃&mdash; of 7<span class="ml45"> 7,000</span>
-<br />Demi-Cannon<span class="ml40"> 6,000</span>
-<br />Culvering<span class="ml55"> 4,500</span>
-<br />Demi-Culvering<span class="ml30"> 2,500</span>
-<br />Saker<span class="ml70"> 1,500</span>
-<br />Minion <span class="ml65"> 1,200</span></p>
-
-
-<p>Among other inquiries in the course of the dialogue occur the
-following:&mdash;“If you were to make a shot in the night, at a mark showed
-you in the day, how would you prepare for it?” And:&mdash;“How would you
-make a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</span> shot at an enemies light, in a dark night, not having any
-candle, lanthorn, or other light by you?”</p>
-
-<p>David Papillon, in his “Practical Art of Fortification,” 4to. 1645,
-enumerating the ordnance and ammunition of a garrison, observes:&mdash;“for
-a towne of two English miles circumference, of these sorts, six
-cannons, six demi-cannons, six long culverins [or double for a
-sea-port], twentie sacres [or less for a sea-port], and twelve drakes,
-and one hundred thousand [pounds?] weight of powder.”&mdash;P. 97.</p>
-
-<p>In “Mathematical Magick,” 1648, Bishop Wilkins incidentally
-remarks&mdash;“the greatest cannon in use, does not carry above 64 pound
-weight,” page 126. And in the 19th chapter of the same work he states
-the charge to be 40 lbs. of powder.</p>
-
-<p>John Greaves, Geometry Professor of Gresham College, who was born in
-1602, and died in October, 1652, made experiments for trying the force
-of great guns, at Woolwich, 18th of March, 1651, which were published
-in the 15th volume of the Philosophical Transactions, 1685.</p>
-
-<p>The following extracts are given, from their specifying the
-description, weight, and sometimes the size of the cannon used, with
-the charge of powder and weight of shot.</p>
-
-<p>The great ordnance tried were:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>1. “An iron demy Canon, of 3500 lbs. weight, and having a cylinder
-bore, the bullet 32 lb. of iron, the powder 10 lb.</p>
-
-<p>2. “An iron demy Canon, having a taper bore, and being 3600 lbs. in
-weight, and 4 inches longer than the former, the iron bullet 32 lb.</p>
-
-<p>3. “Experiment with a whole Culverin in brass, of 5300 lbs. in weight,
-11 foot one inch in length, with a taper bore, being intended for a
-chase piece to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</span> frigate called the Speaker; the iron bullet was 18
-lbs. in weight, the powder 10 lbs.</p>
-
-<p>4. “A whole Culverin in brass, made at Amsterdam, for the French, with
-this mark 3580, being 10 foot long, and not very thick in the breech,
-18 lb. bullet, and 9 lb. of powder.</p>
-
-<p>5. “An iron Demy Culverin, 9 lbs. iron bullet, and 4 lb. of powder.
-This half Culverin was shot eight times.</p>
-
-<p>6. “A brass Demy Culverin, the breech 13-5/8 inches, the mouth 9-5/8, 9
-lb. iron bullet, 4 lb. of powder.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">65.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way that one man in the Cabin may govern the<a id="rn_65_6" href="#fn_65_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> whole side of
-Ship-musquets, to the number (if need require) of 2. or 3000.
-shots.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_65_6" id="fn_65_6"></a><a href="#rn_65_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>a&mdash;for the. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>For a whole side of Ship-musquets.</i>] The list of five inventions,
-which appears in the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 316, refers to a similar
-improvement, viz.: “Oft shooting peards, controlable in one plane,
-either for number or time.”</p>
-
-<p>The 43rd Device, given by Bourne in his “Inventions or Devices,” 1578,
-is entitled, “How to make any piece of Ordnance go off at any hour or
-time appointed, by itself, and no person there.”</p>
-
-<p>Again, in the 44th Device, we have, “How to make a piece go off when
-you list, and no person there.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">66.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way that against<a id="rn_66_7" href="#fn_66_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> several Advenues<a id="rn_66_8" href="#fn_66_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> to a Fort or Castle,
-one man <span class="pagenum" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</span>
-may charge fifty Cannons playing, and stopping when he
-pleaseth, though out of sight of the Cannon.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_66_7" id="fn_66_7"></a><a href="#rn_66_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>the. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_66_8" id="fn_66_8"></a><a href="#rn_66_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>avenues. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>For guarding several advenues to a Town.</i>] This would appear to be no
-more than an extended application of the preceding invention. We can
-imagine that Caspar Kaltoff executed a very beautiful model of this
-piece of machinery, with its 50 little brass guns, 50 ramrods, &amp;c., all
-worked simultaneously by a man below, “out of sight of the cannon;”
-but it is very unlikely that the Marquis would have recommended its
-adoption; it shows, however, how he persevered in endeavours to abridge
-human labour.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">67.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A rare way likewise for musquettoons fastened to the Pummel of
-the Saddle, so that a Common Trooper cannot misse to charge
-them, with twenty or thirty Bullets at a time, even in full
-career.</p>
-
-<p class="number_text2">
-<i>When first I gave my thoughts to make Guns shoot often, I
-thought there had been but one only exquisite way inventible,
-yet by several trials and much charge I have perfectly tried
-all these.</i></p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>For Musquettoons on horseback.</i>] The remark which forms a postscript
-to this article, naturally leads to the conclusion that the
-improvements in guns were among the later inventions of the Marquis,
-perhaps about or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</span> after 1641, when his own active services promised
-soon to be required in the field. His improved firearms are chiefly
-recommended for effecting rapid firing. It may have been one of the
-results of his experiments, that Caspar Kaltoff became engaged at
-Vauxhall in such manufactures for the government.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis would obtain little assistance from Vegetius, although he
-would find some extraordinary applications of “Mirabilis Machina.” We
-see there the “Tormentum,” with its great stone ball, and fire issuing
-from muzzle and touch-hole, manipulated after an extraordinary fashion,
-bristling down the sides of an angular frame; whirled round on a
-circular table like a capstan; eight placed crosswise; or two placed
-breech to breech, one horizontal, the other vertical, to be fired from
-behind a goodly target. But the Marquis went far beyond these ancient
-military weapons, for gunpowder was then beginning to be understood and
-applied with a degree of effect that startled and surprised the enemy,
-while it only disgusted the humane portion of our forefathers of that
-day, who, in case of dire necessity alone, favoured the use of balista,
-catapulta, bows, and pikes, in the conduct of military and naval
-engagements.</p>
-
-<p>Musketoons were the same as the blunderbuss, being of large bore to
-fire with a charge of twenty or more pistol bullets, of from seven to
-seven and a half ounces of lead, among a multitude, to disperse the
-crowd.</p>
-
-<p>The arms offensive and defensive of the old militia, described by
-Grose, in his “Military Antiquities,” 1801, as applying to a trooper,
-with the furniture for his horse, were as follows:&mdash;“The defensive
-armour, a breast, back, and pot (or scull cap without vizor or bever),
-pistol proof; the offensive arms, a sword, and a case of <i>pistols</i>,
-the barrels not under 14 inches in length; the furniture for the
-horse, a great saddle, or pad, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</span> burs and straps for affixing the
-holsters, a bit and bridle, with a pectoral and crupper: for the foot,
-a <i>musketeer</i> had a <i>musket</i>, the barrel, not under three feet in
-length, and the <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">guage</ins> of the bore for 12 bullets to the pound, a collar
-of bandileers, with a sword.” (Vol. 1.)</p>
-
-<p>Abraham Hill, a Fellow of the Royal Society, patented, 3rd of March,
-1664, among other inventions, one for guns and pistols, with several
-devices for the speedier and more effectual discharge of them; also a
-new kind of powder horn.</p>
-
-<p>We shall close these observations on improvements in firearms with the
-following miscellaneous illustrations respecting the several kinds then
-in use.</p>
-
-<p>In “The Exercise of Armes for Calivers, Musketts, and Pikes, after the
-order of his excellence Maurits Prince of Orange, &amp;c. Sett forth in
-the figures by Jacob de Gheyn. Printed at the Hage,” folio, 1607:&mdash;the
-instructions commence with an engraved illustration of the soldier,
-showing how he should stand and “carry his caliver, matche, and
-rapier;” and proceeds to observe, “he shall also hold the match burning
-or kindled at both the endes, betwixt the two least fingers of the same
-left hand.” He is thus represented, holding a piece of smouldering
-touch-rope of two or three feet long, lighted at both ends, and has
-other similar reserve cords at his belt.</p>
-
-<p>In the splendid work on “Ancient Armour and Arms,” by Sir S. R.
-Meyrick, 2 vols. folio, 1830, numerous illustrative plates of
-firearms occur in the following order:&mdash;<i>Arquebus</i>, plate 114, figure
-5.&mdash;<i>Blunderbuss</i>, a snaphaunce, from the Dutch donderbus, thunder-gun,
-p. 119, f. 10.&mdash;<i>Carabine</i>, a wheel-lock, p. 116, f. 1.&mdash;117, and 119,
-f. 9.&mdash;<i>Carabineers</i>, p. 43.&mdash;<i>Cross bow</i>, p. 94; 95; 98.&mdash;<i>Flask for
-powder</i>, p. 123; 124.&mdash;<i>Musket</i>, p. 117; 119.&mdash;<i>Musketeer</i>, p. 36.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_475"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 475]</span>68.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An admirable and most forcible way to drive up water by<a id="rn_68_91" href="#fn_68_91"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a>
-fire, not by drawing or sucking it upwards, for that must be as
-the Philosopher calleth it, <i>Intra</i><a id="rn_68_11" href="#fn_68_11"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> <i>sphæram activitatis</i>,
-which is but at such a distance. But this way hath no Bounder,
-if the Vessels be strong enough; for I have taken a piece of a
-whole Cannon, whereof the end was burst, and filled it three
-quarters full of water,<a id="rn_68_2" href="#fn_68_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> stopping and scruing up the<a id="rn_68_3" href="#fn_68_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a>
-broken end; as also the Touch-hole; and making a constant
-fire under it, within 24. hours it burst and made a great
-crack: So that having a<a id="rn_68_4" href="#fn_68_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> way to make my Vessels, so that
-they are strengthened by the force within them, and the one
-to fill after the other.<a id="rn_68_5" href="#fn_68_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> I have seen the water run<a id="rn_68_6" href="#fn_68_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> like
-a constant Fountaine-stream forty foot<a id="rn_68_7" href="#fn_68_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> high; one Vessel
-of water rarified by fire driveth<a id="rn_68_8" href="#fn_68_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> up forty of cold water.
-And a man that tends the work is but to turn two Cocks, that
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</span>
-one Vessel of water being consumed, another begins to force
-and<a id="rn_68_92" href="#fn_68_92"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> re-fill with cold water, and so successively, the fire
-being tended and kept constant, which the self-same Person
-may likewise abundantly perform in the interim between the
-necessity of<a id="rn_68_12" href="#fn_68_12"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> turning the said Cocks.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_91" id="fn_68_91"></a><a href="#rn_68_91"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>with&mdash;for by.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_11" id="fn_68_11"></a><a href="#rn_68_11"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>“Intra”&mdash;in printed edition, 1663. But “Infra” in MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_2" id="fn_68_2"></a><a href="#rn_68_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>of water&mdash;omitted. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_3" id="fn_68_3"></a><a href="#rn_68_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>that&mdash;for the.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_4" id="fn_68_4"></a><a href="#rn_68_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>found a.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_5" id="fn_68_5"></a><a href="#rn_68_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>other, have seen. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_6" id="fn_68_6"></a><a href="#rn_68_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>to run.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_7" id="fn_68_7"></a><a href="#rn_68_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_8" id="fn_68_8"></a><a href="#rn_68_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>driving 40 of.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_92" id="fn_68_92"></a><a href="#rn_68_92"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>and that to refill.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_68_12" id="fn_68_12"></a><a href="#rn_68_12"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>necessity of&mdash;omitted.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Fire Water-work.</i>] This is that great invention which has
-popularized and preserved the fame of the Marquis of Worcester in the
-public mind. Had the whole of the Century been destroyed, with the
-exception of this 68th article, enough would have remained to satisfy
-any engineer, that the Marquis had achieved a grand discovery.</p>
-
-<p>We shall proceed to notice what information books and the patent
-records would afford, to stimulate his inquiries into the possible
-practical application of the effects, resulting from the action of fire
-on water in close vessels.</p>
-
-<p>The work which has, from being often quoted, acquired especial notice
-on this subject is, “Les Raisons des forces Mouvantes avec diverses
-Machines. Par Salomon de Caus,” folio, published at Frankfort, 1615, in
-which, at page 4, theorem V, under the title, “<i>L’eau montera par aide
-du feu, plus haut que son niveau</i>,” it is illustrated and described
-as follows:&mdash;“Le troisiesme moyen de faire monter, est par l’aide du
-feu, dont il se peut faire diverses machines, i’en donneray icy la
-demonstration d’une. Soit une balle de cuiure marquee A. bien soudee
-tout a lentour, à laquelle il y aura un souspiral marqué D, par ou lon
-mettra leau, et aussi un tuyau marqué B, C, qui sera soudé en<span class="pagenum" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</span> haut de
-la balle, et le bout C, aprochera pres du fond, sans y toucher, apres
-faut emplir ladite balle d’eau par le souspiral, puis le bien reboucher
-et le mettre sur le feu, alors la chaleur donnant contre ladite
-balle, fera monter toute leau, par le tuyau B, C.” See also Figuier’s
-“Exposition et Histoire des principales découvertes Scientifiques
-Modernes.” Tome premier. Paris, 1862, p. 25.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p477" src="images/p477.jpg"
-      alt="De Caus’ Fountain" />
-   De Caus’ Fountain.
-</div>
-
-
-<p>The adjoining engraving is exactly traced from the original, of which
-it is, in every respect, a faithful copy.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</span> It represents a globular
-metallic vessel A, with a jet and stop-cock at B, and another stop-cock
-at D, through which water can be injected by means of a syringe. The
-jet B, is the top end of a pipe C, which nearly touches the bottom of
-the inside of the hollow sphere. Supposing the globe to be half or two
-thirds full of water, and placed on a fire, the heat will presently
-raise a quantity of steam, which, as it increases in quantity, will
-occupy the upper empty space of the sphere, and by its pressure on the
-surface of the boiling water, cause the same to rise rapidly up the
-vertical pipe C, and produce the jet-d’eau above B, the instant the
-stop-cock is opened. And this operation will continue so long as any
-water remains for the bottom end of the pipe C, to dip into; after
-which it can only be renewed by refilling the vessel, and re-boiling
-the fresh supply of water.</p>
-
-<p>De Caus, in his large folio work, in which varieties of fountains
-are explained by elaborate copper-plates, and minute descriptions,
-satisfies himself with the above brief explanation of the simple
-woodcut figure, which we have here reproduced; from which we infer
-that he laid no claim to its being his own invention, or at all events
-that he presented it to his readers as a gratuitous offering, for
-its curious and amusing results. It is not likely that the author
-of a considerable work, amidst recondite descriptions and sumptuous
-engravings of comparatively common affairs would consign his own most
-valuable contribution to a few lines of bare description and a coarsely
-engraved diagram. It is obvious, therefore, that De Caus himself, set
-no great store by this toy fountain; he saw no great scope in its
-application, and certainly never assumed it to be of greater value than
-as an amusing experimental fountain. To claim more for an Inventor,
-than an Inventor claims for himself is mere infatuation. To say that
-De Caus had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</span> only to add another pipe, and only to make another
-arrangement or two, and then this petite fontaine would somewhat
-resemble a steam engine, is neither sound nor admissible. An inventor
-must be judged by his own aim and object, and the example he offers
-us, without any additions or subtractions at other hands. What De Caus
-<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">desribes</ins>, therefore, is not a continuous but an intermittent fountain;
-not self-feeding, but to be refilled by a syringe; not emitting cold,
-but boiling hot water; and the difficulties and delays in the use of
-which materially increased in proportion with its dimensions.</p>
-
-<p>But there was shortly afterwards published another highly suggestive
-work, on a mechanical application of steam, in “Le Machine,” by
-Giovanni Branca, 4to. 1628; in which the 25th figure represents the
-operation of pounding, the pestles being acted on by pulleys and
-cog-wheels set in motion by a jet of steam issuing from a pipe against
-the vanes of a horizontal wheel. The boiler is in the fanciful form of
-the bust of a negro, with the steam pipe issuing from the mouth.</p>
-
-<p>On the 21st of January, 1630, a patent was granted to David Ramsey,
-for, among other inventions, one “to raise water from low pits by
-fire.” But unfortunately, like all patents of that period, it is
-unaccompanied by any description.</p>
-
-<p>John Bate, in his “Mysteries of Art and Nature,” 1635, 4to. has “a
-conceited lamp, for forcing water or air through the figure of a bird.”
-A minute description is given for constructing a small boiler in the
-form of a crown, surmounted by a bird, and enclosing various perforated
-pipes and valves, capable of being turned in various directions; the
-whole is set over a circular lamp, with several cotton wicks. Water
-being put in the boiler, Bate observes&mdash;“Then the water being by little
-and little converted into ayre, by the heate of the lights<span class="pagenum" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</span> that are
-underneath, will breathe forth at the mouth of the cock;” but, on being
-partially turned, “then there being no vent for the ayre to breath out
-at, it will presse the water, and force it to ascend the pipe, and
-issue out where the air breathed before.” In conclusion he shrewdly
-remarks:&mdash;“<i>Other devices and those more strange in their effects, may
-be contrived from hence</i>.” (p. 33, 34.)</p>
-
-<p>In the “Recreation Mathematique” of H. van Etten, 1629, 12mo. of
-which there were translations in several editions, as 1633, 1653, and
-others, the 67th problem is descriptive “Of the properties of Æolipiles
-or bowels to blow the fire.” In the course of the article on this
-subject it is observed: “Vitruvius, in his first book of Architecture,
-cap. 8, approves from these engines, that winde is no other thing
-than a quantity of vapours and exhalations agitated with the aire by
-rarefaction and condensation;” a remark curious enough, if only for the
-last word “<i>condensation</i>.” The article concludes&mdash;“Now it is cunning
-and subtiltie to fill one of these Æolipiles with water at so little a
-hole, and therefore requires the knowledge of a philosopher to finde
-it out; and the way is thus:&mdash;Heat the Æolipiles being empty, and the
-aire which is within it will become extreamely rarefied; then being
-thus hot throw it into water, and the aire will begin to be condensed:
-by which meanes it will occupie lesse roome, therefore the water will
-immediately enter in at the hole to avoide vacuitie: thus you have some
-practicall speculation upon the Æolipile.”</p>
-
-<p>Here we have “condensation” a second time adverted to, while the whole
-experiment proves the folly of attributing to Savery a similar result
-as a novelty leading for the first time to a knowledge of the property
-of “condensation,” to the disparagement of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</span> Marquis and his
-predecessors, assuming their total ignorance of what is here so clearly
-and graphically described.</p>
-
-<p>Again, Van Etten in the fifth section of Problem LXXXV. treats&mdash;“Of a
-fine fountaine which spouts water very high, and with great violence by
-turning of a cock.” page 193. “Let there be a vessel made close in all
-its parts, in the middle of which let a pipe open neare the bottome;
-and then with a <ins class="correction" title="[sic][seen also in facsimile of Mathematical Recreations(1653)]">squirt squirt</ins> in the water (stopped above by the cock
-or faucet) with as great violence as possible you can, and turne the
-cock immediately. Now there being an indifferent quantity of water and
-aire in the vessel, the water keeps itself in the bottom, and the aire
-which was greatly pressed, seeks for more place, that turning the cock
-the water issueth forth at the pipe, and flyes very high, <i>and that
-especially if the vessell be a little heated</i>.” The concluding sentence
-would no doubt afford a mind like that of the Marquis of Worcester’s
-abundant matter for experimental trial, if ever consulted by him,
-either in the original, or in the translation of 1633.</p>
-
-<p>The following extract from Van Etten’s 83rd Problem, “Of Cannons or
-great Artillery,” affords strong presumptive evidence (taken along
-with other extracts) of the Marquis’s acquaintance with the work.
-The Problem is divided into two parts, of which the first alone need
-be noticed, namely,&mdash;“How to charge a cannon without powder.” It is
-observed&mdash;“This may be done with aire and water, only having thrown
-cold water into the cannon, which might be squirted forceably in by the
-closure of the mouth of the piece, that so by this pressure the aire
-might more condense, then having a round piece of wood very just, and
-oiled well for the better to slide, and thrust the bullet when it shall
-be time. This piece of wood may be held fast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</span> with some pole, for feare
-it be not thrust out before his time: <i>then let fire be made about the
-trunnion or hinder part of the piece to heat the aire and water</i>, and
-then when one would shoot it let the pole be quickly loosened, for then
-the aire searching a greater place, and having way now offered, will
-thrust out the wood and the bullet very quick: the experiment which
-we have in long trunkes [tubes] shooting out pellats with aire only,
-sheweth the verity of this Probleme.” (page 173.)</p>
-
-<p>The words italicised are a complete description of the Marquis’s
-experiment, although made with a widely different object, but both
-afford evidence of the force obtainable from a small quantity of
-heated water, the one in an imperfectly closed, the other in a well
-closed cannon. It is remarkable how near this experiment comes to the
-steam-engine cylinder, piston, and safety valve; and we can scarcely
-believe that such applications would escape the Marquis’s observation,
-when repeated and varied as was his customary course in pursuing his
-own inquiries.</p>
-
-<p>We have thus, from 1615 to 1653, shown, what sources were open to
-afford suggestions to the Marquis of Worcester’s wakeful and watchful
-mind, alive and on the alert to seize on every hint promising some
-enlarged and useful application. We come next to that part of his
-own statement, where he says: “so that having found a way to make
-my vessels, so that they are strengthened by the <span class="smcap">force</span>
-within them, and the one to fill after the other, &amp;c.” “Vessels” may
-here apply to cisterns, receivers, boilers, &amp;c., in short whatever
-appliances were used. But it is usually supposed to mean the boiler
-only, and hence the difficulty to understand how its safety should
-increase with the increased internal expansive <i>force</i> of the steam.
-But allowance must be made for the general vagueness throughout the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</span>
-“Century,” and we must bear in mind that its language was not arranged
-to inform the public in respect to construction, but, as its author
-explicitly states, the several inventions are “set down in such a way
-as may <i>sufficiently</i> instruct <i>me</i> to put any of them in practice.”
-Now there is good ground for believing that the Marquis had a special
-meaning for the word “force,” as here applied, a word then used
-indifferently in its ordinary and in a technical sense, in the same
-sentence. This is particularly worth illustrating; firstly, because it
-shows a probability that the Marquis had, before 1655, designed some
-kind of safety-valve; and secondly, to remove the common supposition of
-the foregoing invention being utterly paradoxical.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_bottom">It has already been stated, that there is sufficient evidence to prove,
-that John Bate’s “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” had attracted the
-especial notice of the Marquis. He would be about 33 years of age on
-its first publication, and he wrote his Century about 20 years after
-its appearance, we may, therefore, readily see how likely it would be
-for him to adopt even its very style and language. John Bate says, at
-page 11:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:20%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p483" src="images/p483.jpg"
-      alt="A forcer" />
-</div>
-<p>“A forcer is a plug of wood exactly turned and leathered about; the
-end that goeth into the barrel, is semicircularly concave; p. 57.
-<i>Forces</i> may be made to move either horizontally or perpendicularly,
-according unto the convenience of the work, or the invention of the
-artist and engineer; p. 59. (Describing ‘the water mill or engine near
-the north end of London Bridge.’) These two barrels must be bound fast
-unto two posts of the frame, with two strong iron bands, as T T; unto
-each of these must be fitted a <i>force</i> well leathered, and in the tops
-of the <i>forces</i> must be set two pieces of wood.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</span></p>
-<p class="margin_top">Then again, at page
-66:&mdash;“K K, L L, the barrels of the <i>forces</i>, which force the water;” p.
-67. “E, a barrel of brass or wood fastened in the well, K, a <i>force</i>
-fitted into it.” Again, “the <i>force</i> must be very heavy;” p. 71. “B,
-a barrel of iron or brass, fastened in the midst of the cistern, with
-a <i>force</i> fitted unto it;” p. 72. “The <i>force</i> is linked, and it is
-noted with the letter D,” (in the engraving.) Again, “F, the barrel of
-the <i>force</i>, fastened within two or three inches of the bottom of the
-cistern;” p. 73, “C, a <i>force</i>, D, the <i>forces</i> barrel.” Again, “the
-<i>force</i> draweth the water out of the cistern B, into the barrel D;”
-p. 74, “another strong iron bar as I I, unto each end whereof must be
-linked a <i>force</i>; K K, the two barrels of the aforesaid <i>forces</i>.”</p>
-
-<p>In the 21st volume of Philosophical Transactions, published in 1700,
-there is a description, with an engraving,<a id="FNanchor_M_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_M_75"><span class="fnanchor">[M]</span></a> being, “An account of
-Mr. Thomas Savery’s engine for raising water by the help of fire.” It
-states that Mr. Savery, on the 14th of June, 1699:&mdash;“Entertained the
-Royal Society with shewing a model of his Engine for raising water by
-the help of fire, which he set to work before them; the experiment
-succeeded according to expectation, and to their satisfaction. The
-Engine may be understood by the draughts of it, where Fig. 1 is the
-front of the Engine for raising water by fire; and Fig. 2, the side
-prospect of the Engine.</p>
-
-<p>“A, is the furnace; B, the boiler; C, two cocks which convey the steam
-from the bottom in order to discharge it again at the top; D, which
-convey the steam by turns, to the vessel D. the vessels which receive
-the water from the bottom in order to discharge it again at the top; E,
-valves; F, cocks which keep up
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</span>the water, while the valves on occasion are cleaned; G, the force pipe;
-H, the sucking pipe; and I, the water.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:90%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p485" src="images/p485.jpg"
-      alt="Savery’s Engine, 1699" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="margin2_bottom">Neither at the time nor afterwards does the invention appear to have
-attracted any further notice in that quarter. The next account we have
-of it is afforded by “The Miners Friend, or an Engine to raise Water by
-Fire,” by Thomas Savery, Gent., 1702; in which the invention appears
-with two furnaces, instead of one, and with other details. In his
-description he refers to two vessels, marked P, No. 1, and P, No. 2,
-which correspond with the two receivers above, marked D, D.</p>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-Remarking on these, in “The Miners Friend,”
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</span>
-Savery says:&mdash;“So that P, No. 1, is by
-the external pressure of the atmosphere, immediately
-refilled, while P, No. 2, is emptying; which being done,
-you push the handle of the regulator from you, and throw
-the force on P, No. 1, pulling the condensing pipe over P, No.
-2, causing the steam in that vessel to condense, <i>so that it
-fills while the other empties</i>. The labour of <i>turning these
-two parts</i> of the engine, viz. the regulator and water-cock,
-and <i>tending the fire</i>, being no more that what a <i>boy’s
-strength</i> can perform for a day together * * * yet, after all, I
-would have men. * * *”
-</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-In the above 68th Article, the Marquis of Worcester says:&mdash;“A
-man <i>that tends the work is but to turn two cocks</i>, that <i>one
-vessel of water being consumed, another begins to force and
-refil with cold water</i>, and so successively, the fire being
-<i>tended</i> and kept constant, which the self-same person may
-likewise abundantly perform between the necessity of
-<i>turning</i> the said cocks.”
-</p>
-<p class="hanging_indent margin_top">
-And in No. 100, he says, “a <i>child’s force</i> bringeth up an
-hundred feet high, an incredible quantity of water.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<p class="margin_top">We do not purpose to press any charge against Savery, but simply to
-relate what is on record respecting the engine he put forward; and to
-notice here the remarkable coincidence between his description, and
-that given by the Marquis 32 years before. The Marquis writes in the
-singular number of “<i>the fire</i>,” thereby indicating a single furnace;
-and in Savery’s first drawing we find the model represented with
-one furnace. Then in “The Miners Friend,” we have parts<span class="pagenum" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</span> described
-agreeing precisely with the preceding article, No. 68. And at the
-particular point just quoted, we have even a closer analogy, in the
-use of the very same words in reference to the same parts&mdash;<i>turning</i>
-and <i>tending</i>. And while, in No. 100, the Marquis informs us what
-“<i>a child’s force</i>” can perform; here Savery speaks of “<i>a boy’s
-strength</i>,” which is enlarged on, however, by recommending a man’s
-services.</p>
-
-<p>The next earliest notice we find of this engine is given by Richard
-Bradley, F.R.S., in his “New Improvements of Planting and Gardening,”
-8vo. 1718, who, in the third part, at page 175, supplies an engraving
-of “the late Mr. Savory, F.R.S.,”<a id="FNanchor_N_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_N_76"><span class="fnanchor">[N]</span></a> his engine, as set up by him “for
-that curious gentleman Mr. Balle of Cambden House.” It is represented
-as a spherical boiler, capable of holding forty gallons, supported on
-a tripod, with a fire on the ground underneath. It is connected with
-a bell-shaped receiver of thirteen gallons capacity, supplied below
-with a pipe sixteen feet long, and above with a pipe to elevate the
-water, forty-two feet. The steam pressure is stated to be capable of
-discharging fifty-two gallons per minute, the pipes being of three
-inches bore; and the original cost of the whole was £50.</p>
-
-<p>In 1729, Stephen Switzer published his “Introduction to a general
-system of Hydrostaticks,” in two volumes quarto. He says:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Amongst the several Engines which have been contrived for the raising
-of water for the supply of houses and gardens, none has been more
-justly surprising than that of the raising of water by fire; the
-particular contrivance and sole invention of a gentleman,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</span>
-with whom
-I had the honour long since to be well acquainted; I mean the ingenious
-Captain Savery, some time since deceased, but then a most noted
-engineer, and one of the Commissioners of the Sick and Wounded. This
-gentleman’s thoughts (as appears by a preface of his to a little book,
-entitled, ‘The Miners’ Friend’), were always employed in Hydrostatics
-and Hydraulics; and the first hint from which it is said he took his
-engine, was from a tobacco pipe, which he immersed to wash or cool
-it, as is sometimes done; he discovered by the rarefaction of the air
-in the tube by the heat or steam of the water, and the gravitation
-or impulse of the exterior air, that the water was made to spring
-through the tube of the pipe in a wonderful surprising manner; though
-others say, that the learned Marquis of Worcester, in his ‘Century of
-Inventions,’ (which book I have not seen), see page 68, gave the first
-hint for this raising water by fire.”&mdash;Vol. ii. p. 325.</p>
-
-<p>Thirty-four years later, Dr. J. T. Desaguliers, F.R.S., and Chaplain to
-His Royal Highness, Frederick, late Prince of Wales, &amp;c., published his
-“Course of Experimental Philosophy,” in two volumes, quarto, 1763. His
-13th section is a discourse on the “Fire-engine,” as the steam-engine
-was then designated. And the following lecture treats largely on the
-Marquis of Worcester’s present article in the “Century,” which he
-quotes and then observes:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Captain Savery, having read the Marquis of Worcester’s book, was the
-first who put in practice the raising Water by Fire, which he proposed
-for the draining of mines. His Engine is described in Harris’s Lexicon
-(on the word <i>Engine</i>), which being compared with the Marquis of
-Worcester’s description, will easily appear to have been taken from
-him; though Captain Savery denied it, and the better to conceal the
-matter,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</span> bought up all the Marquis of Worcester’s books that he could
-purchase in <i>Pater-Noster-Row</i>, and elsewhere, and burned them in the
-presence of the gentleman his friend, who told me this. He said that
-he found out the power of steam by chance, and invented the following
-story to persuade people to believe it, viz., that having drank a flask
-of Florence at a tavern, and thrown the empty flask upon the fire, he
-called for a bason of water to wash his hands, and perceiving that
-the little wine left in the flask had filled up the flask with steam,
-he took the flask by the neck, and plunged the mouth of it under the
-surface of the water in the bason, and the water of the bason was
-immediately driven up into the flask by the pressure of the air.”</p>
-
-<p>Desaguliers doubts the veracity of this bottle story, and we may well
-agree with him, when we find that in another version the discovery is
-attributed to a tobacco-pipe.</p>
-
-<p>He proceeds:&mdash;“Captain Savery made a great many experiments to bring
-this machine to perfection, and did erect several, which raised water
-very well for gentlemen’s seats; but could not succeed for mines, or
-supplying towns, where the water was to be raised very high, and in
-great quantities: for then the steam required being boiled up to such
-a strength, as to be ready to tear all the vessels to pieces. I have
-known Captain Savery, at York-Buildings, make steam eight or ten times
-stronger than common air; and then its heat was so great, that it would
-melt common soft solder; and its strength so great as to blow open
-several of the joints of his machine: so that he was forced to be at
-the pains and charge to have all his joints soldered with spelter or
-hard solder.”&mdash;Pp. 464&ndash;467.</p>
-
-<p>The serious accusation made against Savery of deriving<span class="pagenum" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</span> all his
-information from the Marquis of Worcester’s invention, and destroying
-all he could procure relating to the Marquis, rests solely on the
-authority of Desaguliers, to whom it was related by one of Savery’s
-friends! In 1699, the Marquis’s Act had yet 63 years unexpired, had
-the Duke of Beaufort felt disposed to investigate how far Savery’s
-engine interfered with his father’s invention; but no such interest was
-excited, nor had Savery at any time so much success as to induce such
-an inquiry. But, in 1699, the Marquis had only been dead 32 years, and
-we have proof that his engine was in existence in 1670, reducing the
-space of time to 29 years; by no means an unlikely period for Savery to
-find parts of the large engine, or models of a small one, or drawings,
-or MS. descriptions, or verbal details from eye-witnesses, from among
-some of the many visitants to Vauxhall, if, indeed, not directly from
-descendants of the “incomparable workman,” Kaltoff.</p>
-
-<p>Savery’s connection with the mining interests of the country would
-appear to have first drawn his attention to the value of a scheme,
-proposing to raise vast bodies of water by the aid of a most stupendous
-power. He might, when a mere youth, have heard enough of the Marquis’s
-invention, however vaguely communicated, to excite his curiosity, and
-decide him on a course of action whenever an opportunity should occur.</p>
-
-<p>After a lapse of more than a century and a half, Savery’s claim is
-not likely to be materially disturbed; but it will always be a matter
-of interest to observe the close similarity there is between the
-simple model he exhibited before the Royal Society, and the Marquis of
-Worcester’s brief summary of the parts and nature of his own engine.
-And it is not very favourable to a belief in Savery’s independence of
-the Marquis’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</span> invention, that the former should be the sole inventor
-of a single marvellous production of ingenuity, without producing any
-novelty either before or afterwards, or displaying any particular
-inventive ability to improve on this early effort, which he left as at
-first produced.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_bottom">“The Miners Friend” is not unlike an imitation of the “Exact and
-true definition of the most Stupendous Water-commanding Engine;” for
-example:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-The <span class="smcap">Marquis’s</span> invention is recommended “to every
-individual, if he either have surrounded Marsh-ground to drain, or dry land to improve.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-<span class="smcap">Savery</span> recommends the Engine he proposes:&mdash;</p>
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-4. “As for draining fens and marshes,” &amp;c.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-“Thus whole cities may be kept clean, delightful, and wholesome.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-3. “Nothing can be more fit for serving cities and towns with water.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-“Or, if he have (I further say), Mines wherewith to enrich himself withal.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-6. “For draining of mines and coal pits, the use of the engine
-will sufficiently recommend itself in raising water so easy and cheap.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-<div class="left_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-“Houses to be served, or gardens to be beautified by plentiful
-fountains, with little charge, yet certain in ever so dry a Summer.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="hanging_indent">
-2. “It may be of great use for palaces, for the nobilities, or gentlemen’s houses; for
-by a cistern on the top of a house * * * which water in its fall makes you what sorts of
-fountains you please.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="continue_text"></div>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Savery says:&mdash;“And though my thoughts have been long imployed about
-water-works, I should never have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</span> pretended to any invention of that
-kind, had I not happily found out this new, but yet a much stronger
-and cheaper force or cause of motion than any before made use of.
-But finding this of rarefaction by fire, the consideration of the
-difficulties the miners and colliers labour under by the frequent
-disorders, cumbersomness, and in general of water-engines, incouraged
-me to invent engines to work by this new force, that tho’ I was obliged
-to incounter the oddest and almost insuperable difficulties, I spared
-neither time, pains, nor money till I had absolutely conquer’d them.”</p>
-
-<p>Savery is reputed to have died in 1715, therefore he was very probably
-between 40 and 50 years of age in 1699; and he might have commenced his
-investigations into the existence of the Marquis’s inventions, models,
-books, papers, drawings, and traditional statements at 25 or 30 years
-of age, still leaving him from 15 to 20 years to complete his search
-for information. If he died at 60 years of age, he would be 12 years
-old when the Marquis died. At all events he had ample leisure, and the
-period was promising for such an inquiry.</p>
-
-<p>In his time neither writers nor inventors were very scrupulous in their
-adoption of the labours of others; the wholesale literary plunder then
-practised by compilers, would not be permitted in modern times, nor
-would it be attempted by any author of moderate reputation. Invention,
-on the contrary, has always been a doubtful sort of preserve, the
-rights of which have been contested with fearless impunity by every
-poacher down to the present period. In the 16th and 17th centuries
-particularly, no rights were so ill defined as those of the inventor,
-even in the face of patents, and Acts of Parliament. But the rights of
-a deceased inventor were still less sacred in public opinion, and there
-never has been, at any time, an organized body interested<span class="pagenum" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</span> in detecting
-and exposing unjust assumptions of being a true and first inventor.</p>
-
-<p>Savery claimed perfect independence of the Marquis of Worcester, and
-promulgated a story to parallel that of the pot-lid, usually related
-in reference to his predecessor’s invention, while (as is pretended)
-he was a prisoner in the Tower. Let us now compare certain dates and
-circumstances to see how far they favour Dr. Desaguliers’ charge.</p>
-
-<p>On the 25th of July, 1698, Thomas Savery, Gentleman, had granted to
-him a 14 years’ patent for “A new Invention for raising of Water and
-occasioning motion to all sorts of Mill Work by the impellent force of
-fire.”</p>
-
-<p>Within six months afterwards, on the 21st of January, 1699, died the
-only son and heir of the Marquis of Worcester, Henry Duke of Beaufort,
-at 70 years of age.</p>
-
-<p>Within three months after his Grace’s decease Savery had a Bill brought
-into the House of Lords, which, on the 6th of April, was reported to
-the House of Commons, and passed on the 25th of the same month. This
-private Act extended the patent privilege over 21 years further, making
-35 years.</p>
-
-<p>On the 14th of June following, it is stated in the Royal Society’s
-Transactions, “Mr. Savery entertained the Society with shewing the
-model of his engine for raising water by the help of fire.” (See <a href="#Page_485">page
-485.</a>)</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Hook was then living, but died on the 3rd of March, 1702. Above
-38 years had elapsed since his visit to Kaltoff, to see the engine at
-Vauxhall; and he could have spoken to the merits of Savery’s engine,
-as compared with what he had earlier seen, had his age and health
-permitted, or his inclination prompted him so to act.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</span></p>
-
-<p> On the decease
-of Dr. Hook, there was published “The Miners Friend,” (1702), by Thomas
-Savery,<a id="FNanchor_O_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_O_77"><span class="fnanchor">[O]</span></a> Gentleman. He there speaks of his model shown to the Royal
-Society, “June the 14th, 1699,” thanking the Society for “your kindness
-in countenancing this invention <span class="smcap">in its first appearance in the
-world</span>;” that is, within six months <i>after the death of the Duke of
-Beaufort</i>.</p>
-
-<p>The Patent of 1698, like all patents of that period, contains no more
-account of Savery’s engine than the mere title, or designation of
-the nature and intention of the invention; therefore, when the Act
-of Parliament was applied for and obtained, there had still been no
-publication indicating the <i>modus operandi</i>. It was not until the 14th
-of June, 1699, that the Invention made <i>its first appearance in the
-world</i>, in the rooms of the Royal Society. And it was not until 1702,
-that Savery published any account of his invention, and we then expect
-to learn something interesting in regard to the wonderful discovery.
-But all he has to say on the matter is in these few lines “And though
-my <i>thoughts</i> have been <i>long</i> employed about water-works, I should
-never have pretended to any invention of that kind, <i>had I not happily
-found out this new, but yet a much stronger and cheaper force or cause
-of motion than any</i> <span class="smcap">before</span> <i>made use of</i>. But <i>finding</i>
-this of rarefaction by fire, the consideration of the difficulties
-the miners and colliers labour under by the frequent disorders,
-cumbersomeness, and in general of water-engines, <i>encouraged me to
-invent engines to work by this new force</i>, that though I was obliged to
-encounter <i>the oddest</i> and <i>almost insuperable difficulties</i>, I spared
-neither <i>time</i>, <i>pains</i>, nor <i>money</i>, till I had absolutely conquered
-them.”</p>
-
-<p id="Page_495"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 495]</span>This stoicism and total absence of the least ray of mental enthusiasm
-are the first remarkable circumstances to strike our observation.
-Here, after a lapse of three years, some encouragement, and writing
-on the matter of a great discovery, the precious jewel is treated as
-if it were of the nature of the most ordinary pump. “And though my
-<i>thoughts</i> have been long employed about water-works,” yet we are to
-presume that he never heard of the great “Water-commanding Engine”
-at Vauxhall, 30 years previous. He believes in his having “found out
-this new, but yet a much stronger and cheaper force than any <i>before</i>
-made use of,” yet never, even remotely, declares how or in what way
-he came by it. “But <i>finding</i> this of rarefaction by fire,” as he
-says, we on our part naturally ask, And pray where and how did you
-<i>find</i> it? He names the considerations that “encouraged him to invent
-engines to work by this new force;” but from the time of producing
-the model of 1699 to the last improvement of 1702, there was no
-essential difference; the invention remained the same throughout. The
-only difficulties in his way were, in his own words, “the oddest and
-most insuperable,” but we are left to guess in what their <i>oddness</i>
-consisted.</p>
-
-<p>He finally states, in his first chapter:&mdash;“I may modestly affirm
-that the adventurer or supervisor of the mine will be freed from
-that perpetual charge, expence, and trouble of repairs which all
-other engines ever yet employed in mines for the raising of water are
-continually liable unto.”</p>
-
-<p>In Article No. 100, of the “Century,” however, it is shortly but
-expressly urged, as one important point, that the engine works, “with
-<i>little charge</i>, to drain all sorts of mines, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-<p>It appears from documents dated 1664, relating to Vauxhall, that Caspar
-Kaltoff is named therein<span class="pagenum" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</span> as “lately deceased.”<a id="FNanchor_P_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_78"><span class="fnanchor">[P]</span></a> So that in 1699
-Thomas Savery was left in full possession of the field he had entered
-upon. The facts and dates now furnished, are not very favourable to the
-genuineness of Savery’s Invention. For it is not likely that all trace
-of the “Water-commanding Engine” would have been lost between 1670 and
-1699, when Kaltoff’s family were still living, as also many persons
-who had witnessed the performance of the great engine at Vauxhall. It
-is true that the last we hear of it is not later than 1670, but it was
-then the property of the Dowager Marchioness, who died in 1681, and
-her Ladyship would most likely, from respect, as well as from personal
-interest in the matter, not permit the engine to be sold or destroyed.
-Then from 1681 to 1699, reduces the probability of its existence up
-to a period within 18 years, taking the dates to the uttermost limit,
-although we can easily understand that for the whole or a large portion
-of those 18 years Savery was in possession of all the facts he would
-require for coming before the public on the decease of Kaltoff, the
-Dowager Marchioness of Worcester, and the Duke of Beaufort; the latter
-being the last party interested in the invention, and likely, during
-his life, to frustrate such a design.</p>
-
-<p>But what papers could he procure at Paternoster Row for destruction?
-1. There was a pamphlet, being the Definition and Act, the latter
-printed in black letter. 2. There was the “Definition” itself, printed
-in the form of a posting bill. And, 3, there was the “Century.” All
-these were printed 1663 to 1664, and are editions which are now
-remarkably scarce. There are only about three copies of the Act,
-and one of the “Definition,” known to exist, while the few copies
-of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</span> the “Century” of 1663, are rarely indeed to be found in private
-collections. But, besides these, it was quite possible to procure,
-within 15 or 20 years after his decease, even manuscripts, drawings,
-and books, the property of the deceased Marquis, more or less
-referring to his great invention.</p>
-
-<p>Even admitting that Savery was an independent inventor in 1699,
-notwithstanding so many conflicting circumstances pointing to a
-different conclusion, he could not have been working many years at York
-Buildings in the Strand, without hearing of the Engine at Vauxhall,
-invented by the proprietor of Worcester House in the Strand. This
-very propinquity alone was sufficient to excite in the mind of some
-intelligent, inquisitive, and observant visitor the fact, which so
-singular a coincidence would obviously suggest.</p>
-
-<p>While, however, everybody else is viewing the engine of Savery’s
-reputed invention with astonishment, Savery himself is present to our
-mind only as a cold calculating man, proud, not of being a Captain
-over Mines, but of being designated “Gentleman;” and while thus
-precise to inform the world of his gentility, he leaves us in perfect
-ignorance of his mental acquirements, or the origin of the marvellous
-engine. It may appear to some, that his exhibiting of the model before
-the Royal Society is at once evidence of straightforwardness and
-uprightness of conduct. But this view is open to the objection, that
-he had never before shown the model, and he thanks the Royal Society
-for “countenancing this Invention on its <i>first appearance in the
-world</i>.” From the 25th of July 1698, to the 14th of June <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 1669">1699</ins>, he had
-been nursing the invention in secret. What doubts could remain in his
-mind, when all persons likely to be most interested were no longer in
-existence? Men of science alone remained, who might<span class="pagenum" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</span> possibly disturb
-his claims, and what means could be found more likely to set this doubt
-at rest, than a bold appeal to that learned body? And come of it what
-might, there would still remain to him the question of <i>improvements</i>;
-supposing the grand claim to originality to become a matter of dispute.
