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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b86d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #51217 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51217) diff --git a/old/51217-0.txt b/old/51217-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 26864ad..0000000 --- a/old/51217-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10698 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Footprints of the Redmen, by E. M. Ruttenber - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Footprints of the Redmen - -Author: E. M. Ruttenber - -Release Date: February 14, 2016 [EBook #51217] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOOTPRINTS OF THE REDMEN *** - - - - -Produced by Roger Burch with scans provided by the Internet Archive. - - - - - - - -[Illustration: Cover] - - - - -[Illustration: Map of Hudson's River, part 1.] - -[Illustration: Map of Hudson's River, part 2.] - -[Illustration: Map of New Netherlands, part 1.] - -[Illustration: Map of New Netherlands, part 2.] - - - - - FOOTPRINTS OF THE RED MEN. - - - * * * * * - - - Indian Geographical Names - - - IN THE VALLEY OF HUDSON'S RIVER, - THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK, - AND ON THE DELAWARE: - THEIR LOCATION AND THE PROBABLE - MEANING OF SOME OF THEM. - - - * * * * * - - BY - E. M. RUTTENBER, - _Author of "History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River."_ - - - * * * * * - - -"Indian place-names are not proper names, that is unmeaning words, but -significant appellatives each conveying a description of the locality -to which it belongs."--_Trumbull._ - - - * * * * * - - - PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES - OF THE - New York State Historical Association. - - - - - * * * * * - - - Copyrighted by the - - NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - 1906. - - - * * * * * - - - - {INDEX p. 237} - - - - Primary Explanations. - - - * * * * * - - -The locatives of the Indian geographical names which have been handed -down as the names of boundmarks or of places or tribes, are properly a -subject of study on the part of all who would be familiar with the -aboriginal geography of a district or a state. In many cases these names -were quite as designative of geographical centers as are the names of -the towns, villages and cities which have been substituted for them. In -some cases they have been wisely retained, while the specific places to -which they belonged have been lost. In this work special effort has been -made, first, to ascertain the places to which the names belonged as -given in official records, to ascertain the physical features of those -places, and carry back the thought to the poetic period of our -territorial history, "when the original drapery in which nature was -enveloped under the dominion of the laws of vegetation, spread out in -one vast, continuous interminable forest," broken here and there by the -opened patches of corn-lands and the wigwams and villages of the -redmen; secondly, to ascertain the meanings of the aboriginal names, -recognizing fully that, as Dr. Trumbull wrote, "They were not proper -names or mere unmeaning marks, but significant appellatives conveying a -description of the locatives to which they were given." Coming down to -us in the crude orthographies of traders and unlettered men, they are -not readily recognized in the orthographies of the educated missionaries, -and especially are they disguised by the varying powers of the German, -the French, and the English alphabets in which they were written by -educated as well as by uneducated scribes, and by traders who were -certainly not very familiar with the science of representing spoken -sounds by letters. In one instance the same name appears in forty-nine -forms by different writers. Many names, however, have been recognized -under missionary standards and their meanings satisfactorily ascertained, -aided by the features of the localities to which they were applied; the -latter, indeed, contributing very largely to their interpretation. -Probably the reader will find geographical descriptions that do not -apply to the places where the name is now met. The early settlers made -many transfers as well as extensions of names from a specific place to -a large district of country. It must be remembered that original -applications were specific to the places which they described even -though they were generic and applicable to any place where the same -features were referred to. The locatives in Indian deeds and original -patents are the only guide to places of original application, coupled -with descriptive features where they are known. - -No vocabularies of the dialects spoken in the lower valley of the Hudson -having been preserved, the vocabularies of the Upper-Unami and the -Minsi-Lenape, or Delaware tongues on the south and west, and the Natick, -or Massachusetts, on the north and east, have been consulted for -explanations by comparative inductive methods, and also orthographies -in other places, the interpretations of which have been established by -competent linguists. In all cases where the meaning of terms has been -particularly questioned, the best expert authority has been consulted. -While positive accuracy is not asserted in any case, it is believed that -in most cases the interpretations which have been given may be accepted -as substantially correct. There is no poetry in them--no "glittering -waterfalls," no "beautiful rivers," no "smile of the Great Spirit," no -"Holy place of sacred feasts and dances," but plain terms that have -their equivalents in our own language for a small hill, a high hill, a -mountain, a brook, a creek, a kill, a river, a pond, a lake, a swamp, -a large stone, a place of small stones, a split rock, a meadow, or -whatever the objective feature may have been as recognized by the -Indian. Many of them were particular names in the form of verbals -indicating a place where the action of the verb was performed; -occasionally the name of a sachem is given as that of his place of -residence or the stream on which he resided, but all are from generic -roots. - -To the Algonquian dialects spoken in the valley of Hudson's River at the -time of the discovery, was added later the Mohawk--Iroquorian, to some -extent, more particularly on the north, where it appears about 1621-6, -as indicated in the blanket deed given by the Five Nations to King -George in 1726. Territorially, in the primary era of European invasion, -the Eastern Algonquian prevailed, in varying idioms, on both sides of -the river, from a northern point to the Katskills, and from thence south -to the Highlands a type of the Unami-Minsi-Lenape or Delaware. That -spoken around New York on both sides of the river, was classed by the -early Dutch writers as Manhattan, as distinguished from dialects in the -Highlands and from the Savano or dialects of the East New England coast. -North of the Highlands on both sides of the river, they classed the -dialect as Wapping, and from the Katskills north as Mahican or Mohegan, -preserved in part in what is known as the Stockbridge. Presumably the -dialects were more or less mixed and formed as a whole what may be -termed "The Hudson's River Dialect," radically Lenape or Delaware, as -noted by Governor Tryon in 1774. In local names we seem to meet the -Upper-Unami and the Minsi of New Jersey, and the Mohegan and the Natick -of the north and east, the Quiripi of the Sound, and the dialect of the -Connecticut Valley. In the belt of country south of the Katskills they -were soft and vocalic, the lingual mute _t_ frequently appearing and -_r_ taking the place of the Eastern _l_ and _n._ In the Minsi (Del.) -Zeisberger wrote _l_ invariably, as distinguished from _r,_ which -appears in the earliest local names in the valley of the Hudson. Other -dialectic peculiarities seem to appear in the exchange of the sonant -_g_ for the hard sound of the surd mute _k,_ and of _p_ for _g,_ _s_ -for _g,_ and _t_ for _d,_ _st_ for _gk,_ etc. Initials are badly mixed, -presumably due in part at least, to the habit of Indian speakers in -throwing the sound of the word forward to the penult; in some cases to -the lack of an "Indian ear" on the part of the hearer. - -In structure all Algonquian dialects are Polysynthetic, _i. e.,_ words -composed wholly or in part of other words or generic roots. Pronunciations -and inflections differ as do the words in meaning in many cases. In all -dialects the most simple combinations appear in geographical names, -which the late Dr. J. H. Trumbull resolved into three classes, viz.: -"I. Those formed by the union of two elements, which we will call -_adjectival_ and _substantival,_ or ground-word, with or without a -locative suffix, or post-position word meaning 'at,' 'in,' 'on,' 'near,' -etc. [I use the terms 'adjectival' and 'substantival,' because no true -adjectives or substantives enter into the composition of Algonquian -names. The adjectival may be an adverb or a preposition; the -substantival element is often a verbal, which serves in composition as -a generic name, but which cannot be used as an independent word--the -synthesis always retains the verbal form.] II. Those which have a single -element, the _substantival,_ or ground-word, with locative suffix. -III. Those formed from verbs as participials or verbal nouns, denoting -a place where the action of the verb is performed. Most of these latter, -however," he adds, "may be shown by strict analysis to belong to one of -the two preceding classes, which comprise at least nine-tenths of all -Algonquian local names which have been preserved." For example, in Class -I, _Wapan-aki_ is a combination of _Wapan,_ "the Orient," "the East," -and _aki,_ "Land, place or country," _unlimited;_ with locative suffix -(_-ng,_ Del., _-it,_ Mass.), "In the East Land or Country." _Kit-ann-ing,_ -Del., is a composition from _Kitschi,_ "Chief, principal, greatest," -_hanné,_ "river," and _ing_ locative, and reads, "A place at or on the -largest river." The suffix _-aki, -acki, -hacki,_ Del., meaning "Land, -place, or country, _unlimited,_" in Eastern orthographies _-ohke, -auke, --ague, -ke, -ki,_ etc., is changed to _-kamik,_ or _-kamike,_ Del., -_-kamuk_ or _-komuk,_ Mass., in describing "Land or place _limited,_" or -enclosed, a particular place, as a field, garden, and also used for -house, thicket, etc. The Eastern post-position locatives are _-it, -et, --at, -ut;_ the Delaware, _-ng, -nk,_ with connecting vowel _-ing, -ink, --ong, -onk, -ung, -unk,_ etc. The meaning of this class of suffixes is -the same; they locate a place or object that is at, in, or on some other -place or object, the name of Which is prefixed, as in Delaware _Hitgunk,_ -"On or to a tree;" _Utenink,_ "In the town;" _Wachtschunk,_ "On the -mountain." In some cases the locative takes the verbal form indicating -place or country, Williams wrote "_Sachimauónck,_ a Kingdom or Monarchy." -Dr. Schoolcraft wrote: "From _Ojibwai_ (Chippeway) is formed -_Ojib-wain-ong,_ 'Place of the Chippeways;' _Monominikaun-ing,_ 'In the -place of wild rice,'" Dr. Brinton wrote "_Walum-ink,_ 'The place of -paint.'" The letter _s,_ preceding the locative, changes the meaning of -the latter to near, or something less than at or on. The suffixes _-is, --it, -os, -es_ mean "Small," as in _Ménates_ or _Ménatit,_ "Small -island." The locative affix cannot be applied to an animal in the sense -of at, in, on, to. There are many formative inflections and suffixes -indicating the plural, etc. - -Mohawk or Iroquoian names, while polysynthetic, differ from Algonquian -in construction. "The adjective," wrote Horatio Hale, "when employed -in an isolated form, follows the substantive, as _Kanonsa,_ 'house;' -_Kanonsa-kowa,_ 'large house;' but in general the substantive and -adjective coalesce." In some cases the adjective is split in two, and -the substantive inserted, as in _Tiogen,_ a composition of _Te,_ "two," -and _ogen,_ "to separate," which is split and the word _ononté,_ -"mountain," or hill, inserted, forming _Te-ononté-ogen,_ "Between two -mountains," "The local relations of nouns are expressed by affixed -particles, such as _ke, ne, kon, akon, akta._ Thus from _Onónta,_ -mountain, we have _Onóntáke,_ at (or to) the mountain; from _Akéhrat_ -dish, _Akehrátne,_ in or on the dish," etc. From the variety of its -forms and combinations it is a more difficult language than the -Algonquian. No European has fully mastered it. - -No attempt has been made to correct record orthographies further than -to give their probable missionary equivalents where they can be -recognized. In many cases crude orthographies have converted them into -unknown tongues. Imperfect as many of them are and without standing in -aboriginal glossaries, they have become place names that may not be -disturbed. No two of the early scribes expressed the sound of the same -name in precisely the same letters, and even the missionaries who gave -attention to the study of the aboriginal tongues, did not always write -twice alike. Original sounds cannot now be restored. The diacritical -marks employed by Williams and Eliot in the English alphabet, and by -Zeisberger and Heckewelder in the German alphabet, are helpful in -pronunciations, but as a rule the corrupt local record orthographies -are a law unto themselves. In quoting diacritical marks the forms of the -learned linguists who gave their idea of how the word was pronounced, -have been followed. It is not, however, in the power of diacritical -marks or of any European alphabet to express correctly the sound of an -Algonquian or of an Iroquoian word as it was originally spoken, or write -it in European characters. Practically, every essential element in -pronunciation is secured by separating the forms into words or parts of -words, or particles, of which it is composed, (where the original -elements of the composition cannot be detected) by syllabalizing on the -vowel sounds. An anglicized vocalism of any name may be readily -established and an original name formed in American nomenclature, as -many names in current use amply illustrates. Few would suspect that -_Ochsechraga_ (Mohawk) was the original of Saratoga, or that _P'tuk-sepo_ -(Lenape) was the original of Tuxedo. - -A considerable number of record names have been included that are not -living. They serve to illustrate the dialect spoken in the valley as -handed down by European scribes of different languages, as well as the -local geography of the Indians. The earlier forms are mainly Dutch -notations. A few Dutch names that are regarded by some as Indian, have -been noticed, and also some Indian names on the Delaware River which, -from the associations of that river with the history of the State, as -in part one of its boundary streams, as well as the intimate associations -of the names with the history of the valley of Hudson's River, become -of especial interest. - -In the arrangement of names geographical association has been adopted -in preference to the alphabetical, the latter being supplied by index. -This arrangement seems to bring together dialectic groups more -satisfactorily. That there were many variations in the dialects spoken -in the valley of Hudson's River no one will deny, but it may be asserted -with confidence that the difference between the German and the English -alphabets in renderings is more marked than differences in dialects. In -so far as the names have been brought together they form the only key -to the dialects which were spoken in the valley. Their grammatical -treatment is the work of skilled philologists. - -Credit has been given for interpretations where the authors were known, -and especially to the late eminent Algonquian authority, J. Hammond -Trumbull. Special acknowledgment of valuable assistance is made to the -late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia; to the late Horatio Hale, -M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada; to the late Prof. J. W. Powell, of -the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C, and his successor, William H. -Holmes, and their co-laborers, Dr. Albert S. Gatschet and J. B. N. -Hewitt, and to Mr. William R. Gerard, of New York. - -The compilation of names and the ascertaining of their locatives and -probable meanings has interested me. Where those names have been -preserved in place they are certain descriptive landmarks above all -others. The results of my amateur labors may be useful to others in the -same field of inquiry as well as to professional linguists. Primarily -the work was not undertaken with a view to publication. Gentlemen of -the New York Historical Association, with a view to preserve what has -been done, and which may never be again undertaken, have asked the -manuscript for publication, and it has been given to them for that -purpose. - - E. M. RUTTENBER. - Newburgh, January, 1906. - - - - - INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. - - - * * * * * - - - Hudson's River and Its Islands. - - -Muhheakun'nuk, "The great waters or sea, which are constantly in motion, -either ebbing or flowing," was written by Chief Hendrick Aupaumut, in -his history of the Muhheakun'nuk nation, as the name of Hudson's River, -in the Stockbridge dialect, and its meaning. The first word, _Muhheakun,_ -was the national name of the people occupying both banks of the river -from Roelof Jansen's Kill, a few miles south of Catskill, on the east -side of the river, north and east with limit not known, and the second -_-nuk,_ the equivalent of Massachusetts _-tuk,_ Lenape _-ittuk,_ "Tidal -river, or estuary," or "Waters driven by waves or tides," with the -accessory meaning of "great." Literally, in application, "The great -tidal river of the Muhheakan'neuw nation." The Dutch wrote the national -name _Mahikan, Maikan,_ etc., and the English of Connecticut wrote -Mohegan, which was claimed by Drs. Schoolcraft and Trumbull to be -derived from _Maingan_ (Cree _Mahéggun_), "Wolf"--"an enchanted wolf, -or a wolf of supernatural powers." From their prevailing totem or -prevailing coat-of-arms, the Wolf, the French called them _Loups,_ -"wolves," and also _Manhingans,_ including under the names "The nine -nations gathered between Manhattan and Quebec." While the name is -generic its application to Hudson's River was probably confined to the -vicinity of Albany, where Chief Aupaumut located their ancient capital -under the name of Pem-po-tow-wut-hut Muh-hea-kan-neuw, "The fire-place -of the Muh-hea-kan-nuk nation." [FN] The Dutch found them on both sides -of the river north of Catskill, with extended northern and eastern -alliances, and south of that point, on the east side of the river, in -alliance with a tribe known as Wappans or Wappings, Wappani, or -"East-side people," the two nations forming the Mahikan nation of -Hudson's River as known in history. (See Wahamensing.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Presumed to have been at what is now known as Scho-lac, which see. - - -Father Jogues, the French-Jesuit martyr-missionary, wrote in 1646, -_Oi-o-gué_ as the Huron-Iroquoian name of the river, given to him at -Sarachtoga, with the connection "At the river." "_Ohioge,_ river; -_Ohioge-son,_ at the long river," wrote Bruyas. Arent van Curler wrote -the same name, in 1634, Vyoge, and gave it as that of the Mohawk River, -correcting the orthography, in his vocabulary, to "_Oyoghi,_ a kill" or -channel. It is an Iroquoian generic applicable to any principal stream -or current river, with the ancient related meaning of "beautiful river." - -It is said that the Mohawks called the river _Cohohataton._ I have not -met that name in records. It was quoted by Dr. Schoolcraft as -traditional, and of course doubtful. He wrote it _Kohatatea,_ and in -another connection wrote "_-atea,_ a valley or landscape." It is -suspected that he coined the name, as he did many others. _Shate-muck_ -is quoted as a Mohegan [FN-1] name, but on very obscure evidence, -although it may have been the name of an eel fishing-place, or a great -fishing-place (_-amaug_). Hudson called the stream "The River of the -Mountains." On some ancient maps it is called "Manhattans River." The -Dutch authorities christened it "Mauritus' River" in honor of their -Staat-holder, Prince Maurice. The English recognized the work of the -explorer by conferring the title "Hudson's River." It is a fact -established that Verrazano visited New York harbor in 1524, and gave to -the river the name "Riviere Grande," or Great River; that Estevan Gomez, -a Spanish navigator who followed Verrazano in 1525, called it "St. -Anthony's River," a name now preserved as that of one of the hills of the -Highlands, and it is claimed that French traders visited the river, in -1540, and established a _château_ on Castle [FN-2] Island, at Albany, -[FN-3] and called the river "Norumbega." It may be conceded that possibly -French traders did have a post on Castle Island, but "Norumbega" was -obviously conferred on a wide district of country. It is an Abnaki term -and belonged to the dialect spoken in Maine, where it became more or less -familiar to French traders as early as 1535. That those traders did -locate trading posts on the Penobscot, and that Champlain searched for -their remains in 1604, are facts of record. The name means "Quiet" or -"Still Water." It would probably be applicable to that section of -Hudson's River known as "Stillwater," north of Albany, but the evidence -is wanted that it was so applied. Had it been applied by the tribes to -any place on Hudson's River, it would have remained as certainly as -_Menaté_ remained at New York. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "_Mohegans_ is an anglicism primarily applied to the small band - of Pequots under Uncas." (Trumbull.) While of the same linguistic - stock, neither the name or the history of Uncas's clan should be - confused with that of the Mahicani of Hudson's River. - - [FN-2] Introduced by the Dutch--_Kasteel._ The Indians had no such word. - The Delawares called a house or hut or a town that was palisaded, - _Moenach,_ and Zeisberger used the same word for "fence"--an enclosure - palisaded around. Eliot wrote _Wonkonous,_ "fort." - - [FN-3] It is claimed that the walls of this fort were found by Hendrick - Christiansen, in 1614; that they were measured by him and found to - cover an area of 58 feet; that the fort was restored by the Dutch and - occupied by them until they were driven out by a freshet, occasioned by - the breaking up of the ice in the river in the spring of 1617; that the - Dutch then built what was subsequently known as Fort Orange, at the - mouth of the Tawalsentha, or Norman's Kill, about two miles south of - the present State street, Albany, and that Castle Island took that name - from the French _château_--all of which is possible, but for conclusive - reasons why it should not be credited, the student may consult - "Norumbega" in Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America." - Wrote Dr. Trumbull: "Theuet, in _La Cosmographie Universella,_ gives - an account of his visit, in 1656, to 'one of the finest rivers in the - whole world, which we call _Norumbeque,_ and the aboriginees _Agoncy,'_ - now Penobscot Bay." - - - -[Illustration: HUDSON'S RIVER, 1609. From Hudson's Chart.] - - - -Manhattan, now so written, does not appear in the Journal of Hudson's -exploration of the river in 1609. On a Spanish-English map of 1610, -"Made for James I," and sent to Philip III by Velasco in letter of March -22, 1611, [FN-1] _Mannahatin_ is written as the name of the east side -of the river, and _Mannahata_ as that of the west side. From the former -_Manhattan,_ and from it also the name of the Indians "among whom" the -Dutch made settlement in 1623-4, otherwise known by the general name of -_Wickquaskecks,_ as well as the name of the entire Dutch possessions. -[FN-2] Presumably the entries on the Spanish-English map were copied -from Hudson's chart, for which there was ample time after his return to -England. Possibly they may have been copied by Hudson, who wrote that -his voyage "had been suggested" by some "letters and maps" which "had -been sent to him" by Capt. Smith from Virginia. Evidently the notations -are English, and evidently, also, Hudson, or his mate, Juet, had a chart -from his own tracing or from that of a previous explorer, which he -forwarded to his employers, or of which they had a copy, when he wrote -in his Journal: "On _that side_ of the river called _Mannahata,_" as a -reference by which his employers could identify the side of the river -on which the Half-Moon anchored, [FN-3] Presumably the chart was drawn -by Hudson and forwarded with his report, and that to him belongs the -honor of reducing to an orthographic form the first aboriginal name of -record on the river which now bears his name. Five years after Hudson's -advent Adriaen Block wrote _Manhates_ as the name of what is now New -York Island, and later, De Vries wrote _Manates_ as the name of Staten -Island, both forms having the same meaning, _i. e.,_ "Small island." -There have been several interpretations of Mannahatin, the most -analytical and most generally accepted being by the late Dr. J. H. -Trumbull: "From _Menatey_ (Del.), 'Island'--_Mannahata_ 'The Island,' -the reference being to the main land or to Long Island as the large -island. _Menatan_ (Hudson's _Mannah-atin,_ _-an_ or _-in,_ the -indefinite or diminutive form), 'The small island,' or the smaller of -the two principal islands, the Manhates of Adriaen Block. [FN-4] -_Manáhtons,_ 'People of the Island,' _Manáhatanesen,_ 'People of the -small islands.'" [FN-5] The Eastern-Algonquian word for "Island" -(English notation), is written _Munnoh,_ with formative _-an_ -(Mun-nohan). It appears of record, occasionally, in the vicinity of -New York, presumably introduced by interpreters or English scribes. The -usual form is the Lenape _Menaté,_ Chippeway _Minnis,_ "Small island," -classed also as Old Algonquian, or generic, may be met in the valley of -the Hudson, but the instances are not clear. It is simply a dialectic -equivalent of Del. _Ménates._ (See Monach'nong.) Van Curler wrote in his -Mohawk vocabulary (1635), "_Kanon-newaga_, Manhattan Island." The late -J. W. Powell, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "In the -alphabet of this office the name may be transliterated _Kanoñnò'ge._ It -signifies 'Place of Reeds.'" Perhaps what was known as the "Reed Valley" -was referred to, near which Van Twiller had a tobacco plantation where -the Indians of all nations came to trade. (See Saponickan.) The lower -part of the island was probably more or less a district of reed swamps. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Brown's "Genesis of the United States," 327, 457, 459, ii, 80. - - [FN-2] Colonial History of New York. - - [FN-3] Hudson anchored in the bay near Hoboken. Near by his anchorage - he noticed that "there was a cliff that looked of the color of white - green." This cliff is near Elysian Fields at Hoboken. (Broadhead.) - The cliff is now known as Castle Point. - - [FN-4] The reference to Adriaen Block is presumably to the "Carte - Figurative" of 1614-16, now regarded as from Block's chart. - - [FN-5] "Composition of Indian Geographical Names," p. 22. - - -Pagganck, so written in Indian deed of 1637, as the name of Governor's -Island--Peconuc, Denton, is an equivalent of _Pagán'nak,_ meaning -literally "Nut Island." Also written _Pachgan,_ as in _Pachganunschi,_ -"White walnut trees." (Zeisb.) Denton explained, "Because excellent nut -trees grew there." [FN] The Dutch called it "der Nooten Eilandt," -literally "The Walnut Island," from whence the modern name, "Nutten -Island." The island was purchased from the Indian owners by Director -Wouter van Twiller, from whose occupation, and its subsequent use as a -demense of the governors of the Province, its present name. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Denton's "Description of New York," p. 29. Ward's and Blackwell's - islands were sold to the Dutch by the Marechawicks, of Long Island, in - 1636-7. Governor's Island was sold in the same year by the Tappans, - Hackinsacks and Nyacks, the grantors signing themselves as "hereditary - owners." Later deeds were signed by chiefs of the Raritans and - Hackinsacks. - - -Minnisais is not a record name. It was conferred on Bedloe's Island by -Dr. Schoolcraft from the Ojibwe or Chippeway dialect, [FN] in which it -means "Small island." - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Objibwe (Objibwai) were a nation of three tribes living - northwest of the great lakes, of which the Ojibwai or Chippeway - represented the Eagle totem. It is claimed by some writers that their - language stands at the head of the Algonquian tongues. This claim is - disputed on behalf of the Cree, the Shawanoe, and the Lenape or - Delaware. It is not assumed that Ojibwe (Chippeway) terms are not - Algonquian, but that they do not strictly belong to the dialects of the - Hudson's river families. Rev. Heckewelder saw no particular difference - between the Ojibwe and the Lenape except in the French and the English - forms. Ojibwe terms may always be quoted in explanations of the Lenape. - - -Kiosh, or "Gull Island," was conferred on Ellis Island by Dr. -Schoolcraft from the Ojibwe dialect. The interpretation is correct -presumably. - -Tenkenas is of record as the Indian name of what is now known as Ward's -Island. [FN] It appears in deed of 1636-7. It means "Small island," -from _Tenke_ (Len.), "little." - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Dutch called the island _Onvruchtbaar,_ "Unfruitful, barren." - The English adopted the signification, "Barren," which soon became - corrupted to "Barrent's," to which was added "Great" to distinguish it - from Randal's Island, which was called "Little Barrent's Island." Barn - Island is another corruption. Both islands were "barren" no doubt. - - -Monatun was conferred by Dr. Schoolcraft on the whirlpool off Hallet's -Cove, with the explanation, "A word conveying in its multiplied forms -the various meanings of violent, forcible, dangerous, etc." Dr. -Schoolcraft introduced the word as the derivative of Manhatan, which, -however, is very far from being explained by it. _Hell-gate,_ a vulgar -orthography of Dutch _Hellegat,_ has long been the popular name of the -place. It was conferred by Adriaen Block, in 1614-16, to the dangerous -strait known as the East River, from a strait in Zealand, which, -presumably, was so called from Greek _Helle,_ as heard in Hellespont--"Sea -of Helle"--now known as the Dardanelles--which received its Greek name -from _Helle,_ daughter of Athamas, King of Thebes, who, the fable tells -us, was drowned in passing over it. Probably the Dutch sailors regarded -the strait as the "Gate of Hell," but that is not the meaning of the -name--"a dangerous strait or passage." In some records the strait is -called _Hurlgate,_ from Dutch _Warrel,_ "Whirl," and _gat,_ "Hole, gap, -mouth"--substantially, "a whirlpool." - -Monachnong, deed to De Vries, 1636; _Menates,_ De Vries's Journal; -_Ehquaons_ (Eghquaous, Brodhead, by mistake in the letter _n_), deed of -1655, and _Aquehonge-Monuchnong,_ deed to Governor Lovelace, 1670, are -forms of the names given as that of Staten Island, and are all from -Lenape equivalents. _Menates_ means "Small island" as a whole; -_Monach'nong_ means a "Place on the island," or less than the whole, as -shown by the claims of the Indians in 1670, that they had not previously -sold all the island. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 453.) It is the equivalent -of _Menach'hen,_ Minsi; _Menach'n,_ Abn., "Island," and _ong,_ locative; -in Mass. _Mimnoh-han-auke._ (See Mannhonake.) _Eghquaons_ and _Aquehonga_ -are equivalents, and also equivalents of _Achquoanikan-ong,_ "Bushnet -fishing-place," of which _Acquenonga_ is an alternate in New Jersey. -(Nelson's "Indians of New Jersey," 122.) In other words, the Indians -conveyed places on the island, including specifically their "bushnet -fishing-place," and by the later deed to Lovelace, conveyed all unsold -places. The island was owned by the Raritans who resided "behind the -Kol," and the adjoining Hackensacks. (Deed of 1655.) Its last Indian -occupants were the Nyacks, who removed to it after selling their lands -at New Utrecht. (See Paganck note.) - -Minnahanock, given as the name of Blackwell's Island, was interpreted by -Dr. Trumbull from _Munnŏhan,_ Mass., the indefinite form of _Munnŏh,_ -"Island," and _auke,_ Mass., "Land" or place. Dr. O'Callaghan's "Island -home," is not in the composition. (See Mannhonake.) - - * * * * * - - On Manhattan Island. - - -Kapsee, Kapsick, etc., the name of what was the extreme point of land -between Hudson's River and the East River, and still known as Copsie -Point, was claimed by Dr. Schoolcraft to be Algonquian, and to mean, -"Safe place of landing," which it may have been. The name, however, -is pretty certainly a corruption of Dutch _Kaap-hoekje,_ "A little cape -or promontory." - -Saponickan and Sapohanican are the earliest forms of a name which -appears later Sappokanican, Sappokanikke, Saponican, Shawbackanica, -Taponkanico, etc. "A piece of land bounded on the north by the strand -road, called Saponickan" (1629); "Tobacco plantation _near_ Sapohanican" -(1639); "Plantation situate against the Reed Valley _beyond_ -Sappokanican" (1640). Wouter van Twiller purchased the tract, in 1629, -for the use of the Dutch government and established thereon a tobacco -plantation, with buildings enclosed in palisade, which subsequently -became known as the little village of Sapokanican--Sappokanican, Van -der Donck--and later (1721) as Greenwich Village. It occupied very -nearly the site of the present Gansevort market. The "Strand road" is -now Greenwich Street. It was primarily, an Indian path along the shore -of the river north, with branches to Harlem and other points, the main -path continuing the trunk-path through Raritan Valley, but locally -beginning at the "crossing-place," or, as the record reads, "Where the -Indians cross [the Hudson] to bring their pelteries." [FN-1] "South of -Van Twiller's plantation was a marsh much affected by wild-fowl, and -a bright, quick brook, called by the Dutch 'Bestavar's Kil,' and by the -English 'Manetta Water.'" [FN-2] (Half-Moon Series.) _Saponickan_ was in -place here when Van Twiller made his purchase (1629), as the record -shows, and was adopted by him as the name of his settlement. To what -feature it referred cannot be positively stated, but apparently to the -Reed Valley or marsh. It has had several interpretations, but none that -fare satisfactory. The syllable _pon_ may denote a bulbous root which -was found there. (See Passapenoc.) The same name is probably met in -Saphorakain, or Saphonakan, given as the name of a tract described as -"Marsh and canebrake," lying near or on the shore of Gowanus Bay, -Brooklyn. (See Kanonnewage, in connection with Manhattan.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Through this valley pass large numbers of all sorts of tribes - on their way north and east." (Van Tienhoven, 1650.) "Where the Indians - cross to bring their pelteries." (De Laet, 1635.) The crossing-place - is now known as Pavonia. The path crossed the Spuyten Duyvil at Harlem - and extended along the coast east. To and from it ran many "paths and - roads" on Manhattan, which, under the grant to Van Twiller, were to - "forever remain for the use of the inhabitants." The evidence of an - Indian village at or near the landing is not tangible. The only village - or settlement of which there is any evidence was that which gathered - around Van Twiller's plantation, which was a noted trading post for - "all sorts of tribes." - - [FN-2] Bestevaar (Dutch) means "Dear Father," and Manetta (Manittoo, - Algonquian), means, "That which surpasses, or is more than ordinary." - Water of more than ordinary excellence. (See Manette.) - - -Nahtonk, Recktauck, forms of the name, or of two different names, of -Corlear's Hook, may signify, abstractively, "Sandy Point," as has been -interpreted; but apparently, _Nahtonk_ [FN-1] is from _Nâ-i,_ "a point -or corner," and _Recktauck_ [FN-2] from _Lekau_ (Requa), "Sand gravel"--a -"sandy place." It was a sandy point with a beach, entered, on English -maps, "Crown Point." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Naghtonk (Benson); Nahtonk (Schoolcraft); Rechtauck (record). - It was to the huts which were located here to which a clan of Long - Island Indians fled for protection, in February, 1643, and were - inhumanly murdered by the Dutch. The record reads: "Where a few - Rockaway Indians from Long Island, with their chief, Niande Nummerus, - had built their wigwams." (Brodhead.) "And a party of freemen behind - Corlear's plantation, on the Manhattans, who slew a large number and - afterwards burned their huts." The name of the Chief, _Niande - Nummerus,_ is corrupted from the Latin _Nicanda Numericus,_ the name - of a Roman gens. De Vries wrote, "Hummerus, a Rockaway chief, who I - knew." - - [FN-2] See Rechqua-hackie. "The old Harlem creek, on Manhattan Island, - was called Rechawanes, or 'Small, sandy river.'" (Gerard.) - - -Warpoes is given as the name of "a small hill" on the east side and -"near ye fresh water" lake or pond called the _Kolk_ (Dutch "pit-hole"), -which occupied several acres in the neighborhood of Centre Street. [FN-1] -The Indian name is that of the narrow pass between the hill and the -pond, which it described as "small" or narrow. (See Raphoos.) - -In the absence of record names, the late Dr. Schoolcraft conferred, on -several points, terms from the Ojibwe or Chippeway, which may be -repeated as descriptive merely. A hill at the corner of Charlton and -Varick streets was called by him _Ishpatinau,_ "A bad hill." [FN-2] A -ridge or cliff north of Beekman Street, was called _Ishibic,_ "A bad -rock;" the high land on Broadway, _Acitoc;_ a rock rising up in the -Battery, _Abie,_ and Mount Washington, _Penabic,_ "The comb mountain." -The descriptions are presumably correct, but the features no longer -exist. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "By ye edge of ye hill by ye fresh water." (Cal. N. Y. Land - Papers, 17.) The Dutch name ran into _Kalch, Kolack_ and _Collect,_ - and in early records "_Kalch-hock._" from its peculiar shape, - resembling a fish-hook. - - [FN-2] "At ye sand Hills near the Bowery." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers. - 17.) _Ishpetouga_ was given by the same writer to Brooklyn Heights, - with the explanation "High, sandy banks," but the term does not - describe the character of the elevation. (See Espating.) - - -Muscota is given as the name of the "plain or meadow" known later as -Montagne's Flat, between 108th and 124th streets. (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiv.) It also appears as the name of a hill, and in Muskuta as that of -the great flat on the north side of the Spuyten Duivel. "The first -point of the main land to the east of the island Papirinimen, there -where the hill Muskuta is." The hill takes the name from the meadows -which it describes. "_Moskehtu,_ a meadow." (Eliot.) - -Papinemen (1646), Pahparinnamen (1693), Papirinimen (modern), are forms -of the Indian name used interchangeably by the Dutch with Spuyten Duivel -to designate a place where the tide-overflow of the Harlem River is -turned aside by a ridge and unites with Tibbet's Brook, constituting -what is known as the Spuyten Duivel Kill, correctly described by Riker -in his "History of Harlem": "The narrow kill called by the Indians -Pahparinamen, which, winding around the northerly end of Manhattan, -connected the Spuyten Duyvil with the Great Kill or Harlem River, gave -its name to the land contiguous to it on either side." The locative of -the name is clearly shown in the boundaries of the Indian deed to Van -der Donck, in 1646, and in the subsequent Philipse Patent of 1693, the -former describing the south line of the lands conveyed as extending from -the Hudson "to Papinemen, called by our people Spuyten Duivel," and the -latter as extending to and including "the neck, island or hummock, -Pahparinnamen," on the north side of the passage, at which point, in the -early years of Dutch occupancy, a crossing place or "wading place" was -found which had been utilized by the Indians for ages, and of which -Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter wrote, in 1679-80, "They can go over -this creek, at dead or low water, upon the rocks and reefs, at a place -called Spuyt ten Duyvel." From this place the name was extended to the -"island or hummock" and to what was called "the Papirinameno Patent," -at the same point on the south side of the stream, to which it was -claimed to belong in 1701. Mr. Riker's assignment of the name to the -Spuyten Duivel passage is probably correct. The "neck, island or -hummock" was a low elevation in a salt marsh or meadow. It was utilized -as a landing place by the Indians whose path ran from thence across the -marsh "to the main." Later, the path was converted to a causeway or -road-approach to what is still known as King's Bridge. A ferry was -established here in 1669 and known as "The Spuyten Duyvil passage or -road to and from the island to the main." In 1692 Governor Andros gave -power to the city of New York to build a bridge "over the Spiken devil -ferry," and the city, with the consent of the Governor, transferred the -grant to Frederick Philipse. In giving his consent the Governor made the -condition that the bridge "should thenceforth be known and called King's -Bridge." It was made a free bridge in 1758-9. The "island or hummock" -came to be the site of the noted Macomb mansion. - -The name has not been satisfactorily translated. Mr. Riker wrote, "Where -the stream closes," or is broken off, recognizing the locative of the -name. Ziesberger wrote, Papinamen, "Diverting," turning aside, to go -different ways; accessorily, that which diverts or turns aside, and -place where the action of the verb is performed. Where the Harlem is -turned aside or diverted, would be a literal description. - - - -[Illustration: The Sputen Duyvel] - - - -Spuyten Duyvil, now so written, was the early Dutch nickname of the -Papirinimen ford or passage, later known as King's Bridge. "By our -people called," wrote Van der Donck in 1652, indicating conference by -the Dutch prior to that date. It simply described the passage as evil, -vicious, dangerous. Its derivatives are _Spui,_ "sluice;" _Spuit,_ -"spout;" _Spuiten,_ "to spout, to squirt, to discharge with force," as -a waterspout, or water forced through a narrow passage. _Duyvil_ is a -colloquial expression of viciousness. The same name is met on the Mohawk -in application to the passage of the stream between two islands near -Schenectady. The generally quoted translation, "_Spuyt den Duyvil,_ In -spite of the Devil," quoted by Brodhead as having been written by Van -der Donck, has no standing except in Irving's "Knickerbocker History of -New York." Van der Donck never wrote the sentence. He knew, and Brodhead -knew, that _Spuyt_ was not _Spijt,_ nor _Spuiten_ stand for _Spuitten._ -The Dutch for "In spite of the Devil," is _In Spijt van Duivel._ The -sentence may have been quoted by Brodhead without examination. It was a -popular story that Irving told about one Antony Corlear's declaration -that he would swim across the ford at flood tide in a violent storm, -"In spite of the devil," but obviously coined in Irving's brain. It may, -however, had for its foundation the antics of a very black and muscular -African who was employed to guard the passage and prevent hostile -Indians as well as indiscreet Dutchmen from crossing, and who, for the -better discharge of his duty, built fires at night, armed himself with -sword and firebrands, vociferated loudly, and acted the character of a -devil very well. At all events the African is the only historical devil -that had an existence at the ford, and he finally ran away and became -merged with the Indians. _Spiting Devil,_ an English corruption, ran -naturally into _Spitting Devil,_ and some there are who think that that -is a reasonably fair rendering of Dutch _Spuiten._ They are generally -of the class that take in a cant reading with a relish. - -Shorakkapoch and Shorackappock are orthographies of the name of record -as that of the cove into which the Papirinemen discharges its waters at -a point on the Hudson known as Tubby Hook. It is specifically located -in the Philipse charter of 1693: "A creek called Papparinnemeno which -divides New York Island from the main land, so along said creek as it -runs to Hudson's River, which part is called by the Indians -Shorackhappok," _i. e._ that part of the stream on Hudson's River. In -the patent to Hugh O'Neil (1666): "To the Kill Shorakapoch, and then to -Papirinimen," _i. e.,_ to the cove and thence east to the Spuyten Duyvil -passage. "The beautiful inlet called Schorakapok." (Riker.) Dr. Trumbull -wrote "_Showaukuppock_ (Mohegan), a cove." William R. Gerard suggests -"_P'skurikûppog_ (Lenape), 'forked, fine harbor,' so called because it -was safely shut in by Tubby Hook, [FN-1] and another Hook at the north, -the current taking a bend around the curved point of rock (covered at -high tide) that forked or divided the harbor at the back." Dr. Brinton -wrote: "_W'shakuppek,_ 'Smooth still water;' _pek,_ a lake, cove or any -body of still water; _kup,_ from _kuppi,_ 'cove.'" Bolton, in his -"History of Westchester County," located at the mouth of the stream, on -the north side, an Indian fort or castle under the name of _Nipinichen,_ -but that name belongs on the west side of the Hudson at Konstable's -Hook, [FN-2] and the narrative of the attack on Hudson's ship in 1609, -noted in Juet's Journal, does not warrant the conclusion that there was -an Indian fort or castle in the vicinity. A fishing village there may -have been. At a later date (1675) the authorities permitted a remnant -of the Weckquasgecks to occupy lands "On the north point of Manhattan -Island" (Col, Hist. N. Y., xiii, 494), and the place designated may -have been in previous occupation. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Tubby Hook, Dutch _Tobbe Hoeck,_ from its resemblance to a - washtub. - - [FN-2] Called Konstabelshe's Hoek from a grant of land to one Jacobus - Roy, the Konstabel or gunner at Fort Amsterdam, in 1646. - - - -[Illustration: THE PALISADES FROM YONKERS.] - - - - * * * * * - - - Names on the East from Manhattan North. - -Keskeskick, "a piece of land, situated opposite to the flat on the -island of Manhattan, called Keskeskick, stretching lengthwise along the -Kil which runs behind the island of Manhattan, beginning at the head of -said Kil and running to opposite of the high hill by the flat, namely -by the great hill," (Deed of 1638.) _Kaxkeek_ is the orthography of -Riker (Hist. of Harlem); and _Kekesick_ that of Brodhead (Hist. New -York), in addition to which may be quoted _Keesick_ and _Keakates,_ -given as the names of what is now known as Long Pond, which formed the -southeast boundary of the tract, where was also a salt marsh or meadow. -In general terms, the name means a "meadow," and may have been that of -this salt marsh (a portion of the name dropped) or of the flat. The root -is _Kâk,_ "sharp;" _Kâkákes,_ "sharp grass," or sedge-marsh; -_Sik-kákaskeg,_ "salt sedge-marsh." (Gerard.) _Micûckaskéete,_ "a -meadow." (Williams.) _Muscota,_ now in use, is another word for meadow. - -Mannepies is quoted by Riker (Hist. Harlem) as the name of the hilly -tract or district of Keskeskick, described as lying "over against the -flats of the island of Manhattan." It is now preserved as the name of -Cromwell Lake and creek, and seems to have been the name of the former. -The original was probably an equivalent of _Menuppek,_ "Any enclosed -body of water great or small." (Anthony.) - -Neperah, Nippiroha, Niperan, Nepeehen, Napperhaera, Armepperahin, the -latter of date 1642 (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 9), forms of record as the -name of Sawmill Creek, and also quoted as the name of the site of the -present city of Yonkers, has been translated by Wm. R. Gerard, from the -form of 1642: "A corruption of _Ana-nepeheren,_ that is, 'fishing -stream' or 'fishing rapids.'" _Ap-pehan_ (Eliot), "a trap, a snare." -There was an Indian village on the north side of the stream in 1642. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 9.) - -Nepahkomuk, Nappikomack, etc., quoted as the name of a place on Sawmill -Creek, and also as the name of an Indian village at Yonkers, may have -been the name of the latter by extension. It has been translated with -apparent correctness from _Nepé-komuk_ (Mass.), "An enclosed or occupied -water-place." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] This translation is from _Nepe (Nepa, Nape, Nippe,_ etc.), meaning - "water," generally, and _Komuk,_ "place enclosed, occupied, limited," a - particular body of water. "The radical of _Nipe_ is _pe_ or _pa,_ which, - with the demonstrative and definitive _ne_ prefixed, formed the noun - _nippe,_ water." (Trumbull.) _Nape-ake (-auke, -aki)_ means "Water-land," - or water-place. _Nape-ek,_ Del., _Nepeauk,_ Mass., means "Standing - water," a lake or pond or a stretch of still water in a river. - _Menuppek,_ "Lake, sea, any enclosed body of water, great or small." - (Anthony.) _Nebi, nabe, m'bi, be,_ are dialectic forms. The Delaware - _M'hi_ (Zeisb.) is occasionally met in the valley, but the Massachusetts - _Nepe_ is more frequent. _Gami_ is another noun-generic meaning "Water" - (Cree, _Kume_). _Komuk_ (Mass.), _Kamick_ (Del.), is frequently met in - varying orthographies. In general terms it means "Place, limited or - enclosed," a particular place as a field, garden, house, etc., as - distinguished from _auke,_ "Land, earth, unlimited, unenclosed." - - -Meghkeekassin, the name of a large rock in an obscure nook on the west -side of the Neperah, near the Hudson, is written _Macackassin_ in deed -of 1661. It is from _Mechek,_ Del., "great," and _assin_ "stone." -"_Meechek-assin-ik,_ At the big rock." (Heckewelder.) The name is also -of record _Amack-assin,_ a Delaware term of the same general -meaning--"_Amangi,_ great, big (in composition _Aman-gach_), with the -accessory notion of terrible, frightful." (Dr. Brinton.) Presumably, in -application here, "a monster," _i. e._ a stone not of the native -formation usually found in the locality. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Indians are traditionally represented as regarding boulders of - this class, as monuments of a great battle which was fought between - their hero myth Micabo and Kasbun his twin brother, the former - representing the East or Orient, and the latter the West, the imagery - being a description of the primary contest between Light and - Darkness--Light gleaming from the East and Darkness retreating to the - West before it. Says the story: "The feud between the brothers was - bitter and the contest long and doubtful. It began on the mountains of - the East. The face of the land was seamed and torn by the wrestling of - the mighty combatants, and the huge boulders that are scattered about - were the weapons hurled at each other by the enraged brothers." The - story is told in its several forms by Dr. Brinton in his "American Hero - Myths." - - -Wickquaskeck is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian -village or castle the location of which is claimed by Bolton to have -been at Dobb's Ferry, where the name is of record. It was, however, the -name of a place from which it was extended by the early Dutch to a very -considerable representative clan or family of Indians whose jurisdiction -extended from the Hudson to or beyond the Armonck or Byram's River, with -principal seat on the head waters of that stream, or on one of its -tributaries, who constituted the tribe more especially known to the -Dutch settlers as the Manhattans. Cornelius Tienhoven, Secretary of New -Amsterdam, wrote, in 1654, "_Wicquaeskeck_ on the North River, five -miles above New Amsterdam, is very good and suitable land for -agriculture. . . . This land lies between the Sintsinck and Armonck -streams, situate between the East and North rivers." (Doc. Hist, N. Y., -iv, 29.) "Five miles," Dutch, was then usually counted as twenty miles -(English). Standard Dutch miles would be about eighteen. The Armonck is -now called Byram River; it flows to the Sound on the boundary line -between New York and Connecticut. A part of the territory of this tribe -is loosely described in a deed of 1682, as extending--"from the rock -Sighes, on Hudson's River, to the Neperah, and thence north until you -come to the eastward of the head of the creek, called by the Indians -Wiequaskeck, [FN] stretching through the woods to a kill called -Seweruc," including "a piece of land about Wighqueskeck," _i. e._ about -the head of the creek, which was certainly at the end of a swamp. The -historic seat of the clan was in this vicinity. In the narrative of the -war of 1643-5, it is written, "He of Witqueschreek, living N. E. of -Manhattans. . . . The old Indian (a captive) promised to lead us to -Wetquescheck." He did so, but the castles, three in number, strongly -palisaded, were found empty. Two of them were burned. The inmates, it -was learned, had gathered at a large castle or village on Patucquapaug, -now known as Dumpling Pond, in Greenwich, Ct., to celebrate a festival. -They were attacked there and slaughtered in great numbers. (Doc. Hist. -N. Y., iv, 29.) Bolton's claim that the clan had a castle at or near -Dobb's Ferry, may have been true at some date. The name appears in many -orthographies; in 1621, _Wyeck;_ in treaty of 1645, _Wiquaeshex;_ in -other connections, _Witqueschreek, Weaquassick,_ and Van der Donck's -_Wickquaskeek._ Bolton translated it from the form, _Weicquasguck,_ -"Place of the bark kettle," which is obviously erroneous. Dr. Trumbull -wrote: "From Moh. _Weegasoeguck,_ 'the end of the marsh or wet meadow.'" -Van der Donck's _Wickquaskeck_ has _the same meaning._ It is from Lenape -_Wicqua-askek--wicqua,_ "end of," _askek,_ "swamp," marsh, etc.: _-ck, --eck,_ formative. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The creek now bearing the name flows to the Hudson through the - village of Dobb's Ferry. Its local name, "Wicker's creek," is a - corruption of Wickquaskeek. It was never the name of an individual. - - -Pocanteco, Pecantico, Puegkandico and Perghanduck, a stream so called -[FN-1] in Westchester County, was translated by Dr. O'Callaghan from -_Pohkunni,_ "Dark." "The dark river," and by Bolton from _Pockawachne,_ -"A stream between hills," which is certainly erroneous. The first word -is probably _Pohk_ or _Pak,_ root _Paken_ (_Pákenum,_ "Dark," Zeisb.; -_Pohken-ahtu,_ "In darkness," Eliot). The second may stand for -_antakeu,_ "Woods," "Forest," and the combination read "The Dark Woods." -The stream rises in New Castle township and flows across the town of Mt. -Pleasant to the Hudson at Tarrytown, where it is associated with -Irving's story of Sleepy Hollow. The Dutch called it "Sleeper's-haven -Kil," from the name which they gave to the reach on the Hudson, -"Verdrietig Hoek," or "Tedious Point," because the hook or point was so -long in sight of their slow-sailing vessels, and in calms their crews -slept away the hours under its shadows, "Over against the Verdrietig -Hoek, commonly called by the name of Sleeper's Haven," is the record. -Pocanteco was a heavily wooded valley, and suggested to the early -mothers stories of ghosts to keep their children from wandering in its -depths. From the woods or the valley the name was extended to the -stream.[FN-2] (See Alipkonck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] December 1st, 1680, Frederick Phillips petitioned for liberty to - purchase "a parcel of land on each side of the creek called by the - Indians Pocanteco, . . . adjoining the land he hath already purchased; - there to build and erect a saw-mill." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 546.) - - [FN-2] "Far in the foldings of the hills winds this wizard - stream--sometimes silently and darkly through solemn woodlands.. . . - In the neighborhood of the aqueduct is a deep ravine which forms the - dreamy region of Sleepy Hollow." (Sketch Book.) - - -Alipkonck is entered on Van der Donck's map of 1656, and located with -the sign of an Indian village south of Sing Sing. Bolton (Hist. West. -Co.) claimed it as the name of Tarrytown, and translated it, "The place -of elms," which it certainly does not mean. Its derivative, however, is -disguised in its orthography, and its locative is not certain. -Conjecturally _Alipk_ is from _Wálagk_ (surd mutes _g_ and _p_ exchanged), -"An open place, a hollow or excavation." The locative may have been -Sleepy Hollow. _Tarrytown,_ which some writers have derived from _Tarwe_ -(Dutch), "Wheat"--Wheat town--proves to be from an early settler whose -name was _Terry,_ pronounced _Tarry,_ as written in early records. The -Dutch name for Wheat town would be Tarwe-stadt, which was never written -here. - -Oscawanna, an island so called, lying a short distance south of Cruger's -Station on N. Y. Central R. R., Hudson River Division, is of record, in -1690, _Wuscawanus._ (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 237.) It seems to have been -from the name of a sachem, otherwise known as Weskora, Weskheun, -Weskomen, in 1685. _Wuski,_ Len., "New, young;" _Wuske'éne_ Williams, "A -youth." - - - -[Illustration: SOUTHERN GATEWAY OF THE HIGHLANDS] - - - -Shildrake, or Sheldrake, given as the name of Furnace Brook, takes that -name from an extended forest known in local records as "The Furnace -Woods." By exchange of _l_ and _n,_ it is probably from _Schind,_ -"Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.); _aki,_ "Land" or place. _Schindikeu,_ "Spruce -forest" ("Hemlock woods," Anthony). (See Shinnec'ock.) Furnace Brook -takes that name from an ancient furnace on its bank. In 1734 it was -known as "The old-mill stream." _Jamawissa,_ quoted as its Indian name, -seems to be an aspirated form of _Tamaquese,_ "Small beaver." (See -Jamaica.) - -Sing-Sing--Sinsing, Van der Donck; _Sintsing,_ treaty of 1645--usually -translated, "At the standing-stone," and "Stone upon stone," means "At -the small stones," or "Place of small stones"--from _assin_ "stone;" -_is,_ diminutive, and _ing,_ locative. _Ossinsing,_ the name of the -town, has the same meaning; also, Sink-sink, L. I., ind Assinising, -Chemung County. The interpretation is literally sustained in the -locative on the Hudson. - -Tuckahoe, town of East Chester, is from _Ptuckweōō,_ "It is round." -It was the name of a bulbous root which was used by the Indians for food -and for making bread, or round loaves. (See Tuckahoe, L. I.) - -Kitchiwan, modern form; _Kitchawanc,_ treaty of 1643; _Kichtawanghs,_ -treaty of 1645; _Kitchiwan,_ deed of 1645; _Kitchawan,_ treaty of 1664; -the name of a stream in Westchester County from which extended to an -Indian clan, "Is," writes Dr. Albert S. Gatschet of the Bureau of -Ethnology, "an equivalent of _Wabenaki-ke'dshwan, -kidshuan,_ suffixed -verbal stem, meaning 'Running Swiftly,' 'Rushing water,' or current, -whether over rapids or not. _Sas-katchéwan,_ Canada, 'The roiley, -rushing stream'; _assisku,_ 'Mud, dirt.' (Cree.) The prefix _ki_ or -_ke,_ is nothing else than an abbreviation of _kitchi,_ 'great,' -'large,' and here 'strong.' Examples are frequent as -kitchuan, --kitchawan, Mass.; kesi-itsooaⁿn or taⁿn, Abn., Kussi-tchuan, Mass., 'It -swift flows.' The prefix is usually applied to streams which rise in the -highlands and flow down rapidly descending slopes." The final _k_ in some -of the early forms, indicates pronunciation with the guttural aspirate, -as met in _wank_ and wangh in other local names. [FN] The final _s_ is a -foreign plural usually employed to express "people," or tribe. The -stream is now known as the _Croten_ from _Cnoten,_ the name of a -resident sachem, which by exchange of _n_ and _r,_ becomes _Croten,_ an -equivalent, wrote Dr. Schoolcraft of _Noten,_ Chip., "The wind." -"Bounded on the south by Scroton's River" (deed of 1703); "Called by -the Indians Kightawank, and by the English Knotrus River." (Col. N. Y, -Land Papers, 79.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. Trumbull wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, "_Kussitchuan, - -uwan,_ impersonal verb, 'It flows in a rapid stream,' a current; it - continues flowing; as a noun, 'a rapid stream.'" In Cree, _Kussehtanne,_ - "Flowing as a stream" In Delaware, _-tanne_ has its equivalent in - _-hanne._ "The impersonal verb termination _-awan, -uan,_ etc., is - sometimes written with the participial and subjunctive _k_" (_ka_ or - _gh._) (Gerard.) The _k_ or _gh_ appears in some forms of Kitchawan. - (See Waronawanka.) - - -Titicus, given as the name of a branch of the Croton flowing from -Connecticut, is of record Mutighticos and Matightekonks, translated by -Dr. Trumbull from _Mat'uhtugh-ohke,_ "Place without wood," from which -extended to the stream. (See Mattituck and Sackonck.) - -Navish is claimed as the name of Teller's (now Croton) Point, on a -reading of the Indian deed of 1683: "All that parcel, neck or point of -land, with the meadow ground or valley adjoining, situate, lying and -being on the east side of the river over against Verdrietig's Hooke, -commonly called and known by the name of Slauper's Haven and by the -Indians Navish, the meadow being called by the Indians Senasqua." -Clearly, Navish refers to Verdrietig Hook, on the west side of the -river, where it is of record. It is an equivalent of _Newás_ (Len.), -"promontory." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) - -Nannakans, given as the name of a clan residing on Croton River, is an -equivalent of _Narragans_ (_s_ foreign plural), meaning "People of the -point," the locative being Croton Point. (See Nyack.) This clan, crushed -by the war of 1643-5, removed to the Raritan country, where, by -dialectic exchange of _n_ and _r,_ they were known as Raritanoos, or -Narritans. They were represented, in 1649, by Pennekeck, "The chief -behind the Kul, having no chief of their own." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii.) -The interpretation given to their removal, by some writers, viz., "That -the Wappingers removed to New Jersey," is only correct in a limited -sense. The removal was of a single clan or family. The Indians on both -sides of the Hudson here were of kindred stock and were largely -intermarried. (See Raritans and Pomptons.) - -Senasqua, quoted as the name of Teller's Point (now Croton Point), and -also as the name of Teller's Neck, is described as "A meadow," -presumably on the neck or point. It is an equivalent of Del. -_Lenaskqual,_ "Original grass," (Zeisb.), _i. e._ grass which was -supposed to have grown on the land from the beginning. (Heck.) Called -"Indian grass" to distinguish it from "Whitemen's grass." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Askquall,_ or _Askqua,_ is an inanimate plural in the termination - _-all, -al,_ or _-a._ All grass was not described by _Maskik,_ in which - the termination _-ik_ is the animate plural. - - -Peppeneghek is a record form of the name quoted as that of what is now -known as Cross-river. - -Kewighecack, the name of a boundmark of Van Cortlandt's Manor, is -written on the map of the Manor _Keweghteuack_ as the name of a bend in -the Croton west of Pine Bridge. It is from _Koua, Kowa, Cuwé,_ -"Pine"--_Cuwé-uchac,_ "Pine wood, pine logs." (Zeisb.) - -Kestaubniuk is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian -place or village north of Sing Sing. On Vischer's map the orthography -is _Kestaubocuck._ Dr. Schoolcraft wrote _Kestoniuck,_ "Great Point," -and claimed that the last word had been borrowed and applied to Nyack -on the opposite side of the river, but this is a mistake as Nyack is -generic and of local record where it now is as early as 1660, and is -there correctly applied. No one seems to know where Kestaubniuk was, but -the name is obviously from _Kitschi-bonok,_ "Great ground-nut place." -_Ketche-punak_ and _Ketcha-bonac,_ L. I., _K'schobbenak,_ Del. - -Menagh, entered in Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683, as the name of -what is now known as Verplanck's Point, is probably from _Menach'en_ -(Del.), the indefinite form of _Menátes,_ diminutive, meaning "Small -island." The point was an island in its separation from the main land -by a water course. Monack, Monach, Menach, are other orthographies of -the name. - -Tammoesis is of record as the name of a small stream north of Peekskill. - -Appamaghpogh, now _Amawalk,_ seems to have been extended to a tract of -land without specific location. It is presumed to have been the name of -a fishing place on what is now known as Mohegan Lake _Appéh-ama-paug,_ -"Trap fishing place," or pond. _Amawalk,_ is from _Nam'e-auke,_ -"Fishing-place," (Trumbull.) In the Massachusetts dialect _-pogh_ stands -for "pond," or water-place. - -Keskistkonck, Pasquasheck, and Nochpeem are noted on Van der Donck's map -in the Highlands. In Colonial History is the entry (1644), -"Mongochkonnome and Papenaharrow, chiefs of Wiquseskkack and Nochpeems." -On the east side of the river, apparently about opposite the Donderberg, -is located, on early maps, the _Pachimi,_ who, in turn, are associated -in records with the _Tankitekes._ Pacham is given as the name of a noted -chief of the early period. His clan was probably the Pachimi. -Keskistkonck was a living name as late as 1663, but disappears after -that date. "The Kiskightkoncks, who have no chief now, but are counted -among the foregoing savages." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 303.) - -Sachus, Sachoes and Sackoack are quoted as names of Peekskill, and -_Magrigaries_ as the name of the stream. The latter is an orthography -of _MacGregorie's,_ from Hugh MacGregorie, an owner of lands on the -stream. [FN-1] Though quoted as the name of Peak's Kill, it was the name -given to a small creek south of that stream, as per map of 1776. -_Sachus_ and _Sachoes_ are equivalents, and probably refer to the mouth -or outlet of the small or MacGregorie's Creek--_Sakoes_ or _Saukoes._ -_Sackonck_ has substantially the same meaning--_Sakunk,_ "At the mouth -or outlet of a creek or river." There was, however, a resident sachem -who was called _Sachoes,_ probably from his place of residence, but -which can be read "Black Kettle," from _Suckeu,_ "black," and _ōōs,_ -"kettle." Peekskill is modern from Peak's Kill, so called from Jan Peak, -[FN-2] the founder of the settlement. The Indian name of the stream is -noted, in deed of 1695, "Called by the Indians _Paquintuk,_" probably -an equivalent of _Pokqueantuk,_ "A broad, open place in a tidal river or -estuary." Peekskill Bay was probably referred to. (See Sackonck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Hugh MacGregorie was son of Major Patrick MacGregorie, the first - settler in the present county of Orange. He was killed in the Leisler - rebellion in New York in 1691. The son, Hugh, and his mother, were - granted 1500 acres of land "At a place called John Peaches creek." No - fees were charged for the patent out of respect for the memory of Major - MacGregorie, as he then had "lately died in His Majesty's service in - defence of the Province." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 364.) MacGregories - sold to Van Cortlandt in 1696. - - [FN-2] Peake, an orthography of _Peak,_ English; Dutch, _Piek_; - pronounced _Pek_ (_e_ as _e_ in wet); English, _Pek_ or _Peck._ - - -Kittatinny, erroneously claimed to mean "Endless hills," and to describe -the Highlands as a continuation of the Allegheny range, belongs to -Anthony's Nose [FN-1] to which, however, it has no very early record -application. It is from _Kitschi,_ "Principal, greatest," and _-atinny,_ -"Hill, mountain," applicable to any principal mountain peak compared -with others in its vicinity. [FN-2] - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The origin of the name is uncertain. Estevan Gomez, a Spanish - navigator, wrote "St. Anthony's River" as the name of the Hudson, in - 1525. The current explanation, "Antonius Neus, so called from fancied - resemblance to the nose of one Anthony de Hoages," is a myth. The name - as the early Dutch understood it, is no doubt more correctly explained - by Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal of 1679-80: "A - headland and high hill in the Highlands, so called because it has a - sharp ridge running up and down in the form of a nose," but fails to - explain St. Anthony, or Latin Antonius. The name appears also on the - Mohawk river and on Lake George, presumably from resemblance to the - Highland peak. - - [FN-2] The Indians had no names for mountain ranges, but frequently - designated certain peaks by specific names. "Among these aboriginal - people," wrote Heckewelder, "every tree was not the tree, and every - mountain the mountain; but, on the contrary, everything is - distinguished by its specific name." Kittatinny was and is the most - conspicuous or greatest hill of the particular group of hills in its - proximity and was spoken of as such in designating the boundmark. - - -Sacrahung, or Mill River, "takes its name from _Sacra,_ 'rain.' Its -liability to freshets after heavy rains, may have given origin to the -name." (O'Callaghan.) Evidently, however, the name is a corruption of -_Sakwihung_ (Zeish.), "At the mouth of the river." The record reads, -"A small brook or run called Wigwam brook, but by some falsely called -Sackwrahung." (Deed of 1740.) - -Quinnehung, a neck of land at the mouth and west side of Bronx River, is -presumed to have been the name of Hunter's Point. The adjectival -_Quinneh,_ is very plainly an equivalent of _Quinnih_ (Eliot), "long," -and _-ung_ or _-ongh_ may stand for place--"A long place, or neck of -land." (See Aquchung.) - -Sackonck and Matightekonck, record names of places petitioned for by -Van Cortlandt in 1697, are located in general terms, in the petition, -in the neighborhood of John Peak's Creek and Anthony's Nose. (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 49.) The first probably referred to the mouth of Peak's -Creek (Peekskill). _Sakunk_ (Heck.), "At the mouth or outlet of a creek -or river." _Saukunk_ (Donck) is another form. (See Titicus.) - -Aquehung, Acqueahounck, etc., was translated by Dr. O'Callaghan, "The -place of peace." from _Aquene,_ Nar., "peace," and _unk,_ locative. -Dr. Trumbull wrote, "A place _on this side_ of some other place," from -the generic _Acq._ The description in N. Y. Land Papers reads, "Bounded -on the east by the river called by the Indians Aquehung," the river -taking its name from its position as a boundary "on this side" of which -was the land. The contemporary name, _Ran-ahqua-ung,_ means "A place on -the other side," corresponding with the description, "On the other side -of the Great Kil." Bolton assigns Acqueahounck to Hutchinson's Creek, -the west boundary of the town of Pelham. The "Great Kil" is now the -Bronx. - -Kakeout, the name of the highest hill in Westchester County, is from -Dutch _Kijk-uit,_ "Look-out--a place of observation, as a tower, hill," -etc. It appears also in Rockland and in Ulster County and on the Mohawk. -(See Kakiate.) - -Shappequa, a name now applied to the Shappequa Hills and to a mineral -spring east of Sing-Sing, and destined to be remembered as that of the -home of Horace Greeley, was primarily given to locate a tract now -embraced in the towns of New Castle and Bedford, and, as in all such -cases, was a specific place by which the location could be identified, -but which in turn has never been identified. The name is apparently a -form of _Chepi_ written also _Chappa,_ signifying, "Separated, apart -from, a distinct place." [FN] (See Kap-hack.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The word _Chippe_ or _Shappa,_ means not only separate, "The - separate place," but was employed to describe a future - condition--Chepeck, the dead. As an adjective, _Chippe_ (El.) signifies - separated, set apart. _Chepiohkomuk,_ the place of separation. The same - word was used for 'ghost,' 'spectre,' 'evil spirit.' (Trumbull.) The - corresponding Delaware word was _Tschipey._ It is not presumed that the - word was made use of here in any other sense than its literal - application, "A separate place." Bolton assigns the name to a Laurel - Swamp, but with doubtful correctness. - - -Aspetong, a bold eminence in Bedford, is an equivalent of _Ashpohtag,_ -Mass., "A high place," "A height." (Trumbull.) See Ishpatinau. - -Quarepos, of record as the name of the district of country called by the -English "White Plains," from the primary prevalence there of white -balsam (Dr. O'Callaghan), seems to have been the name of the lake now -known as St. Mary's. _Quar_ is a form of _Quin, Quan,_ etc., meaning -"Long," and _pos_ stands for _pog_ or _paug,_ meaning "Pond." The name -is met in _Quin'e-paug,_ "Long Pond." The pond lies along the east -border of the town of White Plains. - -Peningo, the point or neck of land forming the southeastern extremity -of the town of Rye, [FN] was interpreted by Dr. Bolton, with doubtful -correctness: "From _Ponus,_ an Indian chief." The neck is some nine -miles long by about two miles broad and seems to have been primarily -a region of ridges and swamps. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Rye is from Rye, England. The derivative is _Ripe_ (Latin), - meaning, "The bank of a river." In French, "The sea-shore." - - -Apanammis, Cal. N. Y, Land Papers; Apauamis and Apauamin, Col. Hist. -N. Y.: Apawammeis, Apawamis, Apawqunamis, Epawames, local and Conn. -Records, is given as the name of Budd's Neck, between Mamaroneck River -and Blind Brook, Westchester County. Dr. Trumbull passed the name -without explanation. It is written as the name of a boundmark. - -Mochquams and Moagunanes are record forms of the name of Blind Brook, -one of the boundary streams of the tract called Penningo, which is -described as lying "between Blind Brook and Byram River." (See Armonck.) - -Magopson and Mangopson are orthographies of the name given as that of -De Lancey's Neck, described as "The great neck." (See Waumaniuck.) The -dialect spoken in eastern Westchester seems to have been _Quiripi_ (or -Quinipiac), which prevailed near the Sound from New Haven west. - -Armonck, claimed as the name of Byram's River, was probably that of a -fishing place. In 1649 the name of the stream is of record, "Called by -the Indians _Seweyruck._" In the same record the land is called _Haseco_ -and a meadow _Misosehasakey,_ interpreted by Dr. Trumbull, "Great fresh -meadow," or low wet lands. _Haseco_ has no meaning; it is now assigned -to Port Chester (Saw-Pits), and _Misosehasakey_ to Horse Neck. Armonck -has lost some of its letters. What is left of it indicates _Amaug,_ -"fishing place." (Trumbull's Indian Names.) - -Eauketaupucason, the name written as that of the feature in the village -of Rye known by the unpleasant English title of "Hog-pen Ridge," is, -writes Mr. William R. Gerard, "Probably an equivalent of Lenape -_Ogid-ápuchk-essen,_ meaning, 'There is rock upon rock,' or one rock -on another rock." Topography not ascertained. - -Manussing--in will of Joseph Sherwood, _Menassink_--an island so called -in the jurisdiction of Rye, may be an equivalent of _Min-assin-ink,_ -"At a place of small stones," _Minneweis,_ now City Island, is in the -same jurisdiction. - -Mamaroneck, now so written as the name of a town in Westchester County, -is of record, in 1644, Mamarrack and Mamarranack; later, Mammaranock, -Mamorinack, Mammarinickes (1662), primarily as that of a "Neck or parcel -of land," but claimed to be from the name of an early sachem of the -Kitchtawanks whose territory was called Kitchtawanuck. [FN] Wm. R. -Gerard explains: "The dissyllabic root, _mamal,_ or _mamar,_ means 'To -stripe;' _Mamar-a-nak,_ 'striped arms,' or eyebrows, as the name of an -Indian chief who painted his arms in stripes or radiated his eyebrows," -a custom noted by several early writers. There is no evidence that the -Kitchtawanuck sachem had either residence or jurisdiction here, nor is -his name signed to any deed in this district. The reading in one record, -"Three stripes or strips of land," seems to indicate that the name was -descriptive of the necks or strips of land. (See Waumaniuck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Mamarranack and Waupaurin, chiefs of Kitchawanuck." (Col. Hist. - N. Y., xiii, 17.) The Kitchawan is now known as Croton river. It has - no connection whatever with Mamaroneck. - - -Waumaniuck and Maumaniuck, forms of the name of record as that of the -eastern part of De Lancey's Neck, or Seaman's Point, Westchester County, -as stated in the Indian deed of 1661, which conveyed to one John -Richbell "three necks of land," described as "Bounded on the east by -Mamaroneck River, and on the west by Gravelly or Stony Brook" (Cal. -N. Y. Land Papers, 5), the latter by the Indians called Pockotesse-wacke, -came to be known as Mamaraneck Neck, otherwise described as "The great -neck of land at Mamaroneck." - -Pockotessewacke, given as the name of what came to be known as "Gravelly -or Stony Brook," and "Beaver-meadow Brook," [FN] has been translated by -Wm. R. Gerard, from "_Petuk-assin-icke,_ 'where there are numerous round -stones'"; a place from which the name was extended to the stream, or -the name of a place in the stream where there were numerous round -stones, _i. e._ paving stones or "hard-heads." _Esse (esseni)_ from -_assin,_ "stone," means "stony, flinty." - - * * * * * - - [FN] Pockotessewacke and Beaver-meadow Brook. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers.) - - - -[Illustration: Cro' Nest Mountain] - - - -Manuketesuck, quoted by Bolton (Hist. West. Co.) as the name of Long -Island Sound and interpreted, "Broad flowing river," was more correctly -explained by Dr. Trumbull: "Apparently a diminutive of _Manunkatesuck,_ -'Menhaden country,' from _Munongutteau,_ 'that which fertalizes or -manures land,' the Indian name for white fish or bony fish, which were -taken in great numbers by the Indians, on the shores of the Sound, for -manuring their corn lands." - -Moharsic is said to have been the name of what is now known as -Crom-pond, in the town of Yorktown. The pond is in two parts, and the -name may mean, "Where two ponds meet," or come together. _Crom-pond_ is -corrupt Dutch from _Krom-poel,_ "Crooked pond." - -Maharness, the name of a stream rising in Westchester County and flowing -east to the Sound, is also written _Mianus_ and _Mahanus,_ in Dutch -records _Mayane,_ correctly _Mayanno._ It was the name of "a sachem -residing on it between Greenwich and Stamford, Ct., who was killed by -Capt. Patrick, in 1643, and his head cut off and sent to Fort -Amsterdam." (Brodhead, i, 386.) Dr. Trumbull interpreted, "He who -gathers together." _Kechkawes_ is written as the name of the stream in -1640. - -Nanichiestawack, given as the name of an Indian village on the southern -spur of Indian Hill (so called) in the town of Bedford, rests on -tradition. - -Petuckquapaug, a pond in Greenwich, Ct., but originally under the -jurisdiction of the Dutch at Fort Amsterdam, signifies "Round Pond." -It is now called "Dumpling Pond." The Dutch changed the suffix to _paen,_ -"soft land," and in that form described an adjacent district of low -land. (See Tappan.) - -Katonah, the name of a sachem, is preserved in that of a village in the -town of Bedford. The district was known as "Katonah's land." In deed -of 1680, the orthography is Katōōnah--oo as in food. - -Succabonk, a place-name in the town of Bedford, stands for Sagabonak-ong, -"Place of ground nuts," or wild potatoes. (See Sagabonock.) - -Wequehackhe is written by Reichel ("Mem. Moravian Church") as the name -of the Highlands, with the interpretation, "The hill country"--"People -of the hill country." The name has no such meaning. _Weque_ or _Wequa,_ -means "The end," and _-hackhe_ (hacki) means "Land," not up-land. In -other words, the boundary was the end of the Highlands.' [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] "_Hacki,_ land; _Len-hacki,_ up-land." (Zeisberger.) "When they - speak of highlands they say _Lennihacke,_ original lands; but they do - not apply the same name to low lands, which, being generally formed by - the overflowing or washing of streams, cannot be called original." - (Heckewelder.) - - -Mahopack, the modern form of the name of a lake in Putnam County, is of -record _Makoohpeck_ in 1765, and _Macookpack_ on Sauthier's map of 1774, -which seem to stand for _M'achkookpéeck_ (_Ukh-okpeck,_ Mah.), meaning -"Snake Lake," or "Water where snakes are abundant." (See Copake.) In -early years snakes were abundant in the region about the lake, and are -not scarce in present times. [FN] The lake is ten miles in circumference -and lies sixteen hundred feet above the level of Hudson's River. It -contains two or three small islands, on the largest of which is the -traditionally famous "Chieftain's Rock." - - * * * * * - - [FN] A wild, wet region among the hills, where the rattlesnake - abounded. They were formerly found in all parts of the Highlands, and - are still met frequently. - - -Canopus, claimed to have been the name of an Indian sachem and now -preserved in Canopus Hollow, Putnam County, is not Indian; it is Latin -from the Greek name of a town in Egypt. "_Can'pus,_ the Egyptian god -of water." (Webster.) - -Wiccopee is of record as the name of the highest peak in the Fishkill -Mountains on the south border of East Fishkill. It is also assigned to -the pass or clove in the range through which ran the Indian path, now -the present as well as the ancient highway between Fishkill Village and -Peekskill, which was fortified in the war of the Revolution. An Indian -village is traditionally located in the pass, of which "one Wikopy" is -named as chief on the same authority. The name, however, has no -reference to a pass, path, village or chief; it is a pronunciation of -_Wecuppe,_ "The place of basswoods or linden trees," from the inner bark -of which (_wikopi_) "the Indians made ropes and mats--their tying bark -par excellence." (Trumbull.) "_Wikbi_, bast, the inner bark of trees." -(Zeisberger.) In Webster and The Century the name is applied to the -Leather-wood, a willowy shrub with a tough, leathery bark. - -Matteawan, now so written, has retained that orthography since its first -appearance in 1685 in the Rombout Patent, which reads: "Beginning on -the south side of a creek called Matteawan," the exact boundmark being -the north side or foot of the hill known as Breakneck (_Matomps'k_). It -has been interpreted in various ways, that most frequently quoted -appearing in Spofford's Gazetteer: "From _Matai,_ a magician, and -_Wian,_ a skin; freely rendered, 'Place of good furs,'" which never -could have been the meaning; nor does the name refer to mountains to -which it has been extended. Wm. R. Gerard writes: "_Matáwan,_ an -impersonal Algonquian verb, meaning, 'It debouches into,' _i. e._ 'a -creek or river into another body of water,' substantially, 'a -confluence.'" This rendering is confirmed by Albert S. Gatschet, of the -Bureau of Ethnology, who writes: "Mr. Gerard is certainly right when he -explains the radix _mat--mata_--by confluence, junction, debouching, -and forming verbs as well as roots and nouns." _-A'wan, -wan -uan,_ -etc., is an impersonal verb termination; it appears only in connection -with impersonal verbs. (See Waronawanka.) Matteawan is met in several -forms--Matawa and Mattawan, Ontario, Canada; Mattawan, Maine; Matawan, -Monmouth County, N. J.; Mattawanna, Pa.; Mattawoman, Maryland. - -Fishkill, the English name of the stream of which Matteawan is the -estuary, is from Dutch _Vischer's Kil._ It was probably applied by the -Dutch to the estuary from _Vischer's Rak_ which the Dutch applied to a -reach or sailing course on the Hudson at this point. De Laet wrote: -"A place which our country-men call Vischer's Rack, [FN] that is -Fisherman's Bend." (See Woranecks.) On the earlier maps the stream, or -its estuary, is named _Vresch Kil,_ or "Fresh-water Kil," to distinguish -it from the brackish water of the Hudson. From the estuary extended to -the entire stream. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Rack is obsolete; the present word is _Recht._ It describes an - almost straight part of the river. - - -Woranecks, Carte Figurative 1614-16; _Waoranecks,_ 1621-25; _Warenecker,_ -Wassenaer; _Waoranekye,_ De Laet, 1633-40; _Waoranecks,_ Van der Donck's -map, 1656--is located on the Carte Figurative north of latitude 42-15, on -the east side of the river. De Laet and Van der Donck place it between -what are now known as Wappingers' Creek and Fishkill Creek. De Laet -wrote: "Where projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, -there is a place called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous -nation, have their abode." Later, Esopus became permanent on the west -side of the river at Kingston. It is a Dutch corruption of Algonquian -_Sepus,_ meaning brook, creek, etc., applicable to any small stream. -From De Laet's description, [FN] there is little room for doubt that the -"sandy point" to which he referred is now known as Low Point, opposite -the Dans Kamer, at the head of Newburgh Bay, where the river narrows, -or that Esopus was applied to Casper's Creek. On Van der Donck's map the -"barbarous nation" is given three castles on the south side of the -stream, which became known later (1643) as the Wappingers, who certainly -held jurisdiction on the east side of Newburgh Bay. The adjectival of -the name is no doubt from _Wáro,_ or _Waloh,_ meaning "Concave, -hollowing," a depression in land, low land, the latter expressed in -_ock (ohke),_ "land" or place. The same adjectival appears in -_Waronawanka_ at Kingston, and the same word in _Woronake_ on the Sound -at Milford, Ct., where the topography is similar. The foreign plural -_s_ extends the meaning to "Dwellers on," or inhabitants of. (See -Wahamenesing and {Waro?}nawanka.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] . . . "And thus with various windings it reaches a place which our - countrymen call Vischer's Rack, that is the Fisherman's Bend. And here - the eastern bank is inhabited by the Pachimi. A little beyond where - projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, there is a place - called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous nation, have - their abode. To these succeed, after a short interval, the - Waranawankconghs, on the opposite side of the river." (De Laet.) - - "At the Fisher's Hook are the Pachany, Wareneckers," etc. (Wassenaer.) - - -Mawenawasigh, so written in the Rombout Patent of 1684, covering lands -extending from Wappingers' Creek to the foot of the hills on the north -side of Matteawan Creek, was the name of the north boundmark of the -patent and not that of Wappingers' Creek. The Indian deed reads: -"Beginning on the south side of a creek called Matteawan, from thence -northwardly along Hudson's river five hundred yards _beyond_ the Great -Wappingers creek or kill, called Mawenawasigh." The stream was given -the name of the boundmark and was introduced to identify the place that -was five hundred yards north of it, _i. e._ the rocky point or -promontory through which passes the tunnel of the Hudson River R. R. at -New Hamburgh. The name is from _Mawe,_ "To meet," and _Newásek,_ [FN] -"A point or promontory"--literally, "The promontory where another -boundary is met." The assignment of the name to Wappingers' Falls is as -erroneous as its assignment to the creek. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Nawaas,_ on the Connecticut, noted on the Carte Figurative of - 1614-16, is very distinctly located at a point on the head-waters of - that river. - - _Neversink_ is a corruption of _Newas-ink,_ "At the point or promontory." - - -Wahamanesing is noted by Brodhead (Hist. N. Y.) as the name of -Wappingers' Creek--authority not cited and place where the stream was -so called not ascertained. The initial W was probably exchanged for M -by mishearing, as it was in many cases of record. _Mah_ means "To meet," -_Amhannes_ means "A small river," and the suffix _-ing_ is locative. The -composition reads: "A place where streams come together," which may have -been on the Hudson at the mouth of the creek. In Philadelphia -_Moyamansing_ was the name of a marsh bounded by four small streams. -(N. Y. Land Papers, 646.) Dr. Trumbull in his "Indian Names on the -Connecticut," quoted _Mahmansuck_ (Moh.), in Connecticut, with the -explanation, "Where two streams come together." The name was extended -to the creek as customary in such cases. The Wahamanesing flows from -Stissing Pond, in northern Duchess County, and follows the center of a -narrow belt of limestone its entire length of about thirty-five miles -southwest to the Hudson, which it reaches in a curve and passes over a -picturesque fall of seventy-five feet to an estuary. From early Dutch -occupation it has been known or called Wappinck (1645), Wappinges and -Wappingers' Kill or creek, taking that name presumably from the clan -which was seated upon it of record as "Wappings, Wappinges, Wapans, or -Highland Indians." [FN-1] On Van der Donck's map three castles or -villages of the clan are located on the south side or south of the -creek, indicating the inclusion in the tribal jurisdiction of the lands -as far south as the Highlands. From Kregier's Journal of the "Second -Esopus War" (1663), it is learned that they had a principal castle in -the vicinity of Low Point and that they maintained a crossing-place to -Dans Kamer Point. Their name is presumed to have been derived from -generic _Wapan,_ "East"--_Wapani,_ "Eastern people" [FN-2]--which could -have been properly applied to them as residents on the east side of the -river, not "Eastern people" as that term is applied to residents of the -more Eastern States, but locally so called by residents on the west side -of the Hudson, or by the Delawares as the most eastern nation of their -own stock. They were no doubt more or less mixed by association and -marriage with their eastern as well as their western neighbors, but -were primarily of Lenape or Delaware origin, and related to the Minsi, -Monsey or Minisink clans on the west side of the river, though not -associated with them in tribal government. [FN-3] Their tribal -jurisdiction, aside from that which was immediately local, extended on -the east side of the river from Roelof Jansen's Kill (south of opposite -to the Catskill) to the sea. At their northern bound they met the tribe -known to the Dutch as the Mahicans, a people of eastern origin and -dialect, whose eastern limit included the valley of the Housatonic at -least, and with them in alliance formed the "Mahican nation" of Dutch -history, as stated by King Ninham of the Wappingers, in an affidavit in -1757, and who also stated that the language of the Mahicans was _not the -same_ as that of the Wappingers, although he understood the Mahicani. -Reduced by early wars with the Dutch around New Amsterdam and by contact -with European civilization, they melted away rapidly, many of them -finding homes in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, others at Stockbridge, -and a remnant living at Fishkill removing thence to Otsiningo, in 1737, -as wards of the Senecas. (Col. Hist. N. Y., vii, 153, 158.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Highland Indians" was a designation employed by the Dutch as - well as by the English. (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 440.) - - [FN-2] The familiar historic name _Wappingers_ seems to have been - introduced by the Dutch from their word _Wapendragers,_ "Armed men." - The tribe is first met of record in 1643, when they attacked boats - coming down from Fort Orange. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 12.) A map of - 1690 gives them a large settlement on the south side of the creek. - There is no _Opossum_ in the name, as some writers read it, although - some blundering clerk wrote _Oping_ for _Waping._ - - [FN-3] The relations between the Esopus Indians and the Wappingers were - always intimate and friendly, so much so that when the Mohawks made - peace with the Esopus Indians, in 1669, and refused to include the - Wappingers, it was feared by the government that further trouble would - ensue from the "great correspondence and affinity between them." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 427.) "Affinity," relationship by marriage, kinship - generally. - - Gov. Tryon, in his report in 1774, no doubt stated the facts correctly - when he wrote that the "Montauks and others of Long Island, Wappingers - of Duchess County, Esopus, Papagoncks, &c., of Ulster County, generally - denominated River Indians, spoke a language radically the same," and - were "understood by the Delawares, being originally of the same race." - (Doc Hist. N. Y., i, 765.) - - -Poughquag, the name of a village in the town of Beekman, Duchess County, -and primarily the name of what is now known as Silver Lake, in the -southeast part of the town, is from _Apoquague,_ (Mass.), meaning, "A -flaggy meadow," which is presumed to have adjoined the lake. It is from -_Uppuqui,_ "Lodge covering," and _-anke,_ "Land" or place. (Trumbull.) - -Pietawickquassick, a brook so called which formed a bound-mark of a -tract of land conveyed by Peter Schuyler in 1699, described as "On the -east side of Hudson's River, over against Juffrou's Hook, at a place -called by the Christians Jan Casper's Creek." The creek is now known as -Casper's Creek. It is the first creek north of Wappingers' Kill. -Schuyler called the place _Rust Plaest_ (Dutch, Rust-plaats), meaning -"Resting place, or place of peace." The Indian name has not been -located. It is probably a form or equivalent of _P'tukqu-suk,_ "A bend -in a brook or outlet." - -Wassaic, a village and a creek so called in the town of Amenia, Duchess -County, appears in N. Y. records in 1702, _Wiesasack,_ as the name of -a tract of land "lying to the southward of Wayanaglanock, to the -westward of Westenhoek creek." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 58); later, -"Near a place called Weshiack" (Ib. 65), "and thence northerly to a place -called Wishshiag, and so on about a mile northwest of ye Allum rocks." -[FN] (Ib. 75.) The name seems to have been applied to the north end of -West Mountain, where is located the ravine known as the Dover Stone -Church, about half a mile west of the village of Dover Plains. The -ravine is 20 to 25 feet wide at the bottom, 1 to 3 feet at the top, -30 to 40 feet long, and 40 to 50 feet high, hence called a church. The -Webotuck, a tributary of Ten Mile River, flows through the ravine. Dr. -Trumbull ("Indian Names in Connecticut") wrote: "_Wassiog,_ (Moh.), -alternate _Washiack,_ a west bound of the Mohegan country claimed by -Uncas; 'the south end of a very high hill' very near the line between -Glastonbury and Hebron," a place near Hartford, Conn., but failed to -give explanation of the name. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Wallam_--the initial _W_ dropped--literally, "Paint rocks," a - formation of igneous rock which, by exposure, becomes disintegrated - into soft earthy masses. There are several varieties. The Indians used - the disintegrated masses for paint. The name is met in some forms in - all Algonquian dialects. (See Wallomschack.) - - -Weputing, Weepitung, Webotuck, Weepatuck (N. Y. and Conn. Rec.), given -as the name of a "high mountain," in the Sackett Patent, was translated -by Dr. Trumbull, from Conn. Records: "_Weepatuck,_ 'Place of the narrow -pass,' or 'strait.'" (See Wassaic.) - -Querapogatt, a boundmark of the Sackett Patent, is, apparently, a -compound of _Quenne,_ "long," _pog_ (paug), "pond," and _att_ -locative--"Beginning at the (a) long pond." The name is met in -_Quine-baug,_ without locative suffix, signifying "Long Pond" simply. - -She'kom'eko, preserved as the name of a small stream which rises near -Federal Square, Duchess County, and flows thence north to Roelof -Jansen's Kill, was primarily the name of an Indian village conspicuous -in the history of the labors of the Moravian missionaries. [FN-1] It was -located about two miles south of Pine Plains in the valley of the -stream. Dr. Trumbull translated: "_She'com'eko,_ modern _Chic'omi'co,_ -from _-she, -che_ (from _mishe_ or _k'che_), 'great,' and _comaco,_ -'house,' or 'enclosed place'--'the great lodge,', or 'the great -village.'" [FN-2] We have the testimony of Loskiel that the occupants -of the village were "Mahicander Indians." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The field of the labors of the Moravian missionaries extended - to Wechquadnach, Pachquadnach, Potatik, Westenhoek and Wehtak, on the - Housatenuc. _Wechquadnach_ (Wechquetank, Loskiel) was at the end of - what is now known as Indian Pond, lying partly in the town of North - East, Duchess County, and partly in Sharon, Conn. It was the Gnadensee, - or "Lake of Grace," of the missionaries. _Wequadn'ach_ means "At the - end of the mountain" between which and the lake the Indian village - stood. _Pachquadn'ach_ was on the opposite side of the pond; it means - "Clear bare mountain land." _Wehtak_ means "Wigwam place." - _Pishgachtigok_ (Pach-gat-gock, German notation), was about twenty - miles south of Shekomeko, at the junction of Ten Mile River and the - Housatonuc. It means, "Where the river divides," or branches. (See - Schaghticoke.) _Westenhoek,_ noted above, is explained in another - connection. _Housatonuc,_ in N. Y. Land Papers _Owassitanuc,_ stands - for _A-wass-adene-uc,_ Abn.; in Delaware, _Awossi,_ "Over, over there, - beyond," _-actenne,_ "hill or mountain," with locative _-uk,_ "place," - "land"; literally, "A place beyond the hill." (Trumbull.) It is not - the name of either the hill or the river, to which it was extended, - but a verbal direction. An Indian village called Potatik by the - Moravian missionaries, was also on the Housatonuc, and is written in - one form, _Pateook._ - - [FN-2] A translation from the Delaware _Scha-gach-we-u,_ "straight," - and _meek_ "fish"--an eel--eel place--has been widely quoted. The - translation by Dr. Trumbull is no doubt correct. - - - -[Illustration: The Highlands West From Little Stony Brook] - - - -Shenandoah (Shenandoah Corners, East Fishkill) is an Iroquoian name of -modern introduction here. It is met in place in Saratoga County and at -Wyoming, Pa. (See Shannondhoi.) - -Stissing, now the name of a hill and of a lake one mile west of the -village of Pine Plains, Duchess County, is probably an apheresis of -_Mistissing,_ a "Great rock," and belongs to the hill, which rises 400 -or 500 feet above the valley and is crowned with a mass of naked rock, -described by one writer as "resembling a huge boulder transported there." - -Poughkeepsie, now so written, is of record in many forms of which -Pooghkeepesingh, 1683; Pogkeepke, 1702; Pokeapsinck, 1703; Pacaksing, -1704; Poghkeepsie, 1766; Poughkeepsie, 1767, are the earlier. The -locative of the name and the key to its explanation are clearly -determined by the description in a gift deed to Peter Lansing and Jan -Smedes, in 1683: "A waterfall near the bank of the river called -Pooghkeepesingh;" [FN-1] in petition of Peter Lansing and Arnout Velie, -in 1704: "Beginning at a creek called Pakaksing, by ye river side." -[FN-2] There are other record applications, but are probably extensions, -as Poghkeepke (1702), given as the name of a "muddy pond" in the -vicinity. Schoolcraft's interpretation, "Safe harbor," from -_Apokeepsing,_ is questioned by W. R. Gerard, who, from a personal -acquaintance with the locative, "A water-fall," writes: "The name refers -not to the fall, but to the basin of water worn out in the rocks at the -foot of the fall. Zeisberger would have written the word _Āpuchkìpìsink,_ -that is, 'At the rock-pool (or basin) of water.' _Ā-puchk-ìpìs-ink_ is -a composition of _-puchk,_ 'rock'; _ipis,_ in composition, 'little -water,' 'pool of water,' 'pond,' 'little lake,' etc." _Pooghk_ is no -doubt from _ápughk_ (apuchk), "rock." The stream has long been known -as the Fall Kill. Primarily there seems to have been three falls upon -it, of which _Matapan_ will be referred to later. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "This fifth day of May, 1683, appeared before me . . . a - Highland Indian called Massang, who declared herewith that he has given - as a free gift, a bouwery (farm) to Pieter Lansingh, and a bouwery to - Jan Smeedes, a young glazier, also a waterfall near the bank of the - river, to build a mill thereon. The waterfall is called Pooghkeepesingh - and the land Minnisingh, situated on the east side of the river." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 571.) - - [FN-2] Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 71. There are forty-nine record - orthographies of the term, from which a selection could be made as a - basis of interpretation. _Poghkeepke,_ for example, might be accepted - as meaning, "Muddy Pond," although there is neither a word or particle - in it that would warrant the conclusion. - - -Wynogkee, Wynachkee, and Winnakee are record forms of the name of a -district of country or place from which it was extended to the stream -known as the Fall Kill "Through which a kill called Wynachkee runs, -. . . including the kill to the second fall called Mattapan," is the -description in a gift deed to Arnout Velie, in 1680, for three flats -of land, one on the north and two on the south side of the kill. "A -flat on the west side of the kil, called Wynachkee" (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 545, 572), does not mean that the kill was called Wynachkee, but -the flat of land, to which the name itself shows that it belonged. The -derivatives are _Winne,_ "good, fine, pleasant," and _-aki_ (auke, -ohke), "land" or place; literally, "land." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] From the root _Wulit,_ Del. From the same root _Winne, Willi, - Wirri, Waure, Wule,_ etc. The name is met in equivalent forms in - several places. _Wenaque_ and _Wynackie_ are forms of the name of a - beautiful valley in Passaic county, N. J. (Nelson.) _Winakaki,_ - "Sassifras land--rich, fat land." _Winak-aki-ng,_ "At the Sassifras - place," was the Lenape name of Eastern Pennsylvania. (See Wanaksink.) - Eliot wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, "_Wunohke,_ good land." - The general meaning of the root is pleasurable sensation. - - -Mattapan, "the second fall," so called in the deed to Arnout Velie -(1680), was the name of a "carrying place," "the end of a portage, -where the canoe was launched again and its bearers reembarked." -(Trumbull.) A landing place. [FN] "At a place called Matapan, to the -south side thereof, bounded on the west by John Casperses Creek." (Cal. -Land Papers, 108.) (See Pietawick-quasick.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Mattappan,_ a participle of _Mattappu,_ "he sits down," denotes - "a sitting down place," or as generally employed in local names, the - end of a portage between two rivers, or from one arm of the sea to - another--where the canoe was launched again and its bearers reembarked. - (Trumbull.) In Lenape _Aan_ is a radical meaning, "To move; to go." - _Paan,_ "To come; to get to"; _Wiket-pann,_ "To get home"; _Paancep,_ - "Arrived"; _Mattalan,_ "To come upto some body"; logically, - _Mattappan,_ "To stop," to sit down, to land, a landing place. - - -Minnissingh is written as the name of a tract conveyed to Peter Lansing -and Jan Smedes by gift deed in 1683. (See Poughkeepsie.) _Minnissingh_ -is, apparently, the same word that is met in Minnisink, Orange County. -The locative of the tract has not been ascertained, but it was pretty -certainly on the "back" or upper lands. There was no island there. (See -Minnisink.) - -Eaquorisink is of record as the name of Crom Elbow Creek, and -_Eaquaquanessìnck_ as that of lands on the Hudson, in patent to Henry -Beekman, the boundary of which ran from the Hudson "east by the side of -a fresh meadow called _Mansakìn_ [FN-1] and a small run of water called -_Mancapawìmick._" In patent to Peter Falconier the land is called -Eaquaquaannessìnck, the meadow Mansakin, the small creek Nanacopaconick, -and Crom Elbow (Krom Elleboog, Dutch, '"crooked elbow'") Creek. -Eaquarysink is a compression of Eaquaquaannessinck. It was not the name -of the creek, but located the boundmark "as far as the small creek." -The composition is the equivalent of _Wequa,_ [FN-2] "end of"; _annes,_ -"small stream," and _ink,_ "at," "to," etc. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "A meadow or marsh land called Manjakan," is an equivalent - record in Ulster County. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 133.) "A fresh - meadow," _i. e._ a fresh water meadow, or low lands by the side of the - creek. - - [FN-2] Enaughqua, L. I.; _Yò anûck quaque,_ Williams; _Wequa, Weque, - Aqua, Ukwe, Echqu,_ etc., "end of." The word is met in many forms. - _Wehque,_ "as far as." (Eliot.) - - -Wawyachtanock, Indian deed to Robert Livingston, 1685; _Wawyachtanock, -Wawijachtanock, Wawigachtanock_ in Livingston Patent and -_Watwijachtonocks_ in association with "The Indians of the Long Reach" -(Doc. Hist. N. Y., 93, 97), is given as the name of a place--"The path -that leads to Wawyachtenock." In a petition for permission to purchase, -in 1702 (Col. Land Papers, 58), the description reads: "A tract of land -lying to the westward of Westenhoeks Creek [FN-1] and to ye eastward of -Poghkeepsie, called by ye Indians _Wayaughtanock._" It is presumed that -the locative of the name is now known as Union Corners, Duchess County, -where Krom Elleboog Creek, after flowing southwesterly, turns at nearly -a right angle and flows west to the Hudson, which it reaches in a -narrow channel between bluffs, a little south of Krom Elbow Point, -where a bend in the Hudson forms the north end of the Long Reach. The -first word of the name is from _Wawai,_ "Round about," "Winding around," -"eddying," as a current in a bend of a river. The second, _-tan, -ten, --ton_ means "current," by metonymie, "river," and _ock,_ means "land" -or place--"A bend-of-the-river place." The same name is met in -Wawiachtanos, in the Ohio country, [FN-2] and the prefix in many places. -(See Wawayanda.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Westenhoek is Dutch. It means "West corner." It was given by - the Dutch to a tract of land lying in a bend of Housatonuk river, long - in dispute between New York and Massachusetts, called by the Indians - W-nagh-tak-ook, for many years the name of the capital town of the - Mahican nation.(Loskiel.) Rev. Dr. Edwards wrote it Wnoghquetookooke - and translated it from an intimate acquaintance of the Stockbridge - dialect, "A bend-of-the-river-place." Mr. Gerard writes it, - Wamenketukok, "At the winding of the river." Now Stockbridge, Mass. - - [FN-2] "Tjughsaghrondie, alias Wawayachtenok." (Col. Hist. N. Y., iv, - 900; La Trobe's Translation of Loskiel, i, 23.) The first name, - Tjughsaghrondie, is also written Taghsaglirondie, and in other forms. - It is claimed to be from the Wyandot or Huron-Iroquoian dialect. In - History of Detroit the Algonquin is quoted Waweatunong, interpreted - "Circuitous approach," and the claim made that the reference was to - the bend in the Strait at Detroit at an elevation "from which a view - of the whole broad river" could be had. In Shawano, _Wawia'tan_ - describes bending or eddying water--with locative, "Where the current - winds about." The name is applicable at any place where the features - exist. - - -Metambeson, a creek so called in Duchess County, is now known as -Sawkill. It is the outlet of a lake called Long Pond. The Indian name -is from _Matt,_ negative and depreciatory, "Small, unfavorable," etc., -and _M'beson,_ "Strong water," a word used in describing brandy, -spirits, physic, etc. The rapidity of the water was probably referred -to. - -Waraughkameck--Waraukameck--a small lake in the same county, is now -known as "Fever Cot or Pine Swamp." The Indian name is probably an -equivalent of Len. _Wálagh-kamik,_ an enclosed hole or den, a hollow or -excavation. - -Aquassing--"At a creek called by the Indians Aquassing, and by the -Christians Fish Creek"--has not been located. _Aquassing_ was the end of -the boundary line, and may be from _Enaughquasink,_ "As far as." - -Tauquashqueick, given as the name of a meadow lying between Magdalen -Island [FN] and the main land, now known as "Radcliff's Vly," is -probably an equivalent of _Pauqua-ask-ek._ "Open or clear wet meadow -or vly." - - * * * * * - - [FN] Magdalen Island is between Upper and Lower Red-hook. The original - Dutch, Maagdelijn, supposed to mean "A dissolute woman," here means, - simply, "Maiden," _i. e._ shad or any fish of the herring family. (See - Magaat Ramis.) The name appears on Van der Donck's map of 1656. - - -Sankhenak and Saukhenak are record forms of the name given as that of -Roelof Jansen's Kil (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 612; French's Gazetteer.) -_Sauk-hannek_ would describe the mouth or outlet of the stream, and -_Sank-hannek_ would read "Flint-stone creek." Sauk is probably correct. -The purchase included land on both sides of the creek from "A small kil -opposite the Katskil," on the north, called _Wachhanekassik._ "to a -place opposite Sagertyes Kil, called Saaskahampka." The stream is now -known as Livingston's Creek. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The creek was the boundmark between the Wappingers and the - Mahicans. (See Wahamanessing.) - - -Wachanekassik, Indian deed to Livingston, 1683; _Waghankasick,_ patent -to Van Rensselaer, 1649, and other orthographies, is written as the -name of a small creek which marked the place of beginning of the -northwest boundmark of the Livingston Patent and the place of ending of -the southwest boundmark of the prior Van Rensselaer Patent of Claverack. -The latter reads; ". . . And so along the said Hudson River southward -to the south side of Vastrix Island, by a creek called Waghankasick, -thence easterly to Wawanaquasik," etc. The deed to Livingston conveyed -lands "On both sides of Roelof Jansen's Kill, [FN-1] called by the -Indians Sauk-henak," including lands "along the river's bank from said -Roeloff Jansen's Kill, northwards up, to a small stream opposite -Catskill named Wachanekasseck, and southwards down the river to -opposite the Sagertjes Kill, called by the Indians Saaskahampka." In -the Livingston Patent of 1684: "Eighteen hundred acres of woodland -lying between a small creek or kill lying over against Catskill called -Wachanakasseck and a place called Suaskahampka," and in patent of 1686: -"On the north by a line to be drawn from a certain creek or kill over -against the south side of Vastrix Island in Hudson's River, called -Wachankasigh," to which Surveyor John Beatty added more precisely on -his map of survey in 1715: "Beginning on the east side of Hudson's -River _southward_ from Vastrix Island, _at a place_ where a certain run -of water watereth out into Hudson's River, called in ye Indian tongue, -Wachankassik." The "run of water" is not marked on Beatty's map, nor on -the map of survey of the patent in 1798, but it is marked, from -existence or presumed existence, on a map of the boundary line between -New York and Massachusetts and seems to have been one of the several -small streams that flow down the bluff from the surface, apparently -about two miles and a half north of Roelof Jansen's Kill, in the -vicinity of the old Oak Hill station [FN-2] on the H. R. R., later -known as Catskill station. While referred to in connection with the -boundmark to identify its location, its precise location seems to have -been lost. In early days boundmarks were frequently designated in -general terms by some well known place. Hence we find Catskill spoken -of and particularly "the south end of Vastrix Island," a point that -every voyager on the Hudson knew to be the commencement of a certain -"rak" or sailing course. [FN-3] Hence it was that Van Rensselaer's -first purchase (1630) was bounded on the south by the south end of -Beeren or Mahican Island, and the second purchase by the south end of -Vastrix Island, which became the objective of the northwest bound of -Livingston's Patent. While the name is repeatedly given as that of the -stream, it was probably that of a place or point on the limestone bluff -which here bounds the Hudson on the east for several miles. Surveyor -Beatty's description, "Beginning at a place where," and the omission of -the stream on his map, and its omission on subsequent maps of the manor, -and the specific entry in the amended patent of 1715, "Beginning at a -certain place called by the Indians Wahankassek," admit of no other -conclusion, and the conclusion is, apparently, sustained by the name -itself, which seems to be from Moh. _Wakhununuhkōōsek,_ "A high point," -as a hill, mountain, peak, bluff, etc., from _Wakhu_, "hill, mountain," -_uhk,_ "end, point," and _ōōsic,_ "peak, pinnacle." etc. The reference -may have been to a point formed by the channel of the little stream -flowing down from the bluff above, or to some projection, but certainly -to the bluff as the only permanent objective on the Hudson. The -connection of the "small run of water" with the boundmark should -entitle it to more particular description than has been given to it by -local writers. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Named from Roeloff Jansen, Overseer of the Orphan Court under - the Dutch Government. (French.) - - [FN-2] Oak Hill station on the Hudson River R. R., about five miles - south of the city of Hudson, was so called from a hill in the interior - just north of the line of the town of Livingston, from which the land - slopes west towards the Hudson and south to Roelof Jansen's Kill. - - [FN-3] _Vastrix_ is a compression of Dutch _t'Vaste Rak_ as written on - Van der Donck's map of 1656, meaning, "The fast or steady reach or - sailing course," which began here. The island is the first island - lying north of the mouth of the Katskill. It is now known as Roger's - Island. - - -Nickankook, Kickua and Weckqashake are given as the names of "three -flats" which, with "some small flats," were included in the first -purchase by Livingston, and described as "Situate on both sides" of the -kill called Saukhenak (Roelof Jansen's Kill). The Indian deed also -included all land "Extending along the bank of the river northwards -from Roelof Jansen's Kill to a small stream opposite Catskill named -Wachanekassik." The names of the three flats are variously -spelled--Nickankooke, Nickankook, etc. The first has been translated -by Mr. Wm. R. Gerard from _Nichánhkûk,_ "At the bend in front." -_Kickua,_ the second, is untranslatable. _Wickquashaka, Wequakake,_ -etc., is the equivalent of _Wequaohke,_ "End land" or place. The kill -flows through a valley of broad and fertile flats, but near the Hudson -it breaks through the limestone bluff which forms the east line of the -Hudson, and its banks are steep and rocky. - -Saaskahampka, Indian deed; _Suaskahampka_ patent of 1684--the southwest -boundmark of the Livingston Patent, is described as "A dry gully at -Hudson's River." It is located about opposite Sawyer's Creek, north of -the present Saugerties or Esopus Creek. _Sasco,_ or as written _Saaska,_ -means "A swamp;" _Assisku_ (Del.), "Mud, clay"; _Asuskokámika,_ "Muddy -place," a gully in which no water was flowing. (Gerard.) - -Mananosick--"Along the foot of a high mountain to the path that goes to -Wawyactanock to a hill called by the Indians Mananosick." Also written -_Nanosick._ Eliot wrote, in the Natick dialect, _Nahōōsick,_ "Pinnacle," -or high peak. The indefinite and impersonal _M'_ or _Ma,_ prefixed, -would add "a" or "the" high peak. The hill has not been located except -in a general way as near the Massachusetts line. - -Nanapenahakan and Nanipanihekan are orthographies of the name of a -"creek or brook" described as "coming out of a marsh lying near unto -the hills where the heaps of stones lye." The stream flows to Claverack -Creek. The outlet waters of Achkookpeek Lake unite with it, from which -it is now called Copake Creek. It unites with Kinderhook Creek north of -the city of Hudson. - -Wawanaquasik, Claverack Patent, 1649; _Wawanaquassick,_ Livingston -Patent of 1686; _Wawauaquassick_ and _Mawauapquassek,_ patent of 1715; -_Mawanaqwassik,_ surveyor's notation, 1715; now written -_Mawanaquassick_--a boundmark of the Claverack Patent of 1649, and also -of the Livingston Patent, is described in the Claverack Patent, "To the -high woodland called Wawanaquasik," and in the Livingston Patent, "_To -a place_ called by the Indians Wawanaqussek, where the heapes of stone -lye, near to the head of a creek called Nanapenahaken, which comes out -of a marsh lying near unto the hills of the said heapes of stones, upon -which the Indians throw another as they pass by, from an ancient custom -among them." The heap of stones here was "on the south side of the path -leading to Wayachtanok," and other paths diverged, showing that the -place was a place of meeting. "To the high woodland," in the description -of 1649, is marked on the map of survey of 1715, "Foot of the hill," -apparently a particular point, the place of which was identified by the -head of the creek, the marsh and the heap of stones. The name may have -described this point or promontory, or it may have referred to the -place of meeting near the head of the creek, or to the end of the marsh, -but it is claimed that it was the name of the heap of stones, and that -it is from _Miáe,_ or _Miyáe,_ "Together"--_Mawena,_ "Meeting," -"Assembly"--frequently met in local names and accepted as meaning, -"Where paths or streams or boundaries come together;" and _Qussuk,_ -"stone"--"Where the stones are assembled or brought together," "A stone -heap." This reading is of doubtful correctness. Dr. Trumbull wrote that -_Qussuk,_ [FN-1] meaning "stone," is "rarely, perhaps never" met as a -substantival in local names, and an instance is yet to be cited where -it is so used. It is a legitimate word in some connections, however, -Eliot writing it as a noun in _Môhshe-qussuk,_ "A flinty rock," in the -singular number. If used here it did not describe "a heap of stones," -but a certain rock. On the map of survey of the patent, in 1798, the -second station is marked "Manor Rock," and the third, "Wawanaquassick," -is located 123 chains and 34 links (a fraction over one and one-half -miles) north of Manor Rock, as the corner of an angle. In the survey of -1715, the first station is "the foot of the hill"--"the high -woodland"--which seems to have been the _Mawan-uhqu-ōōsik_ [FN-2] of the -text. To avoid all question the heap of stones seems to have been -included in the boundary. It now lies in an angle in the line between -the townships of Claverack and Taghkanic, Columbia County, and is by -far the most interesting feature of the locative--a veritable footprint -of a perished race. Similar heaps were met by early European travelers -in other parts of the country. Rev. Gideon Hawley, writing in 1758, -described one which he met in Schohare Valley, and adds that the -largest one that he ever saw was "on the mountain between Stockbridge -and Great Barrington." Mass. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039.) The -significance of the "ancient custom" of casting a stone to these heaps -has not been handed down. Rev. Mr. Sergeant wrote, in 1734, that though -the Indians "each threw a stone as they passed, they had entirely lost -the knowledge of the reason for doing so," and an inquiry by Rev. -Hawley, in 1758, was not attended by a better result. [FN-3] The heaps -were usually met at resting places on the path and the custom of -throwing the stone a sign-language indicating that one of the tribe had -passed and which way he was going, but further than the explanation -that the casting of the stone was "an ancient custom," nothing may be -claimed with any authority. A very ancient custom, indeed, when its -signification had been forgotten. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Williams wrote in the Narraganset dialect _Qussuck,_ stone; - _Qussuckanash,_ stones; _Qussuckquon,_ heavy. Zeisberger wrote in the - Minsi-Lenape, _Ksucquon,_ heavy; _Achsun,_ stone; _Apuchk,_ rock. - Chippeway, _Assin,_ stone; _Aubik,_ rock. Old Algonquian, _Assin,_ - stone. Eliot wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, _Qussuk,_ a rock; - _Qussukquanash,_ rocks; _Hussunash,_ stones; _Hussunek,_ lodge or ledge - of rocks, and for _Hussimek_ Dr. Trumbull wrote _Assinek_ as an - equivalent, and _Hussun_ or _Hussunash,_ stones, as identical with - _Qussukqun,_ heavy. Eliot also wrote _-pick_ or _-p'sk,_ in compound - words, meaning "Rock," or "stone," as qualified by the adjectival - prefix, _Onap'sk,_ "Standing rock." - - [FN-2] Literally, "A meeting point," or sharp extremity of a hill. - - [FN-3] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039. The heap referred to by Rev. Hawley - was on the path leading to Schohare. It gave name to what was long - known as the "Stoneheap Patent." The heap is now in the town of - Esperance and near Sloansville, Schohare County. It is four rods long, - one or two wide, and ten to fifteen feet high. (French.) - - -Ahashewaghick and Ahashewaghkameck, the latter in corrected patent of -1715, is given as the name of the northeast boundmark of the Manor of -Livingston, and described as "the northernmost end of the hills that -are to the north of Tachkanick"--specifically by the surveyor, "To a -heap of stones laid together on a certain hill called by the Indians -Ahashawaghkik, by the north end of Taghanick hill or mountain"--has -been translated from _Nash-ané-komuk_ (Eliot), "A place between." Dr. -Trumbull noted _Ashowugh-commocke,_ from the derivatives -quoted--_Nashaué,_ "between"; _-komuk,_ "place," limited, enclosed, -occupied, _i. e._ by "a heap of stones laid together," probably by the -surveyor of the prior Van Rensselaer Patent, of which it was also a -boundmark. The hill is now the northeast comer of the Massachusetts -boundary line, or the north end of Taghkanick hills. - -Taghkanick, the name of a town in Columbia County and primarily of a -tract of land included in the Livingston Patent and located "behind -_Potkoke,_" is written _Tachkanick_ in the Indian deed of 1685; -_Tachhanick_ in the Indian deed of 1687-8; "Land called _Tachhanick_ -which the owners reserved to plant upon when they sold him _Tachhanick,_ -with the land called Quissichkook;" _Tachkanick,_ "having the kill on -one side and the hill on the other"; _Tahkanick_ (Surveyor's notation) -1715--is positively located by the surveyor on the east side of the kill -called by the Indians _Saukhenak,_ and by the purchasers Roelof Jansen's -Kill. Of the meaning of the name Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan wrote: -"_Tachanûk,_ 'Wood place,' literally, 'the woods,' from _Takone,_ -'forest,' and _ûk,_ 'place'"; which Dr. Trumbull regarded as "the least -objectionable" of any of the interpretations that had fallen under his -notice, and to which he added: "Literally, 'wild lands,' 'forest.'" It -would seem to be more probable that _Tachk, Taghk, Tachh, Tahk,_ etc., -represents _Tak_ (Taghk), with formative _an, Taghkan,_ meaning "wood;" -and _ek,_ animate plural added, "Woods," "trees," "forest." Dr. -O'Callaghan's _ûk_ (ook), "Land or place," is not in any of the -orthographies. The deed-sentence, "When they sold him Tachanick," reads -literally, from the name, "When they sold him the woods." The name was -extended to the reserved field, to the stream and to the mountain. [FN] -The latter is familiar to geologists in what is known as the Taconic -rocks. Translations of the name from Del. _Tuphanné,_ "Cold stream," -and _Tankkanné,_ "Little river," are without merit, although _Tankhanné_ -would describe the branch of Roelof Jansen's Kill on which the -plantation was located. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The purchasers claimed but the Indians denied having sold the - mountain. It was heavily wooded no doubt. Livingston claimed it from - having bought "the woods." The Moravian missionaries wrote, in 1744, - _W'takantschan,_ which Dr. Trumbull converted to _Ket-takone-wadchu,_ - "Great woody mountain." - - -Wichquapakat, Wichquapuchat, Wickquapubon, the latter by the surveyor, -given as the name of the southeast boundmark of the Livingston Patent -and therein described as "the south end of the hills," of which -Ahashawagh-kameck was the north. _Wichqua_ is surely an equivalent of -_Wequa_ (_Wehqua,_ Eliot), "As far as; ending at; the end or extreme, -point." [FN] Now the southwest corner on the Massachusetts line. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Robert Livingston, who wrote most of the Indian names in his - patent, was a Scotchman. He learned to "talk Dutch" in Rotterdam, and - picked up an acquaintance with the Indian tongues at Fort Orange - (Albany). Some of his orthographies are singular combinations. - - -Mahaskakook, a boundmark in the Livingston Patent, is described, in one -entry, as "A copse," _i. e._ "A thicket of underbrush," and in another -entry, "A cripple bush," _i. e._ "A patch of low timber growth"--Dutch, -_Kreupelbosch,_ "Underwood." Probably the Indian name has, substantially, -the same moaning. _Manask_ (Del.), "Second crop"; _-ask,_ "Green, raw, -immature"; _-ak,_ "wood"; _-ook_ (_ûk_), locative. The location has not -been ascertained. - -Nachawawakkano, given as the name of a creek described as a "creek which -comes into another creek," is an equivalent of _Léchau-wakhaune_ -(Lenape), "The fork of a river," a stream that forks another stream. -Aupaumut, the Stockbridge Historian, wrote, with locative suffix, -_Naukhuwwhnauk,_ "At the fork of the streams." - -Mawichnauk--"the place where the two streams meet being called -Mawichnauk"--means "The fork place," or place where the Nachawawakkano -and the Tawastaweka came together, or where the streams meet or flow -together. In the Bayard Patent the name is written Mawighanuck and -Wawieghanuck. (See Wawighanuck.) - -Shaupook and Skaukook are forms of the name assigned to the eastern -division of a stream, "which, a little lower down," was "called -Twastawekah," known later as Claverack Creek. It may be translated from -_Sóhk,_ Mass., "outlet," and _ûk,_ locative, "At the outlet" or mouth -of the stream. - -Twastawekah and Tawastawekah, given, in the Livingston Patent, as the -name of Claverack Creek, is described as a place that was below Shaukook, -The root is _Tawa,_ an "open space," and the name apparently an -equivalent of Lenape _Tawatawikunk,_ "At an open place," or an -uninhabited place, a wilderness. _Tauwata-wique-ak,_ "A place in the -wilderness." (Gerard.) - -Sahkaqua, "the south end of a small piece of land called Sahkaqua and -Nakawaewick"; "to a run of water on ye east end of a certain flat or -piece of land called in ye Indian tongue, Sahkahka; then south . . . one -hundred and forty rods to . . . where two runs of water come together -on the south side of the said flat; then west . . . to a rock or great -stone on the south corner of another flat or piece of low land called by -the Indians Nakaowasick." (Doc. Hist., iii, 697.) On the surveyor's map -Nakaowasick, the place last named, is changed to Acawanuk. From the -text, _Sahkaqua_ described "Land or place at the outlet or mouth of a -stream," from _Sóhk,_ "outlet," and _-ohke,_ "land" or place. The -second name _Nakawaewick_ (Nakaouaewik, Nakawasick, Acawasik) is -probably from _Nashauewasuck,_ "At (or on) a place between," _i. e._ -between the streams spoken of. - -Minnischtanock, in the Indian deed to Livingston, 1685, located the end -of a course described as "Beginning on the northwest side of Roelof -Jansen's Kill," and in the patent, "Beginning on the other side of the -creek that runs along the flat or plain land _over against_ -Minnisichtanock, and from thence along a small hill to a valley," etc. -The name has been interpreted "Huckleberry-hill place," from _Min,_ -"Small fruit or grain of any kind"; _-achtenne,_ "hill"; _-ûk,_ locative. - -Kackkawanick, written also Kachtawagick, Kachkawyick, and Kachtawayick, -is described in the deed, as "A high place to the westward of a high -mountain." Location has not been ascertained. From the map it seems to -have been a long, narrow piece of land between the hills. - -Quissichkook, Quassighkook, etc., one of the two places reserved by the -Indians "to plant upon" when they sold Tachkanik, is described in the -deed as a place "lying upon this (_i. e._ the west) side of Roelof -Jansen's Kill" and "near Tachanik," the course running "thence along a -small hill to a valley that leads to a small creek called by the Indians -Quissichkook, and over the creek to a high place to the westward of a -high mountain called by the natives Kachtawagick." In a petition by -Philip Schuyler, 1686, the description reads: "Quassichkook, . . . -lying on the east side of Roelof Jansen's Kill," and the place as a tract -of woodland. The name was probably that of a wooded bluff on the east -side of the creek. It seems to be from _Kussuhkoc_ (Moh.), "high," and -_-ook,_ locative--"At, to or on a high place"--from which the stream and -the plantation was located. (See Quassaick.) - -Pattkoke, a place so called, also written _Pot-koke,_ gave name to a -large tract of land patented to Johannes Van Rensselaer in 1649. In -general terms the tract was described as lying "South of Kinder-hook, -[FN-1] east of Claverack, [FN-2] and west of Taghkanick" (Doc. Hist. -N. Y., iii, 617), and also as "Lying to the east of Major Abraham's -patent of Claverack." [FN-3] Specifically, in a caveat filed by John -Van Rensselaer, in 1761, "From the mouth of Major Staats, or Kinderhook -Kill, south along the river to a point opposite the south end of Vastrix -Island, thence easterly twenty-four English miles," etc. (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 307. See also, Wachanekasaik.) It was an immense tract, -covering about eight miles on the Hudson by twenty-four miles deep, and -became known as "The Lower Manor of Rensselaerswyck," but locally as -Claverack, from its frontage on the river-reach so called. The name was -that of a particular place which was well known from which it was -extended to the tract. In "History of Columbia County" this particular -place is claimed to have been the site of an Indian village situate -"about three (Dutch, or nine English) miles inland from Claverack." -(Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 84.) The record does not give the name, nor does -it say "village," but place. The local story is, therefore, largely -conjectural. The orthographies of the name are imperfect. Presumably, -they may be read from Mass. _Pautuckoke,_ meaning "Land or country -around the falls of a stream," and the reference to some one of the -several falls on Claverack Creek, or on Eastern Creek, its principal -tributary. Both streams were included in the patent, and both are marked -by falls and rifts, but on the latter there are several "cataracts and -falls of great height and surpassing beauty." "Nothing but a greater -volume of water is required to distinguish them as being among the -grandest in the world," adds the local historian. The special reference -by the writer was to the falls at the manufacturing village known as -Philmont, nine miles east of the Hudson, corresponding with the record -of the "place" where the Indians assembled in 1663-4. _Pautuck_ is met -in many forms. It means, "The falls of a stream." With the suffix, _-oke_ -(Mass. _-auke_), "Land, ground, place, unlimited"--"the country around -the falls," or the falls country. (See Potick.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Kinderhook is an anglicism of Dutch _Kinder-hoek,_ meaning, - literally, "Children's point, angle or corner." It dates from the - Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and hence is one of the oldest names on - Hudson's River. It is supposed to have been applied from a gathering of - Indian children on a point of land to gaze upon the ship of the early - navigator. It could not have been a Dutch substitute for an Indian name. - It is pure Dutch. It was not an inland name. The navigator of 1614-16 - did not explore the country. - - [FN-2] _Claverack_--Dutch, _Claverrak_--literally, "Clover reach--a - sailing course or reach, so called from three bare or open fields which - appear on the land, a fancied resemblance to _trefoil_ or three-leaved - clover," wrote Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal in - 1679-80. Presumably the places are specifically located in the patent - to Jan Frans van Heusen, May, 1667, on which the city of Hudson now - stands, which is described as "A tract of land which takes in three of - the Clavers on the south." From the locative the reach extended some - miles north and south and to lands which it bounded. It is still - preserved as the name of a creek, a town and a village. Of record it - dates back to De Laet's map of 1625-6, and is obviously much older. It - is possible that the "three bare places" were fields of white clover, - as has been claimed by one writer, but there is no record stating that - fact. Dankers and Sluyter, who wrote only fifty-four years after the - application of the name, no doubt gave correctly the account of its - origin as it was related to them by living witnesses. If interpreted as - were the names of other reaches, the reference would be to actual - clover fields. - - [FN-3] "Major Abraham" was Major Abraham Staats, who located on a neck - of land on the north side of "Major Staats' Creek," now Stockport Creek. - (See Ciskhakainck.) "West of Taghkanick," probably refers to the - mountains now so known. It means, literally, however, "The woods." - (See Taghkanick.) There was a heated controversy between the patroon of - Rensselaerswyck and Governor Stuyvesant in regard to the purchase of - the tract. It was decided in 1652 in favor of the former, who had, in - the meantime, granted several small leaseholds. (See Brodhead's Hist. - N. Y., i.) The first settlement by the patroon was in 1705 at Claverack - village. - - -Ciskhekainck and Cicklekawick are forms of the name of a place granted -by patent to Major Abraham Staats, March 25, 1667, and to his son in -1715, described as "Lying north of Claverack [Hudson], on the east side -of the river, along the Great Kill [Kinderhook Creek], to the first fall -of water; then to the fishing place, containing two hundred acres, more -or less, bounded by the river on one side and by the Great Kill on the -other." Major Staats had made previous settlement on the tract under -lease from Van Rensselaer. His house and barn were burned by the Indians -in the Esopus war of 1663. In 1715, he being then dead, his son, Abraham, -petitioned for an additional tract described as "Four hundred acres -adjoining the north line of the neck of land containing two hundred -acres now in his possession, called Ciskhekainck, on the north side of -Claverack, on ye east side of Hudson's River." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -118.) The petition was granted and the two parcels consolidated. The -particular fall referred to is probably that now known as Chittenden's, -on Kinderhook (now Stockport) Creek, a short distance west of Stockport -Station. It may be called a series of falls as the water primarily -descended on shelves or steps. It was noted as remarkable by Dankens -and Sluyter in 1679-80. [FN] Claverack Creek unites with Stockport Creek -just west of the falls. In other connections both streams are called -mill streams. In the Stephen Bayard patent of 1741, the name of the fall -on Stockport Creek is noted as "A certain fall . . . called by the -Indians _Kasesjewack_" The several names are perhaps from _Cochik'uack_ -(Moh.), "A wild, dashing" stream. _Cochik'uack,_ by the way, is one of -the most corrupted names of record. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "We came to a creek, where, near the river, lives a man whom they - call the Child of Luxury (_t'kinder van walde_). He had a sawmill on - the creek or waterfall, which is a singular one. The water falls quite - steep in one body, but it comes down in steps, with a broad rest - sometimes between them. These steps were sixty feet or more high, and - were formed out of a single rock." - - -Kesieway's Kil, described in an Indian deed to Garritt van Suchtenhorst, -1667-8. "A certain piece of land at Claverack between the bouwery of -Jan Roother and Major Abraham Staats, beginning at a fall at the kil -called Kesieway's Kil." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 51, 57.) The tract seems -to have been on Claverack Creek south of Stockport "Jan Roothers" is -otherwise written, "Jan Hendricksen, alias Jan Roothaer." _Roth_ (German) -means "red," _-aer_ is from German _Haar_ (hair). He was known locally -as "Jan, the red-head." The location of the fall has not been -ascertained. _Kashaway_ Creek is a living form of the name in the town -of Greenport, Columbia County. On the opposite side of the Hudson the -same name apparently, appears in Keesieway, Kesewey, etc., as that of a -"chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians. (See Keessienwey's Hoeck.) - -Pomponick, Columbia County. (N. Y. Land Papers.) _Pompoenik,_ a fort to -be erected at "about the barn of Lawrence van Alen." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., -ii, 90.) _Pompoen_ is Dutch for pumpkin. The name is also written as -that of an Indian owner--"the land bought by Jan Bruyn of Pompoen." -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 545.) Pompoeneck is the form of the signature -to deed. - -Mawighanuck, Mawighunk, Waweighannuck, Wawighnuck, forms of the name -preserved as that of the Bayard Patent, Columbia County, described as a -place "Lying to the northwest of Kinderhook, about fifteen miles from -Hudson's River, upon Kinderhook River and some branches thereof, part of -which tract is known by the Indian name of Mawighanuck." The particular -"part" noted has not been located, but it seems to have been where one -of the branches of Kinderhook Creek united with that stream. (See -Mawichnauk.) - -Mogongh-kamigh, a boundmark of the Bayard Patent (Land Papers, 245), is -located therein, "From a fall on said river called by the Indians -Kasesjewack to a certain place called by the natives Mogongh-kamigh, -then up the southeast branch," etc. The name means, probably, "Place of -a great tree." - -Kenaghtiquak, "a small stream" so called, was the name of a boundmark of -the Peter Schuyler Patent, described, "Beginning where three oak trees -are marked, lying upon a small creek, to the south of Pomponick, called -by the Indians Kenaghtiquak, and running thence," etc. It probably -stands for _Enaughtiqua-ûk,_ "The beginning place." - -Machachoesk, a place so called in Columbia County, has not been located. -It is described of record as a place "lying on both sides of Kinderhook -Creek," and may have taken its name from an adjacent feature. - -Wapemwatsjo, the name of a hill in Columbia County, is a Dutch -orthography of _Wapim-wadchu,_ "Chestnut Hill." The interpretation is -correctly given in the accompanying alternate, "or Karstengeberg" -(Kastanjeberg, Dutch), "Chestnut Hill." - -Kaunaumeek, an Indian village sixteen miles east of Albany, in the town -of Nassau, Rensselaer County, was the scene of the labors of Moravian -missionaries, and especially of Missionary Brainerd. It was long known -as Brainerd's Bridge, and is now called Brainerds. The name is Lenape -(German notation) and the equivalent of _Quannamáug,_ Nar., _Gunemeek,_ -Len., "Long-fish place," a "Fishing-place for lampreys." The form, -Kaunaumeek, was introduced here by the Moravian missionaries. - -Scompamuck is said to have been the name of the locality now covered by -the village of Ghent, Columbia County, perhaps more strictly the head -of the outlet of Copake Lake where an Indian settlement is located on -early maps. The suffix, _-amuck,_ is the equivalent of _-amaug,_ "fishing -place." _Ouschank-amaug,_ from _Ousch-acheu,_ "smooth, slippery," hence -eel or lamprey--"a fishing-place for eels." - -Copake, the modern form of the name of a lake in Columbia County, is of -record _Achkookpeek_ (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii. 628), meaning, literally, -"Snake water," from _Achkook,_ "Snake," and _-péek,_ "Water place," pool -or pond. Hendrick Aupaumut, the Historian of the Stockbridge-Mahicans, -wrote: "_Ukhkokpeck;_ it signifies snake-water, or water where snakes -are abundant." On a map of the boundary line between Massachusetts and -New York an Indian village is located at the outlet of the lake, -presumably that known as Scompamuck. - -Kaphack, on Westenhook River, a place described as "Beginning at an -Indian burying-place hard by Kaphack," probably means "A separate -place"--"land not occupied." The tract began at "an Indian -burying-place," and presumably took its name therefrom. _Chépeck,_ "The -dead;" _Chépeack,_ "Place of the dead." (See Shapequa.) - -Valatie, the name of a village in Columbia County, is Dutch. It means -"Vale, valley, dale, dell," and not "Little Falls," as rendered in -French's Gazetteer. _Waterval_ is Dutch for "Waterfall." _Vallate,_ Low -Latin for "valley," is the derivative of _Valatie,_ as now written. - -Schodac, now covered by the village of Castleton (Schotax, 1677; -Schotack, 1768), was the place of residence of Aepjin, sachem, or "peace -chief," of the Mahicans. [FN-1] It has been translated from _Skootay,_ -Old Algonquian (_Sqúta,_ Williams), "fire," and _-ack,_ "place," -literally, "Fire Place," or place of council. It was extended to Smack's -Island, opposite Albany, which was known to the early Dutch as -"Schotack, or Aepjen's Island." It is probable, however, that the -correct derivative is to be found in _Esquatak,_ or Eskwatak, the record -name of the ridge of land east of Castleton, near which the Mahican fort -or palisaded village was located, from which Castleton takes its name. -_Esquatak_ is pretty certainly an equivalent of _Ashpohtag_ (Mass.), -meaning "A high place." Dropping the initial _A,_ and also the letter -_p_ and the second _h,_ leaves Schotack or Shotag; by pronunciation -Schodac. Eshodac, of which Meshodack [FN-2] is another form, the name of -a high peak in the town of Nassau, Rensselaer County, has become Schodac -by pronunciation. It has been claimed that the landing which Hudson made -and so particularly described in Juet's Journal, was at Schodac. [FN-3] -The Journal relates that the "Master's mate" first "went on land with -an old savage, the governor of the country, who carried him to his house -and made him good cheere." The next day Hudson himself "Sailed to the -shore, in one of their canoe's, with an old man who was chief of a tribe -consisting of forty men and seventeen women," and it is added, "These I -saw there in a house well constructed of oak bark and circular in shape, -so that it had the appearance of being built with an arched roof." -Presumably the house was near the shore of the river and in occupation -during the fishing and planting season. The winter castle was further -inland. The "arched roof" indicates that it was one of the "long" houses -so frequently described, not a cone-like cabin. The "tribe" was the -sachem's family. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Aepjin's name appears of record first in 1645 as the - representative of the Westchester County clans in negotiating a treaty - of peace with the Dutch. In the same capacity he was at Esopus in 1660. - He could hardly have been the "old man" whom Hudson met in 1609. In one - entry his name is written "Eskuvius, alias Aepjin (Little Ape)," and in - another "Called by the Dutch Apeje's (Little Ape's) Island." He may have - been given that name from his personal appearance, or it may have been - a substitute for a name which the Dutch had heard spoken. Eliot wrote, - "_Appu,_ He sits; he rests, remains, abides; _Keu Apean,_ Those that - sittest," descriptive of the rank of a resident ruler or peace chief, - one of a class of sachems whose business it was to maintain the - covenants between his own and other tribes, and negotiate treaties of - peace on their behalf or for other tribes when called upon. From his - totemic signature he was of the Wolf tribe of the Mahicans. (See - Keessienway's Hoeck.) - - [FN-2] The prefixed _M,_ sometimes followed by a short vowel or an - apostrophe (M'), has no definite or determinate force. (Trumbull.) - - [FN-3] The Journal locates the place at Lat. 42 deg. 18 min. This would - be about five miles (statute) north of the present city of Hudson. - "But," wrote Brodhead, "Latitudes were not as easily determined in - those days as they are now; and a careful computation of the distances - run by the Half-Moon, as recorded in Juet's day-book, shows that on the - 18th of September, 1609, when the landing occurred, she must have been - 'up six leagues higher' than Hudson, in the neighborhood of Schodac and - Castleton." - - -Sickenekas, given as the name of a tract of land on the east side of the -river, "opposite Fort Orange (Albany), above and below," dates from a -deed to Van Rensselaer, 1637, the name of one of the grantors of which -is written Paepsickenekomtas. The name is now written Papskanee and -applied to an island. - -Sicajoock, (Wickagjock, Wassenaer), is given as the name of a tract on -the east side of the river extending from Smack's Island to Castle Island -where it joined lands "called Semesseeck," Gesmessecks, etc., which -extended north to Negagonse, "being about twelve miles (Dutch), large -measure." The northern limit seems to have been Unuwat's Castle on the -north side of a stream flowing to the Hudson north of "opposite to -Rensselaer's Kil and waterfall." _Sicajoock_ (Dutch notation), "Black, -or dark colored earth," from _Sûcki_ "Dark colored, inclining to black," -and _-ock,_ "land." The same name is written Suckiage (_ohke_) in -application to the Hartford meadows, Conn. - -Gesmesseeck, a tract of land so called, otherwise entered of record -"Nawanemit's particular land called _Semesseerse,_ lying on the east -bank, opposite Castle Island, off unto Fort Orange." "Item--from -Petanoc, the mill stream, away north to Negagonse." In addition Van -Rensselaer then purchased lands held in common by several owners, -"extending up the river, south and north" from Fort Orange, "unto a -little south of Moeneminnes castle," "being about twelve miles, large -measure." Moeneminne's castle was on Haver Island at Kahoes. -_Semesseerse_ is the form of the name in deed as printed in Col. Hist. -N. Y., vol. i, p. 44, and Gesmesseecks p. 1, v. iv. Kesmesick is another -form and perhaps also Taescameasick. (See Patuckquapaen.) The several -forms of the name illustrate the effort on the part of the early Dutch, -who were then limitedly acquainted with the Indian tongue, to give -orthographies to the names which they heard spoken. - -Passapenoc, Pahpapaenpenock and Sapanakock, forms of the name of Beeren -Island, lying opposite Coeymans, is from an edible tuber which was -indigenous on it. [FN] The Dutch name Beeren or Beerin, means, literally, -"She bear," usually called Bear's Island. De Laet wrote "Beeren" in 1640. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The Indians frequently designated places by the names of esculent - or medicinal roots which were there produced. In the Algonquin language - the generic names for tubers was _pen,_ varying in some dialects to - _pin, pena, pon,_ or _bun._ This name seems originally to have belonged - to the common ground nut: _Apias tuberosa._ Abnaki, _pen,_ plural, - _penak._ Other species were designated by prefixes to this generic, and, - in the compositions of place names, was employed to denote locality - (_auk, auki, ock,_ etc.), or by an abundance verb (_kanti-kadi_). Thus - _p'sai-pen,_ 'wild onions,' with the suffix for place, _ock,_ gave - _p'sai-pen-auk,_ or as written by the Dutch, _Passapenock,_ the Indian - name for Beeren Island." (J. H. Trumbull, Mag. of Am. Hist I, 387.) - - -Patuckquapaen and Tuscumcatick are noted in French's Gazetteer as names -of record in what is now the town of Greenbush, Rensselaer County, -without particular location. The first is in part Algonquian and in part -Dutch. The original was, no doubt, _Patuckquapaug,_ as in Greenwich, -Ct., meaning "Round pond." The Dutch changed _paug_ to _paen_ descriptive -of the land--low land--so we have, as it stands, "Round land," "elevated -hassocks of earth, roots," etc. (See Patuckquapaug.) The second name is -written in several forms--Taescameatuck, Taescameesick, and -Gessmesseecks. _Greenbush_ is an anglicism of _Gran Bosch,_ Dutch, -meaning, literally, "Green forest." The river bank was fringed by a long -stretch of spruce-pine woods. Dutch settlement began here about 1631. -In 1641 a ferry was established at the mouth of the _Tamisquesuck_ or -Beaver Creek, and has since been maintained. About the same year a small -fort, known as Fort Cralo, was constructed by Van Rensselaer's -superintendent. - -Poesten Kill, the name of a stream and of a town in Rensselaer County, -is entered in deed to Van Rensselaer in 1630, "Petanac, the mill stream"; -in other records, "_Petanac,_ the Molen Kil," and "De Laet's Marlen Kil -and Waterval." _Petanac,_ the Indian name, is an equivalent of -Stockbridge _Patternac,_ which King Ninham, in an affidavit, in 1762, -declared meant "A fall of water, and nothing more." "Molen Kil" (Dutch), -means "mill water." "De Laet's Marlen Kil ende Waterval," locates the -name as that of a well-known waterfall on the stream of eighty feet. -Weise, in his "History of Troy," wrote: "Having erected a saw-mill upon -the kill for sawing posts and timber, which was known thereafter as -Poesten mill, the name became extended to the stream," an explanation -that seems to bear the marks of having been coined. From the character -of the stream the name is probably a corruption of the Dutch _Boosen,_ -"An angry stream," because of its rapid descent. The stream reaches the -Hudson on the north line of Troy. (See Gesmessecks.) - -Paanpaach is quoted by Brodhead (Hist. N. Y.) as the name of the site of -the city of Troy. It appears in 1659 in application to bottom lands known -as "The Great Meadows," [FN-1] lying under the hills on the east side of -the Hudson. At the date of settlement by Van der Huyden (1720), it is -said there were stripes or patches within the limits of the present city -which were known as "The corn-lands of the Indians," [FN-2] from which -the interpretation in French's Gazetteer, "Fields of corn," which the -name never meant in any language. The name may have had an Indian -antecedent, but as it stands it is Dutch from _Paan-pacht,_ meaning "Low, -soft land," or farm of leased land. The same name appears in _Paan-pack,_ -Orange county, which see. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Weise's Hist. of Troy. - - [FN-2] Woodward's Reminiscences of Troy. - - -Piskawn, of record as the name of a stream on the north line of Troy, -describes a branch or division of a river. Rale wrote in Abnaki, -"_Peskakōōn,_ branche," of which _Piskawn_ is an equivalent. - -Sheepshack and Pogquassick are record names in the vicinity of -Lansingburgh. The first has not been located. It seems to stand for -_Tsheepenak,_ a place where the bulbous roots of the yellow lily were -obtained--modern Abnaki, _Sheep'nak._ _Pogquassick_ appears as the name -of a "piece of woodland on the east side of the river, near an island -commonly called Whale-fishing Island," correctly, Whalefish Island. [FN] -This island is now overflowed by the raising of the water by the State -dam at Lansingburgh. The Indian name does not belong to the woodland; -it locates the tract near the island, in which connection it is probably -an equivalent of _Paugasuck,_ "A place at which a strait widens or opens -out" (Trumbull), or where the narrow passage between the island and the -main land begins to widen. In the same district _Pogsquampacak_ is -written as the name of a small creek flowing into Hoosick River. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Whale-fishing Island" is a mistranslation of "Walvish Eiland" - (Dutch), meaning simply "Whale Island." It is related by Van der Donck - (1656) that during the great freshet of 1647, a number of whales - ascended the river, one of which was stranded and killed on this - island. Hence the name. - - -Wallumschack, so written in return of survey of patent granted to -Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1738, for lands now in Washington -County; _Walloomscook,_ and other forms; now preserved in Walloomsac, as -the name of a place, a district of country, and a stream flowing from a -pond on the Green Mountains, in the town of Woodford, near Bennington, -Vermont. [FN-1] It has not been specifically located, but apparently -described a place on the adjacent hills where material was obtained for -making paints with which the Indians daubed their bodies. (See Washiack.) -It is from a generic root written in different dialects, _Walla, Wara_ -etc., meaning "Fine, handsome, good," etc., from which in the Delaware, -Dr. Brinton derived _Wálám,_ "Painted, from the sense to be fine in -appearance, to dress, which the Indians accomplished by painting their -bodies," and _-'ompsk_ (Natick), with the related meaning of standing or -upright, the combination expressing "Place of the paint rocks." [FN-2] -The ridges of many of the hills as well as of the mountains in the -district are composed of slate, quartz, sandstone and limestone, which -compose the Takonic system. By exposure the slate becomes disintegrated -and forms an ochery clay of several colors, which the Indians used as -paint. The washing away of the rock left the quartz exposed in the form -of sharp points, which were largely used by the Indians for making axes, -lance-heads, arrow points, etc. Some of the ochre beds have been -extensively worked, and plumbago has also been obtained. White Creek, -in the same county, takes that name from its white clay banks. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Vermont is from _Verd Montagne_ (French), meaning "Green - Mountains," presumably from their verdure, but actually from the - appearance of the hills at a distance from the color of the rocks - reflected in the atmosphere. To the Indian they were Wal'ompskeck, - "fine, handsome rocks." - - [FN-2] An interpretation of the name from the form Wallumscnaik, in - Thompson's Hist. Vermont, states that "The termination _'chaik'_ - signifies in the Dutch language, 'scrip.' or 'patent.'" This is - erroneous. There is no such word as _chaik_ in the Dutch language. The - _ch_ in the name here stands for _k_ and belongs to _'ompsk._ - - -Tomhenack, Tomhenuk, forms of the name given as that of a small stream -flowing into the Hoosick from the north, [FN] takes that name, -apparently, from an equivalent of _Tomheganic,_ Mass., _Tangamic,_ Del., -a stone axe or tomahawk, referring to a place where suitable stones were -obtained for making those implements. (Trumbull.) (See Wallumschack.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "At a creek called Tomheenecks, beginning at the southerly bounds - of Hoosick, and so running up southerly, on both sides of said creek, - over the path which goes to Sanckhaick." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 194; - petition of John de Peyster, 1730.) - - -Tyoshoke, now the name of a church at San Coick, Rensselaer County, is -probably from an equivalent of _Toyusk,_ Nar., "a bridge," and _ohke,_ -"Place"--a place where the stream was crossed by a log forming a bridge. -It was a well-known fording place for many years, and later became the -site of Buskirk's Bridge. - -Sanckhaick, now San Coick, a place in North Hoosick, Rensselaer County, -appears of record in petition of John de Peyster in 1730, and in Indian -deed to Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1732, for a certain tract of -land "near a place called Sanckhaick." The place, as now known, is near -the junction of White Creek and the Wallompskack, where one Van Schaick -made settlement and built a mill at an early date. In 1754 his buildings -were burned by Indian allies of the French. After the war of that period -the mill was rebuilt and became conspicuous in the battle of Bennington, -Aug. 16, 1777. It is claimed that the name is a corruption of Van -Schaick. Col. Baume, commandant of the Hessians in the battle of -Bennington (1777) wrote it Sancoik, which is very nearly Van Schaick. - -Schaghticoke, now so written as the name of a town in the northeast -corner of Rensselaer County, and in other connections, is from -_Pishgachtigok_ Mohegan, meaning "Land on the branch or division of a -stream." The locative of the name was at the mouth of Hoosick River on -the Hudson, in Washington County. The earliest record (1685) reads, -"Land at _Schautecógue_" (-ohke). It is a generic name and appears in -several forms and at several places. _Pishgachtigok_ is a form on the -west side of the Housatonic at and near the mouth of Ten-Mile River. It -was the site of an Indian village and the scene of labor by the Moravian -missionaries. In some cases the name is written with locative, "at," -etc., in others, with substantive meaning land or place, and in others -without suffix. Writes Mr. Gerard, "The name would probably be correctly -written _P'skaghtuk-uk,_" when with locative "at." [FN] Although first -of record in 1685, its application was probably as early as 1675, when -the Pennacooks of Connecticut, fleeing from the disastrous results of -King Phillip's War in which they were allies, found refuge among their -kindred Mahicans, and later were assigned lands at Schaghticoke by -Governor Andros, where they were to serve as allies of the Mohawks. They -seem to have spread widely over the district and to have left their -footprints as far south as the Katskill. It is a tradition that -conferences were held with them on a plain subsequently owned by -Johannes Knickerbocker, some six miles east of the Hudson, and that a -veritable treaty tree was planted there by Governor Andros in 1676-7, -although "planting a tree" was a figurative expression. In later years -the seat of the settlement seems to have been around Schaghticoke hill -and point, where Mashakoes, their sachem, resided. (Annals of Albany, -v, 149.) In the French and Indian war of 1756, the remnant of the tribe -was carried away to Canada by the St. Francis Indians, an organization -of kindred elements in the French service. At one time they are said to -have numbered six hundred warriors. (See Shekomeko.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The root of the name is _Peske_ or _Piske_ (_Paske,_ Zeisb.), - meaning, primarily, "To split," "To divide forcibly or abruptly." - (Trumbull.) In Abnaki, _Peskétekwa,_ a "divided tidal or broad river or - estuary"--_Peskahakan_ (Rale), "branche." In the Delaware, Zeisberger - wrote _Pasketiwi,_ "The division or branch of a stream." _Pascataway,_ - Md., is an equivalent form. _Pasgatikook,_ Greene County, is from the - Mohegan form. _Paghataghan_ and _Pachkataken,_ on the east branch of - the Delaware, and _Paghatagkam_ on the Otterkill, Vt., are equivalent - forms of _Peskahakan,_ Abnaki. The Hoosick is not only a principal - branch, but it is divided at its mouth and at times presents the - appearance of running north in the morning and south at night. - (Fitch's Surv.) - - -Quequick and Quequicke are orthographies of the name of a certain fall -on Hoosick River, in Rensselaer County. In petition of Maria van -Rensselaer, in 1684, the lands applied for were described as "Lying on -both sides of a certain creek called Hoosock, beginning at ye bounds of -Schaakook, and so to a fall called Quequick, and thence upward to a -place called Nachacqikquat." (Cal. Land Papers, 27.) The name may stand -for _Cochik'uack_ (Moh.), "Wild, dashing" waters, but I cannot make -anything out of it. The first fall east of Schaakook (Schagticoke) -Patent is now known as Valley Falls, in the town of Pittstown -(Pittstown Station). - -Pahhaoke, a local name in Hoosick Valley, is probably an equivalent of -_Pauqna-ohke,_ "Clear land," "open country." It is frequently met in -Connecticut in different forms, as in Pahqui-oke, Paquiag, etc., the -name of Danbury Plains. The form here is said to be from the Stockbridge -dialect, but it is simply an orthography of an English scribe. It has -no relation whatever to the familiar Schaghticoke or Scat'acook. - -Panhoosick, so written in Indian deed to Van Rensselaer in 1652, for a -tract of land lying north and east of the present city of Troy, -extending north to nearly opposite Kahoes Falls and east including a -considerable section of Hoosick River, appears in later records as an -apheresis in Hoosick, Hoosack, and Hoosuck, in application to Hoosick -River, Hoosick Mountains, Hoosick Valley, Hoosick Falls, and in "Dutch -Hossuck," an early settlement described in petition of Hendrick van Ness -and others, in 1704, as "land granted to them by Governor Dongan in -1688, known by the Indian name of Hoosack." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -27, 74.) The head of the stream appears to have been the outlet of a -lake now called _Pontoosuc_ from the name of a certain fall on its -outlet called _Pontoosuck,_ "A corruption," wrote Dr. Trumbull, "of -_Powntucksuck,_ 'falls of a brook,' or outlet." "_Powntuck,_ a general -name for all falls," according to Indian testimony quoted by the same -writer. "_Pantuck,_ falls of a stream." (Zeisb.) Several interpretations -of the name have been suggested, of which the most probably correct is -from Massachusetts _Pontoosuck,_ which would readily be converted to -Hoosick or Panhoosick (Pontoosuck). It was applicable to any falls, and -may have had locative at Hoosick Falls as well as on the outlet of -Pontoosuck Lake. Without examination or warrant from the local dialect, -Heckewelder wrote in his Lenape tradition, "The Hairless or Naked Bear": -"_Hoosink,_ which means the basin, or more properly, the kettle." The -Lenape or Delaware _Hōōs,_ "certainly means, in that dialect, 'a pot or -kettle.' Figuratively, it might be applied to a kettle-shaped depression -in land or to a particular valley. _Hoosink_ means 'in' or 'at' the pot -or kettle. _Hoosack_ might be read 'round valley land,' or land with -steep sides." (Brinton.) Of course this does not explain the prefix -_Pan_, nor does it prove that _Hōōs_ was in the local dialect, which, -in 1652, was certainly Mahican or Mohegan. Still, it cannot be said that -the tradition was not familiar to all Algonquians in their mythical -lore. - -Heckewelder's tradition, "The Naked or Hairless Bear," has its -culmination at a place "lying east of the Hudson," where the last one -of those fabulous animals was killed. "The story," writes Dr. Brinton, -"was that the bear was immense in size and the most vicious of animals. -Its skin was bare except a tuft of white hair on the back. It attacked -and ate the natives and the only means of escape from it was to take to -the waters. Its sense of smell was remarkably keen, but its sight was -defective. As its heart was very small, it could not be easily killed. -The surest plan was to break its back-bone; but so dangerous was it that -those hunters who went in pursuit of it bade families and friends -farewell, as if they never expected to return. The last one was tracked -to Hoosink, and a number of hunters went there and mounted a rock with -precipitous sides. They then made a noise and attracted the beast's -attention, who rushed to the attack with great fury. As he could not -climb the rock, he tore at it with his teeth, while the hunters above -shot him with arrows and threw upon him great stones, and thus killed -him." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The Lenape and their Legends." - - -The Hoosick River flows from its head, near Pittsfield, Berkshire -County, in Massachusetts, through the Petersburgh Mountains between -precipitous hills, and carries its name its entire length. Fort -Massachusetts, in the present town of Adams, Mass., was on its borders -and in some records was called Fort Hoosick. It was captured by the -French and their Indians in 1746. The general course of the stream is -north, west, and south to the Hudson in the northwest corner of -Rensselaer County, directly opposite the village of Stillwater, -Saratoga County. There are no less than three falls on its eastern -division, of which the most considerable are Hoosick Falls, where the -stream descends, in rapids and cascades, forty feet in a distance of -twelve rods. Dr. Timothy Dwight, who visited it in the early part of the -19th century, described it as "One of the most beautiful rivers in the -world." "At different points," he wrote, "The mountains extend their -precipitous declivities so as to form the banks of the river. Up these -precipitous summits rise a most elegant succession of forest trees, -chiefly maple, beech and evergreens. There are also large spots and -streaks of evergreens, chiefly hemlock and spruce." Though, with a -single exception, entered in English records by the name of "Hoosick or -Schaahkook's Creek," it was, from the feature which especially attracted -Dr. Dwight's attention, known to the Iroquois as the _Ti-oneenda-howe,_ -or "The river at the hemlocks." [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] See Saratoga. _Ti-oneenda-howe_ was applied by the Mohawks to the - Hoosick, and _Ti-ononda-howe_ to the Batten Kill as positive boundmarks, - the former from its hemlock-clad hills (_onenda_), and the latter from - its conical hills (_ononda_). The late Horatio Hale wrote me: - "_Ti-ononda-howe_ is evidently a compound term involving the word - _ononda_ (or _ononta_), 'hill or mountain.' _Ti-oneenda-howe,_ in like - manner, includes the word _onenda_ (or _onenta_), 'hemlock.' There may - have been certain notable hills or hemlocks which as landmarks gave - names to the streams or located them. The final syllables _howe,_ are - uncertain." (See Di-ononda-howe.) - - -Cossayuna, said to be from the Mohawk dialect and to signify "Lake of -the pines," is quoted as the name of a lake in the town of Argyle, -Washington County. The translation is correct, substantially, but the -name is Algonquian--a corruption of _Coossa,_ "Pine," [FN] and _Gummee,_ -"Lake," or standing water. The terms are from the Ojibway dialect, and -were probably introduced by Dr. Schoolcraft. - - * * * * * - - [FN] It is of record that "the borders of Hudson's River above Albany, - and the Mohawk River at Schenectady," were known, in 1710, as "the best - places for pines of all sorts, both for numbers and largeness of trees." - (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 656.) Mass. _Kowas-'ktugh,_ "pine tree." The - name is met in many orthographies. - - -Anaquassacook, the name of a patent in Washington County, and also of a -village and of a stream of water, was, primarily, the name of a -boundmark. The locative has not been ascertained. _Anakausuk-ook,_ "At -the end of a course," or as far the brook. - -Podunk, a brook so called in the town of Fort Ann, Washington County, -is met in several other places. (See Potunk, L. I.) Its meaning has not -been ascertained. - -Quatackquaohe, entered on Pownal's map as the name of a tract of land on -the south side of a stream, has explanation in the accompanying entry, -"Waterquechey, or Quatackquaohe." Waterquechey (English) means "Moist -boggy ground," indicating that _Quatackquaohe_ is an equivalent of -_Petuckquiohke,_ Mass., "Round-land place," _i. e._ elevated hassocks -of earth, roots, etc. The explanation by Gov. Pownal may supply a key -to the translation of other names now interpreted indefinitely. - -Di-ononda-howe, a name now assigned to the falls on the Batten Kill -below Galeville, Washington County, is Iroquoian and of original -application to the stream itself as written in the Schuyler Patent. It -is a compound descriptive of the locality of the creek, the reference -being to the conical hills on the south side of the stream near the -Hudson, on one of which was erected old Fort Saratoga. The sense is, -"Where a hill interposes," between the object spoken of and the speaker. -The late Superintendent of the Bureau of Ethnology, Prof. J. W. Powell, -wrote me: "From the best expert information in this office, it may be -said that the phonetic value of the final two syllables _howe_ is far -from definite; but assuming that they are equivalent to _huwi_ (with the -European vowel values), the word-sentence Di-ononda-howe means, 'There -it has interposed (a) mountain,' Written in the Bureau alphabet, the -word-sentence would be spelled Ty-ononde-huwi. It is descriptive of the -situation of the creek, but not of the creek itself, and is applicable -to any mountain or high hill which appears between a speaker and some -other object." (See Hoosick.) - -Caniade-rioit is given as the name of Lake George, and "The tail of the -lake" as the definition, "on account of its connection with Lake -Champlain." (Spofford's Gazetteer.) Father Jogues, who gave to the lake -the name "Lac de Saint Sacrament" (Lake of the Holy Sacrament), in 1645, -wrote the Mohawk name, _Andiato-rocte_ (French notation), with the -definition, "There where the lake shuts itself in," the reference being -to the north end of the lake at the outlet. This definition is not far -from a correct reading of the suffix _octe_ (_okte,_ Bruyas), meaning -"end," or, in this connection, "Where the lake ends." _Caniade,_ a form -of _Kaniatare,_ is an Iroquoian generic, meaning "lake." The lake never -had a specific name. _Horicon,_ which some writers have endeavored to -attach to it, does not belong to it. It is not Iroquoian, does not mean -"north," nor does it mean "lake" or "silver water," [FN] The present -name was conferred by Sir William Johnson, in honor of King George III, -of England. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Horikans_ was written by De Laet, in 1624, as the name of an - Indian tribe living at the head waters of the Connecticut. On an ancient - map _Horicans_ is written in Lat. 41, east of the Narragansetts on the - coast of New England. In the same latitude _Moricans_ is written west - of the Connecticut, and _Horikans_ on the upper Connecticut in latitude - 42. _Morhicans_ is the form on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and - _Mahicans_ by the Dutch on the Hudson. The several forms indicate that - the tribe was the _Moricans_ or _Mourigans_ of the French, the _Maikans_ - or _Mahikans_ of the Dutch and the _Mohegans_ of the English. It is - certain that that tribe held the headwaters of the Connecticut as well - as of the Hudson. The novelist, Cooper, gave life to De Laet's - orthography in his "Last of the Mohegans." - - -Ticonderoga, familiar as the name of the historic fortress at Lake -George, was written by Sir William Johnson, in 1756, _Tionderogue_ and -_Ticonderoro,_ and in grant of lands in 1760, "near the fort at -_Ticonderoga._" Gov. Golden wrote _Ticontarogen,_ and an Iroquoian sachem -is credited with _Decariaderoga._ Interpretations are almost as numerous -as orthographies. The most generally quoted is from Spofford's Gazetteer: -"_Ticonderoga,_ from _Tsindrosie_, or _Cheonderoga,_ signifying -'brawling water,' and the French name, _Carillon,_ signifying 'a chime -of bells,' were both suggested by the rapids upon the outlet of Lake -George." The French name may have been so suggested, but neither -_Tsindrosie_ or _Cheonderoga_ means "brawling water." The latter is -probably an orthography of _Teonderoga._ Ticonderoga as now written, is -from _Te_ or _Ti,_ "dual," two; _Kaniatare,_ "lake," and _-ogen,_ -"intervallum, divisionem" (Bruyas), the combination meaning, literally, -"Between two lakes." Horatio Hale wrote me of one of the forms: -"_Dekariaderage,_ in modern orthography, _Tekaniataroken,_ from which -Ticonderoga, means, simply, 'Between two lakes.' It is derived from -_Tioken,_ 'between,' and _Kaniatara,_ 'lake.' Its composition illustrates -a peculiar idiom of the Iroquoian language, _Tioken_ when combined with -a noun, is split in two, so to speak, and the noun inserted. Thus in -combining _Tioken_ with _Ononte,_ 'mountain,' we have _Ti-ononte-oken,_ -'Between two mountains,' which was the name of one of the Mohawk -castles--sometimes written Theonondiogo. In like manner, _Kaniatare,_ -'lake,' thus compounded, yields _Te-kaniatare-oken,_ 'Between two lakes.' -In the Huron dialect _Kaniatare_ is contracted to _Yontare_ or _Ontare,_ -from which, with _io_ or _iyo,_ 'great,' we get _Ontario_ (pronounced -Ontareeyo), 'Great lake' which, combined with _Tioken,_ becomes -_Ti-onteroken,_ which would seem to be the original of Colden's -_Tieronderoga._" - -There is rarely an expression of humor in the use of Indian place-names, -but we seem to have it in connection with Dekariaderoga, one of the forms -of Ticonderoga quoted above, which is of record as having been applied -to Joseph Chew, Secretary of Indian Affairs, at a conference with chiefs -of the Six Nations. (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 501.) Said the sachem who -addressed Secretary Chew, "We call you Dekariaderoga, the junction of -two lakes of different qualities of water," presumably expressing -thereby, in keeping with the entertainment usually served on such -occasions, that the Secretary was in a condition between "water and -firewater." Neither "junction" or "quality of water" are expressed in -the composition, however; but perhaps are related meanings. - -Caniade-riguarunte is given by Governor Pownal as the Iroquoian name of -Lake Champlain, with the legend, "The Lake that is the gate of the -country." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1190.) The lake was the route taken -by the Algonquians of Canada in their forays against the Mohawks. Later, -it became a link in the great highway of travel and commerce between -New York and Quebec, via. Hudson's River, in which connection it was -literally "The gate of the country." The legend is not an interpretation -of the Iroquoian name, however. In the French missionary spelling the -generic word for "lake" is _Kaniatare_ of which _Caniaderi_ is an -English notation. The suffix _-guarûnte,_ in connection with -_Caniaderi,_ gives to the combination the meaning, "A lake that is part -of another lake." (J. B. N. Hewitt.) The suffix is readily confused with -_Karonta,_ or _-garonta_ (Mohawk), meaning "tree," from which, probably, -Fennimore Cooper's "Lake of the Woods." "Lake of the Iroquois," entered -on early maps, does not mean that when Champlain visited it in 1609 it -was owned by the Iroquois, but that it was the route from Quebec to the -Iroquois country. - - - - - On Long Island. - - - * * * * * - - - -Matouwackey, Sewanhackey and Paumanackey, in varying orthographies, -are names of record for Long Island, derived from _Meitauawack_ -(_Metaûhock,_ Nar.), the name of the shell-fish from which the Indians -made the shell-money in use among them, [FN-1] called by English _Peag,_ -from _Wau-paaeek_ [FN-2] (Moh.), "white," and by the Dutch _Sewan_ or -_Zeewan,_ [FN-3] from _Sewaûn_ (Moh.), _Sueki_ (Nar.), "black." This -money was both white and black (so called), the latter the most rare -and valuable. It was in use by the Europeans as a medium of trade with -the Indians, as well as among themselves, by the Indians especially for -the manufacture of their historic peace, tribute, treaty and war belts, -called _Paumaunak_ (_Pau-pau-me-numwe,_ Mass.), "an offering." [FN-4] -_Meitouowack,_ the material, _Waupoaeek_ and _Sewaûn,_ the colors; -_Paumanack,_ the use, "an offering." The suffix of either term (_hock, -hagki, hackee_) is generic for shell--correctly, "An ear-shaped shell." -(Trumbull.) Substantially, by the corruption of the suffix to _hacki_ -(Del.), "land" or place, the several terms, as applied to the island, -have the meaning, "The shell island," or "Place of shells." De Laet -wrote, in 1624: "At the entrance of this bay are situated several -islands, or broken land, on which a nation of savages have their abode, -who are called Matouwacks; they obtain a livelihood by fishing within -the bay, whence the most easterly point of the land received the name -of Fisher's Hook and also Cape de Bay." Van der Donck entered on his -map, "t' Lange Eyland, alias, Matouwacks." "Situate on the island called -by the Indians Sewanhacky." (Deed of 1636.) "Called in ye Indian tongue -Suanhackey." (Deed of 1639.) Than these entries there is no claim that -the island ever had a specific name, and that those quoted were from -shells and their uses is clear. Generically the island was probably -known to the Minsi and neighboring tribes as _Menatey,_ "The island," -as stated by Dr. Trumbull; smaller islands being known as _Menatan,_ from -which _Manathan_ and _Manhatan._ The occupants of the island were a -distinct group of Algonquian stock, speaking on the east a dialect more -or less of the Massachusetts type, and on the west that known as -Monsey-Lenape, both types, however, being largely controlled by the -Dutch and the English orthographies in which local notings appear. They -were almost constantly at war with the Pequods and Narragansetts, but -there is no evidence that they were ever conquered, and much less that -they were conquered by the Iroquois, to whom they paid tribute for -protection in later years, as they had to the Pequods and to the -English; nor is there evidence that their intercourse with the river -tribes immediately around them was other than friendly. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "_Meteauhock,_ the Periwinkle of which they made their wampum." - (Williams.) "Perhaps derived from _Mehtauog,_ 'Ear-shaped,' with the - generic suffix _hock_ (_hogki, hackee_), 'shell.'" (Trumbull.) - - [FN-2] _Wompompeag_ is another form quoted as Mohegan, from which - _Wompum._ "_Wompom,_ which signifies white." (Roger Williams.) - - [FN-3] _Seahwhoog,_ "they are scattered." (Eliot.) "From this word the - Dutch traders gave the name of _Sewan,_ or _Zeawand,_ to all shell - money; just as the English called all _Peag,_ or strung beads, by the - name of the white, _Wampum._" (Trumbull.) - - [FN-4] An interpretation of _Paumanack_ as indicating a people - especially under tribute, is erroneous. The belts which they made were - in universal use among the nations as an offering, the white belts - denoting good, as peace, friendship, etc., the black, the reverse. The - ruling sachem, or peace-chief, was the keeper and interpreter of the - belts of his nation, and his place sometimes took its name from that - fact. That several of the sachems did sign their names, or that their - names were signed by some one for them, "Sachem of Pammananuck," proves - nothing in regard to the application of that name to the island. - - -Wompenanit is of record as the name of "the utmost end eastward" of the -Montauk Peninsula. The description reads: "From the utmost end of the -neck eastward, called Wompenanit, to our utmost bound westward, called -Napeake." (Deed of July 11, 1661.) In other papers Wompenonot and -Wompenomon, corrupted orthographies. The meaning is "The utmost end -eastward," _i. e._ from the east side of Napeake to the extreme end. -The derivatives are Nar. _Wompan_ (from _Wompi,_ white, bright), "It is -full daylight, bright day," hence the Orient, the East, the place of -light, and _-anit,_ "To be more than," extending beyond the ordinary -limit. The same word appears in _Wompanánd,_ "The Eastern God" -(Williams), the deity of light. From _Wompi,_ also _Wapan_ in -_Wapanachkik,_ "Those of the eastern region," now written _Abanaqui_ and -_Abnaki,_ and confined to the remnant of a tribe in Maine. (See -Wahamanesing,) Dr. Trumbull wrote: "_Anit,_ the subjunctive participle -of a verb which signifies 'To be more than,' 'to surpass'"; with -impersonal _M_ prefixed, _Manit,_ as in _Manitou,_ a name given by the -Indians, writes Lahontan, "To all that passes their understanding"; -hence interpreted by Europeans, "God." It has no such meaning in -_Wompenanit,_ but defined a limit that was "more than," or the extreme -limits of the island. No doubt, however, the Indians saw, as do visitors -of to-day, at the utmost end of the Montauk Peninsula, in its breast of -rock against which the ocean-waves dash with fearful force; its -glittering sun-light and in its general features, a _Wompanánd,_ or -Eastern God, that which was "more than ordinary, wonderful, surpassing," -but those features are not referred to in _Wompenanit,_ except, perhaps, -as represented by the glittering sun-light, the material emblem of the -mystery of light--"where day-light appears." - -Montauk, now so written--in early orthographies _Meantacut,_ -_Meantacquit,_ etc.--was not the name of the peninsula to which it is -now applied, but was extended to it by modern Europeans from a specific -place. The extreme end was called by the Indians _Wompenanit,_ and the -point, _Nâïag,_ "Corner, point or angle," from which Adriaen Block -wrote, in 1614, _Nahicans,_ "People around the point," a later Dutch -navigator adding (War Dep. Map) the topographical description, _Nartong,_ -"A barren, ghastly tongue." The name has had several interpretations by -Algonquian students, but without entire satisfaction even to themselves. -Indeed, it may be said with truth, "It has been too much translated" to -invite further study with the hope of a better result. The orthography -usually quoted for interpretation appears first in South Hampton Records -in an Indian deed of 1640, "_Manatacut,_ his X mark," the grantor being -given the name of the place which he represented, as appears from the -same records (1662), "Wyandanch, Meantacut sachem," or sachem of -Meantac. The Indian deed reads: "The neck of land commonly known by the -name of Meantacquit, . . . Unto the east side of Napeak, next unto -Meantacut high lands." In other words the high lands bounded the place -called Meantacqu, the suffix _-it_ or _-ut_ meaning "at" that place. -The precise place referred to was then and is now a marsh on which is a -growth of shrub pines, and cedars. Obviously, therefore, _Meantac_ or -_Meantacqu,_ is an equivalent of Mass. _Manantac,_ "Spruce swamp," and -of Del. _Menántac,_ "Spruce, cedar or pine swamp." (Zeisb.) The Abn. -word _Mannaⁿdakôô,_ "cedar" (Mass. _-uɧtugh;_ Nar. _áwtuck_), seems -to establish conclusively that _-ántak_ was the general generic suffix -for all kinds of coniferous trees, and with the prefix _Men, Man, Me,_ -etc., described small or dwarf coniferous trees usually found growing -in swamps, and from which swamps took the name. [FN] There is nothing -in the name or in its corruptions that means "point," "high lands," -"place of observation," "fort," "fence," or "confluence"; it simply -describes dwarf coniferous trees and the place which they marked. The -swamp still exists, and the dwarf trees also at the specific east bound -of the lands conveyed. (See Napeak.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Indians had specific names for different kinds of trees. The - generic general word was _Me'hittuk_ or _M'hittugk,_ Del., _M'tugh,_ - Mass., which, as a suffix, was reduced to _-ittuk, -utugh, -tagh, - -tack, -tacque,_ etc., frequently _ak,_ which is the radical. Howden - writes in Cree: "_Atik_ is the termination for the names of trees, - articles made of wood," etc. _Mash-antack-uk,_ Moh., was translated by - Dr. Trumbull from _Mish-untugh-et,_ Mass., "Place of much wood." - _Mannaⁿdakōō_ is quoted as the Abn. word for "cedar;" _Mishquáwtuck,_ - Nar., "Red cedar." _Menántachk,_ "Swamp" (Len. Eng. Dic.), is explained - by Rev. Anthony, "with trees meeting above." _Menautac,_ "Spruce, - cedar or pine swamp" (Zeisb.), from the kind of trees growing in the - swamp, but obviously _antac_ never described a swamp, or trees growing - in swamps, without the prefix _Men, Man, Me,_ etc. _Keht-antak_ means - a particularly large tree which probably served as a boundmark. It may - be a question if the initial _a_ in _antak_ was not nasal, as in Abn., - but there can be none in regard to the meaning of the suffix. - - -Napeak, East Hampton deed of 1648, generally written _Napeaka, Neppeage_ -and _Napeague,_ and applied by Mather (Geological Survey) to a beach -and a marsh, and in local records to the neck connecting Montauk Point -with the main island, means "Water land," or "Land overflowed by water." -The beach extends some five miles on the southeast coast of Long Island. -The marsh spreads inland from the beach nearly across the neck where it -meets Napeak Harbor on the north coast. It is supposed to have been, in -prehistoric times, a water-course which separated the island from the -point. Near the eastern limit are patches of stunted pines and cedars, -and on its east side at the end of what are called the "Nominick hills," -where was obviously located the boundmark of the East Hampton deed, -"Stunted pines and cedars are a feature," wrote Dr. Tooker in answer to -inquiry. (See Montauk.) - -Quawnotiwock, is quoted in French's Gazetteer as the name of Great Pond; -authority not cited. Prime (Hist. L. I.) wrote: "The Indian name of the -pond is unknown." The pond is two miles long. It is situate where the -Montauk Peninsula attains its greatest width, and is the largest body -of fresh water on the island. It would be correctly described by _Quinne_ -or _Quawnopaug,_ "Long pond," but certainly not by _Quawnotiwock,_ the -animate plural suffix _-wock,_ showing that it belonged to the -people--"People living on the Long River." [FN] (See Quantuck and -Connecticut.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The suffix _-og, -ock, -uck,_ is, in the dialect here, a plural - sign. Williams wrote _-oock, -uock, -wock,_ and Zeisberger wrote _-ak, - -wak._ _Quinneh-tuk-wock,_ "People living on the Long River"--"a - particular name amongst themselves." _Kutch-innû-wock,_ "Middle-aged - men;" _Miss-innû-wock,_ "The many." _Lénno,_ "Man"; _Lénno-wak,_ "Men." - (Zeisberger.) _Kuwe,_ "Pine"; _Cuweuch-ak,_ "pine wood, pine logs." - Strictly, an animate plural. In the Chippeway dialect, Schoolcraft - gives eight forms of the animate and eight forms of 'the inanimate - plural. The Indians regarded many things as animates that Europeans do - not. - - -Assup, given as the name of a neck of land--"A tree marked X hard by the -northward side of a cove of meadow"--means "A cove." It is an equivalent -of _Aucûp_ (Williams), "A little cove or creek." "_Aspatuck_ river" is -also of record here, and probably takes that name from a hill or height -in proximity. "Aspatuck hill," New Millford, Conn. - -Shinnecock, now preserved as the name of an Indian village in the town -of Southampton, on the east side of Shinnec'ock Bay, for many years in -occupation by a remnant of the so called Shinnec'ock Indians who had -taken on the habits and customs of European life, appears in its present -form in Plymouth Records in 1637, in treaty association with the -Massachusetts government. They claimed to be the "true owners of the -eastern end of Long Island," but acknowledged the primacy of Wyandanch, -sachem of the Montauks, who had been elected by other sachems as chief -sachem or the "sachem of sachem" of the many clans. The name is probably -from the root _Shin,_ or _Schind,_ "Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.); _Schindikeu,_ -"Spruce-pine forest"; _Shinak-ing,_ "At the land of spruce-pines." -(Brinton); _Schindak-ock,_ "Land or place of spruce-pines." There was -an extended spruce-pine forest on that part of the island, a considerable -portion of which remains in the district south of Peconic River in the -town of Southampton. The present form of the name is pronounced -Shinnec'ock. - -Mochgonnekonck is written, in 1643, as the name of a place unlocated -except in a general way. The record reads: "Whiteneymen, sachem of -Mochgonnekonck, situate on Long Island." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 60.) -Whiteneymen, whose name is written Mayawetinnemin in treaty of 1645, and -"Meantinnemen, alias Tapousagh, chief of Marsepinck and Rechawyck," in -1660 (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 58), was son of Mechowodt, sachem of -Marsepingh, and probably succeeded his father as sachem of that clan. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 540.) His last possession was Cow Neck, in the -present town of North Hampton, which was given to him by his father; it -may have been the Mochgonnekonk of 1643. De Vries met him in conference -in 1645, and notes him as a speaker of force, and as having only one -eye. Brodhead wrote of him: "Kieft, therefore, by the advice of his -council determined to engage some of the friendly Indians in the interest -of the Dutch, and Whiteneymen, the sachem of Mochgonnecocks, on Long -Island, was dispatched, with several of his warriors, 'to beat and -destroy the hostile tribes.' The sachem's diplomacy, however, was better -than his violence. In a few days he returned to Fort Amsterdam bearing -friendly messages from the sachems along the Sound and Near Rockaway," -and a formal treaty of peace soon followed. He was elected "sachem of -sachems" by the sachems of the western clans on the island, about the -time the jurisdiction of the island was divided between the English at -New Haven and the Dutch at Manhattan, the former taking the eastern -clans under Wyandanch, and as such appears in the treaties with the -Dutch in 1645, '56--His record name is variously written--Tapousagh, -Tackapousha, etc. It is frequently met in Long Island Records. -_Mochgonneckonck_ the name of his sachemdom in 1643, has not been -identified further than that he was the owner of Cow Neck, now called -Manhasset (Manhas'et), Queens County, the largest neck or point of land -on the coast. - -Quaunontowunk, Quannotowonk, Konkhonganik and Konghonganoc, are forms -of two distinct names applied respectively to the north and south ends -of Fort Pond, as per deed for the tract known as "the Hither Woods -purchase," which reads: "The name of the pond is Quaunontowunk on the -north and Konkhonganik on the south." Dr. Tooker translated the former -from _Quaneuntéow-unk,_ (Eliot), "Where the fence is," the reference -being to a certain fence of lopped trees which existed on the north end -of the pond, [FN-1] and the latter from _Kuhkunhunganash_ (Eliot), -"bounds," "At the boundary place." The present name of the pond is from -two Indian forts, one known as the Old Fort, on the west, and one known -as the New Fort, on the east, the latter remaining in 1661, the former -destroyed, the deed reading, "Where the Old Fort stood." Wyandanch, [F-2] -"the sachem of Manatacut,"--later called "The great sachem of -Montauk"--had his residence in the Old Fort. He was the first ruler of -the Montauks known to the Dutch, his name appearing in 1637. (See -Montauk.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The deed reads: "The north fence from the pond to the sea, shall - be kept by the town; the south fence, to the sea, by the Indians." - Presumably the fences were there when the land was sold. - - [FN-2] Wyandach, or Wyandance, is said to have been the brother of - Paggatacut, sachem of Manhas'set or Shelter Island, the chief sachem - of fifteen sachemdoms. On the death of the latter, in 1651, Wyandanch - became, by election, the successor of his brother and held the office - until his death by poison in 1659. - - -Mastic, preserved as the name of a river and also as that of a village -in Brookhaven, is of uncertain meaning. _Wampmissic,_ the name of -another village, is supposed to have been the name of a swamp--Mass. -_Wompaskit,_ "At or in the swamp, or marsh." - -Poosepatuck, a place so called and now known as the Indian Reservation, -back of Forge River at Mastick, probably means "On the other side," or -"Beyond the river," from _Awossi,_ "Over, over there, on the other side, -beyond," and _-tuck,_ "Tidal river." - -Speonk, the name of a village in Southampton near East Bay, on an -inlet of the ocean, to which flows through the village a small brook, -has lost some of its letters. _Mas-sepe-onk_ would describe a place on -a broad tidal river or estuary. In the same vicinity _Setuck_ is of -record as the name of a place. It may also be from Mas-sepe-tuck. (See -Southampton Records.) While the English settlers on eastern Long Island -were careful to preserve Indian names, they were very careless in -orthographies. - -Poquatuck is quoted by Thompson (Hist. L. I.) as the name of Oyster -Pond in the town of Southold. It is now claimed as the name of Orient, -a village, peninsula or neck of land and harbor on the east side of the -pond. Probably from _Pohqu'unantak,_ "Cleared of trees," a marshy neck -which had been cleared or was naturally open. The same name is met in -Brookhaven. - -Cataconoche, given as the name of the Great Neck bounding Smithtown on -the east, has been translated by Dr. Tooker from _Kehte-komuk,_ "Greatest -field," later known as the Old Man's Field, or Old Field. - -Yaphank, Yamphank, etc., a village in Brookhaven, is from Niantic -dialect in which _Y_ is used for an initial letter where other dialects -employ _L, N_ or _R._ Putting the lost vowel _e_ back in the word, we -have _Yapehánek,_ in Lenape _Rapehánek,_ "Where the stream ebbs and -flows." The name is written Yampkanke in Indian deed. (Gerard.) The name -is now applied to a small tributary of the Connecticut, but no doubt -belongs to a place on the Connecticut where the current is affected by -the tide. (See Connecticut.) - -Monowautuck is quoted as the Indian name of Mount Sinai, a village in -the town of Brookhaven, a rough and stony district on what is known as -Old Man's Bay, a small estuary surrounded by a salt-marsh meadow. The -name seems to be an equivalent of _Nunnawanguck,_ "At the dry land." Old -Man's Bay takes that name from the Great Neck called Cataconche, -otherwise known as the Old Man's Meadow, and as the Old Field. "The two -neckes or hoeces (hooks) of meadow that lieth next beyond the Old Man's -Meadow"--"with all ye privileges and appurtenances whatsoever, unto the -Old Field." Presumably _Man's_ was originally _Manse_ (English), -pronounced _Mans,_ "the dwelling of a landholder with the land attached," -and called _Old_ because it was the first land or field purchased. (See -Cataconche.) - -Connecticut, now so written and of record _Connetquoit,_ etc, is not the -name of the stream to which it is applied, but of the land on both sides -of it. It is an equivalent of _Quinnituckquet,_ "Long-river land," as in -Connecticut. (Trumbull.) _Quinnituk,_ "Long river"; with locative _-et_ -or _-it,_ "Land or place on the long-river." The stream is the outlet -of Ronkonkoma Lake, and flows south to Fire-place Bay, where the name is -of primary record. There were two streams to which it was applied; one -is a small stream in Islip, and the other, the largest stream on the -island, as described above. In old deeds it is called East Connecticutt. -Fire-place is now retained as the name of a village on Bellport Bay, and -its ancient locative on the Connecticut is now called South Haven. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] There were two places bearing the name of Fire-place, one on the - north side of the island on Gardiner's Bay, and one on the south side. - The latter is referred to here. - - -Minasseroke, quoted as the name of Little Neck, town of Brookhaven, -probably means "Small-stone land" or place--_Min-assin-ohke, r_ and _n_ -exchanged. - -Patchogue, Pochough, Pachough, the name of a village in the town of -Brookhaven, Suffolk County, on Patchough Bay, is probably met in -Pochaug, Conn., which Dr. Trumbull read from _Pohshâog,_ where two -streams form one river, signifying, "Where they divide in two." The name -was early extended to a clan known as the Pochoughs, later Patchoogues, -who seem to have been a family of the Onchechaugs, a name probably the -equivalent of _Ongkoué_ (Moh.), "beyond," with _-ogue_ (ohke), "land -beyond," _i. e._ beyond the bay. [FN] (See Moriches.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Otherwise written _Unquetauge_--"land lying at Unquetauge, on the - south side of Long Island, in the county of Suffolk." Literally, "Land - beyond;" "on the further side of; in the same direction as, and further - on or away than." _Onckeway,_ a place beyond Stamford, on Connecticut - river. (Col. Hist. N. Y.) "_Ongkoué,_ beyond Pequannuc river." - (Trumbull.) - - -Cumsequogue is given in will of William Tangier Smith as the name of -what is now known as Carman's River, flowing to Bellport Bay. It is -probably a pronunciation of _Accomb-suck-ohke,_ "Land or place at the -outlet beyond." The record name of Bellport is Occombomeck, Accobamuck, -etc., meaning, "Fishing-place beyond," which, as the deeds show, was a -fishing-place at a freshwater pond, now dried up. The name is readily -confused with Aquebogue. - -Moriches, a neck of land "lying at Unquetague, on the south side of -Long Island, being two necks called by ye names of _Mariges_ and -_Namanock_" (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 45), is now in the town of -Brookhaven. Namanock seems, from the locative, to be a corruption of -_Nam'e-ohke,_ "Fish-place"--Namanock or Namecock. (Trumbull.) [FN] -_Moriches,_ or _Mariges,_ is a corruption of Dutch _Maritches_ (Morichi, -Mariche), from _Moriche Palmita_ (Latin), meaning, in popular use, any -plant thought to resemble a palm. _Mauritia_ a species of Mauriticæ, -or South-American palm, so called in honor of Prince Maurice of Nassau. -(See Palmagat.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Namaus,_ generic, "a fish"--_Namohs,_ Eliot; _Namés,_ Abn., - _Namaes,_ Heck.; _Namees,_ Zeisb.; with suffix _-aki, -ohke,_ etc., - "fish-land," place or country. _Améessok,_ Zeisb.; _Anmesooak,_ Abn., - _Aumsûog,_ Mass., "small fishes." As a generic suffix, _-ama'ug,_ Mass., - _-ama'uk,_ Del., "fishing-place." "_Ama'ug_ is only used at the end of - a compound name, where it is equivalent to _Nameaug,_ at the beginning." - (Trumbull.) The final syllable, _-ug, -uk,_ etc., is an animate plural. - On Long Island, _-Ama'ug_ is frequently met in _-amuck;_ in other - places, _-amwack, -amwook, -ameock,_ etc. - - -Kitchaminchoke, given as the name of a boundmark, said to be Moriches -Island, is interpreted by Dr. Tooker, "The beginning place." The -description (1630) reads, "Beginning at" a place called, _i. e._ an -object or feature which would definitely locate a boundmark--apparently -an equivalent of _Schiechi-kiminschi-aki,_ Lenape, "Place of a soft-maple -tree." The territory conveyed extended to _Enaughquamuck,_ which Dr. -Tooker rendered correctly, "As far as the fishing-place." - -Niamug and Niamuck are forms of the name of what is now known as Canoe -Place, on the south side of Long Island, near Southampton. "_Niamug,_ the -place where the Indians haul over their canoes out of the North Bay to -the South Bay." (Deed of 1640.) Dr. Trumbull translated from _Nôe-amuck,_ -"Between the fishing places." Local tradition affirms that centuries -ago the Indians made a canal here for the purpose of passing their -canoes from Mecox Bay to Paconic Bay. Mongotucksee, the hero of the -story, was a chieftain who reigned over the Montauks in the days of their -pride and power. The tradition has no other merit than the fact that -Niamug was a place at which canoes were hauled across the island. - -Sicktew-hacky (deed of 1638); _Sicketewackey_ (Van der Donck, 1656): -"All the lands from Rockaway eastward to Sicktew-hackey, or Fire Island -Bay"; "On the south coast of Long Island, at a place called Sicktewacky, -or Secontague, near Fire Island Inlet" (Brodhead); Seaquetauke, 1659; -Setauck Neck, the south bound of St. George's Manor, now Manorville; of -record as the name of an Indian clan and village near Fire Island Inlet, -with the Marsapinks and Nyacks for neighbors; now preserved in several -forms of which Setauket probably locates a place near Secontague. -_Sicketeuhacky,_ writes Mr. Gerard, "is the Lenape equivalent of -_Secatogue,_ meaning 'Burned-over land.' Whether the mainland or Fire -Island was the 'Burned-over land,' history does not tell us." Lands were -burned over by the Indians to destroy the bushes and coarse grasses, and -probably some field of this character was referred to by the Indian -grantors, from which the name was extended to the Neck and to Fire -Island, although it is said that fires were kindled on the island for -the guidance of fishermen. - -Saghtekoos--"called by the native Indians Saghtekoos; by the Christians -Appletree Neck"--the name of the Thompson estate in Islip--probably -means, "Where the stream branches or divides," or "At the branch," -referring to Thompson's brook. The suffix _-oos_ evidently stands for -"small." (See Sohaghticoke.) "Apple-tree Neck" is not in the composition, -but may indicate that the Indian owners had planted apple trees there. - -Amagansett, the Indian name of what is now East Hampton, was translated -by Dr. Trumbull, "At or near the fishing place"; root _Am,_ "to take by -the mouth"; _Amau,_ "he fishes"; Abn., _Amaⁿgaⁿ,_ "_ou péche lá,_" "he -fishes there," (Rasles); _s,_ diminutive or derogatory; _ett,_ "Near or -about," that is, the tract was near a small or inferior fishing-place, -which is precisely what the composition describes. - -Peconic, now so written and applied to Peconic Bay and Peconic River, but -primarily to a place "at the head of the river," or as otherwise -described, "Land from ye head of ye bay or Peaconnack, was Shinnec'ock -Indians' Land" (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600), is not the equivalent of -_Peqan'nuc,_ "a name common to all cleared land," as translated by Dr. -Trumbull, but the name given as that of a small creek tributary to -Peconic River, in which connection it is of record _Pehick-konuk,_ which, -writes Mr. Gerard, "plainly stands for _K'pe-hickonuk,_ or more properly -_Kĕpehikanik,_ 'At the barrier,' or weir. _Kĕpehikan_ from _Kepehike,_ -'he closes up,' or obstructs, _i. e._ 'dams.'" The bounds of the -Shinnec'ock Indians extended east to this stream; or, as the record -reads, "To a river where they did use to catch the fish commonly called -alewives, the name of which creek was Pehickkonuk, or Peconic." (Town -Records.) - -Agwam, Agawam, is quoted by French as the name of Southampton, L. I. Dr. -Trumbull wrote: "Acawan, Agawan or Auquan, a name given to several -localities in New England Where there are low meadows--a low meadow or -marsh." Presumably from _Agwu,_ "Underneath, below." Another authority -writes: "_Agawam_ from _Magawamuk,_ A great fishing place." (See -Machawameck.) - -Sunquams is given by French as the Indian name of Mellville in -Southampton, L. I., with the interpretation, "Sweet Hollow." The -interpretation is mere guess-work. - -Massaback, a hill so called in Huntington, Suffolk County--in English -"Half hill," and in survey (1703) "Half-hollow hill"--probably does not -belong to the hill which the English described as "half-hollow," but to -a stream in proximity to it--_Massabeset,_ "At a (relatively) great -brook." (Trumbull.) - -Mattituck, the name of a village in Southold, near the west end of the -town, was primarily written as that of a tract of land including the -present town of Riverhead, from which it was extended to a large pond -between Peconic Bay and the Sound. Presumably the same name is met in -Mattatuck, Ct., written Matetacoke, 1637, Matitacoocke, 1673, which was -translated by Dr. Trumbull from Eliot's _Mat-uh'tugh-auke,_ "A place -without wood," or badly wooded. (See Titicus.) - -Cutchogue, Plymouth Records, 1637; "_Curchaug,_ or Fort Neck;" -_Corch'aki,_ deed of 1648; now Cutchogue, a village in Southold, in the -vicinity of which was an Indian fort, the remains of which and of an -Indian burial ground are objects of interest, is probably a corruption -of _Maskutchoung,_ which see. Dr. Tooker translated from _Kehti-auke,_ -"The principal place," the appositeness of which is not strikingly -apparent. The clan bearing the name was party to the treaty with the -Massachusetts people in 1637, and to the sale of the East Hampton lands. -Their earliest sachem was Momoweta, who acknowledged the primacy of -Wyandanch. - -Tuckahoe, a level tract of land near Southampton village, takes that -name from one or the other of the larger "round" roots (Mass. -_P'tuckweōō_), possibly the Golden Club, or Floating Artmi, a root -described "as much of the bigness and taste of potatoes." (Trumbull.) -[FN] The same name is met in Westchester County. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. Brinton writes: "They also roasted and ate the acrid cormus of - the Indian turnip, in Delaware _taw-ho, taw-hin_ or _tuck-ah,_ and - collected the seeds of the Golden Club, common in the pools along the - creeks and rivers. Its native name was _taw-kee._" ("The Lenape and - their Legends.") The name of another place on Long Island, written - _Hogonock,_ is probably an equivalent of Delaware _Hóbbenac_ (Zeisb.), - "Potatoes," or "Ground-nuts"; _Hóbbenis,_ "Turnips." (See Passapenoc.) - - -Sagabonock has left only the remnant of its name to Sag-pond and -Sag-harbor. It is from _Sagabonak,_ "Ground nuts, or Indian potatoes." -(Trumbull.) The name is of record as that of a boundmark "two miles from -the east side of a Great Pond," and is described as a "pond or swamp" to -which the name of the tuber was extended from its product. - -Ketchepunak, quoted as the name of Westhampton, describes "The greatest -ground-nut place," or "The greatest ground-nuts." (See Kestaubniuk.) - -Wequaganuck is given as the name of that part of Sag-harbor within the -town of East Hampton. It is an equivalent of _Wequai-adn-auke,_ "Place -at the end of the hill," or "extending to the hill." (Trumbull.) The hill -is now known as Turkey Hill, on the north side of which the settlement -of Sag-harbor was commenced. - -Namke, from _Namaa,_ "fish," and _ke,_ "place"--fish-place--was the name -of a place on the creek near Riverhead. (O'Gallaghan.) More exactly, -_Nameauke,_ probably. - -Hoppogues, in Smithtown, Suffolk County, is pretty certainly from -_Wingau-hoppague,_ meaning, literally, "Standing water of good and -pleasant taste." The name was that of a spring and pond. In a deed of -1703, the explanation is, "Or ye pleasant springs." Supposed to have been -the springs which make the headwaters of Nissequogue river at the -locality now bearing the name of Hauppauge, a hamlet. - -Massapeage--_Massapeag,_ 1636; _Massapeague, Rassapeage_--a place-name -from which extended to an Indian clan whose principal seat is said to -have been on Fort Neck, in the town of Oyster Bay, was translated by Dr. -Trumbull from _Massa,_ "great"; _pe,_ the radical of water, and _auke,_ -"land," or "Land on the great cove." Thompson (Hist. L. I.) assigns the -name to "a swamp on the south side of Oyster Bay," now South Oyster Bay, -and it is so applied in Indian deeds. There were two Indian forts or -palisaded towns on the Neck. Of one the name is not given; it was the -smallest of the two; its site is said to be now submerged by water. The -second, or largest, is called in Dutch records _Matsepe,_ "Great river." -It is described as having been situated on the most southerly point of -land adjoining the salt meadows. Both forts were attacked by Dutch forces -under Capt. Pieter Cock and Capt. John Underhill, in the summer of 1644 -(a local record says August) and totally destroyed with heavy loss to -the Indians. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 15, 16.) In Prime's and other local -histories the date is given as 1653, on the authority of "Hubbard's -Indian Wars," and Capt. Underhill is assigned to the command in the -attack on the largest fort. The official Dutch record, however, assigns -that honor to Capt. Pieter Cock. The year was surely 1644, (Brodhead's -Hist. N. Y., i, 91.) The prefix _Mass,_ appears in many forms--Massa, -Marsa, Marsha, Rassa, Mesa, Missi, Mas, Mes, etc., and also _Mat,_ an -equivalent of _Mas._ - -Massepe, quoted in Dutch records as the name of the Indian fort on Fort -Neck, where it seems to have been the name of Stony Brook, is also met -in Jamaica Records (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 505) as the name of a creek -forming a mowing boundary or division line extending from a certain place -"Eastward to ye great creek called Massepe." The name is fully explained -by the description, "Great creek." _Massepe-auke_ means "Great creek -(or river) land," or place; _Mas-sepe-ink,_ "At or on the great creek." -The Indian residents came to be known as the Marsepincks. - -Maskutchoung, a neck of land so called forming one of the boundaries of -Hempstead Patent as entered in confirmatory deed of "Takapousha, sachem -of Marsapeage," and "Wantagh, the Montauke sachem," July 4th, 1657: -"Beginning at a marked tree standing at the east side of the Great Plain, -and from thence running on a due south line, and at the South Sea by a -marked tree in a neck called Maskutchoimg, and thence upon the same line -to the South Sea." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 38, 416.) "By a marked tree -in a neck called Maskachoung." (Thompson's Hist. L. I., 9, 15, 47.) It -is probably an equivalent of _Mask-ek-oug,_ "A grassy swamp or marsh." -A local interpretation reads: "Grass-drowned brook," a small stream -flowing through the long marsh-grass, to which the name was extended. - -Maskahnong, so written by Dr. O'Callaghan in his translation of the -treaty between the Western Long Island clans, in 1656, is noted in -"North and South Hempstead Records," p. 60, "A neck of land called -Maskahnong." It disappears after 1656, but probably reappears as -Maskachoung in 1658, and later as Maskutchoung, which see. - -Merick, the name of a village in Hempstead, Queens County, is said to -have been the site of an Indian village called _Merick-oke._ It has been -interpreted as an apheresis of a form of _Namanock,_ written _Namerick,_ -"Fish place." (See Moriches.) Curiously enough, Merrick was a proper name -for man among the ancient Britons, and the corruption would seem to have -been introduced here by the early English settlers from resemblance to -the Indian name in sound. The place is on the south side of the island. -The Indian clan was known as the Merickokes. - -Quantuck, a bay so called in Southampton, is of record, in 1659, -_Quaquanantuck,_ and applied to a meadow or neck of land. "The meadow -called Quaquunantuck"--"the neck of land called Quaquanantuck"--"all the -meadows lying west of the river, commonly called or known by the name of -Quantuck." One of the boundmarks is described as "a stumpy marsh," -indicating that it had been a marsh from which the trees had been -removed. The name seems to correspond with this. It is probably from -_Pohqu'un-antack,_ "cleared or open marsh" or meadow. (See Montauk.) - -Quogue, the name of a village near Quantuck Bay, and located, in Hist. -Suffolk County, as "the first point east of Rockaway where access can -be had to the ocean without crossing the bay," has been read as a -contraction of Quaquaunantuck, but seems to be from _Pŏque-ogue,_ "Clear, -open space," an equivalent of _Pŏque-auke,_ Mass. - -Rechqua-akie, De Vries; _Reckkouwhacky,_ deed of 1639; now applied to a -neck on the south side of Long Island and preserved in Rockaway, was -interpreted by the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan: "_Reck_ 'sand'; _qua,_ -'flat'; _akie,_ 'land'--the long, narrow sand-bar now known as Rockaway -Beach," but is more correctly rendered with dialectic exchange of R and -L, _Lekau._ (Rekau), "sand or gravel," _hacki,_ "land" or place. (Zeisb.) -"Flats" is inferred. A considerable division of the Long Island Indians -was located in the vicinity, or, as described by De Vries, who visited -them in 1643, "near the sea-shore." He found thirty wigwams and three -hundred Indians, who were known in the treaty of 1645, as Marechkawicks, -and in the treaty of 1656 as Rockaways. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The names in the treaty of 1645, as written by Dr. O'Callaghan, - are "Marechkawicks, Nayecks, and their neighbors"; in the treaty of - 1656, "Rockaway and Canorise." The latter name appears to have been - introduced after 1645 in exchange for Marechkawick. (See Canarise.) - _Rechqua_ is met on the Hudson in Reckgawaw-onck, the Haverstraw flats. - It is not an apheresis of Marechkawick, nor from the same root. - - -Jamaica, now applied to a town, a village and a bay, was primarily given -to the latter by the English colonists. "Near unto ye beaver pond called -Jamaica," and "the beaver path," are of record, the latter presumably -correct. The name is a pronunciation of _Tomaque,_ or _K'tamaque,_ Del., -_Amique,_ Moh., "beaver." "_Amique,_ when aspirated, is written -_Jamaique,_ hence Yameco, Jamico, and modern Jamaica." (O'Callaghan.) -The bay has no claim to the name as a beaver resort, but beavers were -abundant in the stream flowing into it. - -Kestateuw, "the westernmost," _Castuteeuw,_ "the middlemost," and -_Casteteuw,_ "the eastermost," names of "three flats on the island -Sewanhackey, between the bay of North river and the East river." The -tracts came to be known as Flatlands; "the easternmost," as "the Bay," -or Amesfort. - -Sacut, now known as Success Pond, lying on a high ridge in Flushing, is -a corruption of _Sakûwit_ (_Sáquik_), "Mouth of a river" (Zeisb.), or -"where the water flows out." The pond has an outlet, but it rarely -overflows. It is a very deep and a very clear body of water. - -Canarsie, now so written and applied to a hamlet in the town of -Flatlands, Kings County, is of record _Canari See, Canarisse, Canarise, -Canorise_ (treaty of 1655), _Kanarisingh_ (Dutch), and in other forms, -as the name of a place or feature from which it was extended to an -Indian sub-tribe or family occupying the southwest coast of Long Island, -and to their village, primarily called _Keshaechquereren_ (1636). On the -Lower Potomac and Chesapeake Bay the name is written _Canais, Conoys, -Ganawese,_ etc. (Heck, xlii), and applied to a sub-tribe of Naniticokes -residing there who were known as "The tide-water people," or "Sea-shore -settlers." On Delaware Bay it is written _Canaresse_ (1651, not 1656 as -stated by Dr. Tooker), and applied to a specific place, described in -exact terms: "To the mouth of the bay or river called Bomptjes Hoeck, in -the Indian language _Canaresse._" (Col. Hist. N. Y. xii, 166.) "Bomptjes -Hoeck" is Dutch and in that language describes a low island, neck or -point of land covered with small trees, lying at the mouth of a bay or -stream, and is met in several connections. The point or place described -on the Delaware (now Bombay Hook) was the end of the island, known on -old maps as "Deep Point," and the "Hook" was the bend in the currents -around it forming the marshy inlet-bay on the southwest connecting with -a marshy channel or stream, and the latter on the north with a small -stream by which the island was constituted. Considered from the -standpoint of an Algonquian generic term, the rule is undisputed that -the name must have described a feature which existed in common at the -time of its application, on the Delaware and on Long Island, and it only -remains to determine what that feature was. Obviously the name itself -solves the problem. In whatever form it is met it is the East Indian -_Canarese_ (English _Can'a-resé_) pure and simple, and obviously employed -as a substitute for the Algonquian term written _Ganawese,_ etc., of the -same meaning. In the "History of New Sweden" (Proc. N. Y. Hist. Soc, -2d Ser. v. i.), the locative on the Delaware is described: "From -Christina Creek to _Canarose_ or _Bambo_ Hook." In "Century Dictionary" -_Bambo_ is explained: "From the native East Indian name, Malay and Java -_bambu_, Canarese _banbu_ or _bonwu._" Dr. Brinton translated _Ganawese_ -from _Guneu_ (Del.), "Long," but did not add that the suffix--_wese,_ -or as Roger Williams wrote it, _quese,_ means "Little, small," the -combination describing Bambo grasses, _i. e._ "long, small" grasses, -which, in some cases reach the growth of trees, but on Long Island and -on the Delaware only from long marsh grasses to reeds, as primarily in -and around Jamaica Bay and Gowanus Bay, on Reed Island, etc. True, -Ganawese would describe anything that was "long, small," but obviously -here the objective product. Canarese, Canarose, Kanarische, Ganawese, -represent the same sound-"in (East) Indian, Canaresse," as represented -in the first Long Island form, Canari See, now Jamaica Bay. - -Keschaechquereren, (1636), _Keschaechquerem_ (1637), the name of the -settlement that preceded Canarese, disappears of record with the advent -of the English on Barren Island and at Gravesend soon after 1637-8. It -seems to describe a "Great bush-net fishing-place," from -K'sch-achquonican, "Great bush-net." (Zeisb.), the last word from -_Achewen,_ "Thicket"; from which also _t' Vlact Bosch_ (Dutch), modern -Flatbush. The Indian village was between the Stroome (tidewater) Kil and -the Vresch Kil, near Jamaica. - -Narrioch was given by the chief who confirmed the title to it in 1643, -as the name of what is now known as Coney Island, and _Mannahaning_ as -that of Gravesend Neck. (Thompson's Hist. L. I., ii, 175.) The Dutch -called the former Conynen, and the latter Conyne Hoeck--"_t' Conijen -Conine._" Jasper Dankers wrote in 1679: "On the south (of Staten Island) -is the great bay, which is enclosed by Najaq, t' Conijen Island, -Neversink," etc. Conijen (modern Dutch, Konijn), signifies "Rabbit"--Cony, -Coney--inferentially "Small"--literally, "Rabbit, or Coney Island," in -Dutch. The Indian names have been transposed, apparently. _Mannahaning_ -means "At the island," and _Narrioch_ is the equivalent of _Nayaug,_ "A -point or comer," as in Nyack. The latter was the Dutch "Conyne Hoeck." -Judge Benson claimed Conyn as "A Dutch surname, from which came the name -of Coney, or Conyn's Island," but if so, the surname was from "Rabbit" -surely. - -Gowanus--_Gowanus,_ 1639; _Gowanes,_ 1641; _Gouwanes,_ 1672--the name of -one of the boundmarks of a tract of land in Brooklyn, is probably from -_Koua_ (_Kowaw,_ Williams; _Curve,_ Zeisb.), "Pine"; _Kowawese_ -(Williams), "A young pine," or small pine. It was that of a place on a -small stream, the description in the Indian deed of 1639, reading: -"Stretching southward to a certain kil or little low bushes." The land -conveyed is described as being "overflowed at every tide, and covered -with salt-meadow grass." The latter gave to it its value. The claim that -the name was that of an Indian owner is not well sustained. The evidence -of the Dutch description of the bay as Boompje Hoek, meaning, literally, -"Small tree cape, corner or angle," and the fact that small pines did -abound there, seems to establish _Koua_ as the derivative of the name. - -Marechkawick, treaty of 1645--_Mereckawack,_ Breeden Raddt, 1649; -_Mareckawick_ and _Marechkawieck,_ Rapelie deed, 1630; _Marechkourick,_ -O'Callaghan; _Marechkawick,_ Brodhead--forms of the name primarily given -as that of Wallabout Bay, [FN] "The bought or bend of Marechkawick"--"in -the bend of Marechkawick," 1630--has been translated by Dr. Tooker from -_Men'achk_ (_Manachk,_ Zeisb.), "fence, fort," and _-wik,_ "house" -(Zeisb.), the reference being to a fenced or palisaded cabin presumably -occupied by a sachem and his family of the clan known in Dutch history -as the Mareckawicks. The existence of a palisaded cabin in the vicinity -of "the bought or bend" is possible, but the name has the appearance of -an orthography (Dutch) of _Mereca,_ the South-American name of a teal, -(Mereca Americani) the Widgeon, and _-wick_ (_Wijk,_ M. L. G.), "Bay, -cove, inlet, retreat," etc., literally "Widgeon Bay." "Situate on the -bay of Merechkawick," is entered on map of 1646 in Stiles' "History of -Brooklyn." _Merica_ was the Mayan name of the American Continent. It is -spread all over South America and was applied to many objects as in the -Latinized Mereca Americani. The early Dutch navigators were no doubt -familiar with it in application to the Widgeon, a species of wild duck, -and employed it in connection with the word _-wijk._ Until between 1645 -and 1656, the Indians residing on the west end of Long Island were known -as Marechkawicks; after 1656 they were called Canorise. (See Canar'sie.) -Brooklyn is from Dutch _Breukelen,_ the name of a village about eighteen -miles from Amsterdam. It means "Broken land." (Breuk.) On Van der Donck's -map the name is written correctly. A record description reads: "There is -much broken land here." - - * * * * * - - [FN] Wallabout Bay takes its first name from Dutch _Waal,_ "gulf, - abyss," etc., and _Bocht,_ "bend," It was spoken of colloquially by the - early Dutch as "The bay of the foreigners," referring to the Walloons - who had settled on the north side of the bay in 1625. The first white - child, Sarah Rapelie, born in New Netherland, now the State of New York, - was born here June 17th, 1625. - - -Manette, so written of record--"near Mannato hill," about thirty miles -from Brooklyn and midway between the north and south sides of the -island--has been interpreted from its equivalent, _Manitou,_ "Hill of -the Great Spirit," but means strictly, "That which surpasses, or is more -than ordinary." (Trumbull.) It was a word in common use by the Indians -in application to everything that was more than ordinary or that they -could not understand. In this instance it seems to have been applied to -the water of a spring or well on the rising ground which they regarded -as of surpassing excellence; from the spring transferred to the hill. -The tradition is that some ages ago the Indians residing in the vicinity -of the hill were suffering for water. They prayed to the Great Spirit -for relief, and were directed to shoot an arrow in the air and where it -fell to dig and they would find water. They did so and dug the well now -on the rising ground, the water of which was of surpassing excellence, -or Manitou. The story was probably invented to account for the name. It -is harmless fiction. - -Rennaquakonck, Rinnegahonck, a landmark so called in the boundaries of -a tract on Wallabout Bay, described in deed as "A certain swamp where -the water runs over the stones," and, in a subsequent deed, "At the -sweet marsh" (Hist. of Brooklyn), is an orthography of _Winnegackonck,_ -meaning "At the sweet place," so called from some plant which was found -there, or to distinguish the marsh as fresh or sweet, not a salt marsh. -The exchange of R and W may be again noted. - -Comac, the name of a village in Suffolk County, is an apheresis of -_Winne-comac,_ as appears of record. The combination expresses, "Good -enclosed place," from _Winne,_ "Good, fine, sweet, beautiful, pleasant," -etc., and _-komuck,_ "Place enclosed," or having definite boundaries, -limited in size. - -Nyack, the name of the site of Fort Hamilton, is a generic verbal from -_Nâï,_ "A point or corner." (_Nâïag,_ Mass., _Néïak,_ Len.) The -orthographies vary--Naywayack, Narrack, Nanak, Narrag, Najack, Niuck, -Narrioch, etc. With the suffix _-ak,_ the name means "Land or place at -the point." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) Dankers and Sluyter wrote in -their Journal (1679-80): "We went part of the way through the woods and -fine, new-made land, and so along the shore to the west end of the -island called Najack. . . . Continuing onward from there, we came to the -plantation of the Najack Indians, which was planted with maize, or -Turkish Wheat." The Nayacks removed to Staten Island after the sale of -their lands at New Utrecht. (See Narrioch.) - -Nissequague, now so written, the name of a hamlet in Smithtown, and of -record as the name of a river and of a neck of land still so known, is -of primary record _Nisinckqueg-hackey_ (Dutch notation), as the name of -a place to which the Matinnecock clan removed after the war of 1643. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 60.) The English scribes wrote Nesequake (1650), -Nesaquake (1665), Nessequack (1686), Wissiquack (1704), (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers), and other forms. The Indian deed of 1650 (Smithtown -Records) recites the sale by "Nasseoonseke, sachem of Nesequake," of a -tract "Beginning at a river called and commonly known by the name of -Nesaquake River, and from that river eastward to a river called -Memanusack." "Nesaquauke River" is the entry in patent to Richard Smith, -1665. The stream has its source in a number of springs in the southern -part of Smithtown, the flow of which forms a considerable river. -(Thompson.) The theory that "The tribe and river derived their name from -Nesequake, an Indian sagamore, the father of Nassaconset" (Hist. Suf. -Co.), is not well sustained. The suffix _-set,_ cannot be applied to an -animate object; it is a locative meaning "Less than at." In addition to -this objection, Nassaconset is otherwise written Nessaquauke-ecoompt-set, -showing that the name belonged to a place that was "On the other side" -of Nessaquauke. Neesaquauke stands for _Neese-saqû-auke,_ from _Nisse,_ -"two," _Sauk,_ "Outlet," and _-auke,_ "Land" or place, and describes a -place at "the second outlet," or as the text reads, "At a river called -and commonly known by the name of Nesaquake River." The sagamore may -have been given the name from the place, but the place could not have -taken the name from the sagamore. The estuary, now known as Nissequage -Harbor into which the stream flows, extends far inland and forms the -west boundary of Nissequage Neck. - -Marsepinck, a stream so called in Queens County, from which extended to -the land which was sold, in 1639, by "Mechowout, chief sachem of -Marossepinck, Sint-Sink and dependencies," and also extended to an -Indian clan known as Marsepings, is no doubt an orthography of _Massepe_ -and _-ing,_ locative. It means "At, to or on the great river." _Mas_ is -an abbreviation of _Massa, Missi,_ etc., "great," and _Sepe,_ means -"river." It was probably used comparatively-the largest compared with -some other stream. (See Massepe.) - -Unsheamuck, otherwise written Unthemamuk, given as the name of Fresh -Pond, on the boundary line between Huntington and Smithtown, means -"Eel-fishing place." (Tooker.) - -Suggamuck, the name of what is now known as Birch Creek, in Southampton, -means "Bass fishing-place." (Tooker.) - -Rapahamuck, a neck or point of land so called, is from _Appé-amuck,_ -"Trap fishing-place." (Tooker.) The name is assigned to the mouth of -Birch Creek. (See Suggamuck.) - -Memanusack and _Memanusuk,_ given as the name of Stony Brook, probably -has its locative "At the head of the middle branch of Stony Brook," -Which formed the boundmark noted in the Indian deed. The same name is -probably met in _Mayomansuk,_ from _Mawé,_ meaning "To bring together," -"To meet"; and _-suck,_ "Outlet," _i. e._ of a pond, marsh or river. -The brook was "stony" no doubt, but that description is English. - -Cussqunsuck is noted as the name of Stony Brook referred to in -Memanusack. The stream is probably the outlet of the waters of a swamp. -In his will Richard Smith wrote: "I give to my daughter Sarah, 130 acres -of land at the _two_ swamps called _Cutts-cunsuck._" The first word -seems to stand for _Ksúcqon,_ "Heavy" (Zeisb.), by metonymie, "Stone," -_-es,_ "Small," and _-uck,_ locative, "Place of small stone." _Ksúcqon_ -may be employed as an adjectival prefix. Eliot wrote, "_Qussukquemin,_ -Stone fruit," the cherry. - -Mespaechtes, deed to Governor Keift, 1638, from which Mespath (Brodhead), -Mespat (Riker), Mashpeth and Mashpett (Co. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 602), now -Maspeth, a village in Newtown, Queens County, and met in application to -Newtown Creek (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 25), has been translated by Dr. -Tooker, "From _Mech-pe-is-it,_ Bad-water place," and by Wm. R. Gerard, -"From _Massapichtit,_ verbal describing scattered settlements, as though -the Indians who sold the lands had said, 'We include the lands of those -living here and there.'" [FN] Flint, in his "Early History of Long -Island," wrote: "Mespat Kills, now Maspeth, from the Indian _Matsepe,_ -written by the Dutch, _Maespaatches Kiletje_"--long known as "Dutch -Kills." In patent of 1642, for lands described as lying "on the east -side of Mespatches Kil," the boundary is stated: "Beginning at the kil -and the tree standing upon the point towards the small kil." Obviously -there were two streams here, the largest called Mespatches, which seems -to be, as Flint states, a Dutch rendering of _Matsepe-es,_ from _Mas_ -(Del. _Mech_), a comparative term--"great," as distinguished from -"small," the largest of two, and _Sepees (Sepoûs, Sepuus),_ "a brook." -_Sepe, Sipo, Sipu,_ etc., is generally applied to a long stream. The -west branch of Mespatt Kill has the record name of _Quandoequareus._ -Flint wrote: "The _Canapauke,_ or Dutch Kills, sluggishly winding its -way through the meadows of bronzed grasses." _Canapauke_ stands for -_Quana-pe-auke,_ "Long water-land," or "Land on the long water." The -stream is a tidal current receiving several small streams. (See -Massepe.) Mespatches seems to belong to the stream noted in patent of -1642. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "_Missiachpitschik,_ those who are or live scattered." (Zeisberger's - Onond. Dic.) - - -Sint-Sink, of record as the name of Schout's Bay, [FN] also, "Formerly -called Cow Neck, and by the Indians Sint-Sink," was the name of a place -now known as Manhasset. (Col. Hist. N. Y.) It means "Place of small -stones," as in Sint-Sink, modern Sing-Sing, on the Hudson. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Known also as "Martin Garretson's bay." Garretson was Schout - (Sheriff), hence "Schout's bay." The neck of land "called by the Indians - Sint-Sink," was fenced for the pasturage of cows, and became known as - "Cow Neck," hence "Cow bay" and "Cow harbor," now Manhasset bay. (See - Matinnec'ock and Mochgonneck-onck.) - - -Manhasset, correctly _Manhanset,_ means, "Near the Island," or something -less than at the island. The locative was long known as "Head of Cow -Neck." - -Matinnecock is noted in a survey for Lewis Morris, in 1685: "A tract of -land lying upon the north side of Long Island, within the township of -Oyster Bay, in Queens County, and known by the name of Matinicock," and -in another survey: "A certain small neck of land at a place called -Mattinicock." Extended also to an island and to an Indian clan. Cornelius -van Tienhoven wrote in 1650: "Martin Garritson's Bay, or Martinnehouck, -[FN-1] is much deeper and wider than Oyster Bay; it runs westward in and -divides into three rivers, two of which are navigable. The smallest -stream runs up in front of the Indian village called Martinnehouck, -where they have their plantations. The tribe is not strong, and consists -of about thirty families. In and about this bay were formerly great -numbers of Indian plantations which now lie waste. On the rivers are -numerous valleys of sweet and salt meadows." The name has, with probable -correctness, been interpreted from _Metanak-ok_ (Lenape, _Metanak-onk_; -Abn., _Metanak-ook_), meaning, "Along the edge of the island," or, as -Van Tienhoven wrote, "About this bay." The same name appears on the -Delaware as that of what is now known as Burlington Island. [FN-2] It is -corrupted in New Jersey to Tinnicum, and is preserved on Long Island as -the name of a village in the town of Oyster Bay. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] A corruption from "Martin." - - [FN-2] Mattinacunk, Matinneconke, Matinnekonck--"having been formerly - known by the name of Kipp's Island, and by ye Indian name of - Koo-menakanok-onck." (Col. Hist. N. Y.) _Koo-menakanok-onck_ was the - largest of two islands in the Delaware and was particularly identified - by the Indian name, which means "Pine-tree-islands place." The name by - which the Island came to be known was transferred to it apparently. - - -Hog's Island, so called by the early settlers, now known as Center -Island, has the record description: "A piece of land on Martin -Garretson's Bay, in the Indian tongue called Matinnecong, alias Hog's -Neck, or Hog's Island, being an island at high tide." (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiv, 435.) "Matinneckock, a neck on the Sound east of Muchito Cove." -(See Muchito.) The island is connected with the main land by a neck or -beach which was overflowed at high tide. - -Caumsett is recorded as the name of "The neck of land which makes the -west side of Cow Harbor and the east side of Oyster Bay" (Ind. Deed of -1654), known later as Horse Neck and Loyd's Neck. Apparently a -corruption of _Ketumpset,_ "Near the great standing rock." The reference -may have been to what was known as Bluff Point. - -Muchito, the name of what is now Glen Cove, near Hempstead Harbor, is -otherwise written Muschedo, Mosquito and Muscota. It was primarily -written as the name of Muchito Neck. It means "Meadow"--_Moskehtu_ -(Eliot), "grass;" _Muskuta,_ "A grassy plain or meadow." (See Muscota.) - -Katawomoke, "or, as called by the English, Huntington," is written in -the Indian deed of 1653, _Ketauomoke_; in deed of 1646, _Ketauomocke,_ -and assigned to a neck of land "Bounded upon the west side with a river -commonly called by the Indians Nachaquetuck, and on the east by a river -called Opcutkontycke," the latter now known as Northfield-Harbor Brook. -The name is preserved in several orthographies. In deed to Lion Gardiner -(1638), _Ar-hata-amunt_; in deed to Richard Smith (1664), _Catawaunuck_ -and _Catawamuck_, and in another entry "Cattawamnuck land," _i. e._ land -about Catawamuck; in Huntington Records, _Ketewomoke_; in Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, p. 60: "To the eastward of the town of Huntington and to -the westward of Nesaquack, commonly called by the Indians _Katawamake_ -and in English by the name of Crope Meadow;" in another entry, "Crab -Meadow," by which last name the particular tract was known for many -years. "Crope" and "Crab" are English equivalents for a species of -grass called "finger-grass or wire-grass," and were obviously employed -by the English to describe the kind of grass that distinguished the -meadow--certainly not as an equivalent of the Indian name, which was -clearly that of a place at or near the head of Huntington Harbor, from -which it was extended to the lands as a general locative. The several -forms of the name may probably be correctly read from _Kehti,_ or its -equivalent. _Kehchi_, "Chief, principal, greatest," and _-amaug,_ -"Fishing-place" (_-amuck,_ L. I.), literally "The greatest -fishing-place." The orthography of 1638 is especially corrupt, and -_Ketawamuck_, apparently the most nearly correct, the rule holding good -in this, as in other cases, that the very early forms are especially -imperfect. - -Nachaquatuck, the western boundary stream of Eaton's Neck, quoted as the -name of Cold Spring, is translated by Dr. Tooker from _Wa'nashque-tuck_, -"The ending creek, because it was the end or boundary of the tract." -"Called by the Indians Nackaquatok, and by the English Cold Spring." -(Huntington Patent, 1666.) _Wanashque,_ "The tip or extremity of -anything." - -Opcutkontycke, now assigned to a brook entering Northfield Harbor, and -primarily given as the name of a boundary stream (see Katawamake), seems -to be a corruption of _Ogkomé_ (Acoom-), "On the other side," and -_-tuck,_ "A tidal stream or estuary." It was a place on the other side -of the estuary. - -Aupauquack, the name of a creek in West Hampton, is entered, in 1665, -_Aupaucock_ and described as a boundary stream between the Shinnecock -and the Unchechauge lands, "Either nation may cutt flags for their use -on either side of the river without molestation." Also given as the name -of a "Lily Pond" in East Hampton. Written Appauquauk and Appoquague, and -now Paucuck. The name describes a place "Where flags grow," and nothing -else. [FN] (See Apoquague.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Rev. Thomas James, in a deposition made Oct. 18, 1667, said that - two old Indian women informed him they "gathered flags for mats within - that tract." (East Hampton Town Records, 156.) - - -Wading River, now so called, was also called "The Iron or Red Creek," -"Red Creek" and "Wading Place," and by the Indians _Pauquacumsuck_ and -_Pequoockeon,_ the latter, wrote Dr. Trumbull, "Because Pequaocks, a -little thick shell-fish was found there, which the Indians waded for; -hence the name 'Wading River,' _Quahaug_ is from this term, and -_Pequaock,_ Oyster Bay." "Iron or Red Creek" explains itself. Wading -River is preserved in the name of a village in the town of Riverhead. - -Assawanama--"a tract of land near the town of Huntington called by the -natives _Anendesak,_ in English Eaderneck's Beach, and so along the -Sound four miles, or thereabouts, until [to] the fresh pond called by -the natives _Assaiwanama,_ where a creek runs into the Sound"--describes -"A creek beyond," _i. e._ beyond Anendesak; from Assawa-amhames. - -Aquebogue, Aquebauke--"on the north side of Aquebauke or Piaconnock -River" (COl. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600)--means, "Land or place on this side," -_i. e._ on the side towards the speaker, as is obvious from the -description, "On the north side," and from the deed of 1648, which -reads: "The whole tract of land called Ocquebauck, together with the -lands and meadows lying on the _other side_ of the water as far as the -creek," the latter called "The Iron or Red Creek," now "Wading River." -The name is preserved in two villages in the town of Riverhead, on the -original tract. - -Wopowag, more correctly _Wepowage,_ given as the name of Stony Brook, -town of Brookhaven, describes a place "At the narrows," _i. e._ of a -brook or cove, and usually "The crossing place." (Trumbull.) - -So'was'set, correctly _Cowas'sett_ (Moh.), the name of what is now Port -Jefferson, signifies, "Near a place of small pine trees." (Trumbull.) -The name was applied to what was long known as the "Drowned Meadow," but -not the less a "Place of small pine trees" which was at or near the -meadow. - -Wickaposset, now given as the name of Fisher's Island, appears to be -from _Wequa,_ "End of," _-paug_ (-peauke), "Waterland," and _-et,_ -locative--near the end of the water-land, marsh or pond. The island is -on the north side of the Sound opposite Stonington, Ct., but is included -in the jurisdiction of Southampton. - -Hashamomuck, "being a neck of land." (Southold Records.) Hashamomock or -Nashayousuck. (Ib.) The adjectivals _Hash_ and _Nash_ seem to be from -_Nashaué,_ "Between," and _-suck,_ "The mouth or outlet of a brook." The -suffix _-momuck,_ in the first form, may stand for _-komuk,_ "Place"--a -place between. The orthographies are very uncertain. - -Minnepaug, "being a little pond with trees standing by it." (Southold -Records.) The name is explained in the description, "A little pond." In -Southampton Records the same pond is called Monabaugs, another -orthography of Minnepaug. - -Masspootupaug (1662), describes a boggy meadow or miry land. The -substantival is _Póotapaug,_ Mass., "A bog." The adjectival may stand for -_Mass,_ "Great," or _Matt,_ derogative. - -Manowtassquott, or Manowtatassquott, is assigned to Blue Point, in Great -South Bay, town of Brookhaven. The record reads: "Bounded easterly by a -brook or river to the westward of a point called the Blue Point, known -by the Indian name of Manowtatassquott." The name belongs to a place -where Menhaden abounded--Manowka-tuck-ut--from which extended to the -point. - -Ochabacowesuck, given as the name of what is now called Pine Neck, stands -for _Acquebacowes-uck,_ meaning, "On this side of the small pines." -Narraganset. _Cówawés-uck,_ "At the young pine place," or "Small-pine -place." _Koowa,_ Eliot; _-es,_ diminutive; _-uck,_ locative. The name of -the tree was from its pointed leaves; _Kous,_ a thorn or briar, or -"having a sharp point." (Trumbull.) _Acqueb,_ "This side." - -Ronkonkoma, _Raconkamuck, Wonkonkoamaug, Wonkongamuck, Wonkkeconiaug, -Raconkcamake,_ "A fresh pond, about the middle of Long Island." -(Smithtown Records.) "_Woukkecomaug_ signifying crooked pond." (Indian -deed of 1720.) Obviously from _Wonkun,_ "Bent," and _-komuk,_ "Place, -limited or enclosed." Interpretation from _Wonkon'ous,_ "Fence," and -_-amaug,_ "Fishing-place" (Tooker), has no other standing than that -there was a fence of lopped trees terminating at the pond. The name, -however, was in place before the fence was made. The explanation in the -Indian deed of 1720 cannot be disputed. The pond divides the towns of -Islip, Smithtown, Setauket, and Patchoug. - -Potunk, a neck of land on Shinnecock Bay, is written _Potuncke_ in -Smithtown Records, in 1662. "A swamp at Potunk," is another entry. Dr. -Trumbull quoted it as a form of _Po'dunk,_ Conn., which is of primary -record, "Called _Potaecke,_" and given as the name of a "brook or -river." In Brookfield, Mass., a brook bearing the name is said to have -been so called "from a tract of meadow adjoining." In Washington County, -N. Y., is recorded "Podunk Brook." (Cal. Land Papers.) The meaning of the -name is uncertain, but from its wide distribution it is obviously from -a generic--presumably a corruption of _P'tuk-ohke,_ a neck or corner of -land. "The neck next east of Onuck is known by the Indian name of -Potunk." (Local History.) - -Mannhonake, the name of Gardiner's Island--"called by the Indians -Mannhonake, [FN] and by us the Isle of Wight"--means, "Island place or -country," from _Munnohhan,_ "Island," and _-auke,_ "Land, ground, place -(not limited or enclosed), country," etc. (Trumbull.) In common with -other islands in Gardiner's Bay, it was recommended, in 1650, as offering -rare inducements for settlement, "Since therein lie the cockles whereof -wampum is made." "The greatest part of the wampum for which the furs are -traded is made there." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 360.) The island was -claimed in the deed as the property of the Narragansetts. Dr. Dwight's -interpretation of the name, "A place where a number of Indians had died," -is a pure invention. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Manchonacke_ is the orthography in patent to Lion Gardiner, 1639. - (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 685.) Dr. Trumbull quotes _Manchonat,_ - Narragansett. - - -Manah-ackaquasu-wanock, given as the name of Shelter Island, is a -composition of two names, as shown by the record entry, "All that their -island of _Ahaquasu-wamuck,_ otherwise called _Manhansack._" -_Ahaquasu-wamuck_ is no doubt the equivalent of _Aúhaquassu_ (Nar.), -"Sheltered," and _-amuck_ is an equivalent of _amaug,_ "Fishing-place," -literally, "Sheltered fishing-place." _Menhansack_ is _Manhansick_ in -deed of 1652, and _Munhassett_ and _Manhasett_ in prior deed of 1640. -(East-Hampton Records.) It is a composition from _Munnohan,_ "Island;" -_es,_ "small," and _et,_ "at" and describes a small island as "at" or -"near" some other island. The compound _Manah-ahaquasu-wanock,_ means, -therefore, simply, "Sheltered-fishing-place island," identifying the -island by the fishing-place, while _Manhasett_ identifies it in generic -terms as a small island near some other island or place. [FN] The island -now bears the generic terms _Manhasett._ Pogatacutt, sachem of the -island, is supposed to have lived on what is now known as "Sachem's -Neck." (See Montauk.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Perhaps explained by the entry, "Roberts' Island, situate near - Manhansack." (Records, Town of East-Hampton.) - - -Manises, or _Menasses,_ as written by Dr. Trumbull, the name of Block -Island, means, literally, "Small island," just as an Englishman would -describe it. The Narragansetts were its owners. Its earliest European -occupant was Capt. Adriaen Block, who, having lost his vessel by burning -at Manhattan, constructed here another which he called the "Onrust" or -"Restless," in 1614. It was the first vessel constructed by Europeans in -New York waters. In this vessel Block made extended surveys of Hudson's -River, the Connecticut, the Sound, etc. Acquiring from his residence -among them a knowledge of the Connecticut coast dialects, he wrote the -names of tribes on the Hudson in that dialect. Reference is made to what -is better known as the "Carte Figurative of 1614-16." There is no better -evidence that this Figurative was from Block's chart than its presumed -date and the orthographies of the names written on it. - - - - - * * * * * - - - Hudson's River on the West. - - - -Neversink, now so written as the name of the hills on the south side of -the lower or Raritan Bay, is written _Neuversin_ by Van der Donck, -_Neyswesinck_ by Van Tienhoven, _Newasons_ by Ogilby, 1671, and more -generally in early records Naver, Neuver, Newe, and Naoshink. The -original was no doubt the Lenape Newas-ink, "At the point, comer, or -promontory." The root _Ne_ (English _Nâï_), means, "To come to a point," -"To form a point," or, as rendered by Dr. Trumbull, "A corner, angle or -point," _Nâïag._ Dr. Schoolcraft's translation, "Between waters," and -Dr. O'Callaghan's "A stream between hills," are incorrect, as can be -abundantly proved. (See Nyack.) - -Perth Amboy, at the mouth of Raritan River, is in part, from James, -Earl of Perth, Lord High Chancellor of Scotland, who founded a settlement -there, and part from _Amboy_ (English _Ambo_), meaning any rising or -stage, a hill or any elevation. A writer in 1684 notes: "Where the town -of Perth is now building is on a shelf of land rising twenty, thirty and -forty feet." Smith (Hist. of New Jersey) wrote: "_Ambo_, in Indian, 'A -point;'" but there is no such word as _Ambo,_ meaning "A point," in any -Indian dialect. Heckewelder's interpretation: "_Ompoge,_ from which -_Amboy_ is derived, and also _Emboli,_ means 'A bottle,' or a place -resembling a bottle," is equally erroneous, although _Emboli_ may easily -have been an Indian pronunciation of Amboy. The Indian deed of 1651 -reads, "From the Raritan Point, called _Ompoge,_" which may be read from -_Ompaé,_ Alg. generic, "Standing or upright," of which _Amboy,_ English, -is a fair interpretation. - -Raritangs (Van Tienhoven), _Rariton_ (Van der Donck), _Raretans, -Raritanoos, Nanakans,_ etc., a stream flowing to tide-water west of -Staten Island, extended to the Indian sub-tribal organization which -occupied the Raritan Valley, is from the radical _Nâï,_ "A point," as -in Naragan, Naraticon, Narrangansett, Nanakan, Nahican, etc., fairly -traced by Dr. Trumbull in an analysis of Narragansett, and apparently -conclusively established in Nanakan and Narratschoen on the Hudson, the -Verdrietig Hoek, or "Tedious Point," of Dutch notation, where, after -several forms it culminates in _Navish._ Lindstrom's _Naratic-on,_ on -the lower Delaware, was probably Cape May, and an equivalent -substantially of the New England _Nayantukq-ut,_ "A point on a tidal -river," and Raritan was the point of the peninsula which the clan -occupied terminating on Raritan Bay, where, probably, the name was first -met by Dutch navigators. The dialectic exchange of N and R, and of the -surd mutes _k_ and _t_ are clear in comparing _Nanakan_ on the Hudson, -_Naratic-on_ on the Delaware, and _Raritan_ on the Raritan. Van der -Donck's map locates the clan bearing the name in four villages at and -above the junction of a branch of the stream at New Brunswick, N. J., -where there is a certain point as well as on Raritan Bay. The clan was -conspicuous in the early days of Dutch New Netherland. Van Tienhoven -wrote that it had been compelled to remove further inland on account of -freshets, but mainly from its inability to resist the raids of the -southern Indians; that the lands which they left unoccupied was between -"two high mountains far distant from one to the other;" that it was "the -handsomest and pleasantest country that man can behold." The great -southern trunk-line Indian path led through this valley, and was then, -as it is now, the great route of travel between the northern and the -southern coast. (See Nanakan, Nyack-on-the-Hudson, and Orange.) - -Orange, a familiar name in eastern New Jersey and supposed to refer to -the two mountains that bound the Raritan Valley, may have been from the -name of a sachem or place or both. In Breeden Raedt it is written: "The -delegates from all the savage tribes, such as the Raritans, whose chiefs -called themselves Oringkes from Orange." _Oringkes_ seems to be a form of -_Owinickes,_ from _Owini,_ N. J. (_Inini,_ Chip., _Lenni,_ Del.), meaning -"Original, pure," etc., and _-ke,_ "country"--literally, "First or -original people of the country," an interpretation which agrees with -the claim of the Indians generally when speaking of themselves. [FN] -_Orange_ is _Oranje,_ Dutch, pure and simple, but evidently introduced -to represent the sound of an Indian word. What that word was may, -probably, be traced from the name given as that of the sachem, _Auronge_ -(Treaty of 1645), which seems to be an apheresis of _W'scha-já-won-ge,_ -"On the hill side," or "On the side of a hill." (Zeisb.) Awonge, Auronge, -Oranje, Orange, is an intelligible progression, and, in connection with -"from Orange," indicates the location of a village or the side of a hill, -which the chiefs represented. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. D. G. Brinton wrote me "I believe you are right in identifying - _Oringkes_ with _Owine_--possibly with locative _k._" - - -Succasunna, Morris County, N. J., is probably from _Sûkeu,_ "Black," and -_-achsün,_ "Stone," with substantive verbal affix _-ni._ It seems to -describe a place where there were black stones, but whether there are -black stones there or not has not been ascertained. - -Aquackanonck, Aquenonga, Aquainnuck, etc.. is probably from -_Achquam'kan-ong,_ "Bushnet fishing place." Zeisberger wrote -"_Achquanican,_ a fish dam." The locative was a point of land formed by -a bend in Pasaeck River on the east side, now included in the City of -Paterson. Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter wrote, in 1679-80: -"Acquakenon: on one side is the kil, on the other is a small stream by -which it (the point) is almost surrounded." The Dutch wrote here, -_Slooterdam,_ _i. e._ a dam with a gate or sluiceway in it, probably -constructed of stone, the sluiceway being left open to enable shad to -run up the stream, and closed by bushes to prevent their return to the -sea. (Nelson.) - -Watchung (Wacht-unk, Del.) is from _Wachtschu_ (Zeisb.), "Hill or -mountain," and _-unk,_ locative, "at" or "on." _Wachtsûnk,_ "On the -mountain" (Zeisb.); otherwise written _Wakhunk._ The original application -was to a hill some twelve miles west of the Hudson. The first deed (1667) -placed the boundmark of the tract "At the foot of the great mountain," -and the second deed (1677) extended the limit "To the top of the mountain -called Watchung." - -Achkinckeshacky; _Hackinkeshacky,_ 1645; _Hackinghsackin, Hackinkesack_ -(1660); _Hackensack_ (1685); _Ackinsack, Hockquindachque; Hackquinsack,_ -are early record forms of the name of primary application to the stream -now known as the Hackensack, from which it was extended to the adjacent -district, to an Indian settlement, and to an Indian sachem, or, as Van -Tienhoven wrote, "A certain savage chief, named Haickquinsacq." (Breeden -Raedt.) The most satisfactory interpretation of the name is that -suggested by the late Dr. Trumbull: "From _Huckquan,_ Mass., _Hócquaan,_ -Len., 'Hook,' and _sauk,_ 'mouth of a river'--literally, 'Hook-shaped -mouth,' descriptive of the course of the stream around Bergen Point, by -the Kil van Kull, [FN-1] to New York Bay." Campanus wrote _Hócküng,_ -"Hook," and Zeisberger, _Hócquaan._ [FN-2] The German _Hacken,_ now -Hackensack, means "Hook," as in German _Russel Hacken,_ "Pot-hook," a -hook incurved at both ends, as the letter S; in Lenape _Hócquoan_ -(Zeisb.). Probably simply a substitution. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Before entering New York Harbor, Hudson anchored his ship below - the Narrows and sent out an exploring party in a boat, who entered the - Narrows and ascended as far as Bergen Point, where they encountered a - second channel which they explored as far as Newark Bay. The place where - the second channel was met they called "The Kils," or channels, and so - it has remained--incorrectly "Kills." The Narrows they called _Col,_ a - pass or defile, or mountain-pass, hence _Kil van Col,_ channel of the - Narrow Pass, and hence _Achter Col,_ a place behind the narrow channel. - "Those [Indians] of Hackingsack, otherwise called Achter Col." (Journal - of New Neth., 1641-47, Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 9.) . . . "Whether the - Indians would sell us the hook of land behind the Kil van Col." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 280.) Achter Col became a general name for all that - section of New Jersey. _Kul_ and _Kull_ are corruptions of _Col._ - _Arthur Kull_ is now applied to Newark Bay. - - [FN-2] Heckewelder wrote "_Okhúcquan, Woâkhucquoan,_ or short _Húcquan_ - for the modern _Occoquan,_ the name of a river in Virginia, and - remarked, 'All these names signify a hook.'" (Trumbull.) Rev. Thomas - Campanus (Holm), who was chaplain to the Swedish settlements on the - Delaware, 1642-9, and who collected a vocabulary, wrote _Hócküng_ - (_ueug_), "Hook." This sound of the word may have led the Dutch to - adopt _Hackingh_ as an orthography--modern _Haking,_ "Hooking," incurved - as a hook. - - -Commoenapa, written in several forms, was the name of the most southern -of the six early Dutch settlements on the west side of Hudson's River, -known in their order as Commoenapa, Aresseck, Bergen, Ahasimus, -Hoboken-Hackingh, and Awiehacken. Commoenapa is now preserved as the name -of the upland between Communipaw Avenue and Walnut Street, Jersey City, -but was primarily applied to the arm of the main land beginning at -Konstabel's Hoek, and later to the site of the ancient Dutch village of -Gamœnapa, as written by De Vries in 1640, and by the local scribes, -Gamœnapaen. [FN] (Col. Hist. N. Y. xiii, 36, 37.) Dunlap (Hist. N. Y., -i, 50) claimed the name as Dutch from _Gemeente,_ "Commons, public -property," and Paen, "Soft land," or in combination, "Tillable land and -marsh belonging to the community," a relation which the lands certainly -sustained. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 234.) The lands were purchased by -Michael Pauw in 1630, and sold by him to the Dutch government in 1638. -Although clearly a Dutch name it has been claimed as Indian, from Lenape -_Gamenowinink_ (Zeisb.), "England, on the other side of the sea." -_Gamœnapaug,_ one of the forms of the name, is quoted as the basis of -this claim; also, _Acomunipag,_ "On the other side of the bay." The Dutch -did substitute _paen_ for _paug_ in some cases, but it is very doubtful -if they did here. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter wrote in their Journal: - "Gamaenapaen is an arm of the main land on the west side of the North - River, beginning at Constable's Hook, directly opposite to Staten - Island, from which it is separated by the Kil van Kol. It is almost an - hour broad, but has large salt meadows or marshes on the Kil van Kol. - It is everywhere accessible by water from the city." - - -Ahasimus--_Achassemus_ in deed to Michael Pauw, 1630--now preserved in -Harsimus, was a place lying west of the "Little Island, Aressick;" later -described as "The corn-land of the Indians," indicating that the name -was from Lenape _Chasqummes_ (Zeisb.), "Small corn." _Ashki'muis,_ "Sea -maize." [FN] (See Arisheck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The aforesaid land Ahasimus and Aressick, by us called the Whore's - Corner, extending along the river Maurites and the Island Manhates on - the east side, and the Island Hobokan-Hackingh on the north side, - surrounded by swamps, which are sufficiently distinct for boundaries." - (Pauw Deed, Nov. 22, 1630; Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 3.) Mr. Winfield - located Ahasimus "At that portion of Jersey City which lies east of - Union Hill, excepting Paulus' Hoeck (Areisheck), . . . generally from - Warren to near Grove Street." - - -Bergen, the name of the third settlement, is met in Scandinavian and in -German dialects. "Bergen, the Flemish for Mons (Latin), 'a hill,' a town -of Belgium." (Lippincott.) "Bergen, op. Zoom, 18 miles north of Antwerp, -'a hill at (or near) the bank,' or border." The original settlement was -on what is now known as Jersey City Heights. - -Arisheck--"The Little Island Aressick" (See Ahasimus), called by the -Dutch Aresseck Houck, Hoeren Houck, and Paulus Houck--now the eastern -point of Jersey City--was purchased from the Indians by Michael Pauw, -Nov. 22, 1630, with "the land called Ahasimus," and, with the "Island -Hobokan-Hackingh," purchased by him in July of the same year, was -included in his plantation under the general name of Pavonia, a Latinized -form of his own name, from Pavo, "Peacock" (Dutch Pauw), which is -retained in the name of the Erie R. R. Ferry. Primarily, Arisseck was a -low neck of land divided by a marsh, the eastern end forming what was -called an island. The West India Company had a trading post there -conducted by one Michael Paulis, from whom it was called Paulus' Hook, -which it retains, Pauw also established a trading post there which, as -it lay directly in the line of the great Indian trunk-path (see -Saponickan), so seriously interfered with the trade of the Dutch post -that the Company purchased the land from him in 1638, and in the same -year sold the island to one Abraham Planck. In the deed to Planck the -description reads: "A certain parcel of land called Pauwels Hoek, -situated westward of the Island Manhates and eastward of Ahasimus, -extending from the North River into the valley which runs around it -there." (Col. Hist. N, Y., xiii, 3.) The Indian name, _Arisheck_ or -_Aresseck,_ is so badly corrupted that the original cannot be -satisfactorily detected, but, by exchanging _n_ for _r,_ and adding the -initial _K,_ we would have _Kaniskeck,_ "A long grassy marsh or meadow." - -Hoboken, now so written--_Hobocan-Hacking,_ July, 1630; _Hobokan-Hacking,_ -Nov. 1630; _Hobokina,_ 1635; _Hobocken,_ 1643; _Hoboken,_ 1647; _Hobuck_ -and _Harboken,_ 1655-6--appears of record first in the Indian deed to -Michael Pauw, July 12, 1630, negotiated by the Director-general and -Council of New Netherland, and therein by them stated, "By us called -Hobocan-Hacking." Primarily it was applied to the low promontory [FN-1] -below Castle Point, [FN-2] bounded, recites the deed, on the south by -the "land Ahasimus and Aressick." On ancient charts Aressick and -Hoboken-Hacking are represented as two long necks of land or points -separated by a cove on the river front now filled in, both points being -called hooks. In records it was called an island, and later as "A neck of -land almost an island, called Hobuk, . . . extending on the south side -to Ahasimus; eastward to the river Mauritus, and on the west side -surrounded by a valley or morass through which the boundary can be seen -with sufficient clearness." (Winfield's Hist. Hudson Co.; Col. Hist. -N. Y., xiii, 2, 3, 4.) In "Freedoms and Exemptions," 1635; "But every one -is notified that the Company reserves, unto itself the Island Manhates; -Fort Orange, with the lands and islands appertaining thereto; Staten -Island; the land of Achassemes, Arassick and Hobokina." The West India -Company purchased the latter lands from Michael Pauw in 1638-9, and -leased and sold in three parcels as stated in the Pauw deeds. The first -settlement of the parcel called by the Dutch Hobocan-Hacking is located -by Whitehead (Hist. East N. J.) immediately north of Hobokan Kill and -called _Hobuk._ Smith, in his "History of New Jersey," wrote _Hobuck,_ -and stated that it was a plantation "owned by a Dutch merchant who in -the Indian wars, had his wife, children and servants murdered by the -Indians." In a narrative of events occurring in 1655, it is written: -"Presently we saw the house on Harboken in flames. This done the whole -Pavonia was immediately in flames." [FN-3] (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 98.) -The deed statement, "By us named," is explicit, and obviously implies -that the terms in the name were Dutch and not Indian, and Dutch they -surely were. Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: -"Hoboken, called after a village on the river Scheldt, a few miles below -Antwerp, [FN-4] and after a high elevation on its north side. _Ho-,_ -_hoh-,_ is the radical of 'high' in all German dialects, and _Buck_ is -'elevation' in most of them. _Buckel_ (Germ.), _Bochel_ (Dutch), means -'hump,' 'hump-back.' _Hump_ (Low German) is 'heap,' 'hill.' _Ho-bok-an_ -locates a place that is distinguished by a hill, or by a hill in some -way associated with it." Presumably from the ancient village of Hoboken -came to Manhattan, about 1655, one Harmon van Hobocoon, a schoolmaster, -who evidently was given his family name from the village from whence he -came. He certainly did not give his family name to Hoboken twenty years -prior to his landing at Manhattan. - -_Hacking_ and _Haken_ are unquestionably Dutch from the radical _Haak,_ -"hook." The first is a participle, meaning _Hooking,_ "incurved as a -hook," by metonymie, "a hook." It was used in that sense by the early -Dutch as a substitute for Lenape _Hócquan,_ "hook," in Hackingsack, and -Zeisberger used it in "_Ressel Hacken,_ pot-hook." No doubt Stuyvesant -used it in the same sense in writing _Hobokan-Hacking,_ describing -thereby both a hill and a hook, corresponding with the topography, to -distinguish it from its twin-hook Arisheck. Had there been an Indian -name given him for it, he would have written it as surely as he wrote -Arisheck. When he wrote, "By us called," he meant just what he said and -what he understood the terms to mean. To assume that he wrote the terms -as a substitute for Lenape _Hopoakan-hacki-ug,_ "At (or on) the -smoking-pipe land." or place where materials were obtained for making -smoking-pipes, has no warrant in the record narrative. _Hacking_ was -dropped from the name in 1635. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] An ancient view of the shore-line represents it as a considerable - elevation--a hill. - - [FN-2] Castle Point is just below Wehawken Cove in which Hudson is - supposed to have anchored his ship in 1609. In Juet's Journal this land - is described as "beautiful" and the cliff as of "the color of white - green, as though it was either a copper or silver mine." It has long - been a noted resort for mineralogists. - - [FN-3] Teunissed van Putten was the first white resident of Hoboken. He - leased the land for twelve years from Jan. 1, 1641. The West India - Company was to erect a small house for him. Presumably this house is - referred to in the narrative. It was north of Hoboken Kill. - - [FN-4] Now a commercial village of Belgium. The prevailing dialect - spoken there was Flemish, usually classed as Low German. The Low German - dialects of three centuries ago are imperfectly represented in modern - orthographies. In and around Manhattan eighteen different European - dialects were spoken, as noted of record--Dutch, Flemish, German, - Scandinavian, Walloon, etc. - - -Wehawken and Weehawken, as now written, is written _Awiehaken_ in deed -by Director Stuyvesant, 1658-9. Other orthographies are Wiehacken, -Whehockan, Weehacken, Wehauk, obvious corruptions of the original, but -all retaining a resemblance in sound. The name is preserved as that of -a village, a ferry, and a railroad station about three miles north of -Jersey City, and is historically noted for its association with the -ancient custom of dueling, the particular resort for that purpose being -a rough shelf of the cliff about two and one-half miles north of Hoboken -and about opposite 28th Street, Manhattan. The locative of the name is -described in a grant by Director Stuyvesant, in 1647, to one Maryn -Adriaensen, of "A piece of land called Awiehaken, situate on the west -side of the North River, bounded on the south by Hoboken Kil, and running -thence north to the next kil, and towards the woods with the same -breadth, altogether fifty morgens of land." [FN] (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 22.) The "next kil" is presumed to have been that flowing to the -Hudson in a wild ravine just south of the dueling ground, now called the -Awiehackan. A later description (1710) reads: "Between the southernmost -cliffs of Tappaen and Ahasimus, at a place called Wiehake." (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 98.) The petition was by Samuel Bayard, who then owned the -land on both sides of Wiehacken Creek, for a ferry charter covering the -passage "Between the southernmost cliffs of Tappaen and New York Island, -at a place called Wiehake," the landing-place of which was established -at or near the mouth of Awiehacken Creek just below what is now known as -King's Point. Of the location generally Winfield (Hist.. Hudson Co., -N. J.) wrote: "Before the iconoclastic hand of enterprise had touched it -the whole region about was charming beyond description. Just south of -the dueling ground was the wild ravine down which leaped and laughed the -Awiehacken. Immediately above the dueling ground was King's Point looking -boldly down upon the Hudson. From this height still opens as fair, as -varied, as beautiful a scene as one could wish to see. The rocks rise -almost perpendicularly to one hundred and fifty feet above the river. -Under these heights, about twenty feet above the water, on a shelf about -six feet wide and eleven paces long, reached by an almost inaccessible -flight of steps, was the dueling ground." South of King's Point were the -famed Elysian Fields, at the southern extremity of which, under Castle -Point, was Sibyl's Cave, a rocky cavern containing a fine spring of -water. - -The place to which the name was applied in the deed of 1658 seems to have -been an open tract between the streams named, presumably a field lying -along the Hudson, from the description, "running back towards the woods," -suggesting that it was from the Lenape radical _Tauwa,_ as written by -Zeisberger in _Tauwi-échen,_ "Open;" as a noun, "Open or unobstructed -space, clear land, without trees." Dropping the initial we have _Auwi, -Awie,_ of the early orthography; dropping _A_ we have _Wie_ and _Wee,_ -and from _-échen_ we have _-ákan, -haken, -hawking,_ etc. As the name -stands now it has no meaning in itself, although a Hollander might read -_Wie_ as _Wei,_ "A meadow," and _Hacken_ as "Hooking," incurved as a -hook, which would fairly describe Weehawking Cove as it was. - -Submitted to him in one of its modern forms, the late Dr. Trumbull wrote -that _Wehawing_ "Seemed" to him as "most probably from _Wehoak,_ Mohegan, -and _-ing,_ Lenape, locative, 'At the end (of the Palisades)'" and in -his interpretation violated his own rules of interpretation which -require that translation of Indian names must be sought in the dialect -spoken in the district where the name appears. The word for "End," in -the dialect spoken here, was _Wiqui._ Zeisberger wrote _Wiquiechung,_ -"End, point," which certainly does not appear in any form of the name. -The Dr.'s translation is simply worthless, as are several others that -have been suggested. It is surprising that the Dr. should quote a -Mohegan adjectival and attach to it a Lenape locative suffix. - - * * * * * - - [FN] A Dutch "morgen"' was about two English acres. - - -Espating (_Hespating,_ Staten Island deed) is claimed to have been the -Indian name of what is now known as Union Hill, in Jersey City, where, -it is presumed, there was an Indian village. The name is from the root -_Ashp_ (_Usp,_ Mass.; _Esp,_ Lenape; _Ishp,_ Chip.), "High," and _-ink,_ -locative, "At or on a high place." From the same root Ishpat-ink, -Hespating. (O'Callaghan.) See Ashpetong. - -Siskakes, now Secaucus, is written as the name of a tract on Hackensack -meadows, from which it was extended to Snake Hill. It is from -_Sikkâkâskeg,_ meaning "Salt sedge marsh." (Gerard.) The Dutch found -snakes on Snake Hill and called it Slangberg, literally, "Snake Hill." - -Passaic is a modern orthography of _Pasaeck_ (Unami-Lenape), German -notation, signifying "Vale or valley." Zeisberger wrote _Pachsójeck_ in -the Minsi dialect. The valley gave name to the stream. In Rockland County -it has been corrupted to Paskack, Pasqueck, etc. - -Paquapick is entered on Pownal's map as the name of Passaic Falls. It is -from _Poqui,_ "Divided, broken," and _-ápuchk,_ "Rock." Jasper Dankers -and Peter Sluyter, who visited the falls in 1679-80, wrote in their -Journal that the falls were "formed by a rock stretching obliquely across -the river, the top dry, with a chasm in the center about ten feet wide -into which the water rushed and fell about eighty feet." It is this rock -and chasm to which the name refers--"Divided rock," or an open place in -a rock. - -Pequannock, now so written, is the name of a stream flowing across the -Highlands from Hamburgh, N. J. to Pompton, written Pachquak'onck by Van -der Donck (1656); Paquan-nock or Pasqueck, in 1694; Paqunneck, Indian -deed of 1709, and in other forms, was the name of a certain field, from -which it was extended to the stream. Dr. Trumbull recognized it as the -equivalent of Mass. _Paquan'noc, Pequan'nuc, Pohqu'un-auke,_ etc., "A -name common to all cleared land, _i. e._ land from which the trees and -bushes had been removed to fit it for cultivation." Zeisberger wrote, -_Pachqu (Paghqu),_ as in _Pachqu-échen,_ "Meadow;" _Pachquak'onck,_ "At -(or on) the open land." - -Peram-sepus, Paramp-seapus, record forms of the name of Saddle River, -[FN] Bergen County, N. J., and adopted in _Paramus_ as the name of an -early Dutch village, of which one reads in Revolutionary history as the -headquarters of General George Clinton's Brigade, appears in deed for a -tract of land the survey of which reads: "Beginning at a spring called -_Assinmayk-apahaka,_ being the northeastern most head-spring of a river -called by the Indians _Peram-sepus,_ and by the Christians Saddle River." -Nelson (Hist. Ind. of New Jersey) quoted from a deed of 1671: -"_Warepeake,_ a run of water so called by the Indians, but the right -name is _Rerakanes,_ by the English called Saddle River." _Peram-sepus_ -also appears as _Wieramius,_ suggesting that _Pera, Para, Wara,_ and -_Wiera_ were written as equivalent sounds, from the root _Wil (Willi, -Winne, Wirri, Waure),_ meaning, "Good, fine, pleasant," etc. The suffix -varies, _Sepus_ meaning "Brook"; _Peake (-peék),_ "Water-place," and -_Anes,_ "Small stream," or, substantially, _Sepus,_ which, by the prefix -_Ware,_ was pronounced "A fine stream," or place of water. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Called "Saddle River," probably, from Richard Saddler, a purchaser - of lands from the Indians in 1674. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 478.) - - -Monsey, a village in Rockland County, takes that name from an Indian -resident who was known by his tribal name, _Monsey_--"the Monseys, -Minsis, or Minisinks." - -Mahway, Mawayway, Mawawier, etc., a stream and place now Mahway, N. J., -was primarily applied to a place described: "An Indian field called -Maywayway, just over the north side of a small red hill called -Mainatanung." The stream, on an old survey, is marked as flowing south -to the Ramapo from a point west of Cheesekook Mountain. The name is -probably from _Mawéwi_ (Zeisb.), "Assembly," where streams or paths, or -boundaries, meet or come together. (See Mahequa.) - -Mainaitanung, Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, and _Mainating_ in N. J. Records, -given as the name of "A small red hill" (see Mahway), does not describe -a "Red hill," but a place "at" a small hill--_Min-attinuey-unk._ The -suffixed locative, _-unk,_ seems to have been generally used in -connection with the names of hills. - -Pompton--_Ponton,_ East N. J. Records, 1695; _Pompeton, Pumpton, Pompeton,_ -N. Y. Records--now preserved in Pompton as the name of a village at the -junction of the Pequannock, the Wynokie, and the Ramapo, and continued -as the name of the united stream south of Pompton Village to its junction -with the Passaic, and also as the name of a town in Passaic County, -N. J., as well as in Pompton Falls, Pompton Plains, etc., and historically -as the name of an Indian clan, appears primarily as the name of the Ramapo -River as now known. It is not met in early New York Records, but in -English Records, in 1694, a tract of land is described as being "On a -river called Paquannock, or Pasqueck, near the falls of Pampeton," and -in 1695, in application to lands described as lying "On Pompton Creek, -about twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into -Paquanneck River," the particular place referred to being known as -Ramopuch, and now as Ramapo. (See Ramapo.) Rev. Heckewelder located the -name at the mouth of the Pompton (as now known) where it falls into the -Passaic, and interpreted it from _Pihm_ (root _Pimé_), "Crooked mouth," -an interpretation now rejected by Algonquian students from the fact that -the mouth of the stream is not crooked. A reasonable suggestion is that -the original was _Pomoten,_ a representative town, or a combination of -towns. [FN-1] which would readily be converted to Pompton. In 1710, -"Memerescum, 'sole sachem of all the nations (towns or families) of -Indians on Remopuck River, and on the east and west branches thereof, on -Saddle River, Pasqueck River, Narranshunk River and Tappan,' gave title -to all the lands in upper or northwestern Bergen and Passaic counties." -(Nelson, "Indians of New Jersey," 111), indicating a combination of -clans. Fifty years later the tribal title is entered in the treaty of -Easton (1758) as the "Wappings, Opings or Pomptons," [FN-2] as claimants -of an interest in lands in northern New Jersey, [FN-3] subordinately to -the "Minsis, Monseys or Minisinks," with whom the treaty was made. The -clan was then living at Otsiningo as ward's of the Senecas, and seems to -have been composed of representatives of several historic northern New -Jersey families. It has been inferred that their designation as -"Wappings" classed them as immigrants from the clans on the east side of -the Hudson. Obviously, however, the term described them as of the most -eastern family of the Minsis or Minisinks, which they were. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] _Pomoteneyu,_ "There are towns." (Zeisb.) Pompotowwut-Muhheakan-neau, - was the name of the capital town of the Mahicans. - - [FN-2] So recognized in the treaty of Easton. - - [FN-3] The territory in which the Pomptons claimed an interest included - northern New Jersey as bounded on the north by a line drawn from - Cochecton, Sullivan County, to the mouth of Tappan Creek on the Hudson, - thence south to Sandy Hook, thence west to the Delaware, and thence - north to Cochecton, lat. 41 deg. 40 min., as appears by treaty deed in - Smith's hist, of New Jersey. - - -Ramapo, now so written and applied to a village and a town in Rockland -County, and also to a valley, a stream of water and adjacent hills, is -written Ramepog in N. Y. Records, 1695; Ramepogh, 1711, and Ramapog in -1775. In New Jersey Records the orthographies are Ramopock, Romopock and -Remopuck, and on Smith's map Ramopough. The earliest description of the -locative of the name appears in N. Y. Records, 1695: "A certain tract of -land in Orange County called Ramepogh, being upon Pompton Creek, about -twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into Pequanneck -River, being a piece of low land lying at ye forks on ye west side of ye -creek, and going down the said creek for ye space of six or seven miles -to a small run running into said creek out of a small lake, several -pieces of land lying on both sides of said creek, computed in all about -ninety or one hundred acres, _with upland adjoining_ thereto to ye -quantity of twelve hundred acres." In other words: "A piece of low land -lying at the forks of said river, about twenty miles above the mouth of -the stream where it falls into the Pequannock, with upland adjoining." -The Pompton, so called then, is now the Ramapo, and the place described -in the deed has been known as Remapuck, Romapuck, Ramopuck, Ramapock, -Pemerpuck, and Ramapo, since the era of first settlement. The somewhat -poetic interpretation of the name, "Many ponds," is without warrant, nor -does the name belong to a "Round pond," or to the stream, now the Ramapo -except by extension to it. Apparently, by dialectic exchange of initials -L and R, _Reme, Rama,_ or _Romo_ becomes _Lamó_ from _Lomówo_ (Zeisb.), -"Downward, slanting, oblique," and _-pogh, -puck,_ etc., is a compression -of _-apughk_ (_-puchk_, German notation), meaning--"Rock." -_Lamów-ápuchk,_ by contraction and pronunciation, _Ramápuck,_ meaning -"Slanting rock," an equivalent of _Pimápuchk,_ met in the district in -Pemerpock, in 1674, denoting "Place or country of the slanting rock." -[FN] Ramapo River is supposed to have its head in Round Pond, in the -northwest part of the town of Monroe, Orange County. It also received -the overflow of eight other ponds. Ramapo Pass, beginning about a mile -below Pierson's, is fourteen miles long. (See Pompton.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. John C. Smock, late State Geologist of New Jersey, wrote me of - the location of the name at Suffern: "There is the name of the stream - and the name of the settlement (in Rockland County, near the New Jersey - line), and the land is low-lying, and along the creek, and above a - forks, _i. e._ above the forks at Suffern. On the 1774 map in my - possession, Romapock is certainly the present Ramapo. The term 'Slanting - rock' is eminently applicable to that vicinity." The Ramapock Patent of - 1704 covered 42,500 acres, and, with the name, followed the mountains - as its western boundary. - - -Wynokie, now so written as the name of a stream flowing to the Pequannock -at Pompton, takes that name from a beautiful valley through which it -passes, about thirteen miles northwest of Paterson. The stream is the -outlet of Greenwood Lake and is entered on old maps as the Ringwood. The -name is in several orthographies--Wanaque, Wynogkee, Wynachkee, etc. It -is from the root _Win,_ "Good, fine, pleasant," and _-aki,_ land or -place. (See Wynogkee.) - -Pamerpock, 1674, now preserved in _Pamrepo_ as the name of a village in -the northwest part of the city of Bayonne, N. J., is probably another -form of _Pemé-apuchk,_ "Slanting rock." [FN] (See Ramapo.) The name -seems to have been widely distributed. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Pemé_ is _Pemi_ in the Massachusetts dialect. "It may generally - be translated by 'sloping' or 'aslant.' In Abnaki _Pemadené - (Pemi-adené)_ denotes a sloping mountain side," wrote Dr. Trumbull. The - affix, _-ápuchk,_ changes the meaning to sloping rock, or "slanting - rock," as Zeisberger wrote. - - -Hohokus, the name of a village and of a railroad station, is probably -from _Mehŏkhókus_ (Zeisb.), "Red cedar." It was, presumably, primarily -at least, a place where red cedar abounded. The Indian name of the stream -here is written _Raighkawack,_ an orthography of _Lechauwaak,_ "Fork" -(Zeisb.), which, by the way, is also the name of a place. - -Tuxedo, now a familiar name, is a corruption of _P'tuck-sepo,_ meaning, -"A crooked river or creek." Its equivalent is _P'tuck-hanné_ (Len. Eng. -Dic.), "A bend in the river"--"Winding in the creek or river"--"A bend -in a river." The earliest form of the original appears in 1754--Tuxcito, -1768; Tuxetough, Tugseto, Duckcedar, Ducksider, etc., are later. -Zeisberger wrote _Pduk,_ from which probably Duckcedar. The name seems -to have been that of a bend in the river at some point in the vicinity -of Tuxedo Pond to which it was extended from a certain bend or bends in -the stream. A modern interpretation from _P'tuksit,_ "Round foot," is of -no merit except in its first word. It was the metaphorical name, among -the Delawares, of the wolf. It would be a misnomer applied to either a -river or a pond. _Sepo_ is generic for a long river. (See Esopus.) - -Mombasha, Mombashes, etc., the name of a small lake in Southfield, Orange -County, is presumed to be a corruption of _M'biìsses_ (Zeisb.), "Small -lake or pond," "Small water-place." The apostrophe indicates a sound -produced with the lips closed, readily pronouncing _o_ (Mom). Charles -Clinton, in his survey of the Cheesec-ook Patent in 1735, wrote -Mount-Basha. Mombasa is an Arabic name for a coral island on the east -coast of Africa. It may have been introduced here as the sound of the -Indian name. - -Wesegrorap, Wesegroraep, Wassagroras, given as the name of "A barren -plain," in the Kakiate Patent, is probably from Wisachgan, "Bitter," sad, -distressing, pitiable. Ziesberger wrote, "Wisachgak, Black oak," the -bark of which is bitter and astringent. A black oak tree on "the -west-southwest side" of the plain may have given name to the plain. - -Narranshaw, Nanaschunck, etc., a place so called in the Kakiate Patent -boundary, is probably a corruption of Van der Donck's _Narratschæn,_ -"A promontory" or high point. (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) - -Kakiate, the name of patented lands in Rockland County, is from Dutch -_Kijkuit,_ meaning "Look out," or "Place of observation, as a tower, -hill," etc. The highest hill in Westchester County bears the same name -in _Kakcout,_ and _Kaykuit_ is the name of a hill in Kingston, Ulster -County. The tract to which the name was extended in Rockland County is -described, "Commonly called by the Indians _Kackyachteweke,_ on a neck of -land which runs under a great hill, bounded on the north by a creek -called Sheamaweck or Peasqua." Hackyackawack is another orthography. The -name seems to be from _Schach-achgeu-ackey,_ meaning "Straight land," -"Straight along," (Zeisb.); _i. e._ direct, as "A neck of land"--"A pass -between mountains," or, as the description reads, "A neck of land which -runs under a great hill." Compare Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 48, 183, etc. - -Torne, the name of a high hill which forms a conspicuous object in the -Ramapo Valley, is from Dutch _Torenherg,_ "A tower or turret, a high -pointed hill, a pinnacle." (Prov. Eng.) The hill is claimed to have been -the northwest boundmark of the Haverstraw Patent. In recent times it has -been applied to two elevations, the Little Torne, west of the Hudson, and -the Great Torne, near the Hudson, south of Haverstraw. (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 46.) - -Cheesek-ook, Cheesek-okes, Cheesec-oks, Cheesquaki, are forms of the name -given as that of a tract of "Upland and meadow," so described in Indian -deed, 1702, and included in the Cheesek-ook Patent, covering parts of the -present counties of Rockland and Orange. It is now preserved as the name -of a hill, to which it was assigned at an early date, and is also quoted -as the name of adjacent lands in New Jersey. The suffix _-ook, -oke, --aki,_ etc., shows that it was the name of land or place (N. J., _-ahke;_ -Len. _-aki_). It is probably met in _Cheshek-ohke,_ Ct., translated by -Dr. Trumbull from _Kussukoe,_ Moh., "High," and _-ohke,_ "Land or -place"--literally, high land or upland. The final _s_ in some forms, is -an English plural: it does not belong to the root. (See Coxackie.) In -pronunciation the accent should not be thrown on the letter _k_; that -letter belongs to the first word. There is no _Kook_ about it. - -Tappans, Carte Figurative of date (presumed) 1614-16, is entered thereon -as the name of an Indian village in Lat. 41° 15', claimed, traditionally, -to have been at or near the site of the later Dutch village known as -Tappan, in Rockland County. In the triangulation of the locative on the -ancient map is inscribed, "En effen veldt" (a flat field), the general -character of which probably gave name to the Indian village. Primarily, -it was a district of low, soft land, abounding in marshes and long -grasses, with little variation from level, extending along the Hudson -from Tappan to Bergen Point, a distance of twenty-seven miles. Wassenaer -wrote, in 1621-25, _Tapants_; DeLaet wrote, in 1624, _Tappaans_; in -Breeden Raedt, _Tappanders_; _Tappaen,_ De Vries, 1639; _Tappaen,_ Van -der Horst deed, 1651: _Tappaens,_ official Dutch; "Savages of _Tappaen_"; -_Tappaans,_ Van der Donck, are the early orthographies of the name and -establish it as having been written by the Dutch with the long sound of -_a_ in the last word--_paan_ (-paen)--which may be read _pan,_ as a pan -of any kind, natural or artificial--a stratum of earth lying below the -soil--the pan of a tap into which water flows--a mortar pit. [FN-1] The -compound word _Tap-pan_ is not found in modern Dutch dictionaries, but -it evidently existed in some of the German dialects, as it is certainly -met in _Tappan-ooli (uli)_ on the west coast of Summatra, in application, -to a low district lying between the mountains and the sea, opposite a -fine bay, in Dutch possession as early as 1618, and also in -_Tappan-huacanga,_ a Dutch possession in Brazil of contemporary date. It -is difficult to believe that Tappan was transferred to those distant -parts from an Indian name on Hudson's River; on the contrary its presence -in those parts forces the conclusion that it was conferred by the Dutch -from their own, or from some dialect with which they were familiar, -precisely as it was on Hudson's River and was descriptive of a district -of country the features of which supply the meaning. DeLaet wrote in his -"New World" (Leyden Edition, 1625-6) of the general locative of the name -on the Hudson: "Within the first reach, on the west side of the river, -where the land is low, dwells a nation of savages named _Tappaans,_" -presumably so named by the Dutch from the place where they had -jurisdiction, _i. e._ the low lands. Specifically, De Vries wrote in -1639, _Tappaen_ as the name of a place where he found and purchased, "A -beautiful valley of clay land, some three or four feet above the water, -lying under the mountains, along the river," presumed to have been in the -meadows south of Piermont, into which flows from the mountains Tappan -Creek, now called Spar Kill, [FN-2] as well as the overflow of Tappan -Zee, of which he wrote without other name than "bay": "There flows here -a strong flood and ebb, but the ebb is not more than four feet on account -of the great quantity of water that flows from above, overflowing the -low lands in the spring," converting them into veritable soft lands. -_Gamænapaen,_ now a district in Jersey City, was interpreted by the -late Judge Benson, "Tillable land and marsh." Dr. Trumbull wrote: -"_Petuckquapaugh,_ Dumpling Pond (round pond) gave name to part of the -township of Greenwich, Ct. The Dutch called this tract _Petuck-quapaen._" -The tract is now known as Strickland Plain, [FN-3] and is described as -"Plain and water-land"--"A valley but little above tidewater; on the -southwest an extended marsh now reclaimed in part." The same general -features were met in _Petuckquapaen,_ now Greenbath, opposite Albany, -N. Y. Dr. Trumbull also wrote, "The Dutch met on Long Island the word -_Seaump_ as the name of corn boiled to a pap. The root is _Saupáe_ -(Eliot), 'soft,' _i. e._ 'made soft by water,' as _Saupáe manoosh,_ -'mortar,' literally 'softened clay.' Hence the Dutch word -_Sappaen_--adopted by Webster _Se-pawn._" Other examples could be quoted -but are not necessary to establish the meaning of Dutch Tappaan, or -Tappaen. An interpretation by Rev. Heckewelder, quoted by Yates & -Moulton, and adopted by Brodhead presumably without examination: "From -_Thuhaune_ (Del.), cold stream," is worthless. No Delaware Indian would -have given it as the name of Tappan Creek, and no Hollander would have -converted it into Tappaan or Tappaen. - -The Palisade Range, which enters the State from New Jersey, and borders -the Hudson on the west, terminates abruptly at Piermont. Classed by -geologists as Trap Rock, or rock of volcanic origin, adds interest to -their general appearance as calumnar masses. The aboriginal owners were -not versed in geologic terms. To them the Palisades were simply _-ompsk,_ -"Standing or upright rock." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] _Paen,_ old French, meaning _Pagan,_ a heathen or resident of a - heath, from _Pagus,_ Latin, a heath, a district of waste land. - - [FN-2] Tappan Creek is now known as the Spar Kill, and ancient Tappan - Landing as Tappan Slote. _Slote_ is from Dutch _Sloot._ "Dutch, trench, - moat." "Sloops could enter the mouth of the creek, if lightly laden, at - high tide, through what, from its resemblance to a ditch, was called the - Slote." (Hist. Rockl. Co.) The man or men who changed the name of the - creek to Spar Kill cannot be credited with a very large volume of - appreciation for the historic. The cove and mouth of the creek was no - doubt the landing-place from which the Indian village was approached, - and the latter was accepted for many years as the boundmark on the - Hudson of the jurisdiction of New Jersey. - - [FN-3] Strickland Plain was the site of the terrible massacre of Indians - by English and Dutch troops under Capt. Underhill, in March, 1645. - (Broadhead, Hist. N. Y., i, 390.) About eight hundred Indians were - killed by fire and sword, and a considerable number of prisoners taken - and sold into slavery. The Indian fort here was in a retreat of - difficult access. - - -Mattasink, Mattaconga and Mattaconck, forms of names given to certain -boundmarks "of the land or island called Mattasink, or Welch's Island," -Rockland County, describe two different features. _Mattaconck_ was "a -swampy or hassocky meadow," lying on the west side of Quaspeck Pond, from -whence the line ran north, 72 degrees east, "to the south side of the -rock on the top of the hill," called Mattasinck. In the surveyor's notes -the rock is described as "a certain rock in the form of a sugar loaf." -The name is probably an equivalent of _Mat-assin-ink,_ "At (or to) a bad -rock," or a rock of unusual form. _Mattac-onck_ seems to be an -orthography of _Maskék-onck,_ "At a swamp or hassocky meadow." Surd mutes -and linguals are so frequently exchanged in this district that locatives -must be relied upon to identify names. _Mattac_ has no meaning in itself. -The sound is that of _Maskék._ - -Nyack, Rockland County, does not take that name from _Kestaub-niuk,_ a -place-name on the east side of the Hudson, as stated by Schoolcraft, nor -was the name imported from Long Island, as stated by a local historian; -on the contrary, it is a generic Algonquian term applicable to any point. -It was met in place here at the earliest period of settlement in -application to the south end of Verdrietig Hoek Mountain, as noted in -"The Cove or Nyack Patent," near or on which the present village of Nyack -has its habitations. It means "Land or place at the angle, point or -corner," from _Néïak_ (Del.), "Where there is a point." (See Nyack, -L. I.) The root appears in many forms in record orthographies, due -largely to the efforts of European scribes to express the sound in either -the German or the English alphabet. Adriaen Block wrote, in 1614-16, -_Nahicans_ as the name of the people on Montauk Point; Eliot wrote -_Naiyag_ (_-ag_ formative); Roger Williams wrote _Nanhigan_ and -_Narragan;_ Van der Donck wrote _Narratschoan_ on the Verdrietig Hoek -Mountain on the Hudson; _Naraticon_ appears on the lower Delaware, and -_Narraoch_ and _Njack_ (Nyack) are met on Long Island. The root is the -same in all cases, Van der Donck's _Narratschoan_ on the Hudson, and -_Narraticon_ on the Delaware, meaning "The point of a mountain which has -the character of a promontory," kindred to _Néwas_ (Del.), "A -promontory," or a high point. [FN] The Indian name of Verdrietig Hoek, -or Tedious Point, is of record _Newas-ink_ in the De Hart Patent, and in -several other forms of record--Navish, Navoash-ink, Naurasonk, Navisonk, -Newasons, etc., and Neiak takes the forms of Narratsch, Narrich, Narrock, -Nyack, etc. Verdrietig Hoek, the northeastern promontory of Hook -Mountain, is a rocky precipitous bluff forming the angle of the range. -It rises six hundred and sixty-eight feet above the level of the Hudson -into which it projects like a buttress. Its Dutch-English name "Tedious -Point," has been spoken of in connection with _Pocantico,_ which see. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dr. Trumbull wrote: "_Náï,_ 'Having corners'; _Náïyag,_ 'A corner - or angle'; _Náïg-an-eag,_ 'The people about the point.'" William R. - Gerard wrote: "The Algonquian root _Ne_ (written by the English _Náï_) - means 'To come to a point,' or 'To form a point.' From this came Ojibwe - _Naiá-shi,_ 'Point of land in a body of water.' The Lenape _Newás,_ with - the locative affix, makes _Newás-ing,_ 'At the promontory.' The Lenape - had another word for 'Point of land.' This was _Néïak_ (corrupted to - Nyack). It is the participial form of _Néïan,_ 'It is a point.' The - participle means, 'Where there is a point,' or literally, 'There being - a point.'" - - -Essawatene--"North by the top of a certain hill called Essawatene," so -described in deed to Hermanus Dow, in 1677--means "A hill beyond," or on -the other side of the speaker. It is from _Awassi_ (Len.), "Beyond," and -_-achtenne,_ "Hill," or mountain. _Oosadenighĕ_ (Abn.), "Above, beyond, -the mountain," or "Over the mountain." We have the same derivative in -_Housaten-ûk,_ now Housatonic. - -Quaspeck, Quaspeek, Quaspeach, "Quaspeach or Pond Patent"--"A tract of -land called in the Indian language Quaspeach, being bounded by the brook -Kill-the-Beast, running out of a great pond." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -53, 56, 70, 82.) The land included in the patent was described as "A -hassocky meadow on the west side of the lake." (See Mattasink.) The full -meaning of the name is uncertain. The substantival _-peék,_ or _-peach,_ -means "Lake, pond or body of still water." [FN] As the word stands its -adjectival does not mean anything. The local interpretation "Black," is -entirely without merit. The pond is now known as Rockland Lake. It lies -west of the Verdrietig Hoek range, which intervenes between it and the -Hudson. It is sheltered on its northeast shore by the range. The ridge -intervening between it and the Hudson rises 640 feet. It is a beautiful -lake of clear water reposing on a sandy bottom, 160 feet above the level -of the Hudson. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The equivalent Mass. word is _paug,_ "Where water is," or "Place - of water." (Trumbull.) Quassa-paug or Quas-paug, is the largest lake in - Woodbury, Ct. Dr. Trumbull failed to detect the derivative of _Quas,_ - but suggested, Kiche, "Great." Probably a satisfactory interpretation - will be found in _Kussûk,_ "High." (See Quassaick.) - - -Menisak-cungue, so written in Indian deed to De Hart in 1666, and also -in deed from De Hart to Johannes Minnie in 1695, is written _Amisconge_ -on Pownal's map, as the name of a stream in the town of Haverstraw. As -De Hart was the first purchaser of lands at Haverstraw, the name could -not have been from that of a later owner, as locally supposed. Pownal's -orthography suggests that the original was _Ommissak-kontu,_ Mass., -"Where Alewives or small fishes are abundant." The locative was at the -mouth of the stream at Grassy Point. [FN] Minnie's Falls, a creek so -known, no doubt, took that name from Johannes Minnie. On some maps it is -called Florus' Falls, from Florus Crom, an early settler. An unlocated -place on the stream was called "The Devil's Horse Race." - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Kontu,_ an abundance verb, is sometimes written _contee,_ easily - corrupted to _cungue._ Dutch _Congé_ means "Discharge," the tail-race - of a mill, or a strong, swift current. Minnie's Congé, the tail-race of - Minnie's mill. - - -Mahequa and Mawewier are forms of the name of a small stream which -constitutes one of the boundaries of what is known as Welch's Island. -They are from the root _Mawe,_ "Meeting," _Mawewi,_ "Assembly" (Zeisb.), -_i. e._ "Brought together," as "Where paths or streams or boundaries -come together." The reference may have been to the place where the stream -unites with Demarest's Kill, as shown on a map of survey in "History of -Rockland County." Welch's Island was so called from its enclosure by -streams and a marsh. (See Mattaconga and Mahway.) - -Skoonnenoghky is written as the name of a hill which formed the southwest -boundmark of a district of country purchased from the Indians by Governor -Dongan in 1685, and patented to Capt. John Evans by him in 1694, -described in the Indian deed as beginning on the Hudson, "At about the -place called the Dancing Chamber, thence south to the north side of the -land called Haverstraw, thence northwest along the hill called -Skoonnenoghky" to the bound of a previous purchase made by Dongan "Called -Meretange pond." (See Pitkiskaker.) The hill was specifically located in -a survey of part of the line of the Evans Patent, by Cadwallader Colden, -in 1722, noted as "Beginning at Stony Point and running over a high hill, -part of which makes the Stony Point, and is called Kunnoghky or -Kunnoghkin." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 162.) The south side of Stony Point -was then accepted as the "North side of the land called Haverstraw." The -hills in immediate proximity, at varying points of compass, are the -Bochberg (Dutch, _Bochelberg,_ "Humpback hill"), and the Donderberg, -neither of which, however, have connection with Stony Point, leaving the -conclusion certain that from the fact that the line had its beginning at -the extreme southeastern limit of the Point on the Hudson, the hill -referred to in the survey must have been that on which the Stony Point -fort of the Revolution was erected, "Part of which hill" certainly "makes -the Stony Point." Colden's form of the name, "Kunnoghky or Kunnoghkin," -is obviously an equivalent of Dongan's Schoonnenoghky. Both forms are -from the generic root _Gún,_ Lenape (_Qûn,_ Mass.), meaning -"Long"--_Gúnaquot,_ Lenape, "Long, tall, high, extending upwards"; -_Qunnúhqui_ (Mass.), "Tall, high, extending upwards"; _Qunnúhqui-ohke_ -or _Kunn'oghky,_ "Land extending upwards," high land, gradual ascent. -The name being generic was easily shifted about and so it was that in -adjusting the northwest line of the Evans Patent it came to have -permanent abode as that of the hill now known as Schunnemunk in the town -of Cornwall, Orange County, to the advantage of the proprietors of the -Minisink Patent. [FN] Reference to the old patent line will be met in -other connections. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The patent to Capt. John Evans was granted by Gov. Dongan in 1694, - and vacated by act of the Colonial Assembly in 1708, approved by the - Queen in 1708. It included Gov. Dongan's two purchases of 1784-85. - {_sic_} It was not surveyed; its southeast, or properly its northwest - line was never satisfactorily determined, but was supposed to run from - Stony Point to a certain pond called Maretanze in the present town of - Greenville, Orange County. Following the vacation of the patent in 1708, - several small patents were granted which were described in general terms - as a part of the lands which it covered. In order to locate them the - Surveyor-General of the Province in 1722, propounded an inquiry as to - the bounds of the original grant; hence the survey by Cadwallader - Colden. The line then established was called "The New Northwest Line." - It was substantially the old line from Stony Point to Maretanze Pond - (now Binnenwater), in Greenville, and cut off a portion of the territory - which was supposed to have been included in the Wawayanda Patent. - Another line was projected in 1765-6, by the proprietors of the Minisink - Patent, running further northeast and the boundmark shifted to a pond - north of Sam's Point, the name going with it. The transaction formed the - well-known Minisink Angle, and netted the Minisink proprietors 56,000 - acres of unoccupied lands. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 986.) Compare Cal. - N. Y. Land Papers, 164, 168, 171, 172, and Map of Patents in Hist. - Orange Co., quarto edition. - - -Reckgawank, of record in 1645 as the name of Haverstraw, appears in -several later forms. Dr. O'Callaghan (Hist. New Neth.) noted: -"Sessegehout, chief of Rewechnong of Haverstraw." In Col. Hist. N. Y., -"Keseshout [FN-1] chief of Rewechnough, or Haverstraw," "Curruppin, -brother, and representative of the chief of Rumachnanck, alias -Haverstraw." In the treaty of 1645: "Sesekemick and Willem, chiefs of -Tappans and Reckgawank," which Brodhead found converted to "Kumachenack, -or Haverstraw." [FN-2] The original is no doubt from _Rekau,_ "Sand, -gravel," with verb substantive _wi,_ and locative _-ng,_ or _-ink_; -written by Zeisberger, _Lekauwi._ The same word appears in _Rechqua-akie,_ -now Rockaway, L. I. The general meaning, with the locative _-nk_ or -_-ink,_ is "At the sandy place," and the reference to the sandy flats, -at Haverstraw, where Sesegehout presumably resided. There is no reason -for placing this clan on Long Island. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] _Sesehout_ seems to have been written to convey an idea of the - rank of the sachem from the Dutch word _Schout,_ "Sheriff." - _K'schi-sakima,_ "Chief, principal," or "greatest sachem." In Duchess - County the latter is written _t'see-saghamaugh._ - - [FN-2] Haverstraw is from Dutch _Haverstroo._ "Oat straw," presumably - so named from the wild oats which grew abundantly on the flats. - - -Nawasink, Yan Dakah, Caquaney and Aquamack, are entered in the Indian -deed to De Hart as names for lands purchased by him at Haverstraw in -1666. The deed reads: "A piece of land and meadow lying upon Hudson's -River in several parcels, called by the Indians Nawasink, Yan Dakah, -Caquaney, and Aquamack, within the limits of Averstraw, bounded on the -east and north by Hudson's River, on the west by a creek called -Menisakcungue, and on the south by the mountain." The mountain on the -south could have been no other than Verdrietig Hoek, and the limit on the -north the mouth of the creek in the cove formed by Grassy Point, which -was long known as "The further neck." Further than is revealed by the -names the places cannot be certainly identified. Taken in the order in -the deed, _Newasink_ located a place that was "At (or on) a point or -promontory." It is a pure Lenape name. _Yan Dakah_ is probably from _Yu -Undach,_ "On this side," _i. e._ on the side towards the speaker. -_Caquancy_ is so badly corrupted that its derivative is not recognizable. -_Aquamack_ seems to be the same word that we have in Accomack, Va., -meaning, "On the Other side," or "Other side lands." In deed to Florus -Crom is mentioned "Another parcel of upland and meadow known by the name -of _Ahequerenoy,_ lying north of the brook called Florus Falls and -extending to Stony Point," the south line of which was the north line of -the Haverstraw lands as later understood. The tract was known for years -as "The end place." - -Sankapogh, Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683--Sinkapogh, Songepogh, -Tongapogh--is given as the name of a small stream flowing to the Hudson -south of the stream called Assinapink, locally now known as Swamp Kill -and Snake-hole Creek. The stream is the outlet of a pool or spring which -forms a marsh at or near the foot of precipitous rocks. Probably an -equivalent of Natick _Sonkippog,_ "Cool water." - -Poplopen's Creek, now so written, the name of the stream flowing to the -Hudson between the sites of the Revolutionary forts Clinton and -Montgomery, south of West Point, and also the name of one of the ponds -of which the stream is the outlet, seems to be from English _Pop-looping_ -(Dutch _Loopen_), and to describe the stream as flowing out -quickly--_Pop_, "To issue forth with a quick, sudden movement"; _Looping_, -"To run," to flow, to stream. The flow of the stream was controlled by -the rise and fall of the waters in the ponds on the hills, seven in -number. The outlet of Poplopen Pond is now dammed back to retain a head -of water for milling purposes. It is a curious name. The possessive _'s_ -does not belong to the original--Pop-looping Creek. - -Assinapink, the name of a small stream of water flowing to the Hudson -from a lake bearing the same name--colloquially _Sinsapink_--known in -Revolutionary history as Bloody Pond--is of record, "A small rivulet of -water called _Assin-napa-ink_" (Cal. N, Y. Land Papers, 99), from -_Assin,_ "stone"; _Napa,_ "lake, pond," or place of water, and _-ink,_ -locative, literally, "Place of water at or on the stone." The current -interpretation, "Water from the solid rock," is not specially -inappropriate, as the lake is at the foot of the rocks of Bare Mountain. -At a certain place in the course of the stream a legal description reads: -"A whitewood tree standing near the southerly side of a ridge of rocks, -lying on the south side of a brook there called by the Indians -_Sickbosten_ Kill, and by the Christians Stony Brook." [FN] The Indians -never called the stream _Sickbosten,_ unless they learned that word from -the Dutch, for corrupted Dutch it is. The derivative is _Boos,_ "Wicked, -evil, angry"; _Zich Boos Maken,_ "To grow angry," referring particularly -to the character of the stream in freshets. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Adv. in Newburgh Mirror, June 18, 1798. - - -Prince's Falls, so called in description of survey of patent to Samuel -Staats, 1712: "Beginning at ye mouth of a small rivulet called by the -Indians Assin-napa-ink, then up the river (Hudson) as it runs, two -hundred chains, which is about four chains north of Prince's Falls, -including a small rocky isle and a small piece of boggy meadow called -John Cantton Huck; also a small slip of land on each side of a fall of -water just below ye meadow at ye said John Cantonhuck." (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 99.) Long known as Buttermilk Falls and more recently as Highland -Falls. In early days the falls were one of the most noted features on -the lower Hudson. They were formed by the discharge over a precipice of -the outlet waters of Bog-meadow Brook. They were called Prince's Falls -in honor of Prince Maurice of Holland. The name was extended to the creek -in the Staats survey--Prince's Kill. - -Manahawaghin is of record as the name of what is now known as Iona -Island, in connection with "A certain tract of land on the west side of -Hudson's River, beginning on the south side of a creek called Assinapink, -together with a certain island and parcel of meadow called Manahawaghin, -and by the Christians Salisbury Island." The island lies about one mile -south of directly opposite Anthony's Nose, and is divided from the main -land by a narrow channel or marshy water-course. The tract of land lies -immediately north of the Donderberg; it was the site of the settlement -known as Doodletown in Revolutionary history. The name is probably from -_Mannahatin,_ the indefinite or diminutive form of _Mannahata,_ "The -Island"--literally, "Small island." The last word of the record form is -badly mangled. (See Manhattan.) - - - -[Illustration: Northern Gate of the Highlands] - - - -Manahan, meaning "Island"--indefinite _-an_--is a record name of what is -now known as Constitution Island, the latter title from Fort Constitution -which was erected thereon during the war of the Revolution. The early -Dutch navigators called it Martelaer's Rack Eiland, from Martelaer, -"Martyr," and Rack, a reach or sailing course--"the Martyr's Reach"--from -the baffling winds and currents encountered in passing West Point. The -effort of Judge Benson to convert "Martelaer's" to "Murderer's." and -"Rack" to "Rock"--"the Murderer's Rock"--was unfortunate. - -Pollepel Eiland, a small rocky island in the Hudson at the northern -entrance to the Highlands, was given that name by an early Dutch -navigator. It means, literally, "Pot-ladle Island," so called, presumably, -from its fancied resemblance to a Dutch pot-ladle. Jasper Dankers and -Peter Sluyter wrote the name in their Journal in 1679-80, indicating that -the island was then well known by that title. On Van der Donck's map of -1656 the island is named Kaes Eiland. Dutch _Kaas_ (cheese) _Eiland._ -Dankers and Sluyter also wrote, "_Boter-berg_ (Butter-hill), because it -is like the rolls of butter which the farmers of Holland take to market." -Read in connection the names are Butter Hill and Cheese Island. The same -writers wrote, "_Hays-berg_ (Hay-hill), because it is like a hay-stack -in Holland," and "_Donder-berg_ (Thunder-hill), so called from the echoes -of thunder peals which culminated there." The latter retains its ancient -Dutch title. It is eminently the Echo Hill of the Highlands. The oldest -record name of any of the hills is _Klinker-berg,_ which is written on -the Carte Figurative of 1614-16 directly opposite a small island and -apparently referred to Butter Hill. It means literally, "Stone Mountain." -The passage between Butter Hill and Break Neck, on the east side of the -river, was called "Wey-gat, or Wind-gate, because the wind often blowed -through it with great force," wrote Dr. Dwight. The surviving name, -however, is _Warragat,_ from Dutch _Warrelgat,_ "Wind-gate." It was at -the northern entrance to this troublesome passage that Hudson anchored -the Half-Moon, September 29th, 1609. Brodhead suggested (Note K, Vol. I) -that Pollepel Island was that known in early Dutch history as Prince's -Island, or Murderer's Creek Island, and that thereon was erected Fort -Wilhelmus, referred to by Wassenaer in 1626. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 35.) -The evidence is quite clear, however, that the island to which Wassenaer -referred was in the vicinity of Schodac, where there was also a -Murderer's Creek. - -Hudson, on his exploration of the river which now bears his name, sailed -into the bay immediately north of Butter Hill, now known as Newburgh Bay, -on the morning of the 15th of September, 1709. After spending several -days in the northern part of the river, he reached Newburgh Bay on his -return voyage in the afternoon of September 29th, and cast anchor, or -as stated in Juet's Journal, "Turned down to the edge of the mountains, -or the northernmost of the mountains, and anchored, because the high -lands hath many points, and a narrow channel, and hath many eddie winds. -So we rode quietly all night." The hill or mountain long known as -Breakneck, on the east side of the river, may be claimed as the -northernmost, which would place his anchorage about midway between -Newburgh and Pollepel Island. - -Quassaick, now so written, is of record, _Quasek,_ 1709; "Near to a place -called _Quasaik,_" 1709-10; _Quasseck,_ 1713; "_Quassaick_ Creek upon -Hudson's River," 1714. It was employed to locate the place of settlement -of the Palatine immigrants in 1709--"The Parish of Quassaick," later, -"The Parish of Newburgh." It is now preserved as the name of the creek -which bounds (in part) the city of Newburgh on the south. "Near to a -place called Quasek," indicates that the place of settlement was located -by the name of some other place which was near to it and generally known -by the name. The late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan read it, in 1856: "From -_Qussuk,_ 'Stone,' and _-ick,_ 'Place where,' literally, 'A place of -stone,'" the presumed reference being to the district through which the -stream flows, which is remarkable for its deposit of glacial bowlders. -The correctness of this interpretation has been questioned on very -tenable grounds. _Qusuk_ is not in the plural number and _-uk_ does not -stand for _-ick._ Eliot wrote: "_Qussuk,_ a rock," and "_Qussukquan-ash,_ -rocks." _Qussuk,_ as a substantive simply, would be accepted as the name -of a place called "A rock," by metonymie, "A stone." No other meaning -can be drawn from it. It does not belong to the dialect of the district, -the local terms being _-ápuch,_ "Rock," and _-assin,_ or _-achsûn,_ -"Stone." Dr. O'Callaghan's interpretation may safely be rejected. William -R. Gerard writes: "The worst corrupted name that I know of is _Wequaskeg_ -or _Wequaskeek,_ meaning, 'At the end of the marsh.' It appears in -innumerable forms--_Weaxashuk, Wickerschriek, Weaquassic,_ etc. I think -that Quassaick, changed from Quasek (1709), is one of these corruptions. -The original word probably referred to some place at the end of a swamp. -The word would easily become Quasekek, Quasek, and Quassaick. The -formative _-ek,_ in words meaning swamp, marsh, etc., was often dropped -by both Dutch and English scribes." This conjecture would seem to locate -the name as that of the end of Big Swamp, nearly five miles distant from -the place of settlement. My conjecture is that the name is from Moh. -_Kussuhkoe,_ meaning "High;" with substantive _Kussuhkohke,_ "High -lands," the place of settlement being described as "Near the Highlands," -which became the official designation of "The Precinct of the Highlands." -_Kussuhk_ is pretty certainly met in _Cheesek-ook,_ the name of patented -lands in the Highlands, described as "Uplands and meadows;" also in -_Quasigh-ook,_ Columbia County, which is described as "A high place on -a high hill." The Palatine settlers at _Quasek,_ wrote, in 1714, that -their place was "all uplands," a description which will not be disputed -at the present day. (See Cheesekook, Quissichkook, etc.) - -Much-Hattoos, a hill so called in petition of William Chambers and -William Sutherland, in 1709, for a tract of land in what is now the town -of New Windsor, and in patent to them in 1712, a boundmark described as -"West by the hill called Much-Hattoes," is apparently from _Match,_ -"Evil, bad;" _-adchu,_ "Hill" or mountain, and _-es,_ "Small"--"A small -hill bad," or a small hill that for some reason was not regarded with -favor. [FN] The eastern face of the hill is a rugged wall of gneiss; the -western face slopes gradually to a swamp not far from its base and to a -small lake, the latter now utilized for supplying the city of Newburgh -with water, with a primary outlet through a passage under a spur of the -hill, which the Indians may have regarded as a mysterious or bad place. -In local nomenclature the hill has long been known as Snake Hill, from -the traditionary abundance of rattle-snakes on it, though few have been -seen there in later years. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "I think your reading of _Muchattoos_ as an orthography of original - _Matchatchu's,_ is very plausible. I think _Massachusetts_ is the same - word, plus a locative suffix and English sign of the plural. It was - formerly spelled in many ways: Mattachusetts, Massutchet, Matetusses, - etc. Dr. Trumbull read it as standing for _Mass-adchu-set,_ 'At the big - hills'; but I learn from history that Massachusetts was originally the - name of a _hillock_ situated in the midst of a salt marsh. It was a - locality selected by the sachem of his tribe as one of his places of - residence. He stood in fear of his enemies, the Penobscotts, and this - hillock, from its situation was a 'bad,' or difficult place to reach. - So Massachsat for Matsadchuset or Mat-adchu-set plainly means, 'On the - bad hillock.'" (Wm. R. Gerard.) - - -Cronomer's Hill and Cronomer's Valley, about three miles west of the city -of Newburgh, take their names from a traditionary Indian called Cronomer, -the location of whose wigwam is said to be still known as "The hut lot." -The name is probably a corruption of the original, which may have been -Dutch Jeronimo. - -Murderer's Creek, so called in English records for many years, and by the -Dutch "den Moordenaars' Kil," is entered on map of 1666, "R. Tans Kamer," -or River of the Dance Chamber, and the point immediately south of its -mouth, "de Bedrieghlyke Hoek" (Dutch, Bedrieglijk), meaning "a deceitful, -fraudulent hook," or corner, cape, or angle. Presumably the Dutch -navigator was deceived by the pleasant appearance of the bay, sailed into -it and found his vessel in the mouth of the Warrelgat. Tradition affirms -in explanation of the Dutch Moordenaars that an early company of traders -entered their vessel in the mouth of the stream; that they were enticed -on shore at Sloop Hill and there murdered. Paulding, in his beautiful -story, "Naoman," related the massacre of a pioneer family at the same -place. The event, however, which probably gave the name to the stream -occurred in August, 1643, when boats passing down the river from Fort -Orange, laden with furs, were attacked by the Indians "above the -Highlands" and "nine Christians, including two women were murdered, and -one woman and two children carried away prisoners," (Doc. Hist. N. Y., -iv, 12), the narrative locating the occurrence by the name "den -Moordenaars' Kil," _i. e._ the kill from which the attacking party issued -forth or on which the murderers resided. The first appearance of the name -in English records is in a deed to Governor Dongan, in 1685, in which the -lands purchased by him included "the lands of the Murderers' Creek -Indians," the stream being then well known by the name. The present name, -Moodna, was converted to that form, by N. P. Willis from the Dutch -"Moordenaar," by dropping letters, an inexcusable emasculation from a -historic standpoint, but made poetical by his interpretation, "Meeting -of the waters." - -Schunnemunk, now so written, the name of a detached hill in the town of -Cornwall, Orange County, appears of record in that connection, first, in -the Wilson and Aske Patent of 1709, in which the tract granted is -described as lying "Between the hills at Scoonemoke." Skoonnemoghky, -Skonanaky, Schunnemock, Schonmack Clove, Schunnemock Hill, are other -forms. In 1750 Schunnamunk appears, and in 1774, on Sauthier's map (1776) -Schunnamank is applied to the range of hills which have been described -as "The High Hills to the west of the Highlands." 'In a legal brief in -the controversy to determine finally the northwest line of the Evans -Patent, the name is written Skonanake, and the claim made that it was the -hill named Skoonnemoghky in the deed from the Indians to Governor Dongan, -in 1685, and therein given as the southeast boundmark of the lands of -"The Murderer's Creek Indians," and, later, the hill along which the -northwest line of the Evans Patent ran, which it certainly was not, -although the name is probably from the same generic. (See Schoonnenoghky.) -The hill forms the west shoulder of Woodbury Valley. It is a somewhat -remarkable elevation in geological formation and bears on its summit many -glacial scratches. On its north spur stood the castle of Maringoman, one -of the grantors of the deed to Governor Dongan, and who later removed to -the north side of the Otter Kill where his wigwam became a boundmark in -two patents. [FN] The traditionary word "castle," in early days of Indian -history, was employed as the equivalent of town, whether palisaded or -not. In this case we may read the name, "Maringoman's Town," which may or -may not have been palisaded. It seems to have been the seat of the -"Murderer's Creek Indians." The burial ground of the clan is marked on a -map of the Wilson and Aske Patent, and has been located by Surveyor Fred -J. McKnight (1898) on the north side of the Cornwall and Monroe line and -very near the present road past the Houghton farm, near which the castle -stood. The later "cabin" of the early sachem is plainly located. - - * * * * * - - [FN] Van Dam Patent (1709) and Mompesson Patent (1709-12). The late Hon. - George W. Tuthill wrote me in 1858: "On the northwestern bank of - Murderers' Creek, about half a mile below Washingtonville, stands the - dwelling-house of Henry Page (a colored man), said to be the site of - Maringoman's wigman, referred to in the Van Dam Patent of 1709. The - southwesterly corner of that patent is in a southwesterly direction from - said Page's house." - - In the controversy in regard to the northwest line of the Evans Patent, - one of the counsel said: "It is also remarkable that the Murderers' - Creek extends to the hill Skonanaky, and that the Indian, Maringoman, - who sold the lands, did live on the south side of Murderers' Creek, - opposite the house where John McLean now (1756) dwells, near the said - hill, and also lived on the north bank of Murderers' Creek, where Colonel - Mathews lives. The first station of his boundaries is a stone set in the - ground at Maringoman's castle." - - -Winegtekonck, 1709--_Wenighkonck,_ 1726; _Wienackonck,_ 1739--is quoted -as the name of what is now known as Woodcock Mountain, in the town of -Blooming-Grove, It is not so connected, however, in the record of 1709, -which reads: "A certain tract of land by the Indians called -_Wineghtek-onck_ and parts adjacent, lying on both sides of Murderers' -Kill" (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 91), in which connection it seems to be -another form of Mahican _Wanun-ketukok,_ "At the winding of the river"--"A -bend-of-the-river-place." Presumably the reference is to a place where -the stream bends in the vicinity of the hill. The name appears in an -abstract of an Indian deed to Sir Henry Ashurst, in 1709, for a tract of -land of about sixteen square miles. The purchase was not patented, the -place being included in the Governor Dongan purchase of 1685, and in the -Evans Patent. - -Sugar Loaf, the name of a conical hill in the town of Chester, Orange -County, is not an Indian name of course, but it enters into an enumeration -of Indian places, as in its vicinity were found by Charles Clinton, in -his survey of the Cheesec-ock Patent in 1738, the unmistakable evidences -of the site of an Indian village, then probably not long abandoned, and -Mr. Eager (Hist. Orange Co.) quoted evidences showing that on a farm then -(1846) owned by Jonathan Archer, was an Indian burying ground, the marks -of which were still distinct prior to the Revolution. - -Runbolt's Run, a spring and creek in the town of Goshen, are said to have -taken that name from Rombout, one of the Indian grantors of the Wawayanda -tract. It is probable, however, that the name is a corruption of Dutch -_Rondbocht,_ meaning, "A tortuous pool, puddle, marsh," at or near which -the chief may have resided. _Rombout_ (Dutch) means "Bull-fly." It could -hardly have been the name of a run of water. - -Mistucky, the name of a small stream in the town of Warwick, has lost -some of its letters. _Mishquawtucke_ (Nar.), would read, "Place of red -cedars." - -Pochuck, given as the name of "A wild, rugged and romantic region" in -Sussex County, N. J., to a creek near Goshen, and, modernly, to a place -in Newburgh lying under the shadow of Muchhattoes Hill, is no doubt from -_Putscheck_ (Len.), "A corner or repress," a retired or "out-of-the-way -place." Eliot wrote _Poochag,_ in the Natick dialect, and Zeisberger, in -the Minsi-Lenape, _Puts-cheek,_ which is certainly heard in Pochuck. - -Chouckhass, one of the Indian grantors of the Wawayanda tract, left his -name to what is now called Chouck's Hill, in the town of Warwick. The -land on which he lived and in which he was buried came into possession -of Daniel Burt, an early settler, who gave decent sepulture to the bones -of the chief. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The traditional places of residence of several of the sachems who - signed the Wawayanda deed is stated by a writer in "Magazine of American - History," and may be repeated on that authority, viz: "Oshaquememus, - chief of a village, near the point where the Beaver-dam Brook empties - into Murderers' Creek near Campbell Hall; Moshopuck, on the flats now - known as Haverstraw; Ariwimack, chief, on the Wallkill, extending from - Goshen to Shawongunk; Guliapaw, chief of a clan residing near Long Pond - (Greenwood Lake), within fifty rods of the north end of the pond; - Rapingonick died about 1730 at the Delaware Water-Gap." The names given - by the writer do not include all the signers of the deed. One of the - unnamed grantors was _Claus,_ so called from _Klaas_ (Dutch), "A tall - ninny"; an impertinent, silly fellow; a ninny-jack. The name may have - accurately described the personality of the Indian. - - -Jogee Hill, in the town of Minisink, takes its name from and preserves -the place of residence of Keghekapowell, alias Jokhem (Dutch Jockem for -Joachim), one of the grantors of lands to Governor Dongan in 1684. The -first word of his Indian name, _Keghe,_ stands for _Keche,_ "Chief, -principal, greatest," and defined his rank as principal sachem. The -canton which he ruled was of considerable number. He remained in -occupation of the hill long after his associates had departed. - -Wawayanda, 1702--_Wawayanda_ or _Wocrawin,_ 1702; _Wawayunda,_ 1722-23; -_Wiwanda, Wowando,_ Index Col. Hist. N. Y.--the first form, one of the -most familiar names in Orange County, is preserved as that of a town, a -stream of water, and of a large district of country known as the -Wawayanda Patent, in which latter connection it appears of record, first, -in 1702, in a petition of Dr. Samuel Staats, of Albany, and others, for -license to purchase "A tract of land called Wawayanda, in the county of -Ulster, containing by estimation about five thousand acres, more or less, -lying about thirty miles backward in the woods from Hudson's River." (Land -Papers, 56.) In February of the same year the parties filed a second -petition for license to "purchase five thousand acres adjoining thereto, -as the petitioners had learned that their first purchase, 'called -Wawayanda' was 'altogether a swamp and not worth anything.'" In November -of the same year, having made the additional purchase, the parties asked -for a patent for ten thousand acres "Lying at Wawayanda or Woerawin." -Meanwhile Dr. John Bridges and Company, of New York, purchased under -license and later received patent for "certain tracts and parcels of -vacant lands in the county of Orange, called Wawayanda, and some other -small tracts and parcels of lands," and succeeded in including in their -patent the lands which had previously been purchased by Dr. Staats. -Specifically the tract called Wawayanda or Woerawin was never located, -nor were the several "certain tracts of land called Wawayanda" purchased -by Dr. Bridges. The former learned in a short time, however, that his -purchase was not "altogether a swamp," although it may have included or -adjoined one, and the latter found that his purchase included a number of -pieces of very fine lands and a number of swamps, and especially the -district known as the Drowned Lands, covering some 50,000 acres, in which -were several elevations called islands, now mainly obliterated by drainage -and traversed by turnpikes and railroads. Several water-courses were -there also, notably the stream now known as the Wallkill, and that known -as the Wawayanda or Warwick Creek, a stream remarkable for its tortuous -course. - -What and where was Wawayanda? The early settlers on the patent seem to -have been able to answer. Mr. Samuel Vantz, who then had been on the -patent for fifty-five years, gave testimony in 1785, that Wawayanda was -"Within a musket-shot of where DeKay lived." The reference was to the -homestead house of Col. Thomas DeKay, who was then dead since 1758. The -foundation of the house remains and its site is well known. In adjusting -the boundary line between New York and New Jersey it was cut off from -Orange County and is now in Vernon, New Jersey, where it is still known -as the "Wawayanda Homestead." Within a musket-shot of the site of the -ancient dwelling flows Wawayanda Creek, and with the exception of the -meadows through which it flows in a remarkably sinuous course, is the -only object in proximity to the place where DeKay lived, except the -meadow and the valley in which it flows. The locative of the name at that -point seems to be established with reasonable certainty as well as the -object to which it was applied--the creek. - -The meaning of the name remains to be considered. Its first two syllables -are surely from the root _Wai_ or _Wae;_ iterative and frequentive -_Wawai,_ or _Waway,_ meaning "Winding around many times." It is a generic -combination met in several forms--_Wawau,_ Lenape; _Wohwayen,_ Moh.; [FN] -_Wawai,_ Shawano; _Wawy, Wawi, Wawei,_ etc., on the North-central-Hudson, -as in _Waweiqate-pek-ook,_ Greene County, and _Wawayachton-ock,_ Dutchess -County. Dr. Albert S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: -"_Wawayanda_, as a name formed by syllabic reduplication, presupposes a -simple form, _Wayanda,_ 'Winding around.' The reduplication is _Wawai,_ -or _Waway-anda,_ 'many' or 'several' windings, as a complex of river -bends." As the name stands it is a participial or verbal noun. _Waway,_ -"Winding around many times";--_-anda,_ "action, motion" (radical _-an,_ -"to move, to go"), and, inferentially, the place where the action of the -verb is performed, as in _Guttanda,_ "Taste it," the action of the throat -in tasting being referred to, and in _Popachándamen,_ "To beat; to -strike." As the verb termination of _Waway,_ "Round about many times," -it is entirely proper. The uniformity of the orthography leaves little -room for presuming that any other word was used by the grantors, or that -any letters were lost or dropped by the scribe in recording. It stands -simply as the name of an object without telling what that object was, but -what was it that could have had action, motion--that had many -windings--except Wawayanda Creek? - - * * * * * - - [FN] "_Wohwayen_ (Moh.), where the brook 'winds about,' turning to the - west and then to the east." (Trumbull.) _Wowoaushin,_ "It winds about." - (Eliot.) _Woweeyouchwan._ "It flows circuitously, winds about." (Ib.) - - -Mr. Ralph Wisner, of Florida, Orange County, recently reproduced in the -Warwick Advertiser, an affidavit made by Adam Wisner, May 19th, 1785, -at a hearing in Chester, in the contention to determine the boundary line -of the Cheesec-ock Patent, in which he stated that he was 86 years old -on the 15th of April past; that he had lived on the Wawayanda Patent -since 1715; that he "learned the Indian language" when he was a young -man; that the Indians "had told him that Wawayanda signified 'the -egg-shape,' or shape of an egg." Adam Wisner was an interpreter of the -local Indian dialect; he is met as such in records. His interpretations, -as were those of other interpreters, were mainly based on signs, motions, -objects. _Waway,_ "Winding about many times," would describe the lines -of an egg, but it is doubtful if the suffix, _-anda,_ had the meaning of -"shape." - -The familiar reading of Wawayanda, "Away-over-yonder," is a word-play, -like Irving's "Manhattan, Man-with-a-hat-on." Dr. Schoolcraft's -interpretation, "Our homes or places of dwelling," quoted in "History of -Orange County," is pronounced by competent authority to be "Dialectically -and grammatically untenable." It has poetic merit, but nothing more. -Schoolcraft borrowed it from Gallatin. - -Woerawin, given by Dr. Staats as the name of his second purchase, is also -a verbal noun. By dialectic exchange of _l_ for _r_ and giving to the -Dutch _æ_ its English equivalent _ü_ as in bull, it is probably from -the root _Wul,_ "Good, fine, handsome," etc., with the verbal termination -_-wi_ (Chippeway _-win_), indicating "objective existence," hence -"place," a most appropriate description for many places in the Wawayanda -or Warwick Valley. - -Monhagen, the name of a stream in the town of Wallkill, is, if Indian as -claimed, an equivalent of _Monheagan,_ from _Maingan,_ "A wolf," the -totem of the Mohegans of Connecticut. The name, however, has the sound of -Monagan--correctly, _Monaghan,_ the name of a county in Ireland, and quite -an extensive family name in Orange County. - -Long-house, Wawayanda, and Pochuck are local names for what may be -regarded as one and the same stream. It rises in the Drowned Lands, in -New Jersey, where it is known as Long-house Creek; flows north until it -receives the outlet of Wickham's Pond, in Warwick, Orange County, and -from thence the united streams form the Wawayanda or Warwick Creek, which -flows southwesterly for some miles into New Jersey and falls into Pochuck -Creek, which approaches from the northwest, and from thence the flow is -northwest into Orange County again to a junction with the Wallkill, -which, rising in Pine Swamp, Sparta, N. J., flows north and forms the -main drainage channel of the Drowned Lands. In addition to its general -course Wawayanda Creek is especially sinuous in the New Milford and -Sandfordville districts of Warwick, the bends multiplying at short -distances, and also in the vicinity of the De Kay homestead in Vernon. -In Warwick the stream has been known as "Wandering River" for many years. -The patented lands are on this stream. Its name, Long-house Creek, was, -no doubt, from one of the peculiar dwellings constructed by the Indians -known as a Long House, [FN] which probably stood on or near the stream, -and was occupied by the clan who sold the lands. _Pochuck_ is from a -generic meaning "A recess or corner." It is met in several places. (See -Wawayanda and Pochuck.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Indian Long House was from fifty to six hundred and fifty feet - in length by twenty feet in width, the length depending upon the number - of persons or families to be accommodated, each family having its own - fire. They were formed by saplings set in the ground, the tops bent - together and the whole covered with bark. The Five Nations compared - their confederacy to a long house reaching, figuratively, from Hudson's - River to Lake Erie. - - -Gentge-kamike, "A field appropriated for holding dances," may reasonably -have been the Indian name of the plateau adjoining the rocky point, at -the head of Newburgh Bay, which, from very early times, has been known -as _The Dans Kamer_ (Dance Chamber), a designation which appears of -record first in a Journal by David Pietersen de Vries of a trip made by -him in his sloop from Fort Amsterdam to Fort Orange, in 1639, who wrote, -under date of April 15: "At night came by the Dans Kamer, where there -was a party of Indians, who were very riotous, seeking only mischief; -so we were on our guard." Obviously the place was then as well known as -a landmark as was Esopus (Kingston), and may safely be claimed as having -received its Dutch name from the earliest Dutch navigators, from whom it -has been handed down not only as "The Dans Kamer," but as "t' Duivel's -Dans Kamer," the latter presumably designative of the fearful orgies -which were held there familiarly known as "Devil worship." During the -Esopus War of 1663, Lieut. Couwenhoven, who was lying with his sloop -opposite the Dans Kamer, wrote, under date of August 14th, that "the -Indians thereabout on the river side" made "a great uproar every night, -firing guns and Kintecaying, so that the woods rang again." There can be -no doubt from the records that the plateau was an established place for -holding the many dances of the Indians. The word _Kinte_ is a form of -_Géntge_ (Zeisb.), meaning "dance." Its root is _Kanti,_ a verbal, -meaning "To sing." _Géntgeen,_ "To dance" (Zeisb.), _Gent' Keh'n_ (Heck.), -comes down in the local Dutch records _Kinticka, Kinte-Kaye, Kintecaw, -Kintekaying_ (dancing), and has found a resting place in the English word -_Canticoy,_ "A social dance." Dancing was eminently a feature among the -Indians. They had their war dances, their festival dances, their social -dances, etc. As a rule, their social dances were pleasant affairs. Rev. -Heckewelder wrote that he would prefer being present at a social Kintecoy -for a full hour, than a few minutes only at such dances as he had -witnessed in country taverns among white people. "Feast days," wrote -Van der Donck in 1656, "are concluded by old and middle aged men with -smoking; by the young with a Kintecaw, singing and dancing." Every Indian -captive doomed to death, asked and was granted the privilege of singing -and dancing his Kintekaye, or death song. War dances were riotous; the -scenes of actual battle were enacted. The religious dances and rites were -so wonderful that even the missionaries shrank from them, and the English -government forbade their being held within one hundred miles of European -settlements. The holding of a war dance was equivalent to opening a -recruiting station, men only attending and if participating in the dance -expressed thereby their readiness to enter upon the war. It was probably -one of these Kantecoys that Couwenhoven witnessed in 1663. - -There were two dancing fields here--so specified in deed--the "Large Dans -Kamer" and the "Little Dans Kamer," the latter a limited plateau on the -point and the former the large plateau now occupied in part by the site -of the Armstrong House. The Little Dans Kamer is now practically -destroyed by the cut on the West-shore Railroad. 'Sufficient of the Large -Dans Kamer remains to evidence its natural adaptation for the purposes -to which the Indians assigned it. Paths lead to the place from all -directions. Negotiations for the exchange of prisoners held by the Esopus -Indians were conducted there, and there the Esopus Indians had direct -connection with the castle of the Wappingers on the east side of the -Hudson. There are few places on the Hudson more directly associated with -Indian customs and history than the Dans Kamer. - -Arackook, Kachawaweek, and Oghgotacton are record but unlocated names of -places on the east side of the Wallkill, by some presumed to have been -in the vicinity of Walden, Orange County, from the description: "Beginning -at a fall called Arackook and running thence northwesterly on the east -side of Paltz Creek until it comes to Kachawaweek." The petitioner for -the tract was Robert Sanders, a noted interpreter, who renewed his -petition in 1702, calling the tract Oghgotacton, and presented a claim -to title from a chief called Corporwin, as the representative of his -brother Punguanis, "Who had been ten years gone to the Ottowawas." He -again gave the description, "Beginning at the fall called Arackook," but -there is no trace of the location of the patent in the vicinity of -Walden. - -Hashdisch was quoted by the late John W. Hasbrouck, of Kingston, as the -name of what has long been known as "The High Falls of the Wallkill" at -Walden. Authority not stated, but presumably met by Mr. Hasbrouck in -local records. It may be from _Ashp, Hesp,_ etc., "High," and _-ish,_ -derogative. The falls descend in cascades and rapids about eighty feet -at an angle of forty-five degrees. Though their primary appearance has -been marred by dams and mills, they are still impressive in freshet -seasons. - -Twischsawkin is quoted as the name of the Wallkill at some place in New -Jersey. On Sauthier's map it stands where two small ponds are represented -and seems to have reference to the outlet. _Twisch_ may be an equivalent -of _Tisch,_ "Strong," and _Sawkin_ may be an equivalent of Heckewelder's -_Saucon,_ "Outlet," or mouth of a river, pond, etc. Wallkill, the name -of the stream as now written, is an Anglicism of Dutch _Waal,_ "Haven, -gulf, depth," etc., and _Kil,_ "Channel" or water-course. It is the name -of an arm of the Rhine in the Netherlands, and was transferred here by -the Huguenots who located in New Paltz. (See Wawayanda.) - -Shawangunk, the name of a town, a stream of water, and a range of hills -in Ulster County, was that of a specific place from which it was -extended. It is of record in many orthographies, the first in 1684, of -a place called _Chauwanghungh,_ [FN-1] in deed from the Indians to -Governor Dongan, in the same year, _Chawangon,_ [FN-2] and _Chanwangung_ -in 1686, [FN-3] later forms running to variants of _Shawangunk._ The -locative is made specific in a grant to Thomas Lloyd in 1687; [FN-4] in -a grant to Severeign Tenhout in 1702, [FN-5] and in a description in -1709, "Adjoining Shawangung, Nescotack and the Palze." [FN-6] In several -other patent descriptions the locative is further identified by "near to" -or "adjoining," and finally (1723) by "near the village of Showangunck," -at which time the "village" consisted of the dwellings of Thomas Lloyd, -on the north side of Shawangunk Kill; Severeign Tenhout on the south -side; and Jacobus Bruyn, Benjamin Smedes, and others, with a mill, at and -around what was known later as the village of Tuthiltown. In 1744, -Jacobus Bruyn was the owner of the Lloyd tract. [FN-7] The distribution -of the name over the district as a general locative is distinctly -traceable from this center. It was never the name of the mountain, nor -of the stream, and it should be distinctly understood that it does not -appear in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War, nor in any record -prior to 1684, and could not have been that of any place other than that -distinctly named in Governor Dongan's deed and in Lloyd's Patent. - -Topographically, the tract was at and on the side of a hill running north -from the fiats on the stream to a point of which Nescotack was the -summit, the Lloyd grant lying in part on the hill-side and in part on the -low lands on the stream. The mountain is eight miles distant. Without -knowledge of the precise location of the name several interpretations of -it have been made, generally from _Shawan,_ "South"--South Mountain, -South Water, South Place. [FN-8] The latter is possible, _i. e._ a place -lying south of Nescotack, as in the sentence: "Schawangung, Nescotack, -and the Paltz." From the topography of the locative, however, Mr. William -R. Gerard suggests that the derivatives are _Scha_ (or _Shaw_), "Side," -_-ong,_ "hill," and _-unk,_ locative, the combination reading, "At (or -on) the hill-side." [FN-9] This reading is literally sustained by the -locative. - -The name is of especial interest from its association with the Dutch and -Indian War of 1663, although not mentioned in Kregier's narrative of the -destruction of the Indian palisaded village called "New Fort," and later -Shawongunk Fort. The narrative is very complete in colonial records. -[FN-10] The village or fort was not as large as that called Kahanksan, -which had previously been destroyed. It was composed of ten huts, -probably capable of accommodating two or three hundred people. The -palisade around them formed "a perfect square," on the brow of a tract -of table-land on the bank of Shawongunk Kill. Since first settlement the -location has been known as "New Fort." It is on the east side of the -stream about three miles west of the village of Wallkill. [FN-11] In the -treaty of 1664 the site and the fields around it were conceded, with -other lands, to the Dutch, by the Indians, as having been "conquered by -the sword," but were subsequently included (1684) in the purchase by -Governor Dongan. Later were included in the patent to Capt. John Evans, -and was later covered by one of the smaller patents into which the Evans -Patent was divided. When the Dutch troops left it it was a terrible -picture of desolation. The huts had been burned, the bodies of the -Indians who had been killed and thrown into the corn-pits had been -unearthed by wolves and their skeletons left to bleach on the plain, with -here and there the half eaten body of a child. For years it was a fable -told to children that the place was haunted by the ghosts of the slain, -and even now the timid feel a peculiar sensation, when visiting the site, -whenever a strange cry breaks on the ear, and the assurance that it is -real comes with gratefulness in the shouts of the harvesters in the -nearby fields. It is a place full of history, full of poetry, full of -the footprints of the aboriginal lords, "Further down the creek," says -the narrative, "several large wigwams stood, which we also burned, and -divers maize fields which we also destroyed." On the sites of some of -these wigwams fine specimens of Indian pottery and stone vessels and -implements have been found, as well as many arrow-points of flint. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Land lying about six or seven miles beyond ye Town where ye - Walloons dwell, upon ye same creek; ye name of ye place is Chauwanghungh - and Nescotack, two small parcels of land lying together." (N. Y. Land - Papers, 29, 30.) - - [FN-2] "Comprehending all those lands, meadows and woods called - Nescotack, Chawangon, Memorasink, Kakogh, Getawanuck and Ghittatawah." - (Deed to Gov. Dongan.) - - [FN-3] "Beginning on the east side of the river (now Wallkill), and at - the south end of a small island in the river, at the mouth of the river - Chauwangung, in the County of Ulster, laid out for James Graham and John - Delaval." (N. Y. Land Papers, 38.) - - [FN-4] "Description of a survey of 410 acres of land, called by the - Indian name Chauwangung, laid out for Thomas Lloyd." (N. Y. Land Papers, - 44.) - - [FN-5] N. Y. Land Papers, 60. - - [FN-6] Ib. 169. Other early forms are Shawongunk (1685), Shawongonck - (1709), Shawongunge (1712). - - [FN-7] From Jacobus Bruyn came the ancient hamlet still known as - Bruynswick. He erected a stone mansion on the tract, in the front wall - of which was cut on a marble tablet, "Jacobus Bruyn. 1724." The house - was destroyed by fire in 1870 (about), and a frame dwelling erected on - its old foundation. It is about half-way between Bruynswick and - Tuthilltown; owned later by John V. McKinstry. The location is certain - from the will of Jacobus Bruyn in 1744. - - [FN-8] The most worthless interpretation is that in Spofford's Gazeteer - and copied by Mather in his Geological Survey: "_Shawen,_ in the Mohegan - language, means 'White,' also 'Salt.' and _Gunk,_ 'A large pile of - rocks,' hence 'White Rocks' or mountain." The trouble with it is that - there is no such word as _Shawen,_ meaning "White" in any Algonquian - dialect, and no such word as _Gunk,_ meaning "Rocks." - - [FN-9] The monosyllable _Shaw_ or _Schaw,_ radical _Scha,_ means "Side, - edge, border, shore," etc. _Schauwunuppéque,_ "On the shore of the - lake." _Enda-tacht-schawûnge,_ "At the narrows where the hill comes - close to the river." (Heck.) _Schajawonge,_ "Hill-side" (Zeisb.), from - which _Schawong-unk,_ "On the hill-side," or at the side of the hill, - the precise bound of the name cannot be stated. - - [FN-10] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 71, 72, _et. seq._ Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 272, 326. - - [FN-11] Authorities quoted and paper by Rev. Charles Scott, D. D., in - "Proceedings Ulster Co. Hist. Soc." - - -Memorasink, Kahogh, Gatawanuk, and Ghittatawagh, names handed down in the -Indian deed to Governor Dongan in 1684, have no other record, nor were -they ever specifically located. The lands conveyed to him extended from -the Shawangunk range to the Hudson, bounded on the north by the line of -the Paltz Patent, and south by a line drawn from about the Dans Kamer. -_Ghittatawagh_ is probably from _Kitchi,_ "Great, strong," etc., and -_Towatawik,_ "Wilderness"--the great wilderness, or uninhabited district. -_Gatawanuk_ seems to be from _Kitchi,_ "Strong," _-awan,_ impersonal verb -termination, and _-uk,_ locative, and to describe a place on a strong -current or flowing stream. The same name seems to appear in Kitchawan, -now Croton River. It may have located lands on the Wallkill. - -Nescotack, a certain place so called in the Dongan deed of 1684, is -referred to in connection with Shawongunk. It was granted by patent to -Jacob Rutsen and described as "A tract of land by the Indians called -Nescotack and by the Christians Guilford." (N. Y. Land Papers, 29, 30.) -Guilford was known for many years as Guilford Church, immediately west -of Shawongunk. The actual location of the name, however, is claimed for -a hamlet now called Libertyville, further north, which was long known as -Nescotack. The district is an extended ridge which rises gradually from -the Shawongunk River-bottoms on the east and falls off on the west more -abruptly. The name, probably, describes this ridge as "High lands," an -equivalent of _Esquatak_ and _Eskwatack_ on the Upper Hudson; _Ashpotag,_ -Mass., and Westchester Co. _Esp, Hesp, Ishp, Hesko, Nesco,_ etc., are -record orthographies. (See Schodac and Shawongunk.) - -Wishauwemis, a place-name in Shawongunk, was translated by Rev. Dr. -Scott, "The place of beeches," from _Schauwemi,_ "Beech wood"; but seems -to be an equivalent of Moh. _Wesauwemisk,_ a species of oak with yellow -bark used for dyeing. _Wisaminschi,_ "Yellow-wood tree." (Zeisb.) - -Wickquatennhonck, a place so called in patent to Jacobus Bruyn and Benj. -Smedes, 1709, is described as "Land lying near a small hill called, in -ye Indian tongue, Wickqutenhonck," in another paper Wickquatennhonck, -"Land lying near the end of the hill." The name means, "At the end of -the hill," from _Wequa,_ "End of"; _-ateune_ (_-achtenne,_ Zeisb.), -"hill," and _-unk,_ "at." The location was near the end of what is still -known as the Hoogte-berg (Hooge-berg, Dutch), a range of hills, where -the proprietors located dwellings which remained many years. - -Wanaksink, a region of meadow and maize land in the Shawongunk district, -was translated by Dr. Scott from _Winachk,_ "Sassafras" (Zeisb.); but -_Wanachk_ may and probably does stand for _Wonachk,_ "The tip or -extremity of anything," and _-sing_ means "Near," or less than. A piece -of land that was near the end of a certain place or piece of land. It is -not the word that is met in Wynogkee. - -Maschabeneer, Masseks, Maskack, Massekex, a certain tract or tracts of -land in the present town of Shawongunk, appear in a description of -survey, Dec. 10, 1701, of seven hundred and ten acres "at a place called -_Maschabeneer Shawengonck,_" laid out for Mathias Mott, accompanied by an -affidavit by Jacob Rutsen concerning the purchase of the same from the -Indians. At a previous date (Sept. 22) Mott asked for a patent for four -hundred acres "at a place called Shawungunk," which was "given him when -a child by the Indians." Whether the two tracts were the same or not does -not appear; but in 1702, June 10, Severeyn Tenhout remonstrated against -granting to Mott the land which he had petitioned for, and accompanied -his remonstrance by an extract from the minutes of the Court at Kingston, -in 1693, granting the land to himself. He asked for a patent and gave -the name of the tract "Called by the Indians _Masseecks,_ near -Shawengonck," _i. e._ near the certain tract called Shawongunk which had -been granted to Thomas Lloyd. He received a patent. In 1709, Mott -petitioned "in relation to a certain tract of land upon Showangonck -River" which had been granted to Tenhout, asking that the "same be so -divided" that he (Mott) should "have a proportion of the good land upon -the said river"--obviously a section of low land or meadow, described by -the name of a place thereon called _Maskeék_ (Zeisb.), meaning "Swamp, -bog"; _Maskeht_ (Eliot), "Grass." The radical is _ask,_ "green, raw, -immature." The suffix _-eghs_ represents an intensive form of the -guttural formative, which the German missionaries softened to _-ech_ and -_-ck,_ and the English to _-sh,_ and is frequently met in _X._ Heckewelder -wrote that the original sound was that of the Greek X, hence Maskex and -x in Coxsackie. _Maschabeneer,_ the name given by Mott, is not -satisfactorily translatable. - -Pitkiskaker and Aioskawasting appear in deed from the Esopus Indians to -Governor Dongan, in 1684, as the names of divisions of what are now -known as the Shawongunk Mountains south of Mohunk or Paltz Point. The -deed description reads: "Extending from the Paltz," _i. e._ from the -southeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent on the Hudson, now known as Blue -Point (see Magaat-Ramis), south "along the river to the lands of the -Indians at Murderers' Kill, thence west to the foot of the high hills -called Pitkiskaker and Aioskawasting, thence southwesterly all along the -said hills and the river called Peakadasink to a water-pond lying upon -said hills called Meretange." [FN-1] Apparently the general boundaries -were the line of the Paltz Patent on the north, the Hudson on the east, -a line from "about the Dancing Chamber" on the Hudson to Sam's Point on -the Shawongunk range on the southwest, and on the west by that range and -the river Peakadasank. The Peakadasank is now known as Shawangunk Kill. -The pond "called Meretange," is claimed by some authorities, as that now -known as Binnen-water in the town of Mount Hope, Orange County. On -Sauthier's map it is located on the southern division of the range noted -as "Alaskayering Mts.," and represented as the head of Shawongunk Kill. -The same distinction is claimed for Meretange or Peakadasank Swamp in -the town of Greenville, Orange County. A third Maratanza Pond is located -a short distance west of Sam's Point. The name of the hill has been -changed from _Aioskawasting_ to _Awosting_ as the name of a lake and a -waterfall about four miles north of Sam's Point, and translated from -_Awoss_ (Lenape), "Beyond," "On the other side," and claimed to have been -originally applied to a crossing-place in the depression north of Sam's -Point, neither of which interpretations is tenable. The prefix, _Aioska,_ -cannot be dropped and the name have a meaning, and the adjectival, -_Awoss,_ cannot be used as a substantive and followed by the locative -_-ing,_ "at, on," etc. _Awoss_ means "Beyond," surely, but must be -followed by a substantive telling what it is that is "beyond." The -particular features of the Shawongunk range covered by the boundary line -of the deed are "The Traps," a cleft which divides the range a short -distance south of Mohunk, and Sam's Point, [FN-2] about nine miles south -of Mohunk. The latter stands out very conspicuously, its general surface -covered by perpendicular rocks from one hundred to two hundred and fifty -feet high, the point itself crowned by a wall of rock which rises 2200 -feet above the valley below. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Meretange, Maretange, or Maratanza, is from Old English _Mere,_ - "A pond or pool," and _Tanze,_ "Sharp" or offensive to the taste. The - name was transferred to this pond from the pond first bearing it in the - town of Greenville, Orange County, in changing the northwest line of - the Evans Patent. (See Peakadasank.) The pond is about a mile in - circumference and is lined with cranberry bushes and other shrubbery, - but the water is clear and sweet. It lies about three-quarters of a - mile west of Sam's Point. Long Pond, lying about four miles north of - Maratanza, is now called Awosting Lake. It is about two miles long by - possibly one-quarter of a mile wide and lies in a clove or cleft of the - hills. Its outlet was called by the Dutch Verkerde Kil, now changed to - Awosting. About one mile further north lies "The Great Salt Pond," so - called in records of the town of Shawongunk. It is now called Lake - Minnewaska, a name introduced from the Chippeway dialect, said to mean - "Colored water," which has been changed to "Frozen water." The lake is - particularly described as being "Set into the hills like a bowl." It - has an altitude of 1,600 feet and a depth of seventy to ninety feet of - water of crystal clearness through which the pebbly bottom can be seen. - The fourth pond is that known as Lake Mohonk. - - [FN-2] Sam's Point is in the town of Wawarsing, about seven miles south - of the village of Ellenville and about nine miles south of Mohunk or - Paltz Point. It is the highest point on the Shawongunk range in New York - State. Its name is from Samuel Gonsaulus, who owned the tract. - Gertruyd's Nose, the name of another point, was so called from the - fancied resemblance of its shadow to the nose of Mrs. Gertrude, wife of - Jacobus Bruyn, who owned the tract. The pass, cleft or clove known as - "The Traps," was so called from the supposed character of the rock which - it divides. The rock, however, is not Trappean. The pass is 650 feet - wide and runs through the entire range. Its sides present the appearance - of the hill having slipped apart. - - -Peakadasank, so written in Indian deed to Governor Dongan in -1684--_Pachanasinck_ in patent to Jacob Bruyn, 1719; _Peckanasinck, -Pachanassinck,_ etc.--is given as the name of a stream bounding a tract -of land, the Dongan deed description reading: "Thence southwesterly all -along said hills and the river Peakadasank to a water-pond lying on said -hills called Meretange." The name is preserved in two streams known as -the Big and the Little Pachanasink, in Orange County, and in Ulster -County as the "Pachanasink District," covering the south part of the town -of Shawongunk. The Big Pachanasink is now known as Shawongunk Kill. In -1719, Nov. 26, a certain tract of land "called Pachanasink" was granted -to Jacobus Bruyn and described in survey as "on the north side of -Shawongunck Creek, beginning where the Verkerde Kill [FN] flows into -said river," indicating locative of the name at the Verkerde Branch. In -a brief submitted in the boundary contention, it is said that the line -of the Dongan purchase ran "along the foot of the hills from a place -called Pachanasink, where the Indians who sold the land had a large -village and place," and from thence "to the head of the said river, and -no where else the said river is called by that name." The evidence is -cumulative that the name was that of the dominant feature of the district, -from which it was transferred to the stream. It is a district strewn -with masses of conglomerate rocks thrown off from the hills and -precipitous cliffs. The two forms of the name, Peakadasank (1684) and -Pachanassink (1717), were no doubt employed as equivalents. They differ -in meaning, however. Wm. R. Gerard writes: "_Peakadasank,_ or -_Pakadassin,_ means, 'It is laid out through the effects of a blow,' or -some other action. The participial form is _Pakadasing,_ meaning, 'Where -it is laid out,' or 'Where it lies fallen.' The reference in this case -would seem to be to the stone which had fallen off or been thrown down -from the hills." _Pachanasink_ means, "At the split rocks"; _Pachassin,_ -"Split stone." In either form the name is from the split rocks. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The Verkerde Kill falls over a precipice of about seventy feet. - The exposed surface of the precipice is marked by strata in the - conglomerate as primarily laid down. The entire district is a region - of split rocks. Verkerde Kill takes that name from Dutch _Verkeerd,_ - meaning "Wrong, bad, angry, turbulent," etc. It is the outlet of - Meretange Pond near Sam's Point. It flows from the pond to the falls - and from the falls at nearly a right angle over a series of cascades - aggregating in all a fall of two hundred and forty feet. The falls are - in the town of Gardiner, Ulster County. (See Aioskawasting.) - - The lands granted to Bruyn included the tract "Known by the Indian - name of Pacanasink," now in the town of Shawongunk, and also a tract - "Known by the Indian name of Shensechonck," now in the town of Crawford, - Orange County. The latter seems to have been a parcel of level upland. - It was about one mile to the southward of the stream. - - -Alaskayering, entered on Sauthier's map of 1774, as the name of the south -part of the Shawongunk range, was conferred by the English, possibly as -a substitute for Aioskawasting. The first word is heard in _Alaska,_ -which is said, on competent authority, to mean, "The high bald rocks"; -with locative _-ing,_ "At (or on) the high bald rocks." This -interpretation is a literal description of the hill, and Aioskawasting -may have the same meaning, although those who wrote the former may not -have had a thought about the latter. [FN] (See Pitkiskaker.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] High Point, the highest elevation in the southern division of the - range, is in New Jersey. It is said to be higher than Sam's Point, and - to bear the same general description. - - -Achsinink, quoted by the late Rev. Charles Soott, D. D., from local -records probably, as the name of Shawongunk Kill, is an apheresis -apparently of _Pach-achsün-ink,_ "At (or on) a place of split stones." -Many of the split rocks thrown off from the mountain lie in the bed of -the stream, in places utilized for crossing. "There are rocks in it, so -that it is easy to get across." (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 272.) _Achsün,_ -as a substantive, cannot be used as an independent word with a locative. -An adjectival prefix is necessary. (See Pakadasink.) - -Palmagat, the name of the bend in the mountain north of Sam's Point, -regarded by some as Indian, is a Dutch term descriptive of the growth -there of palm or holly (_Ilex opaca_), possibly of shrub oaks the leaf -of which resembles the holly. _Gat_ is Dutch for opening, gap, etc. - -Moggonck, Maggonck, Moggonick, Moggoneck, Mohonk, etc., are forms of the -name given as that of the "high hill" which forms the southwest boundmark -of the Paltz Patent, so known, now generally called locally, Paltz Point, -and widely known as Mohunk. The hill is a point of rock formation on the -Shawongunk range. It rises about 1,000 feet above the plain below and -is crowned by an apex which rises as a battlement about 400 feet above -the brow of the hill, now called Sky Top. _Moggonck_ and _Maggonck_ are -interchangeable orthographies. The former appears in the Indian deed from -_Matseyay,_ and other owners, to Louis Du Bois, and others, May 26, 1677, -and is carried forward in the patent issued to them in September of the -same year. _Moggoneck_ appears in Mr. Berthold Fernow's translation of -the Indian deed in Colonial History of N. Y., xiii, 506. _Moggonick_ was -written by Surveyor Aug. Graham on his map of survey in 1709, and -_Mohunk_ is a modern pronunciation. The boundary description of the -tract, as translated by the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan, from the Dutch -deed (N. Y. Land Papers, 15), reads: "Beginning at the high hill called -Moggonck, then southeast to Juffrouw's Hook in the Long Reach, on the -Great River (called in Indian Magaat Ramis), thence north to the island -called Raphoos, lying in the Kromme Elbow at the commencement of the -Long Reach, thence west to the high hill to a place [called] Warachaes -and Tawarataque, along the high hill to Moggonck." The translation in -Colonial History is substantially the same except in the forms of the -names. "Beginning from the high hill, at a place called Moggonck," is a -translation of the deed by Rev. Ame Vaneme, in "History of New Paltz." -It seems to be based on a recognition of the locative of the name as -established by Surveyor Graham in 1709, rather than on the original -manuscript. In the patent the reading is: "Beginning at the high mountain -called Moggonck," and the southwest line is described as extending from -Tawarataque "To Moggonck, formerly so called," indicating that the -patentees had not located the name as they would like to have it located; -certainly, that they had discovered that a line drawn from the apex of -the hill on a southeast course to Juffrouw's Hook, would divide a certain -fine piece of land, which they called the Groot Stuk (great piece), lying -between the hill and the Wallkill and fertilized by that stream, which -they wished to have included in the grant as a whole. So it came about -that they hurried to Governor Andros and secured an amended wording in -the patent of the deed description, and Surveyor-General Graham, when he -came upon the scene in 1709, to run the patent lines, found the locatives -"fixed," and wrote in his description, "Beginning at a certain point on -the hill called Moggonick, . . . thence south, thirty-six degrees -easterly, to a certain small creek called Moggonck, at the south end of -the great piece of land, and from thence south, fifty-five degrees -easterly, to the south side of Uffroe's Hook." Thereafter "The south end -of the great piece," and the "certain small creek," became the "First -station," as it was called. Graham marked the place by a stone which was -found standing by Cadwallader Colden in a survey by him in 1729, and -noted as at "The west end of a small gully which falls into Paltz River, - . . . from the said stone down the said gully two chains and forty-six -links to the Paltz River." The "west end" of the gully was the east end -of the "Certain small creek" noted in Graham's survey. The precise point -is over three miles from the hill. In the course of the years by the -action of frost or flood, the stone was carried away. In 1892, from -actual survey by Abram LeFever, Surveyor, assisted by Capt. W. H. D. -Blake, to whom I am indebted for the facts stated, it was replaced by -another bearing the original inscription. By deepening the gully the -swamp of which the stream is the drainage channel, has been mainly -reclaimed, but the stream and the gully remain, as does also the Groot -Stuk. This record narrative is more fully explained by the following -certificate which is on file in the office of the Clerk of Ulster County: - - "These are to certify, that the inhabitants of the town of New Paltz, - being desirous that the first station of their patent, named Moggonck, - might be kept in remembrance, did desire us, Joseph Horsbrouck, John - Hardenburgh, and Roeloff Elting, Esqs., Justices of the Peace, to - accompany them, and there being Ancrop, the Indian, then brought us to - the High Mountain, which he named Maggeanapogh, at or near the foot of - which hill is a small run of water and a swamp, which he called - Maggonck, and the said Ancrop affirmed it to be the right Indian names - of the said places, as witness our hands the nineteenth day of December, - 1722." - -Ancrop, or Ankerop as otherwise written, was a sachem of the Esopus -Indians in 1677, and was still serving in that office in 1722. He was -obviously an old man at the latter date. He had, however, no jurisdiction -over or part in the sale of the lands to the New Paltz Company in 1677. -His testimony, given forty-five years after the sale by the Indians, was -simply confirmatory in general terms of a location which had been made -in 1677, and the interpretation of what he said was obviously given by -the Justices in terms to correspond with what his employers wished him -to say. In the days of the locations of boundmarks of patents, his -testimony would have been regarded with suspicion. Locations of -boundmarks were then frequently changed by patentees who desired to -increase their holdings, by "Taking some Indians in a public manner to -show such places as they might name to them," wrote Sir William Johnson, -for many years Superintendent of Indian Affairs, adding that it was -"Well known" that an Indian "Would shew any place by any name you please -to give him, for a small blanket or a bottle of rum." Presumably Ankerop -received either "A small blanket or a bottle of rum" for his services, -but it is not to be inferred that the location of the boundmarks in 1677 -was tainted by the "sharp practice" which prevailed later. It is -reasonable to presume, however, that the name would never have been -removed from the foot of the hill had not the Groot Stuk been situated -as it was with reference to a southeast line drawn from its apex to -Juffrouw's Hook. - -Algonquian students who have been consulted, regard the name as it stands -as without meaning; that some part of the original was lost by mishearing -or dropped in pronunciation; that in the dialect which is supposed to -have been spoken here the suffix _-onck_ is classed as a locative and -the adjectival _Mogg_ is not complete. Several restorations of presumed -lost letters have been suggested to give the name a meaning, none of -which, however, are satisfactory. Apparently the most satisfactory -reading is from _Magonck_, or _Magunk_ (Mohegan), "A great tree," -explained by Dr. Trumbull: "From _Mogki,_ 'Great,' and _-unk,_ 'A tree -while standing.'" It is met as the name of a boundmark on the Connecticut, -and on the east side of the Hudson, within forty miles of the locative -here, _Moghongh-kamigh_, "Place of a great tree," is met as the name of -a boundmark. _Mogkunk_ is also in the Natick dialect, and there is no -good reason for saying that it was not in the local dialect here. There -may have been a certain great tree at the foot of the hill, from which -the name was extended to the hill, and there may have been one on the -Wallkill, which Ankerop said "Was the right Indian name of the place." -It will be remembered that the deed boundmark was "The foot of the hill." -It is safe to say that the name never could have described "A small run -of water and a swamp," nor did it mean "Sky-Top." The former features -were introduced by the Justices to identify the place where the -boundary-stone was located and have no other value; the latter is a -fanciful creation, "Not consistent with fact or reason," but very good -as an advertisement. - -Maggeanapogh, the name which Ankerop gave as that of the hill called -Moggonck, bears every evidence of correctness. It is reasonably pure -Lenape or Delaware, to which stock Ankerop probably belonged. The first -word, _Maggean,_ is an orthography of _Machen_ (_Meechin,_ Zeisb.; -_Mashkan,_ Chippeway), meaning "Great," big, large, strong, hard, -occupying chief position, etc., and the second, _-apogh,_ written in -other local names _-apugh, -apick,_ etc., is from _-ápughk_ (_-ápuchk,_ -Zeisb.), meaning "Rock," the combination reading, literally, "A great -rock." In the related Chippeway dialect the formative word for rock is -_-bik,_ and the radical is _-ic_ or _-ick,_ of which Dr. Schoolcraft -wrote, "Rock, or solid formation of rock." No particular part of the -hill was referred to, the text reading, "There being Ankerop, the Indian, -then brought us to the High Mountain which he named Maggeanapogh." The -time has passed when the name could have been made permanent. For all -coming time the hill will bear the familiar name of Mohonk, the Moggonck -of 1677, the Paltz Point and the High Point of local history, from the -foot of which the place of beginning of the boundary line was never -removed, although the course from it was changed. - -Magaat-Ramis, the record name of the southeast boundmark of the Paltz -Patent, is located in the boundary description at "Juffrou's Hook, in -the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian Magaat-Ramis)." -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 15.) Juffrouw's Hook is now known as Blue Point. -It is about two miles north of Milton-on-the-Hudson, and takes its -modern name from the color of the rock which projects from a blue-stone -promontory and runs for some distance under the water of the river, -deflecting the current to the northwest. The primal appearance of the -promontory has been changed by the cut for the West Shore Railroad, but -the submerged point remains. The Dutch name, _Juffrouw's Hook,_ was -obviously employed by the purchasers to locate the boundmark by terms -which were then generally understood. Juffrouw, the first word, means -"Maiden," one of the meanings of which is "Haai-rog"; "_rog_" means -"skate," or Angel-fish, of special application to a species of shark, -but in English shad, or any fish of the herring family, especially the -female. Hook means "Corner, cape, angle, incurved as a hook"; hence -"Maiden Hook," an angle or corner noted as a resort for shad, alewives, -etc.: by metonymie, "A noted or well-known fishing-place." The first -word of the Indian name, _Magaat,_ stands for _Maghaak_ (Moh.), _Machak_ -(Zeisb., the hard surd mutes _k_ and _t_ exchanged), meaning "Great," -large, extended, occupying chief position. The second word, _Ramis_ is -obscure. It has the appearance of a mishearing of the native word. What -that word was, however, may be inferred from the description, "Juffrou's -Hook, in the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian -Magaat-Ramis)," or as written in the patent, "To a certain Point or -Hooke called the Jeuffrou's Hooke, lying in the Long Reach, named by the -Indians Magaat-Ramis." That the name was that of the river at that -place--the Long Reach--is made clear by the sentence which follows: -"Thence north along the river to the island called Rappoos, at the -commencement of the Long Reach," in which connection _Ramis_ would stand -for _Kamis_ or _Gamis,_ from _Gami,_ an Algonquian noun-generic meaning -"Water," frequently met in varying forms in Abnaki and Chippeway--less -frequently in the Delaware. In Cree the orthography is _Kume._ The final -_s_ is the equivalent of _k,_ locative, as in Abnaki _Gami-k,_ a -particular place of water. "On the Great Water," is probably the meaning -of Ramis. In Chippeway _Keeche-gummee,_ "The greatest water," was the -name of Lake Superior. As the name of the "Great Water," _Magaat-Ramis_ -is worthy of preservation. - -Rappoos, which formed the northeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is -specifically located in the Indian deed "Thence north [from Juffrou's -Hook] along the river to the island called Rappoos, lying in the Kromme -Elbow, at the commencement of the Long Reach." The island is now known -as Little Esopus Island, taking that name from Little Esopus Creek, which -flows to the Hudson at that point. It lies near the main land on the east -side of the river, and divides the current in two channels, the most -narrow of which is on the east. Kromme Elleboog (Crooked elbow), is the -abrupt bend in the river at the island, and the Long Reach extends from -the island south to Pollepel's Island. The name is of record Rappoos, -Raphoes, Raphos and Whaphoos, an equivalent, apparently, of _Wabose_ and -_Warpose,_ the latter met on Manhattan Island. It is not the name of the -island, but of the small channel on the east side of it from which it -was extended to the island. It means, "The narrows," in a general sense, -and specifically, "The small passage," or strait. The root is _Wab,_ or -_Wap,_ meaning, "A light or open place between two shores." (Brinton.) - -Tawarataque, now written and pronounced _Tower-a-tauch,_ the name of the -northwestern boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is described in the Indian -deed already quoted: "Thence [from Rappoos] west to the high hills _to a -place_ called _Warachoes_ and _Tawarataque,_" which may refer to one and -the same place, or two different places. Surveyor Graham held that two -different places were referred to and marked the first on the east side -of the Wallkill at a place not now known, from whence by a sharp angle he -located the second "On the point of a small ridge of hills," where he -marked a flat rock, which, by the way, is not referred to in the name. -The precise place was at the south end of a clove between the hills, -access to which is by a small opening in the hills at a place now known -as Mud Hook. Probably _Warachoes_ referred to this opening. By dialectic -exchange of _l_ and _r_ the word is _Walachoes--Walak,_ "Hole," "A hollow -or excavation"; _-oes,_ "Small," as a small or limited hollow or open -place. "Through this opening," referring to the opening in the side of -the hill at Mud Hook, "A road now runs leading to the clove between the -ridges of the mountain," wrote Mr. Ralph LeFever, editor of the "New -Paltz Independent," from personal knowledge. _Tawarataque_ was the name -of this clove. It embodies the root _Walak_ prefixed by the radical _Tau_ -or _Taw,_ meaning "Open," as an open space, a hollow, a clove, an open -field, etc., suffixed by the verb termination _-aque,_ meaning "Place," -or _-áke_ as Zeisberger wrote in _Wochitáke,_ "Upon the house." The -reading in _Tawarataque_ is, "Where there is an open space"; _i. e.,_ the -clove. [FN] The late Hon. Edward Elting, of New Paltz, wrote me: "The -flat rock which Surveyor Graham marked as the bound, lies on the east -side of the depression of the Shawongunk Mountain Range leading -northwesterly from Mohunk, at the south end of the clove known as Mud -Hook, near the boundary line between New Paltz and Rosendale, say about -half a mile west of the Wallkill Valley R. R. station at Rosendale. I -think, but am not certain, that the rock can be seen as you pass on the -railroad. It is of the character known as Esopus Millstone, a white or -gray conglomerate. I cannot say that it bears the Surveyor's -inscription." - -It is not often that four boundmarks are met that stand out with the -distinctness of those of the Paltz Patent, or that are clothed with -deeper interest as geological features, or that preserve more distinctly -the geographical landmarks of the aboriginal people. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The adjectival formative _-alagat,_ or _-aragat,_ enters into the - composition of several words denoting "Hole," or "Open space," as - _Taw-álachg-at,_ "Open space," _Sag-álachg-at,_ "So deep the hole." The - verb substantive suffix _-aque,_ or _-ake_ (_qu_ the sound of _k_), - meaning "Place," is entirely proper as a substitute for the verbal - termination _-at._ - - - -[Illustration: HUDSON'S RIVER FROM BUTTER HILL TO MAGDALEN ISLAND. -(From Map of 1666)] - - - -Ossangwak is written on Pownal's map as the name of what is known as the -Great Binnenwater (Dutch, "Inland water") in the town of Lloyd. The -orthography disguises the original, which may have been a pronunciation -of _Achsün_ (Minsi), "Stone," as in _Otstónwakin_, read by Reichel, "A -high rock," or rocky hill. Perhaps the name referred to the rocky bluff -which bounds the Hudson there, immediately west of which the lake is -situated. - -Esopus--so written on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and also by De Laet -in 1624-5; _Sopus,_ contemporaneously; _Sypous,_ Rev. Megapolensis, 1657, -is from _Sepuus_ (Natick), "A brook"; in Delaware, _Sipoes_ (Zeisberger). -It is from _Sepu_, "River," and _-es,_ "small." On the Carte Figurative -it is written on the east side of the river near a stream north of -Wappingers' Creek, as it may have been legitimately, but in 1623 it came -to be located permanently at what is now Rondout Creek, from which it -was extended to several streams, [FN] to the Dutch settlement now -Kingston, to the resident Indians, and to a large district of country. -The chirographer of 1614-16 seems to have added the initial E from the -uncertain sound of the initial S, and later scribes further corrupted -it to the Greek and Latin Æ. (See Waronawanka.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The streams entering the Hudson in proximity came to be known as - the Kleine Esopus, south of Rondout; the Groot Esopus, now the Rondout, - and the Esopus, now the Saugerties. In the valley west of old Kingston - was a brook, called in records the "Mill Stream." - - -Waronawanka, Carte Figurative 1614-16--_Warrawannan-koncks,_ Wassenaer, -1621-5; _Warranawankongs,_ De Laet, 1621-5, and _Waranawankcougys,_ 1633; -_Waranawankongs,_ Van der Donck, 1656; _Waerinnewongh,_ local, 1677--is -located on the Carte Figurative on the west side of the Hudson a few -miles north of latitude 42. On Van der Donck's map it is placed on the -west side between Pollepel's Island and the Dans Kamer. De Laet wrote -in his "New World" (Leyden edition): "This reach [Vischer's, covering -Newburgh Bay] extends to another narrow pass, where, on the west side -of the river, there is a point of land juts out covered with sand, -opposite a bend in the river on which another nation of savages called -the _Waoranecks,_ have their abode at a place called Esopus. A little -beyond, on the west side of the river, where there is a creek, and the -river becomes more shallow, the _Waranawankongs_ reside. Here are several -small islands." In his French and Latin edition, 1633-40, the reading -is: "A little beyond where projects a sandy point and the river becomes -narrower, there is a place called Esopus, where the _Waoranekys_ have -their abode. To them succeed, after a short interval, the -_Waranawancougys_, on the opposite side of the river." Read together -there would seem to be no doubt that the _Waoranecks_ were seated on or -around the cove or bay at Low Point and the estuary of Wappingers' Creek, -and that the _Waranatwankongs_ were seated at and around the cove or bay -at Kingston Point, "Where a creek comes in and the river becomes more -shallow." - -Of the meaning of the name Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of -Ethnology, wrote me: "If the _Warana-wan-ka_ lived on a bay or cove of -Hudson's River, their name is certainly from _Walina,_ which means -'hollowing, concave site,' and 'cove, bay,' in several eastern languages. -A good parallel are the _Wawenocks_ of S. W. Maine, now living at St. -Francis, who call themselves _Walinaki,_ or those living on a cove--'cove -dwellers'--in referring to their old home on the Atlantic coast near -Portland. In the Micmac (N. S.) dialect _Walini_ is 'bay, cove,' and -even the large Bay of Fundy is called so. The meaning of _k_ or _ka_ is -not clear, but _ong,_ in the later forms, is the locative 'at, on, upon.'" - -It is safe to say that at either the Dans Kamer, Low Point, or Kingston -Point, the clan would have been seated on a bay, cove, recess or -indentation shaped like a bay, and it is also safe to say that _Warona_ -and _Walina_ may be read as equivalents, the former in the local dialect, -and the latter in the Eastern, and that its general meaning is "Concave, -hollowing site." Zeisberger wrote _l_ instead of _r_ in the Minsi-Lenape, -hence _Woalac,_ "A hollow or excavation"; _Walóh,_ "A cove"; _Walpecat,_ -"Very deep water." The dialectic _r_ prevails pretty generally on the -Hudson and on the Upper Delaware. On the latter, near Port Jervis, is -met of record _Warin-sags-kameck,_ which is surely the equivalent of -_Walina-ask-kameck,_ "A hollowing or concave site, a meadow or field." -It was written by Arent Schuyler, the noted interpreter, as the name of -a field which he described as "A meadow or vly." _Vly_ is a contraction -of Dutch _Vallei,_ meaning "A hollow or depression in which water stands -in the rainy season and is dry at other times," hence "hollowing." _Ask_ -(generic), meaning "Green, raw," is the radical of words meaning -"meadow," "marsh," etc., and _-kameck_ stands for an enclosed field, or -place having definite boundaries as a hollow. _Awan_ (_-awan, -wan, --uan,_ etc.), as Dr. Gatschet probably read the orthography, is an -impersonal verb termination met on the Hudson in Matteawan, Kitchiwan, -etc. Mr. Gerard writes that it was sometimes followed by the participial -and subjunctive _k._ It may have been so written here, but it seems to -be a form of the guttural aspirate _gh,_ for which it is exchanged in -many cases, here and in Kitchiwangh. In Connecticut on the Sound -apparently the same name is met in _Waranawankek,_ indicating that -whoever wrote it on the Figurative of 1614-16 was familiar with the -dialect of the coast Indians. As it stands the name is one of the oldest -and most sonorous in the valley of Hudson's River. - -Ponkhockie is the familiar form of the name of the point, cove or -landing-place on the south side of Kingston Point. It is from Dutch -_Punthoekje,_ meaning, "Point of a small hook, or angle." The local -interpretation, "Canoe harbor," is not in the name, except inferentially -from the fact that the cove was a favorite landing place for canoes. -[FN-1] After the erection of a stockaded redoubt there, the Dutch called -the place Rondhout, meaning. "Standing timber," and the English followed -with Redoubt, and extended the name to the creek, as of record in 1670. -The present form is substantially a restoration of the early Dutch -Rondhout. The stockade was erected by Director Stuyvesant, at the -suggestion of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, about -1660. There were Dutch traders here certainly as early as 1622, and -presumably as early as 1614, but no permanent settlement appears of -record prior to 1652-3, nor is there evidence that there was a Rondhout -here prior to 1657-8. Compare Stuyvesant's letter of September, 1657, and -Kregier's Journal of the "Second Esopus War" (Col. Hist N. Y., xiii, 73, -314, also page 189), showing that the Rondhout was not completed until -the fall and winter of 1660. De Vries wrote in 1639-40, referring to -Kingston Point probably: "Some Indians live here and have some corn-lands, -but the lands are poor and stony." When Stuyvesant visited the place, in -1658, he anchored his barge "opposite to the two little houses of the -savages standing near the bank of the kil." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 82.) -In the vicinity the war of 1658 had its initiative in an unwise attack by -some settlers on a party of Indians who had been made crazy drunk on -brandy furnished them by Captain Thomas Chambers. Two houses were burned -belonging to settlers, and hostilities continued for eight or nine days. -"At the tennis-court near the Strand," a company of eleven Dutch soldiers -"allowed themselves to be taken prisoners," by the Indians, in 1659. It -does not seem probable that the Dutch had a Tennis Court here at that -early date, but the record so reads. [FN-2] The hook or cove, was the -most desirable place for landing on the south side of the Point. It has -since been the commercial centre of the town and city. Punthoekje is -certainly not without interesting history. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] In early times there were two principal landing places: One at - Punthoekje and one north of the present steamboat landing, or Columbus - Point as it is called. The Point is a low formation on the Hudson and - was primarily divided from the main land by a marsh. It was literally - "a concave, hollowing site." The marsh was later crossed by a corduroyed - turnpike connecting with the old Strand Road, now Union Avenue. A ferry - was established here in 1752 and is still operated under its original - charter. The Point is now traversed by rail and trolley roads. - - [FN-2] Perhaps an Indian Football Court, resembling a Tennis Court. A - writer in 1609 says of the Virginia natives: "They use, beside, football - play, which women and boys do much play at. They have their goals as - ours, only they never fight and pull each other down." There was a - famous Tennis Court (Dutch _Kaatsbaan_) in the town of Saugerties, which - seems to have been there long before the Dutch settlement. The Tennis - Court referred to in the text is said to have been near the site of the - present City Hall in Kingston, but would that place be strictly "near - the Strand"? "Strand" means "shore, beach." It was probably on the - beach. - - -Atkarkarton, claimed by some local authorities as the Indian name of -Kingston, comes down to us from Rev. Megapolensis, who wrote, in 1657: -"About eighteen miles [Dutch] up the North River lies a place called by -the Dutch Esopus or Sypous, by the Indians Atkarkarton. It is an -exceedingly beautiful land." (Doc, Hist. N. Y., iii, 103.) The Reverend -writer obviously quoted the name as of general application, although it -would seem to have been that of a particular place. As stated in another -connection, Esopus, Sypous, and Sopus were at first (1623) applied to a -trading-post on the Hudson, from which it was extended inland as a -general name and later became specific as that of the first palisaded -Dutch village named Wildwijk, which was founded a year after Megapolensis -wrote. At the date of his writing the territory called Sopus included the -river front, the plateau on which Kingston stands, and the flats on the -Esopus immediately west, particularly the flat known as the Groot Plat, -and later (1662) as the Nieuw Dorp or New Village, [FN-1] as distinguished -from Sopus or Wildwijk, or the Old Village, the specific site of which -could not have been referred to. Of the site of the Old Village, Director -Stuyvesant wrote in 1658: "The spot marked out for the settlement has a -circumference of about two hundred and ten rods [FN-2] and is well -adapted for defensive purposes. When necessity requires it, it can be -surrounded by water on three sides, and it may be enlarged according to -the convenience and requirements of the present and of future -inhabitants." The palisaded enclosure was enlarged by Stuyvesant, in -1661, to over three times its original size. The precise spot was on the -northwest corner of the plateau. It was separated from the low lands of -the Esopus Valley by a ridge of moderate height extending on the north, -east, and west, and had on the south "a swampish morass" which was -required to be drained, in 1669, for the health of the town "and the -improvement of so much ground." The Groot Plat in the Esopus Valley was -a garden spot ready for the plough and was regarded as of size sufficient -for "fifty bouweries" (farms). From the description quoted, and present -conditions, it may be said with certainty that the site of the Old -Village of Wildwijk was a knoll in an area of prairie and marsh. Neither -of the village sites seem to have been occupied by the Indians except by -temporary huts and corn-lands. The Wildwijk site was given to Director -Stuyvesant by the Indians, in 1658, "to grease his feet with" after his -"long journey" from Manhattan. Of the Groot Plat one-half was given by -the Indians to Jacob Jansen Stoll in compensation for damages. A -commission appointed at that time to examine the tract, and to ascertain -what part of it the Indians wished to retain, reported that the Indians -had "some plantations" there, "but of little value"; that it was "only -a question of one or two pieces of cloth, then they would remove and -surrender the whole piece." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 86, 89.) Instead of -paying the Indians for the lands, however, the settlers commenced -occupation, with the result that the Indians burned the New Village, -June 7, 1663, attacked the Old Village, killed eighteen persons and -carried away thirty captives, women and children. The war of 1663 -followed, the results of which are accessible in several publications, -but especially in Colonial History of New York, Vol. xiii. It is -sufficient to say here that the Indians lost the lands in controversy -and a much larger territory. Interpretation of the name can only be made -conjecturally. William R. Gerard wrote me: "I think _Atkarkarton_ simply -disguises _Atuk-ak-aten,_ meaning 'Deerhill,' from _Atuk,_ 'Deer'; _ak,_ -plural, and _aten,_ 'hill.' The _r's_ in the name do not mean anything; -they simply indicate that the _a's_ which precede them were nasal." The -Delaware word for "deer" is _Achtuch._ Dr. Schoolcraft wrote the -tradition that the first deers were the hunters of men. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The land or place on the Esopus flat on which the New Village - was founded, is now known as Old Hurley Village. It is repeatedly and - specifically designated as "The Groot Plat"--"The large tract of land - called the New Village"--"The burnt village called the Groot Plat." - (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 275, _et. seq._) Hurley was given to it by - Governor Lovelace in 1669, from his family, who were Barons Hurley of - Ireland. - - [FN-2] A Dutch rod is twelve feet, which would give this circumference - at less than an English half mile. Schoonmaker writes in "History of - Kingston": "The average length of the stockade was about thirteen - hundred feet, and the width about twelve hundred feet." Substantially, - it enclosed a square of about one-quarter of a mile. - - -Wildwijk, Dutch--_Wiltwyck,_ modern--the name given by Governor -Stuyvesant, in 1650, to the palisaded village which later became Kingston, -and then and later called Sopus, is a composition of Dutch _Wild,_ meaning -"Wild, savage," and _Wijk,_ "Retreat, refuge, quarter"; constructively, -"A village, fort or refuge from the savages." The claim that the place -was so called by Stuyvesant as an acknowledgment of the fact that the -land was a gift from the Indians, is a figment. The English came in -possession, in 1664, and, in 1669, [FN] changed the early name to -Kingston. The Dutch recovered possession in 1673, and changed the name -to Swanendale, and the English restored Kingston in 1674. (See -Atkarkarton.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] "On this day (vizt 25th) the towne formerly called Sopez was named - Kingston." Date Sept. 25th, 1669. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 435.) - - -Nanoseck, Manoseck, forms of the name of a small island in Rondout Creek, -so "called by the Indians" says the record, may be from Natick -_Nohōōsik,_ "Pointed or tapering." The Dutch called it "Little Cupper's -Island." _Cupper,_ "One who applies a cupping glass." Another island in -the same stream, was "called by the Indians _Assinke,_" that is "Stony -land" or place. (See Mattassink.) Another island was called by the Dutch -_Slypsten Eiland,_ that is, "Whetstone Island"; probably from the quality -of the stone found on it. It lies in the Hudson next to Magdalen Island. - -Wildmeet, an Indian "house" so called by the Dutch, means, in the Dutch -language, "A place of meeting of savages." It was not a palisaded village. -It was burned by the Dutch forces in the war of 1660, at which time, the -narrative states, some sixty Indians had assembled at or were living in -it. Its location, by the late John W. Hasbrouck, at the junction of the -Vernoy and Rondout kills, is of doubtful correctness, as is also his -statement that it was "The council-house of all the Esopus Indians." Its -location was about two (Dutch) miles from Wildwyck, or about six or seven -English miles. Judge Schoonmaker wrote: "Supposed to have been located -in Marbletown." - -Preumaker's Land, a tract described as "Lying upon Esopus Kil, within -the bounds of Hurley," granted to Venike Rosen, April 1, 1686, was the -place of residence of Preumaker, "The oldest and best" of the Esopus -sachems, whose life was tragically ended by Dutch soldiers in the war -of 1660. The location of his "house" is described as having been "At the -second fall of Kit Davits Kil." [FN-1] A creek now bears the name of the -sachem, who was a hero if he was a savage. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Kit Davits' Kil" or the Rondout was so called from Christopher - Davids, an Englishman, who was first at Fort Orange, and was an - interpreter. He obtained, in 1656, a patent for about sixty-five acres, - described as "Situate about a league (about three miles) inland from - the North River in the Esopus, on the west side of the Great Kil, - opposite to the land of Thomas Chambers, running west and northeast - halfway to a small pond on the border of a valley which divides this - parcel and the land of John de Hulter, deceased." Ensign Smith wrote: - "I came with my men to the second valley on Kit Davietsen's River.. . . - Further up in said valley I crossed the stream and found their house." - (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii.) Supposed to have been at LeFever's Falls in - Rosendale. (Schoonmaker.) - - -Frudyachkamik, so written in treaty--deed of 1677 as the name of a place -on the Hudson at the mouth of Esopus (now Saugerties) Creek, is written -Tintiagquanneck in deed of 1767 (Cal. Land Papers, 454), and by the late -John W. Hasbrouck, _Tendeyachameck._ The deed orthography of 1677 is -certainly wrong as there is no sound of F in Algonquian. (See -Kerhonksen.) - - * * * * * - - {TN} {Unable to locate interlinear references to the following two notes - which appear on this page.} - - [FN-1] _Saugerties_ is probably a corruption of Dutch _Zager's Kiltje,_ - meaning in English, "Sawyer's little Kill." The original appears first - of record in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War (1663), "They - were at Zager's Kiletje"; "To Sager's little Kill"; "To the Sager's - Killetje." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 342, 344.) The first corruption of - record also belongs to that period. It was by a Mohawk sachem who - visited Esopus and at a conference converted Zager's Kiltje to - Sagertjen. Some of the local Dutch followed with "de Zaagertje's." Other - corruptions were numerous until the English brought in Saugerties. The - original _Zager,_ however, seems to have held legal place for many - years. In 1683, in a survey of the Meals Patent, covering lands now - included in Saugerties, it is written: "Being part of the land called - Sagers," and in another, "Between Cattskill and Sager's Kill." It is - also of record that a man known by the surname of Zager located on the - stream prior to 1663, obtained a cession of the lands on the kill from - Kaelcop, an Esopus sachem, and later disappeared without perfecting his - title by patent. _Zager_ is now converted to _Sager,_ and in English to - _Sawyer._ The claim that Zager had a sawmill at the mouth of the stream - seems to rest entirely upon his presumed occupation from the meaning of - his name. A sawmill here, in 1663, would seem to have been a useless - venture. In 1750, ninety years later, one Burregan had a mill at the - mouth of the kill. "Burregan" stands for Burhans. - - [FN-2] "To Freudeyachkamik on the Groote River." (Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 505.) It was probably the peninsular now known as Flatbush, - Glasco, etc., at the mouth of the creek. The orthographies of the name - are uncertain. An island south of the mouth of the creek was called - _Qusieries._ Three or four miles north is _Wanton_ Island, the site of - a traditionary battle between the Mohawks and the Katskill Indians. It - is now the northeast boundmark of Ulster County. Neither of these - islands could have been the boundmark of the lands granted by the - Indians. _Wanton_ seems to be from _Wanquon_ (_Wankon,_ Del.), - "Heel"--resembling a human heel in shape--pertuberant. The letter _t_ - in the name is simply an exchange of the surd mutes _k_ and _l._ Modern - changes have destroyed the original appearance of the island. - - -Kerhonkson, now so written as the name of a stream of water and of a -village in the town of Wawarsing, Ulster County, is of record in several -forms--Kahanksen, Kahanghsen, Kahanksnix, Kahanckasink, etc. It takes -interest from its connection with the history and location of what is -known, in records of the Esopus Indian War of 1663, as the Old Fort as -distinguished from the New Fort. In the treaty of peace with the Dutch -in 1664, the fort is spoken of without name in connection with a district -of country admitted by the Indians to have been "conquered by the sword," -including the "two captured forts." In the subsequent treaty (1665) with -Governor Nicolls the ceded district is described as "A certain parcel of -land lying and being to the west or southwest of a certain creek or river -called by the name of Kahanksen, and so up to the head thereof where the -Old Fort was; and so with a direct line from thence through the woods and -crosse the meadows to the Great Hill lying to the west or southwest, -which Great Hill is to be the true west or southwest bounds, and the said -creek called Kahanksen the north or northeast bounds of the said lands." -In a treaty deed with Governor Andros twelve years later (April 27, -1677), the boundary lines _"as they were to be thereafter,"_ are -described: "Beginning at the Rondouyt Kill, thence to a kill called -Kahanksnix, thence north along the hills to a kill called -Maggowasinghingh, thence to the Second Fall, easterly to Freudyachkamick -on the Groot River, south to Rondouyt Kill." In other words the district -conceded to have been "conquered by the sword" lay between the Esopus and -the Rondout on the Hudson, and extended west to the stream called -Kahanksen, thence north to a stream called Maggowasinghingh, thence -north, etc. The only stream that has been certainly identified as the -Maggowasinghingh is the Rondout, where it flows from the west to its -junction with the Sandberg Kill, east of Honk Falls, and this -identification certainly places Kahanksen _south_ of that stream. And in -this connection it may be stated that _the conquered lands did not extend -west of the Rondout._ The Beekman and the Beake patents were held -primarily by Indian deeds. After the conquest the Indians did not sell -lands _east_ of the boundary line, but did sell lands _west_ of that -line. The deed from Beekman to Lowe distinctly states that the lands -conveyed were "within the bounds belonging to the Indians." As the lands -on the west of the kill were not conquered and ceded to the Dutch, the -Old Fort could not have been on that side of the stream. In reaching -conclusions respect must be had to Indian laws, treaties, and boundary -descriptions. In the records of the town of Rochester, of which town -Wawarsing was a part, is the entry, under date of July 22, 1709, "Marynus -van Aken desired the conveyance of about one hundred acres of land lying -over against the land of Colonel Jacob Rutsen called Kahankasinck, known -as Masseecs," that is the land asked for by Van Aken took the name of -Masseecs from a swamp which the name means. Colonel Rutsen's land has not -been located; he held several tracts at different times, and one -especially on the west line of Marbletown known as Rosendale. Whatever -its location it shows that its name of Kahankasinck was extended to it -or from it from some general feature. Obviously from the ancient treaty -and deed boundaries the site of the Old Fort has not been ascertained, -nor has the Great Hill been located. Presumably both must be looked for -on Shawongunk Mountain. - -The fort, as described by Kregier in his "Journal of the Second Esopus -War," was a palisaded village and the largest settlement of the Esopus -Indians. He made no reference to a stream or to a ravine, but did note -that he was obliged to pass over swamps, frequent kills, and "divers -mountains" that were so steep that it was necessary to "haul the wagons -and cannon up and down with ropes." His course was "mostly southwest" -from Wildwijk, and the fort "about ten miles" (Dutch), or from thirty to -thirty-five miles English. It was not so far southwest from Wildwijk -(Kingston) as the New Fort by "about four hours," a time measure equal -to nine or ten English miles. The Indians did not defend the fort; they -abandoned it "two days before" the Dutch troops arrived. No particular -description of it has been handed down. Under date of July 31, 1663, -Kregier wrote: "In the morning at dawn of day set fire to the fort and -all the houses, and while they were in full blaze marched out in good -order." And so disappeared forever the historic Indian settlement, not -even the name by which it was known certainly translatable in the absence -of knowledge of the topography of its precise location. [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] The name has the appearance of derivation from _Gahan_ (Del.), - "Shallow, low water"'; spoken with the guttural aspirate _-gks_ - (Gahaks), and indefinite formative _-an._ As a generic it would be - applicable to the headwaters of any small stream, or place of low water, - and may be met in several places. - - -Magowasinghinck, so written in its earliest form in treaty deed of 1677 -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii) as the name of an Indian family, and also as the -name of a certain kill, or river--"Land lying on both sides of Rondout -Kill, or river, and known by the name of Moggewarsinck," in survey for -Henry Beekman, 1685--"Land on this side of Rondout Kill named -_Ragowasinck,_ from the limits of Frederick Hussay, to a kill that runs -in the Ronduyt Kill, or where a large rock lies in the kill," grant to -George Davis, 1677. The Beekman grant was on both sides of Rondout Creek -west and immediately above Honk Falls, where a large rock lying in the -kill was the boundmark to which the name referred and from which it was -extended to the stream and place. The George Davis grant has not been -located, and may never have been taken up. Beekman sold to Peter Lowe in -1708, and the survey of the latter, in 1722, described his boundary as -running west from "the great fall called Heneck." In Mr. Lindsay's -History of Ulster County it is said that the grant was half a mile wide -on the southeast side of the stream and a mile wide on the northwest -side. Hon. Th. E. Benedict writes me: "The Rondout is eminently a river -of rocks. It rises on the east side of Peekamoose, Table, and Lone -mountains, and west side of Hanover Mountain of the Catskills, and flows -through chasms of giant rocks. All the way down there are notable rocks -reared in midstream. The rock above Honk Falls is hogback shape, a -hundred or more feet long. It lies entirely in the stream and divides -it into two swift channels which join together just above the falls. -Here, amid the roar, the swirl and dash of waters breaking through rocky -barriers, with the rapids at the falls, the Great Rock was an object to -be remembered as a boundmark." - -Without knowledge of the locative of the name or of the facts of record -concerning it, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, replying to inquiry, wrote -me: "I take _Magow_ or _Moggew-assing-ink_ to be from _Macheu_ (Del.), -'It is great, large'; _achsün,_ 'stone', and _ink_ locative; literally -'at the place of the large stone'." The name does not describe the place -where the rock lies. The Davis grant in terms other than the Indian name -located one as lying "in the kill," and the other is described in the -survey of the patent to Beekman: "Land situate, lying and being upon both -sides of Rondout Kill or river, and known by the name of Moggewarsinck, -beginning at a great rock stone in the middle of the river and opposite -to a marked tree on the south side of the river, between two great rock -stones, which is the bounds betwixt it and the purchase of Mr. William -Fisher," etc.; both records confirm Dr. Brinton's interpretation. As a -generic the name may, like Kahanksan, be found in several places, but the -particularly certain place in the Beekman grant was at the falls called -Honneck, now Honk. - -Wawarasinke, so written by the surveyor as the name of a tract of land -granted to Anna Beake and her children in 1685, has been retained as the -name of a village situate in part on that tract, about four miles north -of Ellenville. The precise location of the southern boundmark of the -patent was on the west bank of the Rondout, south of the mouth of -Wawarsing Creek, or Vernooy Kill as now called, which flows to the -Rondout in a deep rocky channel, the southern bank forming a very steep, -high hill or point. It is claimed that the Old Fort was on this hill, -and that to and from it an Indian path led east across the Shawongunk -Mountain to the New Fort and is still distinctly marked by the later -travel of the pioneers. That there was an Indian path will not be -questioned, nor will it be questioned that there may have been at least -a modern Indian village on the hill, but the Old Fort was not there. At -the point where the boundmark of the patent was placed the Rondout turns -at nearly a right angle from an east and west course to nearly north, -winding around a very considerable point or promontory. The orthography -of the name is imperfect. By dialectic exchange of _n_ and _r,_ it may be -read _Wa-wa-nawás-ink,_ "At a place where the stream winds, bends, -twists, or eddies around a point or promontory." This explanation is -fully sustained by the topography. Hon. Th. E. Benedict writes me: "The -Rondout at that point (the corner of the Anna Beake Patent) winds around -at almost a right angle. At the bend is a deep pool with an eddying -current, caused by a rock in the bank below the bend. The bend is caused -by a point of high land. It is a promontory seventy-five feet high." The -inquiry as to the meaning of the name need not be pursued further. The -frequently quoted interpretation, "Blackbird's Nest," is puerile. (See -Wawayanda.) - -Honk, now so written as the name of the falls on Rondout Creek at -Napanock, appears first in Rochester town records, in 1704, _Hoonek,_ as -the name of the stream. In the Lowe Patent (1722), the reading is: -"Beginning by a Great Fall called _Honeck._" The Rochester record is -probably correct in the designation of the name as that of the creek, -indicating that the original was _Hannek_ (Del.), meaning, "A rapid -stream," or a stream flowing down descending slopes. As now written the -name means nothing unless read from Dutch _Honck,_ "Home, a standing post -or place of beginning," but that could not have been the derivative for -the name was in place before the falls became the boundmark. The familiar -interpretation: "From _Honck_ (Nar.), 'Goose'--'Wild-goose Falls,'" is -worthless. The local word for Goose was _Kaak._ The falls descend two -hundred feet, of which sixty is in a single cataract--primarily a wild, -dashing water-fall. - -Lackawack appears of record as the name of a stream in Sullivan County, -otherwise known as the West Branch of Rondout Creek, and also as the name -of the valley through which it passes. The valley passes into the town -of Wawarsing, Ulster County, where the name is met in the Beekman and in -the Lowe patents, with special application to the valley above Honk -Falls, and is retained as the name of a modern village. In the Lowe -Patent it is written Ragawack, the initials L and R exchanged; in the -Hardenberg Patent it is Laughawake. The German missionary orthography is -_Lechauwak_ (Zeisb.), "Fork, division, separation," that which forks or -divides, or comes together in the form of a fork; literally, "The Fork." -_Lechauwak,_ "Fork"; _Lechau-hanne,_ "Fork of a river," from which -Lackawanna; _Lechau-wiechen,_ "Fork of a road," from which -Lackawaxen--"abbreviated by the Germans to _Lecha,_ and by the English -to _Lehigh._" (Reichel.) - -Napanoch, on the Rondout below Honk Falls, is probably the same word that -is met in _Nepeak,_ translated by Dr. Trumbull, "Water-land, or land -overflowed by water." At or near Port Jervis, Napeneck, Napenack, etc. -The adjectival is _Nepé, Napé,_ "Water." - -Wassahawassing, in the Lowe Patent and also in the deed to Lowe from -Henry Beekman, is probably from _Awossi-newás-ing_ (Del.), "At the point -or promontory beyond," or on the other side of a certain place. - -Mopochock--"A certain Great Kil called Mopochock," in patent to Joachim -Staats, 1688, is said to have been the name of what is now known as -Sandberg Kill, but was not, as that stream was in no way connected with -the Staats Patent. - -Naversing is entered on Pownal's map between Rosendale and Fountain -creeks, in the old town of Rochester. The map location may not be -correct. The name is from _Newás-ing,_ (Del.), "At a point or -promontory." The familiar form is Neversink. - -Mattachonts, a modern orthography, preserves the name of a place in the -town of Rochester, Ulster County, and not that of an Indian maiden as -locally stated. The boundary description refers to a creek and to a -swamp. The record orthographies are Magtigkenighonk and Maghkenighonk, -in Calendar of Land Papers, and "Mattekah-onk Kill," local. - -Amangag-arickan, given as the name of an Indian family in western Ulster -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 505), is probably from _Amangak,_ "Large," with -the related meaning of terrible, and _Anakakan,_ "Rushes," or sharp -rushes. _Amangak_ is from _Amangi,_ "Big, large, powerful, dire," etc., -and _-ak,_ animate plural. - -Ochmoachk-ing, an unlocated place, is described as "Above the village -called Mombackus, extending from the north bound of the land of Anna -Beake southerly on both sides of the creek or river to a certain place -called Ochmoachking." (Patent to Staats, 1688.) - -Shokan, the name of a village on Esopus Creek, in the town of Olive, has -been interpreted as a pronunciation of _Schokkan_ (Dutch), "To jolt, to -shake," etc., by metonymie, "A rough country." The district is -mountainous and a considerable portion of it is too rough for successful -cultivation, but no Hollander ever used the word _Schokken_ to describe -rough land. At or near the village bearing the name a small creek flows -from the west to the Esopus, indicating that _Shokan_ is a corruption of -_Sohkan,_ "Outlet or mouth of a stream." _Sohk_ is an eastern form and -_an_ is an indefinite or diminutive formative. Heckewelder wrote in the -Delaware, _Saucon,_ "The outlet of a small stream into a larger one." -_Ashokan_ is a pronunciation. The same name is met at the mouth of the -East or Paghatagan Branch of the Delaware. Shokan Point is an elevation -rising 3100 feet. - -Koxing Kil, a stream so called in Rosendale, is of record _Cocksing_ and -_Cucksink_--"A piece of land; it lyeth almost behind Marbletown." It is -not the name of the stream but of a place that was at or near some other -place; probably from _Koghksuhksing,_ "Near a high place." (See -Coxackie.) On map of U. S. Geological Survey the name is given to the -outlet of Minnewaska Lake, which lies in a basin of hills on Shawongunk -Mountain, 1650 feet above sea level. - -Shandaken, the name of a town in Ulster County, is not from any word -meaning "Rapid water," as has been suggested, but is probably from -_Schindak,_ "Hemlock woods"--_Schindak-ing,_ "At the hemlock woods," or -place of hemlocks. The region has been noted for hemlocks from early -times. - -Mombackus, accepted as the name of a place in the present town of -Rochester, Ulster County, is first met in 1676, in application to three -grants of land described as "At ye Esopus at ye Mumbackers, lying at ye -Round Doubt River." In a grant to Tjerck Classen de Witt, in 1685, the -orthography is Mombackhouse--"Lying upon both sides of the Mumbackehous -Kill or brook." The stream is now known as Rochester Creek flowing from -a small lake in the town of Olive. The late John W. Hasbrouck wrote, -"Mombakkus is a Dutch term, literally meaning 'Silent head,' from _Mom,_ -'silent,' and _Bak_ or _Bakkus,_ 'head.' It originated from the figure -of a man's face cut in a sycamore tree which stood near the confluence -of the Mombakkus and Rondout kills on the patent to Tjerck Classen de -Witt, and was carved, tradition says, to commemorate a battle fought -near the spot," that "for this information" he was "indebted to the late -Dr. Westbrook, who said the stump of the tree yet stood in his youthful -days." Although the evidence of the existence of a tree marked as -described is not entirely positive, the fact that trees similarly marked -were frequently met by Europeans in the ancient forests gives to its -existence reasonable probability. In his treatment of the name Mr. -Hasbrouck made several mistakes. "Place of death" is not in the word, -and Dutch _Mom_ or _Mum_ does not mean "Silent"; it means "Mask," or -covering, and _Bak_ or _Bakkes,_ does not mean "head," it is a cant term -for "Face, chops, visage." _Mombakkes_ is plainly a vulgar Dutch word -for "Mask." It describes a grotesque face as seen on a Mascaron in -architecture, or a rude painting. Usually trees marked in the manner -described included other figures commemorative of the deeds of a warrior -designed to be honored. Sometimes the paintings were drawn by a member -of the clan or family to which the subject belonged, and sometimes by -the hero himself, who was flattered by the expectation that his memory -would thereby be preserved, or his importance or prowess impressed upon -his associates, or on those of other clans, and perhaps handed down to -later generations. - -Wieskottine, located on Van der Donck's map (1656), north of Esopus -Creek and apparently in the territory of the Catskill Indians, is a Dutch -notation of _Wishquot-attiny,_ meaning, literally, "Walnut Hill." A hill -and trees are figured on the map. The dialect of the Catskill Indians -was Mahican or Mohegan. It seems to have influenced very considerably -the adjoining Lenape dialect. On a map of 1666, the orthography is -_Wichkotteine,_ and the location placed more immediately north of the -stream. The settlement represented can be no other than that of the -ancient Wildwijk, now Kingston. The name has disappeared of record, as -has also _Namink_ on the Groot Esopus. - -Catskill, now so written, primarily Dutch _Kat's Kil,_ presumably from -_Káterákts,_ or "Kil of the Katarakts," has come down from a very early -date in _Katskil._ On Van der Donck's map of 1656 it is written _Kats -Kill,_ but he never wrote Kil with two l's. Older than Van der Donck's -map it evidently was from the frequent reference to the "Kats Kil -Indians" in Fort Orange records. Its origin is, of course, uncertain. -Reasonably and presumably it was a colloquial form of Katerakts -Kil--reasonably, because the falls on that stream would have naturally -attracted the attention of the early Dutch navigators, as they have -attracted the attention of many thousands of modern travelers. It was -the absence of an authoritative explanation that led Judge Benson to -inflict upon the innocent streams which now bear them the distinguishing -names of _Kat's_ and _Kauter's,_ and to relate that as catamounts were -probably very abundant in the mountains there and were naturally of the -male and female species, the former called by the Dutch _Kauter,_ or "He -cat," and the latter _Kat,_ "She cat," the streams were called by those -names. His hypothesis is absurd, but is firmly believed by most of modern -residents, who do not hesitate to write _Kauter,_ "He cat," on their -cards and on their steamboats, although it is no older than Judge -Benson's application. He might have found a better basis for his -conjecture in the fact that in 1650, on the north side of the Kat's Kil -reigned in royal majesty, _Nipapoa,_ a squaw sachem, while on the other -side _Machak-nimano,_ "The great man of his people," held sway; that, -as they painted on their cabins a rude figure of a wolf, their totemic -emblem, easily mistaken for a catamount, the name of "He cat" was given -to one stream, and "She cat" to the other. - -Katarakts Kil, as it is met of record--now Judge Benson's Kauter Kil--is -formed by the outlets of two small lakes lying west of the well-known -Mountain House. A little below the lakes the united streams leap over a -ledge and fall 175 feet to a shelf of rock, and a few rod's below fall -85 feet to a ravine from which they find their way to the Kat's Kil. -Beautiful are the falls and appropriate is the ancient name "The Kil of -the Kataracts." Compare it, please, with Judge Benson's "He cat kil." - -The Kat's Kil Indians have an interesting history. They are supposed to -have been the "loving people" spoken of in Juet's Journal of Hudson's -voyage in 1609. They were Mahicans and always friendly in their -intercourse with the Dutch. In the wars with the Esopus Indians they took -no part. Their hereditary enemies were the Mohawks who adjoined them on -the west side of the mountains, their respective territories following -the line of the watersheds. They came to be more or less mixed with -fugitives from the eastern provinces, after the overthrow of King Philip. -A palisaded village they had north of the Esopus, and fierce traditional -battles with the Mohawks. They disappeared gradually by the sale of their -lands, and gave place to the Rip van Winkles of modern history. - - - -[Illustration: The River at Hudson Looking South-West] - - - -Quatawichnack and Katawichnack, record forms of the name given as that -of a fall on Kauter's Kill, now so written, supposed to be the fall near -the bridge on the road to High Falls, has been interpreted "Place of the -greatest overflow," from the overflow of the stream which forms a marsh, -which, however, the name describes as a "Moist, boggy meadow," or boggy -land. (See Quatackuaohe.) - -Mawignack, Mawichnack, Machawanick, Machwehenoc, forms of the name given -as that of the meadow at the junction of the Kauter Kil and the Kat's -Kil, locally interpreted, "Place where two streams meet," means, "At the -fork of the river." (See Mawichnauk.) - -Pasgatikook is another record name of the Katskill, varied in Pascakook -and Pistakook. It is an orthography of _Pishgachtigûk_ (Moh.), meaning, -"Where the river divides, or branches." (See Schaghticoke.) In patent to -John Bronck, 1705, the name is given to "A small piece of land called -Pascak-ook, lying on the north side of Katskil creek." The locative is -claimed by the village of Leeds. - -Teteachkie, the name of a tract granted to Francis Salisbury and described -as "A place lying upon Katskill Creek," has not been located. _Teke,_ from -_Teke-ne,_ may stand for "Wood," and _-achkie_ stand for land--a piece -of woodland. - -Quachanock, modern _Quajack,_ the name of a place described as the west -boundary of a tract sold to Jacob Lockerman, does not mean "Christian -corn-lands," as locally interpreted, although the Indians may have called -"the five great plains" the "Christian corn-land" after their occupation -by the purchasers. The original word was probably _Pahquioke,_ or -_Pohqu'un-auke_ (_-ock_), "Cleared, opened land," or land from which the -trees and bushes had been removed to fit it for cultivation. - -Wachachkeek, of record as the name of the first of "five great flats, -with the woodland around them," which were included in the Catskill -Patent of 35,000 acres, is otherwise written _Machachkeek._ It is -described as "lying on both sides of Catskil Creek," and is claimed to -be known as a place west of the village of Leeds. Dr. O'Callaghan -interpreted the name from _Wacheu,_ "hill," and _-keag,_ "land" or -place--"Hill country," and Dr. Trumbull gave the same meaning from -_Wadchuauke._ The orthography of the second form, however, is probably -the most correct--_Machachkeek_--which pretty surely, from the locative, -stands for _Maskekeck,_ meaning, "Marsh or wet meadow." - -Wichquanachtekok, the name of the second flat, is no doubt an equivalent -of _Wequan-achten-ûk,_ "At the end of the hill," from _Wequa,_ "the end"; -_-achtene,_ "hill" or mountain, and _-ûk,_ locative. - -Pachquyak, Pachquyak, Paquiage, etc., forms of the name of the third flat -(_Pachquayack,_ 1678), given also as the name of a flat "in the Great -Imbocht," [FN] is the equivalent of _Panqua-auke,_ Mass., "Clear land, -open country." Brodhead wrote _Paquiage_ as the name of the place on the -west side of the Hudson to which the followers of King Philip retreated -in 1675, but the name may have been that of any other open or unoccupied -land west of the Hudson. (See Potik.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] Dutch _Inbocht,_ "In the bend," "bay," etc. "Great" was added as - an identification of the particular bend spoken off. - - -Paskaecq--"a certain piece of land at Katskill, on the north side of the -kill, called by the Indians Paskaecq, lying under a hill to the west of -it." Conveyed to Jan Bronk in 1674-5. The name describes a vale, cleft -or valley. It is widely distributed. (See Paskack.) - -Assiskowachok or Assiskowacheck, the name of record as that of the fourth -flat, is no doubt from _Assiskeu,_ "Mud"--_Assiskew-aughk-ûk,_ "At (or -on) a muddy place." - -Potic, the name of the fifth flat, is also of record Potick, Potatik, and -Potateuck, probably an equivalent of _Powntuckûk_ (Mass.), denoting, -"Country about the falls." (Trumbull.) From the flat the name was -extended to a hill and to a creek in the town of Athens. Hubbard, in his -"History of Indian Wars," assigns the same name to a place on the east -side of Hudson's River. (See Pachquyak and Schaghticoke.) - -Ganasnix and Ganasenix, given as the name of a creek constituting the -southern boundary of the Lockerman Patent (1686), seems to be an -orthography of Kaniskek, which see. - -Waweiantepakook, Waweantepakoak, Wawantepekoak, are forms of a name given -as that of "a high round hill" near Catskill. The description reads: "A -place on the northeast side of a brook called Kiskatamenakook, on the -west side of a hill called Waweantepakoak." (Land Papers, 242.) The -location has not been ascertained. _Antpéch_ (_Antpek,_ Zeisb.), means -"Head." In Mass. (Eliot), _Puhkuk--Muppukuk,_ "A head." _Wawei_ is a -reduplicative of _Wai_ or _Way_; it means, "Many windings around," or -deviations from a direct line. The name is sufficiently explained by the -description, "On the west side of a hill," or a hill-side, but -descriptive of a hill resembling a head--"high, erect"--with the -accessory meaning of superiority. "Indian Head" is now applied to one -of the peaks of the Catskills. The parts of the body were sometimes -applied by the Indians to inanimate objects just as we apply them in -English--head of a cove, leg of a table, etc. (See Wawayanda.) - -Kiskatom, a village and a stream of water so called in Greene County, -appears in two forms in original records, _Kiskatammeeche_ and -_Kiskatamenakoak._ The abbreviated form, _Kiskatom,_ appears in 1708, -more particularly describing "A certain tract by a place called -Kiskatammeeche, beginning at a turn of Catrick's Kill ten chains below -where Kiskatammeeche Kill watereth into Catrick's Kill," and "Under the -great mountain called Kiskatameck." Dr. Trumbull wrote: -"_Kiskato-minak-auke,_ 'Place of thin-shelled nuts,' or shag-bark hickory -nuts." He explained: "Shag-bark hickory nuts, 'nuts to be cracked by -the teeth,' are the 'Kiskatominies' and 'Kisky Thomas nuts' of the -descendants of the Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York." (Comp. -Ind. Geographical Names.) - -Kaniskek, or Caniskek, of record as the name of Athens, is described in -original deeds: "A certain tract of land on the west side of North River -opposite Claverack, called Caniskek, which stretches along the river from -the lands of Peter Bronck down to the valley lying near the point of the -main land behind the Barren Island, called Mackawameck," now known as -Black Rock, at the south part of Athens. The description covers the long -marshy flat in front of Athens, or between Athens and Hudson. The name -seems to be from _Quana_ (_Quinnih,_ Eliot), "Long"; _-ask,_ the radical -of all names meaning grass, marsh, meadow, etc., and _-ek,_ -formative--literally, "Long marsh or meadow." The early settlement at -Athens was called Loonenburgh, from one Jan van Loon, who located there -in 1706. Esperanza succeeded this name and was followed by Athens. The -particular place of first settlement is described as running "from the -corner called Mackawameck west into the woodland to the Kattskill road -or path, which land is called Loonenburgh." Athens is from the capital -of the ancient Greek State of Attica. - -Keessienwey's Hoeck, a place so called, [FN-1] has not been located. It -is presumed to have been in the vicinity of Kaniskek and to have taken -its name from the noted "chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians called -Keessienwey, Keesiewey, Kesewig, Keeseway, etc. On the east side of the -river, south of Stockport, Kesieway's Kil is of record. Mr. Bernard -Fernow, in his translation of the Dutch text wrote, "_Keessienweyshoeck_ -(Mallows Meadow Hook)," but no meadow of that character is of local -record. Kessiewey was a peace chief, or resident ruler, whose office it -was to negotiate treaties of peace for his own people, or for other clans -when requested, and in this capacity, with associates, announced himself -at Fort Orange, in 1660, as coming, "in the name of the Esopus sachems, -to ask for peace" with them. [FN-2] He was engaged in similar work in -negotiating the Esopus treaty of 1664; signed the deed for Kaniskek in -1665, and disappears of record after that date. In "History of Greene -County," he is confused with Aepjen, a peace chief of the Mahicans, and -in some records is classed as a Mahican, which he no doubt was tribally, -but not the less "a Katskil Indian." Beyond his footprints of record, -nothing is known of the noted diplomat. His name is probably from -_Keeche,_ "Chief, principal, greatest." _Keechewae,_ "He is chief." (See -Schodac.) - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] ". . . We have, therefore, gathered information from the - Mahicanders, who thought we knew of it, that more than fifteen days ago - some Esopus [Indians] had been at Keessienwey's Hoeck who wanted to come - up [to Fort Orange], but had been prevented until this time, and in - order to get at the truth of the matter, we have concluded to send for - two or three sachems of the Katskil Indians, especially Macsachneminanau - and Safpagood, also Keesienwey, to come hither." (Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 309.) - - [FN-2] "May 24, 1660. To-day appeared [at Fort Orange] three Mahican - chiefs, namely, Eskuvius, alias Aepjen (Little Ape), Aupaumut, and - Keessienway, alias Teunis, who answered that they came in the name of - the Esopus sachems to ask for peace." - - -Machawameck, the south boundmark of Kaniskek, was not the name of -Barrent's Island, as stated in French's Gazetteer. It was the name of a -noted fishing place, now known as Black Rock, in the south part of -Athens. The prefix _Macha,_ is the equivalent of _Massa_ (Natick _Mogge_), -meaning "Great," and _-ameck_ is an equivalent of _-ameek_ (_-amuk,_ -Del.), "Fishing-place." As the root, _-am,_ means "To take by the mouth," -the place would seem to have been noted for fish of the smaller sort. -The Dutch called the place _Vlugt Hoek,_ "Flying corner," it is so -entered in deed. Qr. "Flying," fishing with a hook in the form of a fly. - -Koghkehaeje, Kachhachinge, Coghsacky, now Coxsackie, a very early place -name where it is still retained, was translated by Dr. Schoolcraft from -_Kuxakee_ (Chip.), "The place of the cut banks," and by Dr. O'Callaghan, -"A corruption of Algonquin _Kaakaki,_ from _Kaak,_ 'goose,' and _-aki,_ -'place.'" In his translation of the Journal of Jasper Dankers and Peter -Sluyter, in which the name is written _Koch-ackie_ (German notation; -Dutch, _Kok,_ "cook"), the late Hon. Henry C. Murphy wrote: "The true -orthography is probably _Koek's-rackie_ (the Cook's Little Reach), to -distinguish it from the Koek's Reach below the Highlands, near New York." -Unfortunately there is no evidence that there was a reach called the -Cook's north of the Highlands, while it is certain that the name is -Algonquian. Dankers and Sluyter gave no description of the place in -1679-80, but their notice of it indicates that it was familiar at that -date. In 1718 it was given as the name of a bound-mark of a tract -described as "having on the east the land called Vlackte and Coxsackie." -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 124.) _Vlackte_ (Vlakte) is Dutch for "Plain or -flat," and no doubt described the Great Nutten Hoek Flat which lies -fronting Coxsackie Landing, and Coxackie described the clay bluff which -skirts the river rising about one hundred feet. The bluff and flat -bounded the tract on the east. From the locative the name may be -translated from Mass. _Koghksuhk-ohke,_ meaning "High land." The guttural -_ghks_ had the sound of Greek x, hence _Kox_ or _Cox._ - -Stighcook, a tract of land so called, now in Greene County, granted to -Casparus Brunk and others in 1743, is located in patent as lying "to the -westward of Koghsacky." In Indian deed to Edward Collins, in 1734, the -description reads, "Westerly by the high woods known and called by the -Indian name Sticktakook." Apparently from Mass. _Mishuntugkook,_ "At a -place of much wood." The district seems to have been famed for nut trees. -It is noted on Van der Donck's map "Noten Hoeck," from which it was -extended to Great Nutten Hook Island and Little Nutten Hook Island, on -which there were nut trees. (See Wieskottine, Kiskatom, etc.) - -Siesk-assin, a boundmark of the Coeymans Patent, is described as a point -on the west side of the Hudson, "opposite the middle of the island called -_Sapanakock_ and by the Dutch called Barrent's Island." The suffix -_-assin,_ probably stands for _Assin,_ "Stone," but the prefix is -unintelligible. _Sapanak-ock_ means, "Place of wild potatoes," or bulbous -roots. (See Passapenoc.) Barrent's is from Barrent Coeymans, the founder -of the village of Coeymans. The earlier Dutch name was Beerin Island, or -"She-bear's Island," usually read Bear's Island. - -Achquetuck is given as the name of the flat at Coeyman's Hollow. The -suffix _-tuck_ probably stands for "A tidal river or estuary," and -_Achque_ means "On this side," or before. The reference seems to have -been to land before or on this side of the estuary, or the side toward -the speaker. - -Oniskethau, quoted as the name of Coeymans' Creek, is said to have been -the name of a Sunk-squa, or sachem's wife. Authority not given. The -stream descends in two falls at Coeymans' Village, covering seventy-five -feet. The same name is met in _Onisquathaw,_ now _Niskata,_ of record as -the name of a place in the town of New Scotland, Albany County. - -Hahnakrois, or Haanakrois, the name of a small stream sometimes called -Coeymans' Creek, which enters the Hudson in the northeast corner of -Greene County, is Dutch corrupted. The original was _Haan-Kraait,_ -meaning "Cock-crowing" Kill, perhaps from the sound of the waterfall. - -Sankagag, otherwise written _Sanckhagag,_ is given, in deed to Van -Rensselaer, 1630, as the name of a tract of land described as "Situated -on the west side of the North River, stretching in length from a little -above Beeren Island along the river upward to Smack's Island, and in -width two days' journey inland." Beeren Island is about twelve miles -south of Albany, and Smack's Island is near or at that city. The western -limit of the tract included the Helderberg [FN] hills. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Helder_ (Dutch) means "Clear, bright, light, clearly, brightly," - and Berg means "hill" or mountain. It was probably employed to express - the appearance of the hills in the landscape. Some of the peaks of the - range afford fine view of the valley of Hudson's River. - - -Nepestekoak, a tract of land described, "Beginning at the northernmost -fall of water in a certain brook, called by the Indians Nepestekoak"; -in another paper, Nepeesteegtock. The name was that of the place. It is -now assigned to a pond in the town of Cairo, Greene County. (See -Neweskeke.) - -Neweskeke, -keek, about ten miles south of Albany, is described as "The -corner of a neck of land having a fresh water river running to the east -of it." In another paper the neck is located "near a pool of water called -Nepeesteek," and "a brook called Napeesteegtock." The name of the brook -and that of the pool is from _Nepé_, "Water," the first describing -"Water at rest," a pool or lake, and the second a place adjoining -extending to the stream. _Neweskeke_ means "Promontory, point or -corner," [FN] - - * * * * * - - [FN] This name appears to be a contraction of _Newas-askeg,_ "Marshy - promontory,' or a promontory or point near a marsh." (Gerard.) - - -Pachonahellick and Pachonakellick are record forms of the name of Long -or Mahikander's Island, otherwise known historically as Castle Island. -It is the first island south of Albany, and lies on the west side of the -river, near the main land opposite the mouth of Norman's Kill. On some -maps it is called Patroon's Island and Martin Garretson's Island. The -first Dutch traders were permitted to occupy it, and they are said to -have erected on it, in 1614, a fort or "castle," which they called Fort -Nassau. In the spring of 1617 this fort was almost wholly destroyed by -freshet. The traders then erected a fort on the west bank of the river, -on the north side of Norman's Kill, which they called Fort Orange. This -fort was succeeded, in 1623, by one on or near the present steamboat -landing in Albany, to which the name was transferred and which was known -as Fort Orange until the English obtained possession (1664), when the -name was changed to Fort Albany, from which the present name of the -capital of the State. [FN-1] In addition to the early history of the -island the claim is made by Weise, in his "History of Albany," that it -was occupied by French traders in 1540; that they erected a fort or -castle thereon, which they were forced to leave by a freshet in the -spring of 1542, and that they called the river, and also their trading -post, "Norumbega." These facts are also stated in another connection. -There is some evidence that French traders visited the river, and that -they constructed a fort on Castle Island, but none that they called the -river "Norumbega." (See Muhheak-unuk.) By the construction of an -embankment and the filling of the passage between the island and the -main land, the island has nearly disappeared. [FN-2] - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Fort Albany was succeeded by a quadrangular fort called Fort - Frederick, built by the English (1742-3) on what is now State Street, - between St. Peter's Church and Geological Hall. It was demolished soon - after the Revolution. Wassenaer wrote, under date of 1625: "Right - opposite [Fort Orange] is the fort of the Maykans which they built - against their enemies the Maquas" [Mohawks]. "Right opposite" means - "directly opposite," _i. e._ directly opposite the present steamboat - landing at Albany, presumably on the bluff at Greenbush. - - [FN-2] The name seems to have been that of the mouth of Norman's Kill - immediately west of the island, and to be from _Sacona-hillak._ "An - out-pour of water," the mouth of the stream serving to locate the - island. "Patroon's Island" and "Patroon's Creek" were local Dutch - names. (See Norman's Kill.) - - -Norman's Kill, so well known locally, took that name from one Albert -Andriessen, Brat de Noordman (the Northman), who leased the privilege -and erected a mill for grinding corn, sometime about 1638. On Van -Rensselaer's map of 1630 it is entered "Godyn's Kil and Water Val," a -mill stream, not a cataract. Brat de Noordman's mill was in the town of -Bethlehem, adjoining the city of Albany. The stream rises in Schenectady -County and flows southeast about twenty-eight miles to the Hudson. The -Mohawks called it _Tawalsontha._ In a petition for a grant of land near -Schenectady, in 1713, is the entry, "By ye Indian name Tawalsontha, -otherwise ye Norman's Kill"--"A creek called D'Wasontha" (1726)--from -the generic _Toowawsuntha_ (Gallatin), meaning, "The falls of a stream"; -_Twasenta_ (Bruyas), "Sault d'eau," applied by the French to rapids in -a stream--a leaping, jumping, tumbling waterfall. - -Aside from the names of the stream it has especial historic interest in -connection with early Dutch settlement and the location of Fort Orange -where Indians of all nations and tongues assembled for intercourse with -the government. (See Pachonahellick.) Dr. Schoolcraft wrote, without any -authority that I have been able to find, _Tawasentha_ as the name of the -mound on which Fort Orange was erected, with the meaning, "Place of the -many dead," adding that the Mohawks had a village near and buried their -dead on this hill; a pure fiction certainly in connection with the period -to which he referred. The Mohawks never had a village here, nor owned a -foot of land east of the Helderberg range. The Mahicans were the owners -and occupants, but neither Mahicans or Mohawks would have permitted the -Dutch to build a fort on their burial ground. Heckewelder wrote, in his -"Indian Nations," "_Gaaschtinick,_ since called by the name of Norman's -Kill," and recited a Delaware tradition, with the coloring of truth, that -that nation consented there, under advisement of the Dutch, to take the -rank of women, _i. e._ a nation without authority to make war or sell -lands. The tradition is worthless. The Dutch did make "covenants of -friendship" here with several tribes as early as 1625 (Doc Hist. N. Y. -iii, 51), but none of the character stated. All the tribes were treated -as equals in trade and friendship. Whatever of special favor there was -was with the Mahicans among whom they located. The first treaty, -"offensive and defensive," which was made was by the English with the -Five Nations in 1664-5. The Mahicans had then sold their lands and -retired to the Housatenuk, and the Mohawks and their alliant nations had -become the dominant power at Albany. - -Nachtenak is quoted as the Mahican name of Waterford, or rather as the -name of the point of land now occupied by that city, lying between the -Mohawk and the Hudson. Probably the same as the following: - -Mathahenaak, "being a part of a parcel of land called the foreland of the -Half-Moon, and by the Indians Mathahenaack, being on the north of the -fourth branch or fork of the Mohawk." _Matha_ is an orthography of -_Macha_ (Stockbridge, _Naukhu_; Del. _Lechau_), with locative _ûk,_ "At -the fork"--now or otherwise known as Half-Moon Point, Waterford. - -Quahemiscos is a record form of the name of what is now known as Long -Island, near Waterford. - -Monemius Island, otherwise Cohoes Island and Haver Island, just below -Cohoes Falls, the site of Monemius's Castle, or residence of Monemius or -Moenemines, a sachem of the Mahicans in 1630, so entered on Van -Rensselaer's map. Haver is Dutch, "Oat straw." (See Haverstraw.) - -Saratoga, now so written, was, primarily, the name of a specific place -extended to a district of country lying on both sides of the Hudson, -described, in a deed from the Indian owners to Cornelis van Dyk, Peter -Schuyler, and others, July 26, 1683, as "A tract of land called -_Sarachtogoe_" (by the Dutch), "or by the Maquas _Ochseratongue_ or -_Ochsechrage,_ and by the Machicanders _Amissohaendiek,_ situated to the -north of Albany, beginning at the utmost limits of the land bought from -the Indians by Goose Gerritse and Philip Pieterse Schuyler deceased, -there being" (_i. e._ the bound-mark) "a kil called _Tioneendehouwe,_ -and reaching northward on both sides of the river to the end of the -lands of _Sarachtoge,_ bordering on a kil, on the east side of the river, -called _Dionandogeha_ and having the same length on the west side to -opposite the kil (Tioneendehouwe), and reaching westward through the -woods as far as the Indian proprietors will show, and the same distance -through the woods on the east side." The boundary streams of this tract -are now known as the Hoosick (Tioneendehowe), and the Batten Kill -(Dionondehowe), as written on the map of the patent. The boundaries -included, specifically, the section of the Hudson known as "The Still -Water," [FN-1] noted from the earliest Dutch occupation as the Great -Fishing Place and Beaver Country, two elements the most dear to the -Indian heart and the most contributive to his support, inciting wars -for possession. Specifically, too, the locative of the name, from the -language of the deed and contemporary evidence, would seem to have been -on the east side of the river--"the end of the lands of Sarachtoge, -bordering on a kil on the east side of the river, called," etc., a place -which Governor Dongan selected, in 1685, on which to settle the Mohawk -Catholic converts, who had been induced to remove to Canada, as a -condition of their return, and which he described as a tract of land -"called Serachtogue, lying upon Hudson's River, about forty miles above -Albany," and for the protection of which Fort Saratoga was erected in -1709; noted by Governor Cornbury in 1703, as "A place called Saractoga, -which is the northernmost settlement we have"; topographically described, -in later years, as "a broad interval on the east side of the river, south -of Batten Kill," and as including the mouth of the kill and lake -Cossayuna. (Col. Hist. N. Y.; Fitch's Survey; Kalm's Travels.) On the -destruction of the fort, in the war of 1746, the settlement was removed -to the opposite side of the river and the name went with it, but to -which it had no legitimate title. (See Kayauderossa.) - -Apparently the Mahican name, _Amissohaendiek,_ is the oldest. It carries -with it a history in connection with the wars between the Mohawks and -the Mahicans. At the sale of the lands, the Mahicans who were present -renounced claim to compensation "because in olden time the lands belonged -to them, before the Maquas took it from them." [FN-2] (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 537.) It is this section of Hudson's River that the only claim was -ever made and conceded of Mohawk possession by conquest. - -The Mohawk name, _Ochseratongue_ or _Ochsechrage,_ became, in the course -of its transmission, _Osarague_ and _Saratoga,_ and in the latter form, -without reference to its antecedents, was translated by the late Henry -R. Schoolcraft "From _Assarat,_ 'Sparkling water,' and _Oga,_ 'place,' -'the place of the sparkling water,'" the reference being to the mineral -springs, one of which. "High Rock," was, traditionally, known to the -Indians, who, it is said, conveyed Sir William Johnson thither, in 1767, -to test the medicinal virtues of the water; but, while the tradition may -recite a fact the translation is worthless. - -With a view to obtain a satisfactory explanation of the record names, -the writer submitted them to the late eminent Iroquoian philologist, -Horatio Hale, M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada, and to the eminent -Algonquian linguist, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia. In -reply, Mr. Hale wrote: . . . "Your letter has proved very acceptable, -as the facts you present have thrown light on an interesting question -which has heretofore perplexed me. I have vainly sought to discover the -origin and meaning of the name Saratoga. My late distinguished friend, -L. H. Morgan, was, it seems, equally unsuccessful. In the appendix of -local names added to his admirable 'League of the Iroquois,' Saratoga -is given in the Indian form as _Sharlatoga,_ with the addition, -'signification lost.' There can be no doubt that the word, as we have -it, and indeed as Morgan heard it, is, as you suggest, much abbreviated -and corrupted. One of the ancient forms, however, which you give from -the old Dutch authorities, seems to put us at once on the right track. -This form is _Ochsechrage._ The 'digraph' _ch_ in this word evidently -represents the hard guttural aspirate, common to both the Dutch and the -German languages. This aspirate is of frequent occurrence in the Iroquois -dialects, but it is not a radical element. As I have elsewhere said, it -appears and disappears as capriciously as the common _h_ in the speech -of the south of England. In etymologies it may always be disregarded. -Omitting it, we have the well-known word _Oserage_--in modern Iroquois -orthography _Oserake,_ meaning 'At the beaver-dam.' It is derived from -_osera,_ 'beaver-dam,' with the locative particle _ge_ or _ke_ affixed. - -"In Iroquois _r_ and _l_ are interchangeable, and _s_ frequently sounds -like _sh._ Thus we can understand how in Cartier's orthography _Oserake_ -(pronounced with an aspirate) became _Hochelaga,_ the well-known -aboriginal name of what is now Montreal. That this name meant simply -'At the beaver-dam' is not questioned. It is rather curious, though not -surprising, that two such noted Indian names as _Saratoga_ and -_Hochelaga_ should have the same origin. In _Ochseratongue_ the name is -lengthened by an addition which is so evidently corrupted that I hesitate -to explain it. I may say, however, that I suspect it to be a 'verbalized' -form. It may possibly be derived from the verb _atona,_ 'to become' (in -its perfect tense _atonk_), added to _osera,_ in which case the word -would mean, 'where a beaver-dam has been forming,' or, as we should -express it in English, 'where the beavers have been making a dam.' - -"With regard to the Mahican name _Amissohaendiek_ or _Amissohaendick_ -(whichever it is) I cannot say much, my knowledge of the Algonquin -dialects not being sufficient to warrant me in venturing on etymologies. -I remark, however, that 'beaver' in Mahican, as in several other -Algonquin dialects, is _Amisk_ or some variant of that word. This would -apparently account for the first two syllables of the name. In Iroquois -the word for 'beaver-dam' 'has no connection with the word 'beaver,' but -it may be otherwise in Mahican." . . . - -Dr. Brinton wrote: - -. . . "I have little doubt but that the Mahican term is practically a -translation of the Iroquois name. It certainly begins with the element -_Amik, Amisk_ or _Amisque,_ 'Beaver,' and terminates with the locative -_ck_ or _k._ The intermediate portion I am not clear about. There is -probably considerable garbling of the middle syllables, and this obscures -their forms. In a general way, however, it means 'Place where beavers -live,' or 'are found.'" - -Father Le June wrote _Amisc-ou,_ "Beaver," an equivalent of _Amis-so_ in -the text. Dr. Trumbull wrote: "_Amisk,_ a generic name for beaver-kind, -has been retained in the principal Algonquian dialects." The district -was a part of Ochsaraga, "The beaver-hunting country of the Confederate -Indians," conquered by them about 1624. The evolution from -_Ochsera-tongue_ (deed of 1683) appears in Serachtogue (Dongan, 1685); -Serasteau (contemporary French); Saractoga (Cornbury, 1703); Saratoga -(modern). The _Ossarague,_ noted by Father Jogues, in 1646, as a famous -fishing-place, is now assigned to Schuylerville. - -Aside from its linguistic associations, the Batten Kill is an interesting -stream. It has two falls, one of which, near the Hudson, is seventy-five -feet and preserves in its modern name, _Dionandoghe,_ its Mohawk name, -Ti-oneenda-houwe, for the meaning of which see Hoosick. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "At a place called the Still Water, so named for that the water - passeth so slowly as not to be discovered, yet at a little distance both - above and below is disturbed and rageth as in a sea, occasioned by great - rocks and great falls therein." (Col. Hist. N. Y., x, 194.) - - [FN-2] The war in which the Mahicans lost and the Mohawks gained - possession of the lands here occurred in 1627, as stated in Dutch - records (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 48), sustained by the deed to King - George in 1701. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 773.) There was no conquest on - the Hudson south of Cohoes Falls. - - -Sacondaga, quoted as the name of the west branch of the Hudson, is not -the name of the stream but of its mouth or outlet at Warrensburgh, -Warren County. It is from Mohawk generic _Swe'ken,_ the equivalent of -Lenape _Sacon_ (Zeisb.), meaning "Outlet," or "Mouth of a river," "Pouring -out," and _-daga,_ a softened form of _-take,_ "At the," the composition -meaning, literally, "At the outlet" or mouth of a river. (Hale.) -_Ti-osar-onda,_ met in connection with the stream, means "Branch" or -"Tributory stream." (Hewitt.) The reference may have been to the stream -as a branch of the Hudson, or to some other stream. The stream comes -down from small lakes and streams in Lewis and Hamilton counties, and -is the principal northwestern affluent of the Hudson. - -Scharon, Scarron, Schroon, orthographies of the name now conferred on a -lake and its outlet, and on a mountain range and a town in Essex County, -is said to have been originally given to the lake by French officers in -honor of the widow Scarron, the celebrated Madam Maintenon of the reign -of Louis XVI. (Watson.) The present form, _Schroon,_ is quite modern. On -Sauthier's map the orthography is Scaron. The lake is about ten miles -long and forms a reservoir of waters flowing from a number of lakes and -springs in the Adirondacks. Its outlet unites with the Hudson on the east -side at Warrensburgh, Warren County, and has been known for many years -as the East Branch of Hudson's River. The Mohawk-Iroquoian name of the -stream at one place is of record _At-a-te'ton,_ from _Ganawate^cton_ -(Bruyas), meaning "Rapid river," "Swift current." (J. B. N. Hewitt.) A -little valley at the junction of the stream with the Hudson at -Warrensburgh, dignified by the name of "Indian Pass," bears the record -name of _Teohoken,_ from Iroquois generic _De-ya-oken,_ meaning "Where -it forks," or "Where the stream forks or enters the Hudson." (J. B. N. -Hewitt.) The little valley is described as "a picture of beauty and -repose in strong contrast with the rugged hills around." (Lossing.) - -Oi-o-gue, the name given by the Mohawks to Father Jogues in 1646, at Lake -George, to what we now fondly call Hudson's River, is fully explained in -another connection. The stream has its sources among the highest peaks -of the Adirondacks, the most quoted springlet being that in what is known -as "Adirondack or Indian Pass," a deep and rugged gorge between the steep -slopes of Mt. Mclntyre and the cliffs of Wallface Mountain, in Essex -County. The level of this gorge is 2,937 feet above tide. [FN-1] The -highest lakelet-head sources, however, are noted in Verplanck Colvin's -survey of the Adirondack region as Lake Moss and Lake Tear-of-the-clouds -on Mount Marcy, [FN-2] the former having an elevation of 4,312 feet above -sea-level and the latter 4,326 feet, "the loftiest water-mirror of the -stars" in the State. The little streams descending from these lakes, -gathering strength from other small lakes and springlets, flow rapidly -into Warren County, where they receive the Sacondaga and Schroon. Between -Warrensburgh and Glen's Falls the stream sweeps, in tortuous course with -a wealth of rapids, eastward among the lofty hills of the Luzerne [FN-3] -range of mountains, and at Glen's Falls descends about sixty feet, -passing over a precipice, in cataract, in flood seasons, about nine -hundred feet long, and then separates into three channels by rocks piled -in confusion. In times of low water there is, on the south side of the -gorge, a perpendicular descent of about forty feet. Below, the channels -unite and in one deep stream flow on gently between the grained cliffs -of fine black marble, which rises in some places from thirty to seventy -feet. At the foot of the fall the current is divided by a small island -which is said to bear on its flat rock surface a petrifaction having the -appearance of a big snake, which may have been regarded by the Mohawks -with awe as the personification of the spirit of evil, according to the -Huron legend, "_Onniare jotohatienn tiotkon,_ The demon takes the figure -of a snake." (Bruyas.) Under the rock is a cave over which the serpent -lies as a keeper, extending from one channel to the other and which, as -well as the snake, comes down to us embalmed in Cooper's "Last of the -Mohegans," though some visitors with clear heads have failed to discover -the snake. In times of flood the cave is filled with water and all the -dividing rocks below the fall are covered, presenting one vast foaming -sheet. - -At Sandy Hill the river-channel curves to the south and pursues a broken -course to what are known as Baker's Falls, where the descent is between -seventy and eighty feet--primarily nearly as picturesque as at Glen's -Falls, untouched by Cooper's pen. The bend to the south at Sandy Hill is -substantially the head of the valley of Hudson's River. Throughout the -mountainous region above that point several Indian names are quoted by -writers in obscure orthographies and very doubtful interpretations, the -most tangible, aside from those which have been noticed, being that which -is said to have been the name of Glen's Falls, but was actually the name -of the very large district known as _Kay-au-do-ros-sa._ In Mohawk, Sandy -Hill would probably be called _Gea-di-go,_ "Beautiful plain," but it has -no Indian name of record. The village stands upon a high sandy plain. It -has its traditionary Indian story, of course; in this section of country -it is easy to coin traditions of the wars of the Mohawks, the Hurons, and -the Algonquians; they interest but do not harm any one. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] This famous Pass is partly in the town of Newcomb and partly in - the town of North Elba, Essex County. Wall-face, on the west side, is - a perpendicular precipice 800 to 1,000 feet high, and Mt. Mclntyre rises - over 3,000 feet. The gorge is seldom traversed, even adventurous - tourists are repelled by its ruggedness. - - [FN-2] By Colvin's survey Mount Marcy has an elevation of 5,344.411 feet - "above mean-tide level in the Hudson." It is the highest mountain in the - State. Put four Butter Hills on the top of each other and the elevation - would be only a few hundred feet higher. - - [FN-3] French, "Spanish Trefoil." "Having a three-lobed extremity or - extremities, as a cross." Botanically, plants having three leaves, as - white clover, etc. Topographically, a mountain having three points or - extremities. - - - -[Illustration: GLENS FALLS: ABOVE LEATHERSTOCKING COVE.] - - - -Kay-au-do-ros-sa (modern), _Kancader-osseras, Kanicader-oseras_ (primary), -the name given as that of a stream of water, of a district of country, -and of a range of mountains, was originally the name of the stream now -known as Fish Creek, [FN] the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and signifies, -literally, "Where the lake mouths itself out." Horatio Hale wrote me: -"Lake, in Iroquois, is, in the French missionary spelling, _Kaniatare,_ -the word being sounded as in Italian. _Mouth_ is _Osa,_ whence (writes -the Rev. J. A. Cuoq in his Lexique de la langue Iroquois), _Osara,_ mouth -of a river, 'boudhe d'un fleure, embouchure d'une riviere.' This word -combined would give either _Kauicatarosa_ or _Kaniatarossa,_ with the -meaning of 'Lake mouth,' applicable to the mouth of a lake, or rather, -according to the verbalizing habit of the language, 'the place where the -lake disembogues,' literally, 'mouths itself out.'" To which J. B. N. -Hewitt added the explanation, "Or flood-lands of the lake--the overflow -of the lake." - - * * * * * - - [FN] "About Kayaderossres Creek and the lakes in that quarter." "The - chief tract of hunting land we have left, called Kayaderossres, with a - great quantity of land about it." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 110.) The - stream drains an extensive district of country, flows into and becomes - the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and is now known as Fish Creek and Fish - Kill, a very cheap substitute for the expressive Mohawk term. - - -Adirondacks, or Ratirontaks, a name now improperly applied to the -mountainous district of northern New York, is said to have been primarily -bestowed by the Iroquois on a tribe occupying the left bank of the St. -Lawrence above the present site of Quebec, who were called by the French -Algonquins specifically, as representatives of a title which had come to -be of general application to a group of tribes speaking radically the -same language. [FN-1] The term is understood to mean, "They eat trees," -_i. e._ people Who eat the bark of certain trees for food, presumably -from the climatic difficulty in raising corn in the latitude in which -they lived. [FN-2] Horatio Hale analyzed the name: "From _Adi,_ 'they'; -_aronda,_ 'tree,' and _ikeks,_ 'eat.'" The name was not that of the -district, nor is it convertible with _Algonquin_. The later is a French -rendering of _Algoumquin,_ from _A'goumak,_ "On the other side of the -river," _i. e._ opposite their neighbors lower down. (Trumbull.) -Schoolcraft gave substantially the same interpretation from the Chippewa, -"_Odis-qua-guma,_ 'People at the end of the waters,'" making its -application specific to the Chippewas as the original Algonquins, instead -of the Ottawas. The accepted interpretation, "Country of mountains and -forests," is correct only in that that it is descriptive of the country. -The record names of the district are _Cough-sagh-raga_ and -_Canagariarchio_, the former entered on Pownal's map with the addition -"Or the beaver--hunting country of the Confederate Indians," and the -latter entered in the deed from the Five Nations to the King in 1701. -(Col, Hist. N. Y., iv, 909.) _Cough-sagh-raga_ is now written _Koghsarage_ -(Elliot) and _Kohserake_ (modern), and signifies "Winter" or "Winter -land"; but the older name, _Cana-gariarc-hio,_ means, "The beaver-hunting -country." [FN-3] It is not expected that this explanation will affect -the continuance, by conference, of _Adirondacks_ as the name of the -district; but it may lead to the replanting of the much more expressive -Iroquoian title, _Kohsarake,_ on some hill-top in the ancient wilderness. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The specific tribe called Algonquins by the French, were seated, - in 1738, near Montreal, and described as a remnant of "A nation the most - warlike, the most polished, and the most attached to the French." Their - armorial bearing, or totem, was an evergreen oak. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, - 16.) It is claimed that they were principally Ottawas, residing on the - Ottawa River. (Schoolcraft.) The primary location of the language is - only measurably involved in the first application of the name, the honor - being claimed for the Chippewa, the Cree, and the Lenni-Lenape. The - Eastern Algonquins substituted for the Iroquois Adirondacks, - _Mihtukméchaick_ (Williams) with the same meaning. - - [FN-2] The bark of the chestnut, the walnut, and of other trees was - dried, macerated, and rolled in the fat of bears or other animals, and - probably formed a palatable and a healthful diet. Presumably the eating - of the bark of trees was not confined to a particular tribe. - - [FN-3] "_Coughsaghrage,_ or the Beaver-Hunting Country of the Confederate - Indians. The Confederates, called by the French Iroquois, surrendered - this country to the English at Albany, on the 19th day of July, 1701; - and their action was confirmed the 14th of September, 1724. It belongs - to New York, and is full of Swamps, Lakes, Rivers, Drowned Lands; a Long - Chain of Snowy Mountains which are seen. Lake Champlain runs thro' the - whole tract. North and South. This country is not only uninhabited, but - even unknown except towards the South where several grants have been - made since the Peace." - - So wrote Governor Pownal on his map of 1775. There is no question that - Coughsaghraga means "Winter." It may also mean "At the Beaver-dam," or - "In the country of Beaver-dams." _Kohseraka_ may be a form of _Hochelaga_ - or _Ochseraga._ _Osera_ means "Beaver-dam" as well as "Winter," wrote - Horatio Hale. (See Saratoga.) In explanation of _Canagariachio_ Mr. Hale - wrote: "_Kanagariarchio_ is a slightly corrupted form of the Iroquois - word _Kanna'kari-kario,_ which means simply 'Beaver.' It is a descriptive - term compounded of _Kannagare,_ 'Stick' or club, _Kakarien,_ To bite,' - and _Kario,_ 'Wild animal.' It is not the most common Iroquois word for - Beaver, which, in the Mohawk dialect is _Tsionuito,_ or _Djonuito._ That - the word should be understood to mean 'The Beaver-Hunting Country,' is - in accordance with Indian usage." - - - - * * * * * - - - On the Mohawk. - - -Mohawk, the river so called--properly "the Mohawk's River," or river of -the Mohawks--rises near the centre of the State and reaches the Hudson -at Cohoes Falls. Its name preserves that by which the most eastern nation -of the Iroquoian confederacy, the Six Nations, is generally known in -history--the Maquaas of the early Dutch. The nation, however, did not -give that name to the stream except in the sense of occupation as the -seat of their possessions; to them it was the _O-hyoⁿhi-yo'ge,_ "Large, -chief or principal river" (Hewitt); written by Van Curler in 1635, -_Vyoge_ and _Oyoghi,_ and by Bruyas "_Ohioge,_ a la riviere," now written -_Ohio_ as the name of one of the rivers of the west, nor did they apply -the word Mohawk to themselves; that title was conferred upon them by -their Algonquian enemies, as explained by Roger Williams, who wrote in -1646, "_Mohowaug-suck,_ or _Mauquawog,_ from _Moho,_ 'to eat,' the -cannibals or men-eaters," the reference being to the custom of the nation -in eating the bodies of enemies who might fall into its hands, a custom -of which the Huron nations, of which it was a branch, seem to have been -especially guilty. To themselves they gave the much more pleasant name -_Canniengas,_ from _Kannia,_ "Flint," Which they adopted as their -national emblem and delineated it in their official signatures, -signifying, in that connection, "People of the Flint." When and why they -adopted this national emblem is a matter of conjecture. Presumably it -was generations prior to the incoming of Europeans and from the discovery -of the fire-producing qualities of the flint, which was certainly known -to them and to other Indian nations [FN-1] in pre-historic times. When -the flint and steel were introduced to them they added the latter to -their emblem, generally delineated it on all papers of national -importance, and called it _Kannien,_ "batte-feu," as written by Bruyas, -a verbal form of _Kannia,_ "a flint," or fire-stone, the verb describing -a new method of "striking fire out of a flint," or a new instrument for -striking fire, and a new emblem of their own superiority springing from -their ancient emblem. The Delawares called them _Sank-hikani,_ [FN-2] or -"The fire-striking people," from Del. _Sank_ or _San,_ "stone" (from -_Assin_), and _-hikan,_ "an implement," obviously a flint-stone implement -for striking fire, or, as interpreted by Heckewelder, "A fire-lock," and -by Zeisberger, "A fire-steel." - -The French called them _Agnié_ and _Agniérs,_ presumably derived from -_Canienga_ (Huron, _Yanyenge_). The Dutch called them _Mahakuas_, by -contraction _Maquaas,_ from Old Algonquian _Magkwah_ (Stockbridge, -_Mquoh_), Bear, "He devours, he eats." As a nation they were Bears, -tearing, devouring, eating, enemies who fell into their hands. Bruyas -wrote in the Huron dialect, "_Okwari_, ourse (that is Bear); -_Ganniagwari,_ grand ourse" (grand, glorious, superb, Bear), and in -another connection, "It is the name of the Agniers," the characteristic -type of the nation. They were divided in three ruling totemic tribes, -the Tortoise (_Anowara_), the Bear (_Ochquari_), and the Wolf (_Okwaho_), -and several sub-tribes, as the Beaver, the Elk, the Serpent, the -Porcupine, and the Fox, as shown by deeds of record, of which the most -frequently met is that of the Beaver. On Van der Donck's map of 1656, -the names of four tribal castles are entered: _Carenay, Ganagero, -Schanatisse,_ and _t' Jonnontego._ In the recently recovered Journal of -a trip to the Mohawk country, by Arent van Curler, in the winter of -1634-5, the names are _Ouekagoncka, Ganagere, Sohanidisse,_ and _Tenotoge_ -or _Tenotogehooge._ In 1643, Father Isaac Jogues, in French notation, -wrote the name of the first, _Osseruehon,_ and that of the last, -_Te-ononte-ogen._ Rev. Megapolensis, the Dutch minister at Fort Orange, -wrote, in 1644, the name of the first _Assarue,_ the second _Banigiro,_ -and the last _Thenondiago._ On a map republished in the Third Annual -Report of the State Historian, copied from a map published in Holland -in 1666, the first is called _Caneray_ (Van der Donck's _Carenay_), and -the second, _Canagera._ [FN-3] The several names refer in all cases to -the same castles tribally, in some cases, apparently, by the name of a -specific topographical feature near which the castles were located, and -in some cases, apparently, by the name of the tribe. Cramoisy, in his -Relation of 1645-6, referring to the visit of Father Jogues to the -Mohawks, wrote: "They arrived at their first small village, called -_Oneugiouré,_ formerly _Osserrion._" (Relations, 29: 51), showing very -clearly that those two names referred to one and the same castle. What -_Oneugiouré_ stands for certainly, cannot be stated, though it seems to -read easily from _Ohnaway_ (Cuoq), "Current, swift river," indicating -that it may have referred to the long rapids. [FN-4] Chief W. H. Holmes, -of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "According to our best expert -authority, an Iroquoian, _Onekagoncka_ signifies 'At the junction of the -waters,' and _Osserueñon, Osserrion, Assarue,_ etc., signifies 'At the -beaver-dam.'" Accepting these interpretations, the particular place where -the two names seem to come together is at the mouth of Aurie's Creek -"where it falls into Mohawk's river." (See Oghracke.) As generic terms, -however, they would be applicable at any place where the features were -met and would only become specific here from other locative testimony, -which we seem to have. - -The first castle or town was that of the Tortoise tribe; the second, that -of the Bear tribe; the third, that of the Beaver (probably), and the -fourth, that of the Wolf tribe. On Van der Donck's map there are four, -and Greenhalgh, in 1677, noted four. In a Schenectady paper of the same -year the names of two sachems are subscribed who acted "for themselves" -and as "the representatives of ye four Mohock's castles." The French -invaded the valley in 1666, and burned all the castles of the early -period, and the tribes retreated to the north side of river and -established themselves, the first at Caughnawaga; the second about one -and one-half miles west of the first; the third, west of the second, and -the fourth beyond the third, in their ancient order as Greenhalgh found -them in 1677. The French destroyed them again in 1693, [FN-5] and the -tribes returned to and rebuilt on the south side of the river in proximity -to their ancient seats. After the changes which had swept over the -nation, three castles are noted in later records--the "Upper" at -Canajohare, the "Lower" at the mouth of Schohare Creek, and the "Third" -on the Schohare some sixteen miles inland. - -While the early castles were known to the Dutch traders prior to 1635, -and their locations marked, approximately, on their rude charts which -formed the basis of Van der Donck's and other early maps, it was not -until the recovery and publication in 1895, of Van Curler's Journal -[FN-6]that much was known concerning them prior to 1642-44, when the -Jesuit missionaries and the Dutch minister at Fort Orange, Rev. -Megapolensis, went into the field. Van Curler's Journal, supplemented by -the Relations of the Jesuit Fathers and Rev. Megapolensis's notes, -enables us now to almost look in upon the early homes of the "barbarians," -as they were called. - -The Mohawks were the most important factor in the "Five [Six] Nations -Confederacy," particularly from the standpoint of their proximity to and -relations with the Dutch and the English governments, primarily in trade -and later as alliants offensive and defensive under treaty of 1664 and -more definitely under treaty of 1683. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 576.) Their -written history is graven in no uncertain colors on the valley which -still bears their name, as well as on northeastern New York, marred -though it may be by claims to pre-historical supremacy which cannot be -maintained. When Van Curler visited them the nation was at peace, and the -occupants of the towns and villages engaged in the duties of home life. -He wrote that "Most of the people were out 'hunting for deer and bear"; -that "the houses were full of corn and beans"; that he "saw maize--yes, -in some of the houses more than three hundred bushels." He added that he -was hospitably entertained, was fed on "pumpkins cooked and baked, -roasted turkeys, venison and bear's meat," and altogether seems to have -fared sumptuously. Rev. Megapolensis wrote of them, that though they were -cruel to their enemies, they were very friendly to the Dutch. "We go with -them into the woods; we meet with each other, sometimes at an hour's walk -from any house, and think no more of it than if we met with Christians." -The dark side of their character may be seen in a single quotation from -Father Jogues's narrative, as related by Father Lalemant: "Happily for -the Father the very time when he was entering the gates, a messenger -arrived who brought news that a warrior and his comrades were returning -victorious, bringing twenty Abanaqois prisoners. Behold them all joyful; -they leave the poor Father; they burn, they flay, they roast, they eat -those poor victims with public rejoicings." Gentle and affable in peace, -with many evidences of a rude civilization, they were indeed "Demons in -war." - -Faithful in their labors among them were the Jesuit Fathers. They were -men who were ready to suffer torture and death in the propagation of -their faith, as several of them did. The conflict of those heroes of the -Cross in the valley of the Mohawk, inaugurated by the capture and -martyrdom of Father Jogues and his companion, Rene Goupil, in 1646, did -not deter them; the wars of the nation with the French aided them. So -successful were they that many of the nation were drawn off to Canada -and became zealous partisans of the French and a scourge to English -settlements, especially emphasized in the massacre at Schenectady in -February, 1689-90. Those who remained true to the English became no -longer "barbarians" in the full sense of that word, but "Praying Maquas." -The subsequent story of the nation may be gleaned from the pages of -history. At the close of the Revolution the integrity of the Six Nations -had been effectually broken, and the castles of the Mohawks swept from -the valley proper. The history, of the latter nation especially, needs -to be studied, not in the wild glamour of fiction, but in the realm of -fact, as that of an original people, native to the soil of the New World, -clasping hands with the era of the origin of man; a people who, when they -were first met, had borrowed nothing, absolutely nothing, from the -civilizations or the languages of the Old World--the _Ougwe-howe,_ the -"real men" of the Mohawk Valley. - -The locations of the castles or principal towns of the nation, as noted -in Van Curler's Journal, has given rise to considerable discussion, -particularly in regard to the location of the first of the series and -its identity under the different names by which it was called. Van Curler -was not an "ignorant Hollander wandering around in the woods," as one -writer states; on the contrary, he was an educated man and one of the -best equipped men then in the country for the trip he had undertaken, -and instead of "wandering around in the woods," he was conducted by -Mohawk guides. He wrote that he left Fort Orange in company with -Jeronimus la Crock, William Thomasson, and five Mohawks as guides and -bearers, "between nine and ten o'clock in the morning," December 12, -1634, and after walking "mostly northwest about eight miles" (Dutch), -stopped "at half-past twelve in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little -hunters' cabin near the stream that runs into their land, of the name -of Vyoge." His hours' travel and his miles' travel to this point were -either loosely stated in his manuscript or were misread by the -translator. [FN-7] A Dutch mile is one and one-quarter hours' walk and -the equivalent of three and one-half English miles and a fraction over. -Van Curler no doubt estimated his miles by this standard and not as -correct measurements of rough Indian paths. He certainly did not walk -eight Dutch miles in three hours. Twenty-four English miles would have -taken him to a point northwest of the later Schenectady stockade, which, -in 1690, was counted as twenty-four English miles from Fort Orange by -the road as then traveled. The "little hunters' cabin" at which he -stopped and which he located "near the Vyoge," he explained in his notes -of his second day's travel, as "one hour's walk" from the place where he -crossed the stream, which would have taken him to a crossing place west -of Schenectady, noted in a French Itinerary of 1757 as about one and -one-quarter leagues west of the then fort at that settlement, and, -presumably, by the canal survey of 1792, as at the first rift west of -the beginning of deep water one and one-half miles (English) east of the -rift referred to, from which point the survey gave the distance "to the -deep water at or above the mouth of Schohare creek" as twenty-five miles. -In going to, or from, the crossing-place he "passed Mohawk villages" -where "the ice drifted fast," and gave his later travel as "mostly along -the kill that ran swiftly," indicating very clearly that he passed along -the rapids. Why he crossed the Mohawk when there was a path on the south -side, is explained by Pearson's statement (Hist. Schenectady) that the -path on the north side "was the best and most frequently traveled path -to the Mohawk castles," and held that reputation for many years. It was -a trunk line from the Hudson with many connecting paths. In considering -his miles' travel the survey of 1792 may be safely referred to. [FN-8] -His miles' travel, which he wrote as "eleven" (Dutch) he wrote on his -return as "ten," which, counted as standard Dutch, would have been about -thirty-five English miles; if counted by General John S. Clark's average -of shrinkage, about thirty, which would have taken him from the hunters' -cabin to a point two or three miles west of the mouth of Schohare Creek. - -Referring particularly to his Journal: On the morning of the 13th, at -three o'clock, he left the "little hunters' cabin" where he passed the -night, spent one hour in walking to the crossing-place, crossed "in the -dark," resumed his march on the north side "mostly along the aforesaid -kill that ran swiftly," and after marching ten miles arrived, "at one -o'clock in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little house half a mile" (Dutch) -"from their First Castle." When he stopped he was so exhausted by the -rough road that he could scarcely move his feet, and hence remained at -the "little house" until the next morning, when he recrossed the Mohawk -to the south side "on the ice which had frozen over the kill during the -night," and "after going half-a-mile" (Dutch), or say one and one-half -English, arrived "at their First Castle," which he found "built on a high -mountain." It contained "thirty-six houses in rows like streets." The -houses were "one hundred, ninety or eighty paces long," and were no doubt -palisaded as he called the castle a "fort." The name of the castle, he -wrote later, was _Onekagoncka._ The crossing was the only one which he -made to the south side of the Mohawk in going west. _Where,_ aside from -a fair computation of his miles' travel, _did he cross?_ Certainly he did -not cross on the ice which had frozen over the rapids east of the mouth -of Schohare Creek, for they were never known to freeze over in one night, -if at all. Certainly he did not cross east of the rapids, for they -extended three and one-half miles east of the mouth of the creek. -Obviously, if he crossed Schohare Creek on the ice and "did not know it," -as one writer suggests, he must have crossed it in _going to the castle,_ -which would surely locate the castle _west_ of the stream. There is not -the slightest notice of the stream in his Journal, nor is there any place -for it in the harmony of his narrative. The tenable conclusion, from the -comparison of his miles and from the natural facts, is that he crossed -"on the ice" which had frozen over the deep water "at or above the mouth -of Schohare Creek"; that his march took him to the vicinity of Aurie's -Creek, or substantially to the castle which Father Jogues called -_Osseruenon,_ the site of which is now marked by the Society of Jesus -with the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs," whether that castle was east or -west of Aurie's Creek, evidences of Indian occupation having been found -on a hill on the west side of the creek as well as on a hill on the east -side. [FN-9] These evidences, however, prove very little in determining -the location of a particular castle three hundred years ago; they only -become important when sustained by distances from given points or by -natural features of record. - -The locative conclusion stated above is more positively emphasized by -counting Van Curler's miles' travel and his landmarks in going west from -_Onekagoncka,_ and by the natural features which he noted in his Journal. -Leaving _Onekagoncka,_ he wrote that he walked "half a mile" (Dutch) "on -the ice" which had frozen over the kill, or say one and one-half English -miles, and in that distance passed "a village of six houses of the name -of _Canowarode._" It was near the river obviously. Walking on the ice -"another half mile" (Dutch), he passed "a village of twelve houses named -_Senatsycrossy._" After walking "another mile or mile and a half" on the -ice, he passed "great stretches of flat lands" and came to a castle which -he first called _Medatshet,_ and later _Canagere,_ which he denominated -"The Second Castle." His distances traveling west "on the ice" were -evidently more correctly computed than they were on his march on the -rough path "along the kill that ran swiftly." His miles from _Onekagoncka_ -to _Canagere_ are given as two and a half (Dutch) or about nine miles -English. The actual distance is supposed to have been about eight. He -found the castle "built on a hill without any palisades or any defence." -He located it east of Canajohare Creek, a stream which has never lost its -identity. When Van Curler visited the castle it contained "sixteen -houses, fifty, sixty, seventy or eighty paces long." - -Detained in this castle by a heavy fall of rain which broke up the -streams--the "January thaw" of 1635 in the Mohawk Valley--Van Curler -resumed his journey on the 20th, and "after marching a mile" (Dutch), -came to Canajohare Creek which he was obliged to ford. After crossing -and walking "half a mile" (Dutch), he came to what he called the "Third -Castle of the name of _Sohanidisse,_" later written by him _Rohanadisse,_ -and by Van der Donck _Schanatisse,_ suggesting the name of the hill on -which it stood, which Van Curler described as "very high." It contained -"thirty-two houses like the others"; was not palisaded. The very high -hill, and the flat lands which he referred to, remain. - -On the 21st, _before_ reaching the second stream which he noted later -as having crossed, he wrote that "half a mile" _west_ of Canajohare Creek -he came to a village of "nine houses of the name of _Osquage,_" which -gave name to the stream now known as the _Otsquage,_ which he also called -_Okquage_ and _Okwahohage,_ "Wolves"--a village of the Wolf tribe. On the -23d he forded the Otsquage, and after going "half a mile" (Dutch) _west_ -of that stream, came "to a village named _Cawaoge._" It had fourteen -houses and stood "on a very high hill." On his return trip he wrote the -name _Nawaoga;_ on old maps it is _Canawadage,_ and has since 1635 been -known as the _Nowadage_ or Fort Plain Creek. _He did not cross this -stream,_ but after stopping at the village for a short time moved on "by -land," presumably inland either north or south, and "going another mile" -came to the "Fourth Castle," which he called _Tenotoge_ and _Tenotohage,_ -and Father Jogues called _Te-ouonte-ogén,_ and also "the furthest castle." -It was no doubt the principal castle of the Wolf tribe, strongly palisaded -to defend the western approach to the seat of the nation, as was -_Onekagoncka_ to guard the east. It was, he wrote, composed of fifty-five -houses like the others. It stood in a valley evidently, probably on the -bank of the creek, as he wrote that the stream (Otsquaga) which he had -crossed in the morning "ran past" the castle; that he saw on the opposite -(east) "bank" of the stream "a good many houses filled with corn and -beans," and also extensive flat lands. Further than this topographical -description the location of the castle cannot be determined. [FN-10] Van -Curler's miles to the castle from _Onekagonka,_ as nearly as can be -counted from his Journal, were about six Dutch or about twenty-one -English, or as General Clark counted Dutch miles, about eighteen English. -As Van Curler traveled "on the ice" for the most considerable part of the -way from _Onekagoncka,_ and followed necessarily the bend in the river -and diverged at times from the shore line, exact computation of his miles -cannot be made. General Clark located the castle at Spraker's Basin, -thirteen miles by rail west of Aurie's Creek. Van Curler located it _on -the west side of Otsquage Creek._ On Simeon DeWitt's map of survey of -patents in 1790 (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 420), the direct line from the west -side of the mouth of Otsquage Creek to the west side of the mouth of -Aurie's Creek is fifteen and three-tenths miles; following the bend in -the Mohawk, as Van Curler did, it is seventeen and one-half miles. -Granting that the lithographic reproduction of the map may vary from the -original, it nevertheless shows conclusively that _Onekagoncka_ must have -been located at or near Aurie's Creek, The suggestion that it was located -on a hill on the east side of Schohare Creek is untenable, as is also the -suggestion that it was at Klein, eight miles east of Schohare Creek. -There may have been villages at a later date at the places suggested, but -never one of the ancient castles. Counted from the east or from the west -there is no location that meets Van Curler's miles, or Father Jogues' -"leagues," so certainly as does Aurie's Creek. (See Oghracke.) - -In addition to the locations of the ancient castles, Van Curler's notes -supply interesting evidence of the strength of the Mohawks when the Dutch -first met them, which was then at its highest known point in number and -in the number of their settlements, namely: Two hundred and twenty-five -"long houses" in castles and villages, without including villages on the -lower Mohawk "where the ice drifted fast," which he passed without -particular note, and those in villages or settlements which he did not -see. Two hundred and twenty-five houses were capable of holding and no -doubt did hold a very large number of people, packed as they were packed. -Father Pierron reported, in 1669, after the French invasion of 1666, that -he visited every week "six large villages, covering seven and one-half -leagues distance," around Caughnawaga where he was stationed. In almost -constant wars with the French, and with the Hurons and other Indian -tribes as allies of the French, their number had dwindled to an estimate -of eighty warriors in 1735. The story of their greatness and of their -decay is of the deepest interest. No student of American history can -dispense with its perusal and be well-informed in the events of the -pioneer era. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Arent Van Curler, in 1635, in his "Journal of a Visit to the - Seneca Country," wrote: "I was shown a parcel of flint-stones with which - they make a fire when in the forest. These stones would do very well for - flint-lock guns." - - Roger Williams wrote of the Narraganset Indians in 1643: "I have seen - a native go into the woods with his hatchet, carrying a basket of corn - with him, and stones to strike a fire." Father Le June wrote, in 1634: - "They strike together two metallic stones, just as we do with a piece - of flint and iron or steel. . . . That is how they light their fire." - The "Metallic stones" spoken of are presumed, by some writers, to have - been iron pyrites, as they may have been in some cases, but the national - emblem was the flint. - - [FN-2] "_Sankhicani,_ the Mohawk's, from _Sankhican,_ a gun-lock." - (Heckewelder.) The name appears first on the Carte Figurative of 1614-16, - in application to the Indians of northern New Jersey (Delawares), who - were, by some writers, called "The Fire-workers." They seem to have - manufactured stone implements by the application of fire. Presumably - they were "Fire-strikers" as well as the Mohawks. Certainly they were - not Mohawks. Were the Mohawks the discoverers of the fire-striking - properties of the flint? - - [FN-3] State Historian Hastings writes me: "The map of which you - inquire, appeared originally in a pamphlet published at Middleburgh, - Holland, at the Hague, 1666. It was first reproduced by the late Hon. - Henry C. Murphy in his translation of the 'Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland,' - etc. His reproduction gives _Canagere,_ as the name of the second - castle, and _Caneray_ as the name of the first, precisely as they appear - in order in our reproduction in our Third Report." - - [FN-4] _Oneongoure_ is a form of the name in Colonial History. In the - standard translation of Jesuit Relations it is _Oneugiouré._ _Oneon_ is - a clerical error. The letters _u_ and _ou_ represent a sound produced - by the Indian in the throat without motion of the lips. Bruyas wrote it - 8{_sic_ ȣ?}; it is now read _w-Onew._ Adding an _a,_ we have very nearly - M. Cuoq's _Ohnawah,_ "current," "swift river"; with suffix _gowa,_ - "great," the reference being to the great rapids near which the castle - was located. The omission of the locative participle shows that it was - not "at" or "on" the great rapids. - - [FN-5] "Their three castles destroyed and themselves dispersed." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., iv, 20, 22.) The castles referred to Caughnawaga, Canagora, - and Tiononteogen. A castle on the south side of the Mohawk, said to have - been about two miles inland, escaped. Presumably it was the village of - the Beaver family, but we have nothing further concerning it. The attack - was made on the night of Feb. 16, 1693. The warriors of the first two - castles were absent, and the few old men and the women made little - resistance. At the third, the warriors fought bravely but unsuccessfully. - The three castles were burned; that at Caughnawaga was given to the - flames on the morning of February 20, 1693. - - [FN-6] Journal of Arent van Curler, of a visit to the Seneca country, - 1634-5 O. S., translated by General James Grant Wilson, printed in "The - Independent," N. Y., Oct. 5, 1895. Republished by National Historical - Society. - - [FN-7] General Wilson wrote me that the Journal was translated for him - by a Hollander, now (1905) dead, and that the manuscript had passed out - of his hands. The question of hours and miles is not important here. On - his return travel he gave the distance from the little hunters' cabin - (which in the meantime had been burned), as "A long walk," which will - not be disputed. It may be added that it is not justifiable to count - his two days' travel as one, and count the two as thirty-two English - miles from Fort Orange. The two days' travel are very distinct in the - Journal. - - [FN-8] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1087. - - [FN-9] Father Jogues noted in his narrative a "torrent" which passed - "At the foot of their village"--a brook or creek which was swollen by - rains into a torrent, and from which, on the later recedence of the - water, he recovered the remains of the body of his companion, Rene - Goupil, who had been murdered and his body thrown into it, probably with - the expectation that it would be carried down into the Mohawk, "At the - foot of their village," or at the foot of the hill on which the village - stood. - - [FN-10] In the town of Minden, four miles south of Fort Plain, on a - tongue of land formed by the Otsquaga Creek and one of its tributaries, - are the remains of an ancient fortification, showing a curved line two - hundred and forty feet in length, inclosing an area of about seven - acres. The remains are, of course, claimed as belonging to the age of - the mound-builders, but with equal probability are the remains of the - ancient fort which Van Curler visited. - - - -[Illustration: The Mohawk River] - - - - * * * * * - - -Kahoos, Kahoes, Cohoes, Co'os, forms of the familiar name of the falls -of the Mohawk River at the junction of that stream with Hudson's River, -has had several interpretations based on the presumption that it is from -the Mohawk-Iroquoian dialect, but none that have been satisfactory to -students of that dialect, nor any that have not been purely conjectural. -One writer has read it: "From _Kaho,_ a boat or ship," commemorative of -Hudson's advent at Half-Moon Point in 1609. Beauchamp repeated from -Morgan: "A shipwrecked canoe," and, in another connection: "From _Kaho,_ -a torrent." Another writer has read it: "Cahoes, 'the parting of the -waters,' the reference being to the separation of the stream into three -channels at its junction with the Hudson." The late Horatio Hale wrote -me: "Morgan gives, as the Iroquois form of the name, _Gä-hŏ-oose_ (in -which _ä_ represents the Italian _a_ as in father), with the signification -of 'ship-wrecked canoe.' This, I presume, is correct, though I cannot -analize the word to my satisfaction." The obvious reason for this -uncertainty is that the name is _not_ Mohawk-Iroquoian, but an early -Dutch orthography of the Algonquian generic _Koowa,_ "Pine"; _Koaaés,_ -"Small pine," or "Small pine trees"; written with locative _it,_ "Place -of small pine trees"; now applied to a small island. On the Connecticut -River this generic is met in _Co'os_ and _Co'hos._ The "Upper Co-hos -Interval" on that stream (Sauthier's map) [FN-1] was a tract of low small -pine trees, between the hills and the river, corresponding with the -topography at the falls on the Hudson. The Dutch termination _-hoos,_ -meaning in that language, "Water-spout," may have given rise to the -interpretation "The Great Falls," but if so the reading was simply -descriptive. The presumption that the name was Mohawk-Iroquoian was no -doubt from the general impression that the falls were primarily in a -Mohawk district, but the fact is precisely the reverse. The Hudson, on -both sides, was held by Algonquian-Mahicans when the Dutch located at -Albany, and for some years later, and the Dutch no doubt received the -name from them, as they did others. What few Mohawk names are met in this -district are of later introduction. It may be noted that there is no -element in the name in any dialect which refers to falls. [FN-2] When the -falls were first known they were regarded as the most wonderful in the -world, and even as late as 1680 they were so called by visitors. In early -days the stream poured a flood nine-hundred feet wide and eight feet deep -over a rocky declivity of seventy-eight feet, of which forty feet was -perpendicular, in addition to which are the rapids above and below. The -roar of the falling waters, and in the breaking up and precipitation of -ice, was very distinctly heard at Fort Orange, nine miles distant, and -the hills on which Albany now stands trembled under the impact. Primarily -the falls were much higher than they are now, the stream having cut its -way through one hundred feet of rock which rises on either side in -massive wall. Below the falls the water separates in four branches or -"Sprouts," the northerly and the southerly one reaching the Hudson five -miles apart, at Waterford and West Troy respectively. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "L. Intervale-Cowass or Kohas (Coas) meadows." (Pownal's Map.) - - [FN-2] The name having been submitted to the Bureau of Ethnology for - interpretation, the late Prof. J. W. Powell, Chief, wrote me, as the - opinion of himself and his co-laborers: "The name is unquestionably - from the Algonquian _Koowa._" - - -Wathoiack, of record as the name of "The Great Rift above Kahoes Falls" -(Cal. Land Papers, 134, etc.) is also written _Wathojax, D'Wathoiack,_ -and _DeWathojaaks,_ means, substantially, what it describes, a rift or -rapid. The cis-locative _De_ locates a place "On this side of the rapid," -or the side toward the speaker. The flow of water is between walls of -rock over a rocky bed, and the rapids extend for a distance of -thirty-five or forty feet. (Ses Kahoes.) - -Niskayune, now so written as the name of a town and of a village in -Schenectady County, is from _Kanistagionne,_ primarily located on the -north side of the Mohawk, _Canastagiowane_ (1667) being the oldest form -of record. The locative description reads: "Lying at a place called -_Neastegaione,_ . . . known by the name of _Kanistegaione._" West of -Schenectady the Mohawk is a succession of rapids. At or below Schenectady -it makes a bend to the northeast in the form of a crescent, around which -the water flows in a sluggish current. At the north point of the crescent -was, and probably is a place called by the Dutch the Aal-plaat -(Eel-place), marked on maps by a small stream from the north which still -bears the name, and which formed the eastern boundmark of the Schenectady -Patent. In Barber's collection it is stated that there was an Indian -village here called _Canastagaones,_ or "People of the Eel-place." -Naturally there would be fishing villages in the vicinity. The location -of the Aal-plaat is particularly identified in the Mohawk deed for five -small islands lying at Kanastagiowne, in 1667, and by the abstract of -title filed by one Evart van Ness in 1715. (Cal. Land Papers.) The name -is from _Keantsica,_ "Fish," of the larger kind, and _-gionni, -"Long"--tsi,_ "Very long"--constructively, "The Long-fish place," the -Aal-plaat, or Eel-place, of the Dutch. The suggestion by Pearson (Hist. -Schenectady) that the name "was properly that of the flat on the north -side of the river," is untenable from the name itself. The reading by -the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan: "From _Oneasti,_ 'Maize,' and _Couane,_ -'Great'--'Great maize field'"--is also erroneous. The generic name for -the field or flat was _Shenondohawah,_ compressed by the Dutch to -_Skonowa._ In the vicinity of the Aal-plaat was the ancient crossing-place -of the path from Fort Orange to the Mohawk castles, in early days -regarded as the "Best" as it was the "Most traveled." The path continued -north from the crossing as well as west to the castles. - -Schenectady, now so written, is claimed by some authorities to be an -Anglicism of a Mohawk-Iroquoian verbal primarily applied by them to Fort -Orange (Albany), with the interpretations, "The place we arrive at by -passing through the pine trees" (Bleecker); "Beyond the opening" (L. H. -Morgan); "Beyond (or on the other side) of the door" (O'Callaghan), and -by Horatio Hale: "The name means simply, 'beyond the pines.' from -_oneghta_ (or _skaneghet_), 'pine,' and _adi_ or _ati,_ a prepositional -suffix (if such an expression may be allowed), meaning 'beyond,' or 'on -the other side of.' The suffix is derived from _skati,_ side. It was -equally applicable to Albany or Schenectady, both being reached from the -Mohawk castles by passing through openings in the pine forest." Mr. -Hale's interpretation, from the standpoint of a Mohawk term, is -exhaustive and no doubt correct, and the correctness of the preceding -interpretations may be admitted from the combinations which may have -been employed to determine the object of which _askati_ was "one side," -as in "_Skannátati,_ de un coste du village," or the end of, as in -"_Skannhahati,_ a l'autre bout de la cabane" (Bruyas). The word does not -appear to mean "beyond," but one side or one end of anything. Aside from -a critical rendering, it would seem to be evident that all the -interpretations are in error, not in the translation of the name as a -Mohawk word-sentence, but in the assumption that Schenectady was primarily -a Mohawk phrase, instead of a confusion of the Mohawk _Skannatati_ with -the original Dutch _Schaenhecstede,_ the primary application of which is -amply sustained by official record, while the Mohawk term is without -standing in that connection, or later except as a corrupt Mohawk-Dutch -[FN-1] substitution. The facts of primary application may be briefly -stated. The deed from the Mohawk owners of the Schenectady flats, in -1661, reads: "A certain parcel of land called in Dutch the Groote -Vlachte, lying behind Fort Orange, between the same and the Mohawk -country called in Indian _Skonowe._" _Skonowe_ is the equivalent of the -Dutch "great flat," and nothing more. Its Mohawk equivalent is written -on the section _Shenondohawah,_ which the Dutch reduced to _Skonowe._ -(See Shannondhoi.) Van der Donck wrote on his map (1656), in pure Dutch, -_Schoon Vlaack Land,_ or "Fine flat land." It was not continued in -application to the Dutch settlement, the proprietors of which immediately -(1661) gave to it the Dutch name _Schaenechstede,_ "as the town came to -be called." (Munsell's Annals of Albany, ii, 49, 52; Brodhead's Hist. -N. Y., i, 691.) Under that name the tract was surveyed (1664), and it -has remained apparent in the synthesis of the many corrupt forms in which -it is of record. _Schaenechstede_ is a clear orthographic pronunciation -of the Dutch _Schoonehetstede,_ signifying, literally, "The beautiful -town." The syllable _het_ is properly _hek,_ "fence, rail, gate," etc., -and in this connection indicates an enclosed or palisaded town. In 1680, -_Schaenschentendeel_ appears--a pronunciation of _Schoonehettendal,_ -"Beautiful valley," or the equivalent of the German _Schooneseckthal,_ -"Beautiful corner or turn of a valley." The German Labadists, Jasper -Bankers and Peter Sluyter, made no mistake in their recognition of the -name when they wrote _Schoon-echten-deel_ in their Journal in 1679-80, -describing the town as a square set off by palisades. [FN-2] Unfortunately -for the Dutch name it was conferred and came into use during the period -of the transition of the province from the Dutch to the English, with the -probability of its conversion to Mohawk-Dutch, as already noted. Certain -it is that the name is not met in any form until after its introduction -by the Dutch, and is not of record in any connection except at -Schenectady, the statement by Brodhead, on the authority of Schoolcraft, -that it was applied in one form, by the Mohawks, to a place some two -miles above Albany, as "the end of a portage path of the Mohawks coming -from the west," being without anterior or subsequent record, though -possibly traditional, and it may be added that it was never the name of -Albany, nor is there record that there ever was a Mohawk village "on the -site of the present city of Albany," nor anywhere near it. The Mohawks -did go there to trade and on business with the government and occupied -temporary encampments probably. The occupants primarily were Mahicans. -The evolution of the name from the original Dutch to its present form -may be readily traced in the channels through which it has passed. Even -though clouded by traditional and theoretical rendering, the truth of -history will ever rest in _Schoonehetstede_ (Schaenechstede) and in the -interpretation which it was designed to express by the intelligent men -who conferred it. It is not expected that the correction will be adopted, -now that the term has passed to the domain of a "proper name." With the -aroma of assumed Mohawk origin and the negative "beyond" clinging to it, -it will remain at least as a harmless fiction, although the honor due to -a Dutch ancestry would seem to warrant a different result. By ancient -measurements Schenectady is "about nine miles (English) above the falls -called Cahoes" (1792). - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] A considerable number of the early settlers had Indian wives. - (Dominie Megapolensis wrote: "The Dutch are continually running after - the Mohawk women.") The children, growing up with Indian relatives, - among the tribes and with men speaking so great a variety of tongues, - built up a patois of their own, the "Mohawk-Dutch," many words in it - defying the dictionaries of the schools. Many words are untranslatable - save by the context. (Hist. Schenectady Patent, 388.) - - [FN-2] Memoirs Long Island Hist. Soc, i, 315. - - -Shannondhoi and Shenondohawah are record forms of the name of a section -of Saratoga County now embraced in Clifton Park, Half-Moon, etc. It is -a sandy plain running west from the clay bluffs on the Hudson to the foot -of the mountain, and extends across the Mohawk into Schenectady County. -The name is generic Iroquois, signifying "Great plain," and as such was -their name for Wyoming, Pa., where it is written _Schahandoanah_ (Col. -Hist. N. Y., vi, 48), and _Skehandowana_ (Reichel). Scanandanani, -Schenondehowe, Skenandoah, and Shanandoah, are among other forms met in -application. Skonowe is followed on Van der Donck's map of 1656, by the -Dutch legend _Schoon Vlaack Land,_ literally, "Fine, flat land," and for -all these years the name has been accepted as meaning, "Great meadow," -or "Great plain." The late Horatio Hale wrote: "The name is readily -accounted for by the word _Kahenta_ (or _Kahenda_), meaning -'plain'--frequently abridged to _Kenta_ (or _Kenda_)--with the nominal -prefix _S_ and the augmentative suffix _owa_ (or _owana_)." "The great -flat or plain in Pennsylvania was called, in the Minsi dialect, -'_M'chewomink_, at (or on) the great plain.' From this word we have the -modern name Wyoming. The Iroquois word for this flat was _Skahentowane,_ -'Great meadow (or plain),' a term which was applied also to extensive -meadows in other localities and became corrupted to Shenandoah." -(Gerard.) - -Quaquarionu, of record, Calendar Land Papers, p. 6: "Bounds of a tract -of land above Schenectady purchased of the Mohawk Indians, extending from -Schenectady three miles westward, along both sides of the river, ending -at Quaquarionu, _where the last Mohawk castle stands._" The deed of same -date (1672) reads: "The lands lying near the town of Schenhectady within -three Dutch miles in compass on both sides of the river westward, which -ends at Kinaquariones, where the last battle was between the Mohawks and -the North Indians." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 465.) _Canaquarioeny_ is the -orthography in another deed. In Pearson's History of Schenectady: "Lands -lying near the town of Schonnhectade within three Dutch miles [about -twelve English miles] on both sides of the river westward, which ends at -Hinquariones [Towareoune], where the last battle was between the Mohoax -and North Indians." The last battle in that section of country explains -the text. Father Pierron, in 1669, located the battle "In a place that -was precipitous, . . . about eight leagues [French] east of Gandauague" -(Caughnawaga), or about sixteen miles English, and modern authorities -have added, "A steep rocky hill on the north side of the Mohawk, just -west of Hoffman's Ferry, now called Towareoune Hill, east of Chucktanunda -Creek, a stream which is supposed to have taken its name from the -overhanging rocks of the hill." [FN] Dr. Beauchamp, on the authority of -Albert Cusick, an educated Tuscarorian, translated: "_Kinaquarioune,_ -'She arrow-maker,' the name of a person who resided there." Rev. Isaac -Bearfoot, an educated Onondagian, especially instructed in the Mohawk -dialect, and an educator on the Canada Reservation, supplied to W. Max -Reid of Amsterdam, N. Y., the reading: "_Ki-na-qua-ri-one_, 'He killed -the Bear,' or, the place where the Bears die, or any place of death. It -seems to have been used to denote the place of the last great battle with -the Mahicans." The battle referred to occurred on the 18th of August, -1669. An account of it is given in Jesuit Relations, iii, 137, by Father -Pierron, the Jesuit missionary, who was then stationed at Caughnawaga. -The war which was then raging was continued until 1673, when the Governor -of New York succeeded in negotiating peace and by treaty "linked -together" the opposing nations as allies of the English government, a -relation which they subsequently sustained until the war of the -Revolution, when the Mahicans united with the revolutionists. - - * * * * * - - [FN] In a deed of 1685 is the entry: "Opposite a place called - Jucktumunda, that is ye stone houses, being a hollow rock on ye river - bank where ye Indians generally lie under when they travel." - - -Onekee-dsi-enos is of record in a deed of land purchased by one Abraham -Cuyler of Albany, in 1714, "from the native owners of the land at -Schohare, on the west side of Schohare creek, beginning on the north by -a stone mountain called by the Indians Onekeedsienos." (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 110.) The name is probably an equivalent of Bruyas' -_Onueja-tsi-entos,_ a composition from _Onne'ja,_ "Stone"; _tsi_ or -_dsi,_ augmentative, "Very hard," such as stones used for making -hatchets, axes, etc., and _entos,_ plural inflection--"very hard stones," -or "where there are hard stones." The location has been claimed for Flint -Hill at Klein, Montgomery County, which, it is said, the name correctly -describes. Positive identification, however, can only be made from the -lines of the survey of Cuyler's purchase. It has also been claimed that -the Mohawk castle called _Onekagoncka_ by Van Curler in 1635, and the -_Osseruenon_ of 1642, was located at Klein, about eight miles east of -Schohare Creek. This claim is based on what is certainly an erroneous -computation of Van Curler's miles' travel, but particularly on the -location on Van der Donck's map of _Carenay_ directly north of a small -lake now in the town of Duane, Schenectady County. Van der Donck's map -locations are merely approximative, however, and of no other value than -as showing that the places existed. On an ancient map reprinted by the -War Department at Washington, the lake and the castle are both located -east of Schenectady. The old maps are from traders' descriptions in -general terms. - -Onuntadass, _Onuntasasha,_ etc., "six miles west from Schoharie between -the mountains of Schoharie and the hill called by the Indians Onuntadass" -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers), describes a hill or mountain--_Ononté_--with -adjective termination _es_ or _ese,_ meaning "long" or "high." -_Jonondese,_ "It is a high hill." The hill has not been located. The name -could be applied to any long or high hill. - -Schoharie, now so written as the name of a creek and of a county and -town, would properly be written without the _i_. The stream came into -notice particularly after 1693-4, when the Tortoise tribe retreated from -Caughnawaga and located their principal town on the west side of the -stream a short distance south of its junction with the Mohawk, taking -with them their ancient title of "The First Mohawk Castle," and where its -location became known by the name of _Ti-onondar-aga_ and -_Ti-ononta-ogen;_ but later from the location on the creek about sixteen -miles above its mouth of what was known in modern times as "The Third -Mohawk Castle," more frequently called "The Schohare Castle," a mixed -aggregation of Mohawks and Tuscaroras who had been converted by the -Jesuit missionaries and persuaded to remove to Canada, but subsequently -induced to return. "A few emigrants at Schohare," wrote Sir William -Johnson in 1763. In the same district was also gathered a settlement of -Mahicans and other Algonquian emigrants. From the elements which were -gathered in both settlements came what were, long known as the Schohare -Indians. The early record name of the creek, _To-was-sho'hare,_ was -rendered for me by Mr. J. B. N. Hewitt, of the Bureau of Ethnology, -_T-yo^c-skoⁿ-hà-re,_ "An obstruction by drift wood." [FN] In Colonial -History, "_Skohere_, the Bear," means that the chief so called was of the -Bear tribe. He was otherwise known by the title, "He is the great -wood-drift." - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Schoharie, according to Brant, is an Indian word signifying drift - or flood-wood, the creek of that name running at the foot of a steep - precipice for many miles, from which it collected great quantities of - wood." (Spofford's Gazetteer.) - - -Ti-onondar-aga and Tiononta-ogen are forms of the name by which the -"First Mohawk Castle" was located after the Tortoise tribe was driven by -the French from Caughnawaga in 1693. The castle was located on the _west_ -side and near the mouth of Schohare Creek, as shown by a rough map in -Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 902, and also by a French Itinerary in 1757, in -the same work, Vol. i, 526. [FN-1] For the protection of the settlement, -the government erected, in 1710, what was known as Fort Hunter, by which -name the place is still known. The settlement was ruled over for a number -of years by "Little Abraham," brother of the Great King Hendrick of the -"Upper Mohawk Castle," at Canajohare. Its occupants were especially -classed as "Praying Maquas," and had a chapel and a bell and a priest of -the Church of England. In the war of the Revolution they professed to be -neutral but came to be regarded by the settlers as being composed of -spies and informers. So it came about that General Clinton sent out, in -1779, a detachment, captured all the inmates, and seized their stock and -property. [FN-2] There were only four houses--very good frame -buildings--then standing, and on the solicitation of settlers, who had -been made houseless in the Brant and Johnson raids, they were given to -them. It was the last Mohawk castle to disappear from the valley proper. - -_Ti-onondar-ága_ and _Te-ononte-ógen_ are related terms but are not -precisely of the same meaning. The first has the locative particle _ke,_ -or _acu_, as Zeisberger wrote it, and the second, _ógen,_ means "A space -between," or "between two mountains," an intervale, or valley, a very -proper name for Schohare Valley. It is a generic composition and was also -employed in connection with the "Upper (Third) Mohawk Castle" (1635-'66). - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] The settlement included "Some thirty cabins of Mohawk Indians" - in 1757. as stated in the French Itinerary referred to, Rev. Gideon - Hawley described it, in 1753, as on the southwest side of the creek "Not - far from the place where it discharges its waters into Mohawk River." - The place is still known as "Fort Hunter," although the fort and the - Indian settlement disappeared years ago. - - [FN-2] A detachment of one hundred men, sent out for that purpose, - surprised the castle on the 29th of October, 1779, making prisoners of - "Every Indian inmate." The houseless settlers took possession of the four - houses and of all the stock, grain and furniture of the tribe. The tribe - made claim for restitution on the ground of neutrality, which the - settlers denied. They had come to hate the very name of Mohawk. - - -Kadarode, of record in 1693 as the name of a tract of land "Lying upon -Trinderogues (Schohare) creek, on both sides, made over to John Petersen -Mabie by _Roode,_ the Indian, in his life time, [FN] principal sachem, -by and with the consent of the rest of the Praying Indian Castle in the -Mohawk country" (Land Papers, 61), is further referred to in grant of -permission to Mabie, in 1715, to purchase additional land "known as -Kadarode," on the _east_ side of the creek, and also lands "adjoining" -his lands on the _west_ side of the stream. (Ib. 118.) By the DeWitt map -of survey of 1790, Mabie's entire purchase extended east from the mouth -of Aurie's Creek to a point on the east side of Schohare Creek, a distance -of about four miles, the territory covering the presumed site of the -early Mohawk castle called by different writers from names which they had -heard spoken, Onekagoncka, Caneray, Osseruenon, and Oneugioure, now the -site of the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs." The Mohawk River, west of the -long rapids, above and including the mouth of Schohare Creek, flows "in -a broad, dark stream, with no apparent current," giving it the appearance -of a lake--"a long stretch of still water in a river." The section was -much favored by the Tortoise tribe, whose castle in 1635 and again in -1693-4 was seated upon it. The record name, _Kadarode,_ has obviously -lost some letters. Its locative suggests its derivation from _Kanitare,_ -"Lake," and _-okte_, "End, side, edge," etc. Van Curler wrote here, in -1635, _Canowarode,_ the name of a village which he passed while walking -on the ice which had frozen over the Mohawk; it was evidently on the side -of the stream. _Carenay_ or _Kaneray,_ Van der Donck's name of the -castle, may easily have been from _Kanitare._ The letters _d_ and _t_ are -equivalent sounds in the Mohawk tongue. The aspirate _k_ was frequently -dropped by European scribes; it does not represent a radical element. The -several record names which are met here is a point of interest to -students. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Roode_ was living in 1683. An additional name was given to him in - a Schenectady patent of that year, indicating that the name by which he - was generally known was from his place of residence. He could easily - have been a sachem in 1635. - - -Oghrackee, Orachkee, Oghrackie, orthographies of the record name of what -is now known as Aurie's Creek, appear in connection with land patented -to John Scott, 1722. In the survey of the patent by Cadwallader Colden, -in the same year, the description reads: "On the south side of Mohawk's -river, about two miles above Fort Hunter, . . . beginning at a certain -brook called by the Indians Oghrackie, otherwise known as Arie's creek, -where it falls into Maquas river." (N. Y. Land Papers, 164.) In other -words the name was that of a place at the mouth of the brook. Near the -brook at Auriesville, which takes its name from that of the stream, has -been located the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs," marking the presumed site -of the Mohawk castle called by Father Jogues _Osserueñon,_ in which he -suffered martyrdom in 1646. [FN] The Indian name, _Oghrackie,_ has no -meaning as it stands; some part of it was probably lost by mishearing. -The digraph _gh_ is not a radical element in Mohawk speech; it is -frequently dropped, as in _Orachkee,_ one of the forms of the name here. -Omitting it from Colden's _Oghrackie,_ and inserting the particle _se_ or -_sa,_ yields _Osarake,_ "At the beaver dam," from _Osara,_ "Beaver dam," -and locative participle _ke,_ "At." (Hale.) This interpretation is -confirmed, substantially, by the Bureau of Ethnology in an interpretation -of _Osseruenon_ which Father Jogues gave as that of the castle. W. H. -Holmes, Chief of the Bureau, wrote me, under date of March 8, 1906, as -has been above stated, "The term _Osserueñon_ (or _Osserneñon, Asserua, -Osserion, Osserrinon_) appears to be from the Mohawk dialect of the -Iroquoian stock of languages. It signifies, if its English dress gives -any approximation to the sound of the original expression, 'At the beaver -dam.'" This expert testimony has its value in the force which it gives -to the conclusion that the castle in which Father Jogues suffered was at -or near Aurie's Creek. The relation between Megapolensis' _Assarue_ and -Jogues's _Osseru_ is readily seen by changing the initial _A_ in the -former to _O._ - -_Aurie's,_ the present name of the stream, otherwise written _Arie's,_ is -Dutch for _Adrian_ or _Adrianus_ (Latin) "Of or pertaining to the sea." -It is suggestive of the name _Adriochten,_ written by Van Curler as that -of the ruling sachem of the castle which he visited and called -_Onekagoncka_ in 1635. The only tangible fact, however, is that the -stream took its present name from Aurie, a ruling sachem who resided on -or near it. - -In this connection the several names by which the castle was called, viz: -_Onekagoncka, Carenay_ or _Caneray, Osserueñon, Assarue,_ and -_Oneugiouré,_ may be again referred to. As already stated, the "best -expert authority" of the Bureau of Ethnology reads _Onekagoncka_ as -signifying, "At the junction of the waters," and _Osserueñon,_ in any of -its forms, as signifying "At the beaver-dam." Possibly the names might be -read differently by a less expert authority, but _Oneka_ certainly means -"Water," and _Ossera_ means "Beaver-dam." Add the reading by the late -Horatio Hale of _Oghracke,_ "At the beaver-dam," and the locative chain -is complete at the mouth of Aurie's Creek (Oghracke). _Tribally,_ the -names referred to one and the same castle, as has been noted, and the -evidence seems to be clear that the location was the same. There is no -evidence whatever that any other than one and the same place was occupied -by the "first castle" between the years 1635 and 1667. It is not strictly -correct to say that "castles were frequently removed." Villages that were -not palisaded may have been frequently changed to new sites, but the -evidence is that palisaded towns remained in one place for a number of -years unless the tribe occupying was driven out by an enemy or by -continued unhealthfulness, as the known history of all the old castles -shows; nor were they ever removed to any considerable distance from their -original sites. - -Van Curler's description of the castle has been quoted. He did not say -that it was palisaded, but he did call it a "fort," which means the same -thing. Rev. Megapolensis wrote, in 1644: "These [the Tortoise tribe] have -built a fort of palisades and call their castle _Assarue._" It was not -an old castle when Van Curler visited it in 1635, or when Father Jogues -was a prisoner in it in 1642, but in its then short existence it had had -an incident in the wars between the Mohawks and the Mahicans of which -there is no mention in our written histories. On his return trip Van -Curler wrote that after leaving _Onekagoncka_ and walking about "two -miles," or about six English miles, his guide pointed to a high hill on -which the immediately preceding castle of the tribe had stood and from -which it had been driven by the Mahicans "nine years" previously, _i. e._ -in 1627, when the war was raging between the Mohawks and the Mahicans of -which Wassenaer wrote. It was obviously about that time that the tribe, -retreating from its enemies, rallied west of Schohare Creek and founded -the castle of which we are speaking, and there it remained until it was -driven out by the French under De Tracey in 1666, when its occupants -gathered together at Caughnawaga on the north side of the Mohawk, where -they remained until 1693 when their castle was again destroyed by the -French, and the tribe found a resting place on the west side of the mouth -of Schohare Creek. The remarkable episode in the early history of the -castle, the torture and murder of Father Jogues in 1646, is available in -many publications. The location in Brodhead's and other histories of the -castle in which he suffered as at Caughnawaga, is now known to be -erroneous. Caughnawaga was not occupied by the tribal castle until over -twenty years later. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The site of the Shrine was approved by the Society of Jesus mainly - on examinations and measurements made by General John S. Clark, the - locally eminent antiquarian of Auburn, N. Y., who gave the most - conscientious attention to the work of investigation. The data supplied - by Van Curler's Journal, which he did not have before him, may suggest - corrections in some of his locations. - - -Senatsycrossy, written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of a Mohawk -Village west of _Canowarode,_ seems to have been in the vicinity of -Fultonville, where tradition has always located one, but where General -John S. Clark asserts that there never was one. It may not have remained -at the place named for a number of years. Villages that were not palisaded -were sometimes removed in a single night. Van Curler described it as a -village of twelve houses. It was, presumably, the seat of a sub-tribe or -gens of the Tortoise tribe. Its precise location is not important. A gens -or sub-tribe was a family of the original stock more or less numerous -from natural increase and intermarriages, and always springing from a -single pair--the old, old story of Adam and Eve, the founders of the -Hebrews. The sachem or first man of these gens was never a ruler of the -tribe proper. They did sign deeds for possessions which were admitted to -be their own, but never a treaty on the part of the nation. - -Caughnawaga, probably the best known of the Mohawk castles of what may -be called the middle era (1667-93), and the immediate successor of -_Onekagoncka_ of 1635, was located on the north side of the Mohawk, on -the edge of a hill, near the river, half a mile west of the mouth of -Cayuadutta Creek, in the present village of Fonda. The hill on which it -was built is now known as Kaneagah, writes Mr. W. Max Read of Amsterdam. -Its name appears first in French notation, in Jesuit Relations (1667), -_Gandaouagué._ [FN] Contemporaneous Dutch scribes wrote it _Kaghnawaga_ -and _Caughnawaga,_ and Greenhalgh, an English trader, who visited the -castle in 1677, wrote it _Cahaniaga,_ and described it as "about a bowshot -from the river, doubly stockaded around, with four ports, and twenty-four -houses." The most salient points in its history are in connection with -its wars with the French and with the labors of the Jesuit missionaries, -who, after the murder of Father Jogues and the destruction of the castle -in which he suffered and the peace of 1667, were very successful, so much -so that in 1671 the occupants of the castle erected in its public square -a Cross, and a year later a very large number of the tribe under the lead -of the famous warrior Krin, removed to Canada and became allies of the -French. The members of the tribe who remained occupied the castle until -the winter of 1693, when it was captured and burned by the French, and -the tribe returned to the south side of the river and located on the -flats on the west side of Schohare Creek, where they were especially -known as "The Praying Maquaas," and where they remained until 1779, when -they were dispersed by the Revolutionary forces under General Clinton. -_Caughnawaga_ is accepted as meaning "At the rapids," more correctly "At -the rapid current." It is from the Huron radical _Gannawa_ (Bruyas), -for which M. Cuoq wrote in his Lexicon _Ohnawagh,_ "Swift current," or -very nearly the Dutch _Kaghnawa_; with locative particle _-ge_ or _-ga,_ -"At the rapids." It is a generic term and is met of record in several -places. As has been noted elsewhere, the rapids of the Mohawk extend at -intervals fifteen in number from Schenectady to Little Falls, the longest -being east of the mouth of Schohare Creek. The rapid or rift at -Caughnawaga extends about half a mile. - - * * * * * - - [FN] The letters _ou,_ in _Gandaouaga_ and in other names, represents - a sound produced by the Mohawks in the throat without motion of the - lips. Bruyas wrote it 8. {_sic_ ȣ?} It is now generally written - _w--Gandawaga._ - - -Cayudutta, modern orthography; _Caniadutta_ and _Caniahdutta,_ 1752. -"Beginning at a great rock, lying on the west side of a creek, called by -the Indians Caniadutta." (Cal. Land Papers, 270.) The name was that of -the rock, from which it was extended to the stream. It was probably a -rock of the calciferous sandstone type containing garnets, quartz and -flint, which are met in the vicinity. "The name is from _Onenhia,_ or -_Onenya,_ 'stone,' and _Kaniote,_ 'to be elevated,' or standing" (Hale). -[FN] Dr. Beauchamp translated the name, "Stone standing out of the -water." The meaning, however, seems to be simply, "Standing stone," or -an elevated rock. Its location is stated in the patent description as -"lying on the west side of the creek." The place is claimed for Fulton -County. (See Caughnawaga.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] The same word is now written as the name of the Oneida nation. Van - Curler's trip, in 1635, extended to the castle of the Oneidas, which he - called' _Enneyuttehage,_ "The standing-stone town." (Hale.) - - -Canagere, written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of the "Second -Castle" or tribal town, was written _Gandagiro_ by Father Jogues, in -1643; _Banigiro_ by Rev. Megapolensis; _Gandagora_ in Jesuit Relations -in 1669, and _Canagora_ by Greenhalgh in 1677. The several orthographies - are claimed to stand for _Canajohare,_ from the fact that the castle was -"built on a high hill" east of Canajohare Creek. It was, however, the -castle of the Bear tribe, the _Ganniagwari,_ or Grand Bear of the nation, -and carried its name with it to the north side of the Mohawk in 1667. -_Ganniagwari_ and _Canajohare_ are easily confused. The creek called -_Canajohare_ gave a general locative name to a considerable district of -country around it. It took the name from a pot-hole in a mass of limestone -in its bed at the falls on the stream about one mile from its mouth. -Bruyas wrote "_Ganna-tsi-ohare,_ laver de chaudiere" (to wash the cauldron -or large kettle). Rev. Samuel Kirkland, the noted missionary to the -Oneidas, wrote the same word "_Kanaohare_, or Great Boiling Pot, as it is -called by the Six Nations." (Dr. Dwight.) The letter _j_ stands for -_tsi,_ augmentative, and the radical _ohare_ means "To wash." (Bruyas.) -The hole was obviously worn by a round stone or by pebbles, which, moved -by the action of the current, literally washed the kettle. Van Curler -described the castle as containing "sixteen houses, fifty, sixty, seventy, -or eighty paces long, and one of five paces containing a bear," which he -presumed was "to be fattened." No matter what may be said in regard to -precise location, this castle was _east_ of Canajohare Creek. - -Sohanidisse, a castle so called by Van Curler, and denominated by him as -the "Third Castle," is marked on Van der Donck's map _Schanatisse._ It -is described by Van Curler as "on a very high hill," _west_ of Canajohare -Creek, was composed of thirty-two long houses, and was not enclosed by -palisades. "Near this castle was plenty of flat land and the woods were -full of oak trees." The "very high hill" west of Canajohare Creek and the -flat lands remain to verify its position. It is supposed to have been the -castle of the Beaver tribe--a sub-gens. - -Osquage, Ohquage, Otsquage, etc., was written by Van Curler as the name -of a village of nine houses situated east of what has been known since -1635 as Osquage or Otsquage Creek. The chief of the village was called -"_Oguoho,_ that is Wolf." Megapolensis wrote the same term _Okwaho_; Van -Curler later wrote it _Ohquage,_ and in vocabulary "_Okwahohage,_ wolves," -accessorily, "Place of wolves." From the form _Osquage_ we no doubt have -_Otsquage_ or _Okquage._ - -Cawaoge, a village so called by Van Curler, was described by him as on a -"very high hill" west of _Osquage._ On his return trip he wrote the name -_Nawoga;_ on old maps it is _Canawadoga,_ of which _Cawaoge_ is a -compression, apparently from _Gannawake._ For centuries the name has been -preserved in _Nowadaga_ as that of Fort Plain Creek. - -Tenotoge and Tenotehage, Van Curler; _t' Jonoutego,_ Van der Donck; -_Te-onont-ogeu,_ Jogues; _Thenondigo,_ Megapolensis--called by Van Curler -the "Fourth Castle" and known later as the castle of the Wolf tribe, and -as the "Upper Mohawk Castle," was described by Van Curler as composed of -fifty-five houses "surrounded by three rows of palisades." It stood in a -valley evidently, as Van Curler wrote that the stream called the Osquaga -"ran past this castle." On the opposite (east) side of the stream he saw -"a good many houses filled with corn and beans," and extensive flat -lands. It was undoubtedly strongly palisaded to defend the western door -of the nation as was Onekagoncka on the east. _Te-onont-ogen,_ which is -probably the most correct form of the name, means "Between two mountains," -an intervale or space between, from _Te,_ "two"; _-ononte,_ "mountain," -and _-ogen,_ "between." The same name is met later at the mouth of -Schohare Creek. General John S. Clark located this castle at Spraker's -Basin, thirteen miles (railroad) _west_ of Auriesville and three miles -_east_ of Nowedaga Creek. The correctness of this location must be -determined by the topographical features stated by Van Curler and not -otherwise. General Clark did an excellent work in searching for the sites -of ancient castles from remaining evidences of Indian occupation, but the -remaining evidence of names and topographical features where they are met -of record must govern. In this case the creek that "ran past the door of -this castle," is an indisputable mark. The French destroyed the castle in -October, 1666. In the account of the occurrence (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, -70) it is described as being surrounded by "A triple palisade, twenty -feet in height and flanked by four bastions." The tribe did not defend -their possession, only a few old persons remaining who were too feeble to -follow the retreat of the warriors and kindred. The tribe rebuilt the -castle on the north side of the Mohawk under the name of _Onondagowa,_ -"A Great Hill." The French destroyed it again in 1693, and the tribe -returned to the south side of the river and located on the flat at the -mouth of the Nowadaga or Fort Plain Creek, where the government built, -in 1710, Fort Hendrick for its protection, and where it became known as -the Upper or Canajohare Castle. - -Aschalege, Oschalage, Otsgarege, etc., are record forms of the name given -as that of the stream now known as Cobel's Kill, a branch of Schohare -Creek in Schohare County. Morgan translated it from _Askwa_ or _Oskwa,_ -a scaffolding or platform of any kind, and _ge,_ locative, the combination -yielding "At or on a bridge." Bruyas wrote _Otserage,_ "A causeway," a -way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a -passage over wet or marshy grounds. Otsgarage is now applied to a noted -cavern near the stream in the town of Cobel's Kill. - -Oneyagine, "called by the Indians _Oneyagine,_ and by the Christians -Stone Kill," is the record name of a creek in Schohare County. J. B. N. -Hewitt read it from _Onehya_ (_Onne'ja,_ Bruyas), "stone"; _Oneyagine,_ -"At the broken stone," from which transferred to the stream. - -Kanendenra, "a hill called by the Indians Kanendenra, otherwise by the -Christians Anthony's Nose"--"to a point on Mohawk River near a hill called -by the Indians Kanandenra, and by the Christians Anthony's Nose"--"to a -certain hill called Anthony's Nose, whose point comes into the said -river"--"Kanendahhere, a hill on the south side of the Mohawk, by the -Christians lately called Anthony's Nose"--now known as "The Noses" and -applied to a range of hills that rises abruptly from the banks of the -Mohawk just below Spraker's. The name is an abstract noun, possessing a -specialized sense. The nose is the terminal peak of the Au Sable range. -The rock formation is gneiss, covered by heavy masses of calciferous -limestone containing garnets. "Anthony's Nose," probably so called from -resemblance to Anthony's Nose on the Hudson. - -Etagragon, now so written, the name of a boundmark on the Mohawk, is of -record "_Estaragoha,_ a certain rock." The locative is on the south side -of the river about twenty-four miles above Schenectady. (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 121.) The name is an equivalent of _Astenra-kowa,_ "A large -rock." Modern _Otsteara-kowa,_ Elliot. - -Astenrogen, of record as the name of "the first carrying place," now -Little Falls, is from _Ostenra,_ "rock," and _ogen,_ "divisionem" -(Bruyas), literally, "Divided or separated rock." The east end of the -gorge was the eastern boundmark of what is known as the "German Flats," -which was purchased and settled by a part of the Palatine immigrants who -had been located on the Livingston Patent in 1710. The patent to the -Germans here was granted in 1723. The description in it reads: "Beginning -at the first carrying place, being the easternmost bounds, called by the -natives _Astenrogen,_ running along on both sides of said river westerly -unto _Ganendagaren,_ or the upper end [_i. e._ of the flats, a fine -alluvial plain on both sides of the river], [FN] being about twenty-four -miles." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 182.) The passage between the rocks, now -Little Falls, covered a distance of "about three-quarters of a mile" and -the rapids "the height of thirty-nine feet," according to the survey of -1792. The Mohawk here breaks through the Allegheny ridge which primarily -divided the waters of the Ontario Basin from the Hudson. The overflow -from the basin here formed a waterfall that probably rivaled Niagara and -gradually wore away the rock. The channel of the stream was very deep and -on the subsidence of the ice sheet, which spread over the northern part -of the continent, became filled with drift. The opening in the ridge and -the formation of the valley of the Mohawk as now known are studies in the -work of creation. The settlements known as the German Flats were on both -sides of the river. The one that was on the north side was burned by the -French in the war of 1756-7. It was then composed of sixty houses. The -one on the south side was known as Fort Kouari and later as Fort -Herkimer. The district shared largely in the historic events in the -Mohawk Valley during the Revolution. There are very few districts of -country in the nation in which so many subjects for consideration are -centered. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Ganendagraen_ is probably from _Gahenta_ (Gahenda), "Prairie." - - - - * * * * * - - - - On the Delaware. - - -Keht-hanne, Heckewelder--_Kittan,_ Zeisberger--"The principal or greatest -stream," _i. e._ of the country through which it passes, was the generic -name of the Delaware River, and _Lenapewihittuck,_ "The river or stream -of the Lenape," its specific name, more especially referring to the -stream where its waters are affected by tidal currents. In the Minisink -country it was known as _Minisinks River,_ or "River of the Minisinks." -At the Lehigh junction the main stream was called the East Branch and the -Lehigh the West Branch (Sauthier's map), but above that point the main -stream was known as the West Branch to its head in Utsyantha [FN-1] Lake, -on the north-east line of Delaware County, N. Y., where it was known as -the Mohawk's Branch. It forms the southwestern boundary of the State from -nearly its head to Port Jervis, Orange County, Where it enters or becomes -the western boundary of New Jersey. At Hancock, Delaware County, it -receives the waters of what was called by the Indians the _Paghkataghan,_ -and by the English the East Branch. The West Branch was here known to the -Indians as the _Namaes-sipu_ and its equivalent _Lamas-sépos,_ or "Fish -River," by Europeans, Fish-Kill, "Because," says an affidavit of 1785, -"There was great numbers of _Maskunamack_ (that is Bass) and _Guwam_ -(that is Shad) [FN-2] went up that branch at Shokan, and but few or none -went up the East [Paghkataghan] Branch." [FN-3] In the course of time the -East or Paghkataghan [FN-4] Branch became known as the Papagonck from a -place so called. The lower part of the stream was called by the Dutch the -"Zuiden River," or South River. In early days the main or West Branch was -navigable by flat-boats from Cochecton Falls to Philadelphia and -Wilmington. Smith, in his "History of New Jersey," wrote: "From Cochecton -to Trenton are fourteen considerable rifts, yet all passable in the long -flat boats used in the navigation of these parts, some carrying 500 or -600 bushels of wheat." _Meggeckesson_ (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 225) was -the name of what are now known as Trenton Falls, or rapids. It means, -briefly, "Strong water." Heckewelder's _Maskek-it-ong_ and his -interpretation of it, "Strong falls at," are wrong, the name which he -quoted being that of a swamp in the vicinity of the falls, as noted in -Col. Hist. N. Y., and as shown by the name itself. - -The Delaware was the seat of the _Lenni-Lenapé_ (_a_ as _a_ in father, -_é_ as _a_ in mate--_Lenahpa_), or "Original people," or people born of -the earth on which they lived, who were recognized, at the time of the -discovery, as the head or "Grandfather" of the Algonquian nations. From -their principal seat on the tide-waters of the Delaware, and their -jurisdiction on that stream, they became known and are generally met in -history as the Delawares. In tribal and sub-tribal organizations they -extended over Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and -New York as far north as the Katskills, speaking dialects radically the -same as that of the parent stock. [FN-5] They were composed of three -primary totemic tribes, the _Minsi_ or Wolf, the _Unulachtigo_ or Turkey, -and the _Unami_ or Turtle, of whom the Turtle held the primacy. They were -a milder and less barbaric people than the Iroquoian tribes, with whom -they had little affinity and with whom they were almost constantly in -conflict until they were broken up by the incoming tide of Europeans, the -earliest and the succeeding waves of which fell upon their shores, and -the later alliance of the English with their ancient enemies, the -confederated Six Nations of New York, who, from their geographical -position and greater strength from their remoteness from the -demoralization of early European contact, offered the most substantial -advantages for repelling the advances of the French in Canada. Ultimately -conquered by the Six Nations, and made "Women," in their figurative -language, _i. e._ a people without power to make war or enter into -treaties except with the consent of their rulers, they nevertheless -maintained their integrity and won the title of "Men" as the outcome of -the war of 1754-6. Their history has been fully--perhaps too -favorably--written by Heckewelder and others. The geographical names -which they gave to the hills and streams of their native land are their -most remindful memorial. While western New York was Iroquoian, southern -New York was Lenni-Lenape or Algonquian. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Also written _Oteseontio_ and claimed as the name of a spring. - The lake is a small body of water lying 1,800 feet above tide level, in - the town of Jefferson, Schohare County. It is usually quoted as the head - of the West Branch of Delaware River. - - [FN-2] "_Guwam;_ modifications, _Choam, Schawan._ The stem appears to be - _Shawano,_ 'South,' 'Coming from the south,' or from salt water." - (Brinton.) - - [FN-3] Affidavit of Johannes Decker, Hist. Or. Co. (quarto) p. 699: - "Called by the Indians Lamas-Sepos, or Fish Kill, because they caught - the shad there." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 698, _et. seq._) - - [FN-4] _Paghkataghan_ means "The division or branch of a stream"--"Where - the stream divides or separates." The Moravian missionaries wrote the - name _Pachgahgoch,_ from which, by corruption, _Papagonck._ The - Papagoncks seem to have been, primarily, Esopus Indians, and to have - retreated to that point after yielding up their Esopus lands. (See - Schaghticoke.) - - [FN-5] Two slightly different dialects prevailed among the Delawares, - the one spoken by the Unami and the Unulachtigo, the other the Minsi. - The dialect which the missionaries Learned, and in which they composed - their works, was that of the Lehigh Valley. We may fairly consider it - to have been the upper or inland Unami. It stood between the Unulachto - and Southern Unami and the true Minsi. (Dr. Brinton.) The dialects - spoken in the valley of Hudson's River have been referred to in another - connection. - - -Minisink, now so written and preserved as the name of a town in Orange -County, appears primarily, in 1656, on Van der Donck's map, "Minnessinck -ofte t' Landt van Bacham," which may be read, constructively, "Indians -inhabiting the back or upper lands," or the highlands. [FN] Heckewelder -wrote: "The Minsi, which we have corrupted to Monsey, extended their -settlements from the Minisink, a place named after them, where they had -their council seat and fire," and Reichel added, "The Minisinks, _i. e._ -the habitation of the Monseys or Minsis." The application was both -general and specific to the district of country occupied by the Minsi -tribe and to the place where its council fire was held. The former -embraced the mountainous country of the Delaware River above the Forks -or junction of the Lehigh Branch; the latter was on Minnisink Plains in -New Jersey, about eight miles south of Port Jervis, Orange County. It was -obviously known to the Dutch long before Van der Donck wrote the name. -It was visited, in 1694, by Arent Schuyler, a credited interpreter, who -wrote, in his Journal, Minissink and Menissink as the name of the tribal -seat. Although it is claimed that there was another council-seat on the -East Branch of the Delaware, that on Minisink Plains was no doubt the -principal seat of the tribe, as records show that it was there that all -official intercourse with the tribe was conducted for many years. -Schuyler met sachems and members of the tribe there and the place was -later made a point for missionary labor. Their village was palisaded. -On one of the early maps it is represented as a circular enclosure. In -August, 1663, they asked the Dutch authorities at New Amsterdam, through -_Oratamy,_ sachem of the Hackinsacks, "For a small piece of ordnance to -use in their fort against the _Sinuakas_ and protect their corn." (Col. -Hist. N. Y., xiii, 290.) In the blanket deed which the tribe gave in -1758, to their territory in New Jersey they were styled "Minsis, Monseys, -or Minnisinks." _Minsis_ and _Monseys_ are convertible terms of which the -late Dr. D. G. Brinton wrote: "From investigation among living Delawares, -_Minsi,_ properly _Minsiu,_ formerly _Min-assin-iu,_ means 'People of the -stony country,' or briefly, 'Mountaineers.' It is the synthesis of -_Minthiu,_ 'To be scattered,' and _Achsin,_ 'Stone.' according to the -best native authority." Apparently from _Min-assin_ we have Van der -Donck's _Minn-essin;_ with locative _-k, -ck, -g, -gh, Minn-essin-ks,_ -"People of the stony country," back-landers or highlanders. -Interpretations of less merit have been made. One that is widely quoted -is from Old Algonquian and Chippeway _Minnis,_ "Island," and _-ink,_ -locative; but there is no evidence that _Minnis_ was in the dialect spoken -here; on the contrary the record name of Great Minnisink Island, which -is supposed to have been referred to, was _Menag'nock,_ by the German -notation _Menach'hen-ak._ Aside from this _Minnissingh_ is of record at -Poughkeepsie, in 1683, where no island is known to have existed, and in -Westchester County the same term is met in _Men-assink_ (_Min-assin-ink_), -"At a place of small stones." The deed description at Poughkeepsie -located the tract conveyed "On the bank of the river," _i. e._ on the -back or ridge lands. (See Minnis-ingh.) The final _s_ which appears in -many of the forms of the name, and especially in _Minsis,_ is a foreign -plural. - - * * * * * - - [FN] "Minnessinck ofte t' Landt Van Bacham," apparently received some - of its letters from the engraver of the map. _Ofte_--Dutch and Old Saxon, - _av_--English _of_--was probably used in the sense of identity or - equivalency. Bacham--Dutch, _bak;_ Old High-German, _Bahhoham_--describes - "An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge." In application to - a tribe, "Ridge-landers," "Highlanders," or "Mountaineers." On the - Hudson the tribe was generally known as Highlanders. The double _n_ and - the double _s,_ in many of the forms, show that _e_ was pronounced - short, or _i._ - - -Menagnock, the record name of what has long been known as "The Great -Mennissincks Island"--"The Great Island of the Mennisinks"--is probably -an equivalent of _Menach'henak_ (Minsi) meaning "Islands." The island, -so called, is a flat cut up by water courses, forming several small -islands. - -Namenock, an island so called by Rev. Casparus Freymout in 1737, is -probably an equivalent of Naman-ock and Namee-ock, L. I., which was -translated by Dr. Trumbull from Mass. _Namau-ohke,_ "Fishing place," or -"Fish country"--_Namauk,_ Del, "Fishing place." Perhaps it was the site -of a weir or dam for impounding fish. Such dams or fishing places became -boundmarks in some cases. The name was corrupted to _Nomin-ack,_ as the -name of a church and of a fort three or four miles below what is now -Montague, N. J. On Long Island the name is corrupted to _Nomin-ick._ -(See Moriches.) - -Magatsoot--A tract of land "Called and known by the name of Magockomack -and Magatsoot"--so entered in petition of Philip French for Minisink -Patent in 1703, is noted in petition of Ebenezer Wilson (same patent), -in 1702, "Beginning on the northwest side of the mouth of Weachackamack -Creek where it enters Minisink River." The creek was then given the name -of the field called Maghaghkamieck; it is now called Neversink. -_Magatsoot_ was the name of the mouth of the stream, "Where it enters -Minisink River," or the Delaware. It is an equivalent of _Machaak-sók,_ -[FN] meaning, "The great outlet," or mouth of a river. Although specific -in application to the mouth of the river, it is more strictly the name -of the stream than that which it now bears. (See Magaat-Ramis.) - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Machaak,_ Moh., _Mechek,_ Len.; "Great, large"; _soot, sók, sóhk, - sauk,_ "Pouring out," hence mouth or outlet of a river. - - -Maghagh-kamieck, so written in patent to Arent Schuyler in 1694, and -described therein as "A certain tract of land at a place called -Maghaghkamieck," which "Place" was granted, in 1697, to Swartwout, -Coddebeck, and others, has been handed down in many orthographies. The -precise location of the "Place" was never ascertained by survey, but by -occupation it consisted of some portion of a very fine section of -bottom-land extending along the northeast side of Neversink River from -near or in the vicinity of the junction of that stream and the Delaware -at Carpenter's Point to the junction of Basha's Kill [FN-1] and the -Neversink, in the present county of Sullivan, a distance of about eleven -miles. In general terms its boundaries are described in the patent as -extending from "The western bounds of the lands called _Nepeneck_ to a -small run of water called by the Indian name _Assawaghkemek,_ and so along -the same and the lands of Mansjoor, the Indian." It matters not that in -later years it was reported by a commission that the patent "Contained -no particular boundaries, but appeared rather to be a description of a -certain tract of country in which 1,200 acres were to be taken up," the -name nevertheless was that of a certain field or place so distinct in -character as to become a general locative of the whole, as in the Schuyler -grant of 1694. It may reasonably be presumed that the district to which -it was extended began at Carpenter's Point (Nepeneck) and ended on the -north side of Basha's Kill. (See Assawaghkemek.) The same name is met in -New Jersey on the Peaquaneck River, where it is of record in 1649, -"_Mechgacham-ik,_ or Indian field" (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 25); noted -as an Indian settlement in the Journal of Arent Schuyler, in 1694, giving -an account of his visit to the Minissinck country, in February of that -year, in which the orthography is _Maghagh-kamieck,_ indicating very -clearly that the original was _Maghk-aghk-kamighk,_ a combination of -_Maghaghk,_ "Pumpkin," and _-kamik,_ "Field," or place limited, where -those vegetables were cultivated, and a place that was widely known -evidently. [FN-2] The German missionaries wrote _Machg-ack,_ "Pumpkin," -and Captain John Smith, in his Virginia notes of 1620, wrote the same -sound in _Mahcawq._ No mention is made of an Indian village here. If -there was one it certainly was not visited by Arent Schuyler in 1694, -as is shown by the general direction of his route, as well as by maps of -Indian paths. To have visited Maghaghkamik in Orange County would have -taken him many miles out of his way. Maghaghkamik Fork and Maghaghkamik -Church lost those names many years ago, but the ancient name is still -in use in some connections in Port Jervis, and most wretchedly spelled. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Basha's Kill, so called from a place called Basha's land, which - see. - - [FN-2] _Kamik,_ Del., _Komuk,_ Mass., in varying orthographies, means - "Place" in the sense of a limited enclosed, or occupied space; - "Generally," wrote Dr. Trumbull, "An enclosure, natural or artificial, - such as a house or other building, a village, or planted field, a thicket - or place surrounded by trees"; briefly, a place having definite - boundaries. _Maghkaghk_ is an intense expression of quality--perfection. - - -Nepeneck, a boundmark so called in the Swartwout-Coddebeck Patent of -1697--Napenock, Napenack, Napenough, later forms--given as the name of -the western or southwestern bound of the Maghaghkamick tract, is -described: "Beginning at the western bounds of the lands called Nepeneck." -The place is presumed to have been at or near Carpenter's Point, on the -Delaware, which at times is overflowed by water. It disappears here after -1697, but reappears in a similar situation some twenty miles north at the -junction of the Sandberg and Rondout kills. It is probably a generic as -in _Nepeak,_ L. I., meaning, "Water land," or land overflowed by water. -"_Nepenit_ 'In a place of water.'" (Trumbull.) Carpenter's Point or -ancient Nepeneck, is the site of the famous Tri-States Rock, the boundmark -of three states. - - - -[Illustration: On The Delaware, Tri-States Rock Port Jervis, N.Y.] - - - -Assawaghkemek, the name entered as that of the northeast boundmark of -the Swartwout-Coddebeck Patent, and described therein, "To a small run of -water called Assawaghkemek . . . and so along the same and the lands of -Mansjoor, the Indian," is known by settlement, to have been _at_ and -_below_ the junction of Basha's Kill and the Neversink, from which the -inference seems to be well sustained that "the lands of Mansjoor, the -Indian" were the lands or valley of Basha's Kill, which the name describes -as an enclosed or occupied place "beyond," or "on the other side" of the -small run of water. The prefix _Assaw,_ otherwise written _Accaw, Agaw,_ -etc., means "Beyond," "On the other side." The termination _agh,_ or -_aug,_ indicates that the name is formed as a verb. _Kemek_ (Kamik) means -an enclosed, or occupied place, as already stated. The translation in -"History of Orange County," from _Waseleu,_ "Light, bright, foaming," is -erroneous, as is also the application of the name to Fall Brook, near the -modern village of Huguenot. In no case was the name that of a stream, -except by extension to it. - -Peenpack, (Paan, Paen, Pien, Penn) is given, _traditionally,_ as the name -of a "Small knoll or rise of ground, some fifty or sixty rods long, ten -wide, and about twenty feet high above the level of" Neversink River, -"on and around which the settlers of the Maghaghkamik Patent first -located their cabins." It has been preserved for many generations as the -name of what is known as the Peen-pach Valley, the long narrow flats on -the Neversink. Apparently it is corrupt Dutch from _Paan-pacht,_ "Low, -soft land," or leased land. The same name is met in _Paan-paach,_ Troy, -N. Y., and in _Penpack,_ Somerset County, N. J. The places bearing it -were primary Dutch settlements on low lands. (See Paanpaach.) Doubtfully -a substitution for Algonquian from a root meaning, "To fall from a height" -(Abn., _Paⁿna;_ Len. _Pange_), as in Abn. _Panaⁿk'i,_ "Fall of land," -the downward slope of a mountain, suggested by the slope of the Shawongunk -Mountain range, which here runs southwest to northeast and falls off on -the west until it meets the narrow flats spoken of. The same feature is -met at Troy. - -Tehannek, traditionally the name of a small stream on the east side of -the Peenpack Knoll, probably means "Cold stream," from _Ta_ or _Te,_ -"cold," and _-hannek,_ "stream." It is a mountain brook. - -Sokapach, traditionally the name of a spring in Deerpark, means, "A -spring." It is an equivalent of _Sókapeék,_ "A spring or pool." - -Neversink, the name quoted as that of the stream flowing to the Delaware -at Carpenter's Point, is not a river name. It is a corruption of Lenape -_Newás,_ "A promontory," and _-ink,_ locative, meaning "At the -promontory." The particular promontory referred to seems to have been -what is now known as Neversink Point, in Sullivan County, which rises -3,300 feet. The name is generic and is met in several places, notably in -Neversink, N. J. (See Maghaghkameck.) - -Seneyaughquan, given as the name of an Indian bridge which crossed the -Neversink, may have its equivalent in "_Tayachquano,_ bridge--a dry -passage over a stream." (Heckewelder.) The bridge was a log and the -location said to have been above the junction of the stream with the -Mamacottin. - -Saukhekemeck, otherwise _Maghawam,_ so entered in the Schuyler Patent, -1697, apparently refer to one and the same place. The locative has not -been ascertained. The patent covered lands now in New Jersey. The tract -is described in the patent: "Situated upon a river called Mennissincks, -before a certain island called Menagnock, which is adjacent to or near a -tract of land called by the natives Maghaghkamek." (See Menagnock.) - -Warensagskemeck, a tract also conveyed to Arent Schuyler in 1697, -described as "A parcel of meadow or vly, adjacent to or near a tract -called Maghaghkamek," is probably, by exchange of _r_ and _l_ and -transpositions, _Walenaskameck; Walen,_ "hollowing, concave"; _Walak,_ -hole; _Waleck,_ a hollow or excavation; _-ask,_ "Grass"; _-kameck,_ an -enclosed or limited field; substantially, "a meadow or vly," [FN] as -described in the deed. - - * * * * * - - [FN] _Vly_ is a Dutch contraction of _Vallei,_ with the accepted - signification, "A swamp or morass; a depression with water in it in - rainy seasons, but dry at other times." A low meadow. _Walini,_ - (Eastern), hollowing, concave site. - - -Schakaeckemick, given as the name of a parcel of land on the Delaware -described as "lying in an elbow," seems to be an equivalent of -_Schaghach,_ meaning "Straight." level, flat, and _-kamick,_ a limited -field. The tract was given to one William Tietsort, a blacksmith, who had -escaped from the massacre at Schenectady (Feb. 1689-90), and was induced -by the gift to settle among the Minisinks to repair their fire-arms. He -was the first European settler on the Delaware within the limits of the -old county of Orange. He sold the land to one John Decker, and removed -to Duchess County. No abstract of title from Decker has been made, and -probably cannot be. Decker's name, however, appears in records as one of -the first settlers, in company with William Cole and Solomon Davis, in -what was long known as "The Lower Neighborhood"; in New Jersey annals, -"Cole's Fort." The precise location is uncertain. In History of Orange -Co. (Ed. 1881, p. 701), it is said: "It is believed that further -investigation will show that Tietsort's land was the later Benj. van -Vleet place, near Port Jervis." In Eager's "History of Orange County" -(p. 396), Stephen St. John is given as the later owner of the original -farm of John Decker. Decker's house was certainly in the "Lower -Neighborhood." It was palisaded and called a fort. - -Wihlahoosa, given, locally, as the name of a cavern in the rocks on the -side of the mountain, about three miles from Port Jervis, on the east -side of Neversink River, is probably from _Wihl_ (Zeisb.), "Head," and -_-hōōs,_ "Pot or kettle." The reference may have been to its shape, or -its position. In the vicinity of the cavern was an Indian burial ground -covering six acres. Skeletons have been unearthed there and found -invariably in a sitting posture. In one grave was found a sheet-iron -tobacco-box containing a handkerchief covered with hieroglyphics probably -reciting the owner's achievements. Tomahawks, arrow-heads and other -implements have also been found in graves. The place was long known as -"Penhausen's Land," from one of the grantors of the deed. The cavern may -have had some connection with the burial ground. - -Walpack, N. J., is probably a corruption of _Walpeék,_ from _Walak_ -(_Woalac,_ Zeisb.), "A hollow or excavation," and _-peék,_ "Lake," or -body of still water. The idea expressed is probably "Deep water." It was -the name of a lake. - -Mamakating, now so written and preserved in the name of a town in Sullivan -County, is written on Sauthier's map _Mamecatink_ as the name of a -settlement and _Mamacotton_ as the name of a stream. Other forms are -_Mamacoting_ and _Mamacocking._ The stream bearing the name is now called -Basha's Kill, the waters of which find their way to the Delaware, and -Mamakating is assigned to a hollow. The settlement was primarily a trading -post which gathered in the neighborhood of the Groot Yaugh Huys (Dutch, -"Great Hunting House"), a large cabin constructed by the Indians for their -accommodation when on hunting expeditions, [FN-1] and subsequently -maintained by Europeans for the accommodation of hunters and travelers -passing over what was known as the "Mamacottin path," a trunk line road -connecting the Hudson and Delaware rivers, more modernly known as the -"Old Mine Road," which was opened as a highway in 1756. The Hunting House -is located on Sauthier's map immediately south of the Sandberg, in the -town of Mamakating, and more recently, by local authority, at or near -what is known as the "Manarse Smith Spring," otherwise as the "Great -Yaugh Huys Fontaine," or Great Hunting House Spring. [FN-2] The meaning -of the name is largely involved in the orthography of the suffix. If the -word was _-oten_ it would refer to the trading post or town, as in -"_Otenink,_ in the town" (Heckewelder), and, with the prefix _Mamak_ -(_Mamach,_ German notation), root _Mach,_ "evil, bad, naughty" (_Mamak,_ -iterative), would describe something that was very bad in the town; but, -if the word was _-atin,_ "Hill or mountain," the name would refer to a -place that was at or on a very bad hill. Presumably the hill was the -objective feature, the settlement being at or near the Sandberg. There -is nothing in the name meaning plain or valley, nor anything "wonderful" -about it. Among other features on the ancient path was the wigwam of -_Tautapau,_ "a medicine man," so entered in a patent to Jacob Rutzen in -1713. _Tautapau_ (Taupowaw, Powaw), "A priest or medicine man," literally, -"A wise speaker." - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Indian Hunting-houses were met in all parts of the country. They - were generally temporary huts, but in some cases became permanent. (See - Cochecton.) - - [FN-2] _Fontaine_ is French--"A spring of water issuing from the earth." - The stream flowing from the spring is met in local history as Fantine - Kill. - - -Kau-na-ong-ga, "Two wings," is said to have been the name of White Lake, -Sullivan County, the form of the lake being that of a pair of wings -expanded, according to the late Alfred B. Street, the poet-historian, -who embalmed the lake in verse years before it became noted as a -fashionable resort. (See Kong-hong-amok.) - - "Where the twin branches of the Delaware - Glide into one, and in their language call'd - _Chihocken,_ or 'the meeting of the floods';" [FN-1] - -The "Willemoc," [FN-2] and "The Falls of the Mongaup," are also among -Street's poetical productions. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] "Formerly Shohakin or Chehocton." (French's Gaz.) In N. Y. Land - Papers, Schohakana is the orthography. Street's translation is a poetical - fancy. The name probably refers to a place at the mouth of the northwest - or Mohawk Branch of the Delaware, and the northeast or Paghkataghan - Branch, at Hancock, Del. Co. - - [FN-2] _Willemoc_ probably stands for _Wilamauk,_ "Good fishing-place." - There were two streams in the town, one known as the Beaver Kill and the - other as the _Williwemack._ In Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 699, occurs the - entry: "The Beaver Kill or Whitenaughwemack." The date is 1785. The - orthography bears evidence of many years' corruption. It may have been - shortened to Willewemock and Willemoc, and stand for _Wilamochk,_ "Good, - rich, beaver." It was, presumably, a superior resort for beavers. - - -Shawanoesberg was conferred on a hill in the present town of Mamakating, -commemorative of a village of the Shawanoes who settled here in 1694 on -invitation of the Minisinks. (Council Minutes, Sept. 14, 1692.) Their -council-house is said to have been on the summit of the hill. - -Basha's Land and Basha's Kill, familiar local terms in Sullivan County, -are claimed to have been so called from a squaw-sachem known as Elizabeth -who lived near Westbrookville. "Basha's Land" was one of the boundmarks -of the Minisink Patent and Basha's Kill the northeast bound of the -Maghaghkemik Patent. Derivation of the name from Elizabeth is not -well-sustained. [FN-1] The original was probably an equivalent of -_Bashaba,_ an Eastern-Algonquian term for "Sagamore of Sagamores," or -ruling sachem or king of a nation. It is met of record Bashaba, Betsebe, -Bessabe, Bashebe, etc. Hubbard wrote: "They called the chief rulers, -who commanded the rest, Bashabeas. Bashaba is a title." "Chiefs bearing -this title, and exercising the prerogatives of their rank, are frequently -spoken of by the early voyagers." [FN-2] (Hist. Mag., Second Series, 3, -49.) The lands spoken of were the recognized territorial possession of -the chief ruler of the nation or tribe. The "squaw-sachem" [FN-3] may -have held the title by succession or as the wife of the Bashaba. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Basha's Kill was applied to Mamcotten Kill north of the village - of Wurtsboro, south of which it retained the name of Mamacotten, as - written on Sauthier's map. Quinlan, in his "History of Sullivan County," - wrote: "The head-waters of Mamakating River subsequently became known - as Elizabeth's Kill, in compliment to Elizabeth Gonsaulus. We could - imagine that she was the original Basha, Betje, or Betsey, who owned the - land south of the Yaugh House Spring, and gave to the Mamakating stream - its present name; but unfortunately she was not born soon enough. - Twenty-five years before her family came to Mamakating, 'Basha's land' - was mentioned in official documents." It appears in the Minisink Patent - in 1704. - - [FN-2] A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "The Bashas, - Bashebas and Betsebas of old explorers of the coast of Maine, I explain - by _pe'sks,_ 'one,' and _a'pi,_ 'man,' or person--'First man in the - land.'" - - [FN-3] _Squaw,_ "Woman," means, literally, "Female animal." _Saunk-squa_ - stands for "Sochem's squaw." "The squa-sachem, for so they call the - Sachem's wife." (Winslow.) - - -Mongaup, given as the name of a stream which constitutes in part the -western boundary of Orange County, is entered on Sauthier's map, -"Mangawping or Mangaup." Quinlan (Hist. Sullivan County) claimed for it -also Mingapochka and Mingwing, indicating that the stream carried the -names of two distinct places. _Mongaup_ is a compression of Dutch -_Mondgauwpink,_ meaning, substantially, "At the mouth of a small, rapid -river," for which a local writer has substituted "Dancing feather," which -is not in the composition in any language. _Mingapochka_ (Alg.), appears -to be from _Mih'n_ (_Mih'nall_ plural; Zeisb.), "Huckleberry," and -_-pohoka,_ "Cleft, clove or valley"--literally, "Huckleberry Valley." -Street, writing half a century ago, described the northern approach of -the stream as a valley wreathed (poetically) in whortle berries-- - - "In large tempting clusters of light misty blue." - -The stream rises in the center of Sullivan County and flows to the -Delaware. The falls are said to be from sixty to eighty feet in four -cascades. (Hist. Sul. Co.) Another writer says: "Three miles above -Forestburgh village, the stream falls into a chasm seventy feet deep, -and the banks above the falls are over one hundred feet high." - -Meenahga, a modern place-name, is a somewhat remarkable orthography of -_Mih'n-acki_ (aghki), "Huckleberry land" or place. - -Callicoon, the name of a town in Sullivan County, and of a stream, is -an Anglicism of _Kalkan_ (Dutch), "Turkey"--_Wilde Kalkan,_ "Wild -turkey"--in application, "Place of turkeys." The district bearing the -name is locally described as extending from Callicoon Creek to the mouth -of Ten Mile River, on the Delaware. Wild turkeys were abundant in the -vicinage of the stream no doubt, from which perhaps the name, but as -there is record evidence that a clan of the Turkey tribe of Delawares -located in the vicinity, it is quite probable that the name is from them. -The stream is a dashing mountain brook, embalmed poetically by the pen -of Street. (See Cochecton.) - -Keshethton, written by Colonel Hathorn in 1779, as the name of an Indian -path, is no doubt an orthography of Casheghton. In early years a -trunk-line path ran up the Delaware to Cochecton Falls, where, with other -paths, it connected with the main path leading to Wyoming Valley, [FN] -the importance of the latter path suggesting, in 1756, the erection of -a fort and the establishment of a base of supplies at Cochecton from -which to attack the Indians under Tedyuscung and Shingask in what was -then known as "The Great Swamp," from which those noted warriors and -their followers made their forays. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii. 715; Ib. Map, -i, 586.) Colonel Hathorn passed over part of this path in 1779, in pursuit -of Brant, and was disastrously defeated in what is called "The Battle of -Minnisink." - - * * * * * - - [FN] "The first well-beaten path that connected the Delaware and - Susquehanna Rivers, and subsequently the first rude wagon road leading - from Cochecton through Little Meadows, in Salem township, and across - Moosic Mountains." (Hist. Penn.) It was with a view to connect the - commerce from this section with the Hudson that the Newburgh and - Cochecton Turnpike was constructed in the early years of 1800. - - -Cochecton, the name of a town and of a village in Sullivan County, -extended on early maps to an island, to a range of hills, and to a fall -or rift in the Delaware River, is written Cashieghtunk and in other forms -on Sauthier's map of 1774; Cushieton on a map of 1768; _Keshecton,_ Col. -Cortlandt, 1778; _Cashecton,_ N. Y. Land Papers, 699; Cushietunk in the -proceedings of the Treaty of Easton, 1758, and in other New Jersey -records: Cashighton in 1744; Kishigton in N. Y. records in 1737, and -Cashiektunk by Cadwallader Colden in 1737, as the name of a place near -the boundmark claimed by the Province of New Jersey, latitude 41 degrees -40 minutes. "On the most northerly branch of Delaware River, which point -falls near Cashiektunk, an Indian village, on a branch of that river -called the Fish Kill." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 177.) In the Treaty of -Easton, 1758, the Indian title to land conveyed to New Jersey is -described: "Beginning at the Station Point between the Province of New -Jersey and New York, at the most northerly end of an Indian settlement -on the Delaware, known by the name of Casheitong." Station Point, called -also Station Rock, is about three miles southeast of the present village -of Cochecton, on a flat at a bend in the river, by old survey twenty-two -miles in a straight line from the mouth of Maghaghkamik Creek, now -Carpenter's Point, in the town of Deerpark, Orange County. Cochecton -Falls, so called, are a rocky rapid in a narrow gorge covering a fall -of two or three hundred feet, the obstruction throwing the water and the -deposits brought down back upon the low lands. The Callicoon flows to the -Delaware a few miles northeast of the falls. Between the latter and the -mouth of the Callicoon lies the Cochecton Flats or valley. The precise -location of "Station Point or Rock," described as "At the most northerly -end" of the Indian village, has not been ascertained, but can be readily -found. The late Hon. John C. Curtis, of Cochecton, wrote: "Our beautiful -valley, from Cochecton Falls to the mouth of the Callicoon, was called, -by the Indians, _Cushetunk,_ or low lands," the locative of the name -having been handed down from generation to generation, and an -interpretation of the name which is inferentially correct. There is no -such word as _Cash_ or _Cush_ in the Delaware dialect, however; it stands -here obviously as a form of _K'sch,_ intensive _K'schiecton_ (Len. Eng. -Dic.); _Geschiechton,_ Zeisberger, verbal noun, "To wash," "The act of -washing," as by the "overflow of the water of a sea or river. . . . The -river washed a valley in the plain"; with suffix _-unk_ -(_K'schiechton-unk_--compressed to _Cushetunk_), denoting a place where -the action of the verb was performed, _i. e._ a place where at times the -land is washed or overflowed by water, from which the traditionary -interpretation, "Low land." [FN-1] - -The Indian town spoken of was established in 1744, although its site was -previously occupied by Indian hunting houses or huts for residences while -on hunting expeditions. In Col. Mss. v. 75, p. 10, is preserved a paper -in which it is stated that the Indians residing at Goshen, Orange County, -having "Removed to their hunting houses at Cashigton," were there -visited, in December, 1744, by a delegation of residents of Goshen, -consisting of Col. Thomas DeKay, William Coleman, Benj. Thompson, Major -Swartwout, Adam Wisner, interpreter, and two Indians as pilots, for the -purpose of ascertaining the cause of the removal; that the delegation -found the residents composed of two totemic families, Wolves and Turkeys; -that, having lost their sachem, they were debating "Out of which tribe -a successor should be chosen"; that they had removed from Goshen through -fear of the hostile intention on the part of the settlers there, who -"Were always carrying guns." Later, a delegation from the Indian town -visited Goshen, and was there "Linked together" with Colonel De Kay, as -the representative of the Governor of the province, in their peculiar -form of locking arms, for three hours, as a test of enduring friendship. -[FN-2] It was the only treaty with the Indians in Orange County of which -there is record. - -Aside from its Indian occupants the town is historic as the point forming -the old northwest boundmark of New Jersey (Lat. 41 degrees 40 minutes), -as recognized in the Treaty of Easton. (See Pompton.) From its association -with the history of three provinces, the story of the town is of more -than local interest. The lands were ultimately included in the Hardenberg -Patent, and most of the Indian descendants of its founders of 1744 -followed the lead of Brant in the Revolution. They probably deserved a -better fate than that which came to them. They are gone. The long night -with its starless robe has enveloped them in its folds--the ceaseless -wash of the waters of the Delaware upon the beautiful valley of Cochecton, -hymns their requiem. - - * * * * * - - [FN-1] Probably the same name is met in _Sheshecua-ung,_ the broad flats - opposite and above the old Indian meadows, Wyoming Valley, where the - topography is substantially the same. - - [FN-2] A belt was presented by the Indians to Col. De Kay, but what - became of it neither the records or tradition relates. - - - - * * * * * - - - -Here we close our survey of the only monuments which remain of races -which for ages hunted the deer, chanted songs of love, and raised fierce -war cries--the names which they gave and which remain of record of the -hills and valleys, the lakes and waterfalls, amid which they had their -abiding places. Wonderfully suggestive and full of inferential deductions -are those monuments; volumes of history and romance are linked with them; -the most controlling influences in making our nation what it is is graven -in their crude orthographies. Their further reclamation and restoration -to the geographical locations to which they belonged is a duty devolving -on coming generations. - - - - * * * * * - - - - THE DUTCH RACKS OF 1625-6. - - - [_From De Laet's "New World," Leyden Edition._] - - - "Within the first reach, where the land is low, there dwells a nation of - savages named Tappaans. . . . The second reach extends upward to a - narrow pass named by our people Haverstroo; then comes Seyl-maker's - (Zeil-maker's, sail-maker's) reach, as they call it; and next, a crooked - reach, in the form of a crescent, called Koch's reach (Cook's reach). - Next is Hooge-rack (High reach); and then follows Vossen reach (Foxes - reach), which extends to Klinckersberg (Stone mountain). This is - succeeded by Fisher's (Vischer's) reach, where, on the east bank of the - river, dwells a nation of savages called Pachamy. This reach extends to - another narrow pass, where, on the west side of the river, there is a - point of land that juts out covered with sand, opposite a bend in the - river, on which another nation of savages, called the Waoranecks, have - their abode, at a place called Esopus. A little beyond, on the west - side, where there is a creek, and the river becomes more shallow, the - Waronawankongs reside; _here are several small islands._ Next comes - another reach called Klaver-rack, where the water is deeper on the west - side, while the eastern side is sandy. Then follow Backer-rack, John - Playser's rack and Vaster rack as far as Hinnenhock. Finally, the - Herten-rack (Deer-rack) succeeds as far as Kinderhoek. Beyond Kinderhoek - there are several small islands, one of which is called Beeren Island - (Bear's Island). After this we come to a sheltered retreat named Onwee - Ree (_Onwereen,_ to thunder, _Ree,_ quick, sudden thunder storms), and - farther on are Sturgeon's Hoek, over against which, on the east side of - the river, dwell the Mohicans." - - - - - TO THE READER. - - * * * * * - -A work of the character of that which is herewith presented to you would -be eminently remarkable if it was found to be entirely free from -typographical and clerical errors. No apology is made for such as you -may find, the rule being regarded as a good one that the discoverer of -an error is competent to make the necessary correction. Whatever you may -find that is erroneous, especially in the topographical features of -places, please have the kindness to forward to the compiler and enable -him to correct. - - Respectfully, - E. M. RUTTENBER, - Newburgh, N. Y. - - - - - INDEX. - -{Transcriber's note: The page numbers indicated below refer to pages in -the separate article, "Footprints of the Redmen," and are not in sequence -with the complete published volume of proceedings. The HTML and e-book -versions of the article have hyperlinks to the names indexed.} - -{Transcriber's Note: Some of the original index entries are incorrect. -The corrected page numbers are shown in braces {p.} Alphabetical placement -errors are left as in the original.} - - - Achquetuck 177 - Achsinink 148 - Ackinckes-hacky 104 - Adirondacks 187 - Aepjin (Sachem) 59 - Agwam (Agawam) 83 - Ahashewaghick 51 - Ahasimus 106 - Aioskawasting 146 {145} - Alaskayering 148 - Albany 178 - Alipkonck 26 - Amagansett 83 - Amangag-arickan 168 - Anaquassacook 69 - Anthony's Nose 31, 217 - Apanammis 33 - Appamaghpogh 30 - Aquackan-onck 104 - Aquassing 46 - Aquebogue 98 - Aquehung 32 - Arackook 139 - Arisheck 106 - Armonck 33 - Assawagh-kemek 224 - Assawanama 98 - Assiskowackok 173 - Assinapink 126 - Assup (Accup) 77 - Aschalege 216 - Aspetong 32 - Astenrogan 217 - Athens 174 - Atkarkarton 158 - Aupaumut, Hendrick 11 - Aupauquack 98 - Aurie's Creek 210 - - Basha's Land 229 - Bergen 106 - - Callicoon 230 - Canagere 214 - Canajohare 214 - Canarsie 88 - Caneray (Carenay) 191 - Caniade-rioit 70 - Caniade-riguarunte 72 - Canniengas 189 - Canopus 36 - Casperses Creek 44 - Cataconoche 80 - Catskill 170 - Caughnawaga 213 - Caumset 96 - Cawaoge 215 - Cayudutta 214 - Cheesek-ook 117 - Chihocken 229 - Chouckhass 133 - Ciskhekainck 56 - Claverack 55 - Cobel's Kill 216 - Cochecton 231 - Comae 92 - Commoenapa 105 - Connecticut 80 - Copake 59 - Cronomer's Hill 130 - Cumsequ-ogue 81 - Cussqunsuck 94 - Cutchogue 84 - - Dans Kamer 183 {138} - DeKay, Colonel Thomas 232 - Delaware River 219 - Delawares, or Lenni-Lenape 219 - Di-ononda-howe 70 - Dutch Racks (Rechts) 234 - - Eaquoris-ink 45 - Eauketaupucason 34 - Esopus 155 - Espating 111 - Essawatene 121 - Etagragon 217 - - Fall-kill 44 - Fish-kill 37 - Fort Albany 178 - Fort Frederick 178 - Fort Orange 178 - Frudyach-kamik 162 - - Ganasnix 173 - Gentge-kamike 183 {138} - German Flats 217 - Gesmesseecks 61 - Glens Falls 136 {186} - Gowanus 90 - Greenwich Village 17 - - Hackingsack 104 - Hahnakrois 177 - Hashamomuck 99 - Hashdisch 140 - Haverstraw 124 - Hoboken 107 - Hog's Island 96 - Hohokus 115 - Honk Falls 166 - Hoosick River 67 - Hopcogues 85 - Horikans 71 - Hudson's River 12 - - Jamaica 88 - Jogee Hill 134 - Jogues (Father) 12, 185, 193 - - Kackkawanick 54 - Kadarode 209 - Kahoes (Kahoos) 200 - Kakeout 32 - Kakiate 116 - Kanendenra 217 - Kaniskek 174 - Kapsee (Kapsick) 17 - Katawamoke 97 - Katonah (Sachem) 35 - Kaphack 59 - Kaunaumeek 58 - Kau-na-ong-ga 228 - Kay-au-do-ros-sa 187 - Keessienwey's Hoeck 175 - Keht-hanne 218 - Kenagtiquak 58 - Kerhonkson 162 - Keschsechquereren 90 - Keshethton 231 - Kesieway's Kill 57 - Keskeskick 22 - Keskistk-onck 30 - Kestateuw 88 - Ketchepunak 85 - Kewighec-ack 29 - Kinderhook 54 {55} - Kingston 155 - Kiosh 15 - Kiskatom 174 - Kitchaminch-oke 82 - Kitchiwan 27 - Kit Davit's Kil (Rondout) 161 - Kittatinny 31 - Koghkehaeje (Coxackie) 176 - Koghsaraga 188 - Koxing Kil 168 - - Lackawack 167 - Lake Champlain 72 - Lake George 71 - Lake Tear-of-the-clouds 185 - Little Falls 217 - Longhouse Creek 137 - - Machackoesk 58 - Machawameck 175 - Magaat-Ramis 152 - Magatsoot 222 - Magdalen Island 46 - Maggeanapogh 151 - Maghagh-kamieck 223 - Magopson 33 - Magow-asingh-inck 164 - Maharness 35 - Mahask-ak-ook 52 - Mahequa 122 - Mahopack 36 - Mahway 112 - Mainaitanung 113 - Mamakating 227 - Mamaroneck 34 - Manah-ackaquasu-wanock 101 - Manahan 127 - Manahawaghin 106 {126} - Manhaset 95 - Manhattan 13 - Mananosick 49 - Manette 91 - Manises 101 - Mannhon-ake 100 - Mannepies 23 - Manowtassquott 99 - Manuketesuck 35 - Manussing 34 - Marechkawick 91 - Maretange Pond 145 - Marsep-inck 93 - Maschabeneer 144 - Maskahn-ong 87 - Maskutch-oung 84 {86} - Massaback 85 {84} - Massape-age 85 - Masseks (Maskeks) 144 - Mas-seps 86 - Masspootapaug 99 - Mastic 79 - Mathahenaak 180 - Matinnec-ock 95 - Matouwackey (L. I.) 73 - Mattachonts 168 - Mattapan 44 - Matteawan 37 - Mattituck 84 - Mawe-nawas-igh 38 - Mawichnauk 53 - Mawighanuck 58 - Mawignack 171 - Mattasink 120 - Meenahga 230 - Meghkak-assin 24 - Menagnock 222 - Menagh 29 - Menisak-congue 122 - Memanusack 94 - Memorasink 143 - Merick 87 - Mespaechtes 94 - Metambeson 46 - Minasser-oke 81 - Mingapochka 230 - Minnahan-ock 17 - Minnepaug 99 - Minnischtan-ock 54 - Minnissingh 45 - Minnisais 15 - Minisink 220 - Mistucky 133 - Mochgonneck-onck 78 - Mochquams 33 - Mogongh-kamigh 58 - Moggonck (Maggonck) 148 - Moharsic 35 - Mohawk River 189 - Mohawk Castles 191, 211 - Mombackus 169 - Mombasha 116 - Monachnong 16 - Monatun 16 - Monemius Island 180 - Mongaup 230 - Monhagen 137 - Monowautuck 80 - Monsey 112 - Montauk 75 - Mopochock 169 {167} - Moriches 81 - Muchito 96 - Muhheakun'nuk 11 - Murderer's Creek 130 - Muscota 19 - Much-Hattoes 129 - - Nachaquatuck 97 - Nachawakkano 53 - Nachtenack 180 - Nahtonk (Recktauck) 18 - Namaus 81 - Namenock 222 - Namke 85 - Nanichiestawack 35 - Nannakans 28 - Nanapenahaken 49 - Nanoseck 161 - Napanoch 167 - Napeak 76 - Narranshaw 116 - Narratschoan Errata - Narrioch 90 - Navers-ing 165 - Navish 28 - Nawas-ink 124 - Nepeneck 224 - Nepah-komuk 23 - Neperah (Nipproha) 23 - Nepestek-oak 177 - Nescotack 143 - Neversink 102, 226 - Neweskake 178 - Newburgh 128 - New Fort 142 - Niamug (Niamuck) 82 - Nickankook 49 - Niskayune 201 - Nissequague 93 - Norman's Kill 179 - Norumbega 179 - Nowadaga 215 - Nyack 92, 120 - - Ochabacowesuck 100 - Ochmoach-ing 165 - Oghrackee 210 - Oi-o-gue 12, 189 - Old Fort 164 - Onekee-dsi-enos 206 - Onekagoncka 191 - Oneyagine 217 - Oniskethau 177 - Onuntadass 207 - Orange 103 - Oscawanna 26 - Osquage (Ohquage) 215 - Ossangwack 155 - Osserrion 191 - Osseruenon 191 - - Pachonahellick 178 - Pachquyak 173 - Pagganck 15 - Pahhaoke 67 - Palmagat 148 - Pamerpock 115 - Panhoosick 67 - Paanpaach (Troy) 63 - Papinemen 19 - Paquapick 111 - Pasgatikook 172 - Paskaecq 173 - Passaic 111 - Passapenoc 61 - Patchogue 81 - Pattkoke 55 - Peakadasank 146 - Peconic 83 - Peekskill 30 - Peenpack 225 - Peningo 33 - Peppineghek 29 - Pequaock (Oyster Bay) 98 - Pequannock 111 - Peram-sepus 112 - Perth Amboy 102 - Petuckqua-paug 35 - Petuckqua-paen 62 - Pietawickqu-assick 41 - Pishgachtigok 42 - Piskawn 63 - Pitkiskaker 145 - Pocanteco 25 - Pochuck 133 - Pockotessewacke 34 - Podunk 69 - Poesten Kill 62 - Pollepel Eiland 127 - Pompoenick 58 - Pompton 113 - Ponkhockie 157 - Poosepatuck 79 - Poplopen's Creek 125 - Poquatuck 79 - Potic 173 - Potunk (L. I.) 100 - Poughkeepsie 43 - Poughquag 41 - Preumaker's Land 161 - Primary Explanations 3 - Prince's Falls 126 - - Quachanock 172 - Quahemiscos 180 - Quantuck 87 - Quaquarion 205 - Quarepogat 42 - Quarepos 33 - Quaspeck 121 - Quassaick 128 - Quatackqua-ohe 69 - Quatawichnack 171 - Quauntowunk 78 - Quequick 65 {66} - Quinnehung 31 - Quissichkook 54 - Quogue 87 - - Ramapo 114 - Rapahamuck 94 - Rappoos 153 - Raritangs 102 - Reckgawank 124 - Rechqua-akie 87 - Rennaquak-onck 92 - Rockaway 87 - Roelof Jansen's Kill 47 - Ronkonkoma 100 - Runboldt's Run 133 - - Sachus (Sachoes) 30 - Sacondaga 184 - Sacrahung 31 - Sacut 88 - Sagabon-ock 85 - Sag-Harbor 85 - Saghtekoos 83 - Sahkaqua 54 - Sam's Point 146 - Sanckhaick 65 - Sankagag 177 - Sankapogh 125 - Saponickan 17 - Saratoga 180 - Saaskahampka 49 - Saugerties 162 - Saukhenak 47 - Schaghticoke 65 - Schakaec-kemick 226 - Scharon (Schroon) 184 - Schenectady 202 - Schodac 59 - Schoharie 207 - Schunnemunk 131 - Scompamuck 59 - Senasqua 29 - Senatsycrossy 212 - Seneyaughquan 226 - Shannondhoi 204 - Shandaken 169 - Shappequa 32 - Shaupook 53 - Shawanoesberg 229 - Shawangunk 140 - She'kom'eko 42 - Shenandoah 43 - Sheepshack 63 - Shildrake 27 - Shinnec'ock 77 - Shokan 165 - Shorakkapoch 21 - Sickajoock 61 - Sickenekas 61 - Sicktew-hacky 82 - Siesk-assin 176 - Sing-Sing 27 - Siskakes 111 - Sint-Sink 95 - Skoonnenoghky 123 - Sleepy Hollow 26 - Sohanidisse 215 - Sokapach 225 - So'was'set 99 - Speonk 79 - Spuyten Duyvil 21 - Stighcook 176 - Stissing 43 - Stoney Point 123 - Succabonk 36 - Succasunna 104 - Sugar-Loaf 132 - Suggamuck 94 - Sunquams 84 - - Taghkanick 52 - Tammoesis 29 - Tauquashqueick 46 - Tappans 117 - Tawalsentha 13, 179 - Tawarataque 154 - Tehannek 225 - Tenotoge (Tenotehage) 215 - Tenkenas 15 - Tete-achkie 172 - Ticonderoga 71 - Ti-oneenda-howe 69 - Tionondar-aga 208 - Titicus 28 - Tomhenack 65 - Torne 117 - Tri-States Rock 224 - Tuckahoe 27, 84 - Tuxedo 116 - Twastawekah 54 - Twischsawkin 140 - Tyoshoke 65 - - Unsheamuck 94 - - Valatie 59 - Van Curler's Journal 193, 194 - Vastrix Island 48 - Verkerde Kill 147 - - Wachanekassick 47 - Waichachkeekok 172 - Wading River 98 - Wahamanesing 39 - Wallabout Bay 91 - Wallam 41 - Wallumsch-ack 64 - Walpack 228 {227} - Wanaksink 144 - Wapemwatsjo 58 - Wappingers' Creek 39 - Waragh-kameck 46 - Waranawonkongs 155 - Waranecks 38 - Waronawanka 155 - Warpoes 19 - Wassahawassing 167 - Wassaic 41 - Watchunk 104 - Wathoiack 201 - Waumaniuck 34 - Wawanaquasik 50 - Wawarasinke 166 - Wawayanda 134 - Waweiantepakook 173 - Wawyacbtanock 45 - Wechquadnach 42 - Wehawken 109 - Wehtak 42 - Weputing 42 - Weque-hackhe 36 - Wesegrorap 116 - Whalefish Island 63 - Wiocopee 36 - Wickaposset 99 - Wichquapakat 52 {53} - Wichquaskeck 24 - Wickqu-atenn-honck 144 - Wieskottine 170 - Wildmeet 161 - Wihlahoosa 227 - Wildwijk (Wiltwyck) 160 - Winegtekonck 132 - Wishauwemis 143 - Woerawin 137 - Wompenanit 74 - Wopowag 99 - Wyandanch (Sachem) 79 - Wynokie 115 - Wynogkee 41 - - Yaphank 80 - Yonkers 23 - - - - - ERRATA. - - - -Through an oversight in revising manuscript written several years ago, -_Narratschoan_ (page 121) was assigned to the Verdrietig Hoek Mountain. -It should have been assigned to Butter Hill, and _Klinkersberg_ should -have been assigned to the Donderberg. _Klinkers_ is from Dutch _Klinken,_ -"To sound, to resound." It describes, with the suffix _-berg,_ a hard -stone mountain or hill that resounds or echoes--Echo Hill. _Narratschoan,_ -the name of Butter Hill, is from _Nâï,_ "It is angular, it -corners"--"having corners or angles." (Trumbull.) The letters _-atscho_ -stand for _-achtschu,_ Zeisb., _-adchu,_ Natick, "Hill or mountain," and -_-an_ is the formative. The combination may be read, "A hill that forms -an angle or corner." To recover the Indian name of Butter Hill compensates -in some degree for oversight referred to. - -Brodhead (Hist. N. Y., i, 757, note), it will be seen by those who will -examine, made the same mistake in locating _Klinkersberg_ that is referred -to above. The "Vischer's Rack" or "Fisherman's Bend" was clearly the bend -around West Point. The Donderberg, or Klinkersberg is the elevation -immediately north of Stony Point. - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Footprints of the Redmen, by E. M. 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M. Ruttenber - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Footprints of the Redmen - -Author: E. M. Ruttenber - -Release Date: February 14, 2016 [EBook #51217] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOOTPRINTS OF THE REDMEN *** - - - - -Produced by Roger Burch with scans provided by the Internet Archive. - - - - - -</pre> - - - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/cover.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="cover"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/map1.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Map of Hudson's River, Part 1"></P> -<br><br><br> - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/map2.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Map of Hudson's River, Part 2"></P> -<br><br><br> - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/map3.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Map of Hudson's River, Part 3"></P> -<br><br><br> - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/map4.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Map of Hudson's River, Part 4"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - - - <h2 class="direct" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;">FOOTPRINTS OF THE RED MEN.</h2> - - - <hr> -<br><br> - - <h1 class="direct">Indian Geographical Names</h1> -<br> - -<h3 class="list"> IN THE VALLEY OF HUDSON'S RIVER, - THE VALLEY OF THE MOHAWK, - AND ON THE DELAWARE: - THEIR LOCATION AND THE PROBABLE - MEANING OF SOME OF THEM.</h3> -<br> - - <hr> -<br> - <p class="direct">BY</p> - <h3 class="direct">E. M. RUTTENBER,</h3> - <p class="direct"><i>Author of "History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River."</i></p> -<br> - - <hr> -<br> - -<p>"Indian place-names are not proper names, that is unmeaning words, but -significant appellatives each conveying a description of the locality -to which it belongs."—<i>Trumbull.</i></p> - - - <hr> -<br> - - <p class="direct">PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES</p> - <p class="direct">OF THE</p> - <p class="direct" style="font-size:125%"><b>New York State Historical Association.</b></p> -<br><br><br> - -<h1 class="direct" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"> </h1> - - <hr> -<br> - - <p class="direct">Copyrighted by the</p> - - <p class="direct">NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.</p> - <p class="direct">1906.</p> -<br> - - <hr> -<br><br><br> - -<h3 class="direct" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;">{<a href="#index">INDEX p. 237</a>}</h3> -<br><br><br> - <h2 class="direct" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><a id="i239">Primary Explanations.</a></h2> - - - <hr> -<br> - -<p>The locatives of the Indian geographical names which have been handed -down as the names of boundmarks or of places or tribes, are properly a -subject of study on the part of all who would be familiar with the -aboriginal geography of a district or a state. In many cases these names -were quite as designative of geographical centers as are the names of -the towns, villages and cities which have been substituted for them. In -some cases they have been wisely retained, while the specific places to -which they belonged have been lost. In this work special effort has been -made, first, to ascertain the places to which the names belonged as -given in official records, to ascertain the physical features of those -places, and carry back the thought to the poetic period of our -territorial history, "when the original drapery in which nature was -enveloped under the dominion of the laws of vegetation, spread out in -one vast, continuous interminable forest," broken here and there by the -opened patches of corn-lands and the wigwams and villages of the -redmen; secondly, to ascertain the meanings of the aboriginal names, -recognizing fully that, as Dr. Trumbull wrote, "They were not proper -names or mere unmeaning marks, but significant appellatives conveying a -description of the locatives to which they were given." Coming down to -us in the crude orthographies of traders and unlettered men, they are -not readily recognized in the orthographies of the educated missionaries, -and especially are they disguised by the varying powers of the German, -the French, and the English alphabets in which they were written by -educated as well as by uneducated scribes, and by traders who were -certainly not very familiar with the science of representing spoken -sounds by letters. In one instance the same name appears in forty-nine -forms by different writers. Many names, however, have been recognized -under missionary standards and their meanings satisfactorily ascertained, -aided by the features of the localities to which they were applied; the -latter, indeed, contributing very largely to their interpretation. -Probably the reader will find geographical descriptions that do not -apply to the places where the name is now met. The early settlers made -many transfers as well as extensions of names from a specific place to -a large district of country. It must be remembered that original -applications were specific to the places which they described even -though they were generic and applicable to any place where the same -features were referred to. The locatives in Indian deeds and original -patents are the only guide to places of original application, coupled -with descriptive features where they are known.</p> - -<p>No vocabularies of the dialects spoken in the lower valley of the Hudson -having been preserved, the vocabularies of the Upper-Unami and the -Minsi-Lenape, or Delaware tongues on the south and west, and the Natick, -or Massachusetts, on the north and east, have been consulted for -explanations by comparative inductive methods, and also orthographies -in other places, the interpretations of which have been established by -competent linguists. In all cases where the meaning of terms has been -particularly questioned, the best expert authority has been consulted. -While positive accuracy is not asserted in any case, it is believed that -in most cases the interpretations which have been given may be accepted -as substantially correct. There is no poetry in them—no "glittering -waterfalls," no "beautiful rivers," no "smile of the Great Spirit," no -"Holy place of sacred feasts and dances," but plain terms that have -their equivalents in our own language for a small hill, a high hill, a -mountain, a brook, a creek, a kill, a river, a pond, a lake, a swamp, -a large stone, a place of small stones, a split rock, a meadow, or -whatever the objective feature may have been as recognized by the -Indian. Many of them were particular names in the form of verbals -indicating a place where the action of the verb was performed; -occasionally the name of a sachem is given as that of his place of -residence or the stream on which he resided, but all are from generic -roots.</p> - -<p>To the Algonquian dialects spoken in the valley of Hudson's River at the -time of the discovery, was added later the Mohawk—Iroquorian, to some -extent, more particularly on the north, where it appears about 1621-6, -as indicated in the blanket deed given by the Five Nations to King -George in 1726. Territorially, in the primary era of European invasion, -the Eastern Algonquian prevailed, in varying idioms, on both sides of -the river, from a northern point to the Katskills, and from thence south -to the Highlands a type of the Unami-Minsi-Lenape or Delaware. That -spoken around New York on both sides of the river, was classed by the -early Dutch writers as Manhattan, as distinguished from dialects in the -Highlands and from the Savano or dialects of the East New England coast. -North of the Highlands on both sides of the river, they classed the -dialect as Wapping, and from the Katskills north as Mahican or Mohegan, -preserved in part in what is known as the Stockbridge. Presumably the -dialects were more or less mixed and formed as a whole what may be -termed "The Hudson's River Dialect," radically Lenape or Delaware, as -noted by Governor Tryon in 1774. In local names we seem to meet the -Upper-Unami and the Minsi of New Jersey, and the Mohegan and the Natick -of the north and east, the Quiripi of the Sound, and the dialect of the -Connecticut Valley. In the belt of country south of the Katskills they -were soft and vocalic, the lingual mute <i>t</i> frequently appearing and -<i>r</i> taking the place of the Eastern <i>l</i> and <i>n.</i> In the Minsi (Del.) -Zeisberger wrote <i>l</i> invariably, as distinguished from <i>r,</i> which -appears in the earliest local names in the valley of the Hudson. Other -dialectic peculiarities seem to appear in the exchange of the sonant -<i>g</i> for the hard sound of the surd mute <i>k,</i> and of <i>p</i> for <i>g,</i> <i>s</i> -for <i>g,</i> and <i>t</i> for <i>d,</i> <i>st</i> for <i>gk,</i> etc. Initials are badly mixed, -presumably due in part at least, to the habit of Indian speakers in -throwing the sound of the word forward to the penult; in some cases to -the lack of an "Indian ear" on the part of the hearer.</p> - -<p>In structure all Algonquian dialects are Polysynthetic, <i>i. e.,</i> words -composed wholly or in part of other words or generic roots. Pronunciations -and inflections differ as do the words in meaning in many cases. In all -dialects the most simple combinations appear in geographical names, -which the late Dr. J. H. Trumbull resolved into three classes, viz.: -"I. Those formed by the union of two elements, which we will call -<i>adjectival</i> and <i>substantival,</i> or ground-word, with or without a -locative suffix, or post-position word meaning 'at,' 'in,' 'on,' 'near,' -etc. [I use the terms 'adjectival' and 'substantival,' because no true -adjectives or substantives enter into the composition of Algonquian -names. The adjectival may be an adverb or a preposition; the -substantival element is often a verbal, which serves in composition as -a generic name, but which cannot be used as an independent word—the -synthesis always retains the verbal form.] II. Those which have a single -element, the <i>substantival,</i> or ground-word, with locative suffix. -III. Those formed from verbs as participials or verbal nouns, denoting -a place where the action of the verb is performed. Most of these latter, -however," he adds, "may be shown by strict analysis to belong to one of -the two preceding classes, which comprise at least nine-tenths of all -Algonquian local names which have been preserved." For example, in Class -I, <i>Wapan-aki</i> is a combination of <i>Wapan,</i> "the Orient," "the East," -and <i>aki,</i> "Land, place or country," <i>unlimited;</i> with locative suffix -(<i>-ng,</i> Del., <i>-it,</i> Mass.), "In the East Land or Country." <i>Kit-ann-ing,</i> -Del., is a composition from <i>Kitschi,</i> "Chief, principal, greatest," -<i>hanné,</i> "river," and <i>ing</i> locative, and reads, "A place at or on the -largest river." The suffix <i>-aki, -acki, -hacki,</i> Del., meaning "Land, -place, or country, <i>unlimited,</i>" in Eastern orthographies <i>-ohke, -auke, --ague, -ke, -ki,</i> etc., is changed to <i>-kamik,</i> or <i>-kamike,</i> Del., -<i>-kamuk</i> or <i>-komuk,</i> Mass., in describing "Land or place <i>limited,</i>" or -enclosed, a particular place, as a field, garden, and also used for -house, thicket, etc. The Eastern post-position locatives are <i>-it, -et, --at, -ut;</i> the Delaware, <i>-ng, -nk,</i> with connecting vowel <i>-ing, -ink, --ong, -onk, -ung, -unk,</i> etc. The meaning of this class of suffixes is -the same; they locate a place or object that is at, in, or on some other -place or object, the name of Which is prefixed, as in Delaware <i>Hitgunk,</i> -"On or to a tree;" <i>Utenink,</i> "In the town;" <i>Wachtschunk,</i> "On the -mountain." In some cases the locative takes the verbal form indicating -place or country, Williams wrote "<i>Sachimauónck,</i> a Kingdom or Monarchy." -Dr. Schoolcraft wrote: "From <i>Ojibwai</i> (Chippeway) is formed -<i>Ojib-wain-ong,</i> 'Place of the Chippeways;' <i>Monominikaun-ing,</i> 'In the -place of wild rice,'" Dr. Brinton wrote "<i>Walum-ink,</i> 'The place of -paint.'" The letter <i>s,</i> preceding the locative, changes the meaning of -the latter to near, or something less than at or on. The suffixes <i>-is, --it, -os, -es</i> mean "Small," as in <i>Ménates</i> or <i>Ménatit,</i> "Small -island." The locative affix cannot be applied to an animal in the sense -of at, in, on, to. There are many formative inflections and suffixes -indicating the plural, etc.</p> - -<p>Mohawk or Iroquoian names, while polysynthetic, differ from Algonquian -in construction. "The adjective," wrote Horatio Hale, "when employed -in an isolated form, follows the substantive, as <i>Kanonsa,</i> 'house;' -<i>Kanonsa-kowa,</i> 'large house;' but in general the substantive and -adjective coalesce." In some cases the adjective is split in two, and -the substantive inserted, as in <i>Tiogen,</i> a composition of <i>Te,</i> "two," -and <i>ogen,</i> "to separate," which is split and the word <i>ononté,</i> -"mountain," or hill, inserted, forming <i>Te-ononté-ogen,</i> "Between two -mountains," "The local relations of nouns are expressed by affixed -particles, such as <i>ke, ne, kon, akon, akta.</i> Thus from <i>Onónta,</i> -mountain, we have <i>Onóntáke,</i> at (or to) the mountain; from <i>Akéhrat</i> -dish, <i>Akehrátne,</i> in or on the dish," etc. From the variety of its -forms and combinations it is a more difficult language than the -Algonquian. No European has fully mastered it.</p> - -<p>No attempt has been made to correct record orthographies further than -to give their probable missionary equivalents where they can be -recognized. In many cases crude orthographies have converted them into -unknown tongues. Imperfect as many of them are and without standing in -aboriginal glossaries, they have become place names that may not be -disturbed. No two of the early scribes expressed the sound of the same -name in precisely the same letters, and even the missionaries who gave -attention to the study of the aboriginal tongues, did not always write -twice alike. Original sounds cannot now be restored. The diacritical -marks employed by Williams and Eliot in the English alphabet, and by -Zeisberger and Heckewelder in the German alphabet, are helpful in -pronunciations, but as a rule the corrupt local record orthographies -are a law unto themselves. In quoting diacritical marks the forms of the -learned linguists who gave their idea of how the word was pronounced, -have been followed. It is not, however, in the power of diacritical -marks or of any European alphabet to express correctly the sound of an -Algonquian or of an Iroquoian word as it was originally spoken, or write -it in European characters. Practically, every essential element in -pronunciation is secured by separating the forms into words or parts of -words, or particles, of which it is composed, (where the original -elements of the composition cannot be detected) by syllabalizing on the -vowel sounds. An anglicized vocalism of any name may be readily -established and an original name formed in American nomenclature, as -many names in current use amply illustrates. Few would suspect that -<i>Ochsechraga</i> (Mohawk) was the original of Saratoga, or that <i>P'tuk-sepo</i> -(Lenape) was the original of Tuxedo.</p> - -<p>A considerable number of record names have been included that are not -living. They serve to illustrate the dialect spoken in the valley as -handed down by European scribes of different languages, as well as the -local geography of the Indians. The earlier forms are mainly Dutch -notations. A few Dutch names that are regarded by some as Indian, have -been noticed, and also some Indian names on the Delaware River which, -from the associations of that river with the history of the State, as -in part one of its boundary streams, as well as the intimate associations -of the names with the history of the valley of Hudson's River, become -of especial interest.</p> - -<p>In the arrangement of names geographical association has been adopted -in preference to the alphabetical, the latter being supplied by index. -This arrangement seems to bring together dialectic groups more -satisfactorily. That there were many variations in the dialects spoken -in the valley of Hudson's River no one will deny, but it may be asserted -with confidence that the difference between the German and the English -alphabets in renderings is more marked than differences in dialects. In -so far as the names have been brought together they form the only key -to the dialects which were spoken in the valley. Their grammatical -treatment is the work of skilled philologists.</p> - -<p>Credit has been given for interpretations where the authors were known, -and especially to the late eminent Algonquian authority, J. Hammond -Trumbull. Special acknowledgment of valuable assistance is made to the -late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia; to the late Horatio Hale, -M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada; to the late Prof. J. W. Powell, of -the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C, and his successor, William H. -Holmes, and their co-laborers, Dr. Albert S. Gatschet and J. B. N. -Hewitt, and to Mr. William R. Gerard, of New York.</p> - -<p>The compilation of names and the ascertaining of their locatives and -probable meanings has interested me. Where those names have been -preserved in place they are certain descriptive landmarks above all -others. The results of my amateur labors may be useful to others in the -same field of inquiry as well as to professional linguists. Primarily -the work was not undertaken with a view to publication. Gentlemen of -the New York Historical Association, with a view to preserve what has -been done, and which may never be again undertaken, have asked the -manuscript for publication, and it has been given to them for that -purpose.</p> - - <p class="exit">E. M. RUTTENBER.</p> -<p class="list"> Newburgh, January, 1906.</p> -<br><br><br> - - - - <h2 class="direct" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;">INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.</h2> - - - <hr> -<br> - - <h3 class="direct">Hudson's River and Its Islands.</h3> - - -<p><b><a id="i247">Muhheakun'nuk,</a></b> "The great waters or sea, which are constantly in motion, -either ebbing or flowing," was written by Chief Hendrick Aupaumut, in -his history of the Muhheakun'nuk nation, as the name of Hudson's River, -in the Stockbridge dialect, and its meaning. The first word, <i>Muhheakun,</i> -was the national name of the people occupying both banks of the river -from Roelof Jansen's Kill, a few miles south of Catskill, on the east -side of the river, north and east with limit not known, and the second -<i>-nuk,</i> the equivalent of Massachusetts <i>-tuk,</i> Lenape <i>-ittuk,</i> "Tidal -river, or estuary," or "Waters driven by waves or tides," with the -accessory meaning of "great." Literally, in application, "The great -tidal river of the Muhheakan'neuw nation." The Dutch wrote the national -name <i>Mahikan, Maikan,</i> etc., and the English of Connecticut wrote -Mohegan, which was claimed by Drs. Schoolcraft and Trumbull to be -derived from <i>Maingan</i> (Cree <i>Mahéggun</i>), "Wolf"—"an enchanted wolf, -or a wolf of supernatural powers." From their prevailing totem or -prevailing coat-of-arms, the Wolf, the French called them <i>Loups,</i> -"wolves," and also <i>Manhingans,</i> including under the names "The nine -nations gathered between Manhattan and Quebec." While the name is -generic its application to Hudson's River was probably confined to the -vicinity of Albany, where Chief Aupaumut located their ancient capital -under the name of Pem-po-tow-wut-hut Muh-hea-kan-neuw, "The fire-place -of the Muh-hea-kan-nuk nation." [FN] The Dutch found them on both sides -of the river north of Catskill, with extended northern and eastern -alliances, and south of that point, on the east side of the river, in -alliance with a tribe known as Wappans or Wappings, Wappani, or -"East-side people," the two nations forming the Mahikan nation of -Hudson's River as known in history. (See Wahamensing.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Presumed to have been at what is now known as Scho-lac, which see.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><a id="i248">Father Jogues,</a> the French-Jesuit martyr-missionary, wrote in 1646, -<i>Oi-o-gué</i> as the Huron-Iroquoian name of the river, given to him at -Sarachtoga, with the connection "At the river." "<i>Ohioge,</i> river; -<i>Ohioge-son,</i> at the long river," wrote Bruyas. Arent van Curler wrote -the same name, in 1634, Vyoge, and gave it as that of the Mohawk River, -correcting the orthography, in his vocabulary, to "<i>Oyoghi,</i> a kill" or -channel. It is an Iroquoian generic applicable to any principal stream -or current river, with the ancient related meaning of "beautiful river."</p> - -<p>It is said that the Mohawks called the river <i>Cohohataton.</i> I have not -met that name in records. It was quoted by Dr. Schoolcraft as -traditional, and of course doubtful. He wrote it <i>Kohatatea,</i> and in -another connection wrote "<i>-atea,</i> a valley or landscape." It is -suspected that he coined the name, as he did many others. <i>Shate-muck</i> -is quoted as a Mohegan [FN-1] name, but on very obscure evidence, -although it may have been the name of an eel fishing-place, or a great -fishing-place (<i>-amaug</i>). Hudson called the stream "The River of the -Mountains." On some ancient maps it is called "Manhattans River." The -Dutch authorities christened it "Mauritus' River" in honor of their -Staat-holder, Prince Maurice. The English recognized the work of the -explorer by conferring the title "Hudson's River." It is a fact -established that Verrazano visited New York harbor in 1524, and gave to -the river the name "Riviere Grande," or Great River; that Estevan Gomez, -a Spanish navigator who followed Verrazano in 1525, called it "St. -Anthony's River," a name now preserved as that of one of the hills of the -Highlands, and it is claimed that French traders visited the river, in -1540, and established a <i>château</i> on Castle [FN-2] Island, at Albany, -[FN-3] and called the river "Norumbega." It may be conceded that possibly -French traders did have a post on Castle Island, but "Norumbega" was -obviously conferred on a wide district of country. It is an Abnaki term -and belonged to the dialect spoken in Maine, where it became more or less -familiar to French traders as early as 1535. That those traders did -locate trading posts on the Penobscot, and that Champlain searched for -their remains in 1604, are facts of record. The name means "Quiet" or -"Still Water." It would probably be applicable to that section of -Hudson's River known as "Stillwater," north of Albany, but the evidence -is wanted that it was so applied. Had it been applied by the tribes to -any place on Hudson's River, it would have remained as certainly as -<i>Menaté</i> remained at New York.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "<i>Mohegans</i> is an anglicism primarily applied to the small band - of Pequots under Uncas." (Trumbull.) While of the same linguistic - stock, neither the name or the history of Uncas's clan should be - confused with that of the Mahicani of Hudson's River.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Introduced by the Dutch—<i>Kasteel.</i> The Indians had no such word. - The Delawares called a house or hut or a town that was palisaded, - <i>Moenach,</i> and Zeisberger used the same word for "fence"—an enclosure - palisaded around. Eliot wrote <i>Wonkonous,</i> "fort."</p> - -<p class="quote"><a id="i251b"> [FN-3]</a> It is claimed that the walls of this fort were found by Hendrick - Christiansen, in 1614; that they were measured by him and found to - cover an area of 58 feet; that the fort was restored by the Dutch and - occupied by them until they were driven out by a freshet, occasioned by - the breaking up of the ice in the river in the spring of 1617; that the - Dutch then built what was subsequently known as Fort Orange, at the - mouth of the Tawalsentha, or Norman's Kill, about two miles south of - the present State street, Albany, and that Castle Island took that name - from the French <i>château</i>—all of which is possible, but for conclusive - reasons why it should not be credited, the student may consult - "Norumbega" in Winsor's "Narrative and Critical History of America." - Wrote Dr. Trumbull: "Theuet, in <i>La Cosmographie Universella,</i> gives - an account of his visit, in 1656, to 'one of the finest rivers in the - whole world, which we call <i>Norumbeque,</i> and the aboriginees <i>Agoncy,'</i> - now Penobscot Bay."</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/hudsonsriver.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Hudson's River, 1609"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i251a">Manhattan,</a></b> now so written, does not appear in the Journal of Hudson's -exploration of the river in 1609. On a Spanish-English map of 1610, -"Made for James I," and sent to Philip III by Velasco in letter of March -22, 1611, [FN-1] <i>Mannahatin</i> is written as the name of the east side -of the river, and <i>Mannahata</i> as that of the west side. From the former -<i>Manhattan,</i> and from it also the name of the Indians "among whom" the -Dutch made settlement in 1623-4, otherwise known by the general name of -<i>Wickquaskecks,</i> as well as the name of the entire Dutch possessions. -[FN-2] Presumably the entries on the Spanish-English map were copied -from Hudson's chart, for which there was ample time after his return to -England. Possibly they may have been copied by Hudson, who wrote that -his voyage "had been suggested" by some "letters and maps" which "had -been sent to him" by Capt. Smith from Virginia. Evidently the notations -are English, and evidently, also, Hudson, or his mate, Juet, had a chart -from his own tracing or from that of a previous explorer, which he -forwarded to his employers, or of which they had a copy, when he wrote -in his Journal: "On <i>that side</i> of the river called <i>Mannahata,</i>" as a -reference by which his employers could identify the side of the river -on which the Half-Moon anchored, [FN-3] Presumably the chart was drawn -by Hudson and forwarded with his report, and that to him belongs the -honor of reducing to an orthographic form the first aboriginal name of -record on the river which now bears his name. Five years after Hudson's -advent Adriaen Block wrote <i>Manhates</i> as the name of what is now New -York Island, and later, De Vries wrote <i>Manates</i> as the name of Staten -Island, both forms having the same meaning, <i>i. e.,</i> "Small island." -There have been several interpretations of Mannahatin, the most -analytical and most generally accepted being by the late Dr. J. H. -Trumbull: "From <i>Menatey</i> (Del.), 'Island'—<i>Mannahata</i> 'The Island,' -the reference being to the main land or to Long Island as the large -island. <i>Menatan</i> (Hudson's <i>Mannah-atin,</i> <i>-an</i> or <i>-in,</i> the -indefinite or diminutive form), 'The small island,' or the smaller of -the two principal islands, the Manhates of Adriaen Block. [FN-4] -<i>Manáhtons,</i> 'People of the Island,' <i>Manáhatanesen,</i> 'People of the -small islands.'" [FN-5] The Eastern-Algonquian word for "Island" -(English notation), is written <i>Munnoh,</i> with formative <i>-an</i> -(Mun-nohan). It appears of record, occasionally, in the vicinity of -New York, presumably introduced by interpreters or English scribes. The -usual form is the Lenape <i>Menaté,</i> Chippeway <i>Minnis,</i> "Small island," -classed also as Old Algonquian, or generic, may be met in the valley of -the Hudson, but the instances are not clear. It is simply a dialectic -equivalent of Del. <i>Ménates.</i> (See Monach'nong.) Van Curler wrote in his -Mohawk vocabulary (1635), "<i>Kanon-newaga</i>, Manhattan Island." The late -J. W. Powell, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "In the -alphabet of this office the name may be transliterated <i>Kanoñnò'ge.</i> It -signifies 'Place of Reeds.'" Perhaps what was known as the "Reed Valley" -was referred to, near which Van Twiller had a tobacco plantation where -the Indians of all nations came to trade. (See Saponickan.) The lower -part of the island was probably more or less a district of reed swamps.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Brown's "Genesis of the United States," 327, 457, 459, ii, 80.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Colonial History of New York.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] Hudson anchored in the bay near Hoboken. Near by his anchorage - he noticed that "there was a cliff that looked of the color of white - green." This cliff is near Elysian Fields at Hoboken. (Broadhead.) - The cliff is now known as Castle Point.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-4] The reference to Adriaen Block is presumably to the "Carte - Figurative" of 1614-16, now regarded as from Block's chart.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-5] "Composition of Indian Geographical Names," p. 22.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i253a">Pagganck,</a></b> so written in Indian deed of 1637, as the name of Governor's -Island—Peconuc, Denton, is an equivalent of <i>Pagán'nak,</i> meaning -literally "Nut Island." Also written <i>Pachgan,</i> as in <i>Pachganunschi,</i> -"White walnut trees." (Zeisb.) Denton explained, "Because excellent nut -trees grew there." [FN] The Dutch called it "der Nooten Eilandt," -literally "The Walnut Island," from whence the modern name, "Nutten -Island." The island was purchased from the Indian owners by Director -Wouter van Twiller, from whose occupation, and its subsequent use as a -demense of the governors of the Province, its present name.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Denton's "Description of New York," p. 29. Ward's and Blackwell's - islands were sold to the Dutch by the Marechawicks, of Long Island, in - 1636-7. Governor's Island was sold in the same year by the Tappans, - Hackinsacks and Nyacks, the grantors signing themselves as "hereditary - owners." Later deeds were signed by chiefs of the Raritans and - Hackinsacks.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i253b">Minnisais</a></b> is not a record name. It was conferred on Bedloe's Island by -Dr. Schoolcraft from the Ojibwe or Chippeway dialect, [FN] in which it -means "Small island."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The Objibwe (Objibwai) were a nation of three tribes living - northwest of the great lakes, of which the Ojibwai or Chippeway - represented the Eagle totem. It is claimed by some writers that their - language stands at the head of the Algonquian tongues. This claim is - disputed on behalf of the Cree, the Shawanoe, and the Lenape or - Delaware. It is not assumed that Ojibwe (Chippeway) terms are not - Algonquian, but that they do not strictly belong to the dialects of the - Hudson's river families. Rev. Heckewelder saw no particular difference - between the Ojibwe and the Lenape except in the French and the English - forms. Ojibwe terms may always be quoted in explanations of the Lenape.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i253c">Kiosh,</a></b> or "Gull Island," was conferred on Ellis Island by Dr. -Schoolcraft from the Ojibwe dialect. The interpretation is correct -presumably.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i253d">Tenkenas</a></b> is of record as the Indian name of what is now known as Ward's -Island. [FN] It appears in deed of 1636-7. It means "Small island," -from <i>Tenke</i> (Len.), "little."