-But to Savery’s great satisfaction, if not to his greater surprise, so
-far from a word of dissent being raised, there was (contrary to all
-precedent) a certificate given in favour of the invention at Savery’s
-request.</p>
-
-<p>Savery’s career may be taken as commencing in 1699, thirty-two years
-after the decease of the Marquis of Worcester, thirty-six years from
-the date of the “Century of Inventions,” or thirty-nine years after
-the establishment of the Royal Society, and yet his operations made
-slight impression on the public, and scarcely any on scientific
-society. This circumstance removes much of the surprise we might
-otherwise seriously entertain respecting the occasion of the Marquis of
-Worcester’s own publications and personal labours, during four arduous
-years of excessive mental and physical activity, leaving little behind
-to attest the extent of his operations and the precise nature of the
-difficulties with which he had to contend. Great strides must have been
-made in arts, manufactures and trade, during the intervening thirty-two
-years, all in favour of Savery’s progress, and yet, with the exception
-of Dr. Papin, scientific men were not attracted by the remarkable
-results which Savery prominently placed before the public; and Savery’s
-own exposition before the Royal Society is abridged to a single
-copper-plate engraving, and the shortest possible printed reference to
-its several details. Thus was this true mechanical prodigy of the age
-treated as though it were of little or no interest.</p>
-
-<p>When we compare this long continued apathetic feeling,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</span> this absence
-of forecast to form some strikingly favourable judgment of the value
-of the novelty thus published, although in its earliest stage, with
-the superior knowledge on the subject evinced by the writings, labour,
-and conduct of the Marquis of Worcester, at least thirty-six years
-before Savery; it is then, and then only, perhaps, that we become fully
-alive to his almost prescient judgment, that could, as if inspired,
-prognosticate so truthfully as he did the future benefits of his
-invention to mankind.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">69.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way how a little triangle<a id="rn_69_2" href="#fn_69_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> scrued Key, not weighing a
-Shilling, shall<a id="rn_69_3" href="#fn_69_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> be capable and strong enough to bolt and
-unbolt round about a great Chest an hundred Bolts through fifty
-Staples, two in each, with a direct contrary motion, and as
-many more from both sides and ends, and at the self-same time
-shall fasten it to a place beyond a mans natural strength to
-take it away: and in one and the same turn both locketh and
-openeth it.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_69_2" id="fn_69_2"></a><a href="#rn_69_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>triangle and. MS. and P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_69_3" id="fn_69_3"></a><a href="#rn_69_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>not weighing a shilling - omitted. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A triangle Key.</i>] This ingenious trifle may be really only one part
-of another instrument, just as we see in the cutting portion of a
-centre bit, which, if its operation were attempted to be described
-after the same fashion, would afford a perplexing and seemingly
-paradoxical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</span> statement. Yet no doubt the little triangle key was
-capable to the full of performing the duty here stated.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">70.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Key with a Rose-turning pipe, and two Roses pierced through
-endwise<a id="rn_70_4" href="#fn_70_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> the Bit thereof,<a id="rn_70_5" href="#fn_70_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> with several handsomly-contriv’d
-Wards, which may likewise do the same effects.<a id="rn_70_6" href="#fn_70_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_70_4" id="fn_70_4"></a><a href="#rn_70_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>endwise; together with. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_70_5" id="fn_70_5"></a><a href="#rn_70_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>together&mdash;for thereof.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_70_6" id="fn_70_6"></a><a href="#rn_70_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>effect.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Rose-Key.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">71.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A key perfectly square, with a Scrue turning within it, and
-more conceited then any<a id="rn_71_7" href="#fn_71_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> of the rest,<a id="rn_71_8" href="#fn_71_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> and no heavier then
-the triangle-scrued Key, and doth the same effects.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_71_7" id="fn_71_7"></a><a href="#rn_71_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>either&mdash;for any. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_71_8" id="fn_71_8"></a><a href="#rn_71_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>other&mdash;for rest.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A square Key with a turning scrue.</i>] These two contrivances are
-simply variations on Article No. 69, and may depend for sufficient
-leverage on some source purposely kept out of view.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">72.</p>
-<p class="number_text_continued">
-An Escocheon<a id="rn_72_91" href="#fn_72_91"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> to be placed before any of these Locks with
-these properties.</p>
-
-<p class="number_text_continued">
-1. The owner (though a woman) may with her delicate hand vary
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</span>
-the wayes of coming to open the Lock ten millions of times,
-beyond the knowledge of the Smith that made it, or of me who
-invented it.</p>
-
-<p class="number_text">
-2. If a stranger open it, it setteth an Alarm a-going, which
-the stranger cannot stop from running out; and besides, though
-none should be within hearing, yet it catcheth his hand,
-as a Trap doth a Fox; and though far from maiming him, yet
-it leaveth such a mark behind it, as will discover him if
-suspected; the Escocheon<a id="rn_72_92" href="#fn_72_92"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> or<a id="rn_72_1" href="#fn_72_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a>. Lock plainly shewing what
-monies<a id="rn_72_2" href="#fn_72_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> he hath taken out of the Box to a farthing, and how
-many times opened since the owner hath been in<a id="rn_72_3" href="#fn_72_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> it.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_91" id="fn_72_91"></a><a href="#rn_72_91"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>A Schuchion. MS. escutcheon. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_92" id="fn_72_92"></a><a href="#rn_72_92"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>Scuchion. MS. escutcheon. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_1" id="fn_72_1"></a><a href="#rn_72_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>or the.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_2" id="fn_72_2"></a><a href="#rn_72_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>money. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_72_3" id="fn_72_3"></a><a href="#rn_72_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>at it. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An Escocheon for all Locks.</i>] Stow, in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth,
-has particularly distinguished Mark Scaliot as a clever blacksmith;
-and Dr. Robert Plot, in his “Natural History of Staffordshire,” 1684,
-especially notices the elaborate, ingenious, and expensive locks
-made by several eminent Staffordshire locksmiths. He observes:&mdash;“The
-greatest excellency of the blacksmith’s profession, that I could hear
-of in this county, lies in their making locks.” He then explains at
-large a certain kind of locks with a master’s key, and inferior keys
-for the servants; and supposing any servant to trifle with such locks,
-the master or mistress can “certainly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</span> tell how many times that servant
-has been in, at any distance of time; or how many times the lock has
-been shot for a whole year together.” He also says: “I was told of a
-very fine lock made in this town (Stafford) sold for twenty pounds,
-that had a set of chimes in it, that would go at any hour the owner
-should think fit.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">73.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A transmittible Gallery over any Ditch or Breach in a
-Town-wall, with a Blinde and Parapit Cannon-proof.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A transmittible Gallery.</i>] The perusal of the elaborately illustrated
-works of Vegetius, Vitruvius, Fludd, and other writers of the sixteenth
-and seventeenth centuries, would abundantly furnish the Marquis of
-Worcester with hints to show what had been done in such warlike
-machinery, and to stimulate him to make improvements. Such an invention
-as the present one, with others of a like magnitude, he probably never
-proved practically beyond satisfying himself by means of well made
-models, that whatever modifications he proposed to introduce were
-mechanically practicable.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">74.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Door, whereof the turning of a Key, with the help and motion
-of the handle, makes the hinges to be of either side, and to
-open either inward or outward, as one is to enter or to<a id="rn_74_4" href="#fn_74_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> go
-out, or to open in half.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_74_4" id="fn_74_4"></a><a href="#rn_74_4"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>to&mdash;omitted.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_503"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 503]</span>
-[<i>A conceited Door.</i>] Van Etten, in his Mathematical Recreations,
-offers as Problem XV. “How to make a Door or Gate, which shall open
-on both sides.” It is represented that “All the skill and subtilty
-of this, rests in the artificiall disposer of four plates of iron.”
-The description, which is very imperfect, concludes&mdash;“the gate will
-open upon one side with the aforesaid plates, or hooks of iron; and
-by the help of the other two plates, will open upon the other side.”
-[Oughtred’s ed. 1653, page 30.] The Marquis may have conceived his own
-plan to be a most decided improvement upon this primitive design.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">75.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How a Tape or Ribbon-weaver<a id="rn_75_5" href="#fn_75_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> may set down a whole discourse,
-without knowing a letter, or interweaving any thing suspicious
-of other secret then a new-fashioned Ribbon.<a id="rn_75_6" href="#fn_75_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_75_5" id="fn_75_5"></a><a href="#rn_75_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>riband-weaver. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_75_6" id="fn_75_6"></a><a href="#rn_75_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>riband. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Discourse woven in Tape or Ribbon.</i>] This article should
-have followed article No. 43, of which it seems to be one of the
-“variations” therein contemplated.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">76.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to write in the dark as streight as by day or candle-light.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>To write in the dark.</i>] This would appear only to require a box of
-any form, the top or lid of which being of ground glass, it could be
-illuminated by means of a small night-light placed below, within the
-box; when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</span> it would be possible to write on paper laid on the glass,
-in a totally dark room. Such a device might be useful to an inexpert
-artist for making a tracing of any drawing.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">77.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make a man to fly; which I have tried with a little Boy
-of ten years old in a Barn, from one end to the other, on a
-Hay-mow.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A flying man.</i>] One feels disposed to believe, on reading this
-article, that the Marquis, in multiplying his experiments with fire and
-water, might have tried in different ways the effects of heating air,
-and actually gone far to anticipate Montgolfier in producing a balloon.</p>
-
-<p>However, it was confidently believed in the 17th century that flying
-was possible, provided proper machinery could be invented. There is
-a curious little work on this subject, “De arte Volandi,” by Frid.
-Hermannus Flayder, small 12mo. 1627.</p>
-
-<p>Milton, in his “History of Britain,” 1670, speaking of the
-prognostications of Elmer, a monk of Malmsbury, during the reign of
-Harold, mentions that&mdash;“He in his youth strangely aspiring, had made
-and fitted wings to his hands and feet; with these on the top of a
-tower, spread out to gather air, he flew more than a furlong; but the
-wind being too high, came fluttering down, to the maiming of all his
-limbs; yet so conceited of his art, that he attributed the cause of his
-fall to the want of a tail, as birds have, which he forgot to make to
-his hinder parts.” See also Kennet’s History of England, 1st vol. 1706,
-fol.</p>
-
-<p>In “Friar Bacon’s discovery of the miracles of Art,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</span> Nature,
-&amp;c.” published in 12mo. 1659, treating “Of admirable artificial
-instruments,” the following occurs among other inventions: “It is
-possible to make engines for flying, a man sitting in the midst
-whereof, by turning only about an instrument, which moves artificial
-wings made to beat the air, much after the fashion of a bird’s flight.”
-Chap. iv. page 17. He states that he has seen all his other named
-inventions, “excepting only that instrument of flying, which I never
-saw, or know any who hath seen it, though I am exceedingly acquainted
-with <i>a very prudent man, who hath invented the whole artifice</i>.”</p>
-
-<p>The learned Dr. Robert Hooke, Professor of Geometry at Gresham College,
-in 1655, made many ineffectual trials to accomplish this object, which
-he communicated to the celebrated Bishop Wilkins, who considered his
-plans were very ingenious.</p>
-
-<p>Lord Bacon was not above recommending experimental investigation of
-means for flying. And Bishop Wilkins suggests, that the most obvious
-way for effecting the desired purpose is “by wings fastened immediately
-to the body, this coming nearest to the imitation of nature;” and
-further, “this is that way which Fredericus Hermannus [Flayder], in his
-little discourse, De Arte volandi, doth only mention and insist upon.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1679, Dr. Robert Hooke, while Secretary of the Royal Society,
-published “Lectiones Cutlerianæ, a collection of Lectures made before
-the Royal Society,” 4to. consisting of a series of pamphlets, among
-which, No. 1 of the “Philosophical Collections,” contains eleven
-articles, the fourth being, “An account of the Sieur Bernier’s way of
-Flying,” as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Having lately seen an account from France of a person there, who,
-with some considerable success, has attempted to raise and sustain
-himself, and so to move<span class="pagenum" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</span> and fly in the air by the help of mechanical
-or artificial wings, agitated only by his own strength, without the
-assistance of any other either animate or inanimate power; I thought
-it might not be unacceptable to the curious to receive some (though
-imperfect) account thereof.</p>
-
-<p>“It is, I confess, no new design, since there has hardly been an age
-wherein some one or other of these Dædalian engineers have not been
-trying the strength of their invention about it. The story of Dædalus
-and Icarus might have its ground from the attempts of some persons
-about this matter, though poetic relations have made it seem romantic.
-What the performances of Simon Magus were is uncertain; they might have
-[been] somewhat mechanical. That attempt of one of our English kings
-is delivered to us for true history: whether so or no, I determine
-not. But without doubt, it was believed possible, and attempted also
-in the time of our famous Friar Roger Bacon, who lived about 500 years
-since. Now, though he was believed a magician or conjuror, and to have
-performed what was related of him by the help of diabolical magic,
-yet from the perusal of several of his excellent works yet extant,
-I esteem him no such person; but I rather find him to have been a
-good mathematician, a knowing mechanic, a rare chemist, and a most
-accomplished experimental philosopher, which was a miracle for that
-dark age. This man affirms the art of flying possible, and that he
-himself knew how to make an engine,<a id="FNanchor_Q_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_Q_79"><span class="fnanchor">[Q]</span></a> in which a man sitting, might
-be able to carry himself through the air like a bird. And affirms that
-there was then another person who had actually tried it with good
-success. The stories of Architas his wooden dove, and Regiomontanus
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</span>his wooden eagle, are not much doubted of.
-Questionless, those persons did make some kind of engines to perform
-what was considerable in this art of flying. Busbequius his story of
-the Turk at Constantinople, that attempted to fly, is not doubted. Nor
-are other relations of late attempts made in Germany, and elsewhere
-disbelieved. We have not wanted late instances, even here in England,
-of several ingenious men who have employed their wits and time about
-this design. Particularly, I have been credibly informed, that one Mr.
-Gascoyn did about 40 years since try it with good effect; though he
-since dying, the thing also died with him. And even now there are not
-wanting some in England who affirm themselves able to do it, and that
-they have proved as much by experiment.</p>
-
-<p>“But of all these, we have little or no account of the ways they
-have taken to effect their designs, and therefore conjectures will
-be much at random; only we may conclude them defective in somewhat
-or other, since we do not find them brought into common use, which
-the desirableness and usefulness of any one that should succeed would
-certainly cause it to be. I shall desist therefore from inquiry further
-concerning them, and acquaint you with two ways lately published
-in print, and more particularly described, which pretended to some
-considerable performance of this kind.”</p>
-
-<p>The first is inserted in the “Journal des Scavans” of the year 1678.</p>
-
-<p>Then follow a letter on the subject, and an account of Lana’s flying
-chariot. The latter is like a boat with wheels and sails; the former
-was the invention <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has of of">of</ins> Sieur Besnier, a smith of Sable in the county
-of Maine. The engraving represents a nude figure with two poles held
-horizontally on each shoulder, about the centre, and having at each end
-flags or wings, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</span> form of folio book backs, with the two back ends of
-the poles attached by strings to the feet; affording altogether a very
-feeble attempt to obtain the desired object.</p>
-
-<p>The privilege of flight by any mechanical means is denied to man;
-his figure, weight, muscular constitution, all operate against his
-imitating the bird, which, admirably proportioned, light in frame, yet
-concentrating powerful muscular strength in its wings, well adapt it
-for enduring prolonged aerial flight, although the medium in which it
-floats is eight-hundred times lighter than water.</p>
-
-<p>If flight in the air is ever to be mechanically attained, it will be by
-a machine, worked independently of man’s power, and which possibly will
-neither be so safe nor so manageable as the common balloon, with all
-its hazards and wayward guideless journeyings.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">78.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Watch to go constantly, and yet needs no other winding from
-the first setting on the Cord or Chain, unless it be broken,
-requiring no other care from one then to be now and then
-consulted with concerning the hour of the day or night; and if
-it be laid by a week together, it will not erre much, but the
-oftener looked upon, the more exact it sheweth the time of the
-day or night.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A continually-going Watch.</i>] A watch having the dial enclosed under a
-metal case, as in hunting watches,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</span> is no doubt to be so contrived that
-the opening and closing of such case, to ascertain the time, shall act
-more or less to wind it up. A room door has been thus made to transmit
-power through attached levers to keep a clock constantly wound little
-by little, every time on opening and closing the door.</p>
-
-<p>His list of certain of his inventions gives a different reading to
-this article; as follows:&mdash;“I can render an ordinary watch, which,
-being once wound up, will go constantly during a man’s life, being
-used but once in 24 hours; and, though oftener looked on, it is still
-the same; and though not looked on for a week, still the same, if not
-bruised.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
-
-<p>And in his patent of 1660, we have again a third reading, viz:&mdash;“To
-make a watch or clock without string or chain, or any other kind of
-winding up but what of necessity must follow, if the owner or keeper of
-the said watch or clock will know the hour of day or night; and yet if
-he lay it aside several days or weeks without looking or meddling with
-it, it shall go very well, and as justly as most watches that ever were
-made.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
-
-<p>In “Humane Industry,” chapter I, occur the following remarks, “On
-Dials,” page 8:&mdash;“The wit of man hath been luxuriant and wanton in the
-inventions of late years; some have made watches so small and light,
-that ladies hang them at their ears like pendants and jewels; the
-smallness and variety of tools that are used about these small engines,
-seem to me no less admirable <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has then">than</ins> the engines themselves; and there
-is more art and dexterity in placing so many wheels and axles in so
-small a compass (for some French watches do not exceed the compass of a
-farthing) than in making clocks and great machines.” It is also stated
-at page 9, that “In some towns of Germany and Italy, there are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</span> very
-rare and elaborate clocks to be seen in their Town Halls; wherein a
-man may read Astronomy, and never look up to the skies.” We are next
-informed: “But the exactest clocks and watches that are, are defective,
-and want correction; for in watches, the first half hour goes faster
-than the last half, and the second hour is slower than the first, and
-the third then the second.” Page 12.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">79.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way to lock all the Boxes of a Cabinet, (though never so
-many) at one time, which were by particular Keys appropriated
-to each Lock opened severally, and independent<a id="rn_79_7" href="#fn_79_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> the one of
-the other, as much as concerneth the opening of them, and by
-these<a id="rn_79_8" href="#fn_79_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> means cannot be left opened unawares.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_79_7" id="fn_79_7"></a><a href="#rn_79_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>this&mdash;for these.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_79_8" id="fn_79_8"></a><a href="#rn_79_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>this&mdash;for these.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A total locking of Cabinet-boxes.</i>] The fact that by this means no
-one of the several cabinets can “be left opened unawares,” exposes the
-source of security, namely something like a long key-rod to take hold
-of each, or a bar extending down one side to overlap, when each cabinet
-drawer or door is closed.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">80.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make a Pistol Barrel no thicker then a Shilling, and yet
-able to endure a Musquet proof of Powder and Bullet.</p>
-
-
-<p id="Page_511"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 511]</span>
-[<i>Light Pistol-barrels.</i>] One might almost suppose the Marquis
-contemplated a method similar to that recently introduced by Mr.
-Longridge, of winding the barrel with wire.</p>
-
-<p>See also <a href="#Article_44">article No. 44</a>, which may, or not, refer to the same
-description of barrel.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">81.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Combe-conveyance carrying of<a id="rn_81_9" href="#fn_81_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a> Letters without suspicion,
-the head being opened with a Needle-scrue drawing a Spring
-towards them<a id="rn_81_1" href="#fn_81_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a>; the Comb being made but after an usual form
-carried in ones Pocket.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_81_9" id="fn_81_9"></a><a href="#rn_81_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>of&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_81_1" id="fn_81_1"></a><a href="#rn_81_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>one&mdash;for them. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Comb-conveyance for Letters.</i>] The entire ingenuity of the kind of
-conveyance proposed consists in the skill of the workman to provide a
-receptacle in so small an article, not open to suspicion when handled
-by a spy.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">82.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Knife, Spoon or Fork in an usual portable Case, may have the
-like conveyances in their handles.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Knife, Spoon or Fork-conveyance.</i>] William Bourne’s 73rd Device
-is&mdash;“How for to convey letters secretly.” One means is to be found in
-a Dog’s collar. Another in a water-tight metal case, to be inserted
-within a bottle of wine. “Inventions or Devices,” 1578.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_512"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 512]</span>83.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Rasping-mill for Harts-horn, whereby a child may do the work
-of half a dozen men, commonly taken up with that work.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Rasping-mill.</i>] This description of mill is largely in use for
-rasping dye-woods, and has undergone a great variety of modifications.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">84.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An Instrument whereby persons<a id="rn_84_2" href="#fn_84_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> ignorant in Arithmetick may
-perfectly observe Numerations and Substractions<a id="rn_84_3" href="#fn_84_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> of all
-Summes and Fractions.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_84_2" id="fn_84_2"></a><a href="#rn_84_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>a person.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_84_3" id="fn_84_3"></a><a href="#rn_84_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>numeration and substraction. MS.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An arithmetical Instrument.</i>] There is in the British Museum a
-manuscript description, with a large engraving, of the serpentine
-scale invented by Thomas Browne, of Fenchurch Street, London, in 1631,
-by means of which “instrument all kinde of questions in Arithmetike,
-Geometry, &amp;c. are speedily resolved.” Brit. Mus. Birch MS. No. 4407.</p>
-
-<p>Sir Samuel Morland, in 1672&ndash;3, published a small treatise, being&mdash;“The
-description and use of two arithmetick Instruments;” a second
-title mentions, “A new and most useful Instrument for Addition and
-Substraction of pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings,” which he
-“invented and presented to his most excellent Majesty, Charles II.
-1666.”</p>
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_513"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 513]</span>85.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A little Ball made in the shape of a Plum or Pear,<a id="rn_85_4" href="#fn_85_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> being
-dexterously conveyed or forced into a bodies mouth, shall
-presently shoot forth such and so many Bolts of each side and
-at both ends, as<a id="rn_85_5" href="#fn_85_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> without the owners Key can neither be
-opened or<a id="rn_85_6" href="#fn_85_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> filed off, being made of tempered Steel, and as
-effectually locked as an Iron Chest.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_85_4" id="fn_85_4"></a><a href="#rn_85_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>which being.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_85_5" id="fn_85_5"></a><a href="#rn_85_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>as that.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_85_6" id="fn_85_6"></a><a href="#rn_85_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>nor. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An untoothsome Pear.</i>] It is difficult to understand the intended
-use of this proposed instrument, but it is more likely to have been
-suggested from a feeling of humanity than from any other motive. A
-desperate and ferocious enemy, thus rendered helpless before being
-manacled, would assuredly be less dangerous than he could otherwise be
-considered; and it would not, therefore, be requisite to take his life,
-for personal safety; once thus secured he would be likely to listen to
-any terms of mercy.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number"><a id="Article_86">86.</a></p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A Chair made <i>a-la-mode</i>, and yet a stranger being perswaded to
-sit in’t, shall have immediately his armes and thighs lock’d up
-beyond his own power to loosen them.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>An imprisoning Chair.</i>] In the “Memoirs, illustrative of the life
-and Writings of John Evelyn, F.R.S.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</span> &amp;c., edited by William Bray, 2
-vols. 4to. 1819, occurs the Diary of his continental travels in 1644.
-On the 17th Nov., Evelyn being at Rome went to the “Villa Borghese, a
-house and ample garden on Mons Pincius.” In one of the chambers, he
-says, “are divers sorts of instruments of music; amongst other toys
-that of a satyr with so artificially expressed a human voice, with the
-motion of eyes and head, that it might easily affright one who was not
-prepared for that most extravagant sight. He showed us also a chair
-which catches any one who sits down in it so as not to be able to stir
-out, by certain springs concealed in the arms and back thereof, which
-at sitting down surprises a man on the sudden, locking him in by the
-arms and thighs, after a true treacherous Italian guise.”&mdash;Vol. i. p.
-106&ndash;107.</p>
-
-<p>M. de Blainville, in his travels, 1757, relates, in passing through
-Italy, and describing the Villa Borghese, raised under the Popedom of
-Paul V. uncle of Cardinal Scipio Borghese, that, “In the fourth room of
-the apartment, on the south side, called the room of the Three Graces,
-there stands a remarkable chair, said to have been formerly used to
-very evil purposes, by one of the Borghese family. The machine is very
-artfully contrived, and strangers who are not acquainted with the trick
-are infallibly caught, as in a trap, when they are prevailed upon
-to sit in this chair. By this stratagem the housekeeper gets a good
-many fees, which the enticed people are obliged to pay him for their
-deliverance out of captivity. In all appearance, these innocent deceits
-were the only thing intended by this piece of machinery.”&mdash;Vol. iii.
-page 34.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">87.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</span>
-A Brass Mold to cast Candles, in which a man may make 500.
-dozen in a day, and adde an Ingredient to the tallow which will
-make it cheaper, and yet so that the Candles shall look whiter
-and last longer.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Candle-mold.</i>] This invention seems to include some recipe to
-whiten the tallow. When the idea of improving candle-moulds suggested
-itself, the Marquis had probably been over some manufactory, and on
-seeing the customary mode of candle-making, the present suggestion may
-have occurred to him. We have placed it among the few others (only nine
-in number), in his numerous list, as belonging to the Domestic Class,
-of which it is the last.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">88.<a id="FNanchor_R_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_R_80"><span class="fnanchor">[R]</span></a></p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make a Brazen or Stone-head, in the midst of a great
-Field or Garden, so artificial and natural, that though a man
-speak never so softly, and even whispers into the ear thereof,
-it will presently open its mouth, and resolve the Question in
-French, Latine, Welsh, Irish or English, in good terms uttering
-it out of his mouth, and then shut it untill the next Question
-be asked.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Brazen head.</i>] In a MS. list of five Inventions,</p>
-
-<p id="Page_516"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 516]</span>“Life, Times, &amp;c.” page 316, the present
-article is briefly stated to be:&mdash;“A brass head capable to receive
-at the ear a whisper, and the mouth thereof to render answer in any
-language to the interrogator.”</p>
-
-<p>In “The famous History of Frier Bacon,” [1630?] a black letter quarto
-of 24 leaves unpaged, the fifth article relates, “How Frier Bacon made
-a brazen head to speak, by the which he would have walled England about
-with brass.” He and Friar Bungey, it is stated, “with great study and
-pains so framed a head of brass, that in the inward parts thereof there
-was all things like as in a natural man’s head.”</p>
-
-<p>The same account may be read at length in the modernised edition of
-“Early English Prose Romances,” edited by W. J. Thoms, F.S.A., first
-volume, 12mo. 1858, page 205. The unfortunate head only survived to
-speak thrice, and then fell to pieces!</p>
-
-<p>See also “Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana,” London, Printed for Robert
-Triphook, 1816, 4to. Vol. I.</p>
-
-<p>In the “Inventions or Devices,” by William Bourne, 1578, “The 113th
-Device is, as touching the making of strange works, as the brazen
-head that did seem to speak, or birds of wood or metal made by art
-to fly, and birds made of wood or metal to sing sweetly at certain
-hours appointed, &amp;c., which the common people doth marvel at.” He then
-proceeds to say:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“As touching the making of any strange works that the world hath
-marvelled at, as the brazen head that did seem to speak: and the
-serpent of brass for to hiss: or a dove of wood for to fly: or an eagle
-made by art of wood and other metal to fly; and birds made of brass,
-tin, or other metal to sing sweetly, and such other like devices, some
-have thought that it hath been done by enchantment, which is no such
-thing, but that it hath been done by wheels, as you may see by clocks,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</span>
-that do keep time, some going with plummets, and some with springs, as
-those small clocks that be used in tablets to hang about men’s necks.
-And as the brazen head, that seemed for to speak, might be made by such
-wheel work, to go either by plummets or by springs, and might have time
-given unto it, that at so many hours’ end, then the wheels and other
-engines should be set to work: and the voice that they did hear may go
-with bellows in some trunk of brass or other metal, with stops to alter
-the sound, may be made to seem to speak some words, according unto the
-fancy of the inventor, so that the simple people will marvel at it. And
-for to make a bird or fowl, made of wood or metal, with other things
-made by art, to fly, it is to be done to go with springs, and so to
-beat the air with the wings, as other birds or fowls do, being of a
-reasonable lightness, it may fly: and also to make birds of metal to
-sing very sweetly, and good music, it may be done with wheels, to go at
-any hour or time appointed by plummets, and then to have pipes of tin
-or other fine metal, to go with bellows, and the pipes to have stops,
-and to go with a barrel, or other such like device, and may be made to
-play or sing what note that the inventor shall think good when he doth
-make it; and also there may be divers helps to make it to seem pleasant
-unto the ears of the hearers, by letting the sound or wind of the pipes
-pass through or into water, for that will make a quavering as birds do,
-&amp;c. And also you may make a small puppet, either like a man or woman,
-to seem to go by wheels and springs, and shall turn and go circular,
-according unto the setting of the wheels and springs, and also the
-birds made to fly by art, to fly circularly, as it shall please the
-inventor, by the placing of the wheels and springs, and such other like
-inventions, which the common people would marvel at,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</span> thinking that it
-is done by enchantment, and yet is done by no other means but by good
-arts and lawful.”</p>
-
-<p>Thomas Tymme, in 1612, published “A Dialogue Philosophicall,” written
-in the form of a Dialogue between Philadelph and Theophrast. In the
-third chapter, the former observes:&mdash;“I have heard and read of many
-strange motions artificiall, as were the inventions of Boetius, in
-whose commendation Cassiodorus writeth thus: you know profound things
-and shew mervailes, by the disposition of your Art, mettals doe lowe in
-sundrie formes: Diomedes picture of brasse, doth sound a trumpet loude:
-a brasen serpent hisseth: birds artificiall, sing sweetly. Very strange
-also was the moving of the Images of Mercurie: The brasen head which
-seemed to speake, made by Albertus Magnus: the Dove of wood, which
-the Mathematician Architas, did make to flie, as Agellius reporteth.
-Dedalus strange Images, which Plato speaketh of: Vulcans selfe-movers,
-whereof Homer hath written: the Iron fly, made at Noremberge, which
-being let out of the Artificers hand, did as it were flie about by
-the guests that were at the Table, and at the last, as though it were
-weary, returned to his masters hand againe. In which Citie also an
-artificiall Eagle was so ordered to flie aloft in the ayre toward the
-Emperour coming thither, that it did accompany him a mighty way.”&mdash;Page
-63.</p>
-
-<p>It is mentioned in Evelyn’s Memoirs, that when in Italy, in 1644,
-he visited the Villa Borghese at Rome, where he saw the figure of a
-satyr, that “artfully expressed a human voice.”&mdash;See Note, <a href="#Article_86">Article
-86.</a> And in his Diary, he records:&mdash;“13 July, 1654. We all dined at
-that most obliging and universally curious Dr. Wilkins’s, at Wadham
-College [Oxford]. He had contrived a hollow statue, which gave a voice,
-and uttered words by a long concealed pipe that went to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</span> its mouth,
-whilst one speaks through it at a good distance.” He also entertained
-his visitors with “many other artificial, mathematical, and magical
-curiosities.”</p>
-
-<p>Bishop Wilkins, in his “Mathematicall Magick,” 1648, observes:&mdash;“There
-have been some inventions also which have been able for the utterance
-of articulate sounds, as the speaking of certain words. Such are some
-of the Egyptian idols related to be. Such was the brazen head made by
-Friar Bacon, and that statue, in the framing of which Albertus Magnus
-bestowed thirty years, broken by Aquinas, who came to see it, purposely
-that he might boast, how in one minute he had ruined the labour of so
-many years.” Proceeding further to consider such inventions, he says,
-“Walchius thinks it possible entirely to preserve the voice, or any
-words spoken, in a hollow trunk, or pipe.”&mdash;P. 176, 177.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. W. Hooper, in the second volume of his “Rational Recreations,” has
-an article on “The Conversive Statue,” requiring the employment of
-two concave mirrors, a statue, and an interlocutor. In regard to this
-arrangement, it is remarked:&mdash;“This recreation appears to be taken from
-the Century of Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester; one of those men
-of sublime genius, who are able to perform actions infinitely superior
-to the capacity, or even the comprehension, of the mere scholar or man
-of business; and though his designs, at the time they were published,
-were treated with ridicule and neglect, by the great and little vulgar,
-who, judging by their own abilities, are ever ready to condemn what
-they cannot comprehend, yet they are now known to be generally, if not
-universally, practicable.”&mdash;Edit. 1794, pp. 220&ndash;223.</p>
-
-<p>The “Athenæum” of the 6th December, 1862,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</span> announced that&mdash;“A very
-remarkable talking automaton is exciting the curiosity of the
-Parisians. It has been constructed by M. Faber, late Professor of
-Mathematics at a German university, and is stated by our contemporary,
-‘Cosmos,’ to be by far the most successful effort that has been yet
-made to imitate the human voice. The figure, which is that of a woman,
-is exhibited on the Boulevard Magenta.”</p>
-
-<p>We may here add the following comment on&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>[<i>A Stamping Engine.</i>] “An engine, without y<sup>e</sup> least noyse, knock, or
-use of fyre, to coyne and stamp 100 lb. in an houre, by one man.”&mdash;See
-Harleian MS. No. 2428.</p>
-
-<p>In “Humane Industry,” published 1661, at page 36, it is observed, that,
-“At the Mint of Segovia, in Spain, an engine that moves by water,
-distendeth an ingot of gold.”</p>
-
-<p>The Coining Mill, or Press, was first introduced from France into
-England during Elizabeth’s reign, but was shortly after abandoned for
-the old hammer process of stamping with two dies. The invention of
-the mill is ascribed to an engraver, who used it in 1553 for coining
-the French king’s counters. The new process of coining was completely
-established in France in 1645, but not in England until 1662, the year
-<i>before</i> the “Century” was published, which sufficiently accounts for
-its author not printing the present article.</p>
-
-<p>According to the Rev. Rogers Ruding, in his “Annals of the Coinage,”
-1840, no improvement was attempted for upwards of a century, the modern
-coining-mill having been invented by Mr. Boulton, in 1788.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">89.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-White Silk knotted in the fingers<a id="rn_89_8" href="#fn_89_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> of a Pair of white Gloves, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</span>
-and so contrived without suspicion, that playing at <i>Primero</i>
-at Cards, one may without clogging his memory keep reckoning of
-all Sixes, Sevens and Aces which he hath discarded.<a id="rn_89_9" href="#fn_89_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_89_8" id="fn_89_8"></a><a href="#rn_89_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>finger.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_89_9" id="fn_89_9"></a><a href="#rn_89_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>without foul play. MS. and P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>Primero Gloves.</i>] Although we cannot give a clue to this contrivance
-for registering reckonings in card-playing, it is worth noticing the
-old game indicated:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>Primero, according to Dr. Johnson, is derived from the Spanish, which
-Minsheu, coupling with the Italian, thus explains, “<i>primum</i> et <i>primum
-visum</i>, that is, first, and first seen, because he that can show such
-an order of cards, wins the game.” He then quotes as examples:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top smaller">“I left him at <i>primero</i> with the Duke of Suffolk.”&mdash;<i>Henry</i>
-<i>VIII.</i></p>
-
-<p class="smaller">“The Spaniard is generally given to gaming, and that in excess;
-their common game at cards is <i>primera</i>.”&mdash;<i>Howell’s Letters</i>,
-i. iii. 32.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller">“Give me your honest trick, yet, at <i>primero</i>, or gleek.”&mdash;<i>Ben</i>
-<i>Jonson’s Alchemist.</i></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">Mr. S. W. Singer affords some curious information on Primero, in his
-excellent “Researches into the History of Cards,” quarto, 1816. It
-appears to be uncertain whether it is of Italian or Spanish origin.
-Primero, prime, and primavista, are the same game, differently
-designated. It was very popular in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and,
-as we have seen, is mentioned by Shakespeare; indeed, it is supposed to
-have been one of the earliest played card games in England.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">90.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</span>
-A most dexterous Dicing Box, with holes transparent, after the
-usual fashion, with a Device so dexterous, that with a knock of
-it against the Table the four good Dice are fastened, and it<a id="rn_90_1" href="#fn_90_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a>
-looseneth four false Dice made fit for his<a id="rn_90_2" href="#fn_90_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> purpose.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_90_1" id="fn_90_1"></a><a href="#rn_90_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>it&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_90_2" id="fn_90_2"></a><a href="#rn_90_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>this&mdash;for his. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Dicing-box.</i>] It would be doing deep injustice to the Marquis of
-Worcester, to judge him in all respects rigidly by modern fashions,
-customs, and habits of thought. The modern critic, in simple
-ignorance of the age, might exclaim with just indignation against the
-promulgating an invention <i>to cheat at dice</i>. We have many examples to
-prove, that the Marquis was not singular in proposing so questionable
-an invention, and we can only consider such schemes put forth as
-marvels in themselves and warnings to the unwary.</p>
-
-<p>We find, as early as 1594, that Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of
-Art and Nature,” describes “A perspective ring that will discover all
-the cards that are neere him that weareth it on his finger;” an effect
-produced by a hollow crystal stone or glass, with a good foil on the
-concave part, to act as a mirror. The apology he offers for publishing
-this scheme, will well apply also in the present instance; he says:&mdash;“I
-have discovered this secret rather to discorage yong novesses from
-card-play, who by one experiment may easily ghesse, how mannie sleights
-and cousenages, are dayly practised in our dicing and gaming houses,
-not doubting but that the general publication thereof will make the
-same so familiar with al men, as that I shall not justly be charged
-of anie to have taught old knaves new-schoole pointes.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</span></p>
-<p>John Bate,
-in his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” 1634, page 151, or the edition
-of 1635, page 242, gives directions, “How to make five or six dice of
-the ordinary bigness of dice, such as you may game withal, and such as
-would be taken by their looks to be ordinary dice, and yet all of them
-to weigh not above one grain.” To effect this:&mdash;“Take a piece of elder,
-and pith it, lay the pith to dry, and then make thereof with a sharp
-knife five or six dice, and you shall find it true that I have said.”</p>
-
-<p>So far as the deceptive part goes, we have an example in reference to
-another game, afforded by Van Etten, in his “Mathematical Recreations,”
-Problem XVII. “Of a deceitfull Bowle to play withall.” The whole trick
-consists simply in producing an undue bias by means of a secretly
-inserted pellet of lead.</p>
-
-<p>Walpole says of the “Century,” that&mdash;“It is a very small piece&mdash;in
-which he (the Marquis) affirms having, in the presence of Charles the
-First, performed <i>many</i> of the feats mentioned in the Book.” As however
-only <i>two</i> are named, No. 56 and No. 64, the foregoing mis-statement
-requires no stronger refutation. He proceeds:&mdash;“The work itself, which
-is but a table of contents; being a list of one hundred projects, <i>most
-of them impossibilities</i>, but all of which he affirms having discovered
-the art of performing.” Consequently, either the Marquis, or Walpole
-occupies a most unenviable position: for one or the other, alone speaks
-the truth. “Some of the easiest (he adds) seem, (among others) how
-to form an universal character; how to converse by jangling of bells
-out of tune; how to take towns, or prevent their being taken; how to
-write in the dark; <i>how to cheat with dice</i>; and in short how to fly.”
-He then proceeds to comment on them, observing:&mdash;“Of these wonderful
-inventions (but why wonderful if the easiest?), the last<span class="pagenum" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</span> but one [how
-to cheat at dice] seems the only one of which his Lordship has left
-the secret; and, by two others [the universal character, and flying],
-it appears that the renowned Bishop Wilkins was but the Marquis’s
-disciple. But, perhaps, too much has been said on so fantastic a man.”
-It was by such unmeaning causticity that the accomplished Walpole could
-degrade his pen, display his own sterility in scientific acquirements,
-and perpetuate his incapacity to judge aright of the mathematical and
-mechanical acumen of the Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">91.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An artificial Horse, with Saddle and Caparizons fit for running
-at<a id="rn_91_3" href="#fn_91_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> the Ring, on which a man being mounted, with his Lance
-in his hand, he can at pleasure make him start, and swiftly to
-run his career, using the decent posture<a id="rn_91_4" href="#fn_91_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> with <i>bon grace</i>,
-may take the Ring as handsomly, and running as swiftly as if he
-rode upon a Barbe.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_91_3" id="fn_91_3"></a><a href="#rn_91_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>at&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_91_4" id="fn_91_4"></a><a href="#rn_91_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>postures.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<p>[<i>An artificiall Ring-horse.</i>] The nearest approach to this automaton
-was that of a mechanical horse, the invention of Colonel De Hamel, of
-the Wurtemberg Cavalry. This was, until lately, exhibited at Mason’s
-establishment, Piccadilly, but is now in Germany. It is made of wood,
-covered with a natural skin, and contains machinery which can be
-operated by a lever to produce any variety of action, from that of
-the most gentle to the fiercest of an unruly horse. But the animal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</span>
-possesses no locomotive power, being restrained to one spot by a strong
-pillar underneath, working at the centre in a cup-and-ball joint, so
-that it can fall sideways, backwards, or forwards, unless prevented
-by equestrian skill; it was, however, more than master of the greater
-number of many excellent horsemen who subjected themselves to its
-astonishing gambols.</p>
-
-<p>The Marquis’s automaton was possibly intended for a kind of circus, and
-we may suppose that a strong post being in the centre, a long wooden
-bar was so placed across it as to revolve&mdash;with the horse attached to
-one end, and a weight or counterpoise on the other extremity, motion
-being given to the horse’s legs by internal machinery, and acting to
-propel it so long as the rider pleased, or the mechanism permitted.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">92.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A scrue made like a Water-scrue, but the bottom made of
-Iron-plate Spade-wise, which at the side of a Boat emptieth the
-mud of a Pond, or raiseth Gravel.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Gravel Engine.</i>] The principle of the modern dredging machine is
-to be seen in Besson’s “Theatrum Instrumentorum et Machinarum,” 1578,
-where about 25 hampers or buckets are attached to two endless chains
-passing over two drums, one at the bottom of two strong inclined poles,
-the other at the top of the same, where a workman turns it by means of
-an ordinary winch applied to an endless screw; while labourers below
-are actively filling the ascending vessels. The Marquis may have had in
-view to make each bucket dig up its own supply of gravel, &amp;c. as indeed
-is the present practice.</p>
-
-<p>This antiquated dredging machine, in some other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</span> form, had been
-contemplated in 1558. The Petition of George Cobham, Tomazo Chanata,
-and others, was presented to Queen Elizabeth, for the sole use of an
-engine to cleanse and carry away all shelves of sand, banks, &amp;c. out of
-all rivers, creeks, and havens.&mdash;See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series,
-1547&ndash;1580. Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A. 8vo. 1856, page 119, No. 56.</p>
-
-<p>In 1583, an inventor, whose name does not appear, proposed, as one out
-of twenty inventions:&mdash;“An engine for cleansing or taking away of any
-shelves or shallow places in the river of Thames, or any such river;
-the same device may serve for cleansing of ditches about cities or
-towns, ponds, or any such like standing waters.”&mdash;Rara Mathematica,
-edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S., &amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
-
-<p>John Gilbert obtained a patent, dated 16th July, 1618, for a water
-plough, for the taking up of sands or banks out of the river Thames or
-other places. And the same John Gilbert, with James Freese, obtained a
-patent, dated 8th July, 1631, for engines or instruments, called water
-ploughs, for the taking up of sands, gravel, shelves, and banks out of
-the Thames and other havens. Also Symon Hill, on the 30th May, 1633,
-patented his invention for taking away of beds of sand and gravel from
-rivers.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">93.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An Engine whereby one man may take out of the water a Ship
-of 500. Tun, so that it may be calked, trimmed and repaired
-without need of the usual way of stocks, and as easily let it
-down again.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Ship-raising Engine.</i>] We find in Besson’s admirably illustrated
-folio work on Instruments and Machines,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</span> 1578, many means delineated
-for raising vessels; for taking them bodily out of the water; or, for
-laying them high and dry on shore for repairs, as in plates 55, 56, and
-58. All such methods are naturally, however, not only very rude and
-imperfect, but are at best only applicable for small craft.</p>
-
-<p>In 1636, Sir John Christopher Van Berg, Moravian Knight, dispossessed
-of all his property “by the devouring wars in Germany,” patented eleven
-inventions; the fifth being&mdash;“An assured way how the very greatest ship
-may be drawn up again, though it be sunk 80 fathoms deep.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">94.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A little Engine portable in ones Pocket, which placed to any
-door, without any noise, but one crack, openeth any door or
-gate.</p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Pocket Engine to open any door.</i>] Doppelmayr gives an account of
-the screw-jack invented by Leonard Danner in 1550. It must have been
-well known in the following century, and we can readily understand
-how the principle of its action may have occurred to the Marquis for
-application to a pocket instrument that would exactly accord with his
-statement.</p>
-
-<p>Bishop Wilkins, in his “Mathematical Magick,” 1648, treating on the
-employment of multiplied wheels, refers to Ramelli, Figure 160,
-observing:&mdash;“Hither also should be referred the force of racks, which
-serve for bending of the strongest bows, as also that little pocket
-engine wherewith a man may break or wrench open any door, together with
-divers the like instruments in common use.”&mdash;Chap. 13, pages 91, 92.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number" id="Page_528"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 528]</span>95.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A double Cross-bow, neate, handsome and strong, to shoot two
-Arrows, either together, or one after the other, so immediately
-that a Deer cannot run two steps but, if he miss<a id="rn_95_5" href="#fn_95_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> of one
-Arrow, he may be reach’d with the other, whether the Deer run
-forward, sideward, or start backward.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_95_5" id="fn_95_5"></a><a href="#rn_95_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>be missed.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>[<i>A double Cross-bow.</i>] The employment of the cross-bow still lingered
-when this was first published in 1663. The invention is so obvious
-that any particular description would be superfluous, the whole effect
-consisting in either shooting the two arrows singly, or together.</p>
-
-<p>In an article on Cross-bows, in Fosbroke’s Encyclopedia of Antiquities,
-1840, it is stated that&mdash;“In a letter remissory, dated 1420, it is
-said, ‘lequel Haquinet a chevauchie tendu <i>crenequins</i> et arbalestes
-a croc’&mdash;that is, <i>which Haquinet rode along with</i> crenequins <i>bent,
-and arbalestes on the hook</i>. By the <i>croc</i> or <i>crook</i> is meant the
-hook, into which the trigger caught; of use both in bending the bow and
-shooting.<ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quotes">”</ins></p>
-
-
-<p class="number">96.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-A way to make a Sea-bank so firm and Geometrically-strong, that
-a stream can have no power over it; excellent likewise to save
-the Pillar of a Bridge, being far cheaper and stronger then
-Stone-walls.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</span></p>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A way for Sea-banks.</i>] This article stands alone in the “Century” as
-an example of a singular divergence from its author’s main course of
-pursuits. It is more than likely that his idea in the present instance
-was the mere use of loose stones, laid down at such a curvature as to
-break rather than resist the force of heavy seas and rapid torrents,
-for such a plan would be decidedly “cheaper and stronger” than any
-masonry, especially if presenting a vertical surface to the surging sea.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">97.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An Instrument whereby an ignorant person may take any thing in
-Perspective, as justly, and more<a id="rn_97_5" href="#fn_97_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a> then the skilfullest<a id="rn_97_6" href="#fn_97_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a>
-Painter can do by his eye.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_97_5" id="fn_97_5"></a><a href="#rn_97_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>more so. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_97_6" id="fn_97_6"></a><a href="#rn_97_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>most skilful. P.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A perspective Instrument.</i>] John Bate, in his “Mysteries of Nature
-and Art,” 1635, gives, at page 155, “A very easie way to describe a
-Towne, or Castle: being within the full sight thereof.” A vertical
-square frame is divided by means of a number of threads, crossing each
-other at equal distances. A vertical pillar opposite, has a spy-hole at
-the top, through which the town, or other prospect is to be viewed, and
-to be drawn square by square, on paper placed on the table below, until
-the whole is completed, as shown in a wood-engraved illustration. No
-doubt the Marquis had refined on this, or some like invention.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">98.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-An Engine so contrived, that working the <i>Primum mobile</i>
-forward or backward, upward or downward,<a id="rn_98_7" href="#fn_98_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a> circularly or
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</span>
-cornerwise, to and fro, streight, upright or downright, yet
-the pretended Operation continueth, and advanceth none of
-the motions above-mentioned, hindering, much less stopping
-the other; but unanimously, and with harmony agreeing they
-all augment and contribute strength unto the intended work
-and operation: And therefore I call this <i>A Semi-omnipotent</i>
-<i>Engine</i>, and do intend that a Model thereof be buried with me.</p>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnote</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_98_7" id="fn_98_7"></a><a href="#rn_98_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>forwards or backwards, upwards or downwards.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A Semi-omnipotent Engine.</i>] The Marquis, previous to the publication
-of this article, had permitted a written notification of a few of this
-inventions to be circulated, which is given at length, in Appendix A.
-In the commencement of this MS. we recognize an earlier reading of the
-foregoing, as follows:&mdash;“The quintessence of motion, or a collection of
-all kinds of mouvements, to wit; circular, to and fro, perpendicular,
-upwards and downwards; side-motions, to the right and left; straight
-motions, forwards and backwards, with a circular vehiculum, to which
-any of these may be applicable, or moveable to all the points of the
-compass; at each of which, it will be as powerful as if it were fixed
-to one place or centre.</p>
-
-<p>“All and every of these, by height of Art, Industry, and Experiment,
-working the same individual and intrinsical effect, without disturbance
-one to the other; and yet by these absolutely contrary motions, so
-performed, most strange and incredible effects may be brought to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</span> pass,
-to the admiration of even the greatest mathematicians.</p>
-
-
-<p>“The knowledge of these things rendering all things as feasible to
-him that is master of this art, as it is to make a circle with a pair
-of compasses, or a straight line with a square or ruler; they being a
-direct abstract of arithmetic contrived by me.”</p>
-
-<p>No. 98 may be read as a second notice of his steam engine; No. 68,
-developing the broad principle of its source of action, while the
-above indicates the working parts. He may allude to the facility of
-communicating motion to levers, forces, pistons, or plungers, in any
-direction, by turning on steam to variously arranged pipes, so that to
-his mind it appeared as though it were something of super-human origin.
-While the beauty, novelty, and success of his new design overawed his
-own mind, it was a matter of infinite surprise to him that he could
-not immediately impress others with a sense of the immense value and
-unbounded importance of an invention which superseded animal power:
-placing at man’s disposal a greater and more controllable mechanical
-agent than even the elements of nature, under the most favourable
-circumstances, had ever supplied.</p>
-
-<p>He expressed his own solemn impression, on seeing the successful issue
-of this great work, when he said&mdash;“I call this a semi-omnipotent
-engine, and <i>do intend that a model thereof be buried with me</i>.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">99.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-How to make one pound weight to raise an hundred as high as one
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</span>
-pound falleth, and yet the hundred pound<a id="rn_99_8" href="#fn_99_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> descending doth<a id="rn_99_9" href="#fn_99_9"><span class="noteref">[9]</span></a>
-what nothing less then one hundred pound<a href="#fn_99_8"><span class="noteref">[8]</span></a> can effect.</p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_99_8" id="fn_99_8"></a><a href="#rn_99_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>pounds. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_99_9" id="fn_99_9"></a><a href="#rn_99_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>to do.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>[<i>A most admirable way to raise Weights.</i>] In his MS. of a select
-number of his inventions, we have, in No. 6, the following earlier
-reading of the above:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“By these (his quintessence of motions) I can make one pound raise an
-hundred, as high as the pound falls; and the one pound taken off the
-112 pounds shall again descend, performing the entire effect of an
-hundred weight, that is, have the force which nothing less than 112
-pounds can have any other way. An incredible effect till seen, but true
-as strange.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:30%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p532" src="images/p532.jpg"
-      alt="Engine to raise weights" />
-</div>
-
-<p>Keeping in view Nos. 25 and 27, we have here a third application of
-the same principle, by which it is proposed with one pound to raise
-a hundred “as <i>high</i> as one pound <i>falleth</i>.” In the engraved figure
-of this demonstrative model, one steam cylinder B, is shown, with its
-steam pipe and valve at A; one end of a cord is attached to the piston
-B, and passing over the drum wheel D, is attached to the weight X. As
-condensation ensues, the descent of B, will raise X; and it may be
-reset for another lift by drawing off the condensed water at E, and
-readmitting steam.</p>
-
-<p>Here we are required “to make one pound weight” so that it shall be
-able to raise 100 times its own weight, always bearing in mind&mdash;“as
-<i>high</i> as one <i>falleth</i>.” This being no Archimedian experiment would be
-unintelligible to any man<span class="pagenum" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</span> ignorant of steam, and some mode of applying
-its property of condensation.</p>
-
-
-<p>James Rollock,<a id="FNanchor_S_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_81"><span class="fnanchor">[S]</span></a> in his doggerel verses, attempts some description of
-this principle as applied to raising water, when he says:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem smaller">
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">“Here little David curbs the Giant’s brood,</span>
-<span class="i0"><i>Small drops of Rain contend with Noah’s flood</i>;</span>
-<span class="i0">One weighs a thousand coming down apace,</span>
-<span class="i0">Weighs but himself when he hath ran his race.</span>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">The Heavens admire, the Centre stands amaz’d,</span>
-<span class="i0">To see such Streams by so small Forces rais’d.</span>
-<span class="i0">Great is the Work, but greater is the Fame</span>
-<span class="i0">Of that great Peer who did invent the same.”</span>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The plain English of Rollock’s feeble lines is, that a stream of water
-falling like “<i>small drops</i> of rain,” on the steam cylinder, caused
-the elevation of a hundred or more gallons, which he likens to “Noah’s
-flood,” in illustration of the greatness of the result; while the steam
-“weighs but itself,” being condensed. “Here little David,” is no more
-than the single attendant on the “Giant’s brood,”&mdash;the Water-commanding
-Engine.</p>
-
-<p>The distribution of the three articles, Nos. 25, 27, and 99, is
-evidently adopted to conceal their connection; as we have already seen
-in the instance of Nos. 22, 23, and 58, which, although related to each
-other, are yet separated, as though they were quite independent.</p>
-
-
-<p class="number">100.</p>
-<p class="number_text">
-Upon so potent a help as these two last mentioned Inventions
-a Waterwork is by many years experience<a id="rn_100_1" href="#fn_100_1"><span class="noteref">[1]</span></a> and labour so
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</span>
-advantageously by me<a id="rn_100_2" href="#fn_100_2"><span class="noteref">[2]</span></a> contrived, that a Child’s force
-bringeth up an hundred foot<a id="rn_100_3" href="#fn_100_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> high an incredible quantity of
-water, even two foot<a href="#fn_100_3"><span class="noteref">[3]</span></a> Diameter, <a id="rn_100_4" href="#fn_100_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a>so naturally, that the
-work will not be heard even into the next Room; and with so
-great ease and Geometrical Symmetry, that though it work day
-and night from one end of the year to the other, it will not
-require forty shillings reparation to the whole Engine, nor
-hinder ones day-work.<a href="#fn_100_4"><span class="noteref">[4]</span></a> And I may boldly call it <i>The most</i>
-<i>stupendious Work in the whole world</i>: not onely with little
-charge to drein all sorts of Mines, and furnish Cities with
-water, though never so high seated, as well to keep them sweet,
-running through several streets, and so performing the work
-of Scavengers, as well as furnishing the Inhabitants with
-sufficient water for their private occasions; but likewise
-supplying Rivers<a id="rn_100_5" href="#fn_100_5"><span class="noteref">[5]</span></a>
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</span>
- with sufficient to maintaine and make them
-portable<a id="rn_100_6" href="#fn_100_6"><span class="noteref">[6]</span></a> from Towne to Towne, and for the bettering of Lands
-all the way it runs; with many more advantageous, and yet
-greater effects of Profit, Admiration, and Consequence. So that
-deservedly I deem this Invention to crown my Labours, to reward
-my Expences, and make my Thoughts acquiesce in way of further
-Inventions: This making up the whole Century, and preventing
-any further trouble to the Reader for the present, meaning to
-leave to Posterity a Book, wherein under each of these Heads
-the means to put in execution and visible trial all and every
-of these Inventions, with the shape and form of all things
-belonging to them, shall be Printed by Brass-plates.<a id="rn_100_7" href="#fn_100_7"><span class="noteref">[7]</span></a></p>
-
-<div class="right_text">
-<p class="ml20 margin2_top margin2_bottom center">
-<i>In Bonum Publicum
-<br />&amp;
-<br />Ad Majorem</i> <span class="smcap">Dei</span><i> Gloriam.</i><a id="FNanchor_T_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_T_82"><span class="fnanchor">[T]</span></a>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_1" id="fn_100_1"></a><a href="#rn_100_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>expences&mdash;for experience.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_2" id="fn_100_2"></a><a href="#rn_100_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>by me&mdash;omitted.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_3" id="fn_100_3"></a><a href="#rn_100_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>feet. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_4" id="fn_100_4"></a><a href="#rn_100_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>The sentence:&mdash;“So naturally, that the work will not be
-heard even in the next room, and with so great ease and
-geometrical symmetry, that though it work day and night from one
-end of the year to the other, it will not require forty shillings
-reparation to the whole Engine, nor hinder one’s day-work”&mdash;does
-not appear in the MS. and is omitted by Partington in his edition.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_5" id="fn_100_5"></a><a href="#rn_100_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>the rivers. P.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_6" id="fn_100_6"></a><a href="#rn_100_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>make navigable&mdash;for, make them portable.</p>
-<p class="footnote"><a name="fn_100_7" id="fn_100_7"></a><a href="#rn_100_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>Thus ends No. 100 of the first printed edition; but Mr. P.
-continues the paragraph by adding from the MS. what is clearly
-only a Postscript to the entire “Century.” He then concludes with
-the Latin phrase, thus following neither work entirely.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_536"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 536]</span>
-[<i>A stupendious Water-work.</i>] The present article concludes the
-Marquis of Worcester’s own observations on his Water-commanding
-Engine. His engagements in hydraulic engineering, as we have already
-seen, commenced about, or before, 1628; but we have later and more
-satisfactory evidence of his having had the invention, which is here
-indicated, absolutely at work, under the management of his engineer
-Kaltoff, at Vauxhall. Hitherto we have confined our notice of any
-express date to the period of the passing of the Act in 1663, securing
-to him the profits in his invention for 99 years. We are, however, now
-prepared to show that, during the reign of Charles the First, in and
-before 1647, the Marquis was occupied on the mechanical arrangements
-of his engine, when one William Lambert, a brass-founder, was engaged
-under him at Vauxhall, in providing material “founded in brass,”
-expressly for “water-work.” This evidence, being afforded under
-circumstances very different from any attempt to establish the present
-statement, is all the more trustworthy, coming as a mere evidence
-of personal employment in the Marquis’s service, while soliciting
-from Charles the Second, after his restoration, to be reinstated at
-Vauxhall, in accordance with an order from the late king.</p>
-
-<p>We shall now give entire the exceedingly interesting and important
-petition and royal order, from the original in the State Paper
-Office:&mdash;<a id="FNanchor_U_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_U_83"><span class="fnanchor">[U]</span></a></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top" id="Page_537"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 537]</span>
-“<span class="smcap">To the King’s most excellent Majesty</span>,</p>
-<p class="extra_indent">“The humble Petition of William Lambert.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Humbly sheweth,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">“That your Petitioner was founder to his late Majesty of blessed memory
-in Ffoxhall under the Marquis of Worcester, for gun and waterwork or
-any other thing founded in brass; and in the late unhappy war, your
-Petitioner was dispossessed of his employment, and left to the value of
-£2,000. and driven to exile by that usurpers authority.</p>
-
-<p>“That your Majesty was graciously pleased at Brussels to grant your
-petitioner the place of founder for your Majesty’s works at Ffoxhall,
-upon your Majesty’s happy restoration, whereupon your Pet<sup>r</sup>. depended;
-and deserted the King of Spain’s service; yet, nevertheless, the house
-was disposed to one Mr. Calthoofe, now deceased.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top hanging_indent2">“Your Petitioner most humbly prayeth, That your sacred Majesty
-would be graciously pleased to confer upon your Petitioner some
-part of your Majesty’s house at Ffoxhall, to make a Founding-house
-for your Majesty’s use and service.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2 continued">“And your Petitioner (as in duty bound) shall pray, &amp;c.”</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">The following is the grant above named:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“<span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent margin_top">“Our pleasure is, That <span class="smcap">William Lambert</span>, Founder for our Works
-at Ffoxhall, shall and may, with his family and servants, abide in and
-possess to our use, our house at Ffoxhall aforesaid, together with the
-outhousing and appurtenances of the same, and there proceed in the work
-as formerly he hath done,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</span> without any molestation to him or his, until
-further express order from us.</p>
-
-<p>“Given at our Court at Oatlands, the 20th day of August, 1647.”<a id="FNanchor_V_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_V_84"><span class="fnanchor">[V]</span></a></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">These documents are highly interesting, as they establish, beyond a
-doubt, the Marquis’s early connection with gunnery and with water-work
-operations at Vauxhall, and account for the practical character of
-inventions mentioned in the “Century,” which might reasonably be
-thought to be beyond the scope of a private individual.</p>
-
-<p>Kaltoff died in, or before, the year 1664, and it is not unlikely,
-therefore, that the Marquis countenanced Lambert’s present application.
-For more on Vauxhall and Kaltoff, see <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p>The Marquis of Worcester had principally in view, in this invention,
-raising water for private and public purposes, and the general
-draining of mines or other inundated property. Its great value was
-evidently to supply cities and towns with water, and to drain mines
-of their superfluous quantity. The mineral wealth of this country was
-drowned treasure, until the steam engine’s powerful aid placed it
-within the power of man to eject the water in greater volume than it
-entered. Until the 17th century, this apparently obvious application
-of the steam engine was entirely overlooked, and had Savery done
-no more than impress on public notice its applicability for that
-invaluable purpose, he would still deserve the highest commendations
-of posterity. Many remarkable works were, no doubt, effected even with
-ordinary appliances, and men do not willingly abandon the experience
-of generations. We find that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</span> in the middle of the 16th century,
-viz.&mdash;July 2, 1565, Wm. Humfrey wrote to Sir William Cecil, concerning
-the working of copper mines; recommending an Almain engineer, who,
-he represents, can raise water one hundred fathoms high, by a newly
-invented engine.&mdash;Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1547&ndash;1580. Edited by
-R. Lemon, F.S.A., 8vo. 1856, page 254. No. 73.</p>
-
-<p>That the ordinary draining of land had made no material progress in
-the 17th century, we gather from the correspondence collected in
-“Samuel Hartlib his Legacie: or an enlargement of the Discourse of
-Husbandry,” 4to. 1651; where there is a letter written by Cressy
-Dymock, in which he remarks&mdash;“I went into the Isle of Ely, to see
-one of the Holland-mills, for dreyning; though set up there and kept
-by certain Frenchmen. The Invention seemed to me but mean and rude,
-and Mr. Wheeler’s way much more ingenious.” “I saw at Wicklesen the
-manner of your Holland sluices. The ruines also of a cochlea, for the
-emptying and dreining of water, of which Ubaldus hath writ a whole
-treatise.”&mdash;Pages 109, 110.</p>
-
-<p>The Act of Parliament, of May, 1663, states in regard to the Marquis’s
-Invention, that he “hath by long and indefatigable pains and study,
-and with great and vast expenses, invented and found out a Secret in
-Nature, never heretofore discovered, being a Water-commanding engine,
-of greater force and advantage than hitherto hath been known; and being
-no pump or force now in use, nor working by any suckers, barrels,
-or bellows heretofore used for the raising and conveying of water;
-which said Engine will yield very great benefit and advantage to the
-Commonwealth, by draining of all sorts of Mines, Marish, Oazie, or
-overflown Grounds, by furnishing of Rivers and Cutts with water to make
-them Navigable and Portable from Town<span class="pagenum" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</span> to Town; by improving of Lands
-wanting water; by the supplying and bringing in of water into the City
-of London, or into any other places; and by divers other ways and means
-whereby great Encouragement will be given to the People of the Nation,
-to undertake to work rich Mines, to drain and gain in many Marish,
-Oazie, and surrounded Grounds, which hitherto they have been deterred
-to endeavour the improvements of, by reason of the vast sums of money
-which must be necessarily expended by the draining and conveying away
-the water out of the same. * * * * * And that a Model thereof be
-delivered by the said Marquis, or his Assignes, to the Lord Treasurer,
-or Commissioner for the Treasury, for the time being, at or before the
-29th of September, 1663.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_C"><ins class="correction" title="original omits which appendix">Appendix C.</ins></a></p>
-
-<p>We trace the early use of steam in some of the simple apparatus of
-various forms, called Æolipile, to a period anterior to the Christian
-era. Greece and Rome, France, Holland, and Germany, have each
-contributed some instrument or other indicative of a knowledge of the
-expansive property of steam, pent up in close vessels, to give slight
-motions to, or force water from small delicately constructed apparatus,
-designed for amusement, or at most only to occasion a strong blast for
-blowing a fire, as figured in “Vitruvio de Architectura,” folio, 1521.
-Some of these early stages of progress we shall further notice here.</p>
-
-<p>Besson, in his folio work on Instruments and Machines, 1578, among
-other contrivances shows, in plate XVIII, a cylindrical vessel,
-containing a coiled spring, above which is a close fitting disc,
-secured underneath to a cord, which, passing through the coiled spring,
-passes out at the bottom of the vessel, by which means it can be used
-to pull down the disc, so as to compress the spring, while the vessel
-is being filled with water, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</span> its cover, with a jet in the centre,
-secured; on releasing the spring, we have here a piston acting from
-below upwards, to produce a fountain.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:50%">
-   <img class="div_scaled" id="p541" src="images/p541.jpg"
-      alt="Porta’s steam apparatus" />
-</div>
-
-<p>John Baptista Porta, in his “Spiritalia,” quarto, 1606, gives a rude
-wood engraving, as here exactly represented, a metal flask-shaped
-boiler, fitting the top of a small furnace, while its neck proceeds
-through the bottom of a cistern of water, within which there is a
-syphon on the right hand side, and an aperture at the top through which
-the cistern can be refilled. By this arrangement, the steam presses on
-the surface of the water, when all is closed, except the syphon, from
-which the water will rush with increased velocity.</p>
-
-<p>In the 16th century, motive and other Æolipile were well known, and
-are described and illustrated by Vitruvius, Hero, and other early
-writers. In 1606, Porta made a slight advance, and John Rovinson,
-patentee of improvements in the manufacture of iron, in his “Treatise
-of Metallica,” 1613, among other necessary parts of his invention,
-describes the following:&mdash;“A new-devised vetible, round and hollow,
-with a long spout, to be made of some mettall or potter’s earth,
-wherein water being put, and the same placed on a fire, as it heateth,
-and the <i>water evaporateth by the spout</i>, it maketh a <i>continuall
-blast</i> to kindle, or increase the fire in furnaces, or fire-workes,
-<i>and may be converted to many other excellent uses</i>; and same may be
-made in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</span> severall peeces with the top or upper part removeable at
-pleasure, so as the lower part being made to stand on feet, may serrve
-at pleasure for a possenet, skellet or boylatory; and when the top is
-put on, and when fastened and luted, it may then serve for the ventible
-to make the blast.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1615, De Caus invented, or at all events published an account
-of a small hot-water fountain; in 1617, Robert Fludd published his
-voluminous work, “Historia Macrosmi,” containing descriptive and
-engraved illustrations of the effects produced on water heated in close
-flask-shaped vessels.</p>
-
-<p>In 1629, Branca suggested the rotating of a wheel, acted on by a jet
-of steam, as a simple kind of stamping or pounding mill. But the
-author, who seems to have taken a more practical and enlightened view
-of the subject, and to have considerably contributed to the Marquis’s
-enthusiasm, was John Bate, who, in 1634 and 1635, published editions of
-his “Mysteries of Nature and Art.” His treatise, “The first Booke of
-Water-workes,” contains, as stated at the commencement, “Experiments of
-drawing water by the crane (syphon), and by engines; of forcing water
-by ayre compressed, and by engines; of producing sounds by ayre and
-water; by <i>evaporation of water by fire</i>, and by engines; of <i>motions
-by evaporating water</i>, and by rarifying ayre.”</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:50%">
-   <img class="div_scaled"  id="p542" src="images/p542.jpg"
-      alt="A blowing Æolipile" />
-</div>
-
-<p>Among his “Experiments of producing sounds by evaporation of water by
-ayer,” the following is given:&mdash;“Prepare a round vessell of brasse, or
-lattin, having a crooked pipe or necke, whereunto fasten a pipe: put
-this vessell upon a trevet over the fire, and it will make a shrill
-whistling noyse.”&mdash;Page 27.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</span></p>
-
-<p> He figures a blow-pipe for glass-working,
-as in the annexed engraving, which he thus describes:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:70%" id="p543_1">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p543_1.jpg"
-      alt="A steam blow-pipe" />
-</div>
-
-<p>“Let there be a vessell of copper about the bignesse of a common
-foot-ball, as A; let it have a long pipe at the top as D, which must
-be made so that you may upon occasion screw on lesser, or bigger vents
-made for the purpose. Fill this one-third part with water, and set it
-over a furnace of coals, as E, G, H, I, and when the water beginneth to
-heat, there will come a strong breath out of the nose of the vessel,
-that will force the flame of a lampe placed at a convenient distance as
-K.”&mdash;Page 158.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft" style="width:60%" id="p543_2">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p543_2.jpg"
-      alt="A fire-blowing Æolipile" />
-</div>
-
-<p>Sir Hugh Plat, in his “Jewel House of Art and Nature,” 1594, gives an
-account of the ordinary fire-blowing Æolipile. He says:&mdash;“A round ball
-of copper or lattin, that will blow the fire very strongly, only by the
-attenuation of water into air; which device will also serve to perfume
-with.&mdash;A round ball of copper or lattin, of the bigness of a small
-bowl&mdash;a round pipe or neck, of 3 or 4 inches in length, less than a
-goose quill&mdash;and an elbow of a less pipe no bigger than a straw, whose<span class="pagenum" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</span>
-vent in the end must be no bigger than a pinhole.” “Heat the same well
-in the fire, and then put it into a vessel of cold water, and it will
-suck some of the water into it, you may heat the same so often, till by
-the peize (poise?) thereof you may be assured that it is more than half
-full. Then set this ball on a few glowing coals, and you shall find
-the same to give a very strong blast.... I make no question but that
-the same may be made so large as that they will blow one whole hour
-together without any intermission.”&mdash;Page 25.</p>
-
-<p>In the second edition of Dr. French’s “Art of Destillation,” 1653,
-page 150, he describes the “Philosophicall Bellowes:” one is to blow a
-furnace fire; another a candle, serving as a blow-pipe; and the third
-for a common fire. He notes “that these kind of vessels must be made of
-copper, and be exceedingly well closed, that they may have no vent but
-at their noses.” He recommends, in preparing them for use, that “you
-must first heat them very hot, then put the noses thereof (which must
-have a very small hole in them, no bigger than a pin’s head may go in)
-into a vessel of cold water, and they will presently suck in the water,
-of which being then full turne the noses thereof towards the candle or
-fire which you would have blown.”</p>
-
-<p>The third figure, instead of being a copper ball is formed like the
-human face, and is held by a long stick or handle attached to the
-back. It is represented and described by Schwenteri, in his “Deliciæ
-Physico-Mathematicæ,” 1638, along with two tubulated balls for similar
-use.</p>
-
-<p>Such then were the suggestions the Marquis had before him to excite his
-experimental inquiries, independent of other sources. But whatever he
-may have known on the subject of these applications of steam, however
-much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</span> he may have experimented on them, there are two things, of
-which no one has yet given him the credit of possessing any knowledge
-whatever, the one is, condensation; the other, a piston. How the
-Marquis of Worcester could have been experimenting at the cost of
-£50,000, and upwards, at Vauxhall, and been occupied in this particular
-class of experiments during a large portion of thirty-eight years,
-in perfect ignorance that cold water will condense steam, is past
-all comprehension. Nay, such ignorance would be a greater matter of
-surprise, than the exhibition of his utmost ingenuity in the mechanical
-contrivances connected with his engine. Condensation was no mystery.
-Every work on distillation spoke on the subject, and supplied the forms
-of refrigeratory worms, and refrigerating heads for alembics. His very
-allusion to the strength of his vessels must have had reference, first
-to internal distension, as well as to collapse from external pressure.</p>
-
-<p>John Bate, in his first book, “Of Water Works,” describes a kind of
-weather glass, which he calls, “the moveable perpendicular glass;” for
-the construction of which his directions are&mdash;“First prepare the glass
-A, B, fill it almost top full of water, provide also the glass K, L,
-having a loop at the top of it: divide it into so many equal parts as
-you would have degrees, and on the mouth thereof fasten a thin board,
-that will easily slip in and out of the bottom glass; make then a
-weight of lead or brass somewhat heavier than both the glass and board
-fastened thereunto; and then tie a little rope to the loop of the
-glass A, B, and the weight at the other end thereof. <i>Rarifie</i> the air
-contained in the glass L, and reverse it into the glass A, B, filled
-with water, and hang the plummet over two little pulleys fastened in a
-frame made for the purpose; and as the glass K, L, <i>cooleth</i>, the water
-will ascend the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</span> same, and so by the change of the outward both the
-glass and water will move accordingly.”&mdash;Pages 42&ndash;43.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:70%" id="p546">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p546.jpg"
-      alt="A weather glass" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p>From all that has been advanced, an impartial reader must feel
-satisfied that there existed abundant sources of popular information,
-highly suggestive to such an inquisitive and inventive mind as the
-Marquis possessed. Van Etten mentions the filling of a cannon with
-water, the plugging it up, and exploding it by the action of fire
-applied to its trunnion. And here John Bate suggests an experimental
-apparatus on a small scale, which the Marquis would be almost certain
-to test, and in so doing to vary the construction and application.
-<i>Rarefaction</i> too is here recommended; and the effect of <i>cooling</i> or
-condensation is particularly noted, the stated result being, “<i>the
-water will ascend</i>.” We can readily imagine the Marquis varying such an
-experiment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</span> with infinite delight, and modifying and enlarging it to
-produce some practical application.</p>
-
-<p>In considering these minuter points, we must never lose sight of the
-extraordinary perseverance shown by the Marquis throughout a long life,
-in conducting and varying his experimental inquiries. It was the one
-pursuit of a studious life-time, the heaviest source of expenditure in
-his private disbursements. Perhaps we should be very much under the
-mark in saying that he must have expended above a hundred thousand
-pounds in experiments alone; which would be represented by nearly
-ten times that amount in our day. And not only was this outlay very
-great, but he had for above thirty-five years kept his workman, Caspar
-Kaltoff, constantly engaged on his models and on practical trials of
-his variously constructed inventions.</p>
-
-<p>The Act for his Water-commanding Engine received the Royal assent in
-June, 1663, and the same year he published his “Century of Inventions”
-(as here reprinted); a pamphlet was next issued, with no other title
-than the following heading at the top of the first page&mdash;“An exact
-and true definition of the most stupendous Water-commanding Engine,
-invented by the Right Honourable (and deservedly to be praised and
-admired) Edward Somerset, Lord Marquess of Worcester, and by his
-Lordship himself presented to His most Excellent Majesty, Charles the
-Second, our most gracious Sovereign.”&mdash;See <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p>This pamphlet appears to have had some connection with means for
-giving publicity to the formation of a public company for carrying out
-the great design on a sufficiently large and remunerative scale. The
-author, or editor, was James Rollock, who here flourishes in a poetical
-vein, observing, “After the Act of Parliament, there is here set down
-a Latin Elogium, and an English<span class="pagenum" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</span> Panegirick, both of them composed
-through duty and gratitude <i>by an ancient servant of his Lordship’s</i>.”
-He afterwards adds: “This ancient servant of his Lordship’s, hath for
-forty years been an eye witness of his great ingenuity, indefatigable
-pains, and vast expences in perfecting for publique service, not
-onely this most Stupendious Water-commanding Engine, but likewise
-several other rare, useful, and never formerly heard of Mathematical
-conclusions, of which he hath owned a Century, and thereunto I refer
-you: though this alone were enough to eternalize his Name to all Ages
-and future times.”</p>
-
-<p>The “Definition” given in the pamphlet agrees with that which has
-already appeared in the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” pages 224, 225, from
-another source, and is here stated as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“The Engine consisteth of the following Particulars;</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“1. A perfect Counterpoize for what Quantity soever of Water.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“2. A perfect Countervail for what Height soever it is to be brought
-unto.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“3. A <i>Primum Mobile</i> commanding both Height and Quantity
-Regulator-wise.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“4. A Vicegerent or Countervail supplying the place, and performing
-the full force of a Man, Wind, Beast, or Mill.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“5. A Helm or Stern, with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may
-guide, order, and control the whole Operation.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“6. A particular Magazine for Water, according to the intended
-Quantity or Height of Water.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“7. An Aquaduct capable of any intended Quantity or Height of Water.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">“8. A place for the Original Fountain or even river to run into, and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</span>naturally of its own accord incorporate itself with the rising Water,
-and at the very bottom of the same Aquaduct, though never so big or
-high.”</p>
-
-<p>We cannot do otherwise than consider that the articles, Nos. 68, 98,
-and 100, refer to descriptions of the several parts of his remarkable
-steam engine. In No. 68, we have the two vessels, with two cocks,
-connected with a furnace, and so arranged that “one vessel of water
-being consumed, another begins to force and refil with cold water.” In
-No. 98, we have intimation of “the <i>primum mobile</i>,” forming the 3rd
-division of the particulars enumerated above; being some portion of the
-engine capable of every variety of movement. And in No. 100, we have
-no mechanical suggestions, but in their place a bare enumeration of
-results, and of advantages to be derived from the employment of such
-engines.</p>
-
-<p>What then are we to understand by the preceding list of particulars?
-“1. A perfect <i>counterpoise</i>,” would suggest that the Marquis had
-contrived a complete system of pumping; “2. A perfect <i>countervail</i>,”
-appears to be only a different kind of counterpoise, as though the
-one were derived from weight, and the other from the action of the
-steam; 4. “A vicegerent,” may be the force or piston; 5. “A helm or
-stem, with bit and reins,” can hardly be mistaken for any other than
-levers, acting on valves, and in some positions connected with chains
-running over guide pulleys; while the parts 6, 7, and 8, refer wholly
-to reservoirs, cisterns, and other external arrangements. But this
-statement is simply made to remind the reader that the Marquis’s
-Engine was not so entirely simple in its construction as to consist
-only of a boiler and receiver, and to depend wholly on the effect
-of the direct action of steam on a large surface of cold water, as
-generally intimated. It is usual entirely to set aside this full and
-clear statement of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</span> details. So indefinitely has the Marquis’s claim
-hitherto been stated, that it is always assumed, that while using this
-early steam engine, he was quite unacquainted with condensation; or,
-at least, with any mode of employing it to produce a useful effect.
-On the other hand, it is not only more rational to suppose that he
-could not be otherwise than fully acquainted with it, but that, having
-ascertained its various results, he finally succeeded in employing
-condensation to produce a vacuum for refilling his vessels, and for
-giving motion to a force or piston. Indeed, we find in the foregoing
-statement&mdash;“6. A <i>particular</i> Magazine for Water, according to the
-intended <i>quantity</i> or <i>Height</i> of Water.” A <i>particular</i> Magazine,
-one for a special purpose, for which it was particular to have
-such a supply; and for size, form, and situation, it had reference
-“to the quantity and height of water,” for a small cistern would
-supply sufficient water for condensation, but a larger cistern would
-be required in proportion to more extended service. Then, “7. An
-Aqueduct,” might be the vertical main pipe; and “8. A place for the
-original fountain,” peculiarly arranged reservoirs, with suitable
-valves, floats, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Uniting his several descriptions, we readily make out a construction of
-apparatus answering many of the conditions he has stated, as shown in
-the engraving<a id="FNanchor_W_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_W_62"><span class="fnanchor">[W]</span></a> on the opposite page from a sectional drawing designed
-by the author.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_551"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 551]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%" id="p551">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p551.jpg"
-      alt="The Marquis of Worcester’s Engine" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnotes">
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_W_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_W_62"><span class="label"><ins class="correction" title="Footnote has been placed here rather than at the end of chapter">[W]</ins></span></a> DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVING.
-</p>
-<p>
-A, A' Two cold water vessels, connected by&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-B, B'&mdash;the steam pipe, with&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-C, the Boiler, set in&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-D, the furnace. The cold water vessels A A', also are connected with&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-E, the vertical water pipe by means of&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-F, F', continuations of the same pipe conducted into and nearly
-touching the bottom of each vessel A, A'.
-</p>
-<p>
-G, G', are two water supply pipes, with valves <i>a</i>, <i>a'</i>, dipping into&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-H, the well. It is obvious that by uniting these pipes, and placing the
-valves in the upper bend of each, it would be sufficient for a single
-pipe to dip into the water to be raised.
-</p>
-<p>
-On the steam pipe B B' is&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-<i>b</i>, a four-way steam cock, operated by&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-<i>b'</i>, its lever handle; and on the horizontal portion of the water pipe
-F F', is&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-<i>c</i>, a four-way water cock, operated by&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-<i>c'</i>, its lever handle.
-</p>
-<p class="margin_top">
-<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> The four-way cock is figured and described as early as
-1618, by Robert Fludd, in “Historia Macrosmi,” folio, page 467.</p></div>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</span>
-In the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 20, we have a view of
-the deep grooves cut in that side of the Citadel of Raglan Castle, on
-which the Marquis of Worcester’s Water-works were situated. The grooves
-would admit the insertion of pipes of about one foot external diameter,
-either round, or square, and they would carry water nearly twenty-five
-feet high. In the early use of his engine, he may have forced the water
-direct from the boiler, or by the using of an independent boiler, as
-employed by Porta, in 1606; but either way, the arrangement of his
-Raglan works would seem to have been that of employing a main vertical
-pipe for each boiler or receiver, instead of each receiver being
-connected with a four-way cock with one vertical pipe, or “aquaduct.”</p>
-
-<p>With these observations we close our comments on the various articles
-of the “Century,” after having supplied a mass of most important
-references to contemporary and earlier scientific authors; as well as
-offered several entirely new solutions; and reduced the problematical
-character of this singularly interesting work to one only, being No.
-56, which alone remains open to the charge of being a paradox.</p>
-
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_A_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_63"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See, at
-page <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, M. Sorbière’s enumeration of inventions
-considered exceedingly curious in 1663.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_B_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_64"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> A letter from lord Herbert, to Mon. Grubendol, London.
-MSS. in the Library of the Royal Society. His Lordship alludes to M.
-Grollier de Servière’s Cabinet, of which a Catalogue was published
-at Lyon, 1719.</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_C_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_65"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The Life of the Rt. Hon. Francis North, Baron of Guilford,
-Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, under King Charles II, and King James
-II. By the Hon. Roger North. 2nd ed. 2 vols. 8vo. 1808. Vol. 2, p.
-251.</p>
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_D_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_66"><span class="label">[D]</span></a>
-See page <a href="#Page_223">223.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_E_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_67"><span class="label">[E]</span></a>
- <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_F_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_68"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_G_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_69"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> The Marquis, in the 19th article of the “Century,” twice
-alludes to “<i>a child</i>;” and patenting his invention, which applied to
-Coaches, he introduces the expression in the 3rd article of his patent
-of 1661:&mdash;“a <i>child</i> of six years old may secure <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has &nbsp;rom">from</ins> danger all in the
-coach,” and “the <i>child</i> being able” to loosen the horses.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_H_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_70"><span class="label">[H]</span></a>
-See page <a href="#Page_302">302.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_I_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_71"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> We meet with the following singular passages recorded by
-his biographer, as introductory to the Inventions of James Watt, in the
-second edition of his Life, 1859. At page 145, it is remarked:&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-“When we consider the whole of the contrivances invented by Savery, as
-described by himself in ‘The Miner’s Friend,’ we cannot but accord to
-him the praise of very great ingenuity, independent of the merit of
-having made <span class="smcap">the first working Steam Engine</span>, (if he was not
-preceded in that by the Marquis of Worcester); but, at all events, of
-having been the first who introduced it into use.”
-</p>
-<p>
-We give this passage as printed, and proceed to the next, at page
-156, which is not recorded either in the Contents or Index, only
-distinguishing certain words:&mdash;
-</p>
-<p>
-“We think it right to add that the language used by Savery in his
-‘Miner’s Friend,’ in treating of the advantages, whether ascertained
-or prospective, of his invention, presents a strong contrast, in point
-of plainness, simplicity, and modesty, to the more high-flown phrases
-in which the Marquis of Worcester <i>magnifies</i> the performances of
-his ‘semi-omnipotent’ engine. Savery was evidently a practical man,
-possessed of great [1] common sense as well as of [2] ingenuity; and
-although it would <i>probably</i> be wrong to deny to Lord Worcester the
-possession of a good deal of the <i>second</i> of those qualities, it may
-<i>well be doubted</i> how far he is entitled to the claim of any very
-considerable share of the <i>first</i>” [common sense]!
-</p>
-<p>
-We believe that the author of this strange composition is a Scotch
-Advocate of some standing; now it is far from being the character of
-the legal profession, as a body, to commit to paper such reckless
-reproach of even the dead; but assuredly it does not require the
-caution induced by a knowledge of common law to point out the propriety
-of treating with respect the memory of a man of high birth and
-untainted reputation, such as was the Marquis of Worcester. But this is
-not all, we are introduced to a “<span class="smcap">First Engine</span>,” at the risk
-of a second “first,” as declared by the same pen! And without fear
-of contradiction we say the last should be first, and the first last
-in this category.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_J_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_72"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> From the Lansdown MSS. 121. See also Letters Illustrative
-of Science. Edited by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. &amp;c. 8vo. 1841.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_K_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_73"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> Among the Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum
-occurs No. 6176, a MS. volume, containing at folio 16, <i>b</i>, a
-“Certificate of the Armory in the Tower,” signed among others by “W.
-Balfour,” Lieutenant of the Tower, “17th Dec. 1640.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_L_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_74"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> Almain engineers seem to have been in much repute.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_M_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_M_75"><span class="label">[M]</span></a> The original drawing is preserved in the archives of the
-Royal Society, coarsely executed on paper, measuring 24 by 27 inches.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_N_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_N_76"><span class="label">[N]</span></a> Savery is supposed to have died in 1715, but no
-particulars are on record respecting his death and burial.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_O_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_O_77"><span class="label">[O]</span></a> His address “To the Gentlemen Adventurers in the Mines of
-England,” is dated “London, Sep. 22, 1701.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_P_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_P_78"><span class="label">[P]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_Q_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_Q_79"><span class="label">[Q]</span></a> On the contrary, he expressly declares he had never seen
-such an engine.&mdash;H. D.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_R_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_R_80"><span class="label">[R]</span></a> The Harleian MS. “Century” has for Article No. 88, “A
-Stamping Engine,” in lieu of the “Brazen Head.” Mr. Partington alters
-this to “A Coining Engine.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_S_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_S_81"><span class="label">[S]</span></a> See <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_T_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_T_82"><span class="label">[T]</span></a> The following concluding part of the MS., added as a
-postscript, does not appear in the 1st edition, 1663:&mdash;“Besides many
-omitted, and some of three sorts willingly not set down, as not fit to
-be divulged, least ill use may be made thereof; but to show that such
-things are also within my knowledge, I will here in myne owne cypher
-set down at least one of each, not to be concealed where duty, and
-affection obligeth me.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_U_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_U_83"><span class="label">[U]</span></a> This Petition is calendared under the date “1665?” but
-probably belongs to 1664.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_V_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_V_84"><span class="label">[V]</span></a> Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;6. Edited by Mary A.
-E. Green, 8vo. 1664, p. 153. No. 138, and No. 138, i.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:10%" id="p552">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p552.jpg"
-      alt="decorative" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_553"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 553]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2>ADDENDA.</h2>
-
-<p>
-No. 5. <i>Cipher writing.</i> At Page 398, reference is made to a Cipher
-letter, engraved in “The Life,” at page 180. It was written by the
-Marquis, as now appears, at Dublin, the 29th of September, 1645. The
-author having made out the character, is able to supply the following
-key, or alphabet.<a id="FNanchor_A_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_85"><span class="fnanchor">[A]</span></a>
-</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%" id="p553">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p553.jpg"
-      alt="The Marquis of Worcester’s his Cipher Alphabet" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p>Curiously enough it is the document given at page 139, so that Carte
-must have obtained a deciphered copy as well. But the words, “the King
-of the assent,” should be “the King of his assent.” The words, “towards
-your Excellency” (in the 10th line) are not in the original. Also the
-words, “And my intention was ever to acquaint your Honour herewith,”
-should be “and mine intent was ever to acquaint you herewith.” There is
-no signature to the original, but the written direction shows it was
-from the Earl of Glamorgan.</p>
-
-<p>We have now authentic proof of the construction and character of at
-least one Cipher method of writing adopted by the Marquis, eighteen
-years prior to the publication of the “Century.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width:60%" id="p554">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p554.jpg"
-      alt="Construction of a water-screw" />
-</div>
-
-<p>No. 53. <i>An hollowing of a water-screw.</i> A slight addition to the
-comment on this article will be easily understood by reference to the
-adjoining three figures, and <span class="pagenum" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</span>probably throw some light on what the
-Marquis may have actually intended. Being desirous to construct a
-model screw, some years ago, the author designed the following method
-of making one of tin or zinc, which may be easily shown by cutting
-out the same in thin pasteboard. Form a number of discs of thin metal
-like No. 1, say three inches diameter, with a hole in the centre one
-inch diameter, and the metal cut through at A. Rivet, solder, or
-otherwise fasten them together, commencing by placing No. 2 on No.