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The Dutch called the island <i>Onvruchtbaar,</i> "Unfruitful, barren." - The English adopted the signification, "Barren," which soon became - corrupted to "Barrent's," to which was added "Great" to distinguish it - from Randal's Island, which was called "Little Barrent's Island." Barn - Island is another corruption. Both islands were "barren" no doubt.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i254a">Monatun</a></b> was conferred by Dr. Schoolcraft on the whirlpool off Hallet's -Cove, with the explanation, "A word conveying in its multiplied forms -the various meanings of violent, forcible, dangerous, etc." Dr. -Schoolcraft introduced the word as the derivative of Manhatan, which, -however, is very far from being explained by it. <i>Hell-gate,</i> a vulgar -orthography of Dutch <i>Hellegat,</i> has long been the popular name of the -place. It was conferred by Adriaen Block, in 1614-16, to the dangerous -strait known as the East River, from a strait in Zealand, which, -presumably, was so called from Greek <i>Helle,</i> as heard in Hellespont—"Sea -of Helle"—now known as the Dardanelles—which received its Greek name -from <i>Helle,</i> daughter of Athamas, King of Thebes, who, the fable tells -us, was drowned in passing over it. Probably the Dutch sailors regarded -the strait as the "Gate of Hell," but that is not the meaning of the -name—"a dangerous strait or passage." In some records the strait is -called <i>Hurlgate,</i> from Dutch <i>Warrel,</i> "Whirl," and <i>gat,</i> "Hole, gap, -mouth"—substantially, "a whirlpool."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i254b">Monachnong,</a></b> deed to De Vries, 1636; <i>Menates,</i> De Vries's Journal; -<i>Ehquaons</i> (Eghquaous, Brodhead, by mistake in the letter <i>n</i>), deed of -1655, and <i>Aquehonge-Monuchnong,</i> deed to Governor Lovelace, 1670, are -forms of the names given as that of Staten Island, and are all from -Lenape equivalents. <i>Menates</i> means "Small island" as a whole; -<i>Monach'nong</i> means a "Place on the island," or less than the whole, as -shown by the claims of the Indians in 1670, that they had not previously -sold all the island. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 453.) It is the equivalent -of <i>Menach'hen,</i> Minsi; <i>Menach'n,</i> Abn., "Island," and <i>ong,</i> locative; -in Mass. <i>Mimnoh-han-auke.</i> (See Mannhonake.) <i>Eghquaons</i> and <i>Aquehonga</i> -are equivalents, and also equivalents of <i>Achquoanikan-ong,</i> "Bushnet -fishing-place," of which <i>Acquenonga</i> is an alternate in New Jersey. -(Nelson's "Indians of New Jersey," 122.) In other words, the Indians -conveyed places on the island, including specifically their "bushnet -fishing-place," and by the later deed to Lovelace, conveyed all unsold -places. The island was owned by the Raritans who resided "behind the -Kol," and the adjoining Hackensacks. (Deed of 1655.) Its last Indian -occupants were the Nyacks, who removed to it after selling their lands -at New Utrecht. (See Paganck note.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i255a">Minnahanock,</a></b> given as the name of Blackwell's Island, was interpreted by -Dr. Trumbull from <i>Munnŏhan,</i> Mass., the indefinite form of <i>Munnŏh,</i> -"Island," and <i>auke,</i> Mass., "Land" or place. Dr. O'Callaghan's "Island -home," is not in the composition. (See Mannhonake.)</p> - - <hr> -<br> - <h3 class="direct">On Manhattan Island.</h3> - - -<p><b><a id="i255b">Kapsee,</a> Kapsick,</b> etc., the name of what was the extreme point of land -between Hudson's River and the East River, and still known as Copsie -Point, was claimed by Dr. Schoolcraft to be Algonquian, and to mean, -"Safe place of landing," which it may have been. The name, however, -is pretty certainly a corruption of Dutch <i>Kaap-hoekje,</i> "A little cape -or promontory."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i255c">Saponickan</a></b> and <b>Sapohanican</b> are the earliest forms of a name which -appears later Sappokanican, Sappokanikke, Saponican, Shawbackanica, -Taponkanico, etc. "A piece of land bounded on the north by the strand -road, called Saponickan" (1629); "Tobacco plantation <i>near</i> Sapohanican" -(1639); "Plantation situate against the Reed Valley <i>beyond</i> -Sappokanican" (1640). Wouter van Twiller purchased the tract, in 1629, -for the use of the Dutch government and established thereon a tobacco -plantation, with buildings enclosed in palisade, which subsequently -became known as the little village of Sapokanican—Sappokanican, Van -der Donck—and later (1721) as Greenwich Village. It occupied very -nearly the site of the present Gansevort market. The "Strand road" is -now Greenwich Street. It was primarily, an Indian path along the shore -of the river north, with branches to Harlem and other points, the main -path continuing the trunk-path through Raritan Valley, but locally -beginning at the "crossing-place," or, as the record reads, "Where the -Indians cross [the Hudson] to bring their pelteries." [FN-1] "South of -Van Twiller's plantation was a marsh much affected by wild-fowl, and -a bright, quick brook, called by the Dutch 'Bestavar's Kil,' and by the -English 'Manetta Water.'" [FN-2] (Half-Moon Series.) <i>Saponickan</i> was in -place here when Van Twiller made his purchase (1629), as the record -shows, and was adopted by him as the name of his settlement. To what -feature it referred cannot be positively stated, but apparently to the -Reed Valley or marsh. It has had several interpretations, but none that -fare satisfactory. The syllable <i>pon</i> may denote a bulbous root which -was found there. (See Passapenoc.) The same name is probably met in -Saphorakain, or Saphonakan, given as the name of a tract described as -"Marsh and canebrake," lying near or on the shore of Gowanus Bay, -Brooklyn. (See Kanonnewage, in connection with Manhattan.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "Through this valley pass large numbers of all sorts of tribes - on their way north and east." (Van Tienhoven, 1650.) "Where the Indians - cross to bring their pelteries." (De Laet, 1635.) The crossing-place - is now known as Pavonia. The path crossed the Spuyten Duyvil at Harlem - and extended along the coast east. To and from it ran many "paths and - roads" on Manhattan, which, under the grant to Van Twiller, were to - "forever remain for the use of the inhabitants." The evidence of an - Indian village at or near the landing is not tangible. The only village - or settlement of which there is any evidence was that which gathered - around Van Twiller's plantation, which was a noted trading post for - "all sorts of tribes."</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Bestevaar (Dutch) means "Dear Father," and Manetta (Manittoo, - Algonquian), means, "That which surpasses, or is more than ordinary." - Water of more than ordinary excellence. (See Manette.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i256">Nahtonk, Recktauck,</a></b> forms of the name, or of two different names, of -Corlear's Hook, may signify, abstractively, "Sandy Point," as has been -interpreted; but apparently, <i>Nahtonk</i> [FN-1] is from <i>Nâ-i,</i> "a point -or corner," and <i>Recktauck</i> [FN-2] from <i>Lekau</i> (Requa), "Sand gravel"—a -"sandy place." It was a sandy point with a beach, entered, on English -maps, "Crown Point."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Naghtonk (Benson); Nahtonk (Schoolcraft); Rechtauck (record). - It was to the huts which were located here to which a clan of Long - Island Indians fled for protection, in February, 1643, and were - inhumanly murdered by the Dutch. The record reads: "Where a few - Rockaway Indians from Long Island, with their chief, Niande Nummerus, - had built their wigwams." (Brodhead.) "And a party of freemen behind - Corlear's plantation, on the Manhattans, who slew a large number and - afterwards burned their huts." The name of the Chief, <i>Niande - Nummerus,</i> is corrupted from the Latin <i>Nicanda Numericus,</i> the name - of a Roman gens. De Vries wrote, "Hummerus, a Rockaway chief, who I - knew."</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] See Rechqua-hackie. "The old Harlem creek, on Manhattan Island, - was called Rechawanes, or 'Small, sandy river.'" (Gerard.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i257a">Warpoes</a></b> is given as the name of "a small hill" on the east side and -"near ye fresh water" lake or pond called the <i>Kolk</i> (Dutch "pit-hole"), -which occupied several acres in the neighborhood of Centre Street. [FN-1] -The Indian name is that of the narrow pass between the hill and the -pond, which it described as "small" or narrow. (See Raphoos.)</p> - -<p>In the absence of record names, the late Dr. Schoolcraft conferred, on -several points, terms from the Ojibwe or Chippeway, which may be -repeated as descriptive merely. A hill at the corner of Charlton and -Varick streets was called by him <i>Ishpatinau,</i> "A bad hill." [FN-2] A -ridge or cliff north of Beekman Street, was called <i>Ishibic,</i> "A bad -rock;" the high land on Broadway, <i>Acitoc;</i> a rock rising up in the -Battery, <i>Abie,</i> and Mount Washington, <i>Penabic,</i> "The comb mountain." -The descriptions are presumably correct, but the features no longer -exist.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "By ye edge of ye hill by ye fresh water." (Cal. N. Y. Land - Papers, 17.) The Dutch name ran into <i>Kalch, Kolack</i> and <i>Collect,</i> - and in early records "<i>Kalch-hock.</i>" from its peculiar shape, - resembling a fish-hook.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] "At ye sand Hills near the Bowery." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers. - 17.) <i>Ishpetouga</i> was given by the same writer to Brooklyn Heights, - with the explanation "High, sandy banks," but the term does not - describe the character of the elevation. (See Espating.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i257b">Muscota</a></b> is given as the name of the "plain or meadow" known later as -Montagne's Flat, between 108th and 124th streets. (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiv.) It also appears as the name of a hill, and in Muskuta as that of -the great flat on the north side of the Spuyten Duivel. "The first -point of the main land to the east of the island Papirinimen, there -where the hill Muskuta is." The hill takes the name from the meadows -which it describes. "<i>Moskehtu,</i> a meadow." (Eliot.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i257c">Papinemen</a> (1646), Pahparinnamen (1693), Papirinimen</b> (modern), are forms -of the Indian name used interchangeably by the Dutch with Spuyten Duivel -to designate a place where the tide-overflow of the Harlem River is -turned aside by a ridge and unites with Tibbet's Brook, constituting -what is known as the Spuyten Duivel Kill, correctly described by Riker -in his "History of Harlem": "The narrow kill called by the Indians -Pahparinamen, which, winding around the northerly end of Manhattan, -connected the Spuyten Duyvil with the Great Kill or Harlem River, gave -its name to the land contiguous to it on either side." The locative of -the name is clearly shown in the boundaries of the Indian deed to Van -der Donck, in 1646, and in the subsequent Philipse Patent of 1693, the -former describing the south line of the lands conveyed as extending from -the Hudson "to Papinemen, called by our people Spuyten Duivel," and the -latter as extending to and including "the neck, island or hummock, -Pahparinnamen," on the north side of the passage, at which point, in the -early years of Dutch occupancy, a crossing place or "wading place" was -found which had been utilized by the Indians for ages, and of which -Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter wrote, in 1679-80, "They can go over -this creek, at dead or low water, upon the rocks and reefs, at a place -called Spuytten Duyvel." From this place the name was extended to the -"island or hummock" and to what was called "the Papirinameno Patent," -at the same point on the south side of the stream, to which it was -claimed to belong in 1701. Mr. Riker's assignment of the name to the -Spuyten Duivel passage is probably correct. The "neck, island or -hummock" was a low elevation in a salt marsh or meadow. It was utilized -as a landing place by the Indians whose path ran from thence across the -marsh "to the main." Later, the path was converted to a causeway or -road-approach to what is still known as King's Bridge. A ferry was -established here in 1669 and known as "The Spuyten Duyvil passage or -road to and from the island to the main." In 1692 Governor Andros gave -power to the city of New York to build a bridge "over the Spiken devil -ferry," and the city, with the consent of the Governor, transferred the -grant to Frederick Philipse. In giving his consent the Governor made the -condition that the bridge "should thenceforth be known and called King's -Bridge." It was made a free bridge in 1758-9. The "island or hummock" -came to be the site of the noted Macomb mansion.</p> - -<p>The name has not been satisfactorily translated. Mr. Riker wrote, "Where -the stream closes," or is broken off, recognizing the locative of the -name. Ziesberger wrote, Papinamen, "Diverting," turning aside, to go -different ways; accessorily, that which diverts or turns aside, and -place where the action of the verb is performed. Where the Harlem is -turned aside or diverted, would be a literal description.</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/spuytenduyvel.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="The Spuyten Duyvel"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i261a">Spuyten Duyvil,</a></b> now so written, was the early Dutch nickname of the -Papirinimen ford or passage, later known as King's Bridge. "By our -people called," wrote Van der Donck in 1652, indicating conference by -the Dutch prior to that date. It simply described the passage as evil, -vicious, dangerous. Its derivatives are <i>Spui,</i> "sluice;" <i>Spuit,</i> -"spout;" <i>Spuiten,</i> "to spout, to squirt, to discharge with force," as -a waterspout, or water forced through a narrow passage. <i>Duyvil</i> is a -colloquial expression of viciousness. The same name is met on the Mohawk -in application to the passage of the stream between two islands near -Schenectady. The generally quoted translation, "<i>Spuyt den Duyvil,</i> In -spite of the Devil," quoted by Brodhead as having been written by Van -der Donck, has no standing except in Irving's "Knickerbocker History of -New York." Van der Donck never wrote the sentence. He knew, and Brodhead -knew, that <i>Spuyt</i> was not <i>Spijt,</i> nor <i>Spuiten</i> stand for <i>Spuitten.</i> -The Dutch for "In spite of the Devil," is <i>In Spijt van Duivel.</i> The -sentence may have been quoted by Brodhead without examination. It was a -popular story that Irving told about one Antony Corlear's declaration -that he would swim across the ford at flood tide in a violent storm, -"In spite of the devil," but obviously coined in Irving's brain. It may, -however, had for its foundation the antics of a very black and muscular -African who was employed to guard the passage and prevent hostile -Indians as well as indiscreet Dutchmen from crossing, and who, for the -better discharge of his duty, built fires at night, armed himself with -sword and firebrands, vociferated loudly, and acted the character of a -devil very well. At all events the African is the only historical devil -that had an existence at the ford, and he finally ran away and became -merged with the Indians. <i>Spiting Devil,</i> an English corruption, ran -naturally into <i>Spitting Devil,</i> and some there are who think that that -is a reasonably fair rendering of Dutch <i>Spuiten.</i> They are generally -of the class that take in a cant reading with a relish.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i261b">Shorakkapoch</a></b> and <b>Shorackappock</b> are orthographies of the name of record -as that of the cove into which the Papirinemen discharges its waters at -a point on the Hudson known as Tubby Hook. It is specifically located -in the Philipse charter of 1693: "A creek called Papparinnemeno which -divides New York Island from the main land, so along said creek as it -runs to Hudson's River, which part is called by the Indians -Shorackhappok," <i>i. e.</i> that part of the stream on Hudson's River. In -the patent to Hugh O'Neil (1666): "To the Kill Shorakapoch, and then to -Papirinimen," <i>i. e.,</i> to the cove and thence east to the Spuyten Duyvil -passage. "The beautiful inlet called Schorakapok." (Riker.) Dr. Trumbull -wrote "<i>Showaukuppock</i> (Mohegan), a cove." William R. Gerard suggests -"<i>P'skurikûppog</i> (Lenape), 'forked, fine harbor,' so called because it -was safely shut in by Tubby Hook, [FN-1] and another Hook at the north, -the current taking a bend around the curved point of rock (covered at -high tide) that forked or divided the harbor at the back." Dr. Brinton -wrote: "<i>W'shakuppek,</i> 'Smooth still water;' <i>pek,</i> a lake, cove or any -body of still water; <i>kup,</i> from <i>kuppi,</i> 'cove.'" Bolton, in his -"History of Westchester County," located at the mouth of the stream, on -the north side, an Indian fort or castle under the name of <i>Nipinichen,</i> -but that name belongs on the west side of the Hudson at Konstable's -Hook, [FN-2] and the narrative of the attack on Hudson's ship in 1609, -noted in Juet's Journal, does not warrant the conclusion that there was -an Indian fort or castle in the vicinity. A fishing village there may -have been. At a later date (1675) the authorities permitted a remnant -of the Weckquasgecks to occupy lands "On the north point of Manhattan -Island" (Col, Hist. N. Y., xiii, 494), and the place designated may -have been in previous occupation.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Tubby Hook, Dutch <i>Tobbe Hoeck,</i> from its resemblance to a - washtub.</p> - -<p class="quote"><p class="quote"> [FN-2] Called Konstabelshe's Hoek from a grant of land to one Jacobus - Roy, the Konstabel or gunner at Fort Amsterdam, in 1646.</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/palisades.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="The Palisades from Yonkers"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - - <hr> -<br><br> - - <h3 class="direct" style="page-break-before: always;">Names on the East from Manhattan North.</h3> - -<p><b><a id="i262">Keskeskick,</a></b> "a piece of land, situated opposite to the flat on the -island of Manhattan, called Keskeskick, stretching lengthwise along the -Kil which runs behind the island of Manhattan, beginning at the head of -said Kil and running to opposite of the high hill by the flat, namely -by the great hill," (Deed of 1638.) <i>Kaxkeek</i> is the orthography of -Riker (Hist. of Harlem); and <i>Kekesick</i> that of Brodhead (Hist. New -York), in addition to which may be quoted <i>Keesick</i> and <i>Keakates,</i> -given as the names of what is now known as Long Pond, which formed the -southeast boundary of the tract, where was also a salt marsh or meadow. -In general terms, the name means a "meadow," and may have been that of -this salt marsh (a portion of the name dropped) or of the flat. The root -is <i>Kâk,</i> "sharp;" <i>Kâkákes,</i> "sharp grass," or sedge-marsh; -<i>Sik-kákaskeg,</i> "salt sedge-marsh." (Gerard.) <i>Micûckaskéete,</i> "a -meadow." (Williams.) <i>Muscota,</i> now in use, is another word for meadow.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i265a">Mannepies</a></b> is quoted by Riker (Hist. Harlem) as the name of the hilly -tract or district of Keskeskick, described as lying "over against the -flats of the island of Manhattan." It is now preserved as the name of -Cromwell Lake and creek, and seems to have been the name of the former. -The original was probably an equivalent of <i>Menuppek,</i> "Any enclosed -body of water great or small." (Anthony.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i265b">Neperah,</a> Nippiroha, Niperan, Nepeehen, Napperhaera, Armepperahin,</b> the -latter of date 1642 (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 9), forms of record as the -name of Sawmill Creek, and also quoted as the name of the site of the -present city of Yonkers, has been translated by Wm. R. Gerard, from the -form of 1642: "A corruption of <i>Ana-nepeheren,</i> that is, 'fishing -stream' or 'fishing rapids.'" <i>Ap-pehan</i> (Eliot), "a trap, a snare." -There was an Indian village on the north side of the stream in 1642. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 9.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i265c">Nepahkomuk,</a> Nappikomack,</b> etc., quoted as the name of a place on Sawmill -Creek, and also as the name of an Indian village at Yonkers, may have -been the name of the latter by extension. It has been translated with -apparent correctness from <i>Nepé-komuk</i> (Mass.), "An enclosed or occupied -water-place." [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] This translation is from <i>Nepe (Nepa, Nape, Nippe,</i> etc.), meaning - "water," generally, and <i>Komuk,</i> "place enclosed, occupied, limited," a - particular body of water. "The radical of <i>Nipe</i> is <i>pe</i> or <i>pa,</i> which, - with the demonstrative and definitive <i>ne</i> prefixed, formed the noun - <i>nippe,</i> water." (Trumbull.) <i>Nape-ake (-auke, -aki)</i> means "Water-land," - or water-place. <i>Nape-ek,</i> Del., <i>Nepeauk,</i> Mass., means "Standing - water," a lake or pond or a stretch of still water in a river. - <i>Menuppek,</i> "Lake, sea, any enclosed body of water, great or small." - (Anthony.) <i>Nebi, nabe, m'bi, be,</i> are dialectic forms. The Delaware - <i>M'hi</i> (Zeisb.) is occasionally met in the valley, but the Massachusetts - <i>Nepe</i> is more frequent. <i>Gami</i> is another noun-generic meaning "Water" - (Cree, <i>Kume</i>). <i>Komuk</i> (Mass.), <i>Kamick</i> (Del.), is frequently met in - varying orthographies. In general terms it means "Place, limited or - enclosed," a particular place as a field, garden, house, etc., as - distinguished from <i>auke,</i> "Land, earth, unlimited, unenclosed."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i266a">Meghkeekassin,</a></b> the name of a large rock in an obscure nook on the west -side of the Neperah, near the Hudson, is written <i>Macackassin</i> in deed -of 1661. It is from <i>Mechek,</i> Del., "great," and <i>assin</i> "stone." -"<i>Meechek-assin-ik,</i> At the big rock." (Heckewelder.) The name is also -of record <i>Amack-assin,</i> a Delaware term of the same general -meaning—"<i>Amangi,</i> great, big (in composition <i>Aman-gach</i>), with the -accessory notion of terrible, frightful." (Dr. Brinton.) Presumably, in -application here, "a monster," <i>i. e.</i> a stone not of the native -formation usually found in the locality. [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The Indians are traditionally represented as regarding boulders of - this class, as monuments of a great battle which was fought between - their hero myth Micabo and Kasbun his twin brother, the former - representing the East or Orient, and the latter the West, the imagery - being a description of the primary contest between Light and - Darkness—Light gleaming from the East and Darkness retreating to the - West before it. Says the story: "The feud between the brothers was - bitter and the contest long and doubtful. It began on the mountains of - the East. The face of the land was seamed and torn by the wrestling of - the mighty combatants, and the huge boulders that are scattered about - were the weapons hurled at each other by the enraged brothers." The - story is told in its several forms by Dr. Brinton in his "American Hero - Myths."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i266b">Wickquaskeck</a></b> is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian -village or castle the location of which is claimed by Bolton to have -been at Dobb's Ferry, where the name is of record. It was, however, the -name of a place from which it was extended by the early Dutch to a very -considerable representative clan or family of Indians whose jurisdiction -extended from the Hudson to or beyond the Armonck or Byram's River, with -principal seat on the head waters of that stream, or on one of its -tributaries, who constituted the tribe more especially known to the -Dutch settlers as the Manhattans. Cornelius Tienhoven, Secretary of New -Amsterdam, wrote, in 1654, "<i>Wicquaeskeck</i> on the North River, five -miles above New Amsterdam, is very good and suitable land for -agriculture. . . . This land lies between the Sintsinck and Armonck -streams, situate between the East and North rivers." (Doc. Hist, N. Y., -iv, 29.) "Five miles," Dutch, was then usually counted as twenty miles -(English). Standard Dutch miles would be about eighteen. The Armonck is -now called Byram River; it flows to the Sound on the boundary line -between New York and Connecticut. A part of the territory of this tribe -is loosely described in a deed of 1682, as extending—"from the rock -Sighes, on Hudson's River, to the Neperah, and thence north until you -come to the eastward of the head of the creek, called by the Indians -Wiequaskeck, [FN] stretching through the woods to a kill called -Seweruc," including "a piece of land about Wighqueskeck," <i>i. e.</i> about -the head of the creek, which was certainly at the end of a swamp. The -historic seat of the clan was in this vicinity. In the narrative of the -war of 1643-5, it is written, "He of Witqueschreek, living N. E. of -Manhattans. . . . The old Indian (a captive) promised to lead us to -Wetquescheck." He did so, but the castles, three in number, strongly -palisaded, were found empty. Two of them were burned. The inmates, it -was learned, had gathered at a large castle or village on Patucquapaug, -now known as Dumpling Pond, in Greenwich, Ct., to celebrate a festival. -They were attacked there and slaughtered in great numbers. (Doc. Hist. -N. Y., iv, 29.) Bolton's claim that the clan had a castle at or near -Dobb's Ferry, may have been true at some date. The name appears in many -orthographies; in 1621, <i>Wyeck;</i> in treaty of 1645, <i>Wiquaeshex;</i> in -other connections, <i>Witqueschreek, Weaquassick,</i> and Van der Donck's -<i>Wickquaskeek.</i> Bolton translated it from the form, <i>Weicquasguck,</i> -"Place of the bark kettle," which is obviously erroneous. Dr. Trumbull -wrote: "From Moh. <i>Weegasoeguck,</i> 'the end of the marsh or wet meadow.'" -Van der Donck's <i>Wickquaskeck</i> has <i>the same meaning.</i> It is from Lenape -<i>Wicqua-askek—wicqua,</i> "end of," <i>askek,</i> "swamp," -marsh, etc.: <i>-ck,-eck,</i> formative.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The creek now bearing the name flows to the Hudson through the - village of Dobb's Ferry. Its local name, "Wicker's creek," is a - corruption of Wickquaskeek. It was never the name of an individual.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i267">Pocanteco,</a> Pecantico, Puegkandico</b> and <b>Perghanduck,</b> a stream so called -[FN-1] in Westchester County, was translated by Dr. O'Callaghan from -<i>Pohkunni,</i> "Dark." "The dark river," and by Bolton from <i>Pockawachne,</i> -"A stream between hills," which is certainly erroneous. The first word -is probably <i>Pohk</i> or <i>Pak,</i> root <i>Paken</i> (<i>Pákenum,</i> "Dark," Zeisb.; -<i>Pohken-ahtu,</i> "In darkness," Eliot). The second may stand for -<i>antakeu,</i> "Woods," "Forest," and the combination read "The Dark Woods." -The stream rises in New Castle township and flows across the town of Mt. -Pleasant to the Hudson at Tarrytown, where it is associated with -Irving's story of Sleepy Hollow. The Dutch called it "Sleeper's-haven -Kil," from the name which they gave to the reach on the Hudson, -"Verdrietig Hoek," or "Tedious Point," because the hook or point was so -long in sight of their slow-sailing vessels, and in calms their crews -slept away the hours under its shadows, "Over against the Verdrietig -Hoek, commonly called by the name of Sleeper's Haven," is the record. -Pocanteco was a heavily wooded valley, and suggested to the early -mothers stories of ghosts to keep their children from wandering in its -depths. From the woods or the valley the name was extended to the -stream.[FN-2] (See Alipkonck.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] December 1st, 1680, Frederick Phillips petitioned for liberty to - purchase "a parcel of land on each side of the creek called by the - Indians Pocanteco, . . . adjoining the land he hath already purchased; - there to build and erect a saw-mill." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 546.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] "Far in the foldings of the hills winds this wizard - stream—sometimes silently and darkly through solemn woodlands. . . . - In the neighborhood of the aqueduct is a deep ravine which forms the - dreamy region of Sleepy Hollow." (Sketch Book.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i268a">Alipkonck</a></b> is entered on Van der Donck's map of 1656, and located with -the sign of an Indian village south of Sing Sing. Bolton (Hist. West. -Co.) claimed it as the name of Tarrytown, and translated it, "The place -of elms," which it certainly does not mean. Its derivative, however, is -disguised in its orthography, and its locative is not certain. -Conjecturally <i>Alipk</i> is from <i>Wálagk</i> (surd mutes <i>g</i> and <i>p</i> exchanged), -"An open place, a hollow or excavation." The locative may have been -Sleepy Hollow. <i>Tarrytown,</i> which some writers have derived from <i>Tarwe</i> -(Dutch), "Wheat"—Wheat town—proves to be from an early settler whose -name was <i>Terry,</i> pronounced <i>Tarry,</i> as written in early records. The -Dutch name for Wheat town would be Tarwe-stadt, which was never written -here.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i268b">Oscawanna,</a></b> an island so called, lying a short distance south of Cruger's -Station on N. Y. Central R. R., Hudson River Division, is of record, in -1690, <i>Wuscawanus.</i> (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 237.) It seems to have been -from the name of a sachem, otherwise known as Weskora, Weskheun, -Weskomen, in 1685. <i>Wuski,</i> Len., "New, young;" <i>Wuske'éne</i> Williams, "A -youth."</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/gatewayhighlands.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Southern Gateway of the Highlands"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i271a">Shildrake,</a></b> or <b>Sheldrake,</b> given as the name of Furnace Brook, takes that -name from an extended forest known in local records as "The Furnace -Woods." By exchange of <i>l</i> and <i>n,</i> it is probably from <i>Schind,</i> -"Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.); <i>aki,</i> "Land" or place. <i>Schindikeu,</i> "Spruce -forest" ("Hemlock woods," Anthony). (See Shinnec'ock.) Furnace Brook -takes that name from an ancient furnace on its bank. In 1734 it was -known as "The old-mill stream." <i>Jamawissa,</i> quoted as its Indian name, -seems to be an aspirated form of <i>Tamaquese,</i> "Small beaver." (See -Jamaica.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i271b">Sing-Sing</a>—Sinsing,</b> Van der Donck; <i>Sintsing,</i> treaty of 1645—usually -translated, "At the standing-stone," and "Stone upon stone," means "At -the small stones," or "Place of small stones"—from <i>assin</i> "stone;" -<i>is,</i> diminutive, and <i>ing,</i> locative. <i>Ossinsing,</i> the name of the -town, has the same meaning; also, Sink-sink, L. I., ind Assinising, -Chemung County. The interpretation is literally sustained in the -locative on the Hudson.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i271c">Tuckahoe,</a></b> town of East Chester, is from <i>Ptuckweōō,</i> "It is round." -It was the name of a bulbous root which was used by the Indians for food -and for making bread, or round loaves. (See Tuckahoe, L. I.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i271d">Kitchiwan,</a></b> modern form; <i>Kitchawanc,</i> treaty of 1643; <i>Kichtawanghs,</i> -treaty of 1645; <i>Kitchiwan,</i> deed of 1645; <i>Kitchawan,</i> treaty of 1664; -the name of a stream in Westchester County from which extended to an -Indian clan, "Is," writes Dr. Albert S. Gatschet of the Bureau of -Ethnology, "an equivalent of <i>Wabenaki-ke'dshwan, -kidshuan,</i> suffixed -verbal stem, meaning 'Running Swiftly,' 'Rushing water,' or current, -whether over rapids or not. <i>Sas-katchéwan,</i> Canada, 'The roiley, -rushing stream'; <i>assisku,</i> 'Mud, dirt.' (Cree.) The prefix <i>ki</i> or -<i>ke,</i> is nothing else than an abbreviation of <i>kitchi,</i> 'great,' -'large,' and here 'strong.' Examples are frequent as -kitchuan, --kitchawan, Mass.; kesi-itsooaⁿn or taⁿn, Abn., Kussi-tchuan, Mass., 'It -swift flows.' The prefix is usually applied to streams which rise in the -highlands and flow down rapidly descending slopes." The final <i>k</i> in some -of the early forms, indicates pronunciation with the guttural aspirate, -as met in <i>wank</i> and wangh in other local names. [FN] The final <i>s</i> is a -foreign plural usually employed to express "people," or tribe. The -stream is now known as the <i>Croten</i> from <i>Cnoten,</i> the name of a -resident sachem, which by exchange of <i>n</i> and <i>r,</i> becomes <i>Croten,</i> an -equivalent, wrote Dr. Schoolcraft of <i>Noten,</i> Chip., "The wind." -"Bounded on the south by Scroton's River" (deed of 1703); "Called by -the Indians Kightawank, and by the English Knotrus River." (Col. N. Y, -Land Papers, 79.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Dr. Trumbull wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, "<i>Kussitchuan, - -uwan,</i> impersonal verb, 'It flows in a rapid stream,' a current; it - continues flowing; as a noun, 'a rapid stream.'" In Cree, <i>Kussehtanne,</i> - "Flowing as a stream" In Delaware, <i>-tanne</i> has its equivalent in - <i>-hanne.</i> "The impersonal verb termination <i>-awan, -uan,</i> etc., is - sometimes written with the participial and subjunctive <i>k</i>" (<i>ka</i> or - <i>gh.</i>) (Gerard.) The <i>k</i> or <i>gh</i> appears in some forms of Kitchawan. - (See Waronawanka.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i272a">Titicus,</a></b> given as the name of a branch of the Croton flowing from -Connecticut, is of record Mutighticos and Matightekonks, translated by -Dr. Trumbull from <i>Mat'uhtugh-ohke,</i> "Place without wood," from which -extended to the stream. (See Mattituck and Sackonck.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i272b">Navish</a></b> is claimed as the name of Teller's (now Croton) Point, on a -reading of the Indian deed of 1683: "All that parcel, neck or point of -land, with the meadow ground or valley adjoining, situate, lying and -being on the east side of the river over against Verdrietig's Hooke, -commonly called and known by the name of Slauper's Haven and by the -Indians Navish, the meadow being called by the Indians Senasqua." -Clearly, Navish refers to Verdrietig Hook, on the west side of the -river, where it is of record. It is an equivalent of <i>Newás</i> (Len.), -"promontory." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i272c">Nannakans,</a></b> given as the name of a clan residing on Croton River, is an -equivalent of <i>Narragans</i> (<i>s</i> foreign plural), meaning "People of the -point," the locative being Croton Point. (See Nyack.) This clan, crushed -by the war of 1643-5, removed to the Raritan country, where, by -dialectic exchange of <i>n</i> and <i>r,</i> they were known as Raritanoos, or -Narritans. They were represented, in 1649, by Pennekeck, "The chief -behind the Kul, having no chief of their own." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii.) -The interpretation given to their removal, by some writers, viz., "That -the Wappingers removed to New Jersey," is only correct in a limited -sense. The removal was of a single clan or family. The Indians on both -sides of the Hudson here were of kindred stock and were largely -intermarried. (See Raritans and Pomptons.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i273a">Senasqua,</a></b> quoted as the name of Teller's Point (now Croton Point), and -also as the name of Teller's Neck, is described as "A meadow," -presumably on the neck or point. It is an equivalent of Del. -<i>Lenaskqual,</i> "Original grass," (Zeisb.), <i>i. e.</i> grass which was -supposed to have grown on the land from the beginning. (Heck.) Called -"Indian grass" to distinguish it from "Whitemen's grass." [FN]</p> - - <hr> - - <p class="quote">[FN] <i>Askquall,</i> or <i>Askqua,</i> is an inanimate plural in the termination - <i>-all, -al,</i> or <i>-a.</i> All grass was not described by <i>Maskik,</i> in which - the termination <i>-ik</i> is the animate plural.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i273b">Peppeneghek</a></b> is a record form of the name quoted as that of what is now -known as Cross-river.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i273c">Kewighecack,</a></b> the name of a boundmark of Van Cortlandt's Manor, is -written on the map of the Manor <i>Keweghteuack</i> as the name of a bend in -the Croton west of Pine Bridge. It is from <i>Koua, Kowa, Cuwé,</i> -"Pine"—<i>Cuwé-uchac,</i> "Pine wood, pine logs." (Zeisb.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i273d">Kestaubniuk</a></b> is entered on Van der Donck's map as the name of an Indian -place or village north of Sing Sing. On Vischer's map the orthography -is <i>Kestaubocuck.</i> Dr. Schoolcraft wrote <i>Kestoniuck,</i> "Great Point," -and claimed that the last word had been borrowed and applied to Nyack -on the opposite side of the river, but this is a mistake as Nyack is -generic and of local record where it now is as early as 1660, and is -there correctly applied. No one seems to know where Kestaubniuk was, but -the name is obviously from <i>Kitschi-bonok,</i> "Great ground-nut place." -<i>Ketche-punak</i> and <i>Ketcha-bonac,</i> L. I., <i>K'schobbenak,</i> Del.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i273e">Menagh,</a></b> entered in Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683, as the name of -what is now known as Verplanck's Point, is probably from <i>Menach'en</i> -(Del.), the indefinite form of <i>Menátes,</i> diminutive, meaning "Small -island." The point was an island in its separation from the main land -by a water course. Monack, Monach, Menach, are other orthographies of -the name.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i273f">Tammoesis</a></b> is of record as the name of a small stream north of Peekskill.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i274a">Appamaghpogh,</a></b> now <i>Amawalk,</i> seems to have been extended to a tract of -land without specific location. It is presumed to have been the name of -a fishing place on what is now known as Mohegan Lake <i>Appéh-ama-paug,</i> -"Trap fishing place," or pond. <i>Amawalk,</i> is from <i>Nam'e-auke,</i> -"Fishing-place," (Trumbull.) In the Massachusetts dialect <i>-pogh</i> stands -for "pond," or water-place.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i274b">Keskistkonck,</a> Pasquasheck,</b> and <b>Nochpeem</b> are noted on Van der Donck's map -in the Highlands. In Colonial History is the entry (1644), -"Mongochkonnome and Papenaharrow, chiefs of Wiquseskkack and Nochpeems." -On the east side of the river, apparently about opposite the Donderberg, -is located, on early maps, the <i>Pachimi,</i> who, in turn, are associated -in records with the <i>Tankitekes.</i> Pacham is given as the name of a noted -chief of the early period. His clan was probably the Pachimi. -Keskistkonck was a living name as late as 1663, but disappears after -that date. "The Kiskightkoncks, who have no chief now, but are counted -among the foregoing savages." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 303.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i274c">Sachus,</a> Sachoes</b> and <b>Sackoack</b> are quoted as names of Peekskill, and -<i>Magrigaries</i> as the name of the stream. The latter is an orthography -of <i>MacGregorie's,</i> from Hugh MacGregorie, an owner of lands on the -stream. [FN-1] Though quoted as the name of Peak's Kill, it was the name -given to a small creek south of that stream, as per map of 1776. -<i>Sachus</i> and <i>Sachoes</i> are equivalents, and probably refer to the mouth -or outlet of the small or MacGregorie's Creek—<i>Sakoes</i> or <i>Saukoes.</i> -<i>Sackonck</i> has substantially the same meaning—<i>Sakunk,</i> "At the mouth -or outlet of a creek or river." There was, however, a resident sachem -who was called <i>Sachoes,</i> probably from his place of residence, but -which can be read "Black Kettle," from <i>Suckeu,</i> "black," and <i>ōōs,</i> -"kettle." Peekskill is modern from Peak's Kill, so called from Jan Peak, -[FN-2] the founder of the settlement. The Indian name of the stream is -noted, in deed of 1695, "Called by the Indians <i>Paquintuk,</i>" probably -an equivalent of <i>Pokqueantuk,</i> "A broad, open place in a tidal river or -estuary." Peekskill Bay was probably referred to. (See Sackonck.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Hugh MacGregorie was son of Major Patrick MacGregorie, the first - settler in the present county of Orange. He was killed in the Leisler - rebellion in New York in 1691. The son, Hugh, and his mother, were - granted 1500 acres of land "At a place called John Peaches creek." No - fees were charged for the patent out of respect for the memory of Major - MacGregorie, as he then had "lately died in His Majesty's service in - defence of the Province." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 364.) MacGregories - sold to Van Cortlandt in 1696.</p> - - <p class="quote">[FN-2] Peake, an orthography of <i>Peak,</i> English; Dutch, <i>Piek</i>; - pronounced <i>Pek</i> (<i>e</i> as <i>e</i> in wet); English, <i>Pek</i> or <i>Peck.</i></p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i275a">Kittatinny,</a></b> erroneously claimed to mean "Endless hills," and to describe -the Highlands as a continuation of the Allegheny range, belongs to -Anthony's Nose [FN-1] to which, however, it has no very early record -application. It is from <i>Kitschi,</i> "Principal, greatest," and <i>-atinny,</i> -"Hill, mountain," applicable to any principal mountain peak compared -with others in its vicinity. [FN-2]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] The origin of the name is uncertain. Estevan Gomez, a Spanish - navigator, wrote "St. Anthony's River" as the name of the Hudson, in - 1525. The current explanation, "Antonius Neus, so called from fancied - resemblance to the nose of one Anthony de Hoages," is a myth. The name - as the early Dutch understood it, is no doubt more correctly explained - by Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal of 1679-80: "A - headland and high hill in the Highlands, so called because it has a - sharp ridge running up and down in the form of a nose," but fails to - explain St. Anthony, or Latin Antonius. The name appears also on the - Mohawk river and on Lake George, presumably from resemblance to the - Highland peak.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] The Indians had no names for mountain ranges, but frequently - designated certain peaks by specific names. "Among these aboriginal - people," wrote Heckewelder, "every tree was not the tree, and every - mountain the mountain; but, on the contrary, everything is - distinguished by its specific name." Kittatinny was and is the most - conspicuous or greatest hill of the particular group of hills in its - proximity and was spoken of as such in designating the boundmark.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i275b">Sacrahung,</a></b> or Mill River, "takes its name from <i>Sacra,</i> 'rain.' Its -liability to freshets after heavy rains, may have given origin to the -name." (O'Callaghan.) Evidently, however, the name is a corruption of -<i>Sakwihung</i> (Zeish.), "At the mouth of the river." The record reads, -"A small brook or run called Wigwam brook, but by some falsely called -Sackwrahung." (Deed of 1740.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i275c">Quinnehung,</a></b> a neck of land at the mouth and west side of Bronx River, is -presumed to have been the name of Hunter's Point. The adjectival -<i>Quinneh,</i> is very plainly an equivalent of <i>Quinnih</i> (Eliot), "long," -and <i>-ung</i> or <i>-ongh</i> may stand for place—"A long place, or neck of -land." (See Aquchung.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i275d">Sackonck</a></b> and <b>Matightekonck,</b> record names of places petitioned for by -Van Cortlandt in 1697, are located in general terms, in the petition, -in the neighborhood of John Peak's Creek and Anthony's Nose. (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 49.) The first probably referred to the mouth of Peak's -Creek (Peekskill). <i>Sakunk</i> (Heck.), "At the mouth or outlet of a creek -or river." <i>Saukunk</i> (Donck) is another form. (See Titicus.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i276a">Aquehung,</a> Acqueahounck,</b> etc., was translated by Dr. O'Callaghan, "The -place of peace." from <i>Aquene,</i> Nar., "peace," and <i>unk,</i> locative. -Dr. Trumbull wrote, "A place <i>on this side</i> of some other place," from -the generic <i>Acq.</i> The description in N. Y. Land Papers reads, "Bounded -on the east by the river called by the Indians Aquehung," the river -taking its name from its position as a boundary "on this side" of which -was the land. The contemporary name, <i>Ran-ahqua-ung,</i> means "A place on -the other side," corresponding with the description, "On the other side -of the Great Kil." Bolton assigns Acqueahounck to Hutchinson's Creek, -the west boundary of the town of Pelham. The "Great Kil" is now the -Bronx.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i276b">Kakeout,</a></b> the name of the highest hill in Westchester County, is from -Dutch <i>Kijk-uit,</i> "Look-out—a place of observation, as a tower, hill," -etc. It appears also in Rockland and in Ulster County and on the Mohawk. -(See Kakiate.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i276c">Shappequa,</a></b> a name now applied to the Shappequa Hills and to a mineral -spring east of Sing-Sing, and destined to be remembered as that of the -home of Horace Greeley, was primarily given to locate a tract now -embraced in the towns of New Castle and Bedford, and, as in all such -cases, was a specific place by which the location could be identified, -but which in turn has never been identified. The name is apparently a -form of <i>Chepi</i> written also <i>Chappa,</i> signifying, "Separated, apart -from, a distinct place." [FN] (See Kap-hack.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The word <i>Chippe</i> or <i>Shappa,</i> means not only separate, "The - separate place," but was employed to describe a future - condition—Chepeck, the dead. As an adjective, <i>Chippe</i> (El.) signifies - separated, set apart. <i>Chepiohkomuk,</i> the place of separation. The same - word was used for 'ghost,' 'spectre,' 'evil spirit.' (Trumbull.) The - corresponding Delaware word was <i>Tschipey.</i> It is not presumed that the - word was made use of here in any other sense than its literal - application, "A separate place." Bolton assigns the name to a Laurel - Swamp, but with doubtful correctness.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i276d">Aspetong,</a></b> a bold eminence in Bedford, is an equivalent of <i>Ashpohtag,</i> -Mass., "A high place," "A height." (Trumbull.) See Ishpatinau.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i277a">Quarepos,</a></b> of record as the name of the district of country called by the -English "White Plains," from the primary prevalence there of white -balsam (Dr. O'Callaghan), seems to have been the name of the lake now -known as St. Mary's. <i>Quar</i> is a form of <i>Quin, Quan,</i> etc., meaning -"Long," and <i>pos</i> stands for <i>pog</i> or <i>paug,</i> meaning "Pond." The name -is met in <i>Quin'e-paug,</i> "Long Pond." The pond lies along the east -border of the town of White Plains.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i277b">Peningo,</a></b> the point or neck of land forming the southeastern extremity -of the town of Rye, [FN] was interpreted by Dr. Bolton, with doubtful -correctness: "From <i>Ponus,</i> an Indian chief." The neck is some nine -miles long by about two miles broad and seems to have been primarily -a region of ridges and swamps.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Rye is from Rye, England. The derivative is <i>Ripe</i> (Latin), - meaning, "The bank of a river." In French, "The sea-shore."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i277c">Apanammis,</a></b> Cal. N. Y, Land Papers; Apauamis and Apauamin, Col. Hist. -N. Y.: Apawammeis, Apawamis, Apawqunamis, Epawames, local and Conn. -Records, is given as the name of Budd's Neck, between Mamaroneck River -and Blind Brook, Westchester County. Dr. Trumbull passed the name -without explanation. It is written as the name of a boundmark.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i277d">Mochquams</a></b> and <b>Moagunanes</b> are record forms of the name of Blind Brook, -one of the boundary streams of the tract called Penningo, which is -described as lying "between Blind Brook and Byram River." (See Armonck.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i277e">Magopson</a></b> and <b>Mangopson</b> are orthographies of the name given as that of -De Lancey's Neck, described as "The great neck." (See Waumaniuck.) The -dialect spoken in eastern Westchester seems to have been <i>Quiripi</i> (or -Quinipiac), which prevailed near the Sound from New Haven west.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i277f">Armonck,</a></b> claimed as the name of Byram's River, was probably that of a -fishing place. In 1649 the name of the stream is of record, "Called by -the Indians <i>Seweyruck.</i>" In the same record the land is called <i>Haseco</i> -and a meadow <i>Misosehasakey,</i> interpreted by Dr. Trumbull, "Great fresh -meadow," or low wet lands. <i>Haseco</i> has no meaning; it is now assigned -to Port Chester (Saw-Pits), and <i>Misosehasakey</i> to Horse Neck. Armonck -has lost some of its letters. What is left of it indicates <i>Amaug,</i> -"fishing place." (Trumbull's Indian Names.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i278a">Eauketaupucason,</a></b> the name written as that of the feature in the village -of Rye known by the unpleasant English title of "Hog-pen Ridge," is, -writes Mr. William R. Gerard, "Probably an equivalent of Lenape -<i>Ogid-ápuchk-essen,</i> meaning, 'There is rock upon rock,' or one rock -on another rock." Topography not ascertained.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i278b">Manussing</a></b>—in will of Joseph Sherwood, <i>Menassink</i>—an island so called -in the jurisdiction of Rye, may be an equivalent of <i>Min-assin-ink,</i> -"At a place of small stones," <i>Minneweis,</i> now City Island, is in the -same jurisdiction.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i278c">Mamaroneck,</a></b> now so written as the name of a town in Westchester County, -is of record, in 1644, Mamarrack and Mamarranack; later, Mammaranock, -Mamorinack, Mammarinickes (1662), primarily as that of a "Neck or parcel -of land," but claimed to be from the name of an early sachem of the -Kitchtawanks whose territory was called Kitchtawanuck. [FN] Wm. R. -Gerard explains: "The dissyllabic root, <i>mamal,</i> or <i>mamar,</i> means 'To -stripe;' <i>Mamar-a-nak,</i> 'striped arms,' or eyebrows, as the name of an -Indian chief who painted his arms in stripes or radiated his eyebrows," -a custom noted by several early writers. There is no evidence that the -Kitchtawanuck sachem had either residence or jurisdiction here, nor is -his name signed to any deed in this district. The reading in one record, -"Three stripes or strips of land," seems to indicate that the name was -descriptive of the necks or strips of land. (See Waumaniuck.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "Mamarranack and Waupaurin, chiefs of Kitchawanuck." (Col. Hist. - N. Y., xiii, 17.) The Kitchawan is now known as Croton river. It has - no connection whatever with Mamaroneck.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i278d">Waumaniuck</a></b> and <b>Maumaniuck,</b> forms of the name of record as that of the -eastern part of De Lancey's Neck, or Seaman's Point, Westchester County, -as stated in the Indian deed of 1661, which conveyed to one John -Richbell "three necks of land," described as "Bounded on the east by -Mamaroneck River, and on the west by Gravelly or Stony Brook" (Cal. -N. Y. Land Papers, 5), the latter by the Indians called Pockotesse-wacke, -came to be known as Mamaraneck Neck, otherwise described as "The great -neck of land at Mamaroneck."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i278e">Pockotessewacke,</a></b> given as the name of what came to be known as "Gravelly -or Stony Brook," and "Beaver-meadow Brook," [FN] has been translated by -Wm. R. Gerard, from "<i>Petuk-assin-icke,</i> 'where there are numerous round -stones'"; a place from which the name was extended to the stream, or -the name of a place in the stream where there were numerous round -stones, <i>i. e.</i> paving stones or "hard-heads." <i>Esse (esseni)</i> from -<i>assin,</i> "stone," means "stony, flinty."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Pockotessewacke and Beaver-meadow Brook. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers.) -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/cronest.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Cro' Nest Mountain"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i281a">Manuketesuck,</a></b> quoted by Bolton (Hist. West. Co.) as the name of Long -Island Sound and interpreted, "Broad flowing river," was more correctly -explained by Dr. Trumbull: "Apparently a diminutive of <i>Manunkatesuck,</i> -'Menhaden country,' from <i>Munongutteau,</i> 'that which fertalizes or -manures land,' the Indian name for white fish or bony fish, which were -taken in great numbers by the Indians, on the shores of the Sound, for -manuring their corn lands."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i281b">Moharsic</a></b> is said to have been the name of what is now known as -Crom-pond, in the town of Yorktown. The pond is in two parts, and the -name may mean, "Where two ponds meet," or come together. <i>Crom-pond</i> is -corrupt Dutch from <i>Krom-poel,</i> "Crooked pond."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i281c">Maharness,</a></b> the name of a stream rising in Westchester County and flowing -east to the Sound, is also written <i>Mianus</i> and <i>Mahanus,</i> in Dutch -records <i>Mayane,</i> correctly <i>Mayanno.</i> It was the name of "a sachem -residing on it between Greenwich and Stamford, Ct., who was killed by -Capt. Patrick, in 1643, and his head cut off and sent to Fort -Amsterdam." (Brodhead, i, 386.) Dr. Trumbull interpreted, "He who -gathers together." <i>Kechkawes</i> is written as the name of the stream in -1640.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i281d">Nanichiestawack,</a></b> given as the name of an Indian village on the southern -spur of Indian Hill (so called) in the town of Bedford, rests on -tradition.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i281e">Petuckquapaug,</a></b> a pond in Greenwich, Ct., but originally under the -jurisdiction of the Dutch at Fort Amsterdam, signifies "Round Pond." -It is now called "Dumpling Pond." The Dutch changed the suffix to <i>paen,</i> -"soft land," and in that form described an adjacent district of low -land. (See Tappan.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i281f">Katonah,</a></b> the name of a sachem, is preserved in that of a village in the -town of Bedford. The district was known as "Katonah's land." In deed -of 1680, the orthography is Katōōnah—oo as in food.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i282a">Succabonk,</a></b> a place-name in the town of Bedford, stands for Sagabonak-ong, -"Place of ground nuts," or wild potatoes. (See Sagabonock.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i282b">Wequehackhe</a></b> is written by Reichel ("Mem. Moravian Church") as the name -of the Highlands, with the interpretation, "The hill country"—"People -of the hill country." The name has no such meaning. <i>Weque</i> or <i>Wequa,</i> -means "The end," and <i>-hackhe</i> (hacki) means "Land," not up-land. In -other words, the boundary was the end of the Highlands.' [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "<i>Hacki,</i> land; <i>Len-hacki,</i> up-land." (Zeisberger.) "When they - speak of highlands they say <i>Lennihacke,</i> original lands; but they do - not apply the same name to low lands, which, being generally formed by - the overflowing or washing of streams, cannot be called original." - (Heckewelder.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i282c">Mahopack,</a></b> the modern form of the name of a lake in Putnam County, is of -record <i>Makoohpeck</i> in 1765, and <i>Macookpack</i> on Sauthier's map of 1774, -which seem to stand for <i>M'achkookpéeck</i> (<i>Ukh-okpeck,</i> Mah.), meaning -"Snake Lake," or "Water where snakes are abundant." (See Copake.) In -early years snakes were abundant in the region about the lake, and are -not scarce in present times. [FN] The lake is ten miles in circumference -and lies sixteen hundred feet above the level of Hudson's River. It -contains two or three small islands, on the largest of which is the -traditionally famous "Chieftain's Rock."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] A wild, wet region among the hills, where the rattlesnake - abounded. They were formerly found in all parts of the Highlands, and - are still met frequently. -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i282d">Canopus,</a></b> claimed to have been the name of an Indian sachem and now -preserved in Canopus Hollow, Putnam County, is not Indian; it is Latin -from the Greek name of a town in Egypt. "<i>Can'pus,</i> the Egyptian god -of water." (Webster.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i282e">Wiccopee</a></b> is of record as the name of the highest peak in the Fishkill -Mountains on the south border of East Fishkill. It is also assigned to -the pass or clove in the range through which ran the Indian path, now -the present as well as the ancient highway between Fishkill Village and -Peekskill, which was fortified in the war of the Revolution. An Indian -village is traditionally located in the pass, of which "one Wikopy" is -named as chief on the same authority. The name, however, has no -reference to a pass, path, village or chief; it is a pronunciation of -<i>Wecuppe,</i> "The place of basswoods or linden trees," from the inner bark -of which (<i>wikopi</i>) "the Indians made ropes and mats—their tying bark -par excellence." (Trumbull.) "<i>Wikbi</i>, bast, the inner bark of trees." -(Zeisberger.) In Webster and The Century the name is applied to the -Leather-wood, a willowy shrub with a tough, leathery bark.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i283a">Matteawan,</a></b> now so written, has retained that orthography since its first -appearance in 1685 in the Rombout Patent, which reads: "Beginning on -the south side of a creek called Matteawan," the exact boundmark being -the north side or foot of the hill known as Breakneck (<i>Matomps'k</i>). It -has been interpreted in various ways, that most frequently quoted -appearing in Spofford's Gazetteer: "From <i>Matai,</i> a magician, and -<i>Wian,</i> a skin; freely rendered, 'Place of good furs,'" which never -could have been the meaning; nor does the name refer to mountains to -which it has been extended. Wm. R. Gerard writes: "<i>Matáwan,</i> an -impersonal Algonquian verb, meaning, 'It debouches into,' <i>i. e.</i> 'a -creek or river into another body of water,' substantially, 'a -confluence.'" This rendering is confirmed by Albert S. Gatschet, of the -Bureau of Ethnology, who writes: "Mr. Gerard is certainly right when he -explains the radix <i>mat—mata</i>—by confluence, junction, debouching, -and forming verbs as well as roots and nouns." <i>-A'wan, -wan -uan,</i> -etc., is an impersonal verb termination; it appears only in connection -with impersonal verbs. (See Waronawanka.) Matteawan is met in several -forms—Matawa and Mattawan, Ontario, Canada; Mattawan, Maine; Matawan, -Monmouth County, N. J.; Mattawanna, Pa.; Mattawoman, Maryland.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i283b">Fishkill,</a></b> the English name of the stream of which Matteawan is the -estuary, is from Dutch <i>Vischer's Kil.</i> It was probably applied by the -Dutch to the estuary from <i>Vischer's Rak</i> which the Dutch applied to a -reach or sailing course on the Hudson at this point. De Laet wrote: -"A place which our country-men call Vischer's Rack, [FN] that is -Fisherman's Bend." (See Woranecks.) On the earlier maps the stream, or -its estuary, is named <i>Vresch Kil,</i> or "Fresh-water Kil," to distinguish -it from the brackish water of the Hudson. From the estuary extended to -the entire stream.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Rack is obsolete; the present word is <i>Recht.</i> It describes an - almost straight part of the river.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i284a">Woranecks,</a></b> Carte Figurative 1614-16; <i>Waoranecks,</i> 1621-25; <i>Warenecker,</i> -Wassenaer; <i>Waoranekye,</i> De Laet, 1633-40; <i>Waoranecks,</i> Van der Donck's -map, 1656—is located on the Carte Figurative north of latitude 42-15, on -the east side of the river. De Laet and Van der Donck place it between -what are now known as Wappingers' Creek and Fishkill Creek. De Laet -wrote: "Where projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, -there is a place called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous -nation, have their abode." Later, Esopus became permanent on the west -side of the river at Kingston. It is a Dutch corruption of Algonquian -<i>Sepus,</i> meaning brook, creek, etc., applicable to any small stream. -From De Laet's description, [FN] there is little room for doubt that the -"sandy point" to which he referred is now known as Low Point, opposite -the Dans Kamer, at the head of Newburgh Bay, where the river narrows, -or that Esopus was applied to Casper's Creek. On Van der Donck's map the -"barbarous nation" is given three castles on the south side of the -stream, which became known later (1643) as the Wappingers, who certainly -held jurisdiction on the east side of Newburgh Bay. The adjectival of -the name is no doubt from <i>Wáro,</i> or <i>Waloh,</i> meaning "Concave, -hollowing," a depression in land, low land, the latter expressed in -<i>ock (ohke),</i> "land" or place. The same adjectival appears in -<i>Waronawanka</i> at Kingston, and the same word in <i>Woronake</i> on the Sound -at Milford, Ct., where the topography is similar. The foreign plural -<i>s</i> extends the meaning to "Dwellers on," or inhabitants of. (See -Wahamenesing and {Waro?}nawanka.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] . . . "And thus with various windings it reaches a place which our - countrymen call Vischer's Rack, that is the Fisherman's Bend. And here - the eastern bank is inhabited by the Pachimi. A little beyond where - projects a sandy point and the river becomes narrower, there is a place - called Esopus, where the Waoranekys, another barbarous nation, have - their abode. To these succeed, after a short interval, the - Waranawankconghs, on the opposite side of the river." (De Laet.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> "At the Fisher's Hook are the Pachany, Wareneckers," etc. (Wassenaer.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i284b">Mawenawasigh,</a></b> so written in the Rombout Patent of 1684, covering lands -extending from Wappingers' Creek to the foot of the hills on the north -side of Matteawan Creek, was the name of the north boundmark of the -patent and not that of Wappingers' Creek. The Indian deed reads: -"Beginning on the south side of a creek called Matteawan, from thence -northwardly along Hudson's river five hundred yards <i>beyond</i> the Great -Wappingers creek or kill, called Mawenawasigh." The stream was given -the name of the boundmark and was introduced to identify the place that -was five hundred yards north of it, <i>i. e.</i> the rocky point or -promontory through which passes the tunnel of the Hudson River R. R. at -New Hamburgh. The name is from <i>Mawe,</i> "To meet," and <i>Newásek,</i> [FN] -"A point or promontory"—literally, "The promontory where another -boundary is met." The assignment of the name to Wappingers' Falls is as -erroneous as its assignment to the creek.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Nawaas,</i> on the Connecticut, noted on the Carte Figurative of - 1614-16, is very distinctly located at a point on the head-waters of - that river.</p> - -<p class="quote"> <i>Neversink</i> is a corruption of <i>Newas-ink,</i> "At the point or promontory."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i285">Wahamanesing</a></b> is noted by Brodhead (Hist. N. Y.) as the name of -Wappingers' Creek—authority not cited and place where the stream was -so called not ascertained. The initial W was probably exchanged for M -by mishearing, as it was in many cases of record. <i>Mah</i> means "To meet," -<i>Amhannes</i> means "A small river," and the suffix <i>-ing</i> is locative. The -composition reads: "A place where streams come together," which may have -been on the Hudson at the mouth of the creek. In Philadelphia -<i>Moyamansing</i> was the name of a marsh bounded by four small streams. -(N. Y. Land Papers, 646.) Dr. Trumbull in his "Indian Names on the -Connecticut," quoted <i>Mahmansuck</i> (Moh.), in Connecticut, with the -explanation, "Where two streams come together." The name was extended -to the creek as customary in such cases. The Wahamanesing flows from -Stissing Pond, in northern Duchess County, and follows the center of a -narrow belt of limestone its entire length of about thirty-five miles -southwest to the Hudson, which it reaches in a curve and passes over a -picturesque fall of seventy-five feet to an estuary. From early Dutch -occupation it has been known or called Wappinck (1645), Wappinges and -Wappingers' Kill or creek, taking that name presumably from the clan -which was seated upon it of record as "Wappings, Wappinges, Wapans, or -Highland Indians." [FN-1] On Van der Donck's map three castles or -villages of the clan are located on the south side or south of the -creek, indicating the inclusion in the tribal jurisdiction of the lands -as far south as the Highlands. From Kregier's Journal of the "Second -Esopus War" (1663), it is learned that they had a principal castle in -the vicinity of Low Point and that they maintained a crossing-place to -Dans Kamer Point. Their name is presumed to have been derived from -generic <i>Wapan,</i> "East"—<i>Wapani,</i> "Eastern people" [FN-2]—which could -have been properly applied to them as residents on the east side of the -river, not "Eastern people" as that term is applied to residents of the -more Eastern States, but locally so called by residents on the west side -of the Hudson, or by the Delawares as the most eastern nation of their -own stock. They were no doubt more or less mixed by association and -marriage with their eastern as well as their western neighbors, but -were primarily of Lenape or Delaware origin, and related to the Minsi, -Monsey or Minisink clans on the west side of the river, though not -associated with them in tribal government. [FN-3] Their tribal -jurisdiction, aside from that which was immediately local, extended on -the east side of the river from Roelof Jansen's Kill (south of opposite -to the Catskill) to the sea. At their northern bound they met the tribe -known to the Dutch as the Mahicans, a people of eastern origin and -dialect, whose eastern limit included the valley of the Housatonic at -least, and with them in alliance formed the "Mahican nation" of Dutch -history, as stated by King Ninham of the Wappingers, in an affidavit in -1757, and who also stated that the language of the Mahicans was <i>not the -same</i> as that of the Wappingers, although he understood the Mahicani. -Reduced by early wars with the Dutch around New Amsterdam and by contact -with European civilization, they melted away rapidly, many of them -finding homes in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, others at Stockbridge, -and a remnant living at Fishkill removing thence to Otsiningo, in 1737, -as wards of the Senecas. (Col. Hist. N. Y., vii, 153, 158.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "Highland Indians" was a designation employed by the Dutch as - well as by the English. (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 440.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] The familiar historic name <i>Wappingers</i> seems to have been - introduced by the Dutch from their word <i>Wapendragers,</i> "Armed men." - The tribe is first met of record in 1643, when they attacked boats - coming down from Fort Orange. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 12.) A map of - 1690 gives them a large settlement on the south side of the creek. - There is no <i>Opossum</i> in the name, as some writers read it, although - some blundering clerk wrote <i>Oping</i> for <i>Waping.</i></p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] The relations between the Esopus Indians and the Wappingers were - always intimate and friendly, so much so that when the Mohawks made - peace with the Esopus Indians, in 1669, and refused to include the - Wappingers, it was feared by the government that further trouble would - ensue from the "great correspondence and affinity between them." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 427.) "Affinity," relationship by marriage, kinship - generally.</p> - -<p class="quote"> Gov. Tryon, in his report in 1774, no doubt stated the facts correctly - when he wrote that the "Montauks and others of Long Island, Wappingers - of Duchess County, Esopus, Papagoncks, &c., of Ulster County, generally - denominated River Indians, spoke a language radically the same," and - were "understood by the Delawares, being originally of the same race." - (Doc Hist. N. Y., i, 765.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i287a">Poughquag,</a></b> the name of a village in the town of Beekman, Duchess County, -and primarily the name of what is now known as Silver Lake, in the -southeast part of the town, is from <i>Apoquague,</i> (Mass.), meaning, "A -flaggy meadow," which is presumed to have adjoined the lake. It is from -<i>Uppuqui,</i> "Lodge covering," and <i>-anke,</i> "Land" or place. (Trumbull.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i287b">Pietawickquassick,</a></b> a brook so called which formed a bound-mark of a -tract of land conveyed by Peter Schuyler in 1699, described as "On the -east side of Hudson's River, over against Juffrou's Hook, at a place -called by the Christians Jan Casper's Creek." The creek is now known as -Casper's Creek. It is the first creek north of Wappingers' Kill. -Schuyler called the place <i>Rust Plaest</i> (Dutch, Rust-plaats), meaning -"Resting place, or place of peace." The Indian name has not been -located. It is probably a form or equivalent of <i>P'tukqu-suk,</i> "A bend -in a brook or outlet."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i287c">Wassaic,</a></b> a village and a creek so called in the town of Amenia, Duchess -County, appears in N. Y. records in 1702, <i>Wiesasack,</i> as the name of -a tract of land "lying to the southward of Wayanaglanock, to the -westward of Westenhoek creek." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 58); later, -"Near a place called Weshiack" (Ib. 65), "and thence northerly to a place -called Wishshiag, and so on about a mile northwest of ye Allum rocks." -[FN] (Ib. 75.) The name seems to have been applied to the north end of -West Mountain, where is located the ravine known as the Dover Stone -Church, about half a mile west of the village of Dover Plains. The -ravine is 20 to 25 feet wide at the bottom, 1 to 3 feet at the top, -30 to 40 feet long, and 40 to 50 feet high, hence called a church. The -Webotuck, a tributary of Ten Mile River, flows through the ravine. Dr. -Trumbull ("Indian Names in Connecticut") wrote: "<i>Wassiog,</i> (Moh.), -alternate <i>Washiack,</i> a west bound of the Mohegan country claimed by -Uncas; 'the south end of a very high hill' very near the line between -Glastonbury and Hebron," a place near Hartford, Conn., but failed to -give explanation of the name.</p> - - <hr> - - <p class="quote">[FN] <i>Wallam</i>—the initial <i>W</i> dropped—literally, "Paint rocks," a - formation of igneous rock which, by exposure, becomes disintegrated - into soft earthy masses. There are several varieties. The Indians used - the disintegrated masses for paint. The name is met in some forms in - all Algonquian dialects. (See Wallomschack.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i288a">Weputing,</a> Weepitung, Webotuck, Weepatuck</b> (N. Y. and Conn. Rec.), given -as the name of a "high mountain," in the Sackett Patent, was translated -by Dr. Trumbull, from Conn. Records: "<i>Weepatuck,</i> 'Place of the narrow -pass,' or 'strait.'" (See Wassaic.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i288b">Querapogatt,</a></b> a boundmark of the Sackett Patent, is, apparently, a -compound of <i>Quenne,</i> "long," <i>pog</i> (paug), "pond," and <i>att</i> -locaaive—"Beginning at the (a) long pond." The name is met in -<i>Quine-baug,</i> without locative suffix, signifying "Long Pond" simply.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i288c">She'kom'eko,</a></b> preserved as the name of a small stream which rises near -Federal Square, Duchess County, and flows thence north to Roelof -Jansen's Kill, was primarily the name of an Indian village conspicuous -in the history of the labors of the Moravian missionaries. [FN-1] It was -located about two miles south of Pine Plains in the valley of the -stream. Dr. Trumbull translated: "<i>She'com'eko,</i> modern <i>Chic'omi'co,</i> -from <i>-she, -che</i> (from <i>mishe</i> or <i>k'che</i>), 'great,' and <i>comaco,</i> -'house,' or 'enclosed place'—'the great lodge,', or 'the great -village.'" [FN-2] We have the testimony of Loskiel that the occupants -of the village were "Mahicander Indians."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] The field of the labors of the Moravian missionaries extended - to Wechquadnach, Pachquadnach, Potatik, Westenhoek and Wehtak, on the - Housatenuc. <i>Wechquadnach</i> (Wechquetank, Loskiel) was at the end of - what is now known as Indian Pond, lying partly in the town of North - East, Duchess County, and partly in Sharon, Conn. It was the Gnadensee, - or "Lake of Grace," of the missionaries. <i>Wequadn'ach</i> means "At the - end of the mountain" between which and the lake the Indian village - stood. <i>Pachquadn'ach</i> was on the opposite side of the pond; it means - "Clear bare mountain land." <i>Wehtak</i> means "Wigwam place." - <i>Pishgachtigok</i> (Pach-gat-gock, German notation), was about twenty - miles south of Shekomeko, at the junction of Ten Mile River and the - Housatonuc. It means, "Where the river divides," or branches. (See - Schaghticoke.) <i>Westenhoek,</i> noted above, is explained in another - connection. <i>Housatonuc,</i> in N. Y. Land Papers <i>Owassitanuc,</i> stands - for <i>A-wass-adene-uc,</i> Abn.; in Delaware, <i>Awossi,</i> "Over, over there, - beyond," <i>-actenne,</i> "hill or mountain," with locative <i>-uk,</i> "place," - "land"; literally, "A place beyond the hill." (Trumbull.) It is not - the name of either the hill or the river, to which it was extended, - but a verbal direction. An Indian village called Potatik by the - Moravian missionaries, was also on the Housatonuc, and is written in - one form, <i>Pateook.</i></p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] A translation from the Delaware <i>Scha-gach-we-u,</i> "straight," - and <i>meek</i> "fish"—an eel—eel place—has been widely quoted. The - translation by Dr. Trumbull is no doubt correct.</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/highlandswest.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="The Highlands West From Little Stony Brook"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i291a">Shenandoah</a></b> (Shenandoah Corners, East Fishkill) is an Iroquoian name of -modern introduction here. It is met in place in Saratoga County and at -Wyoming, Pa. (See Shannondhoi.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i291b">Stissing,</a></b> now the name of a hill and of a lake one mile west of the -village of Pine Plains, Duchess County, is probably an apheresis of -<i>Mistissing,</i> a "Great rock," and belongs to the hill, which rises 400 -or 500 feet above the valley and is crowned with a mass of naked rock, -described by one writer as "resembling a huge boulder transported there."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i291c">Poughkeepsie,</a></b> now so written, is of record in many forms of which -Pooghkeepesingh, 1683; Pogkeepke, 1702; Pokeapsinck, 1703; Pacaksing, -1704; Poghkeepsie, 1766; Poughkeepsie, 1767, are the earlier. The -locative of the name and the key to its explanation are clearly -determined by the description in a gift deed to Peter Lansing and Jan -Smedes, in 1683: "A waterfall near the bank of the river called -Pooghkeepesingh;" [FN-1] in petition of Peter Lansing and Arnout Velie, -in 1704: "Beginning at a creek called Pakaksing, by ye river side." -[FN-2] There are other record applications, but are probably extensions, -as Poghkeepke (1702), given as the name of a "muddy pond" in the -vicinity. Schoolcraft's interpretation, "Safe harbor," from -<i>Apokeepsing,</i> is questioned by W. R. Gerard, who, from a personal -acquaintance with the locative, "A water-fall," writes: "The name refers -not to the fall, but to the basin of water worn out in the rocks at the -foot of the fall. Zeisberger would have written the word <i>Āpuchkìpìsink,</i> -that is, 'At the rock-pool (or basin) of water.' <i>Āpuchk-ìpìs-ink</i> is -a composition of <i>-puchk,</i> 'rock'; <i>ipis,</i> in composition, 'little -water,' 'pool of water,' 'pond,' 'little lake,' etc." <i>Pooghk</i> is no -doubt from <i>ápughk</i> (apuchk), "rock." The stream has long been known -as the Fall Kill. Primarily there seems to have been three falls upon -it, of which <i>Matapan</i> will be referred to later.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "This fifth day of May, 1683, appeared before me . . . a - Highland Indian called Massang, who declared herewith that he has given - as a free gift, a bouwery (farm) to Pieter Lansingh, and a bouwery to - Jan Smeedes, a young glazier, also a waterfall near the bank of the - river, to build a mill thereon. The waterfall is called Pooghkeepesingh - and the land Minnisingh, situated on the east side of the river." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 571.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 71. There are forty-nine record - orthographies of the term, from which a selection could be made as a - basis of interpretation. <i>Poghkeepke,</i> for example, might be accepted - as meaning, "Muddy Pond," although there is neither a word or particle - in it that would warrant the conclusion.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i292a">Wynogkee,</a> Wynachkee,</b> and <b>Winnakee</b> are record forms of the name of a -district of country or place from which it was extended to the stream -known as the Fall Kill "Through which a kill called Wynachkee runs, -. . . including the kill to the second fall called Mattapan," is the -description in a gift deed to Arnout Velie, in 1680, for three flats -of land, one on the north and two on the south side of the kill. "A -flat on the west side of the kil, called Wynachkee" (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 545, 572), does not mean that the kill was called Wynachkee, but -the flat of land, to which the name itself shows that it belonged. The -derivatives are <i>Winne,</i> "good, fine, pleasant," and <i>-aki</i> (auke, -ohke), "land" or place; literally, "land." [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] From the root <i>Wulit,</i> Del. From the same root <i>Winne, Willi, - Wirri, Waure, Wule,</i> etc. The name is met in equivalent forms in - several places. <i>Wenaque</i> and <i>Wynackie</i> are forms of the name of a - beautiful valley in Passaic county, N. J. (Nelson.) <i>Winakaki,</i> - "Sassifras land—rich, fat land." <i>Winak-aki-ng,</i> "At the Sassifras - place," was the Lenape name of Eastern Pennsylvania. (See Wanaksink.) - Eliot wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, "<i>Wunohke,</i> good land." - The general meaning of the root is pleasurable sensation.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i292b">Mattapan,</a></b> "the second fall," so called in the deed to Arnout Velie -(1680), was the name of a "carrying place," "the end of a portage, -where the canoe was launched again and its bearers reembarked." -(Trumbull.) A landing place. [FN] "At a place called Matapan, to the -south side thereof, bounded on the west by John Casperses Creek." (Cal. -Land Papers, 108.) (See Pietawick-quasick.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Mattappan,</i> a participle of <i>Mattappu,</i> "he sits down," denotes - "a sitting down place," or as generally employed in local names, the - end of a portage between two rivers, or from one arm of the sea to - another—where the canoe was launched again and its bearers reembarked. - (Trumbull.) In Lenape <i>Aan</i> is a radical meaning, "To move; to go." - <i>Paan,</i> "To come; to get to"; <i>Wiket-pann,</i> "To get home"; <i>Paancep,</i> - "Arrived"; <i>Mattalan,</i> "To come upto some body"; logically, - <i>Mattappan,</i> "To stop," to sit down, to land, a landing place</p> - <br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i293a">Minnissingh</a></b> is written as the name of a tract conveyed to Peter Lansing -and Jan Smedes by gift deed in 1683. (See Poughkeepsie.) <i>Minnissingh</i> -is, apparently, the same word that is met in Minnisink, Orange County. -The locative of the tract has not been ascertained, but it was pretty -certainly on the "back" or upper lands. There was no island there. (See -Minnisink.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i293b">Eaquorisink</a></b> is of record as the name of Crom Elbow Creek, and -<i>Eaquaquanessìnck</i> as that of lands on the Hudson, in patent to Henry -Beekman, the boundary of which ran from the Hudson "east by the side of -a fresh meadow called <i>Mansakìn</i> [FN-1] and a small run of water called -<i>Mancapawìmick.</i>" In patent to Peter Falconier the land is called -Eaquaquaannessìnck, the meadow Mansakin, the small creek Nanacopaconick, -and Crom Elbow (Krom Elleboog, Dutch, '"crooked elbow'") Creek. -Eaquarysink is a compression of Eaquaquaannessinck. It was not the name -of the creek, but located the boundmark "as far as the small creek." -The composition is the equivalent of <i>Wequa,</i> [FN-2] "end of"; <i>annes,</i> -"small stream," and <i>ink,</i> "at," "to," etc.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "A meadow or marsh land called Manjakan," is an equivalent - record in Ulster County. (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 133.) "A fresh - meadow," <i>i. e.</i> a fresh water meadow, or low lands by the side of the - creek.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Enaughqua, L. I.; <i>Yò anûck quaque,</i> Williams; <i>Wequa, Weque, - Aqua, Ukwe, Echqu,</i> etc., "end of." The word is met in many forms. - <i>Wehque,</i> "as far as." (Eliot.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i293c">Wawyachtanock,</a></b> Indian deed to Robert Livingston, 1685; <i>Wawyachtanock, -Wawijachtanock, Wawigachtanock</i> in Livingston Patent and -<i>Watwijachtonocks</i> in association with "The Indians of the Long Reach" -(Doc. Hist. N. Y., 93, 97), is given as the name of a place—"The path -that leads to Wawyachtenock." In a petition for permission to purchase, -in 1702 (Col. Land Papers, 58), the description reads: "A tract of land -lying to the westward of Westenhoeks Creek [FN-1] and to ye eastward of -Poghkeepsie, called by ye Indians <i>Wayaughtanock.</i>" It is presumed that -the locative of the name is now known as Union Corners, Duchess County, -where Krom Elleboog Creek, after flowing southwesterly, turns at nearly -a right angle and flows west to the Hudson, which it reaches in a -narrow channel between bluffs, a little south of Krom Elbow Point, -where a bend in the Hudson forms the north end of the Long Reach. The -first word of the name is from <i>Wawai,</i> "Round about," "Winding around," -"eddying," as a current in a bend of a river. The second, <i>-tan, -ten, --ton</i> means "current," by metonymie, "river," and <i>ock,</i> means "land" -or place—"A bend-of-the-river place." The same name is met in -Wawiachtanos, in the Ohio country, [FN-2] and the prefix in many places. -(See Wawayanda.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Westenhoek is Dutch. It means "West corner." It was given by - the Dutch to a tract of land lying in a bend of Housatonuk river, long - in dispute between New York and Massachusetts, called by the Indians - W-nagh-tak-ook, for many years the name of the capital town of the - Mahican nation.(Loskiel.) Rev. Dr. Edwards wrote it Wnoghquetookooke - and translated it from an intimate acquaintance of the Stockbridge - dialect, "A bend-of-the-river-place." Mr. Gerard writes it, - Wamenketukok, "At the winding of the river." Now Stockbridge, Mass.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] "Tjughsaghrondie, alias Wawayachtenok." (Col. Hist. N. Y., iv, - 900; La Trobe's Translation of Loskiel, i, 23.) The first name, - Tjughsaghrondie, is also written Taghsaglirondie, and in other forms. - It is claimed to be from the Wyandot or Huron-Iroquoian dialect. In - History of Detroit the Algonquin is quoted Waweatunong, interpreted - "Circuitous approach," and the claim made that the reference was to - the bend in the Strait at Detroit at an elevation "from which a view - of the whole broad river" could be had. In Shawano, <i>Wawia'tan</i> - describes bending or eddying water—with locative, "Where the current - winds about." The name is applicable at any place where the features - exist.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i294a">Metambeson,</a></b> a creek so called in Duchess County, is now known as -Sawkill. It is the outlet of a lake called Long Pond. The Indian name -is from <i>Matt,</i> negative and depreciatory, "Small, unfavorable," etc., -and <i>M'beson,</i> "Strong water," a word used in describing brandy, -spirits, physic, etc. The rapidity of the water was probably referred -to.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i294b">Waraughkameck</a>—Waraukameck</b>—a small lake in the same county, is now -known as "Fever Cot or Pine Swamp." The Indian name is probably an -equivalent of Len. <i>Wálagh-kamik,</i> an enclosed hole or den, a hollow or -excavation.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i294c">Aquassing</a></b>—"At a creek called by the Indians Aquassing, and by the -Christians Fish Creek"—has not been located. <i>Aquassing</i> was the end of -the boundary line, and may be from <i>Enaughquasink,</i> "As far as."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i294d">Tauquashqueick,</a></b> given as the name of a meadow lying between Magdalen -Island [FN] and the main land, now known as "Radcliff's Vly," is -probably an equivalent of <i>Pauqua-ask-ek.</i> "Open or clear wet meadow -or vly."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Magdalen Island is between Upper and Lower Red-hook. The original - Dutch, Maagdelijn, supposed to mean "A dissolute woman," here means, - simply, "Maiden," <i>i. e.</i> shad or any fish of the herring family. (See - Magaat Ramis.) The name appears on Van der Donck's map of 1656.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i295a">Sankhenak</a></b> and <b>Saukhenak</b> are record forms of the name given as that of -Roelof Jansen's Kil (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 612; French's Gazetteer.) -<i>Sauk-hannek</i> would describe the mouth or outlet of the stream, and -<i>Sank-hannek</i> would read "Flint-stone creek." Sauk is probably correct. -The purchase included land on both sides of the creek from "A small kil -opposite the Katskil," on the north, called <i>Wachhanekassik.</i> "to a -place opposite Sagertyes Kil, called Saaskahampka." The stream is now -known as Livingston's Creek. [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The creek was the boundmark between the Wappingers and the - Mahicans. (See Wahamanessing.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i295b">Wachanekassik,</a></b> Indian deed to Livingston, 1683; <i>Waghankasick,</i> patent -to Van Rensselaer, 1649, and other orthographies, is written as the -name of a small creek which marked the place of beginning of the -northwest boundmark of the Livingston Patent and the place of ending of -the southwest boundmark of the prior Van Rensselaer Patent of Claverack. -The latter reads; ". . . And so along the said Hudson River southward -to the south side of Vastrix Island, by a creek called Waghankasick, -thence easterly to Wawanaquasik," etc. The deed to Livingston conveyed -lands "On both sides of Roelof Jansen's Kill, [FN-1] called by the -Indians Sauk-henak," including lands "along the river's bank from said -Roeloff Jansen's Kill, northwards up, to a small stream opposite -Catskill named Wachanekasseck, and southwards down the river to -opposite the Sagertjes Kill, called by the Indians Saaskahampka." In -the Livingston Patent of 1684: "Eighteen hundred acres of woodland -lying between a small creek or kill lying over against Catskill called -Wachanakasseck and a place called Suaskahampka," and in patent of 1686: -"On the north by a line to be drawn from a certain creek or kill over -against the south side of Vastrix Island in Hudson's River, called -Wachankasigh," to which Surveyor John Beatty added more precisely on -his map of survey in 1715: "Beginning on the east side of Hudson's -River <i>southward</i> from Vastrix Island, <i>at a place</i> where a certain run -of water watereth out into Hudson's River, called in ye Indian tongue, -Wachankassik." The "run of water" is not marked on Beatty's map, nor on -the map of survey of the patent in 1798, but it is marked, from -existence or presumed existence, on a map of the boundary line between -New York and Massachusetts and seems to have been one of the several -small streams that flow down the bluff from the surface, apparently -about two miles and a half north of Roelof Jansen's Kill, in the -vicinity of the old Oak Hill station [FN-2] on the H. R. R., later -known as Catskill station. While referred to in connection with the -boundmark to identify its location, its precise location seems to have -been lost. In early days boundmarks were frequently designated in -general terms by some well known place. Hence we find Catskill spoken -of and particularly "the south end of Vastrix Island," a point that -every voyager on the Hudson knew to be the commencement of a certain -"rak" or sailing course. [FN-3] Hence it was that Van Rensselaer's -first purchase (1630) was bounded on the south by the south end of -Beeren or Mahican Island, and the second purchase by the south end of -Vastrix Island, which became the objective of the northwest bound of -Livingston's Patent. While the name is repeatedly given as that of the -stream, it was probably that of a place or point on the limestone bluff -which here bounds the Hudson on the east for several miles. Surveyor -Beatty's description, "Beginning at a place where," and the omission of -the stream on his map, and its omission on subsequent maps of the manor, -and the specific entry in the amended patent of 1715, "Beginning at a -certain place called by the Indians Wahankassek," admit of no other -conclusion, and the conclusion is, apparently, sustained by the name -itself, which seems to be from Moh. <i>Wakhununuhkōōsek,</i> "A high point," -as a hill, mountain, peak, bluff, etc., from <i>Wakhu</i>, "hill, mountain," -<i>uhk,</i> "end, point," and <i>ōōsic,</i> "peak, pinnacle." etc. The reference -may have been to a point formed by the channel of the little stream -flowing down from the bluff above, or to some projection, but certainly -to the bluff as the only permanent objective on the Hudson. The -connection of the "small run of water" with the boundmark should -entitle it to more particular description than has been given to it by -local writers.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Named from Roeloff Jansen, Overseer of the Orphan Court under - the Dutch Government. (French.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Oak Hill station on the Hudson River R. R., about five miles - south of the city of Hudson, was so called from a hill in the interior - just north of the line of the town of Livingston, from which the land - slopes west towards the Hudson and south to Roelof Jansen's Kill.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] <i>Vastrix</i> is a compression of Dutch <i>t'Vaste Rak</i> as written on - Van der Donck's map of 1656, meaning, "The fast or steady reach or - sailing course," which began here. The island is the first island - lying north of the mouth of the Katskill. It is now known as Roger's - Island.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i297a">Nickankook,</a> Kickua</b> and <b>Weckqashake</b> are given as the names of "three -flats" which, with "some small flats," were included in the first -purchase by Livingston, and described as "Situate on both sides" of the -kill called Saukhenak (Roelof Jansen's Kill). The Indian deed also -included all land "Extending along the bank of the river northwards -from Roelof Jansen's Kill to a small stream opposite Catskill named -Wachanekassik." The names of the three flats are variously -spelled—Nickankooke, Nickankook, etc. The first has been translated -by Mr. Wm. R. Gerard from <i>Nichánhkûk,</i> "At the bend in front." -<i>Kickua,</i> the second, is untranslatable. <i>Wickquashaka, Wequakake,</i> -etc., is the equivalent of <i>Wequaohke,</i> "End land" or place. The kill -flows through a valley of broad and fertile flats, but near the Hudson -it breaks through the limestone bluff which forms the east line of the -Hudson, and its banks are steep and rocky.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i297b">Saaskahampka,</a></b> Indian deed; <i>Suaskahampka</i> patent of 1684—the southwest -boundmark of the Livingston Patent, is described as "A dry gully at -Hudson's River." It is located about opposite Sawyer's Creek, north of -the present Saugerties or Esopus Creek. <i>Sasco,</i> or as written <i>Saaska,</i> -means "A swamp;" <i>Assisku</i> (Del.), "Mud, clay"; <i>Asuskokámika,</i> "Muddy -place," a gully in which no water was flowing. (Gerard.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i297c">Mananosick</a></b>—"Along the foot of a high mountain to the path that goes to -Wawyactanock to a hill called by the Indians Mananosick." Also written -<i>Nanosick.</i> Eliot wrote, in the Natick dialect, <i>Nahōōsick,</i> "Pinnacle," -or high peak. The indefinite and impersonal <i>M'</i> or <i>Ma,</i> prefixed, -would add "a" or "the" high peak. The hill has not been located except -in a general way as near the Massachusetts line.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i297d">Nanapenahakan</a></b> and <b>Nanipanihekan</b> are orthographies of the name of a -"creek or brook" described as "coming out of a marsh lying near unto -the hills where the heaps of stones lye." The stream flows to Claverack -Creek. The outlet waters of Achkookpeek Lake unite with it, from which -it is now called Copake Creek. It unites with Kinderhook Creek north of -the city of Hudson.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i298">Wawanaquasik,</a></b> Claverack Patent, 1649; <i>Wawanaquassick,</i> Livingston -Patent of 1686; <i>Wawauaquassick</i> and <i>Mawauapquassek,</i> patent of 1715; -<i>Mawanaqwassik,</i> surveyor's notation, 1715; now written -<i>Mawanaquassick</i>—a boundmark of the Claverack Patent of 1649, and also -of the Livingston Patent, is described in the Claverack Patent, "To the -high woodland called Wawanaquasik," and in the Livingston Patent, "<i>To -a place</i> called by the Indians Wawanaqussek, where the heapes of stone -lye, near to the head of a creek called Nanapenahaken, which comes out -of a marsh lying near unto the hills of the said heapes of stones, upon -which the Indians throw another as they pass by, from an ancient custom -among them." The heap of stones here was "on the south side of the path -leading to Wayachtanok," and other paths diverged, showing that the -place was a place of meeting. "To the high woodland," in the description -of 1649, is marked on the map of survey of 1715, "Foot of the hill," -apparently a particular point, the place of which was identified by the -head of the creek, the marsh and the heap of stones. The name may have -described this point or promontory, or it may have referred to the -place of meeting near the head of the creek, or to the end of the marsh, -but it is claimed that it was the name of the heap of stones, and that -it is from <i>Miáe,</i> or <i>Miyáe,</i> "Together"—<i>Mawena,</i> "Meeting," -"Assembly"—frequently met in local names and accepted as meaning, -"Where paths or streams or boundaries come together;" and <i>Qussuk,</i> -"stone"—"Where the stones are assembled or brought together," "A stone -heap." This reading is of doubtful correctness. Dr. Trumbull wrote that -<i>Qussuk,</i> [FN-1] meaning "stone," is "rarely, perhaps never" met as a -substantival in local names, and an instance is yet to be cited where -it is so used. It is a legitimate word in some connections, however, -Eliot writing it as a noun in <i>Môhshe-qussuk,</i> "A flinty rock," in the -singular number. If used here it did not describe "a heap of stones," -but a certain rock. On the map of survey of the patent, in 1798, the -second station is marked "Manor Rock," and the third, "Wawanaquassick," -is located 123 chains and 34 links (a fraction over one and one-half -miles) north of Manor Rock, as the corner of an angle. In the survey of -1715, the first station is "the foot of the hill"—"the high -woodland"—which seems to have been the <i>Mawan-uhqu-ōōsik</i> [FN-2] of the -text. To avoid all question the heap of stones seems to have been -included in the boundary. It now lies in an angle in the line between -the townships of Claverack and Taghkanic, Columbia County, and is by -far the most interesting feature of the locative—a veritable footprint -of a perished race. Similar heaps were met by early European travelers -in other parts of the country. Rev. Gideon Hawley, writing in 1758, -described one which he met in Schohare Valley, and adds that the -largest one that he ever saw was "on the mountain between Stockbridge -and Great Barrington." Mass. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039.) The -significance of the "ancient custom" of casting a stone to these heaps -has not been handed down. Rev. Mr. Sergeant wrote, in 1734, that though -the Indians "each threw a stone as they passed, they had entirely lost -the knowledge of the reason for doing so," and an inquiry by Rev. -Hawley, in 1758, was not attended by a better result. [FN-3] The heaps -were usually met at resting places on the path and the custom of -throwing the stone a sign-language indicating that one of the tribe had -passed and which way he was going, but further than the explanation -that the casting of the stone was "an ancient custom," nothing may be -claimed with any authority. A very ancient custom, indeed, when its -signification had been forgotten.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Williams wrote in the Narraganset dialect <i>Qussuck,</i> stone; - <i>Qussuckanash,</i> stones; <i>Qussuckquon,</i> heavy. Zeisberger wrote in the - Minsi-Lenape, <i>Ksucquon,</i> heavy; <i>Achsun,</i> stone; <i>Apuchk,</i> rock. - Chippeway, <i>Assin,</i> stone; <i>Aubik,</i> rock. Old Algonquian, <i>Assin,</i> - stone. Eliot wrote in the Natick (Mass.) dialect, <i>Qussuk,</i> a rock; - <i>Qussukquanash,</i> rocks; <i>Hussunash,</i> stones; <i>Hussunek,</i> lodge or ledge - of rocks, and for <i>Hussimek</i> Dr. Trumbull wrote <i>Assinek</i> as an - equivalent, and <i>Hussun</i> or <i>Hussunash,</i> stones, as identical with - <i>Qussukqun,</i> heavy. Eliot also wrote <i>-pick</i> or <i>-p'sk,</i> in compound - words, meaning "Rock," or "stone," as qualified by the adjectival - prefix, <i>Onap'sk,</i> "Standing rock."</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Literally, "A meeting point," or sharp extremity of a hill.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1039. The heap referred to by Rev. Hawley - was on the path leading to Schohare. It gave name to what was long - known as the "Stoneheap Patent." The heap is now in the town of - Esperance and near Sloansville, Schohare County. It is four rods long, - one or two wide, and ten to fifteen feet high. (French.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i299">Ahashewaghick</a></b> and <b>Ahashewaghkameck,</b> the latter in corrected patent of -1715, is given as the name of the northeast boundmark of the Manor of -Livingston, and described as "the northernmost end of the hills that -are to the north of Tachkanick"—specifically by the surveyor, "To a -heap of stones laid together on a certain hill called by the Indians -Ahashawaghkik, by the north end of Taghanick hill or mountain"—has -been translated from <i>Nash-ané-komuk</i> (Eliot), "A place between." Dr. -Trumbull noted <i>Ashowugh-commocke,</i> from the derivatives -quoted—<i>Nashaué,</i> "between"; <i>-komuk,</i> "place," limited, enclosed, -occupied, <i>i. e.</i> by "a heap of stones laid together," probably by the -surveyor of the prior Van Rensselaer Patent, of which it was also a -boundmark. The hill is now the northeast comer of the Massachusetts -boundary line, or the north end of Taghkanick hills.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i300">Taghkanick,</a></b> the name of a town in Columbia County and primarily of a -tract of land included in the Livingston Patent and located "behind -<i>Potkoke,</i>" is written <i>Tachkanick</i> in the Indian deed of 1685; -<i>Tachhanick</i> in the Indian deed of 1687-8; "Land called <i>Tachhanick</i> -which the owners reserved to plant upon when they sold him <i>Tachhanick,</i> -with the land called Quissichkook;" <i>Tachkanick,</i> "having the kill on -one side and the hill on the other"; <i>Tahkanick</i> (Surveyor's notation) -1715—is positively located by the surveyor on the east side of the kill -called by the Indians <i>Saukhenak,</i> and by the purchasers Roelof Jansen's -Kill. Of the meaning of the name Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan wrote: -"<i>Tachanûk,</i> 'Wood place,' literally, 'the woods,' from <i>Takone,</i> -'forest,' and <i>ûk,</i> 'place'"; which Dr. Trumbull regarded as "the least -objectionable" of any of the interpretations that had fallen under his -notice, and to which he added: "Literally, 'wild lands,' 'forest.'" It -would seem to be more probable that <i>Tachk, Taghk, Tachh, Tahk,</i> etc., -represents <i>Tak</i> (Taghk), with formative <i>an, Taghkan,</i> meaning "wood;" -and <i>ek,</i> animate plural added, "Woods," "trees," "forest." Dr. -O'Callaghan's <i>ûk</i> (ook), "Land or place," is not in any of the -orthographies. The deed-sentence, "When they sold him Tachanick," reads -literally, from the name, "When they sold him the woods." The name was -extended to the reserved field, to the stream and to the mountain. [FN] -The latter is familiar to geologists in what is known as the Taconic -rocks. Translations of the name from Del. <i>Tuphanné,</i> "Cold stream," -and <i>Tankkanné,</i> "Little river," are without merit, although <i>Tankhanné</i> -would describe the branch of Roelof Jansen's Kill on which the -plantation was located.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The purchasers claimed but the Indians denied having sold the - mountain. It was heavily wooded no doubt. Livingston claimed it from - having bought "the woods." The Moravian missionaries wrote, in 1744, - <i>W'takantschan,</i> which Dr. Trumbull converted to <i>Ket-takone-wadchu,</i> - "Great woody mountain."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i301a">Wichquapakat,</a> Wichquapuchat, Wickquapubon,</b> the latter by the surveyor, -given as the name of the southeast boundmark of the Livingston Patent -and therein described as "the south end of the hills," of which -Ahashawagh-kameck was the north. <i>Wichqua</i> is surely an equivalent of -<i>Wequa</i> (<i>Wehqua,</i> Eliot), "As far as; ending at; the end or extreme, -point." [FN] Now the southwest corner on the Massachusetts line.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Robert Livingston, who wrote most of the Indian names in his - patent, was a Scotchman. He learned to "talk Dutch" in Rotterdam, and - picked up an acquaintance with the Indian tongues at Fort Orange - (Albany). Some of his orthographies are singular combinations.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i301b">Mahaskakook,</a></b> a boundmark in the Livingston Patent, is described, in one -entry, as "A copse," <i>i. e.</i> "A thicket of underbrush," and in another -entry, "A cripple bush," <i>i. e.</i> "A patch of low timber growth"—Dutch, -<i>Kreupelbosch,</i> "Underwood." Probably the Indian name has, substantially, -the same moaning. <i>Manask</i> (Del.), "Second crop"; <i>-ask,</i> "Green, raw, -immature"; <i>-ak,</i> "wood"; <i>-ook</i> (<i>ûk</i>), locative. The location has not -been ascertained.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i301c">Nachawawakkano,</a></b> given as the name of a creek described as a "creek which -comes into another creek," is an equivalent of <i>Léchau-wakhaune</i> -(Lenape), "The fork of a river," a stream that forks another stream. -Aupaumut, the Stockbridge Historian, wrote, with locative suffix, -<i>Naukhuwwhnauk,</i> "At the fork of the streams."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i301d">Mawichnauk</a></b>—"the place where the two streams meet being called -Mawichnauk"—means "The fork place," or place where the Nachawawakkano -and the Tawastaweka came together, or where the streams meet or flow -together. In the Bayard Patent the name is written Mawighanuck and -Wawieghanuck. (See Wawighanuck.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i301e">Shaupook</a></b> and <b>Skaukook</b> are forms of the name assigned to the eastern -division of a stream, "which, a little lower down," was "called -Twastawekah," known later as Claverack Creek. It may be translated from -<i>Sóhk,</i> Mass., "outlet," and <i>ûk,</i> locative, "At the outlet" or mouth -of the stream.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i302a">Twastawekah</a></b> and <b>Tawastawekah,</b> given, in the Livingston Patent, as the -name of Claverack Creek, is described as a place that was below Shaukook, -The root is <i>Tawa,</i> an "open space," and the name apparently an -equivalent of Lenape <i>Tawatawikunk,</i> "At an open place," or an -uninhabited place, a wilderness. <i>Tauwata-wique-ak,</i> "A place in the -wilderness." (Gerard.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i302b">Sahkaqua,</a></b> "the south end of a small piece of land called Sahkaqua and -Nakawaewick"; "to a run of water on ye east end of a certain flat or -piece of land called in ye Indian tongue, Sahkahka; then south . . . one -hundred and forty rods to . . . where two runs of water come together -on the south side of the said flat; then west . . . to a rock or great -stone on the south corner of another flat or piece of low land called by -the Indians Nakaowasick." (Doc. Hist., iii, 697.) On the surveyor's map -Nakaowasick, the place last named, is changed to Acawanuk. From the -text, <i>Sahkaqua</i> described "Land or place at the outlet or mouth of a -stream," from <i>Sóhk,</i> "outlet," and <i>-ohke,</i> "land" or place. The -second name <i>Nakawaewick</i> (Nakaouaewik, Nakawasick, Acawasik) is -probably from <i>Nashauewasuck,</i> "At (or on) a place between," <i>i. e.</i> -between the streams spoken of.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i302c">Minnischtanock,</a></b> in the Indian deed to Livingston, 1685, located the end -of a course described as "Beginning on the northwest side of Roelof -Jansen's Kill," and in the patent, "Beginning on the other side of the -creek that runs along the flat or plain land <i>over against</i> -Minnisichtanock, and from thence along a small hill to a valley," etc. -The name has been interpreted "Huckleberry-hill place," from <i>Min,</i> -"Small fruit or grain of any kind"; <i>-achtenne,</i> "hill"; <i>-ûk,</i> locative.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i302d">Kackkawanick,</a></b> written also Kachtawagick, Kachkawyick, and Kachtawayick, -is described in the deed, as "A high place to the westward of a high -mountain." Location has not been ascertained. From the map it seems to -have been a long, narrow piece of land between the hills.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i302e">Quissichkook,</a> Quassighkook,</b> etc., one of the two places reserved by the -Indians "to plant upon" when they sold Tachkanik, is described in the -deed as a place "lying upon this (<i>i. e.</i> the west) side of Roelof -Jansen's Kill" and "near Tachanik," the course running "thence along a -small hill to a valley that leads to a small creek called by the Indians -Quissichkook, and over the creek to a high place to the westward of a -high mountain called by the natives Kachtawagick." In a petition by -Philip Schuyler, 1686, the description reads: "Quassichkook, . . . -lying on the east side of Roelof Jansen's Kill," and the place as a tract -of woodland. The name was probably that of a wooded bluff on the east -side of the creek. It seems to be from <i>Kussuhkoc</i> (Moh.), "high," and -<i>-ook,</i> locative—"At, to or on a high place"—from which the stream and -the plantation was located. (See Quassaick.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i303">Pattkoke,</a></b> a place so called, also written <i>Pot-koke,</i> gave name to a -large tract of land patented to Johannes Van Rensselaer in 1649. In -general terms the tract was described as lying "South of Kinder-hook, -[FN-1] east of Claverack, [FN-2] and west of Taghkanick" (Doc. Hist. -N. Y., iii, 617), and also as "Lying to the east of Major Abraham's -patent of Claverack." [FN-3] Specifically, in a caveat filed by John -Van Rensselaer, in 1761, "From the mouth of Major Staats, or Kinderhook -Kill, south along the river to a point opposite the south end of Vastrix -Island, thence easterly twenty-four English miles," etc. (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 307. See also, Wachanekasaik.) It was an immense tract, -covering about eight miles on the Hudson by twenty-four miles deep, and -became known as "The Lower Manor of Rensselaerswyck," but locally as -Claverack, from its frontage on the river-reach so called. The name was -that of a particular place which was well known from which it was -extended to the tract. In "History of Columbia County" this particular -place is claimed to have been the site of an Indian village situate -"about three (Dutch, or nine English) miles inland from Claverack." -(Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 84.) The record does not give the name, nor does -it say "village," but place. The local story is, therefore, largely -conjectural. The orthographies of the name are imperfect. Presumably, -they may be read from Mass. <i>Pautuckoke,</i> meaning "Land or country -around the falls of a stream," and the reference to some one of the -several falls on Claverack Creek, or on Eastern Creek, its principal -tributary. Both streams were included in the patent, and both are marked -by falls and rifts, but on the latter there are several "cataracts and -falls of great height and surpassing beauty." "Nothing but a greater -volume of water is required to distinguish them as being among the -grandest in the world," adds the local historian. The special reference -by the writer was to the falls at the manufacturing village known as -Philmont, nine miles east of the Hudson, corresponding with the record -of the "place" where the Indians assembled in 1663-4. <i>Pautuck</i> is met -in many forms. It means, "The falls of a stream." With the suffix, <i>-oke</i> -(Mass. <i>-auke</i>), "Land, ground, place, unlimited"—"the country around -the falls," or the falls country. (See Potick.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Kinderhook is an anglicism of Dutch <i>Kinder-hoek,</i> meaning, - literally, "Children's point, angle or corner." It dates from the - Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and hence is one of the oldest names on - Hudson's River. It is supposed to have been applied from a gathering of - Indian children on a point of land to gaze upon the ship of the early - navigator. It could not have been a Dutch substitute for an Indian name. - It is pure Dutch. It was not an inland name. The navigator of 1614-16 - did not explore the country.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] <i>Claverack</i>—Dutch, <i>Claverrak</i>—literally, "Clover reach—a - sailing course or reach, so called from three bare or open fields which - appear on the land, a fancied resemblance to <i>trefoil</i> or three-leaved - clover," wrote Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter in their Journal in - 1679-80. Presumably the places are specifically located in the patent - to Jan Frans van Heusen, May, 1667, on which the city of Hudson now - stands, which is described as "A tract of land which takes in three of - the Clavers on the south." From the locative the reach extended some - miles north and south and to lands which it bounded. It is still - preserved as the name of a creek, a town and a village. Of record it - dates back to De Laet's map of 1625-6, and is obviously much older. It - is possible that the "three bare places" were fields of white clover, - as has been claimed by one writer, but there is no record stating that - fact. Dankers and Sluyter, who wrote only fifty-four years after the - application of the name, no doubt gave correctly the account of its - origin as it was related to them by living witnesses. If interpreted as - were the names of other reaches, the reference would be to actual - clover fields.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] "Major Abraham" was Major Abraham Staats, who located on a neck - of land on the north side of "Major Staats' Creek," now Stockport Creek. - (See Ciskhakainck.) "West of Taghkanick," probably refers to the - mountains now so known. It means, literally, however, "The woods." - (See Taghkanick.) There was a heated controversy between the patroon of - Rensselaerswyck and Governor Stuyvesant in regard to the purchase of - the tract. It was decided in 1652 in favor of the former, who had, in - the meantime, granted several small leaseholds. (See Brodhead's Hist. - N. Y., i.) The first settlement by the patroon was in 1705 at Claverack - village.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i304">Ciskhekainck</a></b> and <b>Cicklekawick</b> are forms of the name of a place granted -by patent to Major Abraham Staats, March 25, 1667, and to his son in -1715, described as "Lying north of Claverack [Hudson], on the east side -of the river, along the Great Kill [Kinderhook Creek], to the first fall -of water; then to the fishing place, containing two hundred acres, more -or less, bounded by the river on one side and by the Great Kill on the -other." Major Staats had made previous settlement on the tract under -lease from Van Rensselaer. His house and barn were burned by the Indians -in the Esopus war of 1663. In 1715, he being then dead, his son, Abraham, -petitioned for an additional tract described as "Four hundred acres -adjoining the north line of the neck of land containing two hundred -acres now in his possession, called Ciskhekainck, on the north side of -Claverack, on ye east side of Hudson's River." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -118.) The petition was granted and the two parcels consolidated. The -particular fall referred to is probably that now known as Chittenden's, -on Kinderhook (now Stockport) Creek, a short distance west of Stockport -Station. It may be called a series of falls as the water primarily -descended on shelves or steps. It was noted as remarkable by Dankens -and Sluyter in 1679-80. [FN] Claverack Creek unites with Stockport Creek -just west of the falls. In other connections both streams are called -mill streams. In the Stephen Bayard patent of 1741, the name of the fall -on Stockport Creek is noted as "A certain fall . . . called by the -Indians <i>Kasesjewack</i>" The several names are perhaps from <i>Cochik'uack</i> -(Moh.), "A wild, dashing" stream. <i>Cochik'uack,</i> by the way, is one of -the most corrupted names of record.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "We came to a creek, where, near the river, lives a man whom they - call the Child of Luxury (<i>t'kinder van walde</i>). He had a sawmill on - the creek or waterfall, which is a singular one. The water falls quite - steep in one body, but it comes down in steps, with a broad rest - sometimes between them. These steps were sixty feet or more high, and - were formed out of a single rock."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i305">Kesieway's Kil,</a></b> described in an Indian deed to Garritt van Suchtenhorst, -1667-8. "A certain piece of land at Claverack between the bouwery of -Jan Roother and Major Abraham Staats, beginning at a fall at the kil -called Kesieway's Kil." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 51, 57.) The tract seems -to have been on Claverack Creek south of Stockport "Jan Roothers" is -otherwise written, "Jan Hendricksen, alias Jan Roothaer." <i>Roth</i> (German) -means "red," <i>-aer</i> is from German <i>Haar</i> (hair). He was known locally -as "Jan, the red-head." The location of the fall has not been -ascertained. <i>Kashaway</i> Creek is a living form of the name in the town -of Greenport, Columbia County. On the opposite side of the Hudson the -same name apparently, appears in Keesieway, Kesewey, etc., as that of a -"chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians. (See Keessienwey's Hoeck.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i306a">Pomponick,</a></b> Columbia County. (N. Y. Land Papers.) <i>Pompoenik,</i> a fort to -be erected at "about the barn of Lawrence van Alen." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., -ii, 90.) <i>Pompoen</i> is Dutch for pumpkin. The name is also written as -that of an Indian owner—"the land bought by Jan Bruyn of Pompoen." -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 545.) Pompoeneck is the form of the signature -to deed.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i306b">Mawighanuck,</a> Mawighunk, Waweighannuck, Wawighnuck,</b> forms of the name -preserved as that of the Bayard Patent, Columbia County, described as a -place "Lying to the northwest of Kinderhook, about fifteen miles from -Hudson's River, upon Kinderhook River and some branches thereof, part of -which tract is known by the Indian name of Mawighanuck." The particular -"part" noted has not been located, but it seems to have been where one -of the branches of Kinderhook Creek united with that stream. (See -Mawichnauk.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i306c">Mogongh-kamigh,</a></b> a boundmark of the Bayard Patent (Land Papers, 245), is -located therein, "From a fall on said river called by the Indians -Kasesjewack to a certain place called by the natives Mogongh-kamigh, -then up the southeast branch," etc. The name means, probably, "Place of -a great tree."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i306d">Kenaghtiquak,</a></b> "a small stream" so called, was the name of a boundmark of -the Peter Schuyler Patent, described, "Beginning where three oak trees -are marked, lying upon a small creek, to the south of Pomponick, called -by the Indians Kenaghtiquak, and running thence," etc. It probably -stands for <i>Enaughtiqua-ûk,</i> "The beginning place."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i306e">Machachoesk,</a></b> a place so called in Columbia County, has not been located. -It is described of record as a place "lying on both sides of Kinderhook -Creek," and may have taken its name from an adjacent feature.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i306f">Wapemwatsjo,</a></b> the name of a hill in Columbia County, is a Dutch -orthography of <i>Wapim-wadchu,</i> "Chestnut Hill." The interpretation is -correctly given in the accompanying alternate, "or Karstengeberg" -(Kastanjeberg, Dutch), "Chestnut Hill."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i306g">Kaunaumeek,</a></b> an Indian village sixteen miles east of Albany, in the town -of Nassau, Rensselaer County, was the scene of the labors of Moravian -missionaries, and especially of Missionary Brainerd. It was long known -as Brainerd's Bridge, and is now called Brainerds. The name is Lenape -(German notation) and the equivalent of <i>Quannamáug,</i> Nar., <i>Gunemeek,</i> -Len., "Long-fish place," a "Fishing-place for lampreys." The form, -Kaunaumeek, was introduced here by the Moravian missionaries.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i307a">Scompamuck</a></b> is said to have been the name of the locality now covered by -the village of Ghent, Columbia County, perhaps more strictly the head -of the outlet of Copake Lake where an Indian settlement is located on -early maps. The suffix, <i>-amuck,</i> is the equivalent of <i>-amaug,</i> "fishing -place." <i>Ouschank-amaug,</i> from <i>Ousch-acheu,</i> "smooth, slippery," hence -eel or lamprey—"a fishing-place for eels."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i307b">Copake,</a></b> the modern form of the name of a lake in Columbia County, is of -record <i>Achkookpeek</i> (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii. 628), meaning, literally, -"Snake water," from <i>Achkook,</i> "Snake," and <i>-péek,</i> "Water place," pool -or pond. Hendrick Aupaumut, the Historian of the Stockbridge-Mahicans, -wrote: "<i>Ukhkokpeck;</i> it signifies snake-water, or water where snakes -are abundant." On a map of the boundary line between Massachusetts and -New York an Indian village is located at the outlet of the lake, -presumably that known as Scompamuck.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i307c">Kaphack,</a></b> on Westenhook River, a place described as "Beginning at an -Indian burying-place hard by Kaphack," probably means "A separate -place"—"land not occupied." The tract began at "an Indian -burying-place," and presumably took its name therefrom. <i>Chépeck,</i> "The -dead;" <i>Chépeack,</i> "Place of the dead." (See Shapequa.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i307d">Valatie,</a></b> the name of a village in Columbia County, is Dutch. It means -"Vale, valley, dale, dell," and not "Little Falls," as rendered in -French's Gazetteer. <i>Waterval</i> is Dutch for "Waterfall." <i>Vallate,</i> Low -Latin for "valley," is the derivative of <i>Valatie,</i> as now written.