-1; now secure the cut edge of A, to the similar edge of <i>b</i>, and so
-on in succession, until a sufficient pile is obtained. They may now
-be extended to form a screw, as in No. 3, of any desired pitch. The
-minuter details of construction will be obvious to any clever artizan.</p>
-
-
-<p id="Page_555"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 555]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2 id="Appendix_A">APPENDIX A.</h2>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">[The following is from Birch’s MSS. in the British Museum, No. 4459;
-and portions have been quoted in the Commentary, under each article of
-invention named herein.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">INVENTIONS OF Y<sup>E</sup> E’ARLE OE WORCEST<sup>R</sup>.</p>
-
-<p>The Qvint E’ssence of Motion, or a C’ollection of all kinds of
-Movements, to wit, C’ircular, to &amp; fro; Perpendicular, upwards &amp;
-downewards; side motions, to y<sup>e</sup> right &amp; left; straight Motions,
-forewards &amp; backwards with a Circular Vehiculum, to wch any of these,
-may bee applicable or moveable to all y<sup>e</sup> points of y<sup>e</sup> C’ompasse: At
-each of wch, it will bee as powerfull as if it were fixt to one place
-or Center.</p>
-
-<p>All &amp; every of these, by hight of Art, Industry, &amp; Experim<sup>t</sup> working
-y<sup>e</sup> same Individuall &amp; Intrinsecall effect, without disturbance one to
-y<sup>e</sup> other: &amp; yet by these absolutely contrary Motions soe perform’d,
-most strange &amp; incredible E’ffects may bee brought to passe, to y<sup>e</sup>
-Admiration even of y<sup>e</sup> greatest Mathematicians.</p>
-
-<p>The knowledge of these things, rendring all things as feacible to him,
-y<sup>t</sup> is Master of this Art, as it is to make a C’ircle with a paire of
-C’ompasses, or a straight line, w<sup>th</sup> a sqvare or Ruler. They beeing
-a direct abstract of Arithmetick, contrived by mee. And by y<sup>e</sup> power
-of those, I have perfected these following Conclusions, w<sup>th</sup> some
-hundreds besides all experimented by mee.</p>
-
-<p>(1) I can render an ordinary Watch, wch beeing once wound up, will goe
-constantly, during a Mans life, beeing vsed but once in 24. houres, &amp;
-(though oftner look’t on:) it is still y<sup>e</sup> same, &amp; though not look’t on
-for a weeke, still y<sup>e</sup> same, if not bruised.</p>
-
-<p>(2) By this I can make a Vessel of as great burthen, as y<sup>e</sup> River can
-beare, to goe ag<sup>t</sup> y<sup>e</sup> streame, wch y<sup>e</sup> more rapid it is, y<sup>e</sup> faster it
-shall advance, &amp; y<sup>e</sup> moveable part y<sup>t</sup> workes it, may bee by one man
-still guided, to take y<sup>e</sup> best advantage of y<sup>e</sup> streame, &amp; yet to steer
-the boat to any point. And this E’ngine is applicable to any Vessell or
-Boate, whatsoever; without being therefore made on purpose; And worketh
-these effects. It roweth, it draweth, it driveth (:if need bee:) to
-passe London bridge ag<sup>t</sup> y<sup>e</sup> streame at low water: And a boate lying at
-Anchor, the E’ngine may be used for loading or vnloading.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</span></p>
-
-<p>(3) By this
-I can make an Artificiall Bird to fly wch way &amp; as long as I please.</p>
-
-<p>(4) By these I can make a ball of S’ilver or G’old wch throwne into a
-pale or poole of Water, shall rise againe to y<sup>e</sup> perfect houre of any
-day or night: The superficies of y<sup>e</sup> Water shall still show the houre
-distinctly, even y<sup>e</sup> minutes, if I please.</p>
-
-<p>(5) By this I can make a C’hilde in a C’oach, to stop y<sup>e</sup> horses
-(run̄ing away) &amp; shall be able to secure hims. &amp; those y<sup>t</sup> bee in
-y<sup>e</sup> C’oach, having a little E’ngine placed therein, wch shall not bee
-perceived in what posture soever y<sup>e</sup> horses draw: a C’hildes force
-shall bee able, to disengage them, from overturning y<sup>e</sup> C’oach or
-prejudicing any body in it.</p>
-
-<p>(6) By these I can make one pound raise an hundred, as high as ye
-one pound falls, &amp; y<sup>e</sup> one pound taken off y<sup>e</sup> 112<sup>lb</sup> shall againe
-descend, performing y<sup>e</sup> entire effect of an hundred waight (i.e.) have
-y<sup>t</sup> force wch nothing lesse, then 112<sup>lb</sup> can have any other way. An
-incredible effect till seene, but true as strange.</p>
-
-<p>(7) By these a C’hilde shall raise as much water 100 foot high
-(speaking within C’ompasse) as 6. horses can force vp any other way.</p>
-
-<p>(8) By these I can stop any other Mans Motion, &amp; render it Null, since
-from any point of y<sup>e</sup> C’ompasse, I can forceably &amp; effectually cause a
-counterbuffe or absolute obstruction of such Motion, wch way I please
-all wayes, beeing indifferent to mee to worke a perfect resistance, &amp;
-to countermine their Intentions, or to force their Motions a cleane
-contrary way.</p>
-
-<p>The 9 was left out in y<sup>e</sup> Original C’opy. (9)</p>
-
-<p>S’oe here y<sup>u</sup> have 9 figures represented, wch in Arithmetick, make all
-numbers imaginable, soe by y<sup>e</sup> helpe of these Motions, noe Manufacture,
-but may be demonstrated exqvisitely &amp; demonstrably &amp; with great ease
-and facility. And noe Conclusion in y<sup>e</sup> Mathematicks or Mechanicks, but
-may by these bee brought to passe in great perfection &amp; to admiration.
-Yet as y<sup>e</sup> most excellent tooles cannot worke alone; nor any C’ymeter
-is soe sharp to cut w<sup>th</sup>out an arme to guide it. S’oe without
-Knowledge, Art, &amp; Ingenuitie, these are fruitlesse. But being set to
-worke by one of noe more Knowledge then myselfe, am capable off, they
-will performe w<sup>t</sup> is here asserted &amp; more then I could write, from one
-end off y<sup>e</sup> yeare to y<sup>e</sup> other.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent smaller margin_top">(<i>Note.</i>&mdash;No. 9 is here stated to be left out, but may not the
-first named, or “Quintessence of Motion,” be No. 1, so making up
-Nine in all? [See pp. 530, 531.] In the next line the copyist has
-first written 8 and then altered it to 9, to accord with the sense
-of the passage.)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2 id="Appendix_B">APPENDIX B.</h2>
-
-<p class="center smaller">[<span class="smcap">Abridged from the printed Specifications of the Patent
-Office.</span>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">MARQUIS OF WORCESTER’s PATENT.&mdash;SIGNET BILL.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top"><span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1661. . . . <span class="smcap">NO.</span> 131.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Clocks, Guns, Carriages, Boats, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="smcap">Charles the Second</span>, by the grace of God, &amp;c., to all to whom
-these p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup> shall come greeting.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> our right trusty and entirely beloved couzin
-<span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Marquesse of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span> hath for many yeares
-applied his thought<sup>s</sup> and studies, and hath beene at very great
-charges, to contrive and perfect divers rare and new Invenc̃ons,
-contenting himselfe with the good and advantage which will redound to
-the publique and to every particuler industrious workman or curious
-persons who shall make vse of the said Invenc̃ons, the product<sup>s</sup>
-of his extraordinary expences and ingenuity: And whereas, amongst
-other vsefull and new Invenc̃ons of farr greater consequence, the
-said Marquesse hath found out and experimented these severall new
-Invenc̃ons herein-after perticularly menc̃oned (that is to say)&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">“1. To make a watch or clock without string or chaine, or any other
-kind of winding up but what of necessity must follow if the owner or
-keeper of the said watch or clock will know the hour of day or night;
-and yet if he lay it aside several days and weeks without looking or
-meddling with it, it shall go very well, and as justly as most watches
-that ever were made.</p>
-
-<p>2. And also an Invention to make certain guns or pistols, which in the
-tenth part of one minute of an hour may, with a flaske contrived to
-that purpose, be recharged, the fourth part of one turne of the barrel,
-which remains still fixt, fastening it as forceably and effectually
-as a dozen threads of any screw, which in the ordinary and usual way
-require as many turns.</p>
-
-<p>3. Also an Invention to make an engine applicable to any coach, by
-which a child of six years old may secure from danger all in the coach,
-and even the coachman himself, though the horses become never so
-unruly, the child being able in the twinckleing of an eye to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</span> loosen
-them from the coach, in what posture soever they draw or turne, be it
-ever so short, or to either hand.</p>
-
-<p>4. Lastly, an Invention to make a boat that roweth, draweth, or setteth
-even against wind or stream, yea, both, and to any part of the compass
-which way soever the streame runs or wind blows, and yet the force of
-the wind or streame causeth its motion, nothing being required but a
-steersman, and whilst the boat stayeth to be loaded or unloaded, the
-streame or wind shall perform such work as any water mill or wind mill
-is capable of.”</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">All which new Invenc̃ons being of publique vse and benefitt if the
-same were put in practice, and the lawes of England haveing especially
-provided for the incouragement of such as are the first authors and
-invento<sup>rs</sup> of profittable and ingenious Invenc̃ons.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Know Yee</span>, that wee, of our especiall grace, certaine
-knowledge, and meere moc̃on doe for vs, our heires and successo<sup>rs</sup>,
-give and grant vnto the said Edward, Marquesse of Worcester, his
-executo<sup>rs</sup>, administrato<sup>rs</sup>, assignee, and assignes, full power,
-licence, liberty, priviledge, and authoritye, that hee, they, and
-every of them, by themselves or his or their deputy and deputies,
-servant<sup>s</sup>, agent<sup>s</sup>, and workmen, or any of them, from tyme to
-tyme, and at all tymes hereafter dureing the terme of yeares hereafter
-in these p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup> expressed, shall and may
-vse, exercise, and imploy all and every or any of the aforesaid
-Invenc̃ons, before in and by there p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup>
-perticulerly described, in such manner as to him, them, or any of them,
-in his and their best judgment<sup>s</sup> and discrecc̃ons, shall seeme
-meete, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top margin_bottom">May it please yo<sup>r</sup> most excellent Majestie.</p>
-
-<p>Yo<sup>r</sup> Maj<sup>tie</sup> is hereby graciously pleased to grant vnto Edward,
-Marquesse of Worcester the sole vse and exercise of his severall new
-Invenc̃ons concerning watches or clock<sup>s</sup>, guns or pistolls,
-coaches, and boates, for fourteene yeares according to the forme of the
-Statute in that behalfe made and provided, and with such other clauses
-as are vsuall in grant<sup>s</sup> of like nature.</p>
-
-<p>Signified to be yo<sup>r</sup> Majesties pleasure vnder yo<sup>r</sup> royall signe
-manuall.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4"><span class="smcap">T. Palmer</span>,</p>
-<p class="signed_line5">15 Nov. 1661.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top">[Record mutilated.]</p>
-
-<p id="Page_559"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 559]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2 id="Appendix_C">APPENDIX C.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_bottom">WATER-COMMANDING ENGINE, ACT, <span class="smcap">Etc.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">[From page 559 to 567, is the reprint of a rare quarto tract of 22
-pages, of which there is a copy in the library of his Grace the
-Duke of Beaufort; and another in the British Museum, C. 31. d. 1.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2 margin_top">An exact and true Definition of the most Stupendious
-Water-commanding Engine, invented by the Right Honourable (and
-deservedly to be praised and admired) <i>Edward Somerset</i>, Lord
-Marquess of <i>Worcester</i>, and by his Lordship himself presented to
-his most Excellent Majesty <i>Charles</i> the Second, our most gracious
-Sovereign.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">An Act of Parliament thereupon granted, with great applause of both
-Houses, being through his Majesties particular favour passed, by
-special Commission to the Right Honourable the Earl of <i>Clarendon</i>,
-Lord High Chancellour of <i>England</i>; the Earl of <i>Southampton</i>, Lord
-High Treasurer; the Lord <i>Roberts</i>, Lord Privy Seal, third Officer of
-the Crown, preceding all Dukes, not of the Blood Royal; the Duke of
-<i>Albemarle</i> his Grace, most deservedly by his transcendent merits never
-to be forgotten, Lord General of his Majesties Land-forces; the Lord
-Marquess of <i>Dorchester</i>, and the Earl <i>Lynsey</i>, Lord High Chamberlain,
-by his place preceding all Earls, both likewise of the Privy Council:
-They passed the said Act upon the third of <i>June</i>, 1663. For the more
-expedition, and in Testimony of the great consequence thereof to the
-King and Kingdom.</p>
-
-<p>His most Excellent Majesty having the tenth part, without deducting
-of Charges, freely given him by the said Lord Marquess, and there
-evidently accruing a considerable Profit and Benefit to every
-individual Subject of the whole Nation, if he either have surrounded
-Marish-ground to drein, or dry Land to improve; Commodities to sell
-portable from Town to Town, and through the Countrys to the Towns by
-Cuts thus fed by water; or if he have (I further say) Mines wherewith
-to enrich himself withall, Houses to be served, or Gardens to be
-beautified by plentiful Fountains with little charge, yet certain
-in ever so dry a Summer: and there being indeed no place but either
-wanteth water, or is overburdened therewith,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</span> and by this Engine either
-defect is remediable, that is to say, water necessary to man-kind,
-furnished with the pleasantness thereof, procured, and the water
-unnecessary, as easily rejected.</p>
-
-<p>Thus whole Cities may be kept Clean, Delightful and Wholesome, needing
-no other Scavengery then by means thereof to void their dirt, and avoid
-noisomness, the Cause of Infection, Sicknesses, and Contagion it self,
-by Stenches commonly ingendring and fomenting the same.</p>
-
-<p>After the Act of Parliament, there is here set down a Latin <i>Elogium</i>,
-&amp; an English <i>Panegirick</i>, both of them composed through duty and
-gratitude by an Antient Servant of his Lordships, presuming to begin
-the way to the greatest Wits and Poets to dilate upon so plentiful and
-admirable a Theam, and so deserving a person of King and Kingdom, and
-of all that ever knew him.</p>
-
-<p>This Antient Servant of his Lordships, hath for forty years been an eye
-witness of his great ingenuity, indefatigable pains, and vaste expences
-in perfecting for publique service, not onely this most Stupendious
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original unhypenated">Water-commanding</ins> Engine, but likewise several other rare, useful, and
-never formerly heard of Mathematical Conclusions, of which he hath
-owned a Century, and thereunto I refer you: though this alone were
-enough to eternalize his Name to all Ages and future times.</p>
-
-<p>I think it not amiss to give further notice in his Lordships behalf,
-that he intends within a moneth or two to erect an Office, and to
-intrust some very responsible and honourable persons with power to
-Treat and Conclude with such as desire at a reasonable rate to reap the
-benefit of the same Water-commanding Engine, in any of the aforesaid
-useful and beneficial operations, whereof his Majesty is to reap the
-first fruit; and then the whole Kingdom in general, before his Lordship
-is re-imbursed, and his reward beginneth; whose laudable inventions
-Almighty God prosper with blessings on earth, and reward in heaven.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</span></p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top"><span class="smcap">Most gracious Sovereign</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">The same individual Definition of my Water-work, which I formerly
-presumed to put into Your Royal Hands, I again adventure to present to
-Your Majesty; praying Your Belief of it, as Your Majesty shall find it
-true by comparing it with the real Effect; which, if found punctually
-agreeing, Vouchsafe then not to be apt hereafter to lend a believing
-Ear to such persons, as Malice causeth to detract from, or Ignorance
-to slight what shall (though never so seemingly strange) be averr’d by
-me, who will never be convinced of a Falshood in Word or Deed towards
-Your Sacred Majesty; before whom I shall ever speak as in the presence
-of Almighty God, whose Vicegerent on Earth I deem You: And to Your
-Majesties transcentdent Judgment I submit all, and will presume to
-subscribe my self,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">Sir,</p>
-<p class="signed_line2"><i>Your Sacred Majesties</i></p>
-<p class="signed_line3"><i>Faithfully-Devoted and passionately-</i></p>
-<p class="signed_line4"><i>Affected, Useful, if cherished,</i></p>
-<p class="signed_line5"><i>Subject&nbsp;and&nbsp;Servant</i>,<span class="ml20 smcap">Worcester</span>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top"><i>A Stupendious or a Water-Commanding Engine, boundless for Height, or
-Quantity, requiring no External, nor even Additional help, or force to
-be set, or continued in motion, but what intrinsecally is afforded from
-its own Operation, nor yet the twentieth part thereof: And the Engine
-consisteth of the following Particulars</i>;&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>1. A perfect Counterpoize for what Quantity soever of Water.</p>
-
-<p>2. A perfect Countervail for what Height soever it is to be brought
-unto.</p>
-
-<p>3. A <i>Primum Mobile</i> commanding both Height and Quantity
-Regulator-wise.</p>
-
-<p>4. A Vicegerent or Countervail supplying the place, and performing the
-full force of a Man, Wind, Beast, or Mill.</p>
-
-<p>5. A Helm or Stern, with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may
-guide, order, and controul the whole Operation.</p>
-
-<p>6. A particular Magazine for Water, according to the intended Quantity
-or Height of Water.</p>
-
-<p>7. An Aquaduct capable of any intended Quantity or Height of Water.</p>
-
-<p id="Page_562"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 562]</span>
-8. A place for the Original Fountain or even River to run into, and
-naturally of its own accord incorporate it self with the rising Water,
-and at the very bottom of the same Aquaduct, though never so big or
-high.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top hanging_indent"><i>By Divine Providence, and Heavenly Inspiration, this is my
-Stupendious Water-commanding Engine, boundless for Height and
-Quantity.</i></p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i4">Whosoever is Master of Weight,<br /></span>
-<span class="i6">Is Master of Force;<br /></span>
-<span class="i4">Whosoever is Master of Water,<br /></span>
-<span class="i6">Is Master of both:<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-
-<p>And consequently, to him all Forceable Actions and Atchievments are
-easie, which are in any wise beneficial to or for Mankind.</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2"><i>Exegi Monumentum ære perennius,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Regalíque situ Pyramidum altius;</i></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Quod non imber edax, non Aquilo impotens,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Possit diruere, aut innumerabilis</i><span class="ml20">Horace.</span></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Annorum series, &amp; fuga temporum:</i></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Non omnis moriar, multáque pars mei</i></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Vitabit Libitinam,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i6"><i>dum stabit Anglia.</i><span class="ml20"> Capitolium.</span></span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">Reader observe, This tells us how to keep<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Our morning-Thoughts awake, while others sleep:<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">’Tis Art and Nature’s product, scan’d by some:<br /></span>
-<span class="i0">Judge of it by th’ Effects, then give your doom.<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i4"><i>To God alone be all Praise, Honour and Glory, for ever and ever.</i>
-<span class="ml10">Amen.</span><br /></span>
-<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.<a id="FNanchor_B_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_86"><span class="fnanchor">[B]</span></a></p>
-</div></div>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top hanging_indent2" id="Page_563"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 563]</span>
-<span class="smcap">An Act</span> to Enable <i>Edward</i> Marquess of <i>Worcester</i> to
-Receive the Benefit and Profit of a Water-Commanding Engine by him
-Invented; One Tenth part whereof is appropriated for the Benefit
-of the Kings Majesty, His Heirs and Successors.<a id="FNanchor_C_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_87"><span class="fnanchor">[C]</span></a></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span> The Right Honourable Edward Marquess of Worcester
-hath affirmed to the Kings most Excellent Majesty, That he hath
-by long and indefatigable pains and study, and with great and
-vast expences, invented and found out a Secret in Nature, never
-heretofore discovered, being a Water-Commanding Engine, of greater
-force and advantage then hitherto hath been known; and being no
-Pump or Force now in use, nor working by any Suckers, Barrels, or
-Bellows heretofore used for the raising and conveying of Water;
-which said Engine will yield very great benefit and advantage to the
-Common-wealth, by draining of all sorts of Mines, Marish, Oazie, or
-Overflown Grounds; by furnishing of Rivers and Cutts with water to
-make them Navigable and Portable from Town to Town; by improving of
-Lands wanting water; by the supplying and bringing in of water into
-the City of London, or into any other places: and by divers other
-ways and means whereby great Encouragement will be given to the
-People of this Nation to undertake to work rich Mines, to drain, and
-gain in many Marish, Oazie, and surrounded Grounds, which hitherto
-they have been deterred to endeavour the improvement of, by reason
-of the vast sums of money which must be necessarily expended by the
-draining and conveying away the water out of the same. And whereas
-the said Edward Marquess of Worcester is willing and contented to
-setle a tenth part of the accruing benefit thereof upon his Majesty,
-His Heirs and Successors, for the term of years after in this Act
-mentioned; To the end therefore that the said Edward Marquess of
-Worcester may have and enjoy the full and particular benefit and
-profit of this his new Invention, with a Prohibition to all others to
-make use thereof for ninety and nine years: May it therefore please
-the Kings most Excellent Majesty, That it may be enacted, And Be it
-Enacted by the Kings most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice
-and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons,
-in this present Parliament Assembled, and by the Authority thereof,
-That it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Edward Marquess
-of Worcester, His Executors and Assigns, from time to time, and
-at all times hereafter, during the said ninety and nine years, to
-have, receive, take, and enjoy, to his and their own proper use and
-uses,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_564">[Pg 564]</span> the Profit, Benefit, and Advantage which shall any ways arise,
-happen, or accrue by means or reason of the aforesaid Engine and new
-Invention. And be it also Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That one
-full tenth part of the accruing Benefit thereof (without deduction
-or abatement for or by reason of any Charges or Expences whatsoever)
-shall be paid and answered, and accounted for by the said Edward
-Marquess of Worcester, his Executors, Administrators, and Assigns,
-for His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, into His Majesties publick
-receipt of Exchequer yearly, and every year at the Feasts of Saint
-Michael the Arch-angel and the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin
-Mary, during the said Term of Ninety nine years, the first payment
-to be made at the Feast of Saint Michael the Arch-angel, which shall
-be in the year of our Lord God, One thousand six hundred sixty and
-three; And be it further Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, that
-if any Person or Persons whatsoever within his Majesties Kingdom of
-England &amp; Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick upon Tweed, and
-the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging, do, or shall at
-any time hereafter, during the said term, Counterfeit, Imitate, put
-in practice, or erect the said Water-commanding Engine (without the
-consent and License first had and obtained in writing from the said
-Edward Marquess of Worcester, or his Assignes) That it shall, and may
-be lawful to and for the said Edward Marquess of Worcester, or his
-Assignes, with his, or their Agents or Work-men by a Warrant from
-the Lord Chief Justice, or from any two Justices of Peace within
-the respective County or Liberty, where such search shall be made,
-and assisted by the Constable or Constables neer adjacent, to enter
-into, or upon the said place or places where the said Work or Engine
-shall be made or erected; And upon discovery of any such Engine, to
-proceed against the said Person or Persons by Action, Information or
-Indictment; and after Conviction thereof in due course of Law in any
-Assizes, or publique Sessions of the Peace, or any of the Courts at
-Westminster, or any other His Majesties Courts of Record in any City,
-Burrough, or Town Corporate, or in any Stanary Court, or Jurisdiction
-of Leadmines; Then such Engines to be forfeited, and seized to and
-for the use of the said Edward Marquess of Worcester, his Executors,
-Administrators and Assignes respectively: And further, that the said
-Actor or Actors, Contriver or Contrivers thereof, and every of them,
-shall lose, and forfeit Five pounds of lawful Money of England an Hour
-for every Hour, he or they shall be Convicted, by one or more credible
-Witnesses upon Oath, to use the same, after such Conviction without
-the consent and License of the said Edward Marquess<span class="pagenum" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</span> of Worcester,
-or his Assignes, first had and obtained in manner as aforesaid; the
-same to be recovered in the name of the said Edward Marquess of
-Worcester, his Executors, or Assignes, at the Common Law by any Action
-or Actions to be grounded upon this Statute; The same Action and
-Actions to be heard, and determined in any of his Majesties Courts of
-Record, in which Suit no Essoign, Protection, or Wager of Law shall be
-allowed; one third part whereof shall be to the Kings most Excellent
-Majesty, one other third part to the Informer or Discoverer, and the
-other third part to the said Marquess of Worcester, his Executors
-and Assignes. Provided always, and it is hereby Declared, That this
-Act, or any thing therein contained, shall not prejudice any other
-Water-work or Engine now known and used, nor any Person or Persons,
-who before the making of this present Act have obtained any Letters
-Patents from his Majesty, for the sole making and using of any new
-Engine for the carriage of Water; But that the said other Water-work,
-and the said Letters Patents shall be and remain of the same force
-and effect, as if this Act had never been had or made, any thing
-herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding. Provided always,
-that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed, or taken to
-prejudice, or hinder any Person or Persons from making, or using
-any Engine, Device or Invention, for <ins class="correction" title="[sic] in original document">ther</ins> raising and carriage of
-Water, other then the Engine in this Act mentioned; And that a Model
-thereof be delivered by the said Marquess, or his Assignes, to the
-Lord Treasurer or Commissioners for the Treasury for the time being,
-at or before the Nine and Twentieth day of September, One thousand
-six hundred sixty three; And be by him or them then put into the
-Exchequer, and kept there.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line1">Copia vera.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line5"><i>Jo. Brown</i> Cleric.</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">Parliament.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">In admirandam magis quàm imitandam, aut ullis Encomiis satis
-prædicandam, Illustrissimi Domini Marchionis Vigorniæ Machinam
-Hydraulicam, Elogium.</p>
-
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<p class="smaller">
-<span class="i2"><i>Barbara Pyramidum sileat miracula Memphis,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Assiduus jactet nec Babylona labor.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Horat.</span></span><br /></p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p id="Page_566"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 566]</span></p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0"><i>Siste viator, depone sarcinam, &amp; dum reficis membræ,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Labore languida, pasce mentem novitatis avidam;</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Perpende gyganteam hanc molé, æterni motus æmulam,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Naturæ &amp; Artis compaginem, Cœli Solíque stuporem.</i></span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2"><i>Pondera ponderibus librata hîc Æthera scandunt,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i4"><i>Et redeunt proprias mox subitura vices.</i></span><br />
-<span class="i2"><i>Mens prægnans agitata Deo, nunc præstat in Orbe,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i4"><i>Quæ nec stellifero sunt tribuenda Polo.</i></span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0"><i>Taceat Rhodus, facessat Ephesus, et quicquid fabulosa</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Prædicat antiquitas; illic laudanda Artificis industria,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Hîc admiranda mentis sublimitas celebranda venit.</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Cui impares fuere tot seculis retroactis omnes Græci,</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Et Romani, humano conatu, id præstitit nostra</i></span><br />
-<span class="i0"><i>Ætate unus</i> Cambrobritannus, <i>Divino afflatu:</i></span><br />
-
-<p class="signed_signature">Soli Deo Gloria.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2"><i>Martis &amp; Imperii Palmam fert Roma perennem;</i></span><br />
-<span class="i4"><i>Artis &amp; Ingenii Cambria culmen habet.</i></span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">... pauci, quos æquus amavit</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Jupiter, aut ardens evexit ad æthera virtus,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Hoc potuere....</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="signed_line5"><i>Jacobus Rollocus</i>,</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">Scoto-Belga-Britannus.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="hanging_indent"><i>A Panegyrick to the Right Honourable <span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Lord
-Marquess of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Upon his stupendious and
-never-sufficiently-commended Water-work.</i></p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<p class="smaller"><span class="i4">I know mean subjects need a skilful Pen</span><br />
-<span class="i4">To stretch their worth on tenter-hooks, but when</span><br />
-<span class="i4">A Theam falls out so pregnant, who can chuse</span><br />
-<span class="i4">But strain his vulgar Wit to prove a Muse?</span></p>
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">Come, fainting Pilgrim, lay here down thy Pack,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">And, while thou rests thy wearied limbs, look back</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Upon this Pageant, th’ Emblem of his mind,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Whose Art and skill hath this our Age refin’d.</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">Here little <i>David</i> curbs the Gyant’s brood,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Small drops of Rain contend with <i>Noah’s</i> Flood;</span><br />
-<span class="i0">One weighs a thousand coming down apace,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Weighs but himself when he hath run his race.</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">The Heavens admire, the Centre stands amaz’d,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">To see such Streams by so small Forces rais’d.</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Great is the Work, but greater is the Fame</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Of that great Peer who did invent the same.</span><br />
-<p id="Page_567"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 567]</span></p>
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">What Force or Strength can do is in his reach,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">His long Experience, Cost and Charges, teach;</span><br />
-<span class="i0">What Greeks, nor Romans e’re could do, this day,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Our Noble Britain here hath found the way.</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">If Ages past had bred you, we had seen</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Your Glories current run a bigger stream;</span><br />
-<span class="i0">But Art and Envy meeting face to face,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Like <i>France</i> and <i>Spain</i>, dispute who shall take place.</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">None but ignoble Minds love to detract</span><br />
-<span class="i0">From th’ Honour due to such a noble Act:</span><br />
-<span class="i0">On then, that after-ages may relate</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Your Service done to Country, King and State.</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">And though that envious Spirits spit their gall,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Your noble Deeds are so well known to all,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">As if their malice should take from your praise,</span><br />
-<span class="i0">Your own deserts will crown your head with Bays.</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="signed_line1"><i>By your Lordships</i></p>
-<p class="signed_line3"><i>most humble and faithful Servant</i>,</p>
-<p class="signed_line5">James Rollock.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h2 id="Appendix_D">APPENDIX D.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">[Among the Family Papers in the possession of His Grace the Duke of
-Beaufort is the following:&mdash;<i>Letter from <span class="smcap">Walter Travers</span>, a
-Roman Catholic Priest, to the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="signed_signature">Jesus + Mīa, September 6, 1670.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Noble Madam</span>&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">The Grace of the Holy-ghost bee with you.</p>
-
-<p>The greate esteeme and honour w<sup>ch</sup> I have euer had for your Ladys<sup>p</sup>
-hath allwaise made mee prompt, and willing to serue you to the best
-of my power, without the bias of selfe interest, as your selfe can
-witnesse; And because I feare that at present, your Honour hath noe
-one, that in the greate concernes, which you have in hand, will tell
-you the truth, as it often happens to persons of greate quality: I
-have thought it the part of my Priestly function and fidelity towards
-yo<sup>r</sup> Ho<sup>r</sup>: (haveing first in my poore prayers, humbly commended it
-to Alm: God) to represent unto you, that w<sup>ch</sup> all your friends know
-to bee true, as well as my selfe, and would bee willing that your
-Ladys<sup>p</sup> should know it likewise.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</span></p>
-
-<p>Alm: God hath Madam put you into a
-happey, and florishing condition, fitt and able to serue God, and to
-doe much good to your selfe and others; and your Ladys<sup>p</sup> makes your
-selfe unhappey, by seeming not to bee contented with your condition
-but troubling your spiritts with many thoughts of attayning to greater
-dignityes and riches.</p>
-
-<p>Madam all those that wish you well, are greeued to see your Ladys<sup>p</sup> to
-bee allready soe much disturbed, and weakened in your iudgment and in
-danger to loose the right use of your reason, if you doe not tymely
-endeauor to preuent it, by ceasing to goe one with such high designes,
-as you are vppon, which I declare to you, in the faith of a Priest to
-bee true: The cause of your present distemper, and of the aforesayed
-danger, is doubtlesse, that your thoughts and imagination are very
-much fixed on the title of Plantaginet, and of disposing your selfe
-for that greate dignity by getting of greate sums of money from the
-King, to pay your deceased Lords debts, and enriching your selfe by the
-great Mashine, and the like. Now Madam how vnproper such undertakeings
-are for your L. and how vnpossible for you to effect them, or any one
-of them, all your friends can tell you if the please to discover the
-trueth to you.</p>
-
-<p>The ill effects that flow from hence are many: as the danger of
-looseing your health and iudgment by such violent application of your
-fancies in such high designes and ambitious desires; the probability
-of offending Alm. God and preiudising your owne soule thereby: the
-advantage you may thereby give to those who desire to make a pray of
-your fortune, and to rayse themselues by ruening you: the spending
-greate sums of money in rich and sumptuous things, wh<sup>ch</sup> are not
-suteable to the gravity of your Ladys<sup>p</sup> and present condition of
-Widdow-hoode and mourning for your deceased Lord.</p>
-
-<p>Although it bee certine, that it is a greate temptation which you are
-now vnder, and very dangerous and hurtfull both to your temporall
-and eternall happynesse; yett I confisse that the Divel, to make his
-suggestion the more preualent, doth make vse of some motives that seeme
-plausible, as of paying your Lords debs, of founding monasteryes, and
-the like, and that your Ladys<sup>p</sup> hath the Kings favour to carry one your
-designes. But Madam it is certine that the King is offended with your
-comeing to the Court, and much more with your pretention to the title
-of Plantaginet; and it is dangerous to provoke him any farther: And for
-paying of debts, and founding of Monasteryes, wee all know that your L.
-can neuer bee in a better condition to doe it, then now you are; and as
-you are not bound to doe such things,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_569">[Pg 569]</span> soe they are not expected from
-you; but wee all applaud your pious inclinations herein, of w<sup>ch</sup> you
-will not loose the merit with Alm: God but our apprehensions are, least
-you should by your Ladys<sup>ps</sup> inordinate designes, bring your selfe
-into such a condition, as not to bee able to helpe your friends nor
-your selfe.</p>
-
-<p>Bee pleased Madam now to give mee leave to suggest some waie how the
-approching dangers may bee prevented, by changing the object of your
-affections, and insteede of temporall, to seeke after eternall riches,
-and honors, which your age doth assure you are not far off; for w<sup>ch</sup>
-you may dispose yourselfe, before death comes, by retiring into the
-countrey for some tyme, from the distractions of the Court, where
-you may have the advice and directions of some learned Priest, in
-whose vertue you may wholey confide, and bee guided by him, for your
-internall quiet and security. Many places may soone be found out, that
-are fitt for that purpose: At Hammersmith M<sup>rs</sup>. Bedingfield a very
-vertuous and discreete person, and of your Ladys<sup>ps</sup> acquaintance,
-hath lately taken a faire house and garden, &amp; hath but a small family.
-In some such place your Ho<sup>r</sup> might likewise haue the aduice of some
-well experienced Doctor, for the health of your person, and the
-benefitt of good ayre and of quietness, would much conduce to your
-health: And soe by Alm. Gods blessing, you may recover from that most
-pernicious distemper of bodey and mind, vnto w<sup>ch</sup> euery one seese you
-to bee very neere approaching, and may live many yeares with your owne
-fortune and dignity in greate honour, and happynesse and be the author
-of many good workes of piety and Charity to the glorey of God and
-eternall saluation of your owne soule. Thus dear Madam I have ventured
-to declare a greate trueth to you, w<sup>ch</sup> was before a secrett only to
-your selfe; I know that I run the hazard of incurring your displeasure,
-if your Ladys<sup>p</sup> should not reade the candor of my intentions, w<sup>ch</sup>
-in my Letter I intend towards you: but my assurance of haveing herein
-performed a duty w<sup>ch</sup> I owe to my God, and the hope I have that you
-will take it well as I intend it, have encouraged mee to doe it, and to
-subscribe myselfe</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line3">Honored Madam</p>
-<p class="signed_line5">Your humb. Ser. in C. J.</p>
-<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Walt. Travers</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">[<i>On the back of this letter is the address:</i>]</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">For ye Right Hon<sup>ble</sup>,</p>
-<p><span class="ml20">the Lady markes of wossester,</span></p>
-<p><span class="ml20">at her howes in Link[olns]</span></p>
-<p><span class="ml40">ins fields.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_570"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 570]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Appendix_E">APPENDIX E.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="center">COLONEL CHRISTOPHER COPLEY.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Sufficient has been said respecting Copley in the “Life, Times,
-&amp;c.,” pages 214, 215, to give interest to any matter that can afford
-information respecting him.</p>
-
-<div class="figright" style="width:60%" id="p570">
-   <img class="div_scaled" src="images/p570.jpg"
-      alt="Christopher Copley (autograph)" />
-</div>
-
-<p>We here supply his autograph, from MSS. in the British Museum, which
-may be useful to collectors; and have also to offer the account he
-gives of himself and his affairs during the Commonwealth, derived from
-Cole’s MSS. also in the British Museum, No. 5832, volume 31, page 209,
-as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="hanging_indent margin_top">I. (The following Case, wrote on half a sheet of paper, and was the
-first draught as seems to me, by the alterations and scratchings out
-of several words, and additions over them. I know not how I came by
-it.)</p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Col. Christopher Copley his Case.</i></p>
-
-<p class="continued margin_top">Humbly sheweth,</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">That the said Colonel Copley did, in the year 1642, at his own charge
-raise a troop, and in 1644, a regiment of Horse, and supplied the
-Parliament with Bar-iron and Bullets, which with other things due
-amounted to the value of £1,843, whereof £1,500 was granted unto him as
-by an order of the 19th of July 1656, may at large appear; but is still
-unpaid.</p>
-
-<p>That during the greatest part of the years 1644, and 1645, he had the
-command and care of several regiments of Horse, and by the blessing
-of God upon his conduct and resolution, several pieces of service
-were done, and victories obtained, whereby diverse of the counties of
-England were settled in peace, to the great advantage of the nation.</p>
-
-<p>That the Committees of all ridings of the county of York did, in
-approbation of his service and fidelity, elect him to be Colonel of the
-West-riding Regiment of Horse in 1645; and the Parliament, by their
-letter, under the hand of the R<sup>t</sup> hon<sup>ble</sup>. Mr. Speaker, did also
-assure him, that they would be ready upon all occasions to testify
-their sense of his service; and did after, in 1647, appoint him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_571">[Pg 571]</span> to be
-one of the nine, who by their vote, were to command the nine regiments
-of Horse then only to be continued for the defence of this nation.</p>
-
-<p>That by reason of the premisses the Earl of Newcastle caused his wife
-and children to be turned out of doors, and his house, lands, goods,
-and stock at four Iron Works to be taken from him, to the value of
-£2,000; for which he never had any recompense.</p>
-
-<p>That Lieut<sup>t</sup>.-Gen<sup>l</sup>. Cromwell finding the said Colonel Copley would
-not become subservient to his ambitious ends (which then were under the
-curtain, but since discovered) caused him to be undeservedly questioned
-upon articles (which before he had waived), and after he had fully
-cleared himself, did, notwithstanding his said service, contributions
-and sufferings, cause him to be put out of the Catalogue presented to
-be continued in 1647; whereby his regiment was taken from him, and
-given to Colonel Lambert, contrary to the said vote; the Parliament, as
-is conceived, not then remembering it, nor their engagement by their
-letter afore-mentioned.</p>
-
-<p>That though he thus lost his command, yet he did not resist (as others
-of late) but acquiesced in the pleasure of the house, and submitted
-shortly after to a Commonwealth Government set up; yet hath been kept
-out of all employment, both civil and military ever since; to his
-reproach and the ruin of his estate, contrary to the declaration of the
-20th January 1643, while he hath seen many others (who never at all, or
-not considerably, either served or contributed to, or suffered for the
-Parliament) from mean conditions, preferred to, and continued in great
-commands and employments by their compliances with the many changes of
-this evil age, and the lusts of ambitious men, to the hazard of the
-ruin of this Commonwealth.</p>
-
-<p>That he did disapprove of the usurpations of the Protectoral, and the
-longings after the regal power; but when the Parliament was invited to
-return to the discharge of their trust, and were about the restitution
-of the commands to such, as by the usurpations were dispossessed, he
-tendered his service. And after the late interruption, he declared his
-readiness to raise a regiment, and to run the hazard of his life and
-fortune, to reduce the army to the Parliament’s obedience; and received
-a Commission to that end.</p>
-
-<p class="answer">His humble request, therefore, is, that your Honours will be
-pleased upon due consideration of the premisses to confer upon
-him his own regiment of Horse, late under the command of the
-said Colonel Lambert, and now about 12 years withheld from him,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_572">[Pg 572]</span>
-according to the justice of his case above-mentioned, or some
-other command or civil employment in England or Ireland, suitable
-to his former, and to the merit of his fidelity and affections to
-the Parliament, expressed in the premisses.</p>
-
-
-<p>This is a true copy of the last:</p>
-
-<p>That since the good Providence hath put the power into your hand, your
-Ex<sup>cy</sup>. will be pleased upon due consideration of the Premisses,
-to confer upon him a command in England or Ireland, suitable to
-his former, and to the merit of his fidelity and affections to the
-Parliament expressed in the Premisses.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">II. In the 4th Volume of the Journals of the House of Commons for 1644
-to 1646, on the 20th October, 1645, is reported&mdash;“A letter from * *
-18th October, 1645&mdash; * * relating the great success of the Parliament’s
-forces (about 1,200), under the command of Colonel Copley, near
-Ferrybriggs, over near 2,000 of the enemy, under the command of Digby.”</p>
-
-<p>And in the 5th Volume, 1646 to 1648, on the 18th May, 1647, was
-read&mdash;“A Certificate from the Earl of Manchester, of the 20th February,
-1646, concerning iron belonging to Mr. Copley and his Partners, made
-use of by the forces under his command.”</p>
-
-<p>On referring to the Journals of the House of Lords, we find that on
-the 8th of July, 1648, there was a message from the House of Commons,
-and an order desiring their Lordships’ concurrence; being among other
-matters&mdash;“An Ordinance for £4,324. 9<i>s.</i>&mdash;to Colonel Christopher
-Copley,” which was entered and agreed to. (See Vol. X., 1647 to 1648,
-pages 369 and 371.)</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h2 id="Appendix_F">APPENDIX F.</h2>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent"><i>Copy of Cromwell’s</i> <span class="smcap">Warrant</span>, <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Inventory</span> <i>of
-eight copies of Papers relating to the Marquis of Worcester, in the
-possession of</i> <span class="smcap">Bennet Woodcroft</span>, <i>Esq.</i> <i>F.R.S.</i></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2 margin_top">1655. A <span class="smcap">Warrant</span> to pay Three pounds a week to Edward Earl
-of Worcester, for his better maintenance, &amp;c. Given by the Lord
-Protector, as follows:&mdash;[See page <a href="#Page_213">213.</a>]</p>
-
-<p class="continued margin_top margin_bottom">A <span class="smcap">Warrant</span> <i>to pay Three pounds a week to Ye Earl of Worcester</i>.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2"><span class="smcap">Lord Protector</span>, &amp;c. To the Com<sup>rs</sup> of our Treasury
-Greetinge our will and pleasure is and wee doe hereby require and
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_573">[Pg 573]</span>
-comand you or any Two or more of you That out of such our Treasure
-as is or shalbe remayninge in the reciept of our Excheq<sup>r</sup> you
-pay or cause to bee paid vnto Edward Earle of Worcester or his
-Assignes thee weekly allowance of Three pounds (heretofore charged
-on the Treāry att Goldsmiths Hall) for his better maintenance
-the said weekly allowance to bee continued vntil wee shall give
-other order to the contrary And our further will and pleasure is
-that you also pay or cause to bee paid forthwith vnto the said
-Earle or his Assignes out of our Treasure remayninge in o<sup>r</sup> said
-reciepts the arreares of the said allowance of Three pounds by the
-weeke from the eight day of January last past vntill which dayes
-the Treārs of Goldsmiths hall have certified the same to have
-been satisfied out of the Treāry there And theis presents or
-the inrollem<sup>t</sup> thereof shalbe a sufficient Warrant and discharge
-aswell to you the said Com<sup>rs</sup> of our Treāry as to all others
-our Officers and Ministers of the Receipt of o<sup>r</sup> Excheq. to whome
-it doth or shall any wayes apperteine for paym<sup>t</sup> of the said
-weekly Allowance and the arreares thereof as aforesaid Witnes the
-Lord Protecto<sup>r</sup> the six and <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">twentith</ins> of June.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center smaller margin_top">[1655 Pat. Roll, part 4, No. 30.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top extra_hanging_indent">1660. A Pardon granted to Edward Marquesse of Worcester of all such
-offences, &amp;c. &amp;c. as are expressed in the form of a pardon
-prepared for that purpose and remaining with His Majesty’s
-Attorney General. Dated August, 1660.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1664&ndash;5. Grant to Edward Marquesse and Earle of Worcester of all
-sums of money, jewels, goods, and other matters and things of
-value concealed or accounted for and arising out of the real and
-personal estate of the said Edward Earl and Marquesse of
-Worcester and of his Father Henry late <ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Marquiss</ins> of Worcester or
-belonging to the same and which by the laws of the kingdom are
-forfeited and belong to the Crown.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1664&ndash;5. Grant and release to Edward Marquis of Worcester of the tenth
-part of the benefits accruing from his Water-commanding engine
-settled upon the Crown, such Grant or release being in
-consideration of the surrender of the Warrant of Charles I.
-dated at Oxford, 5th January, 1644, made unto said Edward
-Marquis of Worcester by the name of Lord Herbert for the grant
-of lands to the value of £40,000, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1670&ndash;71. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester, remitting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_574">[Pg 574]</span>
-payment of certain sums due to the Crown at the time of the
-death of his Father Edward Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1673. Letters Patent relating to constitution of Peverill Court and
-appointing Henry Marquis of Worcester and Charles Lord Herbert
-and Arthur Lord Somerset (sons of the Marquis) Chief Seneschals
-and Simon Degge Seneschal of said Court.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1675&ndash;6. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester, granting to him
-the Manor of Wondey in the County of Monmouth.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1675&ndash;6. Letters Patent to Henry Marquis of Worcester conceding the
-advowson &amp;c. of the Rectory of Sapworth or Sopworth in Wiltshire
-in exchange for that of Blendworth in the County of Southampton.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent">1678. Commission of Lunacy to inquire whether Margaret Dowager
-Marchioness of Worcester is a Lunatic, &amp;c.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h2 id="Appendix_G">APPENDIX G.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="center">VAUXHALL WORKS, AND CASPAR KALTOFF.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top">I.</p>
-
-
-<p>The Honourable Robert Boyle, corresponding with Samuel Hartlib, the
-latter, under date “Duke’s Place, July 24th, 1649,” writes&mdash;“As for
-Vauxhall, there is a proviso put into the Act, that it shall not be
-sold.”</p>
-
-<p>And in another letter, dated “May 8th, 1654,” Hartlib says&mdash;“The Earl
-of Worcester is buying Vaux-hall from Mr. Trenchard, to bestow the use
-of that house upon Gaspar Calehof and his son, as long as they shall
-live.” [Works, fol. 1744, Vol. V., pp. 257 and 264.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top">II.</p>
-
-<p>The annexed particulars of the premises at Vauxhall, where the Marquis
-of Worcester erected one of his Water-commanding Engines, and of
-Kalthoff and his family, are derived from the Books of the Duchy of
-Cornwall Office.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">1.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">From Index to Reports&mdash;1660&ndash;1684. A to P. 1. Kennington* (<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Surry</ins>).</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom"><i>Peter Jacobson.</i></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">*Kennington (Foxhall House) 26th Oct., 1666. His Majesty’s Warrant
-directed to Lord Treasurer Southampton and Lord<span class="pagenum" id="Page_575">[Pg 575]</span> Ashley, to grant
-Mr. Jacobson a Lease for his life at a moderate rent, he having
-expended the sum of £700. on the Premises in making them convenient for
-the Trade of a Sugar Baker.&mdash;</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">Fo. 218.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">Surveyor General’s Constat [or Direction] on the Warrant of Lord
-Ashley, Chancellor of Exchequer, enters minutely into every particular
-of the premises, showing in what manner the whole has been occupied,
-and reports the value per annum, and the value for a fine, &amp;c.</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">Fo. 219.</p>
-
-<p class="continued margin_top margin_bottom">[<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup>Jacobson married Kaltoff’s daughter.]</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">2.&mdash;<i>Martha Calthoff.</i></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">The Widow of Gaspar Calthoff (a native of Holland, who had settled in
-this House by his Attorney, and employed in making Guns and divers
-Engines and works for the King’s service). Her Petition and case at
-large. Here Sir Charles Harbard also enters into a very minute detail
-of the premises in question.</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">Fo. 326.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">3.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center">Report H. 1.<span class="ml20">1665&ndash;1668.</span></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top signed_signature">(Signed)<span class="ml10 smcap">Charles R.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="continued">Vauxhall, Peter Jacobson.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">[By his Petition&mdash;has been at a Charge of £700. in repairing and
-building a part of Vauxhall, which was waste, and made the same
-convenient for a Sugar Baker, the said J.’s profession&mdash;in con. of his
-charges&mdash;and losses by the late fire at London&mdash;desires some certainty
-of the Premises.&mdash;Our pleasure to grant a Lease to P. J. of that part
-of Vauxhall which he hath repaired and built for his trade of a Sugar
-Baker&mdash;for the term of his life&mdash;at some moderate Rental. Whitehall,
-26th Oct. 1666. 18th year of reign.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">4.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">Report H. 1.<span class="ml20">1665&ndash;68.</span></p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent">[Report of the Surveyors General C. Harbard and Hugh May, dated 25th
-and 27th April, 1668, respecting Foxhall House, parcel of the Manor of
-Kennington and Duchy of Cornwall.]</p>
-
-<p class="continued margin_top margin_bottom"><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> This is already quoted in the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 239.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom" id="Page_576"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 576]</span>
-5.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center margin_bottom">Particulars of a Lease in the form of Letters Patent.</p>
-
-<p>22nd March, 1667&ndash;68. Letters Patent whereby the King demised unto Peter
-Jacobson&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>All that part of our Mansion House called Vauxhall or Ffoxhall, part of
-the Manor of Kennington, in the County of Surrey, extending in length
-next the River Thames 186 feet, or thereabout, and in width 22 feet, or
-thereabout; and all that other part of the same Mansion House adjoining
-the premises, and from thence extending towards the S.E. 47 feet, and
-in width N.W. 33½; feet, or thereabout, and in other parts 24¼
-feet, or thereabout; together with all that area or place adjoining
-and fenced in, extending in length 141½ feet, or thereabout, and in
-width to the W. end 40 feet, and to the S. end 47 feet, or thereabout,
-together with free ingress and egress in and through the steps and
-doors existing at the N. end of the aforesaid house, and through
-and over the area there, called the Court-yard, appertaining to the
-aforesaid House, and all that Stable lately built upon part of the
-said place or area last mentioned, consisting in length 28&frac12; feet,
-or thereabout, and in width 17 feet, or thereabout; also that shed 26
-by 10 feet&mdash;premises in or near the Parish of Lambeth, and now in the
-tenure or occupation of Peter Jacobson * *.</p>
-
-<p>This Lease granted in consideration of the expense incurred in
-repairing and amending the buildings for and during his natural life,
-at a Rental of only £5.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">6.&mdash;<i>Duchy of Cornwall Office.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center margin_bottom">Mem. from various Drafts.</p>
-
-
-<p class="continued">12th January, 1659&ndash;60.&mdash;Ch. II.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">Indenture of Lease between the King’s Majesty and Henry Lord Moore.</p>
-
-
-<p class="continued margin_top">22nd March, 1667&ndash;8.&mdash;19th Ch. II.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">Letters Patent&mdash;The King unto Peter Jacobson. To hold during the
-natural life of P. J. Rent £5.</p>
-
-
-<p class="continued margin_top">1st Aug. 1672.&mdash;24th Ch. II.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">Letters Patent whereby the King from grace and favour towards
-Jasper Calthoff and Martha Calthoff lately deceased, and their
-children, devised unto Herbert Price, Knight and Baronet, James
-Read, Esq., and John Renny, Gentleman, at the nomination and
-appointment of Claude Denis and Catherine his wife, one of the
-daughters of the said Jasper Calthoff and Martha his wife.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_577">[Pg 577]</span></p>
-<p class="hanging_indent2">Jasper
-Calthoff and Isabel Calthoff, others of the sons and daughters of
-the said Jasper and Martha Calthoff.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top"><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> Then there would be also Peter Jacobson, the son-in-law, who
-married a daughter.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">7. The following particulars are derived from the Records of the State
-Paper Office:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom"><i>State Papers.</i> Vol. 142, No. 134.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">Martha Kalthof and Peter Jacobson’s Petition.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_indent">To the King’s most excellent Majesty.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent6 margin_top">The Humble Petition of Martha, widow of Caspar Kalthof, and Peter
-Jacobson, her son-in-law.</p>
-
-<p class="continued margin_top">Showeth,</p>
-
-<p>That the said Martha is the distressed widow of the said Caspar, your
-Majesty’s and your Royal father’s old servant. That he was planted
-by your Majesty’s most gracious father in Vauxhall, and had building
-therein erected for the exercise of his art and feat as Ingineur
-[engineer].</p>
-
-<p>That your Majesty upon your happy Restoration resettled him in the said
-house, after he had been long turned out of doors by the great Traitor
-and Usurper.</p>
-
-<p>That in this ejection her husband was plundered and bereaved of an
-estate near £3,000. sterling, and left with 4 children, some whereof
-were infants.</p>
-
-<p>That being reinstated by your Majesty as aforesaid, he was naked and
-without means to prefer his daughter grown up, but upon the trust
-of your Majesty’s grace, did dispose of one of his daughters to the
-Petitioner, Peter Jacobson, but without any other portion than the firm
-hopes of your Majesty’s continued grace and Royal goodness.</p>
-
-<p>That in consideration the Petitioner, Peter Jacobson, did bestow in
-making the building of that house for his calling of sugar-baking near
-the sum of £700. sterling.</p>
-
-<p>That now, on the death of his said father-in-law, he is left at your
-Majesty’s mercy for his continuance in this house to the Petitioner
-Martha’s subsistence and her other two daughters preferment, [which]
-depends wholly upon the said Peter Jacobson his enjoyment of the said
-house for perfecting his work, and refunding his said great expences.
-And although your Majesty hath been graciously pleased to design
-the son of the said Caspar to succeed this office and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</span> service, yet
-forasmuch as he is held up by the Emperor of Russia, the Petitioners
-are both under great fears without your Majesty’s special grace and
-clemency.</p>
-
-<p class="answer">Their most humble Petition therefore and only hope is that your
-Majesty will be graciously pleased in contemplation of both their
-desolate otherwise, and truly sad condition, to grant them such
-terms of years in the said house, as may in some measure repair the
-estate of the said widow to provide of the maintenance of herself
-and preferment of her two orphan daughters, and enable the
-Petitioner Peter, her son-in-law, by holding the said Sugar-house
-some certain term of years to have recompense of his said expense
-of £700. bestowed upon your Majesty’s grounds, which he will leave
-after in good repair to the improvement of your Majesty’s interest.</p>
-
-
-<p class="hanging_indent6">And your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever with
-theirs pray, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>[See Col. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66, edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green. 8vo. 1864. p. 153, No. 134.]</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center">[Vol. 102, No. 13. Sept. 5. Whitehall. Warrant from Secretary Bennet.
-(Ent. Book 16, p. 220.)]</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">It is his Majesty’s pleasure that Sir Herbert Price, Sir Paul Neal, and
-Sir Robert Murray, being attended by Mr. Gervase Price, his Majesty’s
-Serjeant Trumpeter, do visit Foxhall, and there enquire by whom the
-several rooms in it are possessed, and particularly what belongs to the
-Marquis of Worcester, what to Gaspar Collthoffe, late deceased, and
-what their respective interests in the Engines, Tools, &amp;c. remaining in
-that place are, hearing on the one part the Lord John Somerset; and on
-the other the widow of the said Colthoff, and his son-in-law, and any
-persons relating to them, of all which the said persons above mentioned
-are to give an account to his Majesty in writing. Whitehall, September
-5, 1664.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature"><span class="smcap">Henry Bennet.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1664&ndash;65. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green. 8vo. 1863. p. 2. No. 13.]</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_579"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 579]</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="Appendix_H">APPENDIX H.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_bottom">APOCRYPHAL PASSAGES.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent"><i>Statements that have at various times been published as matters of
-fact relating to the personal history of the Marquis of Worcester.</i></p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">1. <i>The Pot-lid Story.</i>&mdash;No account of the Marquis’s great discovery
-has hitherto been considered complete without relating what is usually
-offered as a traditional anecdote of its origin. The latest
-publication, in a popular form, occurs in “A History of Wonderful
-Inventions,” where its interest is enhanced by a neatly executed
-engraving. It relates that, at the conclusion of the Civil War, the
-Marquis “hastened over to France, where, after spending some time at
-the court of the exiled royal family of England, he returned to this
-country as their secret agent, but being detected, was confined a
-prisoner in the Tower.” It is said that during this imprisonment,
-“while he was engaged one day in cooking his own dinner, he observed
-the lid of the pot was continually being forced upwards by the vapour
-of the boiling water contained in the vessel. Being a man of thoughtful
-disposition, and having, moreover, a taste for scientific
-investigation, he began to reflect on the circumstance, when it
-occurred to him that the same power which was capable of raising the
-iron cover of the pot might be applied to a variety of useful purposes;
-and on obtaining his liberty, he set to work to produce a practical
-exposition of his ideas on the subject in the shape of an acting
-machine, which he described in his work”&mdash;the “Century.”</p>
-
-<p>Every writer varies this story in its details. Here the compiler,
-drawing on his imagination, certifies to the Marquis being his own
-cook, providing his own dinner, and verifies the pot-lid being of iron.
-Disraeli and others vaguely state it to have been his meal that was
-being prepared in his presence, saying nothing whether the pot was
-brass, copper, or iron. The Tower must have had a large supply of these
-cooking utensils to meet the wants of its prisoners!</p>
-
-<p>The story reminds one of that of the Three Black Crows related by
-Addison in <i>The Spectator</i>, for like it this “pot-lid” story may after
-all have originated in some lecture or conversation, in which the
-speaker indulged his fancy by venturing the statement as what might
-appear to him a feasible suggestion, and one calculated to render
-the matter interesting and impressive. Had it happened at all it
-must have occurred from 1652 to 1654; but the “pot-lid”
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_580">[Pg 580]</span> story, in
-another form, was current in 1597, when Lord Bacon, in his Essays,
-alluding to the origin of Inventions, remarks:&mdash;“It should seem, that
-hitherto men are rather beholding to a wild goat for surgerie, or to a
-nightingale for music, or to the ibis for some part of physic, <i>or to
-the</i> <span class="smcap">pot-lid</span> that <i>flew open</i> for artillery, or generally to
-chance, or anything else, than to logic for the invention of Arts and
-Sciences.” The third edition of these Essays was published at Oxford
-in 1633, and from so popular a source it was natural for the vulgar to
-take the suggestive idea of the “pot-lid” to account for the origin
-of the steam engine, rather than to assign the birth of that gigantic
-production to a natural process of inductive reasoning.</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">2. <i>Unfounded Charge of Forgery.</i>&mdash;Thomas Carte, son of the Rev. Samuel
-Carte, born in Warwickshire, was baptized there by immersion, 23rd of
-April, 1686. In 1722, being accused of high treason, he fled to France,
-but returning in 1728&ndash;30, he, in 1735, published the third volume of
-his “Life of the Duke of Ormonde.” Among other matters, Nichols, in
-his “Literary Anecdotes,” Vol. IX., 1815, observes: “In an unpublished
-letter to Dr. Z. Grey, dated May 14, 1736, he says&mdash;‘I suppose you have
-read that volume [the 3rd], and seen there the letters relating to the
-Earl of Glamorgan, who certainly forged every commission he pretended
-to from the King.<a id="FNanchor_D_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_88"><span class="fnanchor">[D]</span></a> I give you his character in the History very
-justly, but yet too tenderly drawn, because I am naturally unwilling
-to lay a load on any man’s memory, except I am absolutely forced to
-it. I intimate (so strongly that nobody of common sense can mistake
-the thing) that he forged letters and commissions without number;
-and I could have produced the compiler of the Nuncio’s memoirs in
-evidence (who had all those commissions before his eyes, and all the
-papers signed by Glamorgan to the Nuncio), to prove the commissions
-and letters he pretended to from King Charles absolutely forged; for
-he says he was perfectly acquainted with Glamorgan’s secretary, and
-knew his handwriting as well as his own; and all those commissions and
-letters were wrote in the hand of an Irish priest, who was Glamorgan’s
-secretary.’”</p>
-
-<p>After further remarks to the same effect, he concludes, “In fine, I
-have not the least doubt but that Glamorgan forged every pretended
-power or commission he had; and all of them so fully express his
-vanity, and are so adapted to his present views (which in most cases
-could not arise till after he was in Ireland), that they could<span class="pagenum" id="Page_581">[Pg 581]</span>
-have no other author but himself. I must observe to you that this
-letter, being directed to the Nuncio, is the only original of the
-King’s writing among his papers (for Glamorgan only gave him copies
-translated of the others); and whatever commission, or other power,
-instructions, or letters, Glamorgan pretended to the Nuncio to have
-from the King, must be in a hand agreeable to that which the Nuncio had
-as an original.”</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<a href="#Footnote_72_89"><ins class="correction" title="Footnote not marked within text" id="FNanchor_72_89">[72]</ins></a>
-<a href="#Footnote_72_90"><ins class="correction" title="Footnote not marked within text" id="FNanchor_72_90">[72*]</ins></a></div>
-
-<p>The Editor properly notes here: “If Glamorgan only gave copies
-translated of the other commissions, it is no great wonder that they
-should be written in his secretary’s hand.”</p>
-
-<p>In the same work is the following inquiry from a correspondent:
-“I never met with anybody but Mr. Thomas Carte who talked of
-<i>Impartiality</i> and <i>Mr. Thomas Carte</i> in the same breath. But, waiving
-that question, I cannot help asking&mdash;If the Irish Rebellion, and all
-the mischiefs of that period, are to be attributed to commissions and
-powers forged by the <i>soi-disant</i> Earl of Glamorgan, what pretence is
-there for laying all the load and odium thereof upon the Parliament?”</p>
-
-<p>A thin quarto volume of MSS., in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, entitled
-“Notes on Carte’s History,” contains a note from Mr. Birch, dated 2nd
-February, 1742&ndash;3, to Rev. Mr. Thomas Carte; also, “The full answer to
-the Bystander, compared with the History of the Life of James Duke of
-Ormonde, written by the same author, September, 1742;” likewise several
-letters from Rev. J. Boswell, Taunton; and lastly, the following MS.
-letter:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">“Sir,&mdash;I am very much concerned to find by your last letter that you
-have received such a message from Mrs. Carte. I persuade myself she
-would think me entitled to the greatest civility from her, if she was
-apprised of the friendship which subsisted between me and her late
-husband. I took no small pains for several years to serve poor Mr.
-Carte, and had the satisfaction of such a valuable correspondence with
-him as entitled him to every good office that I could do him. In 1748 I
-laid before him <i>The Case of the Royal Martyr considered with candour</i>,
-and he was so good as to approve of it, and earnestly pressed me to
-print it. In the course of our correspondence I mentioned some
-difficulties which I had met with in that work, and particularly in
-relation to some facts which had been misrepresented in a book entitled
-<i>An Enquiry into the share which King Charles</i>, &amp;c. Mr. Carte, in a
-series of letters which he favoured <span class="pagenum" id="Page_582">[Pg 582]</span>me with on that subject, gave me
-many valuable Notices, which were of great use to me in clearing up
-those difficulties, and which I have occasionally availed myself of in
-many parts of my work. It is likely Mrs. Carte may have found copies of
-those letters, some of which were very long. But as Mr. Carte first
-sent them to me professedly with design that I should make what use of
-them I thought proper, I leave Mrs. Carte to consider, whether her
-finding such copies of letters in her late husband’s own handwriting
-will give her a claim to any part of my work which you have printed. If
-Mrs. Carte shall choose to write to me on this affair, I shall be glad
-to receive a letter from her directed under cover to you.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_line4">I am, yours &amp;c.,</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">The Author of <i>The Case of the Royal Martyr, &amp;</i>.”</p>
-
-<p class="continued smaller">July 25th, 1754.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">(It has no direction, and the writing is evidently <i>not</i> that of the
-Rev. J. Boswell, of Taunton.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Dr. Birch was at variance with Mr. Carte on historical points relating
-to Charles the First and the Earl of Glamorgan; but in his “Inquiry,”
-1756, he never touches on the subject of this pretended forgery of
-commissions. The charge is every way discreditable to Carte, being a
-mere theory of his own to give colour to the King’s representations
-made in public, although well known to have had no effect to alienate
-old friendship between the King and the Earl.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">3. <i>Fanshawe’s story of £8,000. raised in Ireland.</i> Lady Fanshawe’s
-Memoirs, 1665, written by herself, were printed in London, 1829. In an
-introductory memoir we are informed:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“On receiving orders from his Majesty [Charles II.] to deliver the
-seals to Lord Inchiquin, Mr. Fanshawe proceeded on his mission, and
-embarked with his wife at Galway, in February, 1650, on board a Dutch
-ship for Malaga. Their entry into Galway, (which had been devastated
-by the plague), is deserving of attention, and an anecdote, which is
-related of the conduct of the Marquis of Worcester to the merchants
-of that town, if true, reflects equal disgrace on the cause which he
-espoused and on his memory.”</p>
-
-<p>Writing in Ireland, about 1650, as appears from the context, Lady
-Fanshawe says:&mdash;“Our house was very clean, only one maid in it besides
-the master; we had a very good supper provided and being very weary
-went early to bed. The owner of this house entertained us with the
-story of the last Marquis of Worcester, who had been there sometime the
-year before: he had of his own and other friends’ jewels to the value
-of £8,000, which some merchants had lent upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_583">[Pg 583]</span> them. My Lord appointed
-a day for receiving the money upon them and delivering the jewels;
-being met, he shows them all to these persons, then seals them up in a
-box, and delivered them to one of these merchants, by consent of the
-rest, to be kept for one year, and upon the payment of the £8,000 by my
-Lord Marquis to be delivered him.</p>
-
-<p>“After my Lord had received the money, he was entertained at all these
-persons’ houses, and nobly feasted with them near a month: he went
-from thence to France. When the year was expired, they, by letters
-into France, pressed the payment of this borrowed money several times,
-alleging they had great necessity of their money to drive their trade
-with, to which my Lord Marquis made no answer, which did at last so
-exasperate these men, that they broke open the seals, and opening the
-box found nothing but rags and stones for their £8,000, at which they
-were highly enraged, and in this case I left them.”</p>
-
-<p>The least acquaintance with the character of the Marquis must satisfy
-any one of the absurdity of this silly story, fastened on a man of
-stainless honour, by an obscure lodging-house keeper. The man who
-related it could never have imagined that Lady Fanshawe would place on
-record the story he was relating for her amusement, as an historical
-fact, or he might have shown more discretion than her Ladyship, by
-affording some authority for a statement of so scandalous a character.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">4. <i>Pretended interview between the Marquis of Worcester and De Caus
-in the Bicêtre, Paris.</i>&mdash;This fiction was long supported by a forged
-letter, pretended to have been written in February, 1641, by Marion
-Delorme, addressed to M. de Cinq-Mars. An exposure of this fable is due
-to M. Figuier, in his “Principales Découvertes Scientifiques Modernes,”
-post octavo, 4 volumes, 1862. After quoting the fabricated document,
-he says:&mdash;“Cette pièce, fabriquée par un mystificateur hardi, eut
-un succès prodigieux, et l’on ne manqua pas de dire que le marquis
-de Worcester, à qui ses compatriotes attribuent la découverte de la
-machine à vapeur, en avait puisé l’idée dans sa conversation avec le
-fou de Bicêtre. On pouvait cependant élever contre l’authenticité de
-cet écrit quelques objections qui ne manquent pas de solidité. On
-pouvait faire remarquer, entre autres choses, que Salomon de Caus, mort
-en 1630, aurait pu difficilement être enfermé en 1641 dans un hôpital
-de fous; que Bicêtre était alors une commanderie de Saint-Louis, où
-l’on donnait asile à d’anciens militaires, et non un hôpital;&mdash;que
-Salomon de Caus n’avait jamais pensé à construire une machine utilisant
-les<span class="pagenum" id="Page_584">[Pg 584]</span> effets méchaniques de la vapeur;&mdash;enfin qu’il n’avait jamais reçu
-que de bons offices de la part de Richelieu puisque dans la dédicase
-de son livre, <i>La practique et démonstration des horloges</i> il exprime
-sa reconnaissance pour les bontés du cardinal. Mais le public n’y
-regarde pas de si près, et bien de gens ne renoncent pas sans douleur
-à la bonne fortune historique d’un homme de génie mourant à l’hôpital.
-Un sujet si bien trouvé revenait de droit aux ouvres de l’imagination
-et de l’art. On a vu, à l’une des expositions du Louvre, un tableau
-de l’un de nos peintres, M. Lecurieux, dans lequel Salomon de Caus,
-enfermé à Bicêtre, est représenté les yeux caves et la barbe hérissée,
-tendant les mains, à travers les barreux de sa prison, au couple
-brillant de Marion Delorme et du marquis. La lithographie et la gravure
-ont consacré à l’envi ce préjugé historique, le théâtre<a id="FNanchor_E_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_91"><span class="fnanchor">[E]</span></a> et de roman
-l’ont exploité, de telle sorte que l’architecte normand tient aujourd’
-hui sa place à côté de Galilée et de Christophe Colomb sur la liste des
-hommes de génie persécutés et méconnus. Jusques à quand cette légende
-de fabrication moderne usurpera-t-elle le titre de fait historique?”
-[Pages 32, 33.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin2_top">5. <i>A Scotch view of the “Century.”</i> In <i>Blackwood’s Magazine</i>, Vol.
-6, 1820, p. 655, a correspondent, under the signature of J. C., in an
-article dated Manchester, February 8, 1820, “On Sir Thomas Urquhart’s
-Jewell,” declares:&mdash;“I have good reason [?] to believe, Sir Thomas
-was the real author of that singular production, ‘A century of names
-and scantlings of inventions,’ the credit or discredit of which was
-dishonestly [?] assumed by the Marquis of Worcester.”</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Hugh Miller, in his “Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland,”
-12mo. Edin. 1835, has enlarged on this speculative view with amusing
-fervour. He says:&mdash;“If intrinsic evidence be allowed to weigh anything,
-either this little tract [the “Century”] was written by Sir Thomas;
-or, what is much less probable, the world, nay, the same age and
-island, have produced two Sir Thomases. Some little weight, too, may
-be attached to the fact, that many of his manuscripts were lost in the
-city of Worcester, near which place, <i>judging from the Title</i>, it is
-probable the Marquis resided [!]; and that the “Century of Names” was
-not published until 1663, two years after death had disarmed poor Sir
-Thomas of his sword and his pen, and rendered him insensible to both
-his country’s honour and his own. <i>If in reality the author of this
-piece, he must be regarded, it is said, as the prime inventor of the
-steam engine.</i>”</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_585"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 585]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Appendix_I">APPENDIX I.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="center">PETITION.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">[At page 284 of the “Life” is a copy of an undated letter, which may
-have been one addressed to the Duke of Albemarle. The Marquis speaks of
-the neglect of two petitions, which may be the one given at page 282,
-and the present petition, to the matter of both of which the annexed
-letter from the Duke of Albemarle may refer. It would thus appear that
-his petitions lay neglected for two months.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top"><i>State Papers.</i></p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">Vol. 152, No. 82. Petition of the Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top">To the King’s most excellent Majesty,</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">The Petition of Edward Earl and Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">That the Petitioner having with great loyalty expended and lost his
-whole fortune (being very considerable) for the interest of the Crown,
-and public services whereby he is reduced to that deplorable condition
-through his debts and wants, that he is not capable to eat bread of
-his own, or allow himself the freedom of the streets, being deprived
-hereof through the clamour of his creditors, whose moneys were really
-borrowed for the use, and on the desire of your Majesty’s royal father
-of blessed memory, your sacred Majesty [sic] and for advancing public
-services to the general good of the kingdom and security of your Royal
-person and dignity, of which the Petitioner hath paid above £35,000
-since your Majesty’s happy restoration, besides many former sums lent
-and expended, for which it is humbly presumed your sacred Majesty (when
-rightly informed) will have particular regard to release and to pay
-such great acts of loyalty as the Petitioner can make appear, as well
-for justice as an encouragement for all loyal subjects hereafter to
-expose themselves and fortunes at any rate for your Royal interest, as
-the Petitioner hath without precedent, truly and really done in many
-eminent particular services, too tedious to trouble your Majesty with,
-being more fit to be heard and prepared by some of your Majesty’s most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_586">[Pg 586]</span>
-honourable privy Council, who are the most proper advisers in such
-cases, whose report and advice in this matter to your Majesty may prove
-a redemption to the Petitioner, a royal exoneration to your Majesty,
-and a great encouragement to all good subjects for the future, to
-expose themselves as the Petitioner hath done, for your Majesty’s less
-trouble and better understanding of the premisses, and what shall be
-made appear concerning the same.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2 margin_top">The Petitioner’s most humble request is, that your Majesty will be
-graciously pleased to recommend and refer the Petitioner to be
-fully heard touching his services, loans, disbursements, losses,
-and sufferings to the Lord High Chancellor of England, and the Lord
-Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle, the Marquis of Dorchester, the
-Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Loutherdale; the Lord Holles, the
-Lord Ashley, Lord Arlington and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to such
-of them, or other, as your Majesty shall think fit. And that your
-Majesty will be pleased to order the said Lords to refer to reports
-to your Majesty with all convenient speed the Petitioner’s whole
-case, as they shall find it, with their opinions to your Majesty
-for such just and speedy satisfaction for the relief of the
-Petitioner, and encouragement for his long endeavouring for the
-public good, as shall be thought fit, whereby he may be enabled to
-stop the mouths of his numerous and clamorous creditors, and live
-himself without disgrace to nobility, or being further necessitated
-to importune your Majesty. And that, until the Petitioner’s case
-can be reported, and fitted for your Majesty’s royal pleasure, your
-Majesty will be pleased to order the Petitioner, some small sum out
-of the privy purse for the present support of his wife and family
-who exceedingly want the same.</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">And your Petitioner will ever pray, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green, 8vo. 1864. P. 330, No. 82.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin2_top margin2_bottom"><i>State Papers</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Vol. 144, No. 27. Duke of Albemarle to Lord Arlington.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_indent margin_top">My Lord,&mdash;At the request of my Lord Marquis of Worcester I make bold to
-write to your Lordship in his behalf, you know his Lordship’s business
-so well that I shall not need to state <span class="pagenum" id="Page_587">[Pg 587]</span>it to you. I desire your
-Lordship’s assistance to him in the dispatch of his Lordship’s concerns
-before you, whereby your Lordship will oblige my Lord of Worcester, and
-also him who is,</p>
-
-<p class="signed_signature">Your Lordships very humble servant,</p>
-<p class="signed_signature">ALBEMARLE.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller">Cockpit, 3 Jan. 1665.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">Addressed at the back&mdash;“For the Right Honourable Henry Lord Arlington,
-Principal Secretary of State these, at Oxford.”</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top">[<sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> Calendared under 1666.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="margin_top">Vol. 142. No. 11, 2. Reference to the Lord Chancellor and others.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green, 8vo. 1864. P. 189, No. 27.<ins class="correction" title="Original missing closing square bracket">]</ins></p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center"><i>State Papers.</i> Vol. 152, No. 10.</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">Reference to Sir Thomas Ingram&mdash;[<i>Ent. Book 18, page 200.</i>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">Marquis of Worcester.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">Upon the Petition of the Marquis of Worcester, who desiring to be
-heard in his suit about Mr. Hall, to be referred to the Chancellor
-of the Dutchy.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top margin_bottom">March 24, 1665&ndash;66.</p>
-
-<p>His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer the suit of the honourable
-Petitioner unto the Rt. Honble. Sir Thomas Ingram, Knt., and to
-consider thereof, and to report his opinion thereupon to his Majesty,
-who will then declare his further pleasure, with a gracious regard to
-the Petitioner’s services and sufferings.</p>
-
-<p class="smaller margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green, 8vo. 1864. page 316, No. 11, 3.]</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center"><i>State Papers.</i> Vol. 152, No. 82.</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top">[Reference thereon to the Lord Chancellor and others.]</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent6 margin_top">At the Court of Whitehall, March the [March 24, 1665&ndash;6.]</p>
-
-<p class="margin_top">His Majesty is graciously pleased to refer this honourable Petitioner,
-and his suit, to the Right Honourable the Lord High Chancellor of
-England, and the Lord Privy Seal, the Duke of Albemarle,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_588">[Pg 588]</span> the Marquis
-of Dorchester, the Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Loutherdale, the Lord
-Holles, the Lord Ashley, myself, and Mr. Secretary Morrice, or to
-any three or more of them, who are hereby authorized to take special
-care to find out the truth of the whole particulars, which will be
-afforded by the Petitioner, and to report the same to his Majesty,
-their opinions of the most proper and expeditious way for his Majesty
-to answer the Petitioner’s desires, so far as the same shall be found
-just, upon whose report his Majesty will take a speedy course for the
-Petitioner’s satisfaction.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent6">[No signature, date, or endorsement. But in Cal. State Papers,
-1665&ndash;66, reference is made, p. 316, No. 11, to <i>Ent. Book</i> 18, p.
-18, which supplies the date 24 March, 1665&ndash;6.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="smaller margin_top">[See Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1665&ndash;66. Edited by Mrs. M. A. E.
-Green. 8vo. 1864, page 330, No. 82.]</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h2 id="Appendix_K">APPENDIX K.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="center">JOHN GOWER.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent margin_top">[In the “Life, Times, &amp;c.,” page 108, a quotation is given from the
-poet Gower, as used by Henry Marquis of Worcester, in addressing
-Charles I. and is again alluded to at page 145. The author is
-indebted to a friend for taking the trouble to search the works of
-the poet, at the London Institution, and supplying, from Chalmers’
-edition, 1810, page 218, the following reference and extract.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">The lines occur in “Confessio Amantis,” Book VII. in a dialogue,
-the subject being: “Of the three, Wine, Women, or the King, which
-is the strongest?” <span class="ml10">Harpages says:&mdash;]</span></p>
-
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i4">A kynge maie spille,<a id="FNanchor_F_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_92"><span class="fnanchor">[F]</span></a> a kynge maie saue,</span><br />
-<span class="i4">A kynge maie make a lorde a knaue,</span><br />
-<span class="i4">And of a knaue a lorde also,</span><br />
-<span class="i4">The power of a kynge stont<a id="FNanchor_G_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_93"><span class="fnanchor">[G]</span></a> so:</span><br />
-<span class="i4">That he the lawes ouerpasseth.</span><br />
-<span class="i4">What he will make lesse, he lasseth,</span><br />
-<span class="i4">What he will make more, he moreth.</span><br />
-</div></div>
-
-
-<p id="Page_589"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 589]</span></p>
-
-<h2 id="CATALOGUE_OF_EARLY_SCIENTIFIC_WORKS">CATALOGUE OF EARLY SCIENTIFIC WORKS,</h2>
-
-<p class="center">PRINCIPALLY ANTERIOR TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE CENTURY OF INVENTIONS,
-IN 1663;</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller margin2_top">WITH A FEW MODERN AUTHORITIES ON MECHANICAL INVENTIONS, AFFORDING
-COLLATERAL ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Arago, François</span>, Member of the Institute. Biographies of
-Distinguished Scientific Members. Translated by Admiral Smith, Rev.
-B. Powell, M.A., and R. Grant, M.A. 8vo. 1857. [Life of James
-Watt.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Babington, John</span>, Pyrotechnia: or, A Discourse of Artificiall
-Fire-works. Whereunto is annexed a short treatise of Geometrie.
-Folio. 1635.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bacon, Roger.</span> Frier Bacon his discovery of the miracles of art,
-nature, and magick. Faithfully translated out of Dr. Dee’s own
-copy, by T. M. and never before in English. London, Printed for
-Simon Miller, at the Starre in St. Pauls Church-yard. 12mo. 63
-pages. 1659.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Barlow, Peter</span>, <i>F.R.S. &amp;c.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#EncMet">Encyclopædia Metropolitana.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bate, John</span>, The Mysteries of Nature and Art in four severall parts.
-The first of water-works: the second of fire-works: the third of
-drawing, washing, limning, painting, and engraving: the fourth of
-sundry experiments. 4to. 1634. The second edition. 1635.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Becherus, J. J.</span> Character, pro Notia Linguarum universali. 8vo.
-Franc. 1661.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bedwell, William.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Ramus">Peter Ramus.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Besson, Jacques</span>. Il Theatro de gl’ Instrumenti e Machine; con una
-brieve dichiaration di tutte le figure di F. Beroaldo. Folio.
-Lione, 1582.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bessoni, Jacobi</span>, Delphinatis, Mathematici ingeniosissimi. Theatrum
-Instrumentorum et Machinarum. Cum <span class="smcap">Franc. Beroaldi</span> figurum
-declaratione demonstratiua. folio. Lugduni. 1578. [London
-Institution.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_590">[Pg 590]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bettino</span>, Bononiensi, e soc. Jesu. Mario. Apariari universæ
-philosophiæ mathematicæ. Folio. Bononiæ, 1642.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Billingsley, Henry</span>, Citizen of London. The Elements of Geometrie,
-of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megra. Faithfully (now
-first) translated into the Englishe toung. With a faithfull Preface
-made by M. J. Dee. Imprinted at London by John Daye. Folio. 1570.
-[The date is at the end, vide page 465.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bourne, William</span>, Inventions or Devices. Very necessary for all
-generalles and captaines, or leaders of men, as wel by sea as land:
-Written by &mdash; 4to. An. 1578.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Boyle, The Honourable Robert</span>, The Works of. Preface by Thomas
-Birch. 5 vols, folio. 1744.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Bradley, Richard</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> New Improvements of Planting and
-Gardening, both philosophical and practical. 8vo. 1718.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[The 2nd edition in 3 parts, separately paged. See 3rd part, pp.
-174&ndash;179.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Branca, Giovanni</span>, Le Machine. Volume nuovo e di molto artificio, da
-fare effetti maravigliosi tanto Spiritali, &amp;c. 4to. Roma, 1629.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Brocklerum, Georgium Andream.</span> Theatrum Machinarum novum. Folio.
-Coloniae Agrippinae, 1662.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Brown"><span class="smcap">Brown, J. W.</span> The Life of Leonardo da Vinci, with a critical account
-of his works. 12mo. 1828.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Caus"><span class="smcap">Caus, Isaac de.</span> New and rare inventions of Water-works, shewing the
-easiest waies to raise water higher then the spring. By which
-invention the Perpetual Motion is proposed many hard labours
-performed And variety of motions and sounds produced. First written
-in French by Isaak de Caus a late famous engineer: And now
-translated into English by John Leak. London, Printed by Joseph
-Moxon. Folio. 1659. [London Institution.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Caus, Salomon de.</span> Les Raisons des forces Mouvantes avec diverses
-Machines. Folio. Francfort, 1615.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Zusatz von allerhand Mühl Wasser und Brotten Werken. [The
-second part of a volume commencing with, “Heronis Alexandrini Buch
-von der Lufft und Wasser Kunst.”] 4to. Francfurt, 1688.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Fifty-five quarto copper-plates, Mills, Fountains, and Automata.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Chilmead, William</span>, <i>M. A.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#Gaffarel">James Gaffarel.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Clark, Daniel K.</span>, <i>C. E.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#EncBrit">Encyclopædia Britannica.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Cosmo the Third</span>, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Travels through England
-during the reign of Charles II. (1669). Roy. 4to. 1821.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Desaguliers</span>, The Rev. J. T., <i>LL.D., F.R.S. &amp;</i>. A Course of
-Experimental Philosophy. 2 vols. 4to. 1763.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Account of the Automaton, by M. Vaucanson, Inventor,
-translated by. 4to. 1742.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Digges, Thomas</span>, A geometrical practical treatize named
-Pantrometria, divided into three Books. Folio. 1591.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Digges, Leonard</span>, Gentleman. A Prognotification cuertaininge
-Orriginal good effecte, fruitfully augmented by the auctour, &amp;c.
-augmented by Thomas Digges his sonne. B. L. 4to. 1576.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Dirckes, Henry.</span> Perpetuum Mobile; or, a history of the search for
-self-motive power, during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries,
-illustrated from various authentic sources; with an Introductory
-Essay. Post 8vo. 1861.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_591">[Pg 591]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dircks"><span class="smcap">Dircks, Henry.</span> A Biographical Memoir of Samuel Hartlib. Containing
-a reprint of his publication of Cressy Dymock’s account of “An
-Invention of Engines of Motion.” 8vo. 1865.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Doppelmayr, Johann Gabriel.</span> Historische Nachricht von den
-Nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Kunstlern. Folio. Nürnberg, 1730.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Dudley, Dud.</span> Metallum Martis: or, Iron made with Pit-coale, &amp;c.
-4to. 1665.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dymock"><span class="smcap">Dymock, Cressy.</span> An Invention of Engines of Motion lately brought to
-perfection. [See reprint in H. Dircks’ Life of Samuel Hartlib. post
-octavo. 1864.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="EncBrit"><span class="smcap">Encyclopædia Britannica.</span> Vol. 20, 8th edition. 4to. 1860.
-[Article&mdash;Steam and Steam Engine. By Daniel K. Clark, C. E.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="EncMet"><span class="smcap">Encyclopædia Metropolitana.</span> 4to. 1845. [Vol. 6, Mixed Sciences.
-Containing&mdash;A Treatise on the Manufactures and Machinery of Great
-Britain. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S., &amp;c. 1836.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Etten, Henry van.</span> Mathematicall Recreations. Or a Collection of
-sundrie <i>Problemes</i>, extracted out of the Ancient and Moderne
-<i>Philosophers</i>, as secrets in nature, and experiments in
-Arithmeticke, Geometrie, &amp;c. Most of which were written first in
-Greeke and Latine, lately compiled in French, by Henry Van Etten,
-Gent. Small 8vo. 1633.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Recreation Mathematique et entretien facetieux de
-plusieurs plaisants problemes en faict d’arithmetique, geometrie,
-mechanique, opticque, et autres parties de ces belles sciences.
-12mo. Pont-a-Mousson, 1629.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; See also <a href="#Mydorge">Claude Mydorge.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Evelyn"><span class="smcap">Evelyn, John</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Memoirs illustrative of the Life and
-Writings of, edited by William Bray, F.S.A. 2 vols. 4to. 1819.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; The Miscellaneous Writings of. By William Upcott. 4to. 1825.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Falconer, John.</span> Cryptomenysis Patefacta: or the Art of Secret
-Information disclosed without a key. Small 8vo. 1685.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Contains also notices of “Secret Information, mentioned by
-Trithemius.”]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Farey, John.</span> A treatise on the Steam Engine. 4to. 1827.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Felton, Edmond.</span> Engins invented to save much blood and moneyes (in
-these times of warre), and to doe extraordinary good service. [A
-tract of 8 pages.] 4to. 1644.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Figuier, Louis.</span> Exposition et Histoire des Principales Découvertes
-Scientifiques Modernes. 4 vols. post 8vo. Paris, 1862. [Tome
-Premier. Machine a vapeur.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Flud, Roberto.</span> Utrisque Cosmi majoris scilicet et minoris
-metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo Volumina
-secundum cosmi diffirentiam divisa. Folio. Oppenhemii, 1617.
-[Dedication signed&mdash;R. Fludd.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Fosbroke.</span> The Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas D.</span>, <i>M.A.,</i> &amp;c. Encyclopædia of
-Antiquities and elements of Archæology. 8vo. 1840.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Foster, Samuel.</span> Miscellanies: or, Mathematical Lucubrations.
-Translated by Dr. John Twysden. Folio. 1659.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">French, John</span>, Doctor of Physick. The art of distillation, or a
-treatise of the choicest spagyricall preparations performed by way
-of distillation; in 6 books. 4to. 1650.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_592">[Pg 592]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">French, John.</span> The same. Second edition. To which is added, The
-London Distiller. 4to. 1653.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Numerous woodcuts of distillatory apparatus.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Gaffarel"><span class="smcap">Gaffarel, James.</span> Unheard-of Curiosities concerning the Talismanical
-sculptures of the Persians, &amp;c. Translated by Edmund Chilmead, M.A.
-small 8vo. 1650.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Gheyn, Jacob de.</span> The Exercise of Armes, for Calivers, Muskettes,
-and Pikes, After the ordre of his Excellence Maurits, Prince of
-Orange, &amp;c. Sett forth in the figures by Jacob de Gheyne. Printed
-at the Hage. Folio. 1607.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Giacinto, Amati.</span> Ricerche Storico-Critico-Scientifiche sulle
-origini, scoperte, invenzioni e perfezionamenti fatti nelle lettere
-nelle arti e nelle scienze. 5 Tom. 8vo. Milan, 1828. [In Vol. 2,
-“Stenografia.”]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Glasgow</span> Mechanics’ Magazine, and Annals of Philosophy. 2nd Vol.
-8vo. Glasgow, 1825.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Grollier"><span class="smcap">Grollier de Servière, Nicholas.</span> Recueil d’ouvrages curieux de
-mathématique et de méchanique; ou description du cabinet de M.
-Grollier de Servière. 4to. Lyon, 1719.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Grose, Francis.</span> Military Antiquities. 2 vols. 4to. 1801.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Halliwell, J. O.</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> &amp;c. A Collection of Letters illustrative
-of the progress of Science in England from the reign of Q.
-Elizabeth, to that of Charles II. Edited by. 8vo. 1841.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Rara Mathematica; or, Collection of Treatises on the
-Mathematics. Edited by. 1841.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Harleian Miscellany.</span> By Oldys and Park. 4to. 6th Vol. 9th Vol.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Harsdorffern"><span class="smcap">Harsdörffern, Georg Philipp.</span> Deliciæ Mathematicæ et Physicæ.
-Z’weyter Theil. 4to. Nürnberg, 1677.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Dritter Theil. 4to. Nürnberg, 1692. [See <a href="#Schwenterum">M. D.
-Schwenterum.</a>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hartlib, Samuel.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Invention">Invention.</a>&mdash;See also <a href="#Dircks">H. Dircks.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hero</span>, Alexandrinus, <i>Senior</i>; <span class="smcap">Ctesibii</span> Ascreni Discipulus.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">1. Spiritalium Liber, à <span class="smcap">Frederico Commandino</span> ex Græco in Latinum
-conversus; cum figuris. 4to. Urbini, 1575.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">2. Di Herone Alessandrino de gli Automati, overo Machine se
-Moventi, Libri due, Tradotti dal Greco da Bernardino Baldi. 4to.
-Venetia, 1589.</p>
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2">3. Spiritalium Liber: altera editio; cui accesserunt <span class="smcap">Jo. Bapt.
-Aleotti</span>, quatuor Theoremata Spiritalia, ex Italico in Latinum
-conversa; cum figuris. 4to. Amsterdam, 1680.</p>
-<p class="extra_margin">[A 4to. edition also printed at Bologna, 1647.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="hanging_indent2" id="Hero_4">4. Veterum Mathematicorum&mdash;Athenæi, Bitonis, Apollodori, Heronis,
-Philonis, et Aliorum Opera; Græce et Latine, pleraque nunc primum
-edita. Ex Manuscriptis Codicibus Bibliothecæ Regiæ. Folio.
-Parisiis, 1693.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hewett, John.</span> Ancient Armour and Weapons. 3 vols. 8vo. 1860.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hooke, Robert,</span> <i>F.R.S.</i> Lectiones Cutlerianæ, a Collection of
-Lectures made before the Royal Society. 4to. 1679.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[See No. 1. of the “Philosophical Collections” therein.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hooper, Dr. William.</span> Rational Recreations. 1st and 2d Vol. 8vo.
-1794.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_593">[Pg 593]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Humane"><span class="smcap">Humane Industry</span>: or a History of most manual arts, deducing the
-original, progress, and improvement of them. Furnished with variety
-of instances and examples, shewing forth the excellency of Humane
-Wit. small 8vo. 1661. [By Thomas Powell, <i>D.D.</i>; see Ant. À. Wood,
-&amp;c.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Hutton, Charles</span>, <i>LL.D.</i> and <i>F.R.S.</i> Mathematical Dictionary.
-1815.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Invention"><span class="smcap">Invention</span> (An) of Engines of Motion lately brought to perfection.
-Whereby may be dispatched any work now done in England or
-elsewhere, (especially works that require strength and swiftness)
-either by wind, water, cattel or men. And that with better
-accommodation, and more profit then anything hitherto known and
-used. London, Printed by J. C. for Richard Woodnoth, nezt door to
-the Golden heart, in Leaden-hall Street. 16 pages. 4to. 1651.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Two copies in the British Museum; one as above, the other with
-“nezt” corrected to “next.” This scarce pamphlet consists of two
-Letters without signature, addressed to Samuel Hartlib.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Invention.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Dymock">Cressy Dymock.</a> Also, <a href="#Temple">Temple Anecdotes.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Inventions.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Wonderful">Wonderful Inventions.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Kircherus</span>, Athanasius, Germanus, Fuldensis, Soc. Jesu. Romani
-Collegii Societatus Jesu Musæum celeberrimum. Folio. Amstelodami,
-1678.</p>
-
-<p class="reference_quoted_indent catalogue">[Caput IV. <i>De Horologiis.</i> Caput V. <i>De Mobili perpetuo
-apparente</i>.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Lanis, P.</span> Francisci Tertii de. Magisterium Naturæ, et Artis. 3
-vol. fol. Brixiæ, 1684.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Leak, John.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Caus">Isaac de Caus.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Leybourn, William</span>, Philomathes. Pleasure with Profit: consisting of
-recreations of divers kinds, viz., Numerical, Geometrical,
-Mechanical, &amp;c. folio. 1694.</p>
-
-<p class="reference_quoted_indent catalogue">[The compiler was a schoolmaster, and although largely indebted to
-Bishop Wilkins and other learned authors, he never names a single
-authority.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Lucar, Cyprian</span>, Gent. Three Bookes of Colloquies concerning the
-arte of shooting in great and small peeces of artillerie, variable
-randges, measure, and waight of leaden, yron, and marble stone
-pellets, minerall saltpeetre, gunpowder of divers sortes, &amp;c.
-Written in Italian by Nicholas Tartaglia; and now translated into
-English by, (augmented, and with additions) fol. 1588.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; A Treatise named Lucarsolace, divided into Fovver
-Bookes, which in part are collected out of diuerse authors, in
-diuerse languages. 4to. 1590.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Leupold, Jacob.</span>&mdash;1. Theatrum Machinarum generale; mit figuren, und
-register. Folio. Leipzig, 1726.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 2. Hydrotechnicarum. Folio. 1724.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 3. Machinarum Hydraulicarum; oder, Schau Platz der
-Wasser-Künste. 2 vols. Folio. 1724&ndash;25.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 4. Staticum universale. 1726.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 5. Pontificiale. Folio. 1726.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 6. Machinarum; oder, Schau-Platz der Heb-Zeuge. 1725.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 7. Arithmetico-Gemetricum 1726.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Mechanics’ Magazine.</span> Third Vol. 8vo. 1825.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_594">[Pg 594]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Meikleham, Robert.</span> Author of several works under the pseudonym of
-<a href="#Stuart">Robert Stuart</a>: which see accordingly.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Markham, G.</span> The Souldiers Exercise: in three Bookes. 4to. 1639.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Meyrick, Sir S. R.</span> Ancient Armour and Arms. 2 vols. Folio. 1830.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Morvvyng, Peter.</span> The treasure of Evonymus, contayninge the
-wonderfull hid secretes of nature, touchinge the most apte formes
-to prepare and destyl Medicines, &amp;c. 4to. 1559.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Mydorge"><span class="smcap">Mydorge, Claude.</span> Examen du Livre des Recréations Mathématiques, et
-de ses problèmes en Géométrie, Mechanique, Optique, and
-Catoptrique, &amp;c. [And at the end] Notes sur les Recreations
-Mathématiques. Par D. H. P. E. M. Small 8vo. Paris, 1638.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin catalogue">[See Van Etten’s work printed at
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Pont-a-Moussou">Pont-a-Mousson</ins>, 1629, and later
-editions; Mydorge’s work is a copy of their matter and engravings.
-He was an eminent mathematician: born at Paris, 1585.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Muirhead"><span class="smcap">Muirhead, James, P.</span> <i>M.A.</i> &amp;c. The Life of James Watt, with
-selections from his Correspondence. 2nd Edition. 8vo. 1859.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Nowe, Lord de la.</span> The Politicke and Militarie Discourses of.
-Translated out of the French by E. A. B. Letter. 4to. 1587.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Pancirollus, Guido.</span> The history of many memorable things lost,
-which were in use among the Ancients, &amp;c. 12mo. 1715.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Papillon, David</span>, Gent. A practicall Abstract of the Arts of
-Fortification and Assailing. 4to. 1645.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Partington, Charles F.</span> A course of Lectures on the Steam Engine,
-delivered at the London Mechanics’ Institution, &amp;c. 12mo. 1826.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Peacham, Henry</span>, <i>M.A.</i> The compleat Gentleman. 4to. 1627.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Percy Anecdotes.</span> By S. &amp; R. Percy. 12mo. 1820.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Articles&mdash;Science, Genius, Ingenuity.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Philosophical Magazine.</span> Edited by A. Tilloch. 18th Vol. 8vo. 1804.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Plat, Sir Hugh</span>, of Lincolne’s Inne. The Jewell House of Art and
-Nature. Printed by Peter Short, on Breadstreet hill, at the signe
-of the Star. 4to. 1594.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[It contains 4 Books and a last part. The 3 first Books have
-separate title pages, the first paged 1 to 96, the second 1 to 60,
-and the third 1 to 48, but also takes in the fourth Book and last
-part under continuous paging, ending p. 76.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">According to the Table of Contents&mdash;“The first Booke conteineth
-divers new and conceited experiments.”</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">The second of “Husbandry;” the third of “Divers Chimicall
-conclusions concerning the art of Distillation.”</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">The fourth Book the “Art of molding or casting.” And the last part
-“an offer of certain new inventions.”]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; The Jewel House of Art and Nature: containing divers rare and
-profitable inventions, &amp;c. Another edition. 4to. 1653.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Plot, Dr. Robert.</span> Natural History of Staffordshire. Folio. 1684.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Porta, John Baptista.</span> I tre Libri de’ Spiritali. 4to. Napoli, 1606.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Natural Magick; in 20 Books. Wherein are set forth all the
-riches and delights of the Natural Sciences. Folio. 1658.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Powell, Thomas</span>, <i>D.D.</i> See <a href="#Humane">Humane Industry.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Ramelli, Capitano Agostino.</span> Le Diverse et artificiose Machine.
-Folio. 1588.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[This exceedingly rare and valuable work contains 195 well executed
-folio plates.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_595">[Pg 595]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Ramus"><span class="smcap">Ramus, Peter.</span> Via Regia ad Geometriam. The way to Geometry. being
-necessary and useful. For Astronomers, Geographers, Land-meaters,
-Seamen, Engineres, Architecks, Carpenters, &amp;c. Written in Latine by
-Peter Ramus, and now translated by Mr. William Bedwell. 4to. 1636.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Rovinson, John.</span> A treatise of Metallica. And containeth a briefe
-explanation, &amp;c., of the instruments, engins, furnaces, &amp;c. 4to.
-1613.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[A copy in the British Museum; also reprinted in two editions,
-edited by Mr. John N. Bagnall, at Wolverhampton, 1854.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Schottus, Gaspar</span>, Regis Curianus, Soc. Jesu, in
-Herbipolitano-Franconia Gymnasio Math. Prof.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Magia universalis naturæ et artis, sive recondita naturalium et
-artificialium rerum scientia; cum figuris, et indicibus. 4 vols.
-4to. Bambergæ, 1677.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Mechanica Hydraulico-Pneumatica (cum notis musicis). Plates.
-4to. Herbipoli, 1657&ndash;58.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Pantometrum Kircherianum, hoc est, Instrumentum Geometricum
-novum a Kirchero inventum, explicatum et demonstrationibus
-illustratum. Plates. 4to. <i>Ibid.</i> 1660.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Cursus Mathematicus. Fol. 1661.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Mathesis Cæsarea, sive Amussis Ferdinandrea ad Problemata
-Universæ Matheseos, &amp;c. Plates. 4to. <i>Ibid.</i> 1662.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; Technica Curiosa, sive Mirabelia Artis. 2 parts in 1. <i>Ibid.</i>
-1664.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Schwenterum"><span class="smcap">Schwenterum, M. Danielem</span>. Deliciæ Physico-Mathematicæ. 4to.
-Nürnberg, 1636.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; See also <a href="#Harsdorffern">G. F. Harsdörffern.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Servière, Grollier de.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Grollier">Grollier de Servière.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Sorbiere"><span class="smcap">Sorbière, Mons.</span> A Voyage to England, containing many things
-relating to the state of learning, religion, and other curiosities
-of that kingdom. 8vo. 1709.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Also, Observations on the same voyage, by Dr. Thomas Sprat, F.R.S.
-With a Letter of M. Sorbière.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Sorbière, Samuel</span>. Relation d’un Voyage en Angleterre. Paris, 1664.
-[Dedication to the King, dated 12th Dec., 1663.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Sprat, Thomas</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Observations on Monsieur Sorbière’s Voyage
-into England; written to Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy. 12mo.
-1665. [See <a href="#Sorbiere">M. Sorbière.</a>]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">State Papers</span>, Calendars of (various). 8vo. 1856&ndash;64.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Stevin, Simon</span>, de Bruges. Les Œuvres Mathematiques. Augmentées
-par Albert Girard. Fol. A Leyde, 1634.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Stuart"><span class="smcap">Stuart, Robert.</span> A descriptive History of the Steam Engine. 8vo.
-1824.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Historical and Descriptive Anecdotes of Steam Engines and of
-their Inventors. 2 vols. 32mo. 1829.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Sturtevant, Simon.</span> Metallica, or the Treatise of Metallica. [The
-making of Iron with Sea-cole, &amp;c.] 4to. 1612.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Switzer, Stephen.</span> An introduction to a general system of
-hydrostaticks and hydraulics. 2 vols. 4to. 1729.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Temple"><span class="smcap">Temple Anecdotes, The</span>; Invention and Discovery. By R. &amp; C. Temple.
-Post 8vo. 1864.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Teyser, Johannis</span>. Architecturæ Militaris. 4to. 1553.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[In 4 Books, with engraved title and plates; pp. 56.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_596">[Pg 596]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Timbs, John</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> Stories of Inventors and Discoverers. 12mo.
-1860.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Tredgold, Thomas</span>, <i>C.E.</i> The principles and practice, and
-explanation of the Machinery used in steam navigation. Compiled by
-&mdash;&mdash;. 2 vols. 4to. 1851.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Trithemii, Joannis.</span> Libri Polygraphiæ VI. Small 8vo. Argentinæ,
-1600.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[There is also a quarto edition, with diagrams.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Tymme, Thomas.</span> A Dialogue Philosophical, wherein Natures secret
-closet is opened, and the cause of all motion in nature shewed out
-of matter and forme, &amp;c. 4to. 1612.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Ubaldi, Guidi</span>, i machionibus montis in duos Archimedis
-æqueponderantium libros praphrasis scholiis illustrata. Folio.
-Pisauri, 1588:</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; è marchionibus montis. Mechanicorum Liber. Pisauri, 1577.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Mechanica. Fol. Pisaur. 1577. And Venice, 1615.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; De Cochlea. Fol. Venice, 1615. pp. 160.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Upcott, William.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Evelyn">John Evelyn, F.R.S.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Valturius, Robertus</span>, De Re Militari. Folio. Parisiis, 1532.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Another edition. Folio. Parisiis, 1534.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[In the Library of the Patent Office. The same volume
-contains:&mdash;Flavius Vegetius de Re Militari.&mdash;Sextus Julius
-Frontinus, Stratagematum.&mdash;Ælianus de Instruendis Aciebus.&mdash;And,
-Modestus, Libellus de Vocabulis Rei Militaris.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vegetius Renatus, Flavius.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 1. De re militari Libri IV. Fol. Plato de Benedictis, Bononiæ,
-1495. <i>Inter</i> Scriptores de re militari.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">Sextus Julius Frontinus Vit. consularis de re militari.&mdash;Flauius
-Vegetius Vit. Illustris de re militari.&mdash;Aelianus de instruendis
-aciebus.&mdash;Modesti, libellus de uocabulis rei militaris. [No
-engravings.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 2. De re militari Libri IV.: cum picturis bellicis ligno
-incisis. Fol. Char. Wechelius, Parisiis, 1535.&mdash;Inter Scriptores de
-re militari.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Large engraved figure of a Knight on the back of the title page,
-and numerous bold, freely executed curious large wood engravings.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 3. <span class="smcap">Vegezio</span> dell’ arte militare, nella commune lingua novamente
-tradotto da <span class="smcap">Tizzoni Gaetano</span> da Pofi. Small 8vo. Venetia, 1540.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Wood engraved title page.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 4. Il Modesimo; tradotto da <span class="smcap">Francesco Ferrosi</span>. Small 8vo.
-<i>Gabriel Giolito</i>, Vinegia, 1551. [No engravings.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 5. De re militari Libri IV. Sexti Julii Frontini viri
-consularis de stratagematis libri totidem. Fol. Paris, 1553.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; 6. De re militari Libri IV. [Frontini; Ælianus, Modestus.] G.
-Stewechio. 8vo. Lugduni Batavorum, 1592.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Veterum Mathematicorum</span>, 1693.&mdash;See <a href="#Hero_4"><span class="smcap">Hero</span>, No. 4.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vinci, Leonardo da.</span> Life of. See <a href="#Brown">J. W. Brown.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vitruvio</span> de Architectura traducto (da C. Cesariano, Bono Mauro,
-Benedotto Jovio, Novo Comasco, &amp;c.) e commentato da Cesare
-Cesariano. Woodcuts. Fol. Como, 1521.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[1st Book, p. 23. Aeolipilarum Figura. Also engraving of a large
-vessel with paddles. Liber Decimus, p. 174.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Vitruvius Pallio, Marcus.</span> De architectura Libri X. Fol. Romæ, circa
-1486.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">[<span class="smcap">Wallace, Professor</span>]. The History of the Steam-Engine from the
-second century before the Christian era. New edition, illustrated.
-12mo. London, <i>Cassell</i>, 1860.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_597">[Pg 597]</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Watt, James.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Muirhead">J. P. Muirhead.</a></p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Weale’s Quarterly Papers.</span>&mdash;Vol. V.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">White, John.</span> A rich Cabinet, with variety of Inventions, unlock’d
-and open’d, for the recreation of ingenious spirits. 12mo. 1684.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Wilkins, John</span>, <i>M.A.</i> (Bishop of Chester). Mathematicall Magick.
-Or, The wonders that may be performed by mechanicall geometry. By
-J. W., M.A. Small 8vo. 1648.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash;&mdash; Mercury, or the secret and swift messenger: shewing how a man
-may with privacy and speed communicate his thoughts to a friend at
-any distance. By J. W., M.A. Small 8vo. 1641.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Wonderful"><span class="smcap">Wonderful Inventions</span>; A History of. 12mo. 18&mdash;.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Zeising, Henricus.</span> Theatri Machinarum. Thick 4to. Leipzigk, 1612.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Compiled principally from Bessoni and Ramelli’s works.]</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_598">[Pg 598]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap">Zonca, Vittoria</span>, Architect. Novo Teatro di Machine et Edificii.
-Folio. Padoua, 1656.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h2 id="catalogue">CATALOGUE</h2>
-
-<p class="center">OF BOOKS EITHER QUOTED OR CONSULTED</p>
-
-<p class="center smaller margin_top margin_bottom">IN REFERENCE TO THE</p>
-
-<p class="center">LIFE AND TIMES OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Aiazzi">1 <span class="smcap">Aiazzi</span>, Cura di G. Nunziatura in Irlanda di Monsignor Gio.
-Batista Rinuccini Arcivescovo di Fermo negli anni 1645 a 1649. 8vo.
-Firenze, 1844.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">2 <span class="smcap">Allen, Thomas.</span> The Historical Antiquities of London, &amp;c.;
-continued by Thomas Wright. 4 vols. 8vo. 1839.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">3 &mdash;&mdash; History and Antiquities of the Parish of Lambeth. 4to. 1827.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">4 <span class="smcap">Annual Register</span>, 1769.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Repertory">4* <span class="smcap">Antiquarian Repertory.</span> By Francis Grose, F.S.A., &amp;c. and
-other eminent antiquarians. Vol. IV. 4to. 1809.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">4**<span class="smcap">Archæologia</span>; or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to
-Antiquity. Vol. 6. 4to. 1782.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">5 <span class="smcap">Atkyns, Sir Robert.</span> The ancient and present state of
-Gloucestershire. Folio. 1712.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Baker, Charles.</span> See <a href="#Dineley">T. D. or T. Dineley.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">5*<span class="smcap">Barber, J. T.</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> A Tour through South Wales and
-Monmouthshire. 8vo. 1803.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">5**<span class="smcap">Barrington, Sir Jonah.</span> Historic Memoirs of Ireland. 2nd
-edition. 2 vols. 4to. 1833.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">6 <span class="smcap">Bayley, John</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i>, &amp;c. The History and Antiquities of
-the Tower of London. In 2 parts, royal 4to. 1825.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">7 <span class="smcap">Bayly, Thomas</span>, (Sub-dean of Bath and Wells). Worcester’s
-<ins class="correction" title="alternative spelling">Apophthegme</ins>: or Witty sayings of the Right Honourable Henry (late)
-Marquess and Earl of Worcester. By T. B. Small 12mo. 1650.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">7*&mdash;&mdash; Certamen Religiosum: or, a conference between his late Majesty,
-Charles King of England, and Henry late Marquis and Earl of Worcester,
-concerning Religion, 1646. 12mo. 1649.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Beatson">8 <span class="smcap">Beatson’s</span> Political Index modernised; The Book of
-Dignities. By Joseph Haydn. 8vo. 1851.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">9 <span class="smcap">Beattie, Wm.</span>, M.D. The Castles and Abbeys of England. Royal
-8vo. 18&mdash;.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">10 <span class="smcap">Beaufort Family</span>, Portraits and Biographical Notices of
-the. Folio. Salisbury, 1804.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">11 [<span class="smcap">Beling, Sir Richard.</span>] Vindicarum Catholicarum Hiberniæ.
-Authore Philopatro Irenæo. Libri duo, quorum. pp. 256. 18mo. Paris,
-1650. [He was one of the great movers of the rebellion, but of the
-moderate party.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">12 <span class="smcap">Betham, Rev. William.</span> The Baronetage of England. 4to. 1803.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">12*<span class="smcap">Bibliotheca Regia</span>; or, The Royal Library, Ch. II. Not
-extant in the Reliquiæ Carolinæ. In two Books, 12mo. [Brit. Mus.]
-1659.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_599">[Pg 599]</span> 13 <span class="smcap">Birch, Thomas</span>, <i>D.D.</i>, Secretary of the Royal
-Society. An Inquiry into the share which Charles I. had in the
-transactions of the Earl of Glamorgan. 8vo. 1756.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Bliss’ Walpole.</span> See <a href="#Walpole">Walpole.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">14 <span class="smcap">Boyle, Honourable Robert</span>, The Works of. 5 vols. folio.
-1744.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Brooke, Ralphe.</span> See <a href="#Vincent">Augustine Vincent.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">15 <span class="smcap">Brooks, Wm. Alex.</span>, Architect. Select Specimens of the
-Monastic, Castellated, and Domestic Architecture of Great Britain.
-Part 1, Nos. 1 and 2, [all pubd.] folio. 1826.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Bruce">16 <span class="smcap">Bruce, John</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i>, &amp;c. Charles I. in 1646; Letters of
-Charles the First to Queen Henrietta Maria. Edited by &mdash;&mdash; [Camden
-Society.] 4to. 1856.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">17 <span class="smcap">Brydges, Sir Egerton</span>, Bart. Memoirs of the Peers of
-England during the reign of James I. [all pubd.] 8vo. 1802.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">18 &mdash;&mdash; Restituta; or, Titles and Extracts of Old Books. 4 vols. 8vo.
-1815.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">19 &mdash;&mdash; Censura Literaria. 10 vols. 8vo. 1815.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">20 <span class="smcap">Burke, Sir Bernard.</span> A Visitation of the Seats and Arms of
-the Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great Britain. 2nd edn. 8vo. 1855.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">21 Buck’s Antiquities; or Venerable Remains of above 400 Castles, &amp;c.
-in England and Wales. 3 vols, folio. 1774.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">22 <span class="smcap">Burton, Thomas</span>, M.P. Diary of the Parliaments of Oliver
-and Richard Cromwell. 4 vols. 8vo, 1828.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Byrne, W.</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> See <a href="#Hearne">Thomas Hearne.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">22*<span class="smcap">Carlisle, Nicholas</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> &amp;c. An inquiry into the
-place and quality of the Gentlemen of His Majesty’s honourable Privy
-Chamber. 8vo. 1829.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">23 <span class="smcap">Carlyle, Thomas.</span> Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches. 4
-vols. 1850.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">24 <span class="smcap">Carte, Thomas</span>, M.A. A History of the Life of James Duke of
-Ormonde. 1736.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Carte">25 [<span class="smcap">Carte, Thomas.</span>] Life of James Duke of Ormond, containing
-an account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and
-particularly of Ireland under his government: with an Appendix and a
-Collection of Letters. A new edition. 6 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1851.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Charles I.</span> Letters, 1664. See <a href="#Bruce">John Bruce.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Clarendon">26 <span class="smcap">Clarendon’s</span> History of the Rebellion. 7 vols. 8vo. 1849.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Clarendon’s</span> Life, &amp;c. See <a href="#Lister">T. H. Lister.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">26*&mdash;&mdash; State Papers collected by, 3 vols. Folio. Oxford, 1767&ndash;1773
-and 1786.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">27 <span class="smcap">Clayton, J. W.</span> Personal Memoirs of Charles II. 2 vols.
-8vo. 1859.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">28 <span class="smcap">Collins, Arthur.</span> Letters and Memorials of State. 2 vols.
-folio. 1746.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; Peerage of England. 9 vols. 8vo. 1812.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">29 <span class="smcap">Corbet, John</span>, Preacher of God’s Word. An Historicall
-relation of the Military Government of Gloucestershire from the
-beginning of the Civill Warre. 1645. [Reprinted in “Bibliotheca
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original missing closing quote">Gloucestrensis.”</ins> By John Washbourn, jr. 4to. Gloucester, 1825.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">30 <span class="smcap">Cosmo</span> the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Travels through
-England during the reign of K. Charles II. (1669.) Royal 4to. 1821.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_600">[Pg 600]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">31 <span class="smcap">Coxe, Wm.</span>, A.M., &amp;c. An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire,
-illustrated with views by Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart., &amp;c. 4to. 1801.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Courthope, William.</span> See <a href="#Nicolas">Sir Harris Nicolas.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">32 <span class="smcap">Croker, T. C.</span> Narratives illustrative of the Contests in
-Ireland in 1641&ndash;1690. Edited by. (Camden Society). 4to. 1841.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">33 <span class="smcap">Cunningham, Peter.</span> Handbook of London. 12mo. 1850.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dineley">34 [<span class="smcap">Dineley, T.</span>] Notitia Cambro-Britannica: A voyage of North
-and South Wales; being observations in attending his Grace the Duke
-of Beaufort, in his progress there, 1684. By T. D. <i>Gen.</i> Edited from
-the original MS. by Charles Baker, Esq. London, printed for private
-circulation. 4to. 1864.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">35 <span class="smcap">Disraeli, Isaac.</span> Commentaries on the Life and Reign of
-Charles I. 2 vols. 8vo. 1851.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Dodd">36 <span class="smcap">Dodd, Charles</span>, [<i>i.e.</i> Hugh Tootell]. Church History of
-England, from the commencement of the 16th Century to the revolution
-in 1688. With notes and a continuation by the Rev. M. A. Tierney. 5
-vols. 8vo. 1839&ndash;43.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">36*<span class="smcap">Dugdale, William</span>, (Norroy King of Arms). The Baronage of
-England. Folio. 1675.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">37 <span class="smcap">Evelyn, John</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Diary and Correspondence of. Edited
-by Wm. Bray, F.A.S. 1859. Crown 8vo. 1859.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">38 <span class="smcap">Fanshawe, Lady.</span> Memoirs of Lady F., wife of the Right Hon.
-Sir Richard Fanshawe, Bart. Ambassador from Charles the Second to the
-Court of Madrid in 1665. Written by herself. 8vo. 1829.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">39 <span class="smcap">Fellowes, W. D.</span> Historical Sketches of Charles the First.
-4to. 1828.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">40 <span class="smcap">Fosbroke, Rev. Thomas Dudley</span>, <i>M. A.</i> A picturesque and
-topographical account of Raglan Castle. 12mo. Monmouth, 1831.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Gardnor, John.</span> See <a href="#Williams">David Williams.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">41 <span class="smcap">Glamorgan’s</span>, The Earl of, Negotiations and colourable
-commitment in Ireland demonstrated, or the Irish Plot for bringing
-10,000 men and arms into England, &amp;c. 4to. 1645.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">42 <span class="smcap">Green, Valentine</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> The History and Antiquities of
-the city and suburbs of Worcester. 2 vols. 4to. 1796.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Grose, Francis</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> See <a href="#Repertory">Antiquarian Repertory.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">44 <span class="smcap">Guizot</span>, M. History of Charles I. and the English
-Revolution. Vol. 2. 8vo. 1854.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">45 <span class="smcap">Harleian</span> Miscellany. Vol. 2. 1809. Vol. 4. Vol. 7, 8. 4to.
-1811.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">46 <span class="smcap">Harley</span>, Lady Brilliana, Letters of; (Wife of Sir Robert
-Harley, of Brampton Bryan, K. B.<ins class="correction" title="Original missing closing bracket">)</ins> With Introduction and notes by Thos.
-T. Lewis, A. M. London, (Camden Society.) 4to. 1853.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Haydn, Joseph.</span> See <a href="#Beatson">Beatson.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Hearne">47 <span class="smcap">Hearne, Thomas</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> The Antiquities of Great Britain,
-illustrated in views of Monasteries, Castles, and Churches. Engraved
-by W. Byrne, F.S.A. from Drawings by Thomas Hearne, F.S.A. 2 vols.
-Oblong folio. 1807.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">48 <span class="smcap">Heath, Charles</span>, Printer. Historical and descriptive
-accounts of the ancient and present state of Ragland Castle. 8vo.
-Monmouth, 1806.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; 10th edition. 8vo. Monmouth, 1825.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">49 <span class="smcap">Heath, James.</span> A brief chronicle of the late war in the
-three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 4 parts. From
-1637 to 1663. By H. J. 2nd edition. 12mo. 1663.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_601">[Pg 601]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">50 <span class="smcap">Hooper, Jacob.</span> An impartial history of the rebellion and
-civil wars in England during the reign of King Charles the First.
-Collected from Clarendon, Bishop Kennet, Echard, Rushworth, &amp;c. Folio,
-1738.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">51 <span class="smcap">Hough, C.</span> (Monmouth.) A companion to Ragland Castle: or, a
-familiar description of that beautiful and interesting ruin. 4to. 1833.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">52 <span class="smcap">Howel, James.</span> Londinopolis; an Historicall Discourse of
-Perlustration of the City of London, &amp;c. Whereunto is added another of
-the city of Westminster. Folio. 1657.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">53 <span class="smcap">Howitt</span>, William and Mary. Ruined Abbeys and Castles of
-Great Britain. 4to. 1862.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">54 <span class="smcap">Hume, David.</span> The History of England. 8 vols. 8vo. 1778.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">55 <span class="smcap">Hume and Smollett.</span> The History of England. With the
-continuation by the Rev. T. S. Hughes, B. D. Crown 8vo. 1854.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Hyde</span>, E. Earl of Clarendon&mdash;See <a href="#Clarendon">Clarendon, Earl of.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Carolinum">56 <span class="smcap">Iter Carolinum.</span> Somers’ Tracts, containing 1641 to 1648.
-Printed in 1660. 4to.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Johnson, George W.</span> The Fairfax Correspondence. Memoirs of
-the reign of Charles the First. 4 vols. 8vo. 1848&ndash;9.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">57 <span class="smcap">Journals</span> of the House of Commons. Folio. London.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">57*<span class="smcap">Journals</span> of the House of Lords. Folio. London.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">58 <span class="smcap">Kennet, Dr. White</span>, (Bishop of Peterborough). A complete
-History of England. 3 vols. folio. 1706.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">59 &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; A Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical and Civil,
-containing matters of fact, delivered in the words of the most
-authentick books, papers, and records; digested in exact order of
-time. Faithfully taken from the MS. collections of the Lord Bishop of
-Chester. 2 vols. folio. 1728.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">60 <span class="smcap">Knight’s</span> Pictorial History of England. Royal 8vo. 18&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">61 <span class="smcap">Leyburn, George</span>, <i>D.D.</i>, (Chaplain to Henrietta Maria,
-Queen of England), Memoirs of, being a Journal of his agency for
-Prince Charles in Ireland, in the year 1647. 12mo. 1722.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">62 <span class="smcap">Lingard, John</span>, <i>D.D.</i> The History of England. 10 vols.
-8vo. 5th edition. 1849.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Lister">63 <span class="smcap">Lister, T. H.</span> Life and Administration of Edward, First
-Earl of Clarendon, with original correspondence. 3 vols. 8vo. 1837.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">64 <span class="smcap">Lodge, Edmund</span>, (Norroy King of Arms, F.S.A.) Portraits and
-Memoirs of the most illustrious personages of British History. Royal
-8vo. 1831&ndash;3.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">65 <span class="smcap">Lysons, Rev. D.</span>, <i>M.A.</i>, &amp;c. The Environs of London. 4to.
-1792.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">66 &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; Supplement to the First Edition of Historical Account of the
-Environs of London. 4to. 1811.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">67 <span class="smcap">Macaulay, Lord.</span> The History of England. Vol. 1st. 8vo.
-1857.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">68 <span class="smcap">Meehan, Rev. C. P.</span> The Confederation of Kilkenny. 12mo.
-Dublin, 1862.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Memorials">68*<span class="smcap">Memorials</span> of the English Affairs: or an historical
-account of what passed from the beginning of the reign of King Charles
-the First, to King Charles the Second his happy restoration. Printed
-for N. Ponder. Folio. 1682.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_602">[Pg 602]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">69 <span class="smcap">Milton, John</span>, The Prose Works of. By Charles Symonds. 7
-vols. 8vo. 1806.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Newcourt’s</span> Map of Ancient London. 1658. And 1863.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[See <a href="#WorcesterHouse">Worcester House</a>, <a href="#Baynard">Baynard’s Castle</a>, and <a href="#TheTower">The Tower.</a>] From an
-exact delineation of the Cities of London and Westminster and the
-Svbvrbs thereof, Together with ye Burrough of Sovthwark and all ye
-thoroughfares, highwaies, streets, lanes and common allies within
-the same composed by a Scale, and Iconographically described by
-Richard Newcovrt of Somerton in the Countie of Somerset, Gentleman.
-Wm. Faithorne, Sculpsit. 1658. [Engraved from the Original by George
-Jarman, and pubd. by Edward Stanford, Charing Cross, 1863.] Measures
-3ft. 5in. by 6ft. 3&frac12;in.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Nicolas">70 <span class="smcap">Nicolas, Sir Harris.</span> Historic Peerage of England, revised
-by William Courthope, Esq., Somerset Herald. 8vo. 18&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">71 <span class="smcap">Nichols, John.</span> The Progresses, &amp;c., of King James the
-First. Vol. 1st. 4to. 1828.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">72 &mdash;&mdash; Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. 6 vols. 8vo. 1812.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">72*&mdash;&mdash; Literary Anecdotes. 8vo. 1814 and 1815.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">73 <span class="smcap">Nichols (J. B.) &amp; Son</span>. Collectanea Topographica. 8vo. 1834.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">74 &mdash;&mdash; Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica. 8 vols. 8vo. 1841.
-[Vol. VII. p. 190.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">75 <span class="smcap">Nichols, John Gough.</span> Autographs of Royal, Noble, Learned
-and Remarkable Personages conspicuous in English History. Folio. 1829.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">76 <span class="smcap">Notes and Queries.</span> Second Series. 1st Vol. small 4to. 1856.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">O’Donovan, John.</span> Annals of the Rebellion of Ireland. 4
-vols. 1851.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="smcap ml15">Ormond, James, Duke of</span>, Life of. See <a href="#Carte">Carte.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">77 <span class="smcap">Pamphlets</span>, Collection of. 1646. 4to. [The gift of George
-III. to the Brit. Mus. E. 350.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">78 <span class="smcap">Pepys, Samuel</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> Diary and Correspondence of. 6th
-edition, in 4 vols, crown 8vo. 1858.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">79 <span class="smcap">Peterborough</span>, Bishop of. A Register and Chronicle,
-Ecclesiastical and Civil; from the Restoration of Charles II.
-Faithfully taken from the MS. Collections of. Folio. 1728.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">80 <span class="smcap">Playfair, W.</span> British Family Antiquity. 4to. 1809.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Ponder, N.</span> See <a href="#Memorials">Memorials of the English Affairs.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">81 <span class="smcap">Pote, Joseph.</span> The History and Antiquities of Windsor
-Castle, and the Royal College, and Chapel of St. George. 4to. 1749.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">82 <span class="smcap">Prout, John Skinner.</span> The Castles and Abbeys of
-Monmouthshire. Folio. 1838.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">83 <span class="smcap">Ragland Castle</span>; The gallant siege of the Parliamentary
-forces before. May 30, 1646.</p>
-
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[“Collection of Pamphlets,” 1646. 4to. The gift of George III. to the
-Brit. Mus.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">84 <span class="smcap">Ragland Castle</span>; An exact and true relation of the many
-several messages that have passed between Sir Thomas Fairfax and the
-Marquis of Worcester, &amp;c. &amp;c. 4to. 1646.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[“Collection of Pamphlets,” 1646. 4to. The gift of George III. to the
-Brit. Mus.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_603">[Pg 603]</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">85 <span class="smcap">Rapin de Thoyras.</span> The History of England. Translated by N.
-Tindal, M.A. Folio. 1733.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Rinuccini, G. B.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Aiazzi">G. Aiazzi.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Roberts, George.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Yonge">Walter Yonge.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">86 <span class="smcap">Rudder, Samuel.</span> A new history of Gloucestershire. Folio.
-1779.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">87 <span class="smcap">Rushworth, John.</span> Historical Collections. Third part, Vol.
-2. 1640&ndash;1644. Folio. 1692.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">88 <span class="smcap">Sandford, Francis.</span> A genealogical history of the Kings and
-Queens of England, and Monarchs of Great Britain, &amp;c., from 1066 to
-1707; continued by Samuel Stebbing. Folio. 1707.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">89 <span class="smcap">Seward’s</span> Anecdotes of some distinguished persons. 12mo.
-1796.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">90 <span class="smcap">Somers, Lord</span>, Tracts. A collection of scarce and valuable
-tracts, 2nd edition, revised by Sir Walter Scott. Vol. 4. 4to. 1810.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Somers, Lord.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Carolinum">Iter Carolinum.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Spectator, The.</span> (Newspaper.) pp. 706 and 733. 1864. Vol.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">91 <span class="smcap">Sprat, Thomas</span>, <i>F.S.A.</i> Observations on Monsieur Sorbière’s
-Voyage into England; written to Dr. Wren, Professor of Astronomy. 12mo.
-1665.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">92 <span class="smcap">Sprigge, John</span>, <i>M.A.</i> Anglia Rediviva; England’s Recovery:
-being the History of the Motions, Actions, and Successes of the Army,
-&amp;c. Sir Thomas Fairfax, Kt. Folio. 1647.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">92*<span class="smcap">State Papers, domestic series</span>, Calendars of: viz.&mdash;</p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1547&ndash;1580.&nbsp; Edited by R. Lemon, F.S.A.<span class="ml35"> 8vo.</span><span class="ml10">1856.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1603&ndash;1610.&nbsp; Edited by Mary Anne Everett Green.&nbsp;  〃<span class="ml15">1857.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1611&ndash;1618.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1619&ndash;1623.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1623&ndash;1625.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1859.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1625&ndash;1626.&nbsp; Edited by John Bruce, V.P.S.A., &amp;c.&nbsp; 〃<span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1627&ndash;1628.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1858.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1628&ndash;1629.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1859.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1629&ndash;1631.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1860.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1631&ndash;1633.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml20">F.S.A. </span> <span class="ml20">〃</span><span class="ml15">1862.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1633&ndash;1634.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1863.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1634&ndash;1635.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1864.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1660&ndash;1661.&nbsp; Edited by Mary Anne Everett Green.&nbsp;  〃<span class="ml15">1860.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1661&ndash;1662.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1861.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1663&ndash;1664.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1864.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1664&ndash;1665.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1863.</span></p>
-<p class="extra_margin_hanging_indent continued">1665&ndash;1666.<span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml30">〃</span><span class="ml15">1864.</span></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">93 <span class="smcap">Symonds, Richard.</span> Diary of the marches of the Royal Army
-during the great Civil War. From the original Manuscript in the British
-Museum. Edited by C. E. Long. London (Camden Society). 4to. 1859.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">94 <span class="smcap">Tallis’s</span> Illustrated London; with historical and
-descriptive letter-press by William Gaspey. 2 vols. 12mo. 1851.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">95 <span class="smcap">Thomas, F. S.</span> Historical Notes, 1603&ndash;1714. Roy. 8vo. 1856.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">96 <span class="smcap">Toone’s</span> Chronological Historian. 8vo. 1826.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Tierney, Rev.</span> <i>M.A.</i>&mdash;See <a href="#Dodd">Charles Dodd.</a></p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Vaughan, Robert</span>, <i>D.D.</i> The Protectorate of Oliver
-Cromwell, and the state of Europe during the early part of the reign of
-Louis XIV. 2 vols. 8vo. 1838.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Vincent">&mdash; <span class="smcap">Vincent, Augustine.</span> A discoverie of Errours in the
-Catalogue of Nobility, published by Ralphe Brooke, Yorke Herald. Fol.
-1622.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_604">[Pg 604]</span> 97 <span class="smcap">Walpole, Horace</span>, Earl of Orford. A Catalogue of the
-Royal and Noble Authors of England, &amp;c. Edited by Thomas Park. 8vo.
-1806.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">98 &mdash;&mdash; A Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors, &amp;c. With copious MS.
-Notes by P. Bliss; containing many cuttings from newspapers, &amp;c. 5
-vols. 1806.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_margin">[Brit. Museum.]</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">99 &mdash;&mdash; Anecdotes of Painting in England. With additions by the Rev.
-James Dallaway; revised by N. Wornum. 3 vols 8vo. 1849.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">100 <span class="smcap">Warburton, Eliot.</span> Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the
-Cavaliers. 3 vols. 8vo. 1849.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">101 <span class="smcap">Warner, F.</span>, <i>LL.D.</i> The History of the Rebellion and Civil
-War in Ireland. 2 vols. 4to. 1767.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">102 <span class="smcap">Washbourn, John</span>, Junr. Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis. 2 vols.
-4to. Gloucester, 1825.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">103 <span class="smcap">Watkyns, Rowland.</span> Flamma sine Fumo; or Poems without
-Fictions. By R. W. 16mo. 1662.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">104 <span class="smcap">Weld, C. R</span>. A History of the Royal Society. 2 vols. 8vo.
-1848.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">105 <span class="smcap">Whitelocke’s</span> Memorials of the English Affairs; Charles I.
-and II. Folio. 1732.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">106 <span class="smcap">Wiffen, J. H.</span> Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell.
-2 vols. 8vo. 1833.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">107 <span class="smcap">Willement, Thomas.</span> Facsimile of a contemporary Roll, with
-the names and the arms of the Sovereign and the Spiritual and Temporal
-Peers who sat in the Parliament held at Westminster on the 5th of
-February, in the Sixth year of the reign of King Henry VIII. 1515, in
-the possession of T. W. Royal 4to. 1829.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Williams">108 <span class="smcap">Williams, David.</span> The History of Monmouthshire, illustrated
-with Views. By John Gardnor, Vicar of Battersea. 4to. 1796.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue">109 <span class="smcap">Wood, Anthony ’A.</span> Athenæ Oxonienses; continued by Philip
-Bliss. Vol. 3rd. 4to. 1817.</p>
-
-<p class="extra_hanging_indent catalogue" id="Yonge">110 <span class="smcap">Yonge, Walter</span>, Esq., (Justice of the Peace, and M.P. for
-Honiton). Diary written at Colyton and Axminster, Co. Devon, from 1604
-to 1628. Edited by George Roberts, (Camden Society.) 4to. 1838.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_605"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 605]</span></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><p class="footnotes">Footnotes</p>
-
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_A_85"><a href="#FNanchor_A_85"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> No letter q or z.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_B_86"><a href="#FNanchor_B_86"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> There is in the British Museum, bound up along with
-other broadsides, one on which is printed the whole of the foregoing,
-commencing with the letter, “Most Gracious Sovereign,” and ending
-at this signature. The printed matter covers 14&frac12; by 11 inches of
-surface, and was originally a sheet of at least 18 by 13 or 14 inches,
-including the margin, which has been cut off. It is catalogued under
-“Somerset;” and the reference is, Brit. Mus. No. 12. E 1. 75.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_C_87"><a href="#FNanchor_C_87"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> 15 Car. II. cap. xii. 1663.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_D_88"><a href="#FNanchor_D_88"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> See also the Notice in Birch’s Inquiry, 1756, page 330.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_72_89"><a href="#FNanchor_72_89"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Nichols, Vol. 2, p. 471.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_72_90"><a href="#FNanchor_72_90"><span class="label">[72*]</span></a> Nichols, Vol. 9, 1815, p. 476.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_E_91"><a href="#FNanchor_E_91"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Voir le drame intitulé <i>Salomon Je Caus</i>, joué à l’Ambigu
-en 1857.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_F_92"><a href="#FNanchor_F_92"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> <i>Spille</i>; to waste, to throw away, to destroy,</p>
-
-<p class="footnote" id="Footnote_G_93"><a href="#FNanchor_G_93"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> <i>Stont</i>; for stondeth (standeth).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="INDEX">INDEX</h2>
-
-<p class="smaller center">TO THE</p>
-
-<p class="ph2 center">CENTURY OF INVENTIONS.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">A.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Advantageous</span> change of centres, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Æolipile</span>, fire-blowing, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>, <a href="#Page_543">543</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Alarm</span> for locks, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Anchor</span>, to weigh up, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Antiquities</span>, military, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Approaching</span> blind, an, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arago, M.</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arithmetical</span> instrument. <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arquebuse</span>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
-à Croc, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
-noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Artificial</span> fountain, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;
-river, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;
-bird, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;
-ring horse, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ashmole’s</span> Museum at Oxford, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Aubrey</span>, Mr., “a professed virtuoso,” <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Authors</span>, old scientific, enumerated, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">B.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bacon</span>, Lord, notice of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bacon, Roger</span>, his invention, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Balance</span> water-work, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Balfour</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ball</span>, Mr., “another virtuoso,” <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ball</span>, a hour water, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bate, John</span>, his “Mysteries of Nature and Art,” a favourite work, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
-his style and the Marquis’s compared, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
-raises water, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;
-weather glass, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>;
-on filling Æolipiles, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;
-notices “condensation,” <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;
-his use of the technical term “force,” <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bells</span>, discourse by. <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bird</span>, an artificial flying, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blind</span>, an approaching, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blunderbuss</span>, or Musketoon, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;
-noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boat</span> driving against wind and tide, a, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boats</span>, patent paddle, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bogaerts, Peter</span>, his canal lock, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bourne, William</span>, on “shooting in great ordnaunce,” <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boyle</span>, Hon. <span class="smcap">Robert</span>, entrusted with the secret of Papin’s fountain, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boxes</span> of a cabinet, to lock, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;
-dicing box, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bracelet</span> alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bradley, R.</span>, mentions “the late Mr. Savery,” <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
-account of his engine, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Branca</span>, his steam jet, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brazen head</span>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
-a brazen or stone, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bridge</span>, a portable, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Browne’s</span> calculating Serpentine scale, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Buckets</span>, to raise water, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_418">418</a>;
-two buckets, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bucket-fountain</span>, a, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bulwark</span>, a rising, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bumbasses</span> and bullets, to shoot, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">C.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Candles</span>, a brass mould for, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_515"><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 115">515</ins></a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cannon</span>, tried before Charles I., <a href="#Page_467">467</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;
-improvements in, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;
-extraordinary, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;
-various, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;
-experiments at Woolwich, 1651, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;
-to charge fifty, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cannon</span>, “to level by night,” <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;
-Bishop Wilkins’ remarks, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;
-burst by water, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;
-charged with water, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carabines</span>, often discharging, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;
-particulars of, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
-noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Castle-clock</span>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Caus, Salomon</span> de, notice of, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>;
-his work, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;
-fountain and description, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>;
-comment on, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Century</span> of Inventions, its name, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;
-MS. copy, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
-the MS. and first edition, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;
-title pages, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;
-why misunderstood, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;
-nature of articles therein, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
-as a literary work, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
-its value, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
-variations on its title, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
-verbal peculiarities, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;
-its practical tendency, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
-its author’s object, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
-its form, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
-similar early statements, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
-its style accords with the legal form in use for patent specifications, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;
-agreement between the “Century” and the Marquis’s patent, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;
-classical scholars have misapprehended the work, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;
-its suggestive character, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;
-a greater work intended, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;
-conflicting opinions, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;
-how to be viewed and estimated, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_606">[Pg 606]</span>the modern steam engine owes its origin to the Marquis and his work, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
-Mr. Muirhead’s false estimate of this production and its author’s invention, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;
-it stands alone, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;
-various editions, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;
-reprints in other works, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;
-fac-simile title page (except the frame work), <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;
-dedication to Charles I., <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;
-Dedication to the Houses of Parliament, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;
-acknowledges the Act for his engine, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
-mentions the sacrifice of £700,000, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
-Kaltoff, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
-its author’s prolific invention, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;
-alludes to fees, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
-and his “Golden Age,” <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
-rarity of the first edition, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;
-a postscript, <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Century.</span> first edition, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
-last edition, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
-its unreliable character, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Chair</span>, an imprisoning, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Character</span>, a universal, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles</span> II. had a curiously contrived box from the Marquis, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cipher</span> and character, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;
-a one-line cipher, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;
-the same refined, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;
-reduced to a point, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;
-varied significally to all the 24 letters, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;
-key to the Marquis’s cipher discovered, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Claudius</span>, of Rome, his Bucket fountain, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Coach-saving</span> Engine, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Conceited</span> tinder-box, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Condensation</span> applied to ebbing and flowing, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_421">421</a>;
-applied to drawing weights, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_425">425</a>;
-applied to draught, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;
-applied to two globes, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_462">462</a>;
-noticed by J. Bate, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Continually</span> going watch, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Conveyance</span>, a secret comb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;
-knife, spoon, or fork, <a href="#Page_511">511</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Crock</span>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
-Arquebuse à, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cross-bow</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;
-a double, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">D.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dark</span>, to write in the, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Decks</span>, false destroying, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dee</span>, Dr. <span class="smcap">John</span>, his preface to Euclid, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Definition</span> of the Engine, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Desaguliers</span>, Dr., on automata, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>;
-on perpetual motion, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;
-account of Savery’s engine, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_490">490</a>;
-charge against Savery, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dice</span>, cheating at, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dicing</span> box, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Discourse</span>, mute and perfect, by colours, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;
-by night, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Door</span>, opening either way, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;
-a conceited, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Doors</span>, a pocket engine to open, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Double</span> drawing engine for weights, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Double</span> water-screw, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;
-cross-bow, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Drebell, Cornelius</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">E.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ebbing</span> and flowing river, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;
-castle-clock, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;
-applied to two globes, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engine</span>, portable in one’s pocket, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;
-ship destroying, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;
-to drive and fasten to ships, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;
-for cannon, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>;
-a semi-omnipotent, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engine</span>, a stamping, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;
-a gravel, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>;
-a ship-raising, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>;
-a pocket, to open doors, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engines</span> of War, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Escutcheon</span> for locks, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Etten, Van</span>, describes a fountain, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;
-recommends heat, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;
-cannon, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Evelyn</span>, John, his Diary, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
-his “boscoresque” grounds, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">F.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">False</span> destroying decks, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fire-arrow</span>, to shoot, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Flamstead</span>, John, astronomer, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Flask-charger</span>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;
-powder, noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fleet</span>, to destroy a, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Flying</span>-man, a, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Force</span>, as a technical term, explained, <a href="#Page_483">483</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fountain</span>, artificial, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;
-De Caus, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fringe-alphabet</span>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fulton</span>, Robert, noticed, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">G.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Garden</span>, a floating, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;
-a river in, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gallery</span>, a transmittible, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gloucester</span>, moveable bulwark at the siege of, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Glove-alphabet</span>, pincked, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;
-primero gloves, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gradation</span>, rule of, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gravel</span> engine, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Grew</span>, Dr., his discourse, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Guilford</span>, Baron, Life of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
-was “no concealed virtuoso,” <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
-declines being proposed for the Royal Society, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;
-his acquaintances, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;
-visits Sir S. Morland, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Guns</span> to shoot often, remark on, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">H.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hallam</span>, learning during the Middle Ages, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Harleian</span> MSS., <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_607">[Pg 607]</span>cipher, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Harquebus</span>, particulars of, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
-for expeditious shooting, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
-à crock, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Head</span>, a brazen or stone, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, Lord, son of the Duke of Beaufort, his letter, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hoel, M.</span>, his hydraulic engine, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hollowing</span> on a water-screw, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hook</span>, Dr., examines Papin’s fountain, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
-had seen the Marquis’s engine, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Horse</span>, artificial ring, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hour-glass</span> fountain, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hour</span> water-ball, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hume</span>, David, criticises the “Century,” <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">I.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Imprisoning</span> chair, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;
-one at Rome, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Instrument</span>, an arithmetical, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;
-for perspective, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Invention</span>, nature and progress of, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span>, estimated number in the “Century,” <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
-classified, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
-“tried and perfected,” <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;
-short list of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;
-a series of early, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
-early patented, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;
-the Marquis’s “quintessence of,” <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventors</span>, early, statements of Inventions, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">K.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Kaltoff"><span class="smcap">Kaltoff</span>, Caspar, the Marquis’s faithful workman, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
-his death, 1664&ndash;5, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;
-noticed, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>;
-various notices of him and his family at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kneffler</span>, or Knuffler, Dr., noticed, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Knotted</span> string alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Key</span>-pistol, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Key</span>, a triangle, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>;
-a rose, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;
-a square, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">L.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ladder</span>, portable scaling, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lambert</span>, William, his petition respecting Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lanthorn-alphabet</span>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Letters</span> secretly conveyed in a comb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;
-in a knife, spoon, or fork, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lever</span>, a to and fro, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Light</span> pistol-barrels, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Locking</span> of Cabinet-boxes, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Locks</span>, an escutcheon for, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;
-an alarum for, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;
-ingenious and expensive, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lotherdale</span>, Earl of, the Marquis promises him a curious box, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">M.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Man</span>, to fly, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Middle</span> Ages, the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Military</span> antiquities, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mill</span>, a rasping, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;
-a coining, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Minyons</span>, minion, cannon, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Moor</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Jonas</span>, mathematician, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morland</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Samuel</span>, his house, coach, and several inventions, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
-his patent for raising water from Mines (1661), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;
-his arithmetical instrument, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mould</span> for candles, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Muirhead, James P.</span>, <i>M.A.</i>, his false estimate of the Marquis’s character, invention, and “Century,” in his “Life of James Watt,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_372">372</a>;
-his treatment of the subject, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;
-erroneous opinion of the inventions of De Caus and the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Multiplied</span> strength in little room, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Musketoons</span>, or blunderbuss, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Muskets</span>, often-discharging, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;
-short, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;
-particulars of, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;
-ancient use of, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Musquetoons</span>, oft-shooting, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;
-on horseback, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mute</span> and perfect discourse by colours, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;
-by night, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mystical</span> jangling of Bells, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">N.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Napier</span>, Lord John, his secret inventions, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Needle</span>-Alphabet, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Newcomen</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">O.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Often</span>-discharging Pistol, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;
-Peards, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;
-Guns, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ordnance</span>, ancient, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_letter">P.</p>
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papin</span>, Dr., his fountain, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
-experiments on steam, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Patent</span> for the Marquis’s clocks, guns, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pattu</span>, M., his water-screw, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pear</span>, an untoothsome, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Peards</span>, oft shooting, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pepys, Samuel</span>, his Diary, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Perpetual</span> Motion, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Perpetual</span> Motions in M. Servière’s cabinet, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Perspective</span> instrument, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Petty</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, his discourse, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pincked</span> Glove alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pistol</span>, oft-shooting, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;
-ancient use of, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;
-improved, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;
-light barrels, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pleasant</span> floating garden, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pneumatic</span> propulsion, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pocket</span> Ladder, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;
-engine to open doors, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Point</span>, a cipher reduced to a, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Portable</span> “pocket” engine, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;
-bridge, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;
-fortification, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;
-engine, or ladder, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_608">[Pg 608]</span><span class="smcap">Porta’s</span> steam apparatus, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Powder</span> flask, noticed, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Primero</span> gloves, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">Q.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Quint-essence</span> of motion, by the Marquis of Worcester, noticed, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;
-a statement of 9 inventions, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">R.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ramsey</span>, D., raises water by fire, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rasping</span> mill, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ribbon</span>, a discourse woven in, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rising</span> bulwark, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">River</span>, in a garden, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;
-ebbing and flowing, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rollock, John</span>, his verses allusive to condensation, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;
-his tract containing his panegyric, the Act, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, an invention obtained there, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
-“Claudius his studies at,” <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Royal</span> Society, Transactions, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;
-Baron Guilford declines being proposed for, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;
-Sir W. Petty, and Dr. Grew, their discourses, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;
-Savery exhibits his model, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;
-“first appearance in the world” of Savery’s engine, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rule</span> of gradation, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">S.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sakers</span>, cannon, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Savery, Thomas</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>; <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;
-model engine for raising water, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;
-his “Miners Friend,” <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;
-his description and the “Century” compared, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
-Bradley’s account, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
-engine at Cambden House, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;
-Switzer’s account, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;
-its discovery attributed to a tobacco-pipe, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;
-the same to a Florence flask, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;
-noticed by Dr. Desaguliers, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_490">490</a>;
-accused of obtaining and destroying the Marquis’s books, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;
-this charge examined, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, &amp;c.;
-as an independent inventor, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;
-his career, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Scantling</span> explained, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Scarioni, Francesco</span>, his Centuria, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Science</span>, state of, to 1667, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Screwed</span> ascent of stairs, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sea</span>-banks, to construct, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sea</span>-castle, or fortification, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sea</span>-sailing fort, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Seals</span>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;
-“abundantly significant,” <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;
-a cipher seal, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;
-private and particular to each owner, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Secret</span> conveyance for letters, in a comb, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;
-in a knife, spoon, or fork, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Secreti</span>, by Scarioni, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Senses</span>, alphabets by the, varied, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Serpentine</span> scale, Browne’s calculating, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Servière</span>, M., his cabinet, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>-destroying engine, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>-raising engine, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>, to safeguard any, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;
-an unsinkable, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;
-false decks, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;
-anchor, to weigh up, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;
-driving against wind and tide, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>;
-three ships, or a sea castle, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;
-ships’ muskets, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ship</span>-musquets, to govern a whole side of, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Short</span> writing, expeditious way of (supposed to be the Marquis’s invention), <a href="#Page_349">349</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_398">398</a>;
-authors on, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sieve</span> alphabet, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Smell</span>, alphabet by, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Spring</span>, strength-increasing, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stairs</span>, a screwed ascent of, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stamping</span> engine, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Steam</span> Engine, notice of the first practical, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;
-historical notices of and wavering character of opinions respecting the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
-progressive improvements, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
-false estimate of the Marquis in the “Life of James Watt,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Steam</span>, its power realized, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stone</span> bow, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Strength</span>-increasing spring, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Strength</span> multiplied in little room, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">String</span> alphabet, knotted, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Stuart, Robert</span>, contradicts himself, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Submarine</span> vessel, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Switzer</span>, S., his account of Savery’s engine, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">T.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tape</span> or ribbon, a discourse woven in, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Taste</span>, alphabet by, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Telegraph</span>, electric, anticipated, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Telegraphy</span>, systems of, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tinder-box</span>, a most conceited, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tobacco-tongs</span> engine, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Touch</span>, alphabet by, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Town</span>, for guarding several avenues to a, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tradescant</span>, his museum, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Transparent</span> water-screw, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Trithemius</span> quoted, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">U.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Universal</span> character, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Untoothsome</span> pear, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">V.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vacuum</span>, noticed by John Bate, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vauxhall Works</span>, expense of, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
-William Lambert’s petition in respect to, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_609">[Pg 609]</span>Marquis of Worcester’s engagements there in 1647, and earlier, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, an invention obtained there, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Verstegan</span>, on science in 1605, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vinci</span>, Leonardo da, notice of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">W.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Walpole"><span class="smcap">Walpole, Horace</span>, criticises the “Century,” <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;
-groundless censure, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Watch</span>, a continually going, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water</span>, to drive up by fire, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;
-heated in a cannon, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;
-Dr. Ramsey’s patent, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;
-raised by Bate, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>;
-Van Etten applies heat, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;
-cannon experiment, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;
-Savery’s model, to raise, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water-screw</span>, to make hollow, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;
-a transparent, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;
-a double, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;
-plan of construction, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Waterwork</span>, a fire, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;
-“the most stupendious work in the whole world,” <a href="#Page_533">533</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_535">535</a>;
-a stupendous, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water-works</span>, noticed by John Bate, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;
-the Marquis acknowledges the passing of the Act for, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Watt, James</span>, his engine, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
-indebted to the influence of capital, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
-false estimate of the Marquis in “The Life of,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Weights</span>, to raise, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_533">533</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Weld</span>, Mr., his “knick-knack-atary,” <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Werden</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, mathematician, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Wheel</span>, great weighted, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_456">456</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Marquis of, the Harleian MSS. not in his handwriting, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;
-his engine in the Century, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;
-estimated number of his inventions, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
-classified, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;
-his proposed work, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;
-special notices of practice, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
-silence of contemporaries, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
-promises a box to the Earl of Lotherdale, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;
-a mysterious invention, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;
-his pecuniary position, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
-expense of his works at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;
-analogous inventions in old authors, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
-enumerated, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
-seems to have been attached to Bate’s <i>Mysteries of Nature and Art</i>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;
-Water-works, noticed by Bate, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;
-acquainted with Dr. Dee’s preface to Euclid, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
-styles of Bate and the Marquis compared, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
-in search of powerful mechanical aids, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;
-realizes the power of steam, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;
-writes his “Century” similar to patent specifications, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;
-his pre-eminent invention, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;
-wavering character of historical notices of his invention, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;
-false estimate of the Marquis’s personal character, his invention, and his “Century,” in the “Life of James Watt,” <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;
-his general character, his inventions, and his work, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;
-the modern steam engine owes its origin to the Marquis and his work, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;
-his engine at work, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;
-acknowledges the passing of the Act for his engine, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
-mentions the sacrifice of £700,000, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;
-his “Golden Age,” <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;
-his supposed invention of Short Writing, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;
-his cipher-written letter, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;
-a model <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has o">of</ins> his semi-omnipotent engine to be buried with him, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>;
-notice of his works at Vauxhall, 1647, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>;
-statement in his Act of Parliament, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;
-construction of his engine, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>;
-key to his cipher discovered, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>;
-nine of his inventions, or quintessence of motion, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>;
-his patent for clocks, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_557">557</a>;
-Rollock’s pamphlet, containing Act, &amp;c., <a href="#Page_559">559</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Write</span>, to, in the dark, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_610">[Pg 610]</span></p>
-
-
-<h2>INDEX</h2>
-
-<p class="smaller center">TO THE LIFE OF</p>
-
-<p class="ph2 center">THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">A.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Act</span> of Parliament for the Water-commanding Engine, applied for, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
-proceedings in respect to, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-royal assent given, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-the Act, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Adams</span>, Mr., Lord Herbert’s preceptor, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Albemarle</span>, Duke of, letter from, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
-another letter, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;
-names the Crown’s debts, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;
-statement made to him of expenditure in the late King’s service, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Alchemy</span> in vogue, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Allen</span>, Captain, taken at Padstow, with the Earl of Glamorgan’s dispatches, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-promised assistance, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
-bearer of a letter, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
-Glamorgan reports Allen having been taken, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Allowance</span> of £3. per week, Cromwell’s Warrant for, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Alonzo</span>, Don, his answer, sent, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Anne</span>, Countess of Worcester, her death, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Antonio</span>, Captain, two frigates, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Apocryphal</span> passages relating to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_H">Appendix H.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Aristocracy</span> of the 17th century, social habits, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
-luxuries of the table, and of dress, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arlington</span>, Lord, letter to, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
-the Marquis seeks his services, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Arundel, Henry Frederick</span>, Earl of; marries Anne, daughter of Edward Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">B.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Backhouse</span>, Lieut. has command of war horses taken at Gloucester, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bacon</span>, Lord, death of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Badminton House</span>, Gloucestershire, visited by Charles II. and his Queen, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Baker, Thomas</span>, engineer, his Poem on “The Steam Engine,” <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;
-notice of “The Century,” <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Balfour</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, Lieutenant of the Tower, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
-commanded at Edge-hill, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bate, John</span>, his work, 1634&ndash;35, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
-remarks on water-works, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bayly</span>, Dr. <span class="smcap">Thomas</span>, noticed, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
-relates a Welsh legend, and occurrence at Carnarvon, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;
-chaplain at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
-his “Apophthegms,” <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
-Lord Herbert’s water-works, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
-his dedication of his book, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;
-relates a domestic incident, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
-leaves Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
-visits the Marquis at Covent Garden, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
-attends the Marquis’s funeral, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Baynard"><span class="smcap">Baynards Castle</span>, correspondence from, respecting Henry Lord Herbert’s marriage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Beauchamp, Mary</span>, Lady; married to Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
-Certificate, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Beaufort"><span class="smcap">Beaufort, Henry</span>, Duke of, his mother, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-his birth, death, and age, (note) <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-at six years of age, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-ten years of age, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
-“a match propounded for” him, to his grandfather, by Charles I., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
-Petitions the House of Commons, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
-his property, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
-resolutions in regard to value, &amp;c. <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
-sat in the Cromwellian parliament, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-his father’s estates in Monmouthshire enjoyed by Cromwell, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-Cromwell’s caution, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-marriage, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
-resident at Badminton House, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
-going to Dover, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
-letter to his wife, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
-a prisoner in the Tower, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
-letter to his wife, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
-his age, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
-constituted Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
-parliamentary clause in respect to his property, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
-ordered by Parliament to give up his father’s deeds and writings, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
-delivers a message to the Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-carries the bill to the Lords for the Water-commanding Engine, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-visit of Charles II. and his Queen, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;
-sits in the House of Peers, (note) <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;
-attests his father’s funeral Certificate, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
-letters patent granted him remitting payments due from his father, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
-a commissioner to distribute fund for poor Cavaliers, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_611">[Pg 611]</span>his progress through Wales, (note) <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;
-return to Badminton, (note) <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;
-published account of his progress, (note) <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bedford</span>, Lord of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bedford</span>, Earl of, Francis Russell, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bible</span>, new translation published, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Birch’s</span>, Dr. statement about Glamorgan’s going to Wales, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blackfriars</span>, the seat of fashion, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
-marriage of Lord Herbert there, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-Queen Elizabeth’s stay there, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-ceremony on arrival, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-supper there, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blackstone</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Ralph</span>, named, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Blaxton</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, assists to retake Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bosdon, Edward</span>, Glamorgan’s Instructions to, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Boteler, Allen</span>, his business from Charles I. to the Marquis of Worcester, at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
-his journey, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
-difficulties and dangers, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
-arrives at Raglan, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
-disappointment, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
-stern reception, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
-interview with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
-who plainly declares his sentiments respecting Charles Ist’s treatment of his son, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
-neglected, and detained, leaves precipitately, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;
-his adventures, and return to Oxford, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brecknock</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brereton, Roger</span>, his letter to the Countess of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brereton</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, his letter-book, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brett</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Jeremiah</span>, before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bridgewater</span>, Earl of, named, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Brompton Castle</span>, council of war to take it, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Burton, Thomas</span>, <i>M.P.</i>, reports on the Marchioness of Worcester’s Petition, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
-his remarks on the Marquis of Worcester’s character, being then a state prisoner, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
-his conduct that of a soldier, and always civil, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Byron</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, Lieutenant of the Tower, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
-his letters, July, 1642, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-his regiment, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Bythell, John</span>, his letter to his father, about the Earl of Glamorgan and others, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
-escapes shipwreck, his cargo of corn seized, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;
-a prisoner, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;
-list of passengers and crew, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">C.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Calehof, Calthoff, Caltrop, Colthoff</span>&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Kaltoff">Kaltoff.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cardiff</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carlyon</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carte</span> and Dr. Birch’s erroneous statement about Glamorgan’s leaving for Ireland, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;
-corrected, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Carnarvon, Robert</span> Earl of, marriage of his sister Elizabeth to Edward Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-her death, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Castlemaine</span>, Lady, undertakes a request to the King, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span> Clergy, Irish Roman, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;
-Glamorgan solicits consent for post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
-Glamorgan’s complicity with, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
-great secrecy observed, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span> Princes, Roman, with the Pope, to supply £30,000, to support an army in England, in the cause of Charles I. <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-Glamorgan’s power to treat, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span>, Roman, Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span>, Roman, Religion, Glamorgan’s engagement to support measures for the good of, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholic</span>, Roman, countries, support from, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholics</span>, Roman, indulgences granted, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-Jesuits excepted, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-the Marquis of Worcester derived no assistance from, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholics</span>, Roman, Irish, inquiry respecting, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
-Charles Ist repudiates the concessions made to, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
-his letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
-negotiations with, repudiated by Secretary Nicholas, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
-the whole party astounded at these abortive results, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;
-diminished hopes, Charles I. in custody at Newcastle, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Catholics</span>, Roman, laws against, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Caus, De Salomon</span>, his works, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cavaliers</span>, Act providing for poor, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;
-fund for, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Century of Inventions</span>, a Catalogue raisonné, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-written, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
-MS. copy in the British Museum, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;
-first publication, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;
-Poetical notice of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles the First</span>, his birth, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
-first year of his reign, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
-witnesses the wheel experiment at the Tower, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
-character of his reign, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
-15th year, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
-the Long Parliament, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
-return from Scotland, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
-retreat to Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
-at Royston, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
-at Hull, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
-flatters the Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
-his movements in 1641, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
-Civil War declared, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
-makes a convenience of the Marquis of Worcester for his wealth, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-his perfidious nature, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-members of Parliament summoned to attend at the Banqueting House, 1640, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</span>borrows money from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;
-journey to Leicester, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
-£5,000 sent for him to Newstead, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
-“hopes he shall not die in the Marquis’s debt,” <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
-report from the King at Nottingham of his message by Lord Herbert to his father, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
-Charles I. and Lord Herbert pourtrayed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;
-his tortuous policy, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
-certain early loans from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-at York, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-commission of Array, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-attended by the Marquis of Hertford at Oxford, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-inconsistencies in his conduct, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
-liberal in promises, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
-battle of Edge-hill, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
-sends the Earl of Glamorgan the Blue Ribbon, and a warrant for the title of Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
-assures Glamorgan “you labour for a dear friend,” <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
-wonders he has not gone to Ireland, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
-artful letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
-his deceptive style, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;
-profuse in professions of attachment, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;
-why selected for this negociation, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;
-reassures Glamorgan of his confidence in him, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
-at Hereford, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
-visits Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
-the fickle monarch a false friend, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
-reception, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
-returns to the Castle, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
-his third visit, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
-in all 27 days, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
-discourse with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;
-presented with a dessert from Troy, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
-deprives the Marquis of £6,000 deposited with his son, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;
-his engagement of Glamorgan characterized, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-disasters in war, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
-looks to Ireland for assistance, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
-his urgent necessities, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;
-his plan for realizing his hopes in Ireland, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;
-repudiates Glamorgan’s proceedings in Ireland, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
-Hume’s notice, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
-Carte’s charge, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
-the King’s duplicity, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
-6,000 men ready to leave Ireland, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
-his message to Parliament, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
-writes to the Queen about “Glamorgan’s business,” <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
-his letter to “Glamorgan,” <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
-his consummate duplicity, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
-charged by the Marquis of Worcester with being “wavering and fickle,” <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;
-his character, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;
-creates the Earl of Glamorgan, “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
-the patent, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;
-his confidence in Glamorgan not misplaced, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
-his perfect acquaintance with the Marquis and his son, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
-writes from Newcastle, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
-not strictly guarded, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
-offers to pawn his kingdoms, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
-a copy sent to the Pope, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
-Glamorgan devises a plan for his escape to Ireland, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
-the King’s treatment of the noble family of Somerset, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
-delivered up by the Scots, 1647, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-his execution, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-the Marquis of Worcester explains his conduct and powers in Ireland, to Lord Clarendon, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
-an immense army was to have been raised, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-and the Pope and Catholic Princes were to supply £30,000 per month for its maintenance, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-hence the “amplitude of Glamorgan’s commission,” <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-the signing and sealing, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
-to Huntingdon, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;
-to Nottingham, to York, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;
-the Tower, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;
-his note of hand, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;
-money at Oxford, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles the First’s</span> correspondence;
-his letter, August, 1641, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
-December, 1641, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
-“lying pamphlets,” <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
-March, 1641&ndash;2, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
-May, 1642, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
-January, 1642, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
-June, 1643, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
-his patent granted to the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
-his instructions to him, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
-letter, February, 1644, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
-March, 1644, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
-December, 1644, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
-Commission to Glamorgan, March, 1644, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
-February, 1645, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
-June, 1645, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
-August, 1644, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
-August, 1644, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
-January, 1645&ndash;6;
-March, 1645&ndash;6, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
-Feb. 1645, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
-July, 1646, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Charles the Second</span>, court at Paris, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-its changes, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-its poverty at St. Germains, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-at Jersey, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
-in Scotland, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
-in France, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
-Louis XIV. of France, favourable to, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
-supposed to have sent the Marquis of Worcester from France to London, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-the Marquis of Worcester had presented him with an ingeniously contrived box, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-proclaimed, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
-his return and rejoicings, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
-Marquis of Worcester’s petition to have his case investigated by Parliament, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;
-the King and Queen’s progress, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-a christening at Worcester House, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-his coronation, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-homage of the nobles, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-sketch of his character, and that of the Marquis, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
-attends the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-personally prorogues it, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-ceremony, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
-one-tenth of the Water-commanding engine granted to him, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
-remitted on the Marquis surrendering a warrant granting land to the value of £40,000, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
-the Marquis’s petition to, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
-another, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
-draft of a letter to, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;
-coolness towards the Marquis, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
-characteristic traits of his majesty, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;
-his apathy retards the development of the steam engine, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Chester</span>, City of, 3,000 men expected for its relief, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_613">[Pg 613]</span>rumours of its being taken, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
-men for its relief, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
-Glamorgan writes about relief, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;
-6,000 Irish ready for, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
-3,000 men reported ready, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
-loss of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-Glamorgan’s hopes of relief, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
-its surrender, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Chepstow</span> fortified, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-belongs to the Marquis of Worcester of inheritance, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Christening</span> present, a, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Civil War</span>, aspect of affairs, 1641, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
-series of national disasters, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-party distinctions, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-ancient warfare, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
-perplexing state of the war, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
-the gain and loss by, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;
-intellectual losses, incalculable, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cipher</span>, letter written in, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
-a sentence in, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Clarendon</span>, Earl of, resided at Worcester House, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
-Marquis of Worcester’s letter of explanations to, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
-offer of Worcester House, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-his residence, (note), <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;
-at Worcester House, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;
-visited by Evelyn, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cobham</span>, Lord, his house at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-Queen Elizabeth to stay there, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-attends the Queen at the water-side, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-her majesty sups at his house, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-leads the bride (Miss Russell) to church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Coke, John</span>, his letter, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Copley, Christopher</span>, named in a Bill for settling Worcester House on the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
-may have instigated the writing of the “Century,” <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
-in the army, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
-letter from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
-interested in the engine, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
-obtains a written obligation from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
-he “doth undermine Worcester House,” <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;
-some account of him, <a href="#Appendix_E">Appendix E.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cornwall</span>, Report of the Duchy of, survey of Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
-other Reports, <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cosmo de Medici</span> the Third, visits Vauxhall to see the Marquis’s Engine, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Council</span>, the new, of confederate Irish Roman Catholics; Glamorgan solicits consent for the post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Council</span>, the Supreme, of confederate Irish Roman Catholics, Archbishop of Tuam’s death, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
-order for his arrears, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-disclosures, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-inquiry respecting, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;
-agreement discovered, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-published, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-press for Glamorgan’s liberation, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
-visited by Glamorgan on his liberation, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
-exorbitant demands, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
-Glamorgan desires its good opinion, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
-wearied of the army expenses, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
-resolve against sending troops over to England, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cromwell, Oliver</span>, Bill respecting Worcester House to be tendered to him, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
-gives his assent, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
-his directions sought in respect to payment, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
-he is satisfied, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
-enjoyed the Marquis of Worcester’s Monmouthshire estates, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-warns his wife respecting Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-his Warrant to allow the Marquis £3. per week, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
-the Marquis seeks an interview with him, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;
-his death, and his son’s brief career, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
-deeds delivered up, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;
-Herbert, his “right-hand” man, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
-his Warrant, <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cromwell, Richard</span>, ordered to give up deeds and writings, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cromwell, Elizabeth</span>, letter to her, respecting Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-ordered to give up deeds and writings, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Culpepper</span>, Lord, letter from the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Cumberland</span>, Earl of, leads the bride (Lady Herbert) from church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">D.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dean</span>, Forest of, garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-Lord Herbert entering, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
-Sir John Winter “the plague of the forest,” <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-the rebels quit, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dee, Dr. John</span>, his curious preface to “Euclid,” <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Definition</span> of the Water-commanding Engine, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-published, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Digby, George</span>, Lord, charges the Earl of Glamorgan with high treason, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-Glamorgan writes to his wife, mentioning him, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;
-named also by R. Brereton, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;
-Charles Ist’s commands to, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
-Glamorgan informs him of his business in going to France, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-approves Glamorgan’s resolution, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Dormer, Sir William</span>, marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to Edward, Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-her death, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry">&mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">Robert</span>, Lord, of Weng, father of Sir William Dormer, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Drebble</span>, his stove, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">E.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Edge-hill</span>, soldiers furnished the King, by the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_614">[Pg 614]</span><span class="smcap">Edward</span>, Lord Herbert&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Edward"><span class="smcap">Edward</span>, fourth Earl of Worcester&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Somerset">Somerset</a></span>, also <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Edward</span>, second Marquis of Worcester&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Somerset">Somerset</a></span>, also <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, Lady Worcester, her death recorded, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>, Lady Herbert, first wife of Edward Lord Herbert (afterwards sixth Earl of Worcester), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-mother of Henry, Duke of Beaufort, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-her two daughters, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-her portrait, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
-her death, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
-funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-sister of Robert, Earl of Carnarvon, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Elizabeth</span>. Queen, her Court at Greenwich, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
-her leave obtained for Lord Herbert and Miss Russell’s marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-the Queen to appoint the day, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-promises her presence, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-arrives at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-carried in a Lectica, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-present at a masque, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-danced on the occasion, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-her death, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engineering</span>, early, in England, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Engineers</span>, foreign, usually employed, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">England</span>, state of art and science from 1640 noticed, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">F.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fairfax, Sir Thomas</span>, his dragoons at Padstow, obtains the Earl of Glamorgan’s despatches, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-opinion of Charles Ist’s message to Parliament, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
-sends his summons to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-takes great interest in the mining approaches to Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
-concludes terms with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
-ratified, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
-Raglan Castle surrendered, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
-entertained at Bath, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fernes</span>, the Roman Catholic Bishop of, Chancellor of the Congregation, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>
-&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Nugent">Father <span class="smcap">Nugent</span></a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Finch, Heneage</span>, his report on a Petition, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Fitzwilliams</span>, Col., named, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Foster</span>, Captain <span class="smcap">William</span>, letter in respect to, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">G.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Galileo</span> prosecuted at Rome, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
-his death, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>, Edward Somerset, Earl of, patent privily granted, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
-copy of the patent, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
-was acknowledged by Charles II. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
-his instructions from Charles I., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
-dispatches for Ireland, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
-Charles I. acknowledges £250,000, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
-sends him the Blue Ribbon and Warrant for the title of Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
-detained at home, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
-his respectful letter to his father, August, 1644, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
-termination of his military career in Wales, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
-Charles Ist’s pretence to doubt his “judgment,” <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
-his Commission to raise troops in Ireland, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
-visits Ireland, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
-in Ireland, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
-letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
-estimates his navy and army expenses at £100,000, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
-expects 3000 men from Chester, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
-letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
-going to Waterford, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
-has laid an embargo on shipping at Wexford, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
-a biographical error corrected, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
-letter of John Bythell, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;
-named as “Lord Herbert,” in Bythell’s letter, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
-at Carnarvon, a Welsh legend, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;
-his regiment of horse, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
-second visit to Ireland, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
-his commissions, warrant, and patent, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
-Ormond notes his noble ends and apparent dangers, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
-and his “judgment,” <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
-secret negotiations, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
-their failure, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
-his treaty found out, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-charged with high treason, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-a close prisoner in Dublin Castle, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-his examination, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;
-inquiry respecting his oath, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
-did not unduly use his great powers, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
-deceived by the King, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;
-his letters and papers taken at Padstow, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-publication of his agreement with the Irish Roman Catholics, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-copy of his oath, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-has 6000 Irish ready, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;
-his letter to his wife, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
-his imprisonment, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_129">129</a>;
-Charles I. repudiates his proceedings to Ormond, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
-Secretary Nicholas writes to Ormond to the same effect, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
-vindicates the King, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
-a second letter, repudiating his powers and patent, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
-Charles Ist’s letter to the Queen on this affair, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
-the King’s letter to him, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;
-set at liberty, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
-his bail, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
-writes to Ormond that he shall go to France. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
-presses for a continuance of the cessation, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
-withholds his motion from the Supreme Council, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
-Sir V. Molineux will accompany him to France, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
-desires Ormond’s co-operation, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-has informed Lord Digby, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-his purchase of a ship, ordnance and stores, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-expects to return with a fleet, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-learns the loss of Chester, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-continues in Ireland, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;
-his father indifferently informed of his operations there, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
-at Kilkenny, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;
-his letter to the Nuncio, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
-a peace proposed to be approved by the Pope, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_615">[Pg 615]</span>the raising of 7000 men to be conditional, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
-his projected visit to Italy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
-engages a large supply of money, men, arms, and ships, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
-wrote to Charles I. hoping to relieve Chester, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
-seeming friends industriously hinder him, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;
-relies on his Majesty’s “right interpretation,” <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;
-his imprisonment declared a mere colourable affair, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
-created “Duke of Somerset and Beaufort,” <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
-the patent, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;
-recital of his martial deeds, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;
-his remarks on the state of affairs, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;
-he apologizes for the King’s declaration, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;
-the King’s instructions, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;
-desires the good opinion of the Supreme Council, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
-designed going to Rome, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
-his letter to Father Nugent expressive of bitter disappointment and mental anguish, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;
-his operations virtually terminated, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
-perfect consistency of his conduct, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
-had to deal with a grasping party, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
-overmatched by Ormond, Digby, and others, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
-opposition between his own views and those of his party, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
-his spotless rectitude, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
-he wrote to Ormond, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
-reports the taking of Captain Allen, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
-expects his own and other letters to be printed, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
-reports several ships, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;
-his offer if joined by Ormond and the Supreme Council, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
-the King’s “bugbear declaration,” <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
-Ormond’s approving answer, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;
-his brother in Italy, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
-the King’s declaration “enforced upon him,” <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;
-the intended articles he pronounces invalid, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
-his bail in no danger, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
-is debarred from calling on Ormond, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
-his handwriting, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;
-address of a letter written in cipher, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;
-scarcity of his autograph, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
-patent to appoint him Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
-his going to Rome, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
-soliciting the post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
-“of a very mild temper,” <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-“attached to the Apostolic See,” <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-and “bound to it by oath and promises,” <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-his oath, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-apprised of his father’s decease, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>
-&mdash;<i>see</i> also <a href="#Edward">Edward, Earl</a> and <a href="#Worcester_2ndMarquis">2nd Marquis of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span>.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>, Countess of, her husband’s letter from Dublin Castle, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
-incident relating to her at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
-leaves Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
-a pass granted her to Ireland, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>
-&mdash;<i>see</i> also <a href="#Worcester_Marchioness">Margaret, Marchioness of <span class="smcap">Worcester</span></a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gloucester</span>, Lord Herbert before, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-stoutly defended, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-summoned by Prince Rupert, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-its reduction attempted, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-Lord Herbert’s horses seized, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;
-troops raised against, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Goodrich</span> Castle garrisoned, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Gower</span>, the Poet, quoted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;
-works mentioned, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
-<a href="#Appendix_K">Appendix K.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Greenwich</span>, Queen Elizabeth’s court at, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
-letter from, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-the Queen’s return to court, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Greenwich</span>, Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">H.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hall, John</span>, the Marquis’s petition in respect of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
-case, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hall, Henry</span>, the Marquis’s petition in respect of, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>, Marquis of, Master of the Horse, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>, Duke of, named, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hanneman’s</span> painting of a family group, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-noticed, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Harley</span>, Lady, her Diary, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hartlib</span>, Samuel, notice of Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
-states the “Earl of Worcester is buying Vauxhall,” <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hazilrigge</span>, Bart., Sir Arthur, named, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Henrietta Maria</span>, Queen, at Paris, her present of jewels to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>
-&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#QueenDowager">Queen Dowager</a></span>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Henry</span>, Duke of Beaufort&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Beaufort">Beaufort</a></span>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Henry</span>, 1st Marquis of Worcester&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Somerset">Somerset</a></span>, <i>also</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Worcester">Worcester</a></span>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, Edward, of the Grange, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, Henry, Lord&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Edward">Henry, Earl</a> and <a href="#Worcester_2ndMarquis">Marquis of Worcester.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="LadyAnneHerbert"><span class="smcap">Herbert, Anne</span>, Lady, her marriage gifts and portion, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-daughter of John Lord Russell, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
-mother of 13 children, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-her relative Lady Morrison, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert, Margaret</span>, Lady (afterwards Countess of Glamorgan), her marriage, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-her portrait, in a family group, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-her infant daughter, Mary, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-pass granted her to France, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>
-&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Worcester_Marchioness"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Margaret, Marchioness of</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Herbert</span> of Cardiffe, Lord; leads the bride (Miss Russell) to church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hereford</span> garrisoned, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-Governor of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
-the city taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hero</span> of Alexandria, his “Spiritalia,” <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hertford</span>, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
-defeat in the West, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</span>supplied with recruits, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-Dukedom of Somerset confirmed to him, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;
-forces a loan to, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hervey</span> discovers the circulation of the blood, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hill, Richard</span>, a purchaser of the Marquis of Worcester’s estates, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Holland</span>, Lord, named, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hook</span>, Dr., ridicules the engine; <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
-laughs at it, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;
-his character, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hooper</span>, Captain, the engineer, mining at the siege of Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-progress of his approaches, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Hopton</span>, Lord, letter from the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Huntingdon</span>, Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Huntingdon</span>, Francis Hastings, Earl of, death of his daughter, wife of Edward, 4th Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
-letter from the Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">I.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span>, Century of, written, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
-the manuscript, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;
-patent for four, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;
-list of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
-state of the knowledge of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span> of the Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Inventions</span>, the Marquis of Worcester’s patent for four, <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ireland</span>, visited in 1642 by the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
-the King is glad he is there, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;
-second visit, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;
-Ormond notes the Italian Bishop’s reception, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
-to raise 10,000 men, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
-packet boat from, boarded at Padstow, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;
-Fairfax’s report of this, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;
-the Marquis of Worcester expects benefit to Ireland through the Queen, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
-he leaves Ireland, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
-the Marquis’s journey, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ireland</span>, rebellion in, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
-Charles I.’s Commission to the Earl of Glamorgan, to raise troops in, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
-<ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Glamogan’s">Glamorgan’s</ins> visit to, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Irish</span> army, new levied, to disband, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Irish</span> Roman Catholics, offer to raise troops, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
-difficulties arise out of their demands, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
-the King’s narrow policy, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
-Charles I.’s warrant to Glamorgan to treat and conclude with the confederates, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">J.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">James I.</span>, the Pope’s bulls, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
-reprimands Henry, Earl of Worcester, on his daughter being a nun, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-the King proclaimed, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
-his reign, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Jesuits</span> excepted in the indulgence granted to Roman Catholics, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-the Jesuits represent their case, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-Henry, Marquis of Worcester, a Penitent of the Society, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Jones</span>, Lady, and Sir Philip, leave Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Jones, William</span>, Steward of Raglan, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">K.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kaltoff, Caspar</span>, a practical working engineer or machinist, so engaged, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-water-work s at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
-eleven years service, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
-named by the Marquis, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;
-stated to be a Dutchman, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
-employed making guns, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
-inventions and models there, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
-visited by Dr. Hook, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;
-superintending works, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;
-he and his wife (1672) lately deceased, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
-their children, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
-his son-in-law, Peter Jacobson, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
-documents relating to, <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Keneys</span>, Bart., Sir Michael, Governor of Chepstow, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kennet’s</span> relation concerning Henry Earl of Worcester’s daughter being a nun, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-remarks on Edward, Marquis of Worcester, his exile and return, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kirle</span>, Colonel, his siege operations, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Kuffler</span>, Dr., his furnace, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_letter">L.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry">
-<span class="smcap">Lenthall</span>, John, letter from, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;
-has received a present, and acknowledges his fees, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry">
-<span class="smcap">Leyburn</span>, Father George, and the Marquis of Worcester leave Ireland, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry">
-<span class="smcap">Lingard</span>, Dr. on Charles I.’s warrant to the Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry">
-<span class="smcap">London</span> in 1625&ndash;1636, coaches, hackney coaches, streets, pillory, whipping, mutilations, the plague, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;
-fortified in 1643, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-Charles delivered up by the Scots, 1647, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-and his execution, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-the Commonwealth established, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-public taste curtailed, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-the Plague, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Lotherdale</span>, Earl of, letter to, from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-promises him an ingenious box, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Louis XIV.</span>, of France, favourable to Charles II., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_letter">M.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Marriage</span> gifts to Lady Herbert, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-a mock, at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Masque</span> on occasion of Lord Herbert’s marriage to Miss Russell, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-ladies, characters, and dresses, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-the dance and address to the Queen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-her Majesty joined in the dance, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_617">[Pg 617]</span><span class="smcap">Mathews</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Toby</span>, named, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mazarine</span>, Cardinal, the Marquis of Worcester recommended to him, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-opposed to Louis XIV. attempting the restoration of Charles II. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-presented the Marquis to the King, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
-his gracious remark, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Mechanical</span> knowledge in the 17th century, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Milford Haven</span>, Parliament ships in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Milton</span> born, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Molineux</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Vivian</span>, will accompany the Earl of Glamorgan to France, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monconis, M.</span> de, named by Sorbière, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
-reports new inventions, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monmouth</span>, fortified, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-Lord Herbert before, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-Waller’s success, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-alarm, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-Marquis of Worcester’s efforts, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-saved by the Marquis, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-taken by Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;
-fortified, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire</span>, Cromwell enjoys the Marquis of Worcester’s estates in, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-his letter touching the same, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Monopolists</span>, prejudices against, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Montgomeryshire</span>, raising troops in, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Moore</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">John</span>, Kennington, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morgan</span>, Colonel, at Worcester, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
-at Landenny, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
-his regiment, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morley, Thomas</span>, Lord, died 1416, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Morrison</span>, Lady, in the Friars, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Myddleton</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Hugh</span>, forms the New River, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">N.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Napier</span>, Lord, his system of logarithms, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Naseby</span>, battle of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Newport</span>, named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Newstead</span>, money to be sent privately to, for Charles I. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Nicholas</span>, Secretary, letter to Ormond, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
-denounces Lord Herbert’s negotiations in Ireland, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
-his second letter, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Northampton</span>, Earl of, named, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Nottingham</span>. Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Nugent"><span class="smcap">Nugent</span>, Father Robert, Superior of the Jesuits in Ireland, the Earl of Glamorgan’s letter expressing his distress, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_letter">O.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="OBrien"><span class="smcap">O’Brien, Henry</span>, Earl of Thomond, his daughter Margaret’s marriage, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-his petition, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">O’Neill</span>, Mr. named, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ormond</span>, Marquis of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, as respects concluding a peace, the King empowers Glamorgan to act, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
-the King’s letter to, Dec. 1644, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;
-Glamorgan’s letter to, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;
-recommends to conciliate the Nuncio, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
-about Chester, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
-and 10,000 men, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
-Chester holds out, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
-letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;
-letter to, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
-stretch of authority, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;
-approves Glamorgan’s “judgment,” <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;
-his continued civility to the Earl, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
-his suspicions aroused, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
-his warrant to commit the Earl of Glamorgan to Dublin Castle, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-letter from Secretary Nicholas, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
-repudiates Lord Herbert’s negotiations, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;
-second letter, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
-repudiates his powers and patent, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;
-letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
-who intends going to France, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
-and presses for a continuance of the cessation, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;
-Glamorgan seeks his co-operation, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;
-in England, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;
-letter from&nbsp; Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
-his large and noble offer, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
-an approving reply, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;
-letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
-commends his wisdom, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;
-letter from Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;
-leaves Dublin, goes to Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
-living at Acton, and goes thence to France, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
-waits on the Queen, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
-meets the Countess of Glamorgan, (Marchioness of Worcester), <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-her ill-timed resentment, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">P.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papist</span>, the Marquis charged with being a, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papists</span>, and notorious malignants, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
-warrants for seizing their estates, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Papists</span>, Parliamentary order for disarming, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-repudiated, and yet countenanced by Charles I., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;
-Charles II.’s declaration to banish, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Paris</span>, Marquis of Worcester leaves Ireland for, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
-Lady Herbert (Marchioness of Worcester), has a pass to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
-Ormond flies to, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
-Marchioness of Worcester at, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-Charles II.’s court at, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-the Marquis of Worcester at, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-full of loyal fugitives, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span>, Henry Lord Herbert summoned to, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
-Parliamentary duties, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
-dispensation to be absent, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
-the Long, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
-jealous of Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
-notice the Marquis of Worcester and Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-order to disarm them, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-Lord Herbert’s offer in reference to the Commission of Array, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-professes his determination, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-summons Lord Herbert to appear, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-and his father, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_618">[Pg 618]</span>ordinance affecting Papists, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
-contract in pursuance of such ordinance, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
-orders the disposal of Worcester House, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
-petitioned by the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
-report on the petition, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
-further report, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
-order to pay £6. per week to the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
-reference to Committee, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-order, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-an Act, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-order regarding pension, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-order for possession of Worcester House, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-order on Henry Lord Herbert’s petition, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;
-question on his delinquency, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
-petition refused, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
-report, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
-resolutions, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;
-persons banished by, and their property confiscated, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
-resolutions on, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
-orders the imprisonment of the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
-on his petition order for his enlargement, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
-sufficient bail to be taken, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span>&mdash;at the Restoration.<br />
-<span class="ml10"><i>House of Lords</i>,</span> Marchioness of Worcester’s petition about Worcester House, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-restoration of the Marquis’s estate ordered, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
-discuss the subject of his patent creating him Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
-referred to Lords named, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
-a committee reports, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
-message to House of Commons, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
-increase of committee, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
-the Patent delivered up, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
-Bill in respect to Patents and Grants, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
-a message from the Commons, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-Marquis of Worcester’s attendances, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
-prorogued, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
-re-opening, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
-Act for the <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has Water commanding">Water-commanding</ins> engine, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
-second reading, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;
-Lords’ committee (note), <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;
-passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-attendances, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br />
-
-<span class="ml10"><i>House of Commons</i></span>, message from the Lords, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
-a message to the Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-report on the Bill for the Water-commanding engine, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;
-Commons’ Committee, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;
-Bill returned to the Lords, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span>, Act of, for the Water-commanding engine, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Parliament</span> ships reported to be in Milford Haven, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Patent</span>, Marquis of Worcester’s, for four inventions, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;
-<a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Patents</span> and grants, Bill in reference to, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Peacham, Henry</span>, on mechanical knowledge, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;
-his praise of Geometry, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;
-automata, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pembroke</span>, Earl of, his town of Carlyon, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pembroke</span>, Earl of, magazine from, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pennoyer, William</span>, and Richard Hill, large purchasers of the Marquis of Worcester’s estates, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
-Parliamentary resolutions in respect to the Marquis of Worcester’s estates conveyed to them, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry">“<span class="smcap">Peter</span>,” John Bythell, commander of the, his letter to his father, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
-escapes shipwreck, but the cargo of corn seized, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;
-list of crew and passengers, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;
-made prisoners, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Petitions</span>, &amp;c. dated 1665, <a href="#Appendix_I">Appendix I.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pigot</span>, Colonel, letter from R. Brereton, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;
-send him a letter for the Countess of Glamorgan, at Raglan, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pope</span>, the, his bulls, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
-to be conciliated, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
-his bull, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;
-secret negotiations, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
-a peace, to his approval, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
-his treaty to be pre-eminent, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
-a copy of Charles I.’s letter, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
-Lord John Somerset to be sent on a mission to, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
-with Catholic Princes to supply £30,000 per month to maintain an army in England, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-Glamorgan had power to treat accordingly, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pope’s</span> Nuncio, the, to be conciliated, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;
-Glamorgan’s letter to, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
-secret negotiations proposed by Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;
-articles on the part of his Holiness and the King, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
-Glamorgan’s engagement, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;
-to name an Admiral, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
-Glamorgan agrees with him to confer certain titles, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;
-his letter, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
-promoting Glamorgan’s solicitations for post of Lord Lieutenant, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;
-expects Dublin to be taken, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-important to appoint a Catholic so highly approved, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-the King’s appointment, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-it is contemplated to transport the Holy Faith into England by arms, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-and by the Earl, a perfect Catholic, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-Glamorgan’s oath, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Popish</span> recusants, order to disband, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Popish</span> army, rumours of a, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Powis, William Herbert</span>, Marquis of, marries Elizabeth, second daughter of Edward, Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Present</span>, a christening, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Projectors</span> and monopolists, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Pudding</span>, Dr., Queen Elizabeth passing through his house is presented with a fan, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">Q.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="QueenDowager"><span class="smcap">Queen Dowager</span> of England, her remark at the Court of France, in respect to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">R.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Raglan</span> Castle, noticed, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
-becomes the residence of Henry, Earl of Worcester, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</span>distinguished as a luxurious residence, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
-described, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;
-distant view of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
-ancient portions, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
-garrisoned, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
-ancient warfare, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
-Lord Herbert obtains troops and stores, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-Countess of Glamorgan there, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
-its garrison, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
-ancient remains, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
-character of the family and servants there, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
-a mock wedding and masque, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
-visited by Charles I., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
-military operations, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
-the Marquis’s apartments, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
-arrival of Allan Boteler with a message from Charles I., his reception., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
-detained, and precipitate departure, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;
-the siege, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
-a skirmish, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-mining approaches, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-the garrison makes desperate sallies, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-cessation of arms, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
-the castle in jeopardy, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
-terms of surrender concluded, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
-evacuated and delivered up to General Fairfax, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
-departure of the Marquis, his family, friends, and retainers, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
-stores, furniture, &amp;c. found there, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
-letters and papers ordered to London, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
-the castle ordered to be “pulled down and destroyed,” <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;
-expense of garrison, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="RaglanChurch"><span class="smcap">Raglan</span> Church, burial of Edward Marquis of Worcester and his wife Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
-“St. Cadocus,” <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
-Elizabeth, Lady Herbert’s funeral, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
-described, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;
-the Marquis of Worcester buried at, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
-views of, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Ramelli’s</span> works, 1588, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Redman</span>, James, Worcester house, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Restoration</span>, the, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
-coronation, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;
-prospects of the Marquis of Worcester at the, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
-characters of Charles II. and the Marquis contrasted, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
-advance of science, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Richmond</span>, Duke of, named, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rinuccini</span>, the Pope’s Nuncio, gives the Marquis of Worcester an introduction to Cardinal Mazarine, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rollock, James</span>, “an ancient servant,” <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, visit to Claudius at, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
-Galileo prosecuted at, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
-agent’s letters from, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Roundhead</span> party, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Royal Society</span>, established, and incorporated, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
-proceedings noticed by M. de Monconis, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
-Dr. Hook redicules the Marquis’s engine, and may have influenced members unfavourably, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Royalist</span> party, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rupert</span>, Prince, Gloucester summoned by, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-at Bristol, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-letter from Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
-Lord Herbert’s dispatch, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
-offered Forest of Dean miners, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
-his warrant to the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell, Francis</span>, Earl of Bedford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">John</span>, named, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell</span>, Miss <span class="smcap">Anne</span>, report of her marriage to Henry Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
-letters about her marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-her marriage at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-the feast, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-ceremony and gifts, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.
-See <span class="smcap"><a href="#LadyAnneHerbert">Anne Lady Herbert</a></span>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Russell</span>, Lady, marriage preparations for her daughter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-Queen Elizabeth carried to her house in a Lectica, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-her great and plentiful entertainment, continued for three days, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-her relative Lady Morrison, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Rutland</span>, Earl of, leads the bride (Lady Herbert) from church, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">S.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sandford, Francis</span>, Pursuivant at Arms, at the Marquis’s funeral, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;
-account of him, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;
-takes the Marquis’s funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Seventeenth Century</span>, popular superstitions, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap"><ins class="correction" title="Original has Shakespere">Shakespeare</ins></span> died, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Siri, Vittorio</span>, opinion of Charles I.’s message to Parliament, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">John</span>, to be sent on a mission to the Pope, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
-disposal of property by Parliament, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
-Patent delivered up, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, second son, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-conveys £5,000 to Newstead, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
-levying 500 horse, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
-in command before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-named in Bythell’s letter, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;
-his father deposits £6000 with him, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
-Charles I. obtains it on promise of repayment, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
-subscribes articles, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Thomas</span>, named, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Charles</span>, governor of Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
-leaves Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Frederick</span>, his baptism, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Charles</span>, 1st Marquis of Worcester, his autograph, (note) <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;
-his marriages and death, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Henry</span>, Lord Herbert&mdash;<i>see</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Beaufort">Beaufort</a></span>, Duke of.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, William</span>, died 1589, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset House</span>, hydraulic work on, <a href="#Page_265">265</a> and <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Somerset"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Edward</span>, died 1628, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset</span>, Duke of, patent in respect to the title of, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
-Lords’ Committee to consider, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
-conditions not fulfilled, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_620">[Pg 620]</span>
-the patent acknowledged and to be surrendered, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
-committee, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;
-Marquis of Hertford, his title of Duke of Somerset confirmed, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Henry</span>, 2nd Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, William</span>, 3rd Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Edward</span>, 4th Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Henry</span>, 5th and 1st Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Somerset, Edward</span>, 6th and 2nd Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sorbière, M. Samuel</span>, his book, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;
-criticised by Dr. Sprat, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
-names M. de Monconis, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;
-and new inventions, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
-visits Vauxhall to see the Marquis of Worcester’s engine, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
-notices the waterworks at Somerset House, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sprat</span>, Dr., criticises Sorbière, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">St. Cadocus.</span>&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#RaglanChurch">Raglan Church.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Sydney</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Robert</span>, correspondence, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">T.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Theobalds</span>, Charles I. to, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Thomond</span>, Earl of.&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#OBrien">Henry O’Brien, Earl of Thomond.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Thurloe</span>, Secretary, letter from the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tisser, Ann</span>, a widow, in possession of the Gate-house of Worcester House, resists giving up possession, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
-is charged with contempt and speedily ejected, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="TheTower"><span class="smcap">Tower</span> of London, Marquis of Worcester, his great experiment there before Charles I., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
-committed a prisoner to, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
-enlarged, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
-Lord Herbert, committed a prisoner, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
-his letter from the Tower, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
-Captain William Foster a prisoner, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
-the Marquis’s letter, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;
-his “six years’ experience,” <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;
-period of the Marquis’s imprisonment considered, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Travers, William</span>, Roman Catholic Priest, his letter to the Dowager Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Troy House</span>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
-fruit from, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Tuam</span>, Roman Catholic Archbishop of, his death, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;
-papers found, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="index_letter">V.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vandyck</span>, painter, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
-his portraits, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vauxhall</span>, treating for, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
-the Marquis may have resided there, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;
-Sorbière’s visit, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;
-his notice, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
-designation of, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;
-notice of by Hartlib, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
-“the Earl of Worcester is buying Vauxhall,” <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;
-Petition respecting, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
-£50,000 expended there in experiments, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
-survey of land and works, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
-Dr. Hook’s visit, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
-visited by Cosmo de Medici the Third, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;
-summary of work there for 7 years, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;
-documents relating to, <a href="#Appendix_G">Appendix G.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vavasour</span>, Colonel, with Lord Herbert, raising troops, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
-Governor of Hereford, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Vavasour</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>, visit to the arsenal at, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_letter">W.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Waller</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">William</span>, defeats Lord Herbert before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-prisoners taken, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-before Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Warfare</span>, ancient, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Warrant</span>, Cromwell’s, for a weekly allowance of £3 per week to the Marquis, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Appendix_F">Appendix F.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water-works</span> at Raglan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Water</span>-commanding Engine, named in a letter to the Earl of Lotherdale (January 1660), <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-the Marquis alludes to, expecting an Act for it, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-his “truly significant definition,” <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;
-earliest distinct reference, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
-its progress, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
-application to Parliament, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;
-the Act passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-one-tenth granted to Charles II. <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
-the same remitted to the Marquis on surrender of a warrant granting him lands to the value of £40,000, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>; (and note), <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
-seen by Sorbière, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
-the public prove sceptical, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;
-intelligence respecting it, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;
-Act, and posting bills respecting, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
-set up at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
-seen by Dr. Hook, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
-its practical character, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
-seen by Cosmo de Medici the Third, at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;
-mentioned in 1670, in a letter, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
-latest intelligence, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;
-the Marquis’s principal invention, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;
-means taken for publishing it, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;
-his three accounts of it, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;
-generally unnoticed by contemporaries, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;
-its superiority, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;
-it was in advance of the age, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;
-operations to give it publicity, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;
-a model to be deposited, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;
-and one to be buried, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;
-summary of work at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;
-probable learned and wealthy visitors, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;
-Act for, <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Watkins</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">David</span>, £20 loan, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Wheel</span>, the great, experiment at the Tower, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</span>
-<span class="smcap">Willis</span>, Mr., his inventions, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Williams</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">Trevor</span>, his siege operations, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
-seized 80 horses, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">William</span>, Lord <span class="smcap">Herbert</span>, at Oxford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-early decease, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Winter</span>, Sir <span class="smcap">John</span>, Forest of Dean, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-united with Lord Herbert. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-deserts and spoils the Forest, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Wood, Ant. À.</span> his account of William Lord Herbert, and his brother Henry Somerset, at Oxford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-their ages, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
-remarks on Henry, Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
-on his religion, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Woodcroft, Bennet</span>, <i>F.R.S.</i> list of copies of Documents in his possession respecting the Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix F.</a>;
-Cromwell’s warrant, <i>ibid.</i></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Worcester"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Edward, Somerset</span>, 4th Earl of, rumour of his son’s intended marriage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
-christening of Sir Robert Sydney’s daughter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-waiting on Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-his christening present, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-his son Henry Lord Herbert’s marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;
-invested with Order of the Garter, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
-Keeper of the Privy Seal, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
-his death, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
-his autograph, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
-his horsemanship and athletic acquirements, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Worcester_2ndMarquis"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Edward Somerset</span>, 6th Earl and 2nd Marquis of, (Lord Herbert, from 1601 to 1642), notice of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-one of 13 children, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-at Oxford, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-family associations, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
-probable date of his birth, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
-at eight years of age, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
-his preceptor, Mr. Adams, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
-his education, and on the continent, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
-at Charles the First’s court, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
-at 24 years of age, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;
-Raglan Castle, a luxurious residence, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
-a young nobleman’s education, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
-personal appearance, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
-defect in speech, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
-his style of composition, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
-state of mechanical science, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-his first marriage, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-his family of one son and two daughters, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-Henry created Duke of Beaufort, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-account of his marriage, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-engages the mechanic Caspar Kaltoff, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-a work-shop, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-predilection for mathematical and mechanical studies, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;
-continental tour, <a href="#Page_18"><ins class="correction" title="Typo original has 8">18</ins></a>;
-at Rome and Venice, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
-domestic and studious <ins class="correction" title="Typo original has babits">habits</ins>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
-early inventions, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;
-his inventive faculty, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;
-his water-works at Raglan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
-Vandyck’s portrait, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;
-his “golden days,” <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;
-attests his wife’s funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-letter from Secretary Coke, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-at Worcester House <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
-his Wheel at the Tower, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;
-described, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
-exhibited to Charles I. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;
-paradoxes, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
-his married life, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
-a widower, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
-studies and pursuits, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;
-studies matured, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
-a mathematician, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
-of delicate frame, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
-his books, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
-second marriage, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-his Irish connexions, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-death of his child, Mary, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-painting of a family group, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;
-strange costume, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
-resident in London, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
-letter from Charles I. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
-“lying pamphlets,” <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
-Charles I. another letter, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;
-indisposition, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
-at 40 years of age, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
-his declaration in regard to the King’s early movements, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;
-fears the Parliament, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;
-noticed by Parliament, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-order to consider his commission, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-Parliamentary order to disarm him, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-order for his appearance, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-at Nottingham, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;
-his minute report of Charles Ist’s message to his father, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
-Lord Herbert’s interview with Charles I. at Nottingham pourtrayed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;
-residence at Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;
-has the command of 500 horse, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
-in his military capacity, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
-made General of South Wales, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-General of the horse, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-before Gloucester, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-attempts its reduction, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-defeat and loss, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-appears to have been at Oxford, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-at Hereford, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-called to the Forest of Dean, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;
-dispensing his father’s loans to Charles I., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-in fear of Parliament, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;
-takes leave of it, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-retires to Raglan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-his offer to Parliament, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-his declaration to uphold the King’s cause, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-raises six regiments, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-horses seized at Gloucester, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
-summoned to Parliament, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;
-letter to Prince Rupert, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;
-entering Forest of Dean, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-before Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-flight of his troops, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-unites with Sir John Winter, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-raising troops in Montgomeryshire, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
-a dispatch to Prince Rupert, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
-reports ships in Milford Haven, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
-offer of Forest of Dean miners for Bristol, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
-recital of his military exploits, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-no contemporary account of them, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-reduces Abergavenny and Carlyon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-his troop of Life Guards, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-gained no military celebrity, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;
-his character as a commander, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;
-created Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;
-his autograph as Edward Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;
-water-works at Raglan, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
-his father’s reproof on his demanding money for the king, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
-procures the king £6000, committed to his brother’s care, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</span>
-&mdash;(<i>See</i> <span class="smcap">Earl</span> of <span class="smcap">Glamorgan</span>,
-<i><a href="#Page_157">transactions preceding his father’s death.</a></i>)&mdash;
-his letter to the Bishop of Fernes, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;
-expects the Queen to befriend Ireland, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
-leaves Ireland for France, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;
-in exile, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;
-his inventions neglected in his time, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
-styled “Lord Herbert of Raglan,” and a pass to France granted to his wife, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
-account of his being in Paris, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-his introduction to Cardinal Mazarine, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-seeks to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-interview between his wife and Ormond, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-her ill-timed resentment, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-at St. Germain’s, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-wrote to Charles II., and his gracious reply, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
-four or five years in France, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;
-general poverty, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
-difficulties in the way of study abroad, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
-his family in England, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
-disposal of his property by Parliament, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
-Worcester House, during his life, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
-a Bill for settling the same, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
-his son and two daughters, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
-his property, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;
-Parliamentary resolutions in regard to valuation, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
-a trying period of five years, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
-his property assists the Government, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;
-treatment of his wife and family significant of his being esteemed, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;
-return to England, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
-Parliamentary resolution in regard to him as being banished and his property confiscated, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;
-supposed to have been sent to England by Charles II., <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;
-his visit considered, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
-committed to the Tower, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
-his trial to be considered, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;
-his petition, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
-order for his liberation, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
-period of confinement, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
-his age, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
-loan of £20., <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
-summary of his history, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
-his “Century” written, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;
-writes to Chris. Copley, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;
-his solemn obligation to Chris. Copley, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
-names his “water-work,” <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;
-letter to Secretary Thurloe, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;
-desires an interview with Cromwell, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;
-probable meaning of his letter, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
-letter to the Earl of Lotherdale, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-promises him an ingeniously contrived box, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-his humour not to produce an invention a second time, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-looks for an Act of Parliament, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-offers his lordship the benefit of £500 (share), <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-his “definition,” <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
-earliest distinct reference, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
-his wonderful inventive faculty, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;
-his son resident at Badminton, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;
-letter of explanations to Lord Clarendon, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
-exposed himself to “any expense or difficulty,” <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;
-object to screen Charles I., <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-the “amplitude of his commission,” <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-the “height of his Majesty’s design,” <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-immense army arrangements, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-£30,000 from the Pope and Catholic Princes, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;
-the signing and sealing, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
-no use made by him of his great powers, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;
-his petition in respect to grants and promises made by Charles I., to his father and himself, to recommend the same to the notice of Parliament, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;
-circular note to creditors, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;
-his prospects at the Restoration, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
-sketch of his character and that of Charles II., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;
-political enemies, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-offer of Worcester House to Lord Clarendon, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-seeks his friendship, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
-refers to the “obnoxiousness of his religion,” <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
-intimates his desire to make a secret communication to the King, in his lordship’s presence, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;
-conjecture as to his meaning, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
-he petitions the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
-restoration of his estates ordered, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
-deeds and writings, his property, ordered to be given up, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;
-Ann Tisser’s purchase, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
-his Patent, a prejudice to the Peers, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;
-Lords’ committee to consider, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
-acknowledges a patent to create him Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;
-delivers up his patent, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
-reflections on the treatment he receives, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;
-retained the titles of Earl of Glamorgan and Baron Beaufort, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-attends the House of Lords, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;
-present when the king prorogues parliament, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;
-petition in respect to debts, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;
-bill to restore his estates, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;
-encumbered, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;
-petitioners against him, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;
-magnitude of his claims, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;
-his patent for four inventions, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;
-further inventions, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;
-his letter in testimony of Captain Foster’s character, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;
-a second letter, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;
-“my six years’ experience of him during my imprisonment in the Tower,” <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;
-period of his own imprisonment considered, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;
-the pot-lid story exploded, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;
-Act for his water-commanding engine, and he attends the House, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-passed, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;
-surrenders a warrant to the value of £40,000, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
-and <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
-may have resided at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;
-noticed by Sorbière, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;
-his secresy in regard to works, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;
-reported to be buying Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;
-at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;
-Duke of Albemarle represents his case, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
-his petition to Charles II. <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_623">[Pg 623]</span>
-another, in respect to Henry and John Hall, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;
-Finch’s report, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;
-case as respects John Hall, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;
-offers a gratuity of £500 per annum, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;
-seeks to set up an engine, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;
-offers a judgment in lieu of preceding gratuity, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;
-a draft letter, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;
-Mazarine’s remark, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
-Queen Dowager’s saying, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
-borrows £200, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;
-petitions for a Committee of Inquiry, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;
-his autograph, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;
-referred, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;
-censures Lord Arlington, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;
-could have £50,000 yearly abroad, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;
-he does “as good as want bread,” <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
-his birth-right, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
-foreign censure, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
-speaks of two petitions unnoticed, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;
-petition in respect to Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
-£50,000 expended in experiments, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;
-survey of land and works at Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_291">91</a>;
-his working-house or Operatory, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
-his Act, and posting bills, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;
-his anomalous position as an inventor, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;
-alludes to his melancholy, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;
-neglected by, yet clings to the court, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
-his death, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
-probably at Lambeth, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
-buried at Raglan, and inscription, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;
-his arms and funeral certificate, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
-mis-statement about his burial, <i>note</i>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;
-his prayer on beholding the completion of his engine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
-brief genealogical retrospect, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;
-in his youth, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;
-his marriage, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;
-the civil war, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;
-as Earl of Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;
-valuable present from the Queen while he was an exile in France, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;
-his “Century,” <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;
-his inventions and experiments, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;
-his public appeal, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;
-list of five inventions, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;
-a further list, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;
-Cromwell allows him £3 per week, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;
-statement of his expenses and losses through Charles I., <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;
-spent and lost £800,000, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;
-proposes a troop of Life-guards, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;
-an ordinary for indigent officers, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;
-four causeways, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;
-offer of £1000 for repairing St. Paul’s, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>;
-his troop of Life-guards, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;
-his father’s remark thereon, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;
-took leave of the Parliament (1641), <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;
-writes a sentence in cipher, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;
-troops at Gloucester, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;
-summary of his proposed address, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;
-its date, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;
-his estimate of the value of the Engine, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;
-made it public, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;
-his great acquired knowledge, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;
-his promised work, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;
-neglected by contemporaries, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;
-general estimate of his character and his “Century,” <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;
-early list of his inventions, <a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A.</a>;
-his Patent for inventions, <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>;
-his “Definition and Act,” <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C.</a>;
-apocryphal passages relating to, <a href="#Appendix_H">Appendix H.</a>;
-Petitions, etc., of 1665, <a href="#Appendix_I">Appendix I.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Henry</span>, Earl and 1st Marquis of, his reported marriage, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;
-sent to a christening, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-letters about his marriage, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-preparations for his marriage at Blackfriars, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;
-a memorable masque, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-feast, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;
-ceremony, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-Lord and Lady Herbert at court, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;
-his age, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
-summoned to Parliament, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;
-resident in London, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;
-his family, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
-his character and constitution, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
-family at Raglan, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;
-his autograph, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
-at forty-eight years of age, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;
-letter from Secretary Coke, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-his son and heir, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-death of his wife, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;
-letter from Charles I., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
-munificent advances to the King, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;
-created Marquis of Worcester, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
-his age, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
-person, age and wealth, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
-noticed by Parliament, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-order to consider his commission, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;
-guard set on his house, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
-letter from Charles I. <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;
-sends the King £5,000 to Newstead, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
-the King “hopes he shall not die in his debt,” <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;
-Parliamentary order to disarm him, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-ordered to appear before the House, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-Raglan Castle garrisoned, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;
-message of Charles I. to him, as reported by Lord Herbert, from Northampton, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;
-the Marquis’ character, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;
-Raglan Castle described, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
-warlike preparations, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
-his wealth, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
-his horses and stables, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;
-early rumours against him, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;
-Lord Herbert obtains troops and stores, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-certain loans to Charles I., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-Lord Herbert leaves London for Raglan, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;
-summoned to appear before Parliament, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;
-Monmouth mostly the Marquis’s tenants, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-calls in the aid of Prince Rupert to assist Monmouth, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
-letter from Charles I., 1643, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
-promise of title (of Duke), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;
-Prince Rupert’s warrant, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-he saves Monmouth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-it belongs to him of inheritance, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;
-supplies the Marquis of Hertford with recruits, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-furnishes the King with soldiers at Edge-hill, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-Charles I. acknowledges £250,000, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;
-sixty-three years of age, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;
-marriage of his daughter Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;
-a masque and mock marriage for entertainment, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;
-practical joke on searchers for arms, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;
-reproof to Lord Herbert, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
-letter from Charles I., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;
-promise of the Garter, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
-another letter, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</span>
-enclosing a warrant to create him Duke of Somerset, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
-“a match propounded for his grandchild,” <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;
-visited by Charles I. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;
-his reception, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;
-his free discourse with the King, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_108">8</a>;
-characteristic dinner incident, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
-reproves Lord Herbert for procuring the King £6,000, deposited with his son, Lord John Somerset, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;
-apartments at Raglan, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
-his great state, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;
-order of his household, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>&ndash;<a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
-a message from Charles I. by the hand of Allen Boteler, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
-Boteler’s tedious journey, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;
-and arrival at Raglan, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
-harsh reception, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
-interview with the Marquis, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
-the Marquis’s sharp reply to Boteler, concerning Charles I., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
-the messenger delayed, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;
-Boteler’s despatches and return, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;
-his strong and sincerely expressed feeling on the King’s treatment of himself and his son, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;
-his angry reception of the King’s messenger, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
-the siege of Raglan castle, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;
-anecdote during the siege, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;
-summons from General Fairfax, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-numerous messages pass, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-requires the King’s approval, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-conditions offered, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;
-a drum sent out, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
-a cessation of arms, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
-the castle in jeopardy, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;
-concludes terms for surrender of his castle, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;
-he leaves with his family, friends, retainers, and others, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
-removed to Covent Garden, in charge of the Black Rod, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;
-his death four months after, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
-his funeral expenses, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;
-Parliamentary order to destroy Raglan Castle, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;
-lands of, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;
-a Penitent of the Society of Jesuits, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Anne</span>, Countess of, her death, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">Worcester</span>, Countess of&mdash;<i>see</i> <a href="#Worcester_Marchioness">Marchioness of Worcester.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="Worcester_Marchioness"><span class="smcap">Worcester, Margaret</span>, Marchioness of, a pass granted her to France, as “Lady Herbert,” <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;
-meets Ormond in Paris, her ill-timed resentment, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;
-petition in respect of Worcester House and property, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
-her peculiar situation politically, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
-report on her Petition, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
-Bill for settling Worcester House, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;
-the same, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;
-possession to be granted, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
-sum to be paid, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
-referred to a Committee, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
-report, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
-order to pay her £6 per week, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;
-has rooms in Worcester House, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-an Act for settling Worcester House on her, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-order for payment of her pension, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-order to give up the house, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-her petition respecting her husband’s imprisonment, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;
-draft petition, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;
-petitions against undermining Worcester House, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-petition in respect to, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;
-John Hall, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;
-petition ordered to be represented, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;
-named, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;
-residing at Lincoln’s Inn Fields, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
-letter from her confessor, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;
-Wm. Travers’s letter to, <a href="#Appendix_D">Appendix D.</a></p>
-
-<p class="index_entry" id="WorcesterHouse"><span class="smcap">Worcester House</span>, noticed and sketched, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;
-death of Lady Herbert there, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;
-residence there, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;
-guard set on, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;
-account of it, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
-iron seized there to be sold, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;
-used by the Parliament, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
-soldiery lodged there, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
-its disposal ordered, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;
-rooms given to the Marchioness of Worcester, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-to be examined, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-an Act for settling, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-possession ordered, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;
-conveyance in trust, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;
-christening at, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;
-petition in respect to, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</p>
-
-<p class="index_letter">Y.</p>
-
-<p class="index_entry"><span class="smcap">York</span>, Charles I. at, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<p class="smaller center">PRINTED BY G. NORMAN, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GARDEN.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p id="Page_625"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 625]</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="ERRATA">ERRATA.</h2>
-
-
-<p>Page  <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, 17 lines from top, <i>for</i> “29 June” <i>read</i> “29 Jan.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, 3 lines from top, <i>for</i> “Edge-hill” <i>read</i> “Marston Moor.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>, 16 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “Baron” <i>read</i> “Brown.”</p>
-<p class="errata_continued">10 lines from bottom, same correction.</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_145">145</a>, 2 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “or siding” <i>read</i> “for siding.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_155">155</a>, 14 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “William” <i>read</i> “Charles.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, last line, note, <i>for</i> date “1637,” <i>read</i> “1657,” throughout.</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_187">187</a>, 14 lines from top, <i>dele</i> “From” &amp;c., ending “France.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_210">210</a>, last line, note, <i>place</i> † before “Brit. Mus.” &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_222">222</a>, 3 lines from top, <i>for</i> “Coining” <i>read</i> “Stamping.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_249">249</a>, 4 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “B” <i>read</i> “A.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_253">253</a>, 5 lines from bottom, <i>add</i> “Marquis,” <i>after</i> “Edward.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_260">260</a>, 12 lines from top, <i>add note</i> “Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, 1663&ndash;64, edited by Mrs. M. A. E. Green, 8vo. 1862.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_314">314</a>, 15 lines from top, <i>for</i> “three” <i>read</i> “two.”</p>
-<p class="errata_continued">16 lines from top, <i>for</i> “five” <i>read</i> “six.”</p>
-<p class="errata_continued">18 lines from top, <i>for</i> “of” <i>read</i> “following.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_320">320</a>, 4 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “other by” <i>read</i> “other my.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_322">322</a>, 6 lines from bottom, <i>after</i> “Meistres,” <i>add</i> “[Reistres?]”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_347">347</a>, 15 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “his” <i>read</i> “is.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_462">462</a>, 15 lines from bottom, <i>for</i> “of” <i>read</i> “wrote to.”</p>
-
-<p class="errata"><a href="#Page_484">484</a>, 6 lines from bottom, <i>dele</i> “from the bottom in order to discharge it again at the top,” <i>and substitute</i>, “which convey the steam by turns, to the vessel D.”</p>
-
-<p class="blank_page" id="Page_626"><span class="pagenum">[Pg 626]</span>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div class="transnote">TRANSCRIBER’s NOTE:
-<br />
-The original uses some characters for contridiction and truncation that can not be represented in this document.
-<br />
-For example <img src="images/presents.jpg" alt="the word presents showing symbols used for contridiction" /> abbreviates the word presents which is rendered as p<sup>rese</sup>nt<sup>s</sup>.
-The final symbol also occurs in the words <img src="images/products.jpg" alt="word products showing symbol used for contridiction" /> product<sup><i>s</i></sup> and <img src="images/thoughts.jpg" alt="the word thoughts with the final s being replaced by a symbol like a large italic letter e" /> thought<sup>s</sup>.
-<br />
-<br />There are also some letters with tilde and macrons, which may or may not display correctly depending on the viewing device and/or font chosen, examples follow
-<br /><img src="images/invencons.jpg" alt="tilde above letter c" />Invenc̃ons, tilde above letter c,
-<br /><img src="images/mia.jpg" alt="macron above letter i" />Mīa, macron above letter i,
-<br /><img src="images/running.jpg" alt="macron above first letter n" />(run̄ing away) macron above first letter n.
-<br />
-<br />Changes from the printed <a href="#ERRATA">Errata</a> have been applied.
-<br />
-<br />The following typos are corrected in this e-text and are shown within the text as
-<ins class="correction" title="original text">replaced by</ins>.
-
-<table summary="List of typos">
-<tr><th>(fn=footnote)</th>
-    <th>Original</th>
-    <th>Replaced by</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_7">7</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Shakspere</td>
-    <td class="contents">Shakespeare</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Lenthal</td>
-    <td class="contents">Lenthall</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">being Lord-Lieutenant,</td>
-    <td class="contents">being Lord Lieutenant,</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;64&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_53">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">No. 18,980, vol. i.’</td>
-    <td class="contents">No. 18,980, vol. i.”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;67&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_57">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">See Chapter XIX,</td>
-    <td class="contents">See Chapter XVIII,</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#FNanchor_79">92</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">[unreferenced footnote]</td>
-    <td class="contents">We have next—<span class="fnanchor">[M]</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">there before.’”<span class="fnanchor">[23]</span></td>
-    <td class="contents">there before.”<span class="fnanchor">[23]</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
-    <td class="contents"><i>my conscience</i>.”) </td>
-    <td class="contents"><i>my conscience</i>.)”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">expedition may he used.</td>
-    <td class="contents">expedition may be used.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">passed by the Commons<span class="fnanchor">[5]</span></td>
-    <td class="contents">passed by the Commons<span class="fnanchor">[57]</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
-    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Westmoreland.</span></td>
-    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Westmorland.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_240">240</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Marq. of Dorcester.</td>
-    <td class="contents">Marq. of Dorchester.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_244">244</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Feburary</td>
-    <td class="contents">February</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_245">245</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Feburary</td>
-    <td class="contents">February</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;255&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_243">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 474, 476.</td>
-    <td class="contents">Jo. H. of Com. Vol. viii. p. 475, 476.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">this well-born person;”</td>
-    <td class="contents">this well-born person;’</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_289">289</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Arundell</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_294">294</a></td>
-    <td class="contents"><i>to laugh at it</i>!”</td>
-    <td class="contents">“<i>to laugh at it</i>!”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Wedensday</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Arundell</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">(Sister to Arthur Earle of Essex, &amp;c. (</td>
-    <td class="contents">(Sister to Arthur Earle of Essex, &amp;c.)</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_299">299</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Henry Howard, Thomas Elizabeth and</td>
-    <td class="contents">Henry Howard, Thomas, Elizabeth and</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;317&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_291">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">and the 21st of Angust</td>
-    <td class="contents">and the 21st of August</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_348">348</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">them in practice.</td>
-    <td class="contents">them in practice.”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_349">349</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">geuius</td>
-    <td class="contents">genius</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_362">362</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">ecstacy</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_362">362</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">“sundry sorts of engynes.</td>
-    <td class="contents">“sundry sorts of engynes.”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;365&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_G_69">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">secure &nbsp;rom danger </td>
-    <td class="contents">secure from danger</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_372">372</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">enterprize</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_402">402</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Cornelius Dreble</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_402">402</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Cornelius Drebell</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;416&nbsp;<a href="#fn_21_4">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">confess to have seen.</td>
-    <td class="contents">4 &nbsp; confess to have seen.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_425">425</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">the the</td>
-    <td class="contents">the</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;432&nbsp;<a href="#fn_32_7">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">or Welchman</td>
-    <td class="contents">7 &nbsp; or Welchman</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_433">433</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">“Le Caractere universel,</td>
-    <td class="contents">“Le Caractère universel,</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_439">439</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">“rose pipe but paper thick” </td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept unhypenated words]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_443">443</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">extemely</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_443">443</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">chararcter</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_446">446</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">the tobacco-tongs,”</td>
-    <td class="contents">the “tobacco-tongs,”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_474">474</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">guage</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_479">479</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">desribes</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_481">481</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">with a squirt squirt </td>
-    <td class="contents">[sic][seen also in facsimile of Mathematical Recreations(1653)]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_497">497</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">From the 25th of July 1698, to the 14th of June 1669,</td>
-    <td class="contents">From the 25th of July 1698, to the 14th of June 1699,</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_507">507</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">of of</td>
-    <td class="contents">of</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_509">509</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">no less admirable then the engines</td>
-    <td class="contents">no less admirable than the engines</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_528">528</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">and shooting.</td>
-    <td class="contents">and shooting.”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Footnote_W_62">550&ndash;2</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">[Description of illustration as footnote]</td>
-    <td class="contents">[placed after the illustration not at the end of chapter]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_540">540</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">See Appendix.</td>
-    <td class="contents">See Appendix C.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_560">560</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Water commanding Engine</td>
-    <td class="contents">Water-commanding Engine</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_565">565</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Device or Invention, for ther raising</td>
-    <td class="contents">ther [sic] is what appears in the original referenced document</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_573">573</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">twentith</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_573">573</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Marquiss</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_574">574</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">(Surry)</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_581">581</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">[two unreferenced footnotes]</td>
-    <td class="contents"><span class="fnanchor">[72][72*]</span> The Editor</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">effets méchaniques</td>
-    <td class="contents">effets mécaniques</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">reconnaisance</td>
-    <td class="contents">reconnaissance</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">ouvres</td>
-    <td class="contents">œuvres</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_584">584</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">bontès</td>
-    <td class="contents">bontés</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page&nbsp;584&nbsp;<a href="#Footnote_E_91">fn</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">institulé</td>
-    <td class="contents">intitulé</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_587">587</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">P. 189, No. 27.</td>
-    <td class="contents">P. 189, No. 27.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_592">592</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">distillatory apparatus.)</td>
-    <td class="contents">distillatory apparatus.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_593">593</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">der Wasser-Kunste</td>
-    <td class="contents">der Wasser-Künste</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_593">593</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">&mdash;&mdash; 4. Pontificiale.</td>
-    <td class="contents">&mdash;&mdash; 5. Pontificiale.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_594">594</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Examen du Livre des Recreations Mathematiques,
-         et de ses problemes en Geometrie, Mechanique, Optique, and Catoptrique,
-         &amp;c. [And at the end] Notes sur les Recreations Mathematiques</td>
-    <td class="contents">Examen du Livre des Recréations Mathématiques,
-         et de ses problèmes en Géométrie, Mechanique, Optique, and Catoptrique,
-         &amp;c. [And at the end] Notes sur les Recreations mathématiques</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_594">594</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Pont-a-Moussou</td>
-    <td class="contents">Pont-a-Mousson</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_595">595</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Nurnberg</td>
-    <td class="contents">Nürnberg</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_596">596</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Aelianus</td>
-    <td class="contents">Ælianus</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_598">598</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Apophthegme</td>
-    <td class="contents">[kept alternative spelling]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_599">599</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">in “Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis.</td>
-    <td class="contents">in “Bibliotheca Gloucestrensis.”</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_600">600</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Bryan, K. B. With</td>
-    <td class="contents">Bryan, K. B.) With</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_605">605</a></td>
-    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Candles</span>, a brass mould for, 514, 115.</td>
-    <td class="contents"><span class="smcap">Candles</span>, a brass mould for, 514, 515.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_609">609</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">a model o &nbsp; his</td>
-    <td class="contents">a model of his</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_616">616</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Glamogan’s</td>
-    <td class="contents">Glamorgan’s</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_618">618</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">Water commanding engine</td>
-    <td class="contents">Water-commanding engine</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_619">619</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">SHAKESPERE</td>
-    <td class="contents">SHAKESPEARE</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_621">621</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">continental tour, 8;</td>
-    <td class="contents">continental tour, 18;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="contents">Page <a href="#Page_621">621</a></td>
-    <td class="contents">domestic and studious babits, 18;</td>
-    <td class="contents">domestic and studious habits, 18;</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>The following minor typographical errors have been corrected without specific mention:&mdash;
-<br />In the references, a missing full stop, or dash between two dates, or a single quote where a double quote should be.
-<br />In a list of names, or descriptions where one is missing a full stop, and all the rest do have full stops.</p>
-
-<p class="margin2_top">The following text which is part of the illustrated title page on page <a href="#Page_377">377</a> is included here for visibility of any text search (find).</p>
-
-<p class="center margin_top">A</p>
-<p class="center x-large">CENTURY</p>
-<p class="center">OF THE</p>
-<p class="center larger">Names and Scantlings</p>
-<p class="center">OF SUCH</p>
-<p class="center larger">INVENTIONS,</p>
-<p class="hanging_indent margin_top">
-As at present I can call to mind to
-have tried and perfected, which
-(my former Notes being lost) I
-have, at the instance of a powerful
-Friend, endeavoured now in
-the Year 1655, to set these
-down in such a way as may sufficiently
-instruct me to put any of
-them in practice.</p>
-
-<p class="center">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<i>Artis &amp; Naturæ proles.</i></p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><i>LONDON</i>:</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">Printed by <i>J. Grismond</i> in the year 1663.</p>
-
-
-
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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