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i307e">Schodac,</a></b> now covered by the village of Castleton (Schotax, 1677; -Schotack, 1768), was the place of residence of Aepjin, sachem, or "peace -chief," of the Mahicans. [FN-1] It has been translated from <i>Skootay,</i> -Old Algonquian (<i>Sqúta,</i> Williams), "fire," and <i>-ack,</i> "place," -literally, "Fire Place," or place of council. It was extended to Smack's -Island, opposite Albany, which was known to the early Dutch as -"Schotack, or Aepjen's Island." It is probable, however, that the -correct derivative is to be found in <i>Esquatak,</i> or Eskwatak, the record -name of the ridge of land east of Castleton, near which the Mahican fort -or palisaded village was located, from which Castleton takes its name. -<i>Esquatak</i> is pretty certainly an equivalent of <i>Ashpohtag</i> (Mass.), -meaning "A high place." Dropping the initial <i>A,</i> and also the letter -<i>p</i> and the second <i>h,</i> leaves Schotack or Shotag; by pronunciation -Schodac. Eshodac, of which Meshodack [FN-2] is another form, the name of -a high peak in the town of Nassau, Rensselaer County, has become Schodac -by pronunciation. It has been claimed that the landing which Hudson made -and so particularly described in Juet's Journal, was at Schodac. [FN-3] -The Journal relates that the "Master's mate" first "went on land with -an old savage, the governor of the country, who carried him to his house -and made him good cheere." The next day Hudson himself "Sailed to the -shore, in one of their canoe's, with an old man who was chief of a tribe -consisting of forty men and seventeen women," and it is added, "These I -saw there in a house well constructed of oak bark and circular in shape, -so that it had the appearance of being built with an arched roof." -Presumably the house was near the shore of the river and in occupation -during the fishing and planting season. The winter castle was further -inland. The "arched roof" indicates that it was one of the "long" houses -so frequently described, not a cone-like cabin. The "tribe" was the -sachem's family.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Aepjin's name appears of record first in 1645 as the - representative of the Westchester County clans in negotiating a treaty - of peace with the Dutch. In the same capacity he was at Esopus in 1660. - He could hardly have been the "old man" whom Hudson met in 1609. In one - entry his name is written "Eskuvius, alias Aepjin (Little Ape)," and in - another "Called by the Dutch Apeje's (Little Ape's) Island." He may have - been given that name from his personal appearance, or it may have been - a substitute for a name which the Dutch had heard spoken. Eliot wrote, - "<i>Appu,</i> He sits; he rests, remains, abides; <i>Keu Apean,</i> Those that - sittest," descriptive of the rank of a resident ruler or peace chief, - one of a class of sachems whose business it was to maintain the - covenants between his own and other tribes, and negotiate treaties of - peace on their behalf or for other tribes when called upon. From his - totemic signature he was of the Wolf tribe of the Mahicans. (See - Keessienway's Hoeck.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] The prefixed <i>M,</i> sometimes followed by a short vowel or an - apostrophe (M'), has no definite or determinate force. (Trumbull.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] The Journal locates the place at Lat. 42 deg. 18 min. This would - be about five miles (statute) north of the present city of Hudson. - "But," wrote Brodhead, "Latitudes were not as easily determined in - those days as they are now; and a careful computation of the distances - run by the Half-Moon, as recorded in Juet's day-book, shows that on the - 18th of September, 1609, when the landing occurred, she must have been - 'up six leagues higher' than Hudson, in the neighborhood of Schodac and - Castleton."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i309a">Sickenekas,</a></b> given as the name of a tract of land on the east side of the -river, "opposite Fort Orange (Albany), above and below," dates from a -deed to Van Rensselaer, 1637, the name of one of the grantors of which -is written Paepsickenekomtas. The name is now written Papskanee and -applied to an island.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i309b">Sicajoock,</a></b> (Wickagjock, Wassenaer), is given as the name of a tract on -the east side of the river extending from Smack's Island to Castle Island -where it joined lands "called Semesseeck," Gesmessecks, etc., which -extended north to Negagonse, "being about twelve miles (Dutch), large -measure." The northern limit seems to have been Unuwat's Castle on the -north side of a stream flowing to the Hudson north of "opposite to -Rensselaer's Kil and waterfall." <i>Sicajoock</i> (Dutch notation), "Black, -or dark colored earth," from <i>Sûcki</i> "Dark colored, inclining to black," -and <i>-ock,</i> "land." The same name is written Suckiage (<i>ohke</i>) in -application to the Hartford meadows, Conn.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i309c">Gesmesseeck,</a></b> a tract of land so called, otherwise entered of record -"Nawanemit's particular land called <i>Semesseerse,</i> lying on the east -bank, opposite Castle Island, off unto Fort Orange." "Item—from -Petanoc, the mill stream, away north to Negagonse." In addition Van -Rensselaer then purchased lands held in common by several owners, -"extending up the river, south and north" from Fort Orange, "unto a -little south of Moeneminnes castle," "being about twelve miles, large -measure." Moeneminne's castle was on Haver Island at Kahoes. -<i>Semesseerse</i> is the form of the name in deed as printed in Col. Hist. -N. Y., vol. i, p. 44, and Gesmesseecks p. 1, v. iv. Kesmesick is another -form and perhaps also Taescameasick. (See Patuckquapaen.) The several -forms of the name illustrate the effort on the part of the early Dutch, -who were then limitedly acquainted with the Indian tongue, to give -orthographies to the names which they heard spoken.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i309d">Passapenoc,</a> Pahpapaenpenock</b> and <b>Sapanakock,</b> forms of the name of Beeren -Island, lying opposite Coeymans, is from an edible tuber which was -indigenous on it. [FN] The Dutch name Beeren or Beerin, means, literally, -"She bear," usually called Bear's Island. De Laet wrote "Beeren" in 1640.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "The Indians frequently designated places by the names of esculent - or medicinal roots which were there produced. In the Algonquin language - the generic names for tubers was <i>pen,</i> varying in some dialects to - <i>pin, pena, pon,</i> or <i>bun.</i> This name seems originally to have belonged - to the common ground nut: <i>Apias tuberosa.</i> Abnaki, <i>pen,</i> plural, - <i>penak.</i> Other species were designated by prefixes to this generic, and, - in the compositions of place names, was employed to denote locality - (<i>auk, auki, ock,</i> etc.), or by an abundance verb (<i>kanti-kadi</i>). Thus - <i>p'sai-pen,</i> 'wild onions,' with the suffix for place, <i>ock,</i> gave - <i>p'sai-pen-auk,</i> or as written by the Dutch, <i>Passapenock,</i> the Indian - name for Beeren Island." (J. H. Trumbull, Mag. of Am. Hist I, 387.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i310a">Patuckquapaen</a></b> and <b>Tuscumcatick</b> are noted in French's Gazetteer as names -of record in what is now the town of Greenbush, Rensselaer County, -without particular location. The first is in part Algonquian and in part -Dutch. The original was, no doubt, <i>Patuckquapaug,</i> as in Greenwich, -Ct., meaning "Round pond." The Dutch changed <i>paug</i> to <i>paen</i> descriptive -of the land—low land—so we have, as it stands, "Round land," "elevated -hassocks of earth, roots," etc. (See Patuckquapaug.) The second name is -written in several forms—Taescameatuck, Taescameesick, and -Gessmesseecks. <i>Greenbush</i> is an anglicism of <i>Gran Bosch,</i> Dutch, -meaning, literally, "Green forest." The river bank was fringed by a long -stretch of spruce-pine woods. Dutch settlement began here about 1631. -In 1641 a ferry was established at the mouth of the <i>Tamisquesuck</i> or -Beaver Creek, and has since been maintained. About the same year a small -fort, known as Fort Cralo, was constructed by Van Rensselaer's -superintendent.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i310b">Poesten Kill,</a></b> the name of a stream and of a town in Rensselaer County, -is entered in deed to Van Rensselaer in 1630, "Petanac, the mill stream"; -in other records, "<i>Petanac,</i> the Molen Kil," and "De Laet's Marlen Kil -and Waterval." <i>Petanac,</i> the Indian name, is an equivalent of -Stockbridge <i>Patternac,</i> which King Ninham, in an affidavit, in 1762, -declared meant "A fall of water, and nothing more." "Molen Kil" (Dutch), -means "mill water." "De Laet's Marlen Kil ende Waterval," locates the -name as that of a well-known waterfall on the stream of eighty feet. -Weise, in his "History of Troy," wrote: "Having erected a saw-mill upon -the kill for sawing posts and timber, which was known thereafter as -Poesten mill, the name became extended to the stream," an explanation -that seems to bear the marks of having been coined. From the character -of the stream the name is probably a corruption of the Dutch <i>Boosen,</i> -"An angry stream," because of its rapid descent. The stream reaches the -Hudson on the north line of Troy. (See Gesmessecks.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i311a">Paanpaach</a></b> is quoted by Brodhead (Hist. N. Y.) as the name of the site of -the city of Troy. It appears in 1659 in application to bottom lands known -as "The Great Meadows," [FN-1] lying under the hills on the east side of -the Hudson. At the date of settlement by Van der Huyden (1720), it is -said there were stripes or patches within the limits of the present city -which were known as "The corn-lands of the Indians," [FN-2] from which -the interpretation in French's Gazetteer, "Fields of corn," which the -name never meant in any language. The name may have had an Indian -antecedent, but as it stands it is Dutch from <i>Paan-pacht,</i> meaning "Low, -soft land," or farm of leased land. The same name appears in <i>Paan-pack,</i> -Orange county, which see.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Weise's Hist. of Troy.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Woodward's Reminiscences of Troy.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i311b">Piskawn,</a></b> of record as the name of a stream on the north line of Troy, -describes a branch or division of a river. Rale wrote in Abnaki, -"<i>Peskakōōn,</i> branche," of which <i>Piskawn</i> is an equivalent.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i311c">Sheepshack</a></b> and <b>Pogquassick</b> are record names in the vicinity of -Lansingburgh. The first has not been located. It seems to stand for -<i>Tsheepenak,</i> a place where the bulbous roots of the yellow lily were -obtained—modern Abnaki, <i>Sheep'nak.</i> <i>Pogquassick</i> appears as the name -of a "piece of woodland on the east side of the river, near an island -commonly called Whale-fishing Island," correctly, Whalefish Island. [FN] -This island is now overflowed by the raising of the water by the State -dam at Lansingburgh. The Indian name does not belong to the woodland; -it locates the tract near the island, in which connection it is probably -an equivalent of <i>Paugasuck,</i> "A place at which a strait widens or opens -out" (Trumbull), or where the narrow passage between the island and the -main land begins to widen. In the same district <i>Pogsquampacak</i> is -written as the name of a small creek flowing into Hoosick River.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "Whale-fishing Island" is a mistranslation of "Walvish Eiland" - (Dutch), meaning simply "Whale Island." It is related by Van der Donck - (1656) that during the great freshet of 1647, a number of whales - ascended the river, one of which was stranded and killed on this - island. Hence the name.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i312">Wallumschack,</a></b> so written in return of survey of patent granted to -Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1738, for lands now in Washington -County; <i>Walloomscook,</i> and other forms; now preserved in Walloomsac, as -the name of a place, a district of country, and a stream flowing from a -pond on the Green Mountains, in the town of Woodford, near Bennington, -Vermont. [FN-1] It has not been specifically located, but apparently -described a place on the adjacent hills where material was obtained for -making paints with which the Indians daubed their bodies. (See Washiack.) -It is from a generic root written in different dialects, <i>Walla, Wara</i> -etc., meaning "Fine, handsome, good," etc., from which in the Delaware, -Dr. Brinton derived <i>Wálám,</i> "Painted, from the sense to be fine in -appearance, to dress, which the Indians accomplished by painting their -bodies," and <i>-'ompsk</i> (Natick), with the related meaning of standing or -upright, the combination expressing "Place of the paint rocks." [FN-2] -The ridges of many of the hills as well as of the mountains in the -district are composed of slate, quartz, sandstone and limestone, which -compose the Takonic system. By exposure the slate becomes disintegrated -and forms an ochery clay of several colors, which the Indians used as -paint. The washing away of the rock left the quartz exposed in the form -of sharp points, which were largely used by the Indians for making axes, -lance-heads, arrow points, etc. Some of the ochre beds have been -extensively worked, and plumbago has also been obtained. White Creek, -in the same county, takes that name from its white clay banks.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Vermont is from <i>Verd Montagne</i> (French), meaning "Green - Mountains," presumably from their verdure, but actually from the - appearance of the hills at a distance from the color of the rocks - reflected in the atmosphere. To the Indian they were Wal'ompskeck, - "fine, handsome rocks."</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] An interpretation of the name from the form Wallumscnaik, in - Thompson's Hist. Vermont, states that "The termination <i>'chaik'</i> - signifies in the Dutch language, 'scrip.' or 'patent.'" This is - erroneous. There is no such word as <i>chaik</i> in the Dutch language. The - <i>ch</i> in the name here stands for <i>k</i> and belongs to <i>'ompsk.</i></p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i313a">Tomhenack,</a> Tomhenuk,</b> forms of the name given as that of a small stream -flowing into the Hoosick from the north, [FN] takes that name, -apparently, from an equivalent of <i>Tomheganic,</i> Mass., <i>Tangamic,</i> Del., -a stone axe or tomahawk, referring to a place where suitable stones were -obtained for making those implements. (Trumbull.) (See Wallumschack.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "At a creek called Tomheenecks, beginning at the southerly bounds - of Hoosick, and so running up southerly, on both sides of said creek, - over the path which goes to Sanckhaick." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 194; - petition of John de Peyster, 1730.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i313b">Tyoshoke,</a></b> now the name of a church at San Coick, Rensselaer County, is -probably from an equivalent of <i>Toyusk,</i> Nar., "a bridge," and <i>ohke,</i> -"Place"—a place where the stream was crossed by a log forming a bridge. -It was a well-known fording place for many years, and later became the -site of Buskirk's Bridge.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i313c">Sanckhaick,</a></b> now San Coick, a place in North Hoosick, Rensselaer County, -appears of record in petition of John de Peyster in 1730, and in Indian -deed to Cornelius van Ness and others, in 1732, for a certain tract of -land "near a place called Sanckhaick." The place, as now known, is near -the junction of White Creek and the Wallompskack, where one Van Schaick -made settlement and built a mill at an early date. In 1754 his buildings -were burned by Indian allies of the French. After the war of that period -the mill was rebuilt and became conspicuous in the battle of Bennington, -Aug. 16, 1777. It is claimed that the name is a corruption of Van -Schaick. Col. Baume, commandant of the Hessians in the battle of -Bennington (1777) wrote it Sancoik, which is very nearly Van Schaick.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i313d">Schaghticoke,</a></b> now so written as the name of a town in the northeast -corner of Rensselaer County, and in other connections, is from -<i>Pishgachtigok</i> Mohegan, meaning "Land on the branch or division of a -stream." The locative of the name was at the mouth of Hoosick River on -the Hudson, in Washington County. The earliest record (1685) reads, -"Land at <i>Schautecógue</i>" (-ohke). It is a generic name and appears in -several forms and at several places. <i>Pishgachtigok</i> is a form on the -west side of the Housatonic at and near the mouth of Ten-Mile River. It -was the site of an Indian village and the scene of labor by the Moravian -missionaries. In some cases the name is written with locative, "at," -etc., in others, with substantive meaning land or place, and in others -without suffix. Writes Mr. Gerard, "The name would probably be correctly -written <i>P'skaghtuk-uk,</i>" when with locative "at." [FN] Although first -of record in 1685, its application was probably as early as 1675, when -the Pennacooks of Connecticut, fleeing from the disastrous results of -King Phillip's War in which they were allies, found refuge among their -kindred Mahicans, and later were assigned lands at Schaghticoke by -Governor Andros, where they were to serve as allies of the Mohawks. They -seem to have spread widely over the district and to have left their -footprints as far south as the Katskill. It is a tradition that -conferences were held with them on a plain subsequently owned by -Johannes Knickerbocker, some six miles east of the Hudson, and that a -veritable treaty tree was planted there by Governor Andros in 1676-7, -although "planting a tree" was a figurative expression. In later years -the seat of the settlement seems to have been around Schaghticoke hill -and point, where Mashakoes, their sachem, resided. (Annals of Albany, -v, 149.) In the French and Indian war of 1756, the remnant of the tribe -was carried away to Canada by the St. Francis Indians, an organization -of kindred elements in the French service. At one time they are said to -have numbered six hundred warriors. (See Shekomeko.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The root of the name is <i>Peske</i> or <i>Piske</i> (<i>Paske,</i> Zeisb.), - meaning, primarily, "To split," "To divide forcibly or abruptly." - (Trumbull.) In Abnaki, <i>Peskétekwa,</i> a "divided tidal or broad river or - estuary"—<i>Peskahakan</i> (Rale), "branche." In the Delaware, Zeisberger - wrote <i>Pasketiwi,</i> "The division or branch of a stream." <i>Pascataway,</i> - Md., is an equivalent form. <i>Pasgatikook,</i> Greene County, is from the - Mohegan form. <i>Paghataghan</i> and <i>Pachkataken,</i> on the east branch of - the Delaware, and <i>Paghatagkam</i> on the Otterkill, Vt., are equivalent - forms of <i>Peskahakan,</i> Abnaki. The Hoosick is not only a principal - branch, but it is divided at its mouth and at times presents the - appearance of running north in the morning and south at night. - (Fitch's Surv.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i314">Quequick</a></b> and <b>Quequicke</b> are orthographies of the name of a certain fall -on Hoosick River, in Rensselaer County. In petition of Maria van -Rensselaer, in 1684, the lands applied for were described as "Lying on -both sides of a certain creek called Hoosock, beginning at ye bounds of -Schaakook, and so to a fall called Quequick, and thence upward to a -place called Nachacqikquat." (Cal. Land Papers, 27.) The name may stand -for <i>Cochik'uack</i> (Moh.), "Wild, dashing" waters, but I cannot make -anything out of it. The first fall east of Schaakook (Schagticoke) -Patent is now known as Valley Falls, in the town of Pittstown -(Pittstown Station).</p> - -<p><b><a id="i315a">Pahhaoke,</a></b> a local name in Hoosick Valley, is probably an equivalent of -<i>Pauqna-ohke,</i> "Clear land," "open country." It is frequently met in -Connecticut in different forms, as in Pahqui-oke, Paquiag, etc., the -name of Danbury Plains. The form here is said to be from the Stockbridge -dialect, but it is simply an orthography of an English scribe. It has -no relation whatever to the familiar Schaghticoke or Scat'acook.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i315b">Panhoosick,</a></b> so written in Indian deed to Van Rensselaer in 1652, for a -tract of land lying north and east of the present city of Troy, -extending north to nearly opposite Kahoes Falls and east including a -considerable section of Hoosick River, appears in later records as an -apheresis in Hoosick, Hoosack, and Hoosuck, in application to Hoosick -River, Hoosick Mountains, Hoosick Valley, Hoosick Falls, and in "Dutch -Hossuck," an early settlement described in petition of Hendrick van Ness -and others, in 1704, as "land granted to them by Governor Dongan in -1688, known by the Indian name of Hoosack." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -27, 74.) The head of the stream appears to have been the outlet of a -lake now called <i>Pontoosuc</i> from the name of a certain fall on its -outlet called <i>Pontoosuck,</i> "A corruption," wrote Dr. Trumbull, "of -<i>Powntucksuck,</i> 'falls of a brook,' or outlet." "<i>Powntuck,</i> a general -name for all falls," according to Indian testimony quoted by the same -writer. "<i>Pantuck,</i> falls of a stream." (Zeisb.) Several interpretations -of the name have been suggested, of which the most probably correct is -from Massachusetts <i>Pontoosuck,</i> which would readily be converted to -Hoosick or Panhoosick (Pontoosuck). It was applicable to any falls, and -may have had locative at Hoosick Falls as well as on the outlet of -Pontoosuck Lake. Without examination or warrant from the local dialect, -Heckewelder wrote in his Lenape tradition, "The Hairless or Naked Bear": -"<i>Hoosink,</i> which means the basin, or more properly, the kettle." The -Lenape or Delaware <i>Hōōs,</i> "certainly means, in that dialect, 'a pot or -kettle.' Figuratively, it might be applied to a kettle-shaped depression -in land or to a particular valley. <i>Hoosink</i> means 'in' or 'at' the pot -or kettle. <i>Hoosack</i> might be read 'round valley land,' or land with -steep sides." (Brinton.) Of course this does not explain the prefix -<i>Pan</i>, nor does it prove that <i>Hōōs</i> was in the local dialect, which, -in 1652, was certainly Mahican or Mohegan. Still, it cannot be said that -the tradition was not familiar to all Algonquians in their mythical -lore.</p> - -<p>Heckewelder's tradition, "The Naked or Hairless Bear," has its -culmination at a place "lying east of the Hudson," where the last one -of those fabulous animals was killed. "The story," writes Dr. Brinton, -"was that the bear was immense in size and the most vicious of animals. -Its skin was bare except a tuft of white hair on the back. It attacked -and ate the natives and the only means of escape from it was to take to -the waters. Its sense of smell was remarkably keen, but its sight was -defective. As its heart was very small, it could not be easily killed. -The surest plan was to break its back-bone; but so dangerous was it that -those hunters who went in pursuit of it bade families and friends -farewell, as if they never expected to return. The last one was tracked -to Hoosink, and a number of hunters went there and mounted a rock with -precipitous sides. They then made a noise and attracted the beast's -attention, who rushed to the attack with great fury. As he could not -climb the rock, he tore at it with his teeth, while the hunters above -shot him with arrows and threw upon him great stones, and thus killed -him." [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "The Lenape and their Legends."</p> -<br><br> - -<p>The Hoosick River flows from its head, near Pittsfield, Berkshire -County, in Massachusetts, through the Petersburgh Mountains between -precipitous hills, and carries its name its entire length. Fort -Massachusetts, in the present town of Adams, Mass., was on its borders -and in some records was called Fort Hoosick. It was captured by the -French and their Indians in 1746. The general course of the stream is -north, west, and south to the Hudson in the northwest corner of -Rensselaer County, directly opposite the village of Stillwater, -Saratoga County. There are no less than three falls on its eastern -division, of which the most considerable are Hoosick Falls, where the -stream descends, in rapids and cascades, forty feet in a distance of -twelve rods. Dr. Timothy Dwight, who visited it in the early part of the -19th century, described it as "One of the most beautiful rivers in the -world." "At different points," he wrote, "The mountains extend their -precipitous declivities so as to form the banks of the river. Up these -precipitous summits rise a most elegant succession of forest trees, -chiefly maple, beech and evergreens. There are also large spots and -streaks of evergreens, chiefly hemlock and spruce." Though, with a -single exception, entered in English records by the name of "Hoosick or -Schaahkook's Creek," it was, from the feature which especially attracted -Dr. Dwight's attention, known to the Iroquois as the <i>Ti-oneenda-howe,</i> -or "The river at the hemlocks." [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] See Saratoga. <i>Ti-oneenda-howe</i> was applied by the Mohawks to the - Hoosick, and <i>Ti-ononda-howe</i> to the Batten Kill as positive boundmarks, - the former from its hemlock-clad hills (<i>onenda</i>), and the latter from - its conical hills (<i>ononda</i>). The late Horatio Hale wrote me: - "<i>Ti-ononda-howe</i> is evidently a compound term involving the word - <i>ononda</i> (or <i>ononta</i>), 'hill or mountain.' <i>Ti-oneenda-howe,</i> in like - manner, includes the word <i>onenda</i> (or <i>onenta</i>), 'hemlock.' There may - have been certain notable hills or hemlocks which as landmarks gave - names to the streams or located them. The final syllables <i>howe,</i> are - uncertain." (See Di-ononda-howe.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i317a">Cossayuna,</a></b> said to be from the Mohawk dialect and to signify "Lake of -the pines," is quoted as the name of a lake in the town of Argyle, -Washington County. The translation is correct, substantially, but the -name is Algonquian—a corruption of <i>Coossa,</i> "Pine," [FN] and <i>Gummee,</i> -"Lake," or standing water. The terms are from the Ojibway dialect, and -were probably introduced by Dr. Schoolcraft.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] It is of record that "the borders of Hudson's River above Albany, - and the Mohawk River at Schenectady," were known, in 1710, as "the best - places for pines of all sorts, both for numbers and largeness of trees." - (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 656.) Mass. <i>Kowas-'ktugh,</i> "pine tree." The - name is met in many orthographies.<p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i317b">Anaquassacook,</a></b> the name of a patent in Washington County, and also of a -village and of a stream of water, was, primarily, the name of a -boundmark. The locative has not been ascertained. <i>Anakausuk-ook,</i> "At -the end of a course," or as far the brook.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i317c">Podunk,</a></b> a brook so called in the town of Fort Ann, Washington County, -is met in several other places. (See Potunk, L. I.) Its meaning has not -been ascertained.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i317d">Quatackquaohe,</a></b> entered on Pownal's map as the name of a tract of land on -the south side of a stream, has explanation in the accompanying entry, -"Waterquechey, or Quatackquaohe." Waterquechey (English) means "Moist -boggy ground," indicating that <i>Quatackquaohe</i> is an equivalent of -<i>Petuckquiohke,</i> Mass., "Round-land place," <i>i. e.</i> elevated hassocks -of earth, roots, etc. The explanation by Gov. Pownal may supply a key -to the translation of other names now interpreted indefinitely.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i318a">Di-ononda-howe,</a></b> a name now assigned to the falls on the Batten Kill -below Galeville, Washington County, is Iroquoian and of original -application to the stream itself as written in the Schuyler Patent. It -is a compound descriptive of the locality of the creek, the reference -being to the conical hills on the south side of the stream near the -Hudson, on one of which was erected old Fort Saratoga. The sense is, -"Where a hill interposes," between the object spoken of and the speaker. -The late Superintendent of the Bureau of Ethnology, Prof. J. W. Powell, -wrote me: "From the best expert information in this office, it may be -said that the phonetic value of the final two syllables <i>howe</i> is far -from definite; but assuming that they are equivalent to <i>huwi</i> (with the -European vowel values), the word-sentence Di-ononda-howe means, 'There -it has interposed (a) mountain,' Written in the Bureau alphabet, the -word-sentence would be spelled Ty-ononde-huwi. It is descriptive of the -situation of the creek, but not of the creek itself, and is applicable -to any mountain or high hill which appears between a speaker and some -other object." (See Hoosick.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i318b">Caniade-rioit</a></b> is given as the name of Lake George, and "The tail of the -lake" as the definition, "on account of its connection with Lake -Champlain." (Spofford's Gazetteer.) Father Jogues, who gave to the lake -the name "Lac de Saint Sacrament" (Lake of the Holy Sacrament), in 1645, -wrote the Mohawk name, <i>Andiato-rocte</i> (French notation), with the -definition, "There where the lake shuts itself in," the reference being -to the north end of the lake at the outlet. This definition is not far -from a correct reading of the suffix <i>octe</i> (<i>okte,</i> Bruyas), meaning -"end," or, in this connection, "Where the lake ends." <i>Caniade,</i> a form -of <i>Kaniatare,</i> is an Iroquoian generic, meaning "lake." The lake never -had a specific name. <i>Horicon,</i> which some writers have endeavored to -attach to it, does not belong to it. It is not Iroquoian, does not mean -"north," nor does it mean "lake" or "silver water," [FN] The present -name was conferred by Sir William Johnson, in honor of King George III, -of England.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Horikans</i> was written by De Laet, in 1624, as the name of an - Indian tribe living at the head waters of the Connecticut. On an ancient - map <i>Horicans</i> is written in Lat. 41, east of the Narragansetts on the - coast of New England. In the same latitude <i>Moricans</i> is written west - of the Connecticut, and <i>Horikans</i> on the upper Connecticut in latitude - 42. <i>Morhicans</i> is the form on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and - <i>Mahicans</i> by the Dutch on the Hudson. The several forms indicate that - the tribe was the <i>Moricans</i> or <i>Mourigans</i> of the French, the <i>Maikans</i> - or <i>Mahikans</i> of the Dutch and the <i>Mohegans</i> of the English. It is - certain that that tribe held the headwaters of the Connecticut as well - as of the Hudson. The novelist, Cooper, gave life to De Laet's - orthography in his "Last of the Mohegans."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i319">Ticonderoga,</a></b> familiar as the name of the historic fortress at Lake -George, was written by Sir William Johnson, in 1756, <i>Tionderogue</i> and -<i>Ticonderoro,</i> and in grant of lands in 1760, "near the fort at -<i>Ticonderoga.</i>" Gov. Golden wrote <i>Ticontarogen,</i> and an Iroquoian sachem -is credited with <i>Decariaderoga.</i> Interpretations are almost as numerous -as orthographies. The most generally quoted is from Spofford's Gazetteer: -"<i>Ticonderoga,</i> from <i>Tsindrosie</i>, or <i>Cheonderoga,</i> signifying -'brawling water,' and the French name, <i>Carillon,</i> signifying 'a chime -of bells,' were both suggested by the rapids upon the outlet of Lake -George." The French name may have been so suggested, but neither -<i>Tsindrosie</i> or <i>Cheonderoga</i> means "brawling water." The latter is -probably an orthography of <i>Teonderoga.</i> Ticonderoga as now written, is -from <i>Te</i> or <i>Ti,</i> "dual," two; <i>Kaniatare,</i> "lake," and <i>-ogen,</i> -"intervallum, divisionem" (Bruyas), the combination meaning, literally, -"Between two lakes." Horatio Hale wrote me of one of the forms: -"<i>Dekariaderage,</i> in modern orthography, <i>Tekaniataroken,</i> from which -Ticonderoga, means, simply, 'Between two lakes.' It is derived from -<i>Tioken,</i> 'between,' and <i>Kaniatara,</i> 'lake.' Its composition illustrates -a peculiar idiom of the Iroquoian language, <i>Tioken</i> when combined with -a noun, is split in two, so to speak, and the noun inserted. Thus in -combining <i>Tioken</i> with <i>Ononte,</i> 'mountain,' we have <i>Ti-ononte-oken,</i> -'Between two mountains,' which was the name of one of the Mohawk -castles—sometimes written Theonondiogo. In like manner, <i>Kaniatare,</i> -'lake,' thus compounded, yields <i>Te-kaniatare-oken,</i> 'Between two lakes.' -In the Huron dialect <i>Kaniatare</i> is contracted to <i>Yontare</i> or <i>Ontare,</i> -from which, with <i>io</i> or <i>iyo,</i> 'great,' we get <i>Ontario</i> (pronounced -Ontareeyo), 'Great lake' which, combined with <i>Tioken,</i> becomes -<i>Ti-onteroken,</i> which would seem to be the original of Colden's -<i>Tieronderoga.</i>"</p> - -<p>There is rarely an expression of humor in the use of Indian place-names, -but we seem to have it in connection with Dekariaderoga, one of the forms -of Ticonderoga quoted above, which is of record as having been applied -to Joseph Chew, Secretary of Indian Affairs, at a conference with chiefs -of the Six Nations. (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 501.) Said the sachem who -addressed Secretary Chew, "We call you Dekariaderoga, the junction of -two lakes of different qualities of water," presumably expressing -thereby, in keeping with the entertainment usually served on such -occasions, that the Secretary was in a condition between "water and -firewater." Neither "junction" or "quality of water" are expressed in -the composition, however; but perhaps are related meanings.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i320">Caniade-riguarunte</a></b> is given by Governor Pownal as the Iroquoian name of -Lake Champlain, with the legend, "The Lake that is the gate of the -country." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1190.) The lake was the route taken -by the Algonquians of Canada in their forays against the Mohawks. Later, -it became a link in the great highway of travel and commerce between -New York and Quebec, via. Hudson's River, in which connection it was -literally "The gate of the country." The legend is not an interpretation -of the Iroquoian name, however. In the French missionary spelling the -generic word for "lake" is <i>Kaniatare</i> of which <i>Caniaderi</i> is an -English notation. The suffix <i>-guarûnte,</i> in connection with -<i>Caniaderi,</i> gives to the combination the meaning, "A lake that is part -of another lake." (J. B. N. Hewitt.) The suffix is readily confused with -<i>Karonta,</i> or <i>-garonta</i> (Mohawk), meaning "tree," from which, probably, -Fennimore Cooper's "Lake of the Woods." "Lake of the Iroquois," entered -on early maps, does not mean that when Champlain visited it in 1609 it -was owned by the Iroquois, but that it was the route from Quebec to the -Iroquois country.</p> -<br><br><br> - - - - <h3 class="direct" style="page-break-before: always;">On Long Island.</h3> - - - <hr> -<br><br> - - -<p><b><a id="i321">Matouwackey,</a> Sewanhackey</b> and <b>Paumanackey,</b> in varying orthographies, -are names of record for Long Island, derived from <i>Meitauawack</i> -(<i>Metaûhock,</i> Nar.), the name of the shell-fish from which the Indians -made the shell-money in use among them, [FN-1] called by English <i>Peag,</i> -from <i>Wau-paaeek</i> [FN-2] (Moh.), "white," and by the Dutch <i>Sewan</i> or -<i>Zeewan,</i> [FN-3] from <i>Sewaûn</i> (Moh.), <i>Sueki</i> (Nar.), "black." This -money was both white and black (so called), the latter the most rare -and valuable. It was in use by the Europeans as a medium of trade with -the Indians, as well as among themselves, by the Indians especially for -the manufacture of their historic peace, tribute, treaty and war belts, -called <i>Paumaunak</i> (<i>Pau-pau-me-numwe,</i> Mass.), "an offering." [FN-4] -<i>Meitouowack,</i> the material, <i>Waupoaeek</i> and <i>Sewaûn,</i> the colors; -<i>Paumanack,</i> the use, "an offering." The suffix of either term (<i>hock, -hagki, hackee</i>) is generic for shell—correctly, "An ear-shaped shell." -(Trumbull.) Substantially, by the corruption of the suffix to <i>hacki</i> -(Del.), "land" or place, the several terms, as applied to the island, -have the meaning, "The shell island," or "Place of shells." De Laet -wrote, in 1624: "At the entrance of this bay are situated several -islands, or broken land, on which a nation of savages have their abode, -who are called Matouwacks; they obtain a livelihood by fishing within -the bay, whence the most easterly point of the land received the name -of Fisher's Hook and also Cape de Bay." Van der Donck entered on his -map, "t' Lange Eyland, alias, Matouwacks." "Situate on the island called -by the Indians Sewanhacky." (Deed of 1636.) "Called in ye Indian tongue -Suanhackey." (Deed of 1639.) Than these entries there is no claim that -the island ever had a specific name, and that those quoted were from -shells and their uses is clear. Generically the island was probably -known to the Minsi and neighboring tribes as <i>Menatey,</i> "The island," -as stated by Dr. Trumbull; smaller islands being known as <i>Menatan,</i> from -which <i>Manathan</i> and <i>Manhatan.</i> The occupants of the island were a -distinct group of Algonquian stock, speaking on the east a dialect more -or less of the Massachusetts type, and on the west that known as -Monsey-Lenape, both types, however, being largely controlled by the -Dutch and the English orthographies in which local notings appear. They -were almost constantly at war with the Pequods and Narragansetts, but -there is no evidence that they were ever conquered, and much less that -they were conquered by the Iroquois, to whom they paid tribute for -protection in later years, as they had to the Pequods and to the -English; nor is there evidence that their intercourse with the river -tribes immediately around them was other than friendly.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "<i>Meteauhock,</i> the Periwinkle of which they made their wampum." - (Williams.) "Perhaps derived from <i>Mehtauog,</i> 'Ear-shaped,' with the - generic suffix <i>hock</i> (<i>hogki, hackee</i>), 'shell.'" (Trumbull.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] <i>Wompompeag</i> is another form quoted as Mohegan, from which - <i>Wompum.</i> "<i>Wompom,</i> which signifies white." (Roger Williams.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] <i>Seahwhoog,</i> "they are scattered." (Eliot.) "From this word the - Dutch traders gave the name of <i>Sewan,</i> or <i>Zeawand,</i> to all shell - money; just as the English called all <i>Peag,</i> or strung beads, by the - name of the white, <i>Wampum.</i>" (Trumbull.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-4] An interpretation of <i>Paumanack</i> as indicating a people - especially under tribute, is erroneous. The belts which they made were - in universal use among the nations as an offering, the white belts - denoting good, as peace, friendship, etc., the black, the reverse. The - ruling sachem, or peace-chief, was the keeper and interpreter of the - belts of his nation, and his place sometimes took its name from that - fact. That several of the sachems did sign their names, or that their - names were signed by some one for them, "Sachem of Pammananuck," proves - nothing in regard to the application of that name to the island.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i322">Wompenanit</a></b> is of record as the name of "the utmost end eastward" of the -Montauk Peninsula. The description reads: "From the utmost end of the -neck eastward, called Wompenanit, to our utmost bound westward, called -Napeake." (Deed of July 11, 1661.) In other papers Wompenonot and -Wompenomon, corrupted orthographies. The meaning is "The utmost end -eastward," <i>i. e.</i> from the east side of Napeake to the extreme end. -The derivatives are Nar. <i>Wompan</i> (from <i>Wompi,</i> white, bright), "It is -full daylight, bright day," hence the Orient, the East, the place of -light, and <i>-anit,</i> "To be more than," extending beyond the ordinary -limit. The same word appears in <i>Wompanánd,</i> "The Eastern God" -(Williams), the deity of light. From <i>Wompi,</i> also <i>Wapan</i> in -<i>Wapanachkik,</i> "Those of the eastern region," now written <i>Abanaqui</i> and -<i>Abnaki,</i> and confined to the remnant of a tribe in Maine. (See -Wahamanesing,) Dr. Trumbull wrote: "<i>Anit,</i> the subjunctive participle -of a verb which signifies 'To be more than,' 'to surpass'"; with -impersonal <i>M</i> prefixed, <i>Manit,</i> as in <i>Manitou,</i> a name given by the -Indians, writes Lahontan, "To all that passes their understanding"; -hence interpreted by Europeans, "God." It has no such meaning in -<i>Wompenanit,</i> but defined a limit that was "more than," or the extreme -limits of the island. No doubt, however, the Indians saw, as do visitors -of to-day, at the utmost end of the Montauk Peninsula, in its breast of -rock against which the ocean-waves dash with fearful force; its -glittering sun-light and in its general features, a <i>Wompanánd,</i> or -Eastern God, that which was "more than ordinary, wonderful, surpassing," -but those features are not referred to in <i>Wompenanit,</i> except, perhaps, -as represented by the glittering sun-light, the material emblem of the -mystery of light—"where day-light appears."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i323">Montauk,</a></b> now so written—in early orthographies <i>Meantacut,</i> -<i>Meantacquit,</i> etc.—was not the name of the peninsula to which it is -now applied, but was extended to it by modern Europeans from a specific -place. The extreme end was called by the Indians <i>Wompenanit,</i> and the -point, <i>Nâïag,</i> "Corner, point or angle," from which Adriaen Block -wrote, in 1614, <i>Nahicans,</i> "People around the point," a later Dutch -navigator adding (War Dep. Map) the topographical description, <i>Nartong,</i> -"A barren, ghastly tongue." The name has had several interpretations by -Algonquian students, but without entire satisfaction even to themselves. -Indeed, it may be said with truth, "It has been too much translated" to -invite further study with the hope of a better result. The orthography -usually quoted for interpretation appears first in South Hampton Records -in an Indian deed of 1640, "<i>Manatacut,</i> his X mark," the grantor being -given the name of the place which he represented, as appears from the -same records (1662), "Wyandanch, Meantacut sachem," or sachem of -Meantac. The Indian deed reads: "The neck of land commonly known by the -name of Meantacquit, . . . Unto the east side of Napeak, next unto -Meantacut high lands." In other words the high lands bounded the place -called Meantacqu, the suffix <i>-it</i> or <i>-ut</i> meaning "at" that place. -The precise place referred to was then and is now a marsh on which is a -growth of shrub pines, and cedars. Obviously, therefore, <i>Meantac</i> or -<i>Meantacqu,</i> is an equivalent of Mass. <i>Manantac,</i> "Spruce swamp," and -of Del. <i>Menántac,</i> "Spruce, cedar or pine swamp." (Zeisb.) The Abn. -word <i>Mannaⁿdakôô,</i> "cedar" (Mass. <i>-uᶋtugh;</i> Nar. <i>áwtuck</i>), seems -to establish conclusively that <i>-ántak</i> was the general generic suffix -for all kinds of coniferous trees, and with the prefix <i>Men, Man, Me,</i> -etc., described small or dwarf coniferous trees usually found growing -in swamps, and from which swamps took the name. [FN] There is nothing -in the name or in its corruptions that means "point," "high lands," -"place of observation," "fort," "fence," or "confluence"; it simply -describes dwarf coniferous trees and the place which they marked. The -swamp still exists, and the dwarf trees also at the specific east bound -of the lands conveyed. (See Napeak.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The Indians had specific names for different kinds of trees. The - generic general word was <i>Me'hittuk</i> or <i>M'hittugk,</i> Del., <i>M'tugh,</i> - Mass., which, as a suffix, was reduced to <i>-ittuk, -utugh, -tagh, - -tack, -tacque,</i> etc., frequently <i>ak,</i> which is the radical. Howden - writes in Cree: "<i>Atik</i> is the termination for the names of trees, - articles made of wood," etc. <i>Mash-antack-uk,</i> Moh., was translated by - Dr. Trumbull from <i>Mish-untugh-et,</i> Mass., "Place of much wood." - <i>Mannaⁿdakōō</i> is quoted as the Abn. word for "cedar;" <i>Mishquáwtuck,</i> - Nar., "Red cedar." <i>Menántachk,</i> "Swamp" (Len. Eng. Dic.), is explained - by Rev. Anthony, "with trees meeting above." <i>Menautac,</i> "Spruce, - cedar or pine swamp" (Zeisb.), from the kind of trees growing in the - swamp, but obviously <i>antac</i> never described a swamp, or trees growing - in swamps, without the prefix <i>Men, Man, Me,</i> etc. <i>Keht-antak</i> means - a particularly large tree which probably served as a boundmark. It may - be a question if the initial <i>a</i> in <i>antak</i> was not nasal, as in Abn., - but there can be none in regard to the meaning of the suffix.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i324">Napeak,</a></b> East Hampton deed of 1648, generally written <i>Napeaka, Neppeage</i> -and <i>Napeague,</i> and applied by Mather (Geological Survey) to a beach -and a marsh, and in local records to the neck connecting Montauk Point -with the main island, means "Water land," or "Land overflowed by water." -The beach extends some five miles on the southeast coast of Long Island. -The marsh spreads inland from the beach nearly across the neck where it -meets Napeak Harbor on the north coast. It is supposed to have been, in -prehistoric times, a water-course which separated the island from the -point. Near the eastern limit are patches of stunted pines and cedars, -and on its east side at the end of what are called the "Nominick hills," -where was obviously located the boundmark of the East Hampton deed, -"Stunted pines and cedars are a feature," wrote Dr. Tooker in answer to -inquiry. (See Montauk.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i325a">Quawnotiwock,</a></b> is quoted in French's Gazetteer as the name of Great Pond; -authority not cited. Prime (Hist. L. I.) wrote: "The Indian name of the -pond is unknown." The pond is two miles long. It is situate where the -Montauk Peninsula attains its greatest width, and is the largest body -of fresh water on the island. It would be correctly described by <i>Quinne</i> -or <i>Quawnopaug,</i> "Long pond," but certainly not by <i>Quawnotiwock,</i> the -animate plural suffix <i>-wock,</i> showing that it belonged to the -people—"People living on the Long River." [FN] (See Quantuck and -Connecticut.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The suffix <i>-og, -ock, -uck,</i> is, in the dialect here, a plural - sign. Williams wrote <i>-oock, -uock, -wock,</i> and Zeisberger wrote <i>-ak, - -wak.</i> <i>Quinneh-tuk-wock,</i> "People living on the Long River"—"a - particular name amongst themselves." <i>Kutch-innû-wock,</i> "Middle-aged - men;" <i>Miss-innû-wock,</i> "The many." <i>Lénno,</i> "Man"; <i>Lénno-wak,</i> "Men." - (Zeisberger.) <i>Kuwe,</i> "Pine"; <i>Cuweuch-ak,</i> "pine wood, pine logs." - Strictly, an animate plural. In the Chippeway dialect, Schoolcraft - gives eight forms of the animate and eight forms of 'the inanimate - plural. The Indians regarded many things as animates that Europeans do - not.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i325b">Assup,</a></b> given as the name of a neck of land—"A tree marked X hard by the -northward side of a cove of meadow"—means "A cove." It is an equivalent -of <i>Aucûp</i> (Williams), "A little cove or creek." "<i>Aspatuck</i> river" is -also of record here, and probably takes that name from a hill or height -in proximity. "Aspatuck hill," New Millford, Conn.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i325c">Shinnecock,</a></b> now preserved as the name of an Indian village in the town -of Southampton, on the east side of Shinnec'ock Bay, for many years in -occupation by a remnant of the so called Shinnec'ock Indians who had -taken on the habits and customs of European life, appears in its present -form in Plymouth Records in 1637, in treaty association with the -Massachusetts government. They claimed to be the "true owners of the -eastern end of Long Island," but acknowledged the primacy of Wyandanch, -sachem of the Montauks, who had been elected by other sachems as chief -sachem or the "sachem of sachem" of the many clans. The name is probably -from the root <i>Shin,</i> or <i>Schind,</i> "Spruce-pine" (Zeisb.); <i>Schindikeu,</i> -"Spruce-pine forest"; <i>Shinak-ing,</i> "At the land of spruce-pines." -(Brinton); <i>Schindak-ock,</i> "Land or place of spruce-pines." There was -an extended spruce-pine forest on that part of the island, a considerable -portion of which remains in the district south of Peconic River in the -town of Southampton. The present form of the name is pronounced -Shinnec'ock.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i326a">Mochgonnekonck</a></b> is written, in 1643, as the name of a place unlocated -except in a general way. The record reads: "Whiteneymen, sachem of -Mochgonnekonck, situate on Long Island." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 60.) -Whiteneymen, whose name is written Mayawetinnemin in treaty of 1645, and -"Meantinnemen, alias Tapousagh, chief of Marsepinck and Rechawyck," in -1660 (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 58), was son of Mechowodt, sachem of -Marsepingh, and probably succeeded his father as sachem of that clan. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 540.) His last possession was Cow Neck, in the -present town of North Hampton, which was given to him by his father; it -may have been the Mochgonnekonk of 1643. De Vries met him in conference -in 1645, and notes him as a speaker of force, and as having only one -eye. Brodhead wrote of him: "Kieft, therefore, by the advice of his -council determined to engage some of the friendly Indians in the interest -of the Dutch, and Whiteneymen, the sachem of Mochgonnecocks, on Long -Island, was dispatched, with several of his warriors, 'to beat and -destroy the hostile tribes.' The sachem's diplomacy, however, was better -than his violence. In a few days he returned to Fort Amsterdam bearing -friendly messages from the sachems along the Sound and Near Rockaway," -and a formal treaty of peace soon followed. He was elected "sachem of -sachems" by the sachems of the western clans on the island, about the -time the jurisdiction of the island was divided between the English at -New Haven and the Dutch at Manhattan, the former taking the eastern -clans under Wyandanch, and as such appears in the treaties with the -Dutch in 1645, '56—His record name is variously written—Tapousagh, -Tackapousha, etc. It is frequently met in Long Island Records. -<i>Mochgonneckonck</i> the name of his sachemdom in 1643, has not been -identified further than that he was the owner of Cow Neck, now called -Manhasset (Manhas'et), Queens County, the largest neck or point of land -on the coast.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i326b">Quaunontowunk,</a> Quannotowonk, Konkhonganik</b> and <b>Konghonganoc,</b> are forms -of two distinct names applied respectively to the north and south ends -of Fort Pond, as per deed for the tract known as "the Hither Woods -purchase," which reads: "The name of the pond is Quaunontowunk on the -north and Konkhonganik on the south." Dr. Tooker translated the former -from <i>Quaneuntéow-unk,</i> (Eliot), "Where the fence is," the reference -being to a certain fence of lopped trees which existed on the north end -of the pond, [FN-1] and the latter from <i>Kuhkunhunganash</i> (Eliot), -"bounds," "At the boundary place." The present name of the pond is from -two Indian forts, one known as the Old Fort, on the west, and one known -as the New Fort, on the east, the latter remaining in 1661, the former -destroyed, the deed reading, "Where the Old Fort stood." Wyandanch, [F-2] -"the sachem of Manatacut,"—later called "The great sachem of -Montauk"—had his residence in the Old Fort. He was the first ruler of -the Montauks known to the Dutch, his name appearing in 1637. (See -Montauk.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] The deed reads: "The north fence from the pond to the sea, shall - be kept by the town; the south fence, to the sea, by the Indians." - Presumably the fences were there when the land was sold.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Wyandach, or Wyandance, is said to have been the brother of - Paggatacut, sachem of Manhas'set or Shelter Island, the chief sachem - of fifteen sachemdoms. On the death of the latter, in 1651, Wyandanch - became, by election, the successor of his brother and held the office - until his death by poison in 1659.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i327a">Mastic,</a></b> preserved as the name of a river and also as that of a village -in Brookhaven, is of uncertain meaning. <i>Wampmissic,</i> the name of -another village, is supposed to have been the name of a swamp—Mass. -<i>Wompaskit,</i> "At or in the swamp, or marsh."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i327b">Poosepatuck,</a></b> a place so called and now known as the Indian Reservation, -back of Forge River at Mastick, probably means "On the other side," or -"Beyond the river," from <i>Awossi,</i> "Over, over there, on the other side, -beyond," and <i>-tuck,</i> "Tidal river."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i327c">Speonk,</a></b> the name of a village in Southampton near East Bay, on an -inlet of the ocean, to which flows through the village a small brook, -has lost some of its letters. <i>Mas-sepe-onk</i> would describe a place on -a broad tidal river or estuary. In the same vicinity <i>Setuck</i> is of -record as the name of a place. It may also be from Mas-sepe-tuck. (See -Southampton Records.) While the English settlers on eastern Long Island -were careful to preserve Indian names, they were very careless in -orthographies.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i327d">Poquatuck</a></b> is quoted by Thompson (Hist. L. I.) as the name of Oyster -Pond in the town of Southold. It is now claimed as the name of Orient, -a village, peninsula or neck of land and harbor on the east side of the -pond. Probably from <i>Pohqu'unantak,</i> "Cleared of trees," a marshy neck -which had been cleared or was naturally open. The same name is met in -Brookhaven.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i328a">Cataconoche,</a></b> given as the name of the Great Neck bounding Smithtown on -the east, has been translated by Dr. Tooker from <i>Kehte-komuk,</i> "Greatest -field," later known as the Old Man's Field, or Old Field.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i328b">Yaphank,</a> Yamphank,</b> etc., a village in Brookhaven, is from Niantic -dialect in which <i>Y</i> is used for an initial letter where other dialects -employ <i>L, N</i> or <i>R.</i> Putting the lost vowel <i>e</i> back in the word, we -have <i>Yapehánek,</i> in Lenape <i>Rapehánek,</i> "Where the stream ebbs and -flows." The name is written Yampkanke in Indian deed. (Gerard.) The name -is now applied to a small tributary of the Connecticut, but no doubt -belongs to a place on the Connecticut where the current is affected by -the tide. (See Connecticut.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i328c">Monowautuck</a></b> is quoted as the Indian name of Mount Sinai, a village in -the town of Brookhaven, a rough and stony district on what is known as -Old Man's Bay, a small estuary surrounded by a salt-marsh meadow. The -name seems to be an equivalent of <i>Nunnawanguck,</i> "At the dry land." Old -Man's Bay takes that name from the Great Neck called Cataconche, -otherwise known as the Old Man's Meadow, and as the Old Field. "The two -neckes or hoeces (hooks) of meadow that lieth next beyond the Old Man's -Meadow"—"with all ye privileges and appurtenances whatsoever, unto the -Old Field." Presumably <i>Man's</i> was originally <i>Manse</i> (English), -pronounced <i>Mans,</i> "the dwelling of a landholder with the land attached," -and called <i>Old</i> because it was the first land or field purchased. (See -Cataconche.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i328d">Connecticut,</a></b> now so written and of record <i>Connetquoit,</i> etc, is not the -name of the stream to which it is applied, but of the land on both sides -of it. It is an equivalent of <i>Quinnituckquet,</i> "Long-river land," as in -Connecticut. (Trumbull.) <i>Quinnituk,</i> "Long river"; with locative <i>-et</i> -or <i>-it,</i> "Land or place on the long-river." The stream is the outlet -of Ronkonkoma Lake, and flows south to Fire-place Bay, where the name is -of primary record. There were two streams to which it was applied; one -is a small stream in Islip, and the other, the largest stream on the -island, as described above. In old deeds it is called East Connecticutt. -Fire-place is now retained as the name of a village on Bellport Bay, and -its ancient locative on the Connecticut is now called South Haven. [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] There were two places bearing the name of Fire-place, one on the - north side of the island on Gardiner's Bay, and one on the south side. - The latter is referred to here.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i329a">Minasseroke,</a></b> quoted as the name of Little Neck, town of Brookhaven, -probably means "Small-stone land" or place—<i>Min-assin-ohke, r</i> and <i>n</i> -exchanged.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i329b">Patchogue,</a> Pochough, Pachough,</b> the name of a village in the town of -Brookhaven, Suffolk County, on Patchough Bay, is probably met in -Pochaug, Conn., which Dr. Trumbull read from <i>Pohshâog,</i> where two -streams form one river, signifying, "Where they divide in two." The name -was early extended to a clan known as the Pochoughs, later Patchoogues, -who seem to have been a family of the Onchechaugs, a name probably the -equivalent of <i>Ongkoué</i> (Moh.), "beyond," with <i>-ogue</i> (ohke), "land -beyond," <i>i. e.</i> beyond the bay. [FN] (See Moriches.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Otherwise written <i>Unquetauge</i>—"land lying at Unquetauge, on the - south side of Long Island, in the county of Suffolk." Literally, "Land - beyond;" "on the further side of; in the same direction as, and further - on or away than." <i>Onckeway,</i> a place beyond Stamford, on Connecticut - river. (Col. Hist. N. Y.) "<i>Ongkoué,</i> beyond Pequannuc river." - (Trumbull.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i329c">Cumsequogue</a></b> is given in will of William Tangier Smith as the name of -what is now known as Carman's River, flowing to Bellport Bay. It is -probably a pronunciation of <i>Accomb-suck-ohke,</i> "Land or place at the -outlet beyond." The record name of Bellport is Occombomeck, Accobamuck, -etc., meaning, "Fishing-place beyond," which, as the deeds show, was a -fishing-place at a freshwater pond, now dried up. The name is readily -confused with Aquebogue.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i329d">Moriches,</a></b> a neck of land "lying at Unquetague, on the south side of -Long Island, being two necks called by ye names of <i>Mariges</i> and -<i>Namanock</i>" (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 45), is now in the town of -Brookhaven. Namanock seems, from the locative, to be a corruption of -<i>Nam'e-ohke,</i> "Fish-place"—Namanock or Namecock. (Trumbull.) [FN] -<i>Moriches,</i> or <i>Mariges,</i> is a corruption of Dutch <i>Maritches</i> (Morichi, -Mariche), from <i>Moriche Palmita</i> (Latin), meaning, in popular use, any -plant thought to resemble a palm. <i>Mauritia</i> a species of Mauriticæ, -or South-American palm, so called in honor of Prince Maurice of Nassau. -(See Palmagat.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Namaus,</i> generic, "a fish"—<i>Namohs,</i> Eliot; <i>Namés,</i> Abn., - <i>Namaes,</i> Heck.; <i>Namees,</i> Zeisb.; with suffix <i>-aki, -ohke,</i> etc., - "fish-land," place or country. <i>Améessok,</i> Zeisb.; <i>Anmesooak,</i> Abn., - <i>Aumsûog,</i> Mass., "small fishes." As a generic suffix, <i>-ama'ug,</i> Mass., - <i>-ama'uk,</i> Del., "fishing-place." "<i>Ama'ug</i> is only used at the end of - a compound name, where it is equivalent to <i>Nameaug,</i> at the beginning." - (Trumbull.) The final syllable, <i>-ug, -uk,</i> etc., is an animate plural. - On Long Island, <i>-Ama'ug</i> is frequently met in <i>-amuck;</i> in other - places, <i>-amwack, -amwook, -ameock,</i> etc.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i330a">Kitchaminchoke,</a></b> given as the name of a boundmark, said to be Moriches -Island, is interpreted by Dr. Tooker, "The beginning place." The -description (1630) reads, "Beginning at" a place called, <i>i. e.</i> an -object or feature which would definitely locate a boundmark—apparently -an equivalent of <i>Schiechi-kiminschi-aki,</i> Lenape, "Place of a soft-maple -tree." The territory conveyed extended to <i>Enaughquamuck,</i> which Dr. -Tooker rendered correctly, "As far as the fishing-place."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i330b">Niamug</a></b> and <b>Niamuck</b> are forms of the name of what is now known as Canoe -Place, on the south side of Long Island, near Southampton. "<i>Niamug,</i> the -place where the Indians haul over their canoes out of the North Bay to -the South Bay." (Deed of 1640.) Dr. Trumbull translated from <i>Nôe-amuck,</i> -"Between the fishing places." Local tradition affirms that centuries -ago the Indians made a canal here for the purpose of passing their -canoes from Mecox Bay to Paconic Bay. Mongotucksee, the hero of the -story, was a chieftain who reigned over the Montauks in the days of their -pride and power. The tradition has no other merit than the fact that -Niamug was a place at which canoes were hauled across the island.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i330c">Sicktew-hacky</a></b> (deed of 1638); <i>Sicketewackey</i> (Van der Donck, 1656): -"All the lands from Rockaway eastward to Sicktew-hackey, or Fire Island -Bay"; "On the south coast of Long Island, at a place called Sicktewacky, -or Secontague, near Fire Island Inlet" (Brodhead); Seaquetauke, 1659; -Setauck Neck, the south bound of St. George's Manor, now Manorville; of -record as the name of an Indian clan and village near Fire Island Inlet, -with the Marsapinks and Nyacks for neighbors; now preserved in several -forms of which Setauket probably locates a place near Secontague. -<i>Sicketeuhacky,</i> writes Mr. Gerard, "is the Lenape equivalent of -<i>Secatogue,</i> meaning 'Burned-over land.' Whether the mainland or Fire -Island was the 'Burned-over land,' history does not tell us." Lands were -burned over by the Indians to destroy the bushes and coarse grasses, and -probably some field of this character was referred to by the Indian -grantors, from which the name was extended to the Neck and to Fire -Island, although it is said that fires were kindled on the island for -the guidance of fishermen.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i331a">Saghtekoos</a>—</b>"called by the native Indians Saghtekoos; by the Christians -Appletree Neck"—the name of the Thompson estate in Islip—probably -means, "Where the stream branches or divides," or "At the branch," -referring to Thompson's brook. The suffix <i>-oos</i> evidently stands for -"small." (See Sohaghticoke.) "Apple-tree Neck" is not in the composition, -but may indicate that the Indian owners had planted apple trees there.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i331b">Amagansett,</a></b> the Indian name of what is now East Hampton, was translated -by Dr. Trumbull, "At or near the fishing place"; root <i>Am,</i> "to take by -the mouth"; <i>Amau,</i> "he fishes"; Abn., <i>Amaⁿgaⁿ,</i> "<i>ou péche lá,</i>" "he -fishes there," (Rasles); <i>s,</i> diminutive or derogatory; <i>ett,</i> "Near or -about," that is, the tract was near a small or inferior fishing-place, -which is precisely what the composition describes.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i331c">Peconic,</a></b> now so written and applied to Peconic Bay and Peconic River, but -primarily to a place "at the head of the river," or as otherwise -described, "Land from ye head of ye bay or Peaconnack, was Shinnec'ock -Indians' Land" (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600), is not the equivalent of -<i>Peqan'nuc,</i> "a name common to all cleared land," as translated by Dr. -Trumbull, but the name given as that of a small creek tributary to -Peconic River, in which connection it is of record <i>Pehick-konuk,</i> which, -writes Mr. Gerard, "plainly stands for <i>K'pe-hickonuk,</i> or more properly -<i>Kĕpehikanik,</i> 'At the barrier,' or weir. <i>Kĕpehikan</i> from <i>Kepehike,</i> -'he closes up,' or obstructs, <i>i. e.</i> 'dams.'" The bounds of the -Shinnec'ock Indians extended east to this stream; or, as the record -reads, "To a river where they did use to catch the fish commonly called -alewives, the name of which creek was Pehickkonuk, or Peconic." (Town -Records.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i331d">Agwam,</a> Agawam,</b> is quoted by French as the name of Southampton, L. I. Dr. -Trumbull wrote: "Acawan, Agawan or Auquan, a name given to several -localities in New England Where there are low meadows—a low meadow or -marsh." Presumably from <i>Agwu,</i> "Underneath, below." Another authority -writes: "<i>Agawam</i> from <i>Magawamuk,</i> A great fishing place." (See -Machawameck.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i332a">Sunquams</a></b> is given by French as the Indian name of Mellville in -Southampton, L. I., with the interpretation, "Sweet Hollow." The -interpretation is mere guess-work.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i332b">Massaback,</a></b> a hill so called in Huntington, Suffolk County—in English -"Half hill," and in survey (1703) "Half-hollow hill"—probably does not -belong to the hill which the English described as "half-hollow," but to -a stream in proximity to it—<i>Massabeset,</i> "At a (relatively) great -brook." (Trumbull.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i332c">Mattituck,</a></b> the name of a village in Southold, near the west end of the -town, was primarily written as that of a tract of land including the -present town of Riverhead, from which it was extended to a large pond -between Peconic Bay and the Sound. Presumably the same name is met in -Mattatuck, Ct., written Matetacoke, 1637, Matitacoocke, 1673, which was -translated by Dr. Trumbull from Eliot's <i>Mat-uh'tugh-auke,</i> "A place -without wood," or badly wooded. (See Titicus.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i332d">Cutchogue,</a></b> Plymouth Records, 1637; "<i>Curchaug,</i> or Fort Neck;" -<i>Corch'aki,</i> deed of 1648; now Cutchogue, a village in Southold, in the -vicinity of which was an Indian fort, the remains of which and of an -Indian burial ground are objects of interest, is probably a corruption -of <i>Maskutchoung,</i> which see. Dr. Tooker translated from <i>Kehti-auke,</i> -"The principal place," the appositeness of which is not strikingly -apparent. The clan bearing the name was party to the treaty with the -Massachusetts people in 1637, and to the sale of the East Hampton lands. -Their earliest sachem was Momoweta, who acknowledged the primacy of -Wyandanch.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i332e">Tuckahoe,</a></b> a level tract of land near Southampton village, takes that -name from one or the other of the larger "round" roots (Mass. -<i>P'tuckweōō</i>), possibly the Golden Club, or Floating Artmi, a root -described "as much of the bigness and taste of potatoes." (Trumbull.) -[FN] The same name is met in Westchester County.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Dr. Brinton writes: "They also roasted and ate the acrid cormus of - the Indian turnip, in Delaware <i>taw-ho, taw-hin</i> or <i>tuck-ah,</i> and - collected the seeds of the Golden Club, common in the pools along the - creeks and rivers. Its native name was <i>taw-kee.</i>" ("The Lenape and - their Legends.") The name of another place on Long Island, written - <i>Hogonock,</i> is probably an equivalent of Delaware <i>Hóbbenac</i> (Zeisb.), - "Potatoes," or "Ground-nuts"; <i>Hóbbenis,</i> "Turnips." (See Passapenoc.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i333a">Sagabonock</a></b> has left only the remnant of its name to Sag-pond and -Sag-harbor. It is from <i>Sagabonak,</i> "Ground nuts, or Indian potatoes." -(Trumbull.) The name is of record as that of a boundmark "two miles from -the east side of a Great Pond," and is described as a "pond or swamp" to -which the name of the tuber was extended from its product.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i333b">Ketchepunak,</a></b> quoted as the name of Westhampton, describes "The greatest -ground-nut place," or "The greatest ground-nuts." (See Kestaubniuk.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i333c">Wequaganuck</a></b> is given as the name of that part of Sag-harbor within the -town of East Hampton. It is an equivalent of <i>Wequai-adn-auke,</i> "Place -at the end of the hill," or "extending to the hill." (Trumbull.) The hill -is now known as Turkey Hill, on the north side of which the settlement -of Sag-harbor was commenced.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i333d">Namke,</a></b> from <i>Namaa,</i> "fish," and <i>ke,</i> "place"—fish-place—was the name -of a place on the creek near Riverhead. (O'Gallaghan.) More exactly, -<i>Nameauke,</i> probably.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i333e">Hoppogues,</a></b> in Smithtown, Suffolk County, is pretty certainly from -<i>Wingau-hoppague,</i> meaning, literally, "Standing water of good and -pleasant taste." The name was that of a spring and pond. In a deed of -1703, the explanation is, "Or ye pleasant springs." Supposed to have been -the springs which make the headwaters of Nissequogue river at the -locality now bearing the name of Hauppauge, a hamlet.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i333f">Massapeage</a>—</b><i>Massapeag,</i> 1636; <i>Massapeague, Rassapeage</i>—a place-name -from which extended to an Indian clan whose principal seat is said to -have been on Fort Neck, in the town of Oyster Bay, was translated by Dr. -Trumbull from <i>Massa,</i> "great"; <i>pe,</i> the radical of water, and <i>auke,</i> -"land," or "Land on the great cove." Thompson (Hist. L. I.) assigns the -name to "a swamp on the south side of Oyster Bay," now South Oyster Bay, -and it is so applied in Indian deeds. There were two Indian forts or -palisaded towns on the Neck. Of one the name is not given; it was the -smallest of the two; its site is said to be now submerged by water. The -second, or largest, is called in Dutch records <i>Matsepe,</i> "Great river." -It is described as having been situated on the most southerly point of -land adjoining the salt meadows. Both forts were attacked by Dutch forces -under Capt. Pieter Cock and Capt. John Underhill, in the summer of 1644 -(a local record says August) and totally destroyed with heavy loss to -the Indians. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 15, 16.) In Prime's and other local -histories the date is given as 1653, on the authority of "Hubbard's -Indian Wars," and Capt. Underhill is assigned to the command in the -attack on the largest fort. The official Dutch record, however, assigns -that honor to Capt. Pieter Cock. The year was surely 1644, (Brodhead's -Hist. N. Y., i, 91.) The prefix <i>Mass,</i> appears in many forms—Massa, -Marsa, Marsha, Rassa, Mesa, Missi, Mas, Mes, etc., and also <i>Mat,</i> an -equivalent of <i>Mas.</i></p> - -<p><b><a id="i334a">Massepe,</a></b> quoted in Dutch records as the name of the Indian fort on Fort -Neck, where it seems to have been the name of Stony Brook, is also met -in Jamaica Records (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 505) as the name of a creek -forming a mowing boundary or division line extending from a certain place -"Eastward to ye great creek called Massepe." The name is fully explained -by the description, "Great creek." <i>Massepe-auke</i> means "Great creek -(or river) land," or place; <i>Mas-sepe-ink,</i> "At or on the great creek." -The Indian residents came to be known as the Marsepincks.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i334b">Maskutchoung,</a></b> a neck of land so called forming one of the boundaries of -Hempstead Patent as entered in confirmatory deed of "Takapousha, sachem -of Marsapeage," and "Wantagh, the Montauke sachem," July 4th, 1657: -"Beginning at a marked tree standing at the east side of the Great Plain, -and from thence running on a due south line, and at the South Sea by a -marked tree in a neck called Maskutchoimg, and thence upon the same line -to the South Sea." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 38, 416.) "By a marked tree -in a neck called Maskachoung." (Thompson's Hist. L. I., 9, 15, 47.) It -is probably an equivalent of <i>Mask-ek-oug,</i> "A grassy swamp or marsh." -A local interpretation reads: "Grass-drowned brook," a small stream -flowing through the long marsh-grass, to which the name was extended.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i335a">Maskahnong,</a></b> so written by Dr. O'Callaghan in his translation of the -treaty between the Western Long Island clans, in 1656, is noted in -"North and South Hempstead Records," p. 60, "A neck of land called -Maskahnong." It disappears after 1656, but probably reappears as -Maskachoung in 1658, and later as Maskutchoung, which see.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i335b">Merick,</a></b> the name of a village in Hempstead, Queens County, is said to -have been the site of an Indian village called <i>Merick-oke.</i> It has been -interpreted as an apheresis of a form of <i>Namanock,</i> written <i>Namerick,</i> -"Fish place." (See Moriches.) Curiously enough, Merrick was a proper name -for man among the ancient Britons, and the corruption would seem to have -been introduced here by the early English settlers from resemblance to -the Indian name in sound. The place is on the south side of the island. -The Indian clan was known as the Merickokes.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i335c">Quantuck,</a></b> a bay so called in Southampton, is of record, in 1659, -<i>Quaquanantuck,</i> and applied to a meadow or neck of land. "The meadow -called Quaquunantuck"—"the neck of land called Quaquanantuck"—"all the -meadows lying west of the river, commonly called or known by the name of -Quantuck." One of the boundmarks is described as "a stumpy marsh," -indicating that it had been a marsh from which the trees had been -removed. The name seems to correspond with this. It is probably from -<i>Pohqu'un-antack,</i> "cleared or open marsh" or meadow. (See Montauk.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i335d">Quogue,</a></b> the name of a village near Quantuck Bay, and located, in Hist. -Suffolk County, as "the first point east of Rockaway where access can -be had to the ocean without crossing the bay," has been read as a -contraction of Quaquaunantuck, but seems to be from <i>Pŏque-ogue,</i> "Clear, -open space," an equivalent of <i>Pŏque-auke,</i> Mass.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i335e">Rechqua-akie,</a></b> De Vries; <i>Reckkouwhacky,</i> deed of 1639; now applied to a -neck on the south side of Long Island and preserved in Rockaway, was -interpreted by the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan: "<i>Reck</i> 'sand'; <i>qua,</i> -'flat'; <i>akie,</i> 'land'—the long, narrow sand-bar now known as Rockaway -Beach," but is more correctly rendered with dialectic exchange of R and -L, <i>Lekau.</i> (Rekau), "sand or gravel," <i>hacki,</i> "land" or place. (Zeisb.) -"Flats" is inferred. A considerable division of the Long Island Indians -was located in the vicinity, or, as described by De Vries, who visited -them in 1643, "near the sea-shore." He found thirty wigwams and three -hundred Indians, who were known in the treaty of 1645, as Marechkawicks, -and in the treaty of 1656 as Rockaways. [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The names in the treaty of 1645, as written by Dr. O'Callaghan, - are "Marechkawicks, Nayecks, and their neighbors"; in the treaty of - 1656, "Rockaway and Canorise." The latter name appears to have been - introduced after 1645 in exchange for Marechkawick. (See Canarise.) - <i>Rechqua</i> is met on the Hudson in Reckgawaw-onck, the Haverstraw flats. - It is not an apheresis of Marechkawick, nor from the same root.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i336a">Jamaica,</a></b> now applied to a town, a village and a bay, was primarily given -to the latter by the English colonists. "Near unto ye beaver pond called -Jamaica," and "the beaver path," are of record, the latter presumably -correct. The name is a pronunciation of <i>Tomaque,</i> or <i>K'tamaque,</i> Del., -<i>Amique,</i> Moh., "beaver." "<i>Amique,</i> when aspirated, is written -<i>Jamaique,</i> hence Yameco, Jamico, and modern Jamaica." (O'Callaghan.) -The bay has no claim to the name as a beaver resort, but beavers were -abundant in the stream flowing into it.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i336b">Kestateuw,</a></b> "the westernmost," <i>Castuteeuw,</i> "the middlemost," and -<i>Casteteuw,</i> "the eastermost," names of "three flats on the island -Sewanhackey, between the bay of North river and the East river." The -tracts came to be known as Flatlands; "the easternmost," as "the Bay," -or Amesfort.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i336c">Sacut,</a></b> now known as Success Pond, lying on a high ridge in Flushing, is -a corruption of <i>Sakûwit</i> (<i>Sáquik</i>), "Mouth of a river" (Zeisb.), or -"where the water flows out." The pond has an outlet, but it rarely -overflows. It is a very deep and a very clear body of water.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i336d">Canarsie,</a></b> now so written and applied to a hamlet in the town of -Flatlands, Kings County, is of record <i>Canari See, Canarisse, Canarise, -Canorise</i> (treaty of 1655), <i>Kanarisingh</i> (Dutch), and in other forms, -as the name of a place or feature from which it was extended to an -Indian sub-tribe or family occupying the southwest coast of Long Island, -and to their village, primarily called <i>Keshaechquereren</i> (1636). On the -Lower Potomac and Chesapeake Bay the name is written <i>Canais, Conoys, -Ganawese,</i> etc. (Heck, xlii), and applied to a sub-tribe of Naniticokes -residing there who were known as "The tide-water people," or "Sea-shore -settlers." On Delaware Bay it is written <i>Canaresse</i> (1651, not 1656 as -stated by Dr. Tooker), and applied to a specific place, described in -exact terms: "To the mouth of the bay or river called Bomptjes Hoeck, in -the Indian language <i>Canaresse.</i>" (Col. Hist. N. Y. xii, 166.) "Bomptjes -Hoeck" is Dutch and in that language describes a low island, neck or -point of land covered with small trees, lying at the mouth of a bay or -stream, and is met in several connections. The point or place described -on the Delaware (now Bombay Hook) was the end of the island, known on -old maps as "Deep Point," and the "Hook" was the bend in the currents -around it forming the marshy inlet-bay on the southwest connecting with -a marshy channel or stream, and the latter on the north with a small -stream by which the island was constituted. Considered from the -standpoint of an Algonquian generic term, the rule is undisputed that -the name must have described a feature which existed in common at the -time of its application, on the Delaware and on Long Island, and it only -remains to determine what that feature was. Obviously the name itself -solves the problem. In whatever form it is met it is the East Indian -<i>Canarese</i> (English <i>Can'a-resé</i>) pure and simple, and obviously employed -as a substitute for the Algonquian term written <i>Ganawese,</i> etc., of the -same meaning. In the "History of New Sweden" (Proc. N. Y. Hist. Soc, -2d Ser. v. i.), the locative on the Delaware is described: "From -Christina Creek to <i>Canarose</i> or <i>Bambo</i> Hook." In "Century Dictionary" -<i>Bambo</i> is explained: "From the native East Indian name, Malay and Java -<i>bambu</i>, Canarese <i>banbu</i> or <i>bonwu.</i>" Dr. Brinton translated <i>Ganawese</i> -from <i>Guneu</i> (Del.), "Long," but did not add that the suffix—<i>wese,</i> -or as Roger Williams wrote it, <i>quese,</i> means "Little, small," the -combination describing Bambo grasses, <i>i. e.</i> "long, small" grasses, -which, in some cases reach the growth of trees, but on Long Island and -on the Delaware only from long marsh grasses to reeds, as primarily in -and around Jamaica Bay and Gowanus Bay, on Reed Island, etc. True, -Ganawese would describe anything that was "long, small," but obviously -here the objective product. Canarese, Canarose, Kanarische, Ganawese, -represent the same sound-"in (East) Indian, Canaresse," as represented -in the first Long Island form, Canari See, now Jamaica Bay.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i338a">Keschaechquereren,</a></b> (1636), <i>Keschaechquerem</i> (1637), the name of the -settlement that preceded Canarese, disappears of record with the advent -of the English on Barren Island and at Gravesend soon after 1637-8. It -seems to describe a "Great bush-net fishing-place," from -K'sch-achquonican, "Great bush-net." (Zeisb.), the last word from -<i>Achewen,</i> "Thicket"; from which also <i>t' Vlact Bosch</i> (Dutch), modern -Flatbush. The Indian village was between the Stroome (tidewater) Kil and -the Vresch Kil, near Jamaica.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i338b">Narrioch</a></b> was given by the chief who confirmed the title to it in 1643, -as the name of what is now known as Coney Island, and <i>Mannahaning</i> as -that of Gravesend Neck. (Thompson's Hist. L. I., ii, 175.) The Dutch -called the former Conynen, and the latter Conyne Hoeck—"<i>t' Conijen -Conine.</i>" Jasper Dankers wrote in 1679: "On the south (of Staten Island) -is the great bay, which is enclosed by Najaq, t' Conijen Island, -Neversink," etc. Conijen (modern Dutch, Konijn), signifies "Rabbit"—Cony, -Coney—inferentially "Small"—literally, "Rabbit, or Coney Island," in -Dutch. The Indian names have been transposed, apparently. <i>Mannahaning</i> -means "At the island," and <i>Narrioch</i> is the equivalent of <i>Nayaug,</i> "A -point or comer," as in Nyack. The latter was the Dutch "Conyne Hoeck." -Judge Benson claimed Conyn as "A Dutch surname, from which came the name -of Coney, or Conyn's Island," but if so, the surname was from "Rabbit" -surely.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i338c">Gowanus</a>—</b><i>Gowanus,</i> 1639; <i>Gowanes,</i> 1641; <i>Gouwanes,</i> 1672—the name of -one of the boundmarks of a tract of land in Brooklyn, is probably from -<i>Koua</i> (<i>Kowaw,</i> Williams; <i>Curve,</i> Zeisb.), "Pine"; <i>Kowawese</i> -(Williams), "A young pine," or small pine. It was that of a place on a -small stream, the description in the Indian deed of 1639, reading: -"Stretching southward to a certain kil or little low bushes." The land -conveyed is described as being "overflowed at every tide, and covered -with salt-meadow grass." The latter gave to it its value. The claim that -the name was that of an Indian owner is not well sustained. The evidence -of the Dutch description of the bay as Boompje Hoek, meaning, literally, -"Small tree cape, corner or angle," and the fact that small pines did -abound there, seems to establish <i>Koua</i> as the derivative of the name.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i339a">Marechkawick,</a></b> treaty of 1645—<i>Mereckawack,</i> Breeden Raddt, 1649; -<i>Mareckawick</i> and <i>Marechkawieck,</i> Rapelie deed, 1630; <i>Marechkourick,</i> -O'Callaghan; <i>Marechkawick,</i> Brodhead—forms of the name primarily given -as that of Wallabout Bay, [FN] "The bought or bend of Marechkawick"—"in -the bend of Marechkawick," 1630—has been translated by Dr. Tooker from -<i>Men'achk</i> (<i>Manachk,</i> Zeisb.), "fence, fort," and <i>-wik,</i> "house" -(Zeisb.), the reference being to a fenced or palisaded cabin presumably -occupied by a sachem and his family of the clan known in Dutch history -as the Mareckawicks. The existence of a palisaded cabin in the vicinity -of "the bought or bend" is possible, but the name has the appearance of -an orthography (Dutch) of <i>Mereca,</i> the South-American name of a teal, -(Mereca Americani) the Widgeon, and <i>-wick</i> (<i>Wijk,</i> M. L. G.), "Bay, -cove, inlet, retreat," etc., literally "Widgeon Bay." "Situate on the -bay of Merechkawick," is entered on map of 1646 in Stiles' "History of -Brooklyn." <i>Merica</i> was the Mayan name of the American Continent. It is -spread all over South America and was applied to many objects as in the -Latinized Mereca Americani. The early Dutch navigators were no doubt -familiar with it in application to the Widgeon, a species of wild duck, -and employed it in connection with the word <i>-wijk.</i> Until between 1645 -and 1656, the Indians residing on the west end of Long Island were known -as Marechkawicks; after 1656 they were called Canorise. (See Canar'sie.) -Brooklyn is from Dutch <i>Breukelen,</i> the name of a village about eighteen -miles from Amsterdam. It means "Broken land." (Breuk.) On Van der Donck's -map the name is written correctly. A record description reads: "There is -much broken land here."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Wallabout Bay takes its first name from Dutch <i>Waal,</i> "gulf, - abyss," etc., and <i>Bocht,</i> "bend," It was spoken of colloquially by the - early Dutch as "The bay of the foreigners," referring to the Walloons - who had settled on the north side of the bay in 1625. The first white - child, Sarah Rapelie, born in New Netherland, now the State of New York, - was born here June 17th, 1625.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i339b">Manette,</a></b> so written of record—"near Mannato hill," about thirty miles -from Brooklyn and midway between the north and south sides of the -island—has been interpreted from its equivalent, <i>Manitou,</i> "Hill of -the Great Spirit," but means strictly, "That which surpasses, or is more -than ordinary." (Trumbull.) It was a word in common use by the Indians -in application to everything that was more than ordinary or that they -could not understand. In this instance it seems to have been applied to -the water of a spring or well on the rising ground which they regarded -as of surpassing excellence; from the spring transferred to the hill. -The tradition is that some ages ago the Indians residing in the vicinity -of the hill were suffering for water. They prayed to the Great Spirit -for relief, and were directed to shoot an arrow in the air and where it -fell to dig and they would find water. They did so and dug the well now -on the rising ground, the water of which was of surpassing excellence, -or Manitou. The story was probably invented to account for the name. It -is harmless fiction.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i340a">Rennaquakonck,</a> Rinnegahonck,</b> a landmark so called in the boundaries of -a tract on Wallabout Bay, described in deed as "A certain swamp where -the water runs over the stones," and, in a subsequent deed, "At the -sweet marsh" (Hist. of Brooklyn), is an orthography of <i>Winnegackonck,</i> -meaning "At the sweet place," so called from some plant which was found -there, or to distinguish the marsh as fresh or sweet, not a salt marsh. -The exchange of R and W may be again noted.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i340b">Comac,</a></b> the name of a village in Suffolk County, is an apheresis of -<i>Winne-comac,</i> as appears of record. The combination expresses, "Good -enclosed place," from <i>Winne,</i> "Good, fine, sweet, beautiful, pleasant," -etc., and <i>-komuck,</i> "Place enclosed," or having definite boundaries, -limited in size.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i340c">Nyack,</a></b> the name of the site of Fort Hamilton, is a generic verbal from -<i>Nâï,</i> "A point or corner." (<i>Nâïag,</i> Mass., <i>Néïak,</i> Len.) The -orthographies vary—Naywayack, Narrack, Nanak, Narrag, Najack, Niuck, -Narrioch, etc. With the suffix <i>-ak,</i> the name means "Land or place at -the point." (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.) Dankers and Sluyter wrote in -their Journal (1679-80): "We went part of the way through the woods and -fine, new-made land, and so along the shore to the west end of the -island called Najack. . . . Continuing onward from there, we came to the -plantation of the Najack Indians, which was planted with maize, or -Turkish Wheat." The Nayacks removed to Staten Island after the sale of -their lands at New Utrecht. (See Narrioch.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i341a">Nissequague,</a></b> now so written, the name of a hamlet in Smithtown, and of -record as the name of a river and of a neck of land still so known, is -of primary record <i>Nisinckqueg-hackey</i> (Dutch notation), as the name of -a place to which the Matinnecock clan removed after the war of 1643. -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 60.) The English scribes wrote Nesequake (1650), -Nesaquake (1665), Nessequack (1686), Wissiquack (1704), (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers), and other forms. The Indian deed of 1650 (Smithtown -Records) recites the sale by "Nasseoonseke, sachem of Nesequake," of a -tract "Beginning at a river called and commonly known by the name of -Nesaquake River, and from that river eastward to a river called -Memanusack." "Nesaquauke River" is the entry in patent to Richard Smith, -1665. The stream has its source in a number of springs in the southern -part of Smithtown, the flow of which forms a considerable river. -(Thompson.) The theory that "The tribe and river derived their name from -Nesequake, an Indian sagamore, the father of Nassaconset" (Hist. Suf. -Co.), is not well sustained. The suffix <i>-set,</i> cannot be applied to an -animate object; it is a locative meaning "Less than at." In addition to -this objection, Nassaconset is otherwise written Nessaquauke-ecoompt-set, -showing that the name belonged to a place that was "On the other side" -of Nessaquauke. Neesaquauke stands for <i>Neese-saqû-auke,</i> from <i>Nisse,</i> -"two," <i>Sauk,</i> "Outlet," and <i>-auke,</i> "Land" or place, and describes a -place at "the second outlet," or as the text reads, "At a river called -and commonly known by the name of Nesaquake River." The sagamore may -have been given the name from the place, but the place could not have -taken the name from the sagamore. The estuary, now known as Nissequage -Harbor into which the stream flows, extends far inland and forms the -west boundary of Nissequage Neck.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i341b">Marsepinck,</a></b> a stream so called in Queens County, from which extended to -the land which was sold, in 1639, by "Mechowout, chief sachem of -Marossepinck, Sint-Sink and dependencies," and also extended to an -Indian clan known as Marsepings, is no doubt an orthography of <i>Massepe</i> -and <i>-ing,</i> locative. It means "At, to or on the great river." <i>Mas</i> is -an abbreviation of <i>Massa, Missi,</i> etc., "great," and <i>Sepe,</i> means -"river." It was probably used comparatively-the largest compared with -some other stream. (See Massepe.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i342a">Unsheamuck,</a></b> otherwise written Unthemamuk, given as the name of Fresh -Pond, on the boundary line between Huntington and Smithtown, means -"Eel-fishing place." (Tooker.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i342b">Suggamuck,</a></b> the name of what is now known as Birch Creek, in Southampton, -means "Bass fishing-place." (Tooker.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i342c">Rapahamuck,</a></b> a neck or point of land so called, is from <i>Appé-amuck,</i> -"Trap fishing-place." (Tooker.) The name is assigned to the mouth of -Birch Creek. (See Suggamuck.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i342d">Memanusack</a></b> and <i>Memanusuk,</i> given as the name of Stony Brook, probably -has its locative "At the head of the middle branch of Stony Brook," -Which formed the boundmark noted in the Indian deed. The same name is -probably met in <i>Mayomansuk,</i> from <i>Mawé,</i> meaning "To bring together," -"To meet"; and <i>-suck,</i> "Outlet," <i>i. e.</i> of a pond, marsh or river. -The brook was "stony" no doubt, but that description is English.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i342e">Cussqunsuck</a></b> is noted as the name of Stony Brook referred to in -Memanusack. The stream is probably the outlet of the waters of a swamp. -In his will Richard Smith wrote: "I give to my daughter Sarah, 130 acres -of land at the <i>two</i> swamps called <i>Cutts-cunsuck.</i>" The first word -seems to stand for <i>Ksúcqon,</i> "Heavy" (Zeisb.), by metonymie, "Stone," -<i>-es,</i> "Small," and <i>-uck,</i> locative, "Place of small stone." <i>Ksúcqon</i> -may be employed as an adjectival prefix. Eliot wrote, "<i>Qussukquemin,</i> -Stone fruit," the cherry.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i342f">Mespaechtes,</a></b> deed to Governor Keift, 1638, from which Mespath (Brodhead), -Mespat (Riker), Mashpeth and Mashpett (Co. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 602), now -Maspeth, a village in Newtown, Queens County, and met in application to -Newtown Creek (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 25), has been translated by Dr. -Tooker, "From <i>Mech-pe-is-it,</i> Bad-water place," and by Wm. R. Gerard, -"From <i>Massapichtit,</i> verbal describing scattered settlements, as though -the Indians who sold the lands had said, 'We include the lands of those -living here and there.'" [FN] Flint, in his "Early History of Long -Island," wrote: "Mespat Kills, now Maspeth, from the Indian <i>Matsepe,</i> -written by the Dutch, <i>Maespaatches Kiletje</i>"—long known as "Dutch -Kills." In patent of 1642, for lands described as lying "on the east -side of Mespatches Kil," the boundary is stated: "Beginning at the kil -and the tree standing upon the point towards the small kil." Obviously -there were two streams here, the largest called Mespatches, which seems -to be, as Flint states, a Dutch rendering of <i>Matsepe-es,</i> from <i>Mas</i> -(Del. <i>Mech</i>), a comparative term—"great," as distinguished from -"small," the largest of two, and <i>Sepees (Sepoûs, Sepuus),</i> "a brook." -<i>Sepe, Sipo, Sipu,</i> etc., is generally applied to a long stream. The -west branch of Mespatt Kill has the record name of <i>Quandoequareus.</i> -Flint wrote: "The <i>Canapauke,</i> or Dutch Kills, sluggishly winding its -way through the meadows of bronzed grasses." <i>Canapauke</i> stands for -<i>Quana-pe-auke,</i> "Long water-land," or "Land on the long water." The -stream is a tidal current receiving several small streams. (See -Massepe.) Mespatches seems to belong to the stream noted in patent of -1642.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "<i>Missiachpitschik,</i> those who are or live scattered." (Zeisberger's - Onond. Dic.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i343a">Sint-Sink,</a></b> of record as the name of Schout's Bay, [FN] also, "Formerly -called Cow Neck, and by the Indians Sint-Sink," was the name of a place -now known as Manhasset. (Col. Hist. N. Y.) It means "Place of small -stones," as in Sint-Sink, modern Sing-Sing, on the Hudson.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Known also as "Martin Garretson's bay." Garretson was Schout - (Sheriff), hence "Schout's bay." The neck of land "called by the Indians - Sint-Sink," was fenced for the pasturage of cows, and became known as - "Cow Neck," hence "Cow bay" and "Cow harbor," now Manhasset bay. (See - Matinnec'ock and Mochgonneck-onck.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i343b">Manhasset,</a></b> correctly <i>Manhanset,</i> means, "Near the Island," or something -less than at the island. The locative was long known as "Head of Cow -Neck."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i343c">Matinnecock</a></b> is noted in a survey for Lewis Morris, in 1685: "A tract of -land lying upon the north side of Long Island, within the township of -Oyster Bay, in Queens County, and known by the name of Matinicock," and -in another survey: "A certain small neck of land at a place called -Mattinicock." Extended also to an island and to an Indian clan. Cornelius -van Tienhoven wrote in 1650: "Martin Garritson's Bay, or Martinnehouck, -[FN-1] is much deeper and wider than Oyster Bay; it runs westward in and -divides into three rivers, two of which are navigable. The smallest -stream runs up in front of the Indian village called Martinnehouck, -where they have their plantations. The tribe is not strong, and consists -of about thirty families. In and about this bay were formerly great -numbers of Indian plantations which now lie waste. On the rivers are -numerous valleys of sweet and salt meadows." The name has, with probable -correctness, been interpreted from <i>Metanak-ok</i> (Lenape, <i>Metanak-onk</i>; -Abn., <i>Metanak-ook</i>), meaning, "Along the edge of the island," or, as -Van Tienhoven wrote, "About this bay." The same name appears on the -Delaware as that of what is now known as Burlington Island. [FN-2] It is -corrupted in New Jersey to Tinnicum, and is preserved on Long Island as -the name of a village in the town of Oyster Bay.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] A corruption from "Martin."</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Mattinacunk, Matinneconke, Matinnekonck—"having been formerly - known by the name of Kipp's Island, and by ye Indian name of - Koo-menakanok-onck." (Col. Hist. N. Y.) <i>Koo-menakanok-onck</i> was the - largest of two islands in the Delaware and was particularly identified - by the Indian name, which means "Pine-tree-islands place." The name by - which the Island came to be known was transferred to it apparently.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i344a">Hog's Island,</a></b> so called by the early settlers, now known as Center -Island, has the record description: "A piece of land on Martin -Garretson's Bay, in the Indian tongue called Matinnecong, alias Hog's -Neck, or Hog's Island, being an island at high tide." (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiv, 435.) "Matinneckock, a neck on the Sound east of Muchito Cove." -(See Muchito.) The island is connected with the main land by a neck or -beach which was overflowed at high tide.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i344b">Caumsett</a></b> is recorded as the name of "The neck of land which makes the -west side of Cow Harbor and the east side of Oyster Bay" (Ind. Deed of -1654), known later as Horse Neck and Loyd's Neck. Apparently a -corruption of <i>Ketumpset,</i> "Near the great standing rock." The reference -may have been to what was known as Bluff Point.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i344c">Muchito,</a></b> the name of what is now Glen Cove, near Hempstead Harbor, is -otherwise written Muschedo, Mosquito and Muscota. It was primarily -written as the name of Muchito Neck. It means "Meadow"—<i>Moskehtu</i> -(Eliot), "grass;" <i>Muskuta,</i> "A grassy plain or meadow." (See Muscota.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i345a">Katawomoke,</a></b> "or, as called by the English, Huntington," is written in -the Indian deed of 1653, <i>Ketauomoke</i>; in deed of 1646, <i>Ketauomocke,</i> -and assigned to a neck of land "Bounded upon the west side with a river -commonly called by the Indians Nachaquetuck, and on the east by a river -called Opcutkontycke," the latter now known as Northfield-Harbor Brook. -The name is preserved in several orthographies. In deed to Lion Gardiner -(1638), <i>Ar-hata-amunt</i>; in deed to Richard Smith (1664), <i>Catawaunuck</i> -and <i>Catawamuck</i>, and in another entry "Cattawamnuck land," <i>i. e.</i> land -about Catawamuck; in Huntington Records, <i>Ketewomoke</i>; in Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, p. 60: "To the eastward of the town of Huntington and to -the westward of Nesaquack, commonly called by the Indians <i>Katawamake</i> -and in English by the name of Crope Meadow;" in another entry, "Crab -Meadow," by which last name the particular tract was known for many -years. "Crope" and "Crab" are English equivalents for a species of -grass called "finger-grass or wire-grass," and were obviously employed -by the English to describe the kind of grass that distinguished the -meadow—certainly not as an equivalent of the Indian name, which was -clearly that of a place at or near the head of Huntington Harbor, from -which it was extended to the lands as a general locative. The several -forms of the name may probably be correctly read from <i>Kehti,</i> or its -equivalent. <i>Kehchi</i>, "Chief, principal, greatest," and <i>-amaug,</i> -"Fishing-place" (<i>-amuck,</i> L. I.), literally "The greatest -fishing-place." The orthography of 1638 is especially corrupt, and -<i>Ketawamuck</i>, apparently the most nearly correct, the rule holding good -in this, as in other cases, that the very early forms are especially -imperfect.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i345b">Nachaquatuck,</a></b> the western boundary stream of Eaton's Neck, quoted as the -name of Cold Spring, is translated by Dr. Tooker from <i>Wa'nashque-tuck</i>, -"The ending creek, because it was the end or boundary of the tract." -"Called by the Indians Nackaquatok, and by the English Cold Spring." -(Huntington Patent, 1666.) <i>Wanashque,</i> "The tip or extremity of -anything."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i346a">Opcutkontycke,</a></b> now assigned to a brook entering Northfield Harbor, and -primarily given as the name of a boundary stream (see Katawamake), seems -to be a corruption of <i>Ogkomé</i> (Acoom-), "On the other side," and -<i>-tuck,</i> "A tidal stream or estuary." It was a place on the other side -of the estuary.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i346b">Aupauquack,</a></b> the name of a creek in West Hampton, is entered, in 1665, -<i>Aupaucock</i> and described as a boundary stream between the Shinnecock -and the Unchechauge lands, "Either nation may cutt flags for their use -on either side of the river without molestation." Also given as the name -of a "Lily Pond" in East Hampton. Written Appauquauk and Appoquague, and -now Paucuck. The name describes a place "Where flags grow," and nothing -else. [FN] (See Apoquague.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Rev. Thomas James, in a deposition made Oct. 18, 1667, said that - two old Indian women informed him they "gathered flags for mats within - that tract." (East Hampton Town Records, 156.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i346c">Wading River,</a></b> now so called, was also called "The Iron or Red Creek," -"Red Creek" and "Wading Place," and by the Indians <i>Pauquacumsuck</i> and -<i>Pequoockeon,</i> the latter, wrote Dr. Trumbull, "Because Pequaocks, a -little thick shell-fish was found there, which the Indians waded for; -hence the name 'Wading River,' <i>Quahaug</i> is from this term, and -<i>Pequaock,</i> Oyster Bay." "Iron or Red Creek" explains itself. Wading -River is preserved in the name of a village in the town of Riverhead.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i346d">Assawanama</a>—</b>"a tract of land near the town of Huntington called by the -natives <i>Anendesak,</i> in English Eaderneck's Beach, and so along the -Sound four miles, or thereabouts, until [to] the fresh pond called by -the natives <i>Assaiwanama,</i> where a creek runs into the Sound"—describes -"A creek beyond," <i>i. e.</i> beyond Anendesak; from Assawa-amhames.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i346e">Aquebogue,</a> Aquebauke—</b>"on the north side of Aquebauke or Piaconnock -River" (COl. Hist. N. Y., xiv, 600)—means, "Land or place on this side," -<i>i. e.</i> on the side towards the speaker, as is obvious from the -description, "On the north side," and from the deed of 1648, which -reads: "The whole tract of land called Ocquebauck, together with the -lands and meadows lying on the <i>other side</i> of the water as far as the -creek," the latter called "The Iron or Red Creek," now "Wading River." -The name is preserved in two villages in the town of Riverhead, on the -original tract.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i347a">Wopowag,</a></b> more correctly <i>Wepowage,</i> given as the name of Stony Brook, -town of Brookhaven, describes a place "At the narrows," <i>i. e.</i> of a -brook or cove, and usually "The crossing place." (Trumbull.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i347b">So'was'set,</a></b> correctly <i>Cowas'sett</i> (Moh.), the name of what is now Port -Jefferson, signifies, "Near a place of small pine trees." (Trumbull.) -The name was applied to what was long known as the "Drowned Meadow," but -not the less a "Place of small pine trees" which was at or near the -meadow.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i347c">Wickaposset,</a></b> now given as the name of Fisher's Island, appears to be -from <i>Wequa,</i> "End of," <i>-paug</i> (-peauke), "Waterland," and <i>-et,</i> -locative—near the end of the water-land, marsh or pond. The island is -on the north side of the Sound opposite Stonington, Ct., but is included -in the jurisdiction of Southampton.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i347d">Hashamomuck,</a></b> "being a neck of land." (Southold Records.) Hashamomock or -Nashayousuck. (Ib.) The adjectivals <i>Hash</i> and <i>Nash</i> seem to be from -<i>Nashaué,</i> "Between," and <i>-suck,</i> "The mouth or outlet of a brook." The -suffix <i>-momuck,</i> in the first form, may stand for <i>-komuk,</i> "Place"—a -place between. The orthographies are very uncertain.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i347e">Minnepaug,</a></b> "being a little pond with trees standing by it." (Southold -Records.) The name is explained in the description, "A little pond." In -Southampton Records the same pond is called Monabaugs, another -orthography of Minnepaug.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i347f">Masspootupaug</a></b> (1662), describes a boggy meadow or miry land. The -substantival is <i>Póotapaug,</i> Mass., "A bog." The adjectival may stand for -<i>Mass,</i> "Great," or <i>Matt,</i> derogative.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i347g">Manowtassquott,</a></b> or <b>Manowtatassquott,</b> is assigned to Blue Point, in Great -South Bay, town of Brookhaven. The record reads: "Bounded easterly by a -brook or river to the westward of a point called the Blue Point, known -by the Indian name of Manowtatassquott." The name belongs to a place -where Menhaden abounded—Manowka-tuck-ut—from which extended to the -point.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i348a">Ochabacowesuck,</a></b> given as the name of what is now called Pine Neck, stands -for <i>Acquebacowes-uck,</i> meaning, "On this side of the small pines." -Narraganset. <i>Cówawés-uck,</i> "At the young pine place," or "Small-pine -place." <i>Koowa,</i> Eliot; <i>-es,</i> diminutive; <i>-uck,</i> locative. The name of -the tree was from its pointed leaves; <i>Kous,</i> a thorn or briar, or -"having a sharp point." (Trumbull.) <i>Acqueb,</i> "This side."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i348b">Ronkonkoma,</a></b> <i>Raconkamuck, Wonkonkoamaug, Wonkongamuck, Wonkkeconiaug, -Raconkcamake,</i> "A fresh pond, about the middle of Long Island." -(Smithtown Records.) "<i>Woukkecomaug</i> signifying crooked pond." (Indian -deed of 1720.) Obviously from <i>Wonkun,</i> "Bent," and <i>-komuk,</i> "Place, -limited or enclosed." Interpretation from <i>Wonkon'ous,</i> "Fence," and -<i>-amaug,</i> "Fishing-place" (Tooker), has no other standing than that -there was a fence of lopped trees terminating at the pond. The name, -however, was in place before the fence was made. The explanation in the -Indian deed of 1720 cannot be disputed. The pond divides the towns of -Islip, Smithtown, Setauket, and Patchoug.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i348c">Potunk,</a></b> a neck of land on Shinnecock Bay, is written <i>Potuncke</i> in -Smithtown Records, in 1662. "A swamp at Potunk," is another entry. Dr. -Trumbull quoted it as a form of <i>Po'dunk,</i> Conn., which is of primary -record, "Called <i>Potaecke,</i>" and given as the name of a "brook or -river." In Brookfield, Mass., a brook bearing the name is said to have -been so called "from a tract of meadow adjoining." In Washington County, -N. Y., is recorded "Podunk Brook." (Cal. Land Papers.) The meaning of the -name is uncertain, but from its wide distribution it is obviously from -a generic—presumably a corruption of <i>P'tuk-ohke,</i> a neck or corner of -land. "The neck next east of Onuck is known by the Indian name of -Potunk." (Local History.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i348d">Mannhonake,</a></b> the name of Gardiner's Island—"called by the Indians -Mannhonake, [FN] and by us the Isle of Wight"—means, "Island place or -country," from <i>Munnohhan,</i> "Island," and <i>-auke,</i> "Land, ground, place -(not limited or enclosed), country," etc. (Trumbull.) In common with -other islands in Gardiner's Bay, it was recommended, in 1650, as offering -rare inducements for settlement, "Since therein lie the cockles whereof -wampum is made." "The greatest part of the wampum for which the furs are -traded is made there." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 360.) The island was -claimed in the deed as the property of the Narragansetts. Dr. Dwight's -interpretation of the name, "A place where a number of Indians had died," -is a pure invention.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Manchonacke</i> is the orthography in patent to Lion Gardiner, 1639. - (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 685.) Dr. Trumbull quotes <i>Manchonat,</i> - Narragansett.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i349a">Manah-ackaquasu-wanock,</a></b> given as the name of Shelter Island, is a -composition of two names, as shown by the record entry, "All that their -island of <i>Ahaquasu-wamuck,</i> otherwise called <i>Manhansack.</i>" -<i>Ahaquasu-wamuck</i> is no doubt the equivalent of <i>Aúhaquassu</i> (Nar.), -"Sheltered," and <i>-amuck</i> is an equivalent of <i>amaug,</i> "Fishing-place," -literally, "Sheltered fishing-place." <i>Menhansack</i> is <i>Manhansick</i> in -deed of 1652, and <i>Munhassett</i> and <i>Manhasett</i> in prior deed of 1640. -(East-Hampton Records.) It is a composition from <i>Munnohan,</i> "Island;" -<i>es,</i> "small," and <i>et,</i> "at" and describes a small island as "at" or -"near" some other island. The compound <i>Manah-ahaquasu-wanock,</i> means, -therefore, simply, "Sheltered-fishing-place island," identifying the -island by the fishing-place, while <i>Manhasett</i> identifies it in generic -terms as a small island near some other island or place. [FN] The island -now bears the generic terms <i>Manhasett.</i> Pogatacutt, sachem of the -island, is supposed to have lived on what is now known as "Sachem's -Neck." (See Montauk.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Perhaps explained by the entry, "Roberts' Island, situate near - Manhansack." (Records, Town of East-Hampton.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i349b">Manises,</a></b> or <i>Menasses,</i> as written by Dr. Trumbull, the name of Block -Island, means, literally, "Small island," just as an Englishman would -describe it. The Narragansetts were its owners. Its earliest European -occupant was Capt. Adriaen Block, who, having lost his vessel by burning -at Manhattan, constructed here another which he called the "Onrust" or -"Restless," in 1614. It was the first vessel constructed by Europeans in -New York waters. In this vessel Block made extended surveys of Hudson's -River, the Connecticut, the Sound, etc. Acquiring from his residence -among them a knowledge of the Connecticut coast dialects, he wrote the -names of tribes on the Hudson in that dialect. Reference is made to what -is better known as the "Carte Figurative of 1614-16." There is no better -evidence that this Figurative was from Block's chart than its presumed -date and the orthographies of the names written on it.</p> -<br><br><br> - - - - <hr> -<br> - - <h2 class="direct;">Hudson's River on the West.</h2> -<br> - - -<p><b><a id="i350a">Neversink,</a></b> now so written as the name of the hills on the south side of -the lower or Raritan Bay, is written <i>Neuversin</i> by Van der Donck, -<i>Neyswesinck</i> by Van Tienhoven, <i>Newasons</i> by Ogilby, 1671, and more -generally in early records Naver, Neuver, Newe, and Naoshink. The -original was no doubt the Lenape Newas-ink, "At the point, comer, or -promontory." The root <i>Ne</i> (English <i>Nâï</i>), means, "To come to a point," -"To form a point," or, as rendered by Dr. Trumbull, "A corner, angle or -point," <i>Nâïag.</i> Dr. Schoolcraft's translation, "Between waters," and -Dr. O'Callaghan's "A stream between hills," are incorrect, as can be -abundantly proved. (See Nyack.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i350b">Perth Amboy,</a></b> at the mouth of Raritan River, is in part, from James, -Earl of Perth, Lord High Chancellor of Scotland, who founded a settlement -there, and part from <i>Amboy</i> (English <i>Ambo</i>), meaning any rising or -stage, a hill or any elevation. A writer in 1684 notes: "Where the town -of Perth is now building is on a shelf of land rising twenty, thirty and -forty feet." Smith (Hist. of New Jersey) wrote: "<i>Ambo</i>, in Indian, 'A -point;'" but there is no such word as <i>Ambo,</i> meaning "A point," in any -Indian dialect. Heckewelder's interpretation: "<i>Ompoge,</i> from which -<i>Amboy</i> is derived, and also <i>Emboli,</i> means 'A bottle,' or a place -resembling a bottle," is equally erroneous, although <i>Emboli</i> may easily -have been an Indian pronunciation of Amboy. The Indian deed of 1651 -reads, "From the Raritan Point, called <i>Ompoge,</i>" which may be read from -<i>Ompaé,</i> Alg. generic, "Standing or upright," of which <i>Amboy,</i> English, -is a fair interpretation.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i350c">Raritangs</a></b> (Van Tienhoven), <i>Rariton</i> (Van der Donck), <i>Raretans, -Raritanoos, Nanakans,</i> etc., a stream flowing to tide-water west of -Staten Island, extended to the Indian sub-tribal organization which -occupied the Raritan Valley, is from the radical <i>Nâï,</i> "A point," as -in Naragan, Naraticon, Narrangansett, Nanakan, Nahican, etc., fairly -traced by Dr. Trumbull in an analysis of Narragansett, and apparently -conclusively established in Nanakan and Narratschoen on the Hudson, the -Verdrietig Hoek, or "Tedious Point," of Dutch notation, where, after -several forms it culminates in <i>Navish.</i> Lindstrom's <i>Naratic-on,</i> on -the lower Delaware, was probably Cape May, and an equivalent -substantially of the New England <i>Nayantukq-ut,</i> "A point on a tidal -river," and Raritan was the point of the peninsula which the clan -occupied terminating on Raritan Bay, where, probably, the name was first -met by Dutch navigators. The dialectic exchange of N and R, and of the -surd mutes <i>k</i> and <i>t</i> are clear in comparing <i>Nanakan</i> on the Hudson, -<i>Naratic-on</i> on the Delaware, and <i>Raritan</i> on the Raritan. Van der -Donck's map locates the clan bearing the name in four villages at and -above the junction of a branch of the stream at New Brunswick, N. J., -where there is a certain point as well as on Raritan Bay. The clan was -conspicuous in the early days of Dutch New Netherland. Van Tienhoven -wrote that it had been compelled to remove further inland on account of -freshets, but mainly from its inability to resist the raids of the -southern Indians; that the lands which they left unoccupied was between -"two high mountains far distant from one to the other;" that it was "the -handsomest and pleasantest country that man can behold." The great -southern trunk-line Indian path led through this valley, and was then, -as it is now, the great route of travel between the northern and the -southern coast. (See Nanakan, Nyack-on-the-Hudson, and Orange.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i351">Orange,</a></b> a familiar name in eastern New Jersey and supposed to refer to -the two mountains that bound the Raritan Valley, may have been from the -name of a sachem or place or both. In Breeden Raedt it is written: "The -delegates from all the savage tribes, such as the Raritans, whose chiefs -called themselves Oringkes from Orange." <i>Oringkes</i> seems to be a form of -<i>Owinickes,</i> from <i>Owini,</i> N. J. (<i>Inini,</i> Chip., <i>Lenni,</i> Del.), meaning -"Original, pure," etc., and <i>-ke,</i> "country"—literally, "First or -original people of the country," an interpretation which agrees with -the claim of the Indians generally when speaking of themselves. [FN] -<i>Orange</i> is <i>Oranje,</i> Dutch, pure and simple, but evidently introduced -to represent the sound of an Indian word. What that word was may, -probably, be traced from the name given as that of the sachem, <i>Auronge</i> -(Treaty of 1645), which seems to be an apheresis of <i>W'scha-já-won-ge,</i> -"On the hill side," or "On the side of a hill." (Zeisb.) Awonge, Auronge, -Oranje, Orange, is an intelligible progression, and, in connection with -"from Orange," indicates the location of a village or the side of a hill, -which the chiefs represented.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Dr. D. G. Brinton wrote me "I believe you are right in identifying - <i>Oringkes</i> with <i>Owine</i>—possibly with locative <i>k.</i>"</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i352a">Succasunna,</a></b> Morris County, N. J., is probably from <i>Sûkeu,</i> "Black," and -<i>-achsün,</i> "Stone," with substantive verbal affix <i>-ni.</i> It seems to -describe a place where there were black stones, but whether there are -black stones there or not has not been ascertained.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i352b">Aquackanonck,</a> Aquenonga, Aquainnuck,</b> etc.. is probably from -<i>Achquam'kan-ong,</i> "Bushnet fishing place." Zeisberger wrote -"<i>Achquanican,</i> a fish dam." The locative was a point of land formed by -a bend in Pasaeck River on the east side, now included in the City of -Paterson. Jasper Bankers and Peter Sluyter wrote, in 1679-80: -"Acquakenon: on one side is the kil, on the other is a small stream by -which it (the point) is almost surrounded." The Dutch wrote here, -<i>Slooterdam,</i> <i>i. e.</i> a dam with a gate or sluiceway in it, probably -constructed of stone, the sluiceway being left open to enable shad to -run up the stream, and closed by bushes to prevent their return to the -sea. (Nelson.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i352c">Watchung</a></b> (Wacht-unk, Del.) is from <i>Wachtschu</i> (Zeisb.), "Hill or -mountain," and <i>-unk,</i> locative, "at" or "on." <i>Wachtsûnk,</i> "On the -mountain" (Zeisb.); otherwise written <i>Wakhunk.</i> The original application -was to a hill some twelve miles west of the Hudson. The first deed (1667) -placed the boundmark of the tract "At the foot of the great mountain," -and the second deed (1677) extended the limit "To the top of the mountain -called Watchung."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i352d">Achkinckeshacky;</a></b> <i>Hackinkeshacky,</i> 1645; <i>Hackinghsackin, Hackinkesack</i> -(1660); <i>Hackensack</i> (1685); <i>Ackinsack, Hockquindachque; Hackquinsack,</i> -are early record forms of the name of primary application to the stream -now known as the Hackensack, from which it was extended to the adjacent -district, to an Indian settlement, and to an Indian sachem, or, as Van -Tienhoven wrote, "A certain savage chief, named Haickquinsacq." (Breeden -Raedt.) The most satisfactory interpretation of the name is that -suggested by the late Dr. Trumbull: "From <i>Huckquan,</i> Mass., <i>Hócquaan,</i> -Len., 'Hook,' and <i>sauk,</i> 'mouth of a river'—literally, 'Hook-shaped -mouth,' descriptive of the course of the stream around Bergen Point, by -the Kil van Kull, [FN-1] to New York Bay." Campanus wrote <i>Hócküng,</i> -"Hook," and Zeisberger, <i>Hócquaan.</i> [FN-2] The German <i>Hacken,</i> now -Hackensack, means "Hook," as in German <i>Russel Hacken,</i> "Pot-hook," a -hook incurved at both ends, as the letter S; in Lenape <i>Hócquoan</i> -(Zeisb.). Probably simply a substitution.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Before entering New York Harbor, Hudson anchored his ship below - the Narrows and sent out an exploring party in a boat, who entered the - Narrows and ascended as far as Bergen Point, where they encountered a - second channel which they explored as far as Newark Bay. The place where - the second channel was met they called "The Kils," or channels, and so - it has remained—incorrectly "Kills." The Narrows they called <i>Col,</i> a - pass or defile, or mountain-pass, hence <i>Kil van Col,</i> channel of the - Narrow Pass, and hence <i>Achter Col,</i> a place behind the narrow channel. - "Those [Indians] of Hackingsack, otherwise called Achter Col." (Journal - of New Neth., 1641-47, Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 9.) . . . "Whether the - Indians would sell us the hook of land behind the Kil van Col." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., xiii, 280.) Achter Col became a general name for all that - section of New Jersey. <i>Kul</i> and <i>Kull</i> are corruptions of <i>Col.</i> - <i>Arthur Kull</i> is now applied to Newark Bay.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Heckewelder wrote "<i>Okhúcquan, Woâkhucquoan,</i> or short <i>Húcquan</i> - for the modern <i>Occoquan,</i> the name of a river in Virginia, and - remarked, 'All these names signify a hook.'" (Trumbull.) Rev. Thomas - Campanus (Holm), who was chaplain to the Swedish settlements on the - Delaware, 1642-9, and who collected a vocabulary, wrote <i>Hócküng</i> - (<i>ueug</i>), "Hook." This sound of the word may have led the Dutch to - adopt <i>Hackingh</i> as an orthography—modern <i>Haking,</i> "Hooking," incurved - as a hook.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i353">Commoenapa,</a></b> written in several forms, was the name of the most southern -of the six early Dutch settlements on the west side of Hudson's River, -known in their order as Commoenapa, Aresseck, Bergen, Ahasimus, -Hoboken-Hackingh, and Awiehacken. Commoenapa is now preserved as the name -of the upland between Communipaw Avenue and Walnut Street, Jersey City, -but was primarily applied to the arm of the main land beginning at -Konstabel's Hoek, and later to the site of the ancient Dutch village of -Gamœnapa, as written by De Vries in 1640, and by the local scribes, -Gamœnapaen. [FN] (Col. Hist. N. Y. xiii, 36, 37.) Dunlap (Hist. N. Y., -i, 50) claimed the name as Dutch from <i>Gemeente,</i> "Commons, public -property," and Paen, "Soft land," or in combination, "Tillable land and -marsh belonging to the community," a relation which the lands certainly -sustained. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 234.) The lands were purchased by -Michael Pauw in 1630, and sold by him to the Dutch government in 1638. -Although clearly a Dutch name it has been claimed as Indian, from Lenape -<i>Gamenowinink</i> (Zeisb.), "England, on the other side of the sea." -<i>Gamœnapaug,</i> one of the forms of the name, is quoted as the basis of -this claim; also, <i>Acomunipag,</i> "On the other side of the bay." The Dutch -did substitute <i>paen</i> for <i>paug</i> in some cases, but it is very doubtful -if they did here.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter wrote in their Journal: - "Gamaenapaen is an arm of the main land on the west side of the North - River, beginning at Constable's Hook, directly opposite to Staten - Island, from which it is separated by the Kil van Kol. It is almost an - hour broad, but has large salt meadows or marshes on the Kil van Kol. - It is everywhere accessible by water from the city."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i354a">Ahasimus</a>—</b><i>Achassemus</i> in deed to Michael Pauw, 1630—now preserved in -Harsimus, was a place lying west of the "Little Island, Aressick;" later -described as "The corn-land of the Indians," indicating that the name -was from Lenape <i>Chasqummes</i> (Zeisb.), "Small corn." <i>Ashki'muis,</i> "Sea -maize." [FN] (See Arisheck.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "The aforesaid land Ahasimus and Aressick, by us called the Whore's - Corner, extending along the river Maurites and the Island Manhates on - the east side, and the Island Hobokan-Hackingh on the north side, - surrounded by swamps, which are sufficiently distinct for boundaries." - (Pauw Deed, Nov. 22, 1630; Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 3.) Mr. Winfield - located Ahasimus "At that portion of Jersey City which lies east of - Union Hill, excepting Paulus' Hoeck (Areisheck), . . . generally from - Warren to near Grove Street."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i354b">Bergen,</a></b> the name of the third settlement, is met in Scandinavian and in -German dialects. "Bergen, the Flemish for Mons (Latin), 'a hill,' a town -of Belgium." (Lippincott.) "Bergen, op. Zoom, 18 miles north of Antwerp, -'a hill at (or near) the bank,' or border." The original settlement was -on what is now known as Jersey City Heights.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i354c">Arisheck</a>—</b>"The Little Island Aressick" (See Ahasimus), called by the -Dutch Aresseck Houck, Hoeren Houck, and Paulus Houck—now the eastern -point of Jersey City—was purchased from the Indians by Michael Pauw, -Nov. 22, 1630, with "the land called Ahasimus," and, with the "Island -Hobokan-Hackingh," purchased by him in July of the same year, was -included in his plantation under the general name of Pavonia, a Latinized -form of his own name, from Pavo, "Peacock" (Dutch Pauw), which is -retained in the name of the Erie R. R. Ferry. Primarily, Arisseck was a -low neck of land divided by a marsh, the eastern end forming what was -called an island. The West India Company had a trading post there -conducted by one Michael Paulis, from whom it was called Paulus' Hook, -which it retains, Pauw also established a trading post there which, as -it lay directly in the line of the great Indian trunk-path (see -Saponickan), so seriously interfered with the trade of the Dutch post -that the Company purchased the land from him in 1638, and in the same -year sold the island to one Abraham Planck. In the deed to Planck the -description reads: "A certain parcel of land called Pauwels Hoek, -situated westward of the Island Manhates and eastward of Ahasimus, -extending from the North River into the valley which runs around it -there." (Col. Hist. N, Y., xiii, 3.) The Indian name, <i>Arisheck</i> or -<i>Aresseck,</i> is so badly corrupted that the original cannot be -satisfactorily detected, but, by exchanging <i>n</i> for <i>r,</i> and adding the -initial <i>K,</i> we would have <i>Kaniskeck,</i> "A long grassy marsh or meadow."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i355">Hoboken,</a></b> now so written—<i>Hobocan-Hacking,</i> July, 1630; <i>Hobokan-Hacking,</i> -Nov. 1630; <i>Hobokina,</i> 1635; <i>Hobocken,</i> 1643; <i>Hoboken,</i> 1647; <i>Hobuck</i> -and <i>Harboken,</i> 1655-6—appears of record first in the Indian deed to -Michael Pauw, July 12, 1630, negotiated by the Director-general and -Council of New Netherland, and therein by them stated, "By us called -Hobocan-Hacking." Primarily it was applied to the low promontory [FN-1] -below Castle Point, [FN-2] bounded, recites the deed, on the south by -the "land Ahasimus and Aressick." On ancient charts Aressick and -Hoboken-Hacking are represented as two long necks of land or points -separated by a cove on the river front now filled in, both points being -called hooks. In records it was called an island, and later as "A neck of -land almost an island, called Hobuk, . . . extending on the south side -to Ahasimus; eastward to the river Mauritus, and on the west side -surrounded by a valley or morass through which the boundary can be seen -with sufficient clearness." (Winfield's Hist. Hudson Co.; Col. Hist. -N. Y., xiii, 2, 3, 4.) In "Freedoms and Exemptions," 1635; "But every one -is notified that the Company reserves, unto itself the Island Manhates; -Fort Orange, with the lands and islands appertaining thereto; Staten -Island; the land of Achassemes, Arassick and Hobokina." The West India -Company purchased the latter lands from Michael Pauw in 1638-9, and -leased and sold in three parcels as stated in the Pauw deeds. The first -settlement of the parcel called by the Dutch Hobocan-Hacking is located -by Whitehead (Hist. East N. J.) immediately north of Hobokan Kill and -called <i>Hobuk.</i> Smith, in his "History of New Jersey," wrote <i>Hobuck,</i> -and stated that it was a plantation "owned by a Dutch merchant who in -the Indian wars, had his wife, children and servants murdered by the -Indians." In a narrative of events occurring in 1655, it is written: -"Presently we saw the house on Harboken in flames. This done the whole -Pavonia was immediately in flames." [FN-3] (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 98.) -The deed statement, "By us named," is explicit, and obviously implies -that the terms in the name were Dutch and not Indian, and Dutch they -surely were. Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: -"Hoboken, called after a village on the river Scheldt, a few miles below -Antwerp, [FN-4] and after a high elevation on its north side. <i>Ho-,</i> -<i>hoh-,</i> is the radical of 'high' in all German dialects, and <i>Buck</i> is -'elevation' in most of them. <i>Buckel</i> (Germ.), <i>Bochel</i> (Dutch), means -'hump,' 'hump-back.' <i>Hump</i> (Low German) is 'heap,' 'hill.' <i>Ho-bok-an</i> -locates a place that is distinguished by a hill, or by a hill in some -way associated with it." Presumably from the ancient village of Hoboken -came to Manhattan, about 1655, one Harmon van Hobocoon, a schoolmaster, -who evidently was given his family name from the village from whence he -came. He certainly did not give his family name to Hoboken twenty years -prior to his landing at Manhattan.</p> - -<p><i>Hacking</i> and <i>Haken</i> are unquestionably Dutch from the radical <i>Haak,</i> -"hook." The first is a participle, meaning <i>Hooking,</i> "incurved as a -hook," by metonymie, "a hook." It was used in that sense by the early -Dutch as a substitute for Lenape <i>Hócquan,</i> "hook," in Hackingsack, and -Zeisberger used it in "<i>Ressel Hacken,</i> pot-hook." No doubt Stuyvesant -used it in the same sense in writing <i>Hobokan-Hacking,</i> describing -thereby both a hill and a hook, corresponding with the topography, to -distinguish it from its twin-hook Arisheck. Had there been an Indian -name given him for it, he would have written it as surely as he wrote -Arisheck. When he wrote, "By us called," he meant just what he said and -what he understood the terms to mean. To assume that he wrote the terms -as a substitute for Lenape <i>Hopoakan-hacki-ug,</i> "At (or on) the -smoking-pipe land." or place where materials were obtained for making -smoking-pipes, has no warrant in the record narrative. <i>Hacking</i> was -dropped from the name in 1635.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] An ancient view of the shore-line represents it as a considerable - elevation—a hill.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Castle Point is just below Wehawken Cove in which Hudson is - supposed to have anchored his ship in 1609. In Juet's Journal this land - is described as "beautiful" and the cliff as of "the color of white - green, as though it was either a copper or silver mine." It has long - been a noted resort for mineralogists.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] Teunissed van Putten was the first white resident of Hoboken. He - leased the land for twelve years from Jan. 1, 1641. The West India - Company was to erect a small house for him. Presumably this house is - referred to in the narrative. It was north of Hoboken Kill.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-4] Now a commercial village of Belgium. The prevailing dialect - spoken there was Flemish, usually classed as Low German. The Low German - dialects of three centuries ago are imperfectly represented in modern - orthographies. In and around Manhattan eighteen different European - dialects were spoken, as noted of record—Dutch, Flemish, German, - Scandinavian, Walloon, etc.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i357">Wehawken</a></b> and <b>Weehawken,</b> as now written, is written <i>Awiehaken</i> in deed -by Director Stuyvesant, 1658-9. Other orthographies are Wiehacken, -Whehockan, Weehacken, Wehauk, obvious corruptions of the original, but -all retaining a resemblance in sound. The name is preserved as that of -a village, a ferry, and a railroad station about three miles north of -Jersey City, and is historically noted for its association with the -ancient custom of dueling, the particular resort for that purpose being -a rough shelf of the cliff about two and one-half miles north of Hoboken -and about opposite 28th Street, Manhattan. The locative of the name is -described in a grant by Director Stuyvesant, in 1647, to one Maryn -Adriaensen, of "A piece of land called Awiehaken, situate on the west -side of the North River, bounded on the south by Hoboken Kil, and running -thence north to the next kil, and towards the woods with the same -breadth, altogether fifty morgens of land." [FN] (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 22.) The "next kil" is presumed to have been that flowing to the -Hudson in a wild ravine just south of the dueling ground, now called the -Awiehackan. A later description (1710) reads: "Between the southernmost -cliffs of Tappaen and Ahasimus, at a place called Wiehake." (Cal. N. Y. -Land Papers, 98.) The petition was by Samuel Bayard, who then owned the -land on both sides of Wiehacken Creek, for a ferry charter covering the -passage "Between the southernmost cliffs of Tappaen and New York Island, -at a place called Wiehake," the landing-place of which was established -at or near the mouth of Awiehacken Creek just below what is now known as -King's Point. Of the location generally Winfield (Hist.. Hudson Co., -N. J.) wrote: "Before the iconoclastic hand of enterprise had touched it -the whole region about was charming beyond description. Just south of -the dueling ground was the wild ravine down which leaped and laughed the -Awiehacken. Immediately above the dueling ground was King's Point looking -boldly down upon the Hudson. From this height still opens as fair, as -varied, as beautiful a scene as one could wish to see. The rocks rise -almost perpendicularly to one hundred and fifty feet above the river. -Under these heights, about twenty feet above the water, on a shelf about -six feet wide and eleven paces long, reached by an almost inaccessible -flight of steps, was the dueling ground." South of King's Point were the -famed Elysian Fields, at the southern extremity of which, under Castle -Point, was Sibyl's Cave, a rocky cavern containing a fine spring of -water.</p> - -<p>The place to which the name was applied in the deed of 1658 seems to have -been an open tract between the streams named, presumably a field lying -along the Hudson, from the description, "running back towards the woods," -suggesting that it was from the Lenape radical <i>Tauwa,</i> as written by -Zeisberger in <i>Tauwi-échen,</i> "Open;" as a noun, "Open or unobstructed -space, clear land, without trees." Dropping the initial we have <i>Auwi, -Awie,</i> of the early orthography; dropping <i>A</i> we have <i>Wie</i> and <i>Wee,</i> -and from <i>-échen</i> we have <i>-ákan, -haken, -hawking,</i> etc. As the name -stands now it has no meaning in itself, although a Hollander might read -<i>Wie</i> as <i>Wei,</i> "A meadow," and <i>Hacken</i> as "Hooking," incurved as a -hook, which would fairly describe Weehawking Cove as it was.</p> - -<p>Submitted to him in one of its modern forms, the late Dr. Trumbull wrote -that <i>Wehawing</i> "Seemed" to him as "most probably from <i>Wehoak,</i> Mohegan, -and <i>-ing,</i> Lenape, locative, 'At the end (of the Palisades)'" and in -his interpretation violated his own rules of interpretation which -require that translation of Indian names must be sought in the dialect -spoken in the district where the name appears. The word for "End," in -the dialect spoken here, was <i>Wiqui.</i> Zeisberger wrote <i>Wiquiechung,</i> -"End, point," which certainly does not appear in any form of the name. -The Dr.'s translation is simply worthless, as are several others that -have been suggested. It is surprising that the Dr. should quote a -Mohegan adjectival and attach to it a Lenape locative suffix.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] A Dutch "morgen"' was about two English acres.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i359a">Espating</a></b> (<i>Hespating,</i> Staten Island deed) is claimed to have been the -Indian name of what is now known as Union Hill, in Jersey City, where, -it is presumed, there was an Indian village. The name is from the root -<i>Ashp</i> (<i>Usp,</i> Mass.; <i>Esp,</i> Lenape; <i>Ishp,</i> Chip.), "High," and <i>-ink,</i> -locative, "At or on a high place." From the same root Ishpat-ink, -Hespating. (O'Callaghan.) See Ashpetong.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i359b">Siskakes,</a></b> now Secaucus, is written as the name of a tract on Hackensack -meadows, from which it was extended to Snake Hill. It is from -<i>Sikkâkâskeg,</i> meaning "Salt sedge marsh." (Gerard.) The Dutch found -snakes on Snake Hill and called it Slangberg, literally, "Snake Hill."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i359c">Passaic</a></b> is a modern orthography of <i>Pasaeck</i> (Unami-Lenape), German -notation, signifying "Vale or valley." Zeisberger wrote <i>Pachsójeck</i> in -the Minsi dialect. The valley gave name to the stream. In Rockland County -it has been corrupted to Paskack, Pasqueck, etc.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i359d">Paquapick</a></b> is entered on Pownal's map as the name of Passaic Falls. It is -from <i>Poqui,</i> "Divided, broken," and <i>-ápuchk,</i> "Rock." Jasper Dankers -and Peter Sluyter, who visited the falls in 1679-80, wrote in their -Journal that the falls were "formed by a rock stretching obliquely across -the river, the top dry, with a chasm in the center about ten feet wide -into which the water rushed and fell about eighty feet." It is this rock -and chasm to which the name refers—"Divided rock," or an open place in -a rock.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i359e">Pequannock,</a></b> now so written, is the name of a stream flowing across the -Highlands from Hamburgh, N. J. to Pompton, written Pachquak'onck by Van -der Donck (1656); Paquan-nock or Pasqueck, in 1694; Paqunneck, Indian -deed of 1709, and in other forms, was the name of a certain field, from -which it was extended to the stream. Dr. Trumbull recognized it as the -equivalent of Mass. <i>Paquan'noc, Pequan'nuc, Pohqu'un-auke,</i> etc., "A -name common to all cleared land, <i>i. e.</i> land from which the trees and -bushes had been removed to fit it for cultivation." Zeisberger wrote, -<i>Pachqu (Paghqu),</i> as in <i>Pachqu-échen,</i> "Meadow;" <i>Pachquak'onck,</i> "At -(or on) the open land."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i360a">Peram-sepus,</a> Paramp-seapus,</b> record forms of the name of Saddle River, -[FN] Bergen County, N. J., and adopted in <i>Paramus</i> as the name of an -early Dutch village, of which one reads in Revolutionary history as the -headquarters of General George Clinton's Brigade, appears in deed for a -tract of land the survey of which reads: "Beginning at a spring called -<i>Assinmayk-apahaka,</i> being the northeastern most head-spring of a river -called by the Indians <i>Peram-sepus,</i> and by the Christians Saddle River." -Nelson (Hist. Ind. of New Jersey) quoted from a deed of 1671: -"<i>Warepeake,</i> a run of water so called by the Indians, but the right -name is <i>Rerakanes,</i> by the English called Saddle River." <i>Peram-sepus</i> -also appears as <i>Wieramius,</i> suggesting that <i>Pera, Para, Wara,</i> and -<i>Wiera</i> were written as equivalent sounds, from the root <i>Wil (Willi, -Winne, Wirri, Waure),</i> meaning, "Good, fine, pleasant," etc. The suffix -varies, <i>Sepus</i> meaning "Brook"; <i>Peake (-peék),</i> "Water-place," and -<i>Anes,</i> "Small stream," or, substantially, <i>Sepus,</i> which, by the prefix -<i>Ware,</i> was pronounced "A fine stream," or place of water.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Called "Saddle River," probably, from Richard Saddler, a purchaser - of lands from the Indians in 1674. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 478.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i360b">Monsey,</a></b> a village in Rockland County, takes that name from an Indian -resident who was known by his tribal name, <i>Monsey</i>—"the Monseys, -Minsis, or Minisinks."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i360c">Mahway,</a> Mawayway, Mawawier,</b> etc., a stream and place now Mahway, N. J., -was primarily applied to a place described: "An Indian field called -Maywayway, just over the north side of a small red hill called -Mainatanung." The stream, on an old survey, is marked as flowing south -to the Ramapo from a point west of Cheesekook Mountain. The name is -probably from <i>Mawéwi</i> (Zeisb.), "Assembly," where streams or paths, or -boundaries, meet or come together. (See Mahequa.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i361a">Mainaitanung,</a></b> Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, and <i>Mainating</i> in N. J. Records, -given as the name of "A small red hill" (see Mahway), does not describe -a "Red hill," but a place "at" a small hill—<i>Min-attinuey-unk.</i> The -suffixed locative, <i>-unk,</i> seems to have been generally used in -connection with the names of hills.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i361b">Pompton</a>—</b><i>Ponton,</i> East N. J. Records, 1695; <i>Pompeton, Pumpton, Pompeton,</i> -N. Y. Records—now preserved in Pompton as the name of a village at the -junction of the Pequannock, the Wynokie, and the Ramapo, and continued -as the name of the united stream south of Pompton Village to its junction -with the Passaic, and also as the name of a town in Passaic County, -N. J., as well as in Pompton Falls, Pompton Plains, etc., and historically -as the name of an Indian clan, appears primarily as the name of the Ramapo -River as now known. It is not met in early New York Records, but in -English Records, in 1694, a tract of land is described as being "On a -river called Paquannock, or Pasqueck, near the falls of Pampeton," and -in 1695, in application to lands described as lying "On Pompton Creek, -about twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into -Paquanneck River," the particular place referred to being known as -Ramopuch, and now as Ramapo. (See Ramapo.) Rev. Heckewelder located the -name at the mouth of the Pompton (as now known) where it falls into the -Passaic, and interpreted it from <i>Pihm</i> (root <i>Pimé</i>), "Crooked mouth," -an interpretation now rejected by Algonquian students from the fact that -the mouth of the stream is not crooked. A reasonable suggestion is that -the original was <i>Pomoten,</i> a representative town, or a combination of -towns. [FN-1] which would readily be converted to Pompton. In 1710, -"Memerescum, 'sole sachem of all the nations (towns or families) of -Indians on Remopuck River, and on the east and west branches thereof, on -Saddle River, Pasqueck River, Narranshunk River and Tappan,' gave title -to all the lands in upper or northwestern Bergen and Passaic counties." -(Nelson, "Indians of New Jersey," 111), indicating a combination of -clans. Fifty years later the tribal title is entered in the treaty of -Easton (1758) as the "Wappings, Opings or Pomptons," [FN-2] as claimants -of an interest in lands in northern New Jersey, [FN-3] subordinately to -the "Minsis, Monseys or Minisinks," with whom the treaty was made. The -clan was then living at Otsiningo as ward's of the Senecas, and seems to -have been composed of representatives of several historic northern New -Jersey families. It has been inferred that their designation as -"Wappings" classed them as immigrants from the clans on the east side of -the Hudson. Obviously, however, the term described them as of the most -eastern family of the Minsis or Minisinks, which they were.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] <i>Pomoteneyu,</i> "There are towns." (Zeisb.) Pompotowwut-Muhheakan-neau, - was the name of the capital town of the Mahicans.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] So recognized in the treaty of Easton.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] The territory in which the Pomptons claimed an interest included - northern New Jersey as bounded on the north by a line drawn from - Cochecton, Sullivan County, to the mouth of Tappan Creek on the Hudson, - thence south to Sandy Hook, thence west to the Delaware, and thence - north to Cochecton, lat. 41 deg. 40 min., as appears by treaty deed in - Smith's hist, of New Jersey.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i362">Ramapo,</a></b> now so written and applied to a village and a town in Rockland -County, and also to a valley, a stream of water and adjacent hills, is -written Ramepog in N. Y. Records, 1695; Ramepogh, 1711, and Ramapog in -1775. In New Jersey Records the orthographies are Ramopock, Romopock and -Remopuck, and on Smith's map Ramopough. The earliest description of the -locative of the name appears in N. Y. Records, 1695: "A certain tract of -land in Orange County called Ramepogh, being upon Pompton Creek, about -twenty miles above ye mouth of said creek where it falls into Pequanneck -River, being a piece of low land lying at ye forks on ye west side of ye -creek, and going down the said creek for ye space of six or seven miles -to a small run running into said creek out of a small lake, several -pieces of land lying on both sides of said creek, computed in all about -ninety or one hundred acres, <i>with upland adjoining</i> thereto to ye -quantity of twelve hundred acres." In other words: "A piece of low land -lying at the forks of said river, about twenty miles above the mouth of -the stream where it falls into the Pequannock, with upland adjoining." -The Pompton, so called then, is now the Ramapo, and the place described -in the deed has been known as Remapuck, Romapuck, Ramopuck, Ramapock, -Pemerpuck, and Ramapo, since the era of first settlement. The somewhat -poetic interpretation of the name, "Many ponds," is without warrant, nor -does the name belong to a "Round pond," or to the stream, now the Ramapo -except by extension to it. Apparently, by dialectic exchange of initials -L and R, <i>Reme, Rama,</i> or <i>Romo</i> becomes <i>Lamó</i> from <i>Lomówo</i> (Zeisb.), -"Downward, slanting, oblique," and <i>-pogh, -puck,</i> etc., is a compression -of <i>-apughk</i> (<i>-puchk</i>, German notation), meaning—"Rock." -<i>Lamów-ápuchk,</i> by contraction and pronunciation, <i>Ramápuck,</i> meaning -"Slanting rock," an equivalent of <i>Pimápuchk,</i> met in the district in -Pemerpock, in 1674, denoting "Place or country of the slanting rock." -[FN] Ramapo River is supposed to have its head in Round Pond, in the -northwest part of the town of Monroe, Orange County. It also received -the overflow of eight other ponds. Ramapo Pass, beginning about a mile -below Pierson's, is fourteen miles long. (See Pompton.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Dr. John C. Smock, late State Geologist of New Jersey, wrote me of - the location of the name at Suffern: "There is the name of the stream - and the name of the settlement (in Rockland County, near the New Jersey - line), and the land is low-lying, and along the creek, and above a - forks, <i>i. e.</i> above the forks at Suffern. On the 1774 map in my - possession, Romapock is certainly the present Ramapo. The term 'Slanting - rock' is eminently applicable to that vicinity." The Ramapock Patent of - 1704 covered 42,500 acres, and, with the name, followed the mountains - as its western boundary.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i363a">Wynokie,</a></b> now so written as the name of a stream flowing to the Pequannock -at Pompton, takes that name from a beautiful valley through which it -passes, about thirteen miles northwest of Paterson. The stream is the -outlet of Greenwood Lake and is entered on old maps as the Ringwood. The -name is in several orthographies—Wanaque, Wynogkee, Wynachkee, etc. It -is from the root <i>Win,</i> "Good, fine, pleasant," and <i>-aki,</i> land or -place. (See Wynogkee.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i363b">Pamerpock,</a></b> 1674, now preserved in <i>Pamrepo</i> as the name of a village in -the northwest part of the city of Bayonne, N. J., is probably another -form of <i>Pemé-apuchk,</i> "Slanting rock." [FN] (See Ramapo.) The name -seems to have been widely distributed.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Pemé</i> is <i>Pemi</i> in the Massachusetts dialect. "It may generally - be translated by 'sloping' or 'aslant.' In Abnaki <i>Pemadené - (Pemi-adené)</i> denotes a sloping mountain side," wrote Dr. Trumbull. The - affix, <i>-ápuchk,</i> changes the meaning to sloping rock, or "slanting - rock," as Zeisberger wrote.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i363c">Hohokus,</a></b> the name of a village and of a railroad station, is probably -from <i>Mehŏkhókus</i> (Zeisb.), "Red cedar." It was, presumably, primarily -at least, a place where red cedar abounded. The Indian name of the stream -here is written <i>Raighkawack,</i> an orthography of <i>Lechauwaak,</i> "Fork" -(Zeisb.), which, by the way, is also the name of a place.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i364a">Tuxedo,</a></b> now a familiar name, is a corruption of <i>P'tuck-sepo,</i> meaning, -"A crooked river or creek." Its equivalent is <i>P'tuck-hanné</i> (Len. Eng. -Dic.), "A bend in the river"—"Winding in the creek or river"—"A bend -in a river." The earliest form of the original appears in 1754—Tuxcito, -1768; Tuxetough, Tugseto, Duckcedar, Ducksider, etc., are later. -Zeisberger wrote <i>Pduk,</i> from which probably Duckcedar. The name seems -to have been that of a bend in the river at some point in the vicinity -of Tuxedo Pond to which it was extended from a certain bend or bends in -the stream. A modern interpretation from <i>P'tuksit,</i> "Round foot," is of -no merit except in its first word. It was the metaphorical name, among -the Delawares, of the wolf. It would be a misnomer applied to either a -river or a pond. <i>Sepo</i> is generic for a long river. (See Esopus.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i364b">Mombasha,</a> Mombashes,</b> etc., the name of a small lake in Southfield, Orange -County, is presumed to be a corruption of <i>M'biìsses</i> (Zeisb.), "Small -lake or pond," "Small water-place." The apostrophe indicates a sound -produced with the lips closed, readily pronouncing <i>o</i> (Mom). Charles -Clinton, in his survey of the Cheesec-ook Patent in 1735, wrote -Mount-Basha. Mombasa is an Arabic name for a coral island on the east -coast of Africa. It may have been introduced here as the sound of the -Indian name.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i364c">Wesegrorap,</a> Wesegroraep, Wassagroras,</b> given as the name of "A barren -plain," in the Kakiate Patent, is probably from Wisachgan, "Bitter," sad, -distressing, pitiable. Ziesberger wrote, "Wisachgak, Black oak," the -bark of which is bitter and astringent. A black oak tree on "the -west-southwest side" of the plain may have given name to the plain.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i364d">Narranshaw,</a> Nanaschunck,</b> etc., a place so called in the Kakiate Patent -boundary, is probably a corruption of Van der Donck's <i>Narratschæn,</i> -"A promontory" or high point. (See Nyack-on-the-Hudson.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i364e">Kakiate,</a></b> the name of patented lands in Rockland County, is from Dutch -<i>Kijkuit,</i> meaning "Look out," or "Place of observation, as a tower, -hill," etc. The highest hill in Westchester County bears the same name -in <i>Kakcout,</i> and <i>Kaykuit</i> is the name of a hill in Kingston, Ulster -County. The tract to which the name was extended in Rockland County is -described, "Commonly called by the Indians <i>Kackyachteweke,</i> on a neck of -land which runs under a great hill, bounded on the north by a creek -called Sheamaweck or Peasqua." Hackyackawack is another orthography. The -name seems to be from <i>Schach-achgeu-ackey,</i> meaning "Straight land," -"Straight along," (Zeisb.); <i>i. e.</i> direct, as "A neck of land"—"A pass -between mountains," or, as the description reads, "A neck of land which -runs under a great hill." Compare Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 48, 183, etc.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i365a">Torne,</a></b> the name of a high hill which forms a conspicuous object in the -Ramapo Valley, is from Dutch <i>Torenherg,</i> "A tower or turret, a high -pointed hill, a pinnacle." (Prov. Eng.) The hill is claimed to have been -the northwest boundmark of the Haverstraw Patent. In recent times it has -been applied to two elevations, the Little Torne, west of the Hudson, and -the Great Torne, near the Hudson, south of Haverstraw. (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 46.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i365b">Cheesek-ook,</a> Cheesek-okes, Cheesec-oks, Cheesquaki,</b> are forms of the name -given as that of a tract of "Upland and meadow," so described in Indian -deed, 1702, and included in the Cheesek-ook Patent, covering parts of the -present counties of Rockland and Orange. It is now preserved as the name -of a hill, to which it was assigned at an early date, and is also quoted -as the name of adjacent lands in New Jersey. The suffix <i>-ook, -oke, --aki,</i> etc., shows that it was the name of land or place (N. J., <i>-ahke;</i> -Len. <i>-aki</i>). It is probably met in <i>Cheshek-ohke,</i> Ct., translated by -Dr. Trumbull from <i>Kussukoe,</i> Moh., "High," and <i>-ohke,</i> "Land or -place"—literally, high land or upland. The final <i>s</i> in some forms, is -an English plural: it does not belong to the root. (See Coxackie.) In -pronunciation the accent should not be thrown on the letter <i>k</i>; that -letter belongs to the first word. There is no <i>Kook</i> about it.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i365c">Tappans,</a></b> Carte Figurative of date (presumed) 1614-16, is entered thereon -as the name of an Indian village in Lat. 41° 15', claimed, traditionally, -to have been at or near the site of the later Dutch village known as -Tappan, in Rockland County. In the triangulation of the locative on the -ancient map is inscribed, "En effen veldt" (a flat field), the general -character of which probably gave name to the Indian village. Primarily, -it was a district of low, soft land, abounding in marshes and long -grasses, with little variation from level, extending along the Hudson -from Tappan to Bergen Point, a distance of twenty-seven miles. Wassenaer -wrote, in 1621-25, <i>Tapants</i>; DeLaet wrote, in 1624, <i>Tappaans</i>; in -Breeden Raedt, <i>Tappanders</i>; <i>Tappaen,</i> De Vries, 1639; <i>Tappaen,</i> Van -der Horst deed, 1651: <i>Tappaens,</i> official Dutch; "Savages of <i>Tappaen</i>"; -<i>Tappaans,</i> Van der Donck, are the early orthographies of the name and -establish it as having been written by the Dutch with the long sound of -<i>a</i> in the last word—<i>paan</i> (-paen)—which may be read <i>pan,</i> as a pan -of any kind, natural or artificial—a stratum of earth lying below the -soil—the pan of a tap into which water flows—a mortar pit. [FN-1] The -compound word <i>Tap-pan</i> is not found in modern Dutch dictionaries, but -it evidently existed in some of the German dialects, as it is certainly -met in <i>Tappan-ooli (uli)</i> on the west coast of Summatra, in application, -to a low district lying between the mountains and the sea, opposite a -fine bay, in Dutch possession as early as 1618, and also in -<i>Tappan-huacanga,</i> a Dutch possession in Brazil of contemporary date. It -is difficult to believe that Tappan was transferred to those distant -parts from an Indian name on Hudson's River; on the contrary its presence -in those parts forces the conclusion that it was conferred by the Dutch -from their own, or from some dialect with which they were familiar, -precisely as it was on Hudson's River and was descriptive of a district -of country the features of which supply the meaning. DeLaet wrote in his -"New World" (Leyden Edition, 1625-6) of the general locative of the name -on the Hudson: "Within the first reach, on the west side of the river, -where the land is low, dwells a nation of savages named <i>Tappaans,</i>" -presumably so named by the Dutch from the place where they had -jurisdiction, <i>i. e.</i> the low lands. Specifically, De Vries wrote in -1639, <i>Tappaen</i> as the name of a place where he found and purchased, "A -beautiful valley of clay land, some three or four feet above the water, -lying under the mountains, along the river," presumed to have been in the -meadows south of Piermont, into which flows from the mountains Tappan -Creek, now called Spar Kill, [FN-2] as well as the overflow of Tappan -Zee, of which he wrote without other name than "bay": "There flows here -a strong flood and ebb, but the ebb is not more than four feet on account -of the great quantity of water that flows from above, overflowing the -low lands in the spring," converting them into veritable soft lands. -<i>Gamænapaen,</i> now a district in Jersey City, was interpreted by the -late Judge Benson, "Tillable land and marsh." Dr. Trumbull wrote: -"<i>Petuckquapaugh,</i> Dumpling Pond (round pond) gave name to part of the -township of Greenwich, Ct. The Dutch called this tract <i>Petuck-quapaen.</i>" -The tract is now known as Strickland Plain, [FN-3] and is described as -"Plain and water-land"—"A valley but little above tidewater; on the -southwest an extended marsh now reclaimed in part." The same general -features were met in <i>Petuckquapaen,</i> now Greenbath, opposite Albany, -N. Y. Dr. Trumbull also wrote, "The Dutch met on Long Island the word -<i>Seaump</i> as the name of corn boiled to a pap. The root is <i>Saupáe</i> -(Eliot), 'soft,' <i>i. e.</i> 'made soft by water,' as <i>Saupáe manoosh,</i> -'mortar,' literally 'softened clay.' Hence the Dutch word -<i>Sappaen</i>—adopted by Webster <i>Se-pawn.</i>" Other examples could be quoted -but are not necessary to establish the meaning of Dutch Tappaan, or -Tappaen. An interpretation by Rev. Heckewelder, quoted by Yates & -Moulton, and adopted by Brodhead presumably without examination: "From -<i>Thuhaune</i> (Del.), cold stream," is worthless. No Delaware Indian would -have given it as the name of Tappan Creek, and no Hollander would have -converted it into Tappaan or Tappaen.</p> - -<p>The Palisade Range, which enters the State from New Jersey, and borders -the Hudson on the west, terminates abruptly at Piermont. Classed by -geologists as Trap Rock, or rock of volcanic origin, adds interest to -their general appearance as calumnar masses. The aboriginal owners were -not versed in geologic terms. To them the Palisades were simply <i>-ompsk,</i> -"Standing or upright rock."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] <i>Paen,</i> old French, meaning <i>Pagan,</i> a heathen or resident of a - heath, from <i>Pagus,</i> Latin, a heath, a district of waste land.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Tappan Creek is now known as the Spar Kill, and ancient Tappan - Landing as Tappan Slote. <i>Slote</i> is from Dutch <i>Sloot.</i> "Dutch, trench, - moat." "Sloops could enter the mouth of the creek, if lightly laden, at - high tide, through what, from its resemblance to a ditch, was called the - Slote." (Hist. Rockl. Co.) The man or men who changed the name of the - creek to Spar Kill cannot be credited with a very large volume of - appreciation for the historic. The cove and mouth of the creek was no - doubt the landing-place from which the Indian village was approached, - and the latter was accepted for many years as the boundmark on the - Hudson of the jurisdiction of New Jersey.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] Strickland Plain was the site of the terrible massacre of Indians - by English and Dutch troops under Capt. Underhill, in March, 1645. - (Broadhead, Hist. N. Y., i, 390.) About eight hundred Indians were - killed by fire and sword, and a considerable number of prisoners taken - and sold into slavery. The Indian fort here was in a retreat of - difficult access.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i368a">Mattasink,</a> Mattaconga</b> and <b>Mattaconck,</b> forms of names given to certain -boundmarks "of the land or island called Mattasink, or Welch's Island," -Rockland County, describe two different features. <i>Mattaconck</i> was "a -swampy or hassocky meadow," lying on the west side of Quaspeck Pond, from -whence the line ran north, 72 degrees east, "to the south side of the -rock on the top of the hill," called Mattasinck. In the surveyor's notes -the rock is described as "a certain rock in the form of a sugar loaf." -The name is probably an equivalent of <i>Mat-assin-ink,</i> "At (or to) a bad -rock," or a rock of unusual form. <i>Mattac-onck</i> seems to be an -orthography of <i>Maskék-onck,</i> "At a swamp or hassocky meadow." Surd mutes -and linguals are so frequently exchanged in this district that locatives -must be relied upon to identify names. <i>Mattac</i> has no meaning in itself. -The sound is that of <i>Maskék.</i></p> - -<p><b><a id="i368b">Nyack,</a></b> Rockland County, does not take that name from <i>Kestaub-niuk,</i> a -place-name on the east side of the Hudson, as stated by Schoolcraft, nor -was the name imported from Long Island, as stated by a local historian; -on the contrary, it is a generic Algonquian term applicable to any point. -It was met in place here at the earliest period of settlement in -application to the south end of Verdrietig Hoek Mountain, as noted in -"The Cove or Nyack Patent," near or on which the present village of Nyack -has its habitations. It means "Land or place at the angle, point or -corner," from <i>Néïak</i> (Del.), "Where there is a point." (See Nyack, -L. I.) The root appears in many forms in record orthographies, due -largely to the efforts of European scribes to express the sound in either -the German or the English alphabet. Adriaen Block wrote, in 1614-16, -<i>Nahicans</i> as the name of the people on Montauk Point; Eliot wrote -<i>Naiyag</i> (<i>-ag</i> formative); Roger Williams wrote <i>Nanhigan</i> and -<i>Narragan;</i> Van der Donck wrote <i>Narratschoan</i> on the Verdrietig Hoek -Mountain on the Hudson; <i>Naraticon</i> appears on the lower Delaware, and -<i>Narraoch</i> and <i>Njack</i> (Nyack) are met on Long Island. The root is the -same in all cases, Van der Donck's <i>Narratschoan</i> on the Hudson, and -<i>Narraticon</i> on the Delaware, meaning "The point of a mountain which has -the character of a promontory," kindred to <i>Néwas</i> (Del.), "A -promontory," or a high point. [FN] The Indian name of Verdrietig Hoek, -or Tedious Point, is of record <i>Newas-ink</i> in the De Hart Patent, and in -several other forms of record—Navish, Navoash-ink, Naurasonk, Navisonk, -Newasons, etc., and Neiak takes the forms of Narratsch, Narrich, Narrock, -Nyack, etc. Verdrietig Hoek, the northeastern promontory of Hook -Mountain, is a rocky precipitous bluff forming the angle of the range. -It rises six hundred and sixty-eight feet above the level of the Hudson -into which it projects like a buttress. Its Dutch-English name "Tedious -Point," has been spoken of in connection with <i>Pocantico,</i> which see.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Dr. Trumbull wrote: "<i>Náï,</i> 'Having corners'; <i>Náïyag,</i> 'A corner - or angle'; <i>Náïg-an-eag,</i> 'The people about the point.'" William R. - Gerard wrote: "The Algonquian root <i>Ne</i> (written by the English <i>Náï</i>) - means 'To come to a point,' or 'To form a point.' From this came Ojibwe - <i>Naiá-shi,</i> 'Point of land in a body of water.' The Lenape <i>Newás,</i> with - the locative affix, makes <i>Newás-ing,</i> 'At the promontory.' The Lenape - had another word for 'Point of land.' This was <i>Néïak</i> (corrupted to - Nyack). It is the participial form of <i>Néïan,</i> 'It is a point.' The - participle means, 'Where there is a point,' or literally, 'There being - a point.'"</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i369a">Essawatene</a>—</b>"North by the top of a certain hill called Essawatene," so -described in deed to Hermanus Dow, in 1677—means "A hill beyond," or on -the other side of the speaker. It is from <i>Awassi</i> (Len.), "Beyond," and -<i>-achtenne,</i> "Hill," or mountain. <i>Oosadenighĕ</i> (Abn.), "Above, beyond, -the mountain," or "Over the mountain." We have the same derivative in -<i>Housaten-ûk,</i> now Housatonic.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i369b">Quaspeck,</a> Quaspeek, Quaspeach,</b> "Quaspeach or Pond Patent"—"A tract of -land called in the Indian language Quaspeach, being bounded by the brook -Kill-the-Beast, running out of a great pond." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, -53, 56, 70, 82.) The land included in the patent was described as "A -hassocky meadow on the west side of the lake." (See Mattasink.) The full -meaning of the name is uncertain. The substantival <i>-peék,</i> or <i>-peach,</i> -means "Lake, pond or body of still water." [FN] As the word stands its -adjectival does not mean anything. The local interpretation "Black," is -entirely without merit. The pond is now known as Rockland Lake. It lies -west of the Verdrietig Hoek range, which intervenes between it and the -Hudson. It is sheltered on its northeast shore by the range. The ridge -intervening between it and the Hudson rises 640 feet. It is a beautiful -lake of clear water reposing on a sandy bottom, 160 feet above the level -of the Hudson.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The equivalent Mass. word is <i>paug,</i> "Where water is," or "Place - of water." (Trumbull.) Quassa-paug or Quas-paug, is the largest lake in - Woodbury, Ct. Dr. Trumbull failed to detect the derivative of <i>Quas,</i> - but suggested, Kiche, "Great." Probably a satisfactory interpretation - will be found in <i>Kussûk,</i> "High." (See Quassaick.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i370a">Menisak-cungue,</a></b> so written in Indian deed to De Hart in 1666, and also -in deed from De Hart to Johannes Minnie in 1695, is written <i>Amisconge</i> -on Pownal's map, as the name of a stream in the town of Haverstraw. As -De Hart was the first purchaser of lands at Haverstraw, the name could -not have been from that of a later owner, as locally supposed. Pownal's -orthography suggests that the original was <i>Ommissak-kontu,</i> Mass., -"Where Alewives or small fishes are abundant." The locative was at the -mouth of the stream at Grassy Point. [FN] Minnie's Falls, a creek so -known, no doubt, took that name from Johannes Minnie. On some maps it is -called Florus' Falls, from Florus Crom, an early settler. An unlocated -place on the stream was called "The Devil's Horse Race."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Kontu,</i> an abundance verb, is sometimes written <i>contee,</i> easily - corrupted to <i>cungue.</i> Dutch <i>Congé</i> means "Discharge," the tail-race - of a mill, or a strong, swift current. Minnie's Congé, the tail-race of - Minnie's mill.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i370b">Mahequa</a></b> and <b>Mawewier</b> are forms of the name of a small stream which -constitutes one of the boundaries of what is known as Welch's Island. -They are from the root <i>Mawe,</i> "Meeting," <i>Mawewi,</i> "Assembly" (Zeisb.), -<i>i. e.</i> "Brought together," as "Where paths or streams or boundaries -come together." The reference may have been to the place where the stream -unites with Demarest's Kill, as shown on a map of survey in "History of -Rockland County." Welch's Island was so called from its enclosure by -streams and a marsh. (See Mattaconga and Mahway.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i371">Skoonnenoghky</a></b> is written as the name of a hill which formed the southwest -boundmark of a district of country purchased from the Indians by Governor -Dongan in 1685, and patented to Capt. John Evans by him in 1694, -described in the Indian deed as beginning on the Hudson, "At about the -place called the Dancing Chamber, thence south to the north side of the -land called Haverstraw, thence northwest along the hill called -Skoonnenoghky" to the bound of a previous purchase made by Dongan "Called -Meretange pond." (See Pitkiskaker.) The hill was specifically located in -a survey of part of the line of the Evans Patent, by Cadwallader Colden, -in 1722, noted as "Beginning at Stony Point and running over a high hill, -part of which makes the Stony Point, and is called Kunnoghky or -Kunnoghkin." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 162.) The south side of Stony Point -was then accepted as the "North side of the land called Haverstraw." The -hills in immediate proximity, at varying points of compass, are the -Bochberg (Dutch, <i>Bochelberg,</i> "Humpback hill"), and the Donderberg, -neither of which, however, have connection with Stony Point, leaving the -conclusion certain that from the fact that the line had its beginning at -the extreme southeastern limit of the Point on the Hudson, the hill -referred to in the survey must have been that on which the Stony Point -fort of the Revolution was erected, "Part of which hill" certainly "makes -the Stony Point." Colden's form of the name, "Kunnoghky or Kunnoghkin," -is obviously an equivalent of Dongan's Schoonnenoghky. Both forms are -from the generic root <i>Gún,</i> Lenape (<i>Qûn,</i> Mass.), meaning -"Long"—<i>Gúnaquot,</i> Lenape, "Long, tall, high, extending upwards"; -<i>Qunnúhqui</i> (Mass.), "Tall, high, extending upwards"; <i>Qunnúhqui-ohke</i> -or <i>Kunn'oghky,</i> "Land extending upwards," high land, gradual ascent. -The name being generic was easily shifted about and so it was that in -adjusting the northwest line of the Evans Patent it came to have -permanent abode as that of the hill now known as Schunnemunk in the town -of Cornwall, Orange County, to the advantage of the proprietors of the -Minisink Patent. [FN] Reference to the old patent line will be met in -other connections.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The patent to Capt. John Evans was granted by Gov. Dongan in 1694, - and vacated by act of the Colonial Assembly in 1708, approved by the - Queen in 1708. It included Gov. Dongan's two purchases of 1784-85. - {<i>sic</i>} It was not surveyed; its southeast, or properly its northwest - line was never satisfactorily determined, but was supposed to run from - Stony Point to a certain pond called Maretanze in the present town of - Greenville, Orange County. Following the vacation of the patent in 1708, - several small patents were granted which were described in general terms - as a part of the lands which it covered. In order to locate them the - Surveyor-General of the Province in 1722, propounded an inquiry as to - the bounds of the original grant; hence the survey by Cadwallader - Colden. The line then established was called "The New Northwest Line." - It was substantially the old line from Stony Point to Maretanze Pond - (now Binnenwater), in Greenville, and cut off a portion of the territory - which was supposed to have been included in the Wawayanda Patent. - Another line was projected in 1765-6, by the proprietors of the Minisink - Patent, running further northeast and the boundmark shifted to a pond - north of Sam's Point, the name going with it. The transaction formed the - well-known Minisink Angle, and netted the Minisink proprietors 56,000 - acres of unoccupied lands. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 986.) Compare Cal. - N. Y. Land Papers, 164, 168, 171, 172, and Map of Patents in Hist. - Orange Co., quarto edition.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i372a">Reckgawank,</a></b> of record in 1645 as the name of Haverstraw, appears in -several later forms. Dr. O'Callaghan (Hist. New Neth.) noted: -"Sessegehout, chief of Rewechnong of Haverstraw." In Col. Hist. N. Y., -"Keseshout [FN-1] chief of Rewechnough, or Haverstraw," "Curruppin, -brother, and representative of the chief of Rumachnanck, alias -Haverstraw." In the treaty of 1645: "Sesekemick and Willem, chiefs of -Tappans and Reckgawank," which Brodhead found converted to "Kumachenack, -or Haverstraw." [FN-2] The original is no doubt from <i>Rekau,</i> "Sand, -gravel," with verb substantive <i>wi,</i> and locative <i>-ng,</i> or <i>-ink</i>; -written by Zeisberger, <i>Lekauwi.</i> The same word appears in <i>Rechqua-akie,</i> -now Rockaway, L. I. The general meaning, with the locative <i>-nk</i> or -<i>-ink,</i> is "At the sandy place," and the reference to the sandy flats, -at Haverstraw, where Sesegehout presumably resided. There is no reason -for placing this clan on Long Island.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] <i>Sesehout</i> seems to have been written to convey an idea of the - rank of the sachem from the Dutch word <i>Schout,</i> "Sheriff." - <i>K'schi-sakima,</i> "Chief, principal," or "greatest sachem." In Duchess - County the latter is written <i>t'see-saghamaugh.</i></p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Haverstraw is from Dutch <i>Haverstroo.</i> "Oat straw," presumably - so named from the wild oats which grew abundantly on the flats.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i372b">Nawasink,</a> Yan Dakah, Caquaney</b> and <b>Aquamack,</b> are entered in the Indian -deed to De Hart as names for lands purchased by him at Haverstraw in -1666. The deed reads: "A piece of land and meadow lying upon Hudson's -River in several parcels, called by the Indians Nawasink, Yan Dakah, -Caquaney, and Aquamack, within the limits of Averstraw, bounded on the -east and north by Hudson's River, on the west by a creek called -Menisakcungue, and on the south by the mountain." The mountain on the -south could have been no other than Verdrietig Hoek, and the limit on the -north the mouth of the creek in the cove formed by Grassy Point, which -was long known as "The further neck." Further than is revealed by the -names the places cannot be certainly identified. Taken in the order in -the deed, <i>Newasink</i> located a place that was "At (or on) a point or -promontory." It is a pure Lenape name. <i>Yan Dakah</i> is probably from <i>Yu -Undach,</i> "On this side," <i>i. e.</i> on the side towards the speaker. -<i>Caquancy</i> is so badly corrupted that its derivative is not recognizable. -<i>Aquamack</i> seems to be the same word that we have in Accomack, Va., -meaning, "On the Other side," or "Other side lands." In deed to Florus -Crom is mentioned "Another parcel of upland and meadow known by the name -of <i>Ahequerenoy,</i> lying north of the brook called Florus Falls and -extending to Stony Point," the south line of which was the north line of -the Haverstraw lands as later understood. The tract was known for years -as "The end place."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i373a">Sankapogh,</a></b> Indian deed to Van Cortlandt, 1683—Sinkapogh, Songepogh, -Tongapogh—is given as the name of a small stream flowing to the Hudson -south of the stream called Assinapink, locally now known as Swamp Kill -and Snake-hole Creek. The stream is the outlet of a pool or spring which -forms a marsh at or near the foot of precipitous rocks. Probably an -equivalent of Natick <i>Sonkippog,</i> "Cool water."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i373b">Poplopen's Creek,</a></b> now so written, the name of the stream flowing to the -Hudson between the sites of the Revolutionary forts Clinton and -Montgomery, south of West Point, and also the name of one of the ponds -of which the stream is the outlet, seems to be from English <i>Pop-looping</i> -(Dutch <i>Loopen</i>), and to describe the stream as flowing out -quickly—<i>Pop</i>, "To issue forth with a quick, sudden movement"; <i>Looping</i>, -"To run," to flow, to stream. The flow of the stream was controlled by -the rise and fall of the waters in the ponds on the hills, seven in -number. The outlet of Poplopen Pond is now dammed back to retain a head -of water for milling purposes. It is a curious name. The possessive <i>'s</i> -does not belong to the original—Pop-looping Creek.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i374a">Assinapink,</a></b> the name of a small stream of water flowing to the Hudson -from a lake bearing the same name—colloquially <i>Sinsapink</i>—known in -Revolutionary history as Bloody Pond—is of record, "A small rivulet of -water called <i>Assin-napa-ink</i>" (Cal. N, Y. Land Papers, 99), from -<i>Assin,</i> "stone"; <i>Napa,</i> "lake, pond," or place of water, and <i>-ink,</i> -locative, literally, "Place of water at or on the stone." The current -interpretation, "Water from the solid rock," is not specially -inappropriate, as the lake is at the foot of the rocks of Bare Mountain. -At a certain place in the course of the stream a legal description reads: -"A whitewood tree standing near the southerly side of a ridge of rocks, -lying on the south side of a brook there called by the Indians -<i>Sickbosten</i> Kill, and by the Christians Stony Brook." [FN] The Indians -never called the stream <i>Sickbosten,</i> unless they learned that word from -the Dutch, for corrupted Dutch it is. The derivative is <i>Boos,</i> "Wicked, -evil, angry"; <i>Zich Boos Maken,</i> "To grow angry," referring particularly -to the character of the stream in freshets.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Adv. in Newburgh Mirror, June 18, 1798.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i374b">Prince's Falls,</a></b> so called in description of survey of patent to Samuel -Staats, 1712: "Beginning at ye mouth of a small rivulet called by the -Indians Assin-napa-ink, then up the river (Hudson) as it runs, two -hundred chains, which is about four chains north of Prince's Falls, -including a small rocky isle and a small piece of boggy meadow called -John Cantton Huck; also a small slip of land on each side of a fall of -water just below ye meadow at ye said John Cantonhuck." (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 99.) Long known as Buttermilk Falls and more recently as Highland -Falls. In early days the falls were one of the most noted features on -the lower Hudson. They were formed by the discharge over a precipice of -the outlet waters of Bog-meadow Brook. They were called Prince's Falls -in honor of Prince Maurice of Holland. The name was extended to the creek -in the Staats survey—Prince's Kill.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i374c">Manahawaghin</a></b> is of record as the name of what is now known as Iona -Island, in connection with "A certain tract of land on the west side of -Hudson's River, beginning on the south side of a creek called Assinapink, -together with a certain island and parcel of meadow called Manahawaghin, -and by the Christians Salisbury Island." The island lies about one mile -south of directly opposite Anthony's Nose, and is divided from the main -land by a narrow channel or marshy water-course. The tract of land lies -immediately north of the Donderberg; it was the site of the settlement -known as Doodletown in Revolutionary history. The name is probably from -<i>Mannahatin,</i> the indefinite or diminutive form of <i>Mannahata,</i> "The -Island"—literally, "Small island." The last word of the record form is -badly mangled. (See Manhattan.)</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/northgatehighlands.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Northern Gate of the Highlands"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p><b><a id="i377a">Manahan,</a></b> meaning "Island"—indefinite <i>-an</i>—is a record name of what is -now known as Constitution Island, the latter title from Fort Constitution -which was erected thereon during the war of the Revolution. The early -Dutch navigators called it Martelaer's Rack Eiland, from Martelaer, -"Martyr," and Rack, a reach or sailing course—"the Martyr's Reach"—from -the baffling winds and currents encountered in passing West Point. The -effort of Judge Benson to convert "Martelaer's" to "Murderer's." and -"Rack" to "Rock"—"the Murderer's Rock"—was unfortunate.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i377b">Pollepel Eiland,</a></b> a small rocky island in the Hudson at the northern -entrance to the Highlands, was given that name by an early Dutch -navigator. It means, literally, "Pot-ladle Island," so called, presumably, -from its fancied resemblance to a Dutch pot-ladle. Jasper Dankers and -Peter Sluyter wrote the name in their Journal in 1679-80, indicating that -the island was then well known by that title. On Van der Donck's map of -1656 the island is named Kaes Eiland. Dutch <i>Kaas</i> (cheese) <i>Eiland.</i> -Dankers and Sluyter also wrote, "<i>Boter-berg</i> (Butter-hill), because it -is like the rolls of butter which the farmers of Holland take to market." -Read in connection the names are Butter Hill and Cheese Island. The same -writers wrote, "<i>Hays-berg</i> (Hay-hill), because it is like a hay-stack -in Holland," and "<i>Donder-berg</i> (Thunder-hill), so called from the echoes -of thunder peals which culminated there." The latter retains its ancient -Dutch title. It is eminently the Echo Hill of the Highlands. The oldest -record name of any of the hills is <i>Klinker-berg,</i> which is written on -the Carte Figurative of 1614-16 directly opposite a small island and -apparently referred to Butter Hill. It means literally, "Stone Mountain." -The passage between Butter Hill and Break Neck, on the east side of the -river, was called "Wey-gat, or Wind-gate, because the wind often blowed -through it with great force," wrote Dr. Dwight. The surviving name, -however, is <i>Warragat,</i> from Dutch <i>Warrelgat,</i> "Wind-gate." It was at -the northern entrance to this troublesome passage that Hudson anchored -the Half-Moon, September 29th, 1609. Brodhead suggested (Note K, Vol. I) -that Pollepel Island was that known in early Dutch history as Prince's -Island, or Murderer's Creek Island, and that thereon was erected Fort -Wilhelmus, referred to by Wassenaer in 1626. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 35.) -The evidence is quite clear, however, that the island to which Wassenaer -referred was in the vicinity of Schodac, where there was also a -Murderer's Creek.</p> - -<p>Hudson, on his exploration of the river which now bears his name, sailed -into the bay immediately north of Butter Hill, now known as Newburgh Bay, -on the morning of the 15th of September, 1709. After spending several -days in the northern part of the river, he reached Newburgh Bay on his -return voyage in the afternoon of September 29th, and cast anchor, or -as stated in Juet's Journal, "Turned down to the edge of the mountains, -or the northernmost of the mountains, and anchored, because the high -lands hath many points, and a narrow channel, and hath many eddie winds. -So we rode quietly all night." The hill or mountain long known as -Breakneck, on the east side of the river, may be claimed as the -northernmost, which would place his anchorage about midway between -Newburgh and Pollepel Island.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i378">Quassaick,</a></b> now so written, is of record, <i>Quasek,</i> 1709; "Near to a place -called <i>Quasaik,</i>" 1709-10; <i>Quasseck,</i> 1713; "<i>Quassaick</i> Creek upon -Hudson's River," 1714. It was employed to locate the place of settlement -of the Palatine immigrants in 1709—"The Parish of Quassaick," later, -"The Parish of Newburgh." It is now preserved as the name of the creek -which bounds (in part) the city of Newburgh on the south. "Near to a -place called Quasek," indicates that the place of settlement was located -by the name of some other place which was near to it and generally known -by the name. The late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan read it, in 1856: "From -<i>Qussuk,</i> 'Stone,' and <i>-ick,</i> 'Place where,' literally, 'A place of -stone,'" the presumed reference being to the district through which the -stream flows, which is remarkable for its deposit of glacial bowlders. -The correctness of this interpretation has been questioned on very -tenable grounds. <i>Qusuk</i> is not in the plural number and <i>-uk</i> does not -stand for <i>-ick.</i> Eliot wrote: "<i>Qussuk,</i> a rock," and "<i>Qussukquan-ash,</i> -rocks." <i>Qussuk,</i> as a substantive simply, would be accepted as the name -of a place called "A rock," by metonymie, "A stone." No other meaning -can be drawn from it. It does not belong to the dialect of the district, -the local terms being <i>-ápuch,</i> "Rock," and <i>-assin,</i> or <i>-achsûn,</i> -"Stone." Dr. O'Callaghan's interpretation may safely be rejected. William -R. Gerard writes: "The worst corrupted name that I know of is <i>Wequaskeg</i> -or <i>Wequaskeek,</i> meaning, 'At the end of the marsh.' It appears in -innumerable forms—<i>Weaxashuk, Wickerschriek, Weaquassic,</i> etc. I think -that Quassaick, changed from Quasek (1709), is one of these corruptions. -The original word probably referred to some place at the end of a swamp. -The word would easily become Quasekek, Quasek, and Quassaick. The -formative <i>-ek,</i> in words meaning swamp, marsh, etc., was often dropped -by both Dutch and English scribes." This conjecture would seem to locate -the name as that of the end of Big Swamp, nearly five miles distant from -the place of settlement. My conjecture is that the name is from Moh. -<i>Kussuhkoe,</i> meaning "High;" with substantive <i>Kussuhkohke,</i> "High -lands," the place of settlement being described as "Near the Highlands," -which became the official designation of "The Precinct of the Highlands." -<i>Kussuhk</i> is pretty certainly met in <i>Cheesek-ook,</i> the name of patented -lands in the Highlands, described as "Uplands and meadows;" also in -<i>Quasigh-ook,</i> Columbia County, which is described as "A high place on -a high hill." The Palatine settlers at <i>Quasek,</i> wrote, in 1714, that -their place was "all uplands," a description which will not be disputed -at the present day. (See Cheesekook, Quissichkook, etc.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i379">Much-Hattoos,</a></b> a hill so called in petition of William Chambers and -William Sutherland, in 1709, for a tract of land in what is now the town -of New Windsor, and in patent to them in 1712, a boundmark described as -"West by the hill called Much-Hattoes," is apparently from <i>Match,</i> -"Evil, bad;" <i>-adchu,</i> "Hill" or mountain, and <i>-es,</i> "Small"—"A small -hill bad," or a small hill that for some reason was not regarded with -favor. [FN] The eastern face of the hill is a rugged wall of gneiss; the -western face slopes gradually to a swamp not far from its base and to a -small lake, the latter now utilized for supplying the city of Newburgh -with water, with a primary outlet through a passage under a spur of the -hill, which the Indians may have regarded as a mysterious or bad place. -In local nomenclature the hill has long been known as Snake Hill, from -the traditionary abundance of rattle-snakes on it, though few have been -seen there in later years.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "I think your reading of <i>Muchattoos</i> as an orthography of original - <i>Matchatchu's,</i> is very plausible. I think <i>Massachusetts</i> is the same - word, plus a locative suffix and English sign of the plural. It was - formerly spelled in many ways: Mattachusetts, Massutchet, Matetusses, - etc. Dr. Trumbull read it as standing for <i>Mass-adchu-set,</i> 'At the big - hills'; but I learn from history that Massachusetts was originally the - name of a <i>hillock</i> situated in the midst of a salt marsh. It was a - locality selected by the sachem of his tribe as one of his places of - residence. He stood in fear of his enemies, the Penobscotts, and this - hillock, from its situation was a 'bad,' or difficult place to reach. - So Massachsat for Matsadchuset or Mat-adchu-set plainly means, 'On the - bad hillock.'" (Wm. R. Gerard.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i380a">Cronomer's Hill</a></b> and <b>Cronomer's Valley,</b> about three miles west of the city -of Newburgh, take their names from a traditionary Indian called Cronomer, -the location of whose wigwam is said to be still known as "The hut lot." -The name is probably a corruption of the original, which may have been -Dutch Jeronimo.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i380b">Murderer's Creek,</a></b> so called in English records for many years, and by the -Dutch "den Moordenaars' Kil," is entered on map of 1666, "R. Tans Kamer," -or River of the Dance Chamber, and the point immediately south of its -mouth, "de Bedrieghlyke Hoek" (Dutch, Bedrieglijk), meaning "a deceitful, -fraudulent hook," or corner, cape, or angle. Presumably the Dutch -navigator was deceived by the pleasant appearance of the bay, sailed into -it and found his vessel in the mouth of the Warrelgat. Tradition affirms -in explanation of the Dutch Moordenaars that an early company of traders -entered their vessel in the mouth of the stream; that they were enticed -on shore at Sloop Hill and there murdered. Paulding, in his beautiful -story, "Naoman," related the massacre of a pioneer family at the same -place. The event, however, which probably gave the name to the stream -occurred in August, 1643, when boats passing down the river from Fort -Orange, laden with furs, were attacked by the Indians "above the -Highlands" and "nine Christians, including two women were murdered, and -one woman and two children carried away prisoners," (Doc. Hist. N. Y., -iv, 12), the narrative locating the occurrence by the name "den -Moordenaars' Kil," <i>i. e.</i> the kill from which the attacking party issued -forth or on which the murderers resided. The first appearance of the name -in English records is in a deed to Governor Dongan, in 1685, in which the -lands purchased by him included "the lands of the Murderers' Creek -Indians," the stream being then well known by the name. The present name, -Moodna, was converted to that form, by N. P. Willis from the Dutch -"Moordenaar," by dropping letters, an inexcusable emasculation from a -historic standpoint, but made poetical by his interpretation, "Meeting -of the waters."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i381">Schunnemunk,</a></b> now so written, the name of a detached hill in the town of -Cornwall, Orange County, appears of record in that connection, first, in -the Wilson and Aske Patent of 1709, in which the tract granted is -described as lying "Between the hills at Scoonemoke." Skoonnemoghky, -Skonanaky, Schunnemock, Schonmack Clove, Schunnemock Hill, are other -forms. In 1750 Schunnamunk appears, and in 1774, on Sauthier's map (1776) -Schunnamank is applied to the range of hills which have been described -as "The High Hills to the west of the Highlands." 'In a legal brief in -the controversy to determine finally the northwest line of the Evans -Patent, the name is written Skonanake, and the claim made that it was the -hill named Skoonnemoghky in the deed from the Indians to Governor Dongan, -in 1685, and therein given as the southeast boundmark of the lands of -"The Murderer's Creek Indians," and, later, the hill along which the -northwest line of the Evans Patent ran, which it certainly was not, -although the name is probably from the same generic. (See Schoonnenoghky.) -The hill forms the west shoulder of Woodbury Valley. It is a somewhat -remarkable elevation in geological formation and bears on its summit many -glacial scratches. On its north spur stood the castle of Maringoman, one -of the grantors of the deed to Governor Dongan, and who later removed to -the north side of the Otter Kill where his wigwam became a boundmark in -two patents. [FN] The traditionary word "castle," in early days of Indian -history, was employed as the equivalent of town, whether palisaded or -not. In this case we may read the name, "Maringoman's Town," which may or -may not have been palisaded. It seems to have been the seat of the -"Murderer's Creek Indians." The burial ground of the clan is marked on a -map of the Wilson and Aske Patent, and has been located by Surveyor Fred -J. McKnight (1898) on the north side of the Cornwall and Monroe line and -very near the present road past the Houghton farm, near which the castle -stood. The later "cabin" of the early sachem is plainly located.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Van Dam Patent (1709) and Mompesson Patent (1709-12). The late Hon. - George W. Tuthill wrote me in 1858: "On the northwestern bank of - Murderers' Creek, about half a mile below Washingtonville, stands the - dwelling-house of Henry Page (a colored man), said to be the site of - Maringoman's wigman, referred to in the Van Dam Patent of 1709. The - southwesterly corner of that patent is in a southwesterly direction from - said Page's house."</p> - -<p class="quote"> In the controversy in regard to the northwest line of the Evans Patent, - one of the counsel said: "It is also remarkable that the Murderers' - Creek extends to the hill Skonanaky, and that the Indian, Maringoman, - who sold the lands, did live on the south side of Murderers' Creek, - opposite the house where John McLean now (1756) dwells, near the said - hill, and also lived on the north bank of Murderers' Creek, where Colonel - Mathews lives. The first station of his boundaries is a stone set in the - ground at Maringoman's castle."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i382a">Winegtekonck,</a></b> 1709—<i>Wenighkonck,</i> 1726; <i>Wienackonck,</i> 1739—is quoted -as the name of what is now known as Woodcock Mountain, in the town of -Blooming-Grove, It is not so connected, however, in the record of 1709, -which reads: "A certain tract of land by the Indians called -<i>Wineghtek-onck</i> and parts adjacent, lying on both sides of Murderers' -Kill" (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 91), in which connection it seems to be -another form of Mahican <i>Wanun-ketukok,</i> "At the winding of the river"—"A -bend-of-the-river-place." Presumably the reference is to a place where -the stream bends in the vicinity of the hill. The name appears in an -abstract of an Indian deed to Sir Henry Ashurst, in 1709, for a tract of -land of about sixteen square miles. The purchase was not patented, the -place being included in the Governor Dongan purchase of 1685, and in the -Evans Patent.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i382b">Sugar Loaf,</a></b> the name of a conical hill in the town of Chester, Orange -County, is not an Indian name of course, but it enters into an enumeration -of Indian places, as in its vicinity were found by Charles Clinton, in -his survey of the Cheesec-ock Patent in 1738, the unmistakable evidences -of the site of an Indian village, then probably not long abandoned, and -Mr. Eager (Hist. Orange Co.) quoted evidences showing that on a farm then -(1846) owned by Jonathan Archer, was an Indian burying ground, the marks -of which were still distinct prior to the Revolution.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i383a">Runbolt's Run,</a></b> a spring and creek in the town of Goshen, are said to have -taken that name from Rombout, one of the Indian grantors of the Wawayanda -tract. It is probable, however, that the name is a corruption of Dutch -<i>Rondbocht,</i> meaning, "A tortuous pool, puddle, marsh," at or near which -the chief may have resided. <i>Rombout</i> (Dutch) means "Bull-fly." It could -hardly have been the name of a run of water.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i383b">Mistucky,</a></b> the name of a small stream in the town of Warwick, has lost -some of its letters. <i>Mishquawtucke</i> (Nar.), would read, "Place of red -cedars."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i383c">Pochuck,</a></b> given as the name of "A wild, rugged and romantic region" in -Sussex County, N. J., to a creek near Goshen, and, modernly, to a place -in Newburgh lying under the shadow of Muchhattoes Hill, is no doubt from -<i>Putscheck</i> (Len.), "A corner or repress," a retired or "out-of-the-way -place." Eliot wrote <i>Poochag,</i> in the Natick dialect, and Zeisberger, in -the Minsi-Lenape, <i>Puts-cheek,</i> which is certainly heard in Pochuck.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i383d">Chouckhass,</a></b> one of the Indian grantors of the Wawayanda tract, left his -name to what is now called Chouck's Hill, in the town of Warwick. The -land on which he lived and in which he was buried came into possession -of Daniel Burt, an early settler, who gave decent sepulture to the bones -of the chief. [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The traditional places of residence of several of the sachems who - signed the Wawayanda deed is stated by a writer in "Magazine of American - History," and may be repeated on that authority, viz: "Oshaquememus, - chief of a village, near the point where the Beaver-dam Brook empties - into Murderers' Creek near Campbell Hall; Moshopuck, on the flats now - known as Haverstraw; Ariwimack, chief, on the Wallkill, extending from - Goshen to Shawongunk; Guliapaw, chief of a clan residing near Long Pond - (Greenwood Lake), within fifty rods of the north end of the pond; - Rapingonick died about 1730 at the Delaware Water-Gap." The names given - by the writer do not include all the signers of the deed. One of the - unnamed grantors was <i>Claus,</i> so called from <i>Klaas</i> (Dutch), "A tall - ninny"; an impertinent, silly fellow; a ninny-jack. The name may have - accurately described the personality of the Indian.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i384a">Jogee Hill,</a></b> in the town of Minisink, takes its name from and preserves -the place of residence of Keghekapowell, alias Jokhem (Dutch Jockem for -Joachim), one of the grantors of lands to Governor Dongan in 1684. The -first word of his Indian name, <i>Keghe,</i> stands for <i>Keche,</i> "Chief, -principal, greatest," and defined his rank as principal sachem. The -canton which he ruled was of considerable number. He remained in -occupation of the hill long after his associates had departed.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i384b">Wawayanda,</a></b> 1702—<i>Wawayanda</i> or <i>Wocrawin,</i> 1702; <i>Wawayunda,</i> 1722-23; -<i>Wiwanda, Wowando,</i> Index Col. Hist. N. Y.—the first form, one of the -most familiar names in Orange County, is preserved as that of a town, a -stream of water, and of a large district of country known as the -Wawayanda Patent, in which latter connection it appears of record, first, -in 1702, in a petition of Dr. Samuel Staats, of Albany, and others, for -license to purchase "A tract of land called Wawayanda, in the county of -Ulster, containing by estimation about five thousand acres, more or less, -lying about thirty miles backward in the woods from Hudson's River." (Land -Papers, 56.) In February of the same year the parties filed a second -petition for license to "purchase five thousand acres adjoining thereto, -as the petitioners had learned that their first purchase, 'called -Wawayanda' was 'altogether a swamp and not worth anything.'" In November -of the same year, having made the additional purchase, the parties asked -for a patent for ten thousand acres "Lying at Wawayanda or Woerawin." -Meanwhile Dr. John Bridges and Company, of New York, purchased under -license and later received patent for "certain tracts and parcels of -vacant lands in the county of Orange, called Wawayanda, and some other -small tracts and parcels of lands," and succeeded in including in their -patent the lands which had previously been purchased by Dr. Staats. -Specifically the tract called Wawayanda or Woerawin was never located, -nor were the several "certain tracts of land called Wawayanda" purchased -by Dr. Bridges. The former learned in a short time, however, that his -purchase was not "altogether a swamp," although it may have included or -adjoined one, and the latter found that his purchase included a number of -pieces of very fine lands and a number of swamps, and especially the -district known as the Drowned Lands, covering some 50,000 acres, in which -were several elevations called islands, now mainly obliterated by drainage -and traversed by turnpikes and railroads. Several water-courses were -there also, notably the stream now known as the Wallkill, and that known -as the Wawayanda or Warwick Creek, a stream remarkable for its tortuous -course.</p> - -<p>What and where was Wawayanda? The early settlers on the patent seem to -have been able to answer. Mr. Samuel Vantz, who then had been on the -patent for fifty-five years, gave testimony in 1785, that Wawayanda was -"Within a musket-shot of where DeKay lived." The reference was to the -homestead house of Col. Thomas DeKay, who was then dead since 1758. The -foundation of the house remains and its site is well known. In adjusting -the boundary line between New York and New Jersey it was cut off from -Orange County and is now in Vernon, New Jersey, where it is still known -as the "Wawayanda Homestead." Within a musket-shot of the site of the -ancient dwelling flows Wawayanda Creek, and with the exception of the -meadows through which it flows in a remarkably sinuous course, is the -only object in proximity to the place where DeKay lived, except the -meadow and the valley in which it flows. The locative of the name at that -point seems to be established with reasonable certainty as well as the -object to which it was applied—the creek.</p> - -<p>The meaning of the name remains to be considered. Its first two syllables -are surely from the root <i>Wai</i> or <i>Wae;</i> iterative and frequentive -<i>Wawai,</i> or <i>Waway,</i> meaning "Winding around many times." It is a generic -combination met in several forms—<i>Wawau,</i> Lenape; <i>Wohwayen,</i> Moh.; [FN] -<i>Wawai,</i> Shawano; <i>Wawy, Wawi, Wawei,</i> etc., on the North-central-Hudson, -as in <i>Waweiqate-pek-ook,</i> Greene County, and <i>Wawayachton-ock,</i> Dutchess -County. Dr. Albert S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: -"<i>Wawayanda</i>, as a name formed by syllabic reduplication, presupposes a -simple form, <i>Wayanda,</i> 'Winding around.' The reduplication is <i>Wawai,</i> -or <i>Waway-anda,</i> 'many' or 'several' windings, as a complex of river -bends." As the name stands it is a participial or verbal noun. <i>Waway,</i> -"Winding around many times";—<i>-anda,</i> "action, motion" (radical <i>-an,</i> -"to move, to go"), and, inferentially, the place where the action of the -verb is performed, as in <i>Guttanda,</i> "Taste it," the action of the throat -in tasting being referred to, and in <i>Popachándamen,</i> "To beat; to -strike." As the verb termination of <i>Waway,</i> "Round about many times," -it is entirely proper. The uniformity of the orthography leaves little -room for presuming that any other word was used by the grantors, or that -any letters were lost or dropped by the scribe in recording. It stands -simply as the name of an object without telling what that object was, but -what was it that could have had action, motion—that had many -windings—except Wawayanda Creek?</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "<i>Wohwayen</i> (Moh.), where the brook 'winds about,' turning to the - west and then to the east." (Trumbull.) <i>Wowoaushin,</i> "It winds about." - (Eliot.) <i>Woweeyouchwan.</i> "It flows circuitously, winds about." (Ib.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p>Mr. Ralph Wisner, of Florida, Orange County, recently reproduced in the -Warwick Advertiser, an affidavit made by Adam Wisner, May 19th, 1785, -at a hearing in Chester, in the contention to determine the boundary line -of the Cheesec-ock Patent, in which he stated that he was 86 years old -on the 15th of April past; that he had lived on the Wawayanda Patent -since 1715; that he "learned the Indian language" when he was a young -man; that the Indians "had told him that Wawayanda signified 'the -egg-shape,' or shape of an egg." Adam Wisner was an interpreter of the -local Indian dialect; he is met as such in records. His interpretations, -as were those of other interpreters, were mainly based on signs, motions, -objects. <i>Waway,</i> "Winding about many times," would describe the lines -of an egg, but it is doubtful if the suffix, <i>-anda,</i> had the meaning of -"shape."</p> - -<p>The familiar reading of Wawayanda, "Away-over-yonder," is a word-play, -like Irving's "Manhattan, Man-with-a-hat-on." Dr. Schoolcraft's -interpretation, "Our homes or places of dwelling," quoted in "History of -Orange County," is pronounced by competent authority to be "Dialectically -and grammatically untenable." It has poetic merit, but nothing more. -Schoolcraft borrowed it from Gallatin.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i387a">Woerawin,</a></b> given by Dr. Staats as the name of his second purchase, is also -a verbal noun. By dialectic exchange of <i>l</i> for <i>r</i> and giving to the -Dutch <i>æ</i> its English equivalent <i>ü</i> as in bull, it is probably from -the root <i>Wul,</i> "Good, fine, handsome," etc., with the verbal termination -<i>-wi</i> (Chippeway <i>-win</i>), indicating "objective existence," hence -"place," a most appropriate description for many places in the Wawayanda -or Warwick Valley.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i387b">Monhagen,</a></b> the name of a stream in the town of Wallkill, is, if Indian as -claimed, an equivalent of <i>Monheagan,</i> from <i>Maingan,</i> "A wolf," the -totem of the Mohegans of Connecticut. The name, however, has the sound of -Monagan—correctly, <i>Monaghan,</i> the name of a county in Ireland, and quite -an extensive family name in Orange County.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i387c">Long-house,</a> Wawayanda,</b> and <b>Pochuck</b> are local names for what may be -regarded as one and the same stream. It rises in the Drowned Lands, in -New Jersey, where it is known as Long-house Creek; flows north until it -receives the outlet of Wickham's Pond, in Warwick, Orange County, and -from thence the united streams form the Wawayanda or Warwick Creek, which -flows southwesterly for some miles into New Jersey and falls into Pochuck -Creek, which approaches from the northwest, and from thence the flow is -northwest into Orange County again to a junction with the Wallkill, -which, rising in Pine Swamp, Sparta, N. J., flows north and forms the -main drainage channel of the Drowned Lands. In addition to its general -course Wawayanda Creek is especially sinuous in the New Milford and -Sandfordville districts of Warwick, the bends multiplying at short -distances, and also in the vicinity of the De Kay homestead in Vernon. -In Warwick the stream has been known as "Wandering River" for many years. -The patented lands are on this stream. Its name, Long-house Creek, was, -no doubt, from one of the peculiar dwellings constructed by the Indians -known as a Long House, [FN] which probably stood on or near the stream, -and was occupied by the clan who sold the lands. <i>Pochuck</i> is from a -generic meaning "A recess or corner." It is met in several places. (See -Wawayanda and Pochuck.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The Indian Long House was from fifty to six hundred and fifty feet - in length by twenty feet in width, the length depending upon the number - of persons or families to be accommodated, each family having its own - fire. They were formed by saplings set in the ground, the tops bent - together and the whole covered with bark. The Five Nations compared - their confederacy to a long house reaching, figuratively, from Hudson's - River to Lake Erie.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i388">Gentge-kamike,</a></b> "A field appropriated for holding dances," may reasonably -have been the Indian name of the plateau adjoining the rocky point, at -the head of Newburgh Bay, which, from very early times, has been known -as <i>The Dans Kamer</i> (Dance Chamber), a designation which appears of -record first in a Journal by David Pietersen de Vries of a trip made by -him in his sloop from Fort Amsterdam to Fort Orange, in 1639, who wrote, -under date of April 15: "At night came by the Dans Kamer, where there -was a party of Indians, who were very riotous, seeking only mischief; -so we were on our guard." Obviously the place was then as well known as -a landmark as was Esopus (Kingston), and may safely be claimed as having -received its Dutch name from the earliest Dutch navigators, from whom it -has been handed down not only as "The Dans Kamer," but as "t' Duivel's -Dans Kamer," the latter presumably designative of the fearful orgies -which were held there familiarly known as "Devil worship." During the -Esopus War of 1663, Lieut. Couwenhoven, who was lying with his sloop -opposite the Dans Kamer, wrote, under date of August 14th, that "the -Indians thereabout on the river side" made "a great uproar every night, -firing guns and Kintecaying, so that the woods rang again." There can be -no doubt from the records that the plateau was an established place for -holding the many dances of the Indians. The word <i>Kinte</i> is a form of -<i>Géntge</i> (Zeisb.), meaning "dance." Its root is <i>Kanti,</i> a verbal, -meaning "To sing." <i>Géntgeen,</i> "To dance" (Zeisb.), <i>Gent' Keh'n</i> (Heck.), -comes down in the local Dutch records <i>Kinticka, Kinte-Kaye, Kintecaw, -Kintekaying</i> (dancing), and has found a resting place in the English word -<i>Canticoy,</i> "A social dance." Dancing was eminently a feature among the -Indians. They had their war dances, their festival dances, their social -dances, etc. As a rule, their social dances were pleasant affairs. Rev. -Heckewelder wrote that he would prefer being present at a social Kintecoy -for a full hour, than a few minutes only at such dances as he had -witnessed in country taverns among white people. "Feast days," wrote -Van der Donck in 1656, "are concluded by old and middle aged men with -smoking; by the young with a Kintecaw, singing and dancing." Every Indian -captive doomed to death, asked and was granted the privilege of singing -and dancing his Kintekaye, or death song. War dances were riotous; the -scenes of actual battle were enacted. The religious dances and rites were -so wonderful that even the missionaries shrank from them, and the English -government forbade their being held within one hundred miles of European -settlements. The holding of a war dance was equivalent to opening a -recruiting station, men only attending and if participating in the dance -expressed thereby their readiness to enter upon the war. It was probably -one of these Kantecoys that Couwenhoven witnessed in 1663.</p> - -<p>There were two dancing fields here—so specified in deed—the "Large Dans -Kamer" and the "Little Dans Kamer," the latter a limited plateau on the -point and the former the large plateau now occupied in part by the site -of the Armstrong House. The Little Dans Kamer is now practically -destroyed by the cut on the West-shore Railroad. 'Sufficient of the Large -Dans Kamer remains to evidence its natural adaptation for the purposes -to which the Indians assigned it. Paths lead to the place from all -directions. Negotiations for the exchange of prisoners held by the Esopus -Indians were conducted there, and there the Esopus Indians had direct -connection with the castle of the Wappingers on the east side of the -Hudson. There are few places on the Hudson more directly associated with -Indian customs and history than the Dans Kamer.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i389">Arackook,</a> Kachawaweek,</b> and <b>Oghgotacton</b> are record but unlocated names of -places on the east side of the Wallkill, by some presumed to have been -in the vicinity of Walden, Orange County, from the description: "Beginning -at a fall called Arackook and running thence northwesterly on the east -side of Paltz Creek until it comes to Kachawaweek." The petitioner for -the tract was Robert Sanders, a noted interpreter, who renewed his -petition in 1702, calling the tract Oghgotacton, and presented a claim -to title from a chief called Corporwin, as the representative of his -brother Punguanis, "Who had been ten years gone to the Ottowawas." He -again gave the description, "Beginning at the fall called Arackook," but -there is no trace of the location of the patent in the vicinity of -Walden.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i390a">Hashdisch</a></b> was quoted by the late John W. Hasbrouck, of Kingston, as the -name of what has long been known as "The High Falls of the Wallkill" at -Walden. Authority not stated, but presumably met by Mr. Hasbrouck in -local records. It may be from <i>Ashp, Hesp,</i> etc., "High," and <i>-ish,</i> -derogative. The falls descend in cascades and rapids about eighty feet -at an angle of forty-five degrees. Though their primary appearance has -been marred by dams and mills, they are still impressive in freshet -seasons.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i390b">Twischsawkin</a></b> is quoted as the name of the Wallkill at some place in New -Jersey. On Sauthier's map it stands where two small ponds are represented -and seems to have reference to the outlet. <i>Twisch</i> may be an equivalent -of <i>Tisch,</i> "Strong," and <i>Sawkin</i> may be an equivalent of Heckewelder's -<i>Saucon,</i> "Outlet," or mouth of a river, pond, etc. Wallkill, the name -of the stream as now written, is an Anglicism of Dutch <i>Waal,</i> "Haven, -gulf, depth," etc., and <i>Kil,</i> "Channel" or water-course. It is the name -of an arm of the Rhine in the Netherlands, and was transferred here by -the Huguenots who located in New Paltz. (See Wawayanda.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i390c">Shawangunk,</a></b> the name of a town, a stream of water, and a range of hills -in Ulster County, was that of a specific place from which it was -extended. It is of record in many orthographies, the first in 1684, of -a place called <i>Chauwanghungh,</i> [FN-1] in deed from the Indians to -Governor Dongan, in the same year, <i>Chawangon,</i> [FN-2] and <i>Chanwangung</i> -in 1686, [FN-3] later forms running to variants of <i>Shawangunk.</i> The -locative is made specific in a grant to Thomas Lloyd in 1687; [FN-4] in -a grant to Severeign Tenhout in 1702, [FN-5] and in a description in -1709, "Adjoining Shawangung, Nescotack and the Palze." [FN-6] In several -other patent descriptions the locative is further identified by "near to" -or "adjoining," and finally (1723) by "near the village of Showangunck," -at which time the "village" consisted of the dwellings of Thomas Lloyd, -on the north side of Shawangunk Kill; Severeign Tenhout on the south -side; and Jacobus Bruyn, Benjamin Smedes, and others, with a mill, at and -around what was known later as the village of Tuthiltown. In 1744, -Jacobus Bruyn was the owner of the Lloyd tract. [FN-7] The distribution -of the name over the district as a general locative is distinctly -traceable from this center. It was never the name of the mountain, nor -of the stream, and it should be distinctly understood that it does not -appear in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War, nor in any record -prior to 1684, and could not have been that of any place other than that -distinctly named in Governor Dongan's deed and in Lloyd's Patent.</p> - -<p>Topographically, the tract was at and on the side of a hill running north -from the fiats on the stream to a point of which Nescotack was the -summit, the Lloyd grant lying in part on the hill-side and in part on the -low lands on the stream. The mountain is eight miles distant. Without -knowledge of the precise location of the name several interpretations of -it have been made, generally from <i>Shawan,</i> "South"—South Mountain, -South Water, South Place. [FN-8] The latter is possible, <i>i. e.</i> a place -lying south of Nescotack, as in the sentence: "Schawangung, Nescotack, -and the Paltz." From the topography of the locative, however, Mr. William -R. Gerard suggests that the derivatives are <i>Scha</i> (or <i>Shaw</i>), "Side," -<i>-ong,</i> "hill," and <i>-unk,</i> locative, the combination reading, "At (or -on) the hill-side." [FN-9] This reading is literally sustained by the -locative.</p> - -<p><a id="i392">The</a> name is of especial interest from its association with the Dutch and -Indian War of 1663, although not mentioned in Kregier's narrative of the -destruction of the Indian palisaded village called "New Fort," and later -Shawongunk Fort. The narrative is very complete in colonial records. -[FN-10] The village or fort was not as large as that called Kahanksan, -which had previously been destroyed. It was composed of ten huts, -probably capable of accommodating two or three hundred people. The -palisade around them formed "a perfect square," on the brow of a tract -of table-land on the bank of Shawongunk Kill. Since first settlement the -location has been known as "New Fort." It is on the east side of the -stream about three miles west of the village of Wallkill. [FN-11] In the -treaty of 1664 the site and the fields around it were conceded, with -other lands, to the Dutch, by the Indians, as having been "conquered by -the sword," but were subsequently included (1684) in the purchase by -Governor Dongan. Later were included in the patent to Capt. John Evans, -and was later covered by one of the smaller patents into which the Evans -Patent was divided. When the Dutch troops left it it was a terrible -picture of desolation. The huts had been burned, the bodies of the -Indians who had been killed and thrown into the corn-pits had been -unearthed by wolves and their skeletons left to bleach on the plain, with -here and there the half eaten body of a child. For years it was a fable -told to children that the place was haunted by the ghosts of the slain, -and even now the timid feel a peculiar sensation, when visiting the site, -whenever a strange cry breaks on the ear, and the assurance that it is -real comes with gratefulness in the shouts of the harvesters in the -nearby fields. It is a place full of history, full of poetry, full of -the footprints of the aboriginal lords, "Further down the creek," says -the narrative, "several large wigwams stood, which we also burned, and -divers maize fields which we also destroyed." On the sites of some of -these wigwams fine specimens of Indian pottery and stone vessels and -implements have been found, as well as many arrow-points of flint.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "Land lying about six or seven miles beyond ye Town where ye - Walloons dwell, upon ye same creek; ye name of ye place is Chauwanghungh - and Nescotack, two small parcels of land lying together." (N. Y. Land - Papers, 29, 30.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] "Comprehending all those lands, meadows and woods called - Nescotack, Chawangon, Memorasink, Kakogh, Getawanuck and Ghittatawah." - (Deed to Gov. Dongan.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] "Beginning on the east side of the river (now Wallkill), and at - the south end of a small island in the river, at the mouth of the river - Chauwangung, in the County of Ulster, laid out for James Graham and John - Delaval." (N. Y. Land Papers, 38.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-4] "Description of a survey of 410 acres of land, called by the - Indian name Chauwangung, laid out for Thomas Lloyd." (N. Y. Land Papers, - 44.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-5] N. Y. Land Papers, 60.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-6] Ib. 169. Other early forms are Shawongunk (1685), Shawongonck - (1709), Shawongunge (1712).</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-7] From Jacobus Bruyn came the ancient hamlet still known as - Bruynswick. He erected a stone mansion on the tract, in the front wall - of which was cut on a marble tablet, "Jacobus Bruyn. 1724." The house - was destroyed by fire in 1870 (about), and a frame dwelling erected on - its old foundation. It is about half-way between Bruynswick and - Tuthilltown; owned later by John V. McKinstry. The location is certain - from the will of Jacobus Bruyn in 1744.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-8] The most worthless interpretation is that in Spofford's Gazeteer - and copied by Mather in his Geological Survey: "<i>Shawen,</i> in the Mohegan - language, means 'White,' also 'Salt.' and <i>Gunk,</i> 'A large pile of - rocks,' hence 'White Rocks' or mountain." The trouble with it is that - there is no such word as <i>Shawen,</i> meaning "White" in any Algonquian - dialect, and no such word as <i>Gunk,</i> meaning "Rocks."</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-9] The monosyllable <i>Shaw</i> or <i>Schaw,</i> radical <i>Scha,</i> means "Side, - edge, border, shore," etc. <i>Schauwunuppéque,</i> "On the shore of the - lake." <i>Enda-tacht-schawûnge,</i> "At the narrows where the hill comes - close to the river." (Heck.) <i>Schajawonge,</i> "Hill-side" (Zeisb.), from - which <i>Schawong-unk,</i> "On the hill-side," or at the side of the hill, - the precise bound of the name cannot be stated.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-10] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 71, 72, <i>et. seq.</i> Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 272, 326.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-11] Authorities quoted and paper by Rev. Charles Scott, D. D., in - "Proceedings Ulster Co. Hist. Soc."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i393a">Memorasink,</a> Kahogh, Gatawanuk,</b> and <b>Ghittatawagh,</b> names handed down in the -Indian deed to Governor Dongan in 1684, have no other record, nor were -they ever specifically located. The lands conveyed to him extended from -the Shawangunk range to the Hudson, bounded on the north by the line of -the Paltz Patent, and south by a line drawn from about the Dans Kamer. -<i>Ghittatawagh</i> is probably from <i>Kitchi,</i> "Great, strong," etc., and -<i>Towatawik,</i> "Wilderness"—the great wilderness, or uninhabited district. -<i>Gatawanuk</i> seems to be from <i>Kitchi,</i> "Strong," <i>-awan,</i> impersonal verb -termination, and <i>-uk,</i> locative, and to describe a place on a strong -current or flowing stream. The same name seems to appear in Kitchawan, -now Croton River. It may have located lands on the Wallkill.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i393b">Nescotack,</a></b> a certain place so called in the Dongan deed of 1684, is -referred to in connection with Shawongunk. It was granted by patent to -Jacob Rutsen and described as "A tract of land by the Indians called -Nescotack and by the Christians Guilford." (N. Y. Land Papers, 29, 30.) -Guilford was known for many years as Guilford Church, immediately west -of Shawongunk. The actual location of the name, however, is claimed for -a hamlet now called Libertyville, further north, which was long known as -Nescotack. The district is an extended ridge which rises gradually from -the Shawongunk River-bottoms on the east and falls off on the west more -abruptly. The name, probably, describes this ridge as "High lands," an -equivalent of <i>Esquatak</i> and <i>Eskwatack</i> on the Upper Hudson; <i>Ashpotag,</i> -Mass., and Westchester Co. <i>Esp, Hesp, Ishp, Hesko, Nesco,</i> etc., are -record orthographies. (See Schodac and Shawongunk.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i393c">Wishauwemis,</a></b> a place-name in Shawongunk, was translated by Rev. Dr. -Scott, "The place of beeches," from <i>Schauwemi,</i> "Beech wood"; but seems -to be an equivalent of Moh. <i>Wesauwemisk,</i> a species of oak with yellow -bark used for dyeing. <i>Wisaminschi,</i> "Yellow-wood tree." (Zeisb.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i394a">Wickquatennhonck,</a></b> a place so called in patent to Jacobus Bruyn and Benj. -Smedes, 1709, is described as "Land lying near a small hill called, in -ye Indian tongue, Wickqutenhonck," in another paper Wickquatennhonck, -"Land lying near the end of the hill." The name means, "At the end of -the hill," from <i>Wequa,</i> "End of"; <i>-ateune</i> (<i>-achtenne,</i> Zeisb.), -"hill," and <i>-unk,</i> "at." The location was near the end of what is still -known as the Hoogte-berg (Hooge-berg, Dutch), a range of hills, where -the proprietors located dwellings which remained many years.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i394b">Wanaksink,</a></b> a region of meadow and maize land in the Shawongunk district, -was translated by Dr. Scott from <i>Winachk,</i> "Sassafras" (Zeisb.); but -<i>Wanachk</i> may and probably does stand for <i>Wonachk,</i> "The tip or -extremity of anything," and <i>-sing</i> means "Near," or less than. A piece -of land that was near the end of a certain place or piece of land. It is -not the word that is met in Wynogkee.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i394c">Maschabeneer, Masseks,</a> Maskack, Massekex,</b> a certain tract or tracts of -land in the present town of Shawongunk, appear in a description of -survey, Dec. 10, 1701, of seven hundred and ten acres "at a place called -<i>Maschabeneer Shawengonck,</i>" laid out for Mathias Mott, accompanied by an -affidavit by Jacob Rutsen concerning the purchase of the same from the -Indians. At a previous date (Sept. 22) Mott asked for a patent for four -hundred acres "at a place called Shawungunk," which was "given him when -a child by the Indians." Whether the two tracts were the same or not does -not appear; but in 1702, June 10, Severeyn Tenhout remonstrated against -granting to Mott the land which he had petitioned for, and accompanied -his remonstrance by an extract from the minutes of the Court at Kingston, -in 1693, granting the land to himself. He asked for a patent and gave -the name of the tract "Called by the Indians <i>Masseecks,</i> near -Shawengonck," <i>i. e.</i> near the certain tract called Shawongunk which had -been granted to Thomas Lloyd. He received a patent. In 1709, Mott -petitioned "in relation to a certain tract of land upon Showangonck -River" which had been granted to Tenhout, asking that the "same be so -divided" that he (Mott) should "have a proportion of the good land upon -the said river"—obviously a section of low land or meadow, described by -the name of a place thereon called <i>Maskeék</i> (Zeisb.), meaning "Swamp, -bog"; <i>Maskeht</i> (Eliot), "Grass." The radical is <i>ask,</i> "green, raw, -immature." The suffix <i>-eghs</i> represents an intensive form of the -guttural formative, which the German missionaries softened to <i>-ech</i> and -<i>-ck,</i> and the English to <i>-sh,</i> and is frequently met in <i>X.</i> Heckewelder -wrote that the original sound was that of the Greek X, hence Maskex and -x in Coxsackie. <i>Maschabeneer,</i> the name given by Mott, is not -satisfactorily translatable.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i395">Pitkiskaker</a></b> and <b>Aioskawasting</b> appear in deed from the Esopus Indians to -Governor Dongan, in 1684, as the names of divisions of what are now -known as the Shawongunk Mountains south of Mohunk or Paltz Point. The -deed description reads: "Extending from the Paltz," <i>i. e.</i> from the -southeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent on the Hudson, now known as Blue -Point (see Magaat-Ramis), south "along the river to the lands of the -Indians at Murderers' Kill, thence west to the foot of the high hills -called Pitkiskaker and Aioskawasting, thence southwesterly all along the -said hills and the river called Peakadasink to a water-pond lying upon -said hills called Meretange." [FN-1] Apparently the general boundaries -were the line of the Paltz Patent on the north, the Hudson on the east, -a line from "about the Dancing Chamber" on the Hudson to Sam's Point on -the Shawongunk range on the southwest, and on the west by that range and -the river Peakadasank. The Peakadasank is now known as Shawangunk Kill. -The pond "called Meretange," is claimed by some authorities, as that now -known as Binnen-water in the town of Mount Hope, Orange County. On -Sauthier's map it is located on the southern division of the range noted -as "Alaskayering Mts.," and represented as the head of Shawongunk Kill. -The same distinction is claimed for Meretange or Peakadasank Swamp in -the town of Greenville, Orange County. A third Maratanza Pond is located -a short distance west of Sam's Point. The name of the hill has been -changed from <i>Aioskawasting</i> to <i>Awosting</i> as the name of a lake and a -waterfall about four miles north of Sam's Point, and translated from -<i>Awoss</i> (Lenape), "Beyond," "On the other side," and claimed to have been -originally applied to a crossing-place in the depression north of Sam's -Point, neither of which interpretations is tenable. The prefix, <i>Aioska,</i> -cannot be dropped and the name have a meaning, and the adjectival, -<i>Awoss,</i> cannot be used as a substantive and followed by the locative -<i>-ing,</i> "at, on," etc. <i>Awoss</i> means "Beyond," surely, but must be -followed by a substantive telling what it is that is "beyond." The -particular features of the Shawongunk range covered by the boundary line -of the deed are "The Traps," a cleft which divides the range a short -distance south of Mohunk, and Sam's Point, [FN-2] about nine miles south -of Mohunk. The latter stands out very conspicuously, its general surface -covered by perpendicular rocks from one hundred to two hundred and fifty -feet high, the point itself crowned by a wall of rock which rises 2200 -feet above the valley below.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Meretange, Maretange, or Maratanza, is from Old English <i>Mere,</i> - "A pond or pool," and <i>Tanze,</i> "Sharp" or offensive to the taste. The - name was transferred to this pond from the pond first bearing it in the - town of Greenville, Orange County, in changing the northwest line of - the Evans Patent. (See Peakadasank.) The pond is about a mile in - circumference and is lined with cranberry bushes and other shrubbery, - but the water is clear and sweet. It lies about three-quarters of a - mile west of Sam's Point. Long Pond, lying about four miles north of - Maratanza, is now called Awosting Lake. It is about two miles long by - possibly one-quarter of a mile wide and lies in a clove or cleft of the - hills. Its outlet was called by the Dutch Verkerde Kil, now changed to - Awosting. About one mile further north lies "The Great Salt Pond," so - called in records of the town of Shawongunk. It is now called Lake - Minnewaska, a name introduced from the Chippeway dialect, said to mean - "Colored water," which has been changed to "Frozen water." The lake is - particularly described as being "Set into the hills like a bowl." It - has an altitude of 1,600 feet and a depth of seventy to ninety feet of - water of crystal clearness through which the pebbly bottom can be seen. - The fourth pond is that known as Lake Mohonk.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Sam's Point is in the town of Wawarsing, about seven miles south - of the village of Ellenville and about nine miles south of Mohunk or - Paltz Point. It is the highest point on the Shawongunk range in New York - State. Its name is from Samuel Gonsaulus, who owned the tract. - Gertruyd's Nose, the name of another point, was so called from the - fancied resemblance of its shadow to the nose of Mrs. Gertrude, wife of - Jacobus Bruyn, who owned the tract. The pass, cleft or clove known as - "The Traps," was so called from the supposed character of the rock which - it divides. The rock, however, is not Trappean. The pass is 650 feet - wide and runs through the entire range. Its sides present the appearance - of the hill having slipped apart.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i396">Peakadasank,</a></b> so written in Indian deed to Governor Dongan in -1684—<i>Pachanasinck</i> in patent to Jacob Bruyn, 1719; <i>Peckanasinck, -Pachanassinck,</i> etc.—is given as the name of a stream bounding a tract -of land, the Dongan deed description reading: "Thence southwesterly all -along said hills and the river Peakadasank to a water-pond lying on said -hills called Meretange." The name is preserved in two streams known as -the Big and the Little Pachanasink, in Orange County, and in Ulster -County as the "Pachanasink District," covering the south part of the town -of Shawongunk. The Big Pachanasink is now known as Shawongunk Kill. In -1719, Nov. 26, a certain tract of land "called Pachanasink" was granted -to Jacobus Bruyn and described in survey as "on the north side of -Shawongunck Creek, beginning where the Verkerde Kill [FN] flows into -said river," indicating locative of the name at the Verkerde Branch. In -a brief submitted in the boundary contention, it is said that the line -of the Dongan purchase ran "along the foot of the hills from a place -called Pachanasink, where the Indians who sold the land had a large -village and place," and from thence "to the head of the said river, and -no where else the said river is called by that name." The evidence is -cumulative that the name was that of the dominant feature of the district, -from which it was transferred to the stream. It is a district strewn -with masses of conglomerate rocks thrown off from the hills and -precipitous cliffs. The two forms of the name, Peakadasank (1684) and -Pachanassink (1717), were no doubt employed as equivalents. They differ -in meaning, however. Wm. R. Gerard writes: "<i>Peakadasank,</i> or -<i>Pakadassin,</i> means, 'It is laid out through the effects of a blow,' or -some other action. The participial form is <i>Pakadasing,</i> meaning, 'Where -it is laid out,' or 'Where it lies fallen.' The reference in this case -would seem to be to the stone which had fallen off or been thrown down -from the hills." <i>Pachanasink</i> means, "At the split rocks"; <i>Pachassin,</i> -"Split stone." In either form the name is from the split rocks.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The Verkerde Kill falls over a precipice of about seventy feet. - The exposed surface of the precipice is marked by strata in the - conglomerate as primarily laid down. The entire district is a region - of split rocks. Verkerde Kill takes that name from Dutch <i>Verkeerd,</i> - meaning "Wrong, bad, angry, turbulent," etc. It is the outlet of - Meretange Pond near Sam's Point. It flows from the pond to the falls - and from the falls at nearly a right angle over a series of cascades - aggregating in all a fall of two hundred and forty feet. The falls are - in the town of Gardiner, Ulster County. (See Aioskawasting.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> The lands granted to Bruyn included the tract "Known by the Indian - name of Pacanasink," now in the town of Shawongunk, and also a tract - "Known by the Indian name of Shensechonck," now in the town of Crawford, - Orange County. The latter seems to have been a parcel of level upland. - It was about one mile to the southward of the stream.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i398a">Alaskayering,</a></b> entered on Sauthier's map of 1774, as the name of the south -part of the Shawongunk range, was conferred by the English, possibly as -a substitute for Aioskawasting. The first word is heard in <i>Alaska,</i> -which is said, on competent authority, to mean, "The high bald rocks"; -with locative <i>-ing,</i> "At (or on) the high bald rocks." This -interpretation is a literal description of the hill, and Aioskawasting -may have the same meaning, although those who wrote the former may not -have had a thought about the latter. [FN] (See Pitkiskaker.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] High Point, the highest elevation in the southern division of the - range, is in New Jersey. It is said to be higher than Sam's Point, and - to bear the same general description.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i398b">Achsinink,</a></b> quoted by the late Rev. Charles Soott, D. D., from local -records probably, as the name of Shawongunk Kill, is an apheresis -apparently of <i>Pach-achsün-ink,</i> "At (or on) a place of split stones." -Many of the split rocks thrown off from the mountain lie in the bed of -the stream, in places utilized for crossing. "There are rocks in it, so -that it is easy to get across." (Col. Hist. N. Y., viii, 272.) <i>Achsün,</i> -as a substantive, cannot be used as an independent word with a locative. -An adjectival prefix is necessary. (See Pakadasink.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i398c">Palmagat,</a></b> the name of the bend in the mountain north of Sam's Point, -regarded by some as Indian, is a Dutch term descriptive of the growth -there of palm or holly (<i>Ilex opaca</i>), possibly of shrub oaks the leaf -of which resembles the holly. <i>Gat</i> is Dutch for opening, gap, etc.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i398d">Moggonck,</a> Maggonck, Moggonick, Moggoneck, Mohonk,</b> etc., are forms of the -name given as that of the "high hill" which forms the southwest boundmark -of the Paltz Patent, so known, now generally called locally, Paltz Point, -and widely known as Mohunk. The hill is a point of rock formation on the -Shawongunk range. It rises about 1,000 feet above the plain below and -is crowned by an apex which rises as a battlement about 400 feet above -the brow of the hill, now called Sky Top. <i>Moggonck</i> and <i>Maggonck</i> are -interchangeable orthographies. The former appears in the Indian deed from -<i>Matseyay,</i> and other owners, to Louis Du Bois, and others, May 26, 1677, -and is carried forward in the patent issued to them in September of the -same year. <i>Moggoneck</i> appears in Mr. Berthold Fernow's translation of -the Indian deed in Colonial History of N. Y., xiii, 506. <i>Moggonick</i> was -written by Surveyor Aug. Graham on his map of survey in 1709, and -<i>Mohunk</i> is a modern pronunciation. The boundary description of the -tract, as translated by the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan, from the Dutch -deed (N. Y. Land Papers, 15), reads: "Beginning at the high hill called -Moggonck, then southeast to Juffrouw's Hook in the Long Reach, on the -Great River (called in Indian Magaat Ramis), thence north to the island -called Raphoos, lying in the Kromme Elbow at the commencement of the -Long Reach, thence west to the high hill to a place [called] Warachaes -and Tawarataque, along the high hill to Moggonck." The translation in -Colonial History is substantially the same except in the forms of the -names. "Beginning from the high hill, at a place called Moggonck," is a -translation of the deed by Rev. Ame Vaneme, in "History of New Paltz." -It seems to be based on a recognition of the locative of the name as -established by Surveyor Graham in 1709, rather than on the original -manuscript. In the patent the reading is: "Beginning at the high mountain -called Moggonck," and the southwest line is described as extending from -Tawarataque "To Moggonck, formerly so called," indicating that the -patentees had not located the name as they would like to have it located; -certainly, that they had discovered that a line drawn from the apex of -the hill on a southeast course to Juffrouw's Hook, would divide a certain -fine piece of land, which they called the Groot Stuk (great piece), lying -between the hill and the Wallkill and fertilized by that stream, which -they wished to have included in the grant as a whole. So it came about -that they hurried to Governor Andros and secured an amended wording in -the patent of the deed description, and Surveyor-General Graham, when he -came upon the scene in 1709, to run the patent lines, found the locatives -"fixed," and wrote in his description, "Beginning at a certain point on -the hill called Moggonick, . . . thence south, thirty-six degrees -easterly, to a certain small creek called Moggonck, at the south end of -the great piece of land, and from thence south, fifty-five degrees -easterly, to the south side of Uffroe's Hook." Thereafter "The south end -of the great piece," and the "certain small creek," became the "First -station," as it was called. Graham marked the place by a stone which was -found standing by Cadwallader Colden in a survey by him in 1729, and -noted as at "The west end of a small gully which falls into Paltz River, - . . . from the said stone down the said gully two chains and forty-six -links to the Paltz River." The "west end" of the gully was the east end -of the "Certain small creek" noted in Graham's survey. The precise point -is over three miles from the hill. In the course of the years by the -action of frost or flood, the stone was carried away. In 1892, from -actual survey by Abram LeFever, Surveyor, assisted by Capt. W. H. D. -Blake, to whom I am indebted for the facts stated, it was replaced by -another bearing the original inscription. By deepening the gully the -swamp of which the stream is the drainage channel, has been mainly -reclaimed, but the stream and the gully remain, as does also the Groot -Stuk. This record narrative is more fully explained by the following -certificate which is on file in the office of the Clerk of Ulster County:</p> - -<p class="quote"> "These are to certify, that the inhabitants of the town of New Paltz, - being desirous that the first station of their patent, named Moggonck, - might be kept in remembrance, did desire us, Joseph Horsbrouck, John - Hardenburgh, and Roeloff Elting, Esqs., Justices of the Peace, to - accompany them, and there being Ancrop, the Indian, then brought us to - the High Mountain, which he named Maggeanapogh, at or near the foot of - which hill is a small run of water and a swamp, which he called - Maggonck, and the said Ancrop affirmed it to be the right Indian names - of the said places, as witness our hands the nineteenth day of December, - 1722."</p> - -<p>Ancrop, or Ankerop as otherwise written, was a sachem of the Esopus -Indians in 1677, and was still serving in that office in 1722. He was -obviously an old man at the latter date. He had, however, no jurisdiction -over or part in the sale of the lands to the New Paltz Company in 1677. -His testimony, given forty-five years after the sale by the Indians, was -simply confirmatory in general terms of a location which had been made -in 1677, and the interpretation of what he said was obviously given by -the Justices in terms to correspond with what his employers wished him -to say. In the days of the locations of boundmarks of patents, his -testimony would have been regarded with suspicion. Locations of -boundmarks were then frequently changed by patentees who desired to -increase their holdings, by "Taking some Indians in a public manner to -show such places as they might name to them," wrote Sir William Johnson, -for many years Superintendent of Indian Affairs, adding that it was -"Well known" that an Indian "Would shew any place by any name you please -to give him, for a small blanket or a bottle of rum." Presumably Ankerop -received either "A small blanket or a bottle of rum" for his services, -but it is not to be inferred that the location of the boundmarks in 1677 -was tainted by the "sharp practice" which prevailed later. It is -reasonable to presume, however, that the name would never have been -removed from the foot of the hill had not the Groot Stuk been situated -as it was with reference to a southeast line drawn from its apex to -Juffrouw's Hook.</p> - -<p>Algonquian students who have been consulted, regard the name as it stands -as without meaning; that some part of the original was lost by mishearing -or dropped in pronunciation; that in the dialect which is supposed to -have been spoken here the suffix <i>-onck</i> is classed as a locative and -the adjectival <i>Mogg</i> is not complete. Several restorations of presumed -lost letters have been suggested to give the name a meaning, none of -which, however, are satisfactory. Apparently the most satisfactory -reading is from <i>Magonck</i>, or <i>Magunk</i> (Mohegan), "A great tree," -explained by Dr. Trumbull: "From <i>Mogki,</i> 'Great,' and <i>-unk,</i> 'A tree -while standing.'" It is met as the name of a boundmark on the Connecticut, -and on the east side of the Hudson, within forty miles of the locative -here, <i>Moghongh-kamigh</i>, "Place of a great tree," is met as the name of -a boundmark. <i>Mogkunk</i> is also in the Natick dialect, and there is no -good reason for saying that it was not in the local dialect here. There -may have been a certain great tree at the foot of the hill, from which -the name was extended to the hill, and there may have been one on the -Wallkill, which Ankerop said "Was the right Indian name of the place." -It will be remembered that the deed boundmark was "The foot of the hill." -It is safe to say that the name never could have described "A small run -of water and a swamp," nor did it mean "Sky-Top." The former features -were introduced by the Justices to identify the place where the -boundary-stone was located and have no other value; the latter is a -fanciful creation, "Not consistent with fact or reason," but very good -as an advertisement.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i401">Maggeanapogh,</a></b> the name which Ankerop gave as that of the hill called -Moggonck, bears every evidence of correctness. It is reasonably pure -Lenape or Delaware, to which stock Ankerop probably belonged. The first -word, <i>Maggean,</i> is an orthography of <i>Machen</i> (<i>Meechin,</i> Zeisb.; -<i>Mashkan,</i> Chippeway), meaning "Great," big, large, strong, hard, -occupying chief position, etc., and the second, <i>-apogh,</i> written in -other local names <i>-apugh, -apick,</i> etc., is from <i>-ápughk</i> (<i>-ápuchk,</i> -Zeisb.), meaning "Rock," the combination reading, literally, "A great -rock." In the related Chippeway dialect the formative word for rock is -<i>-bik,</i> and the radical is <i>-ic</i> or <i>-ick,</i> of which Dr. Schoolcraft -wrote, "Rock, or solid formation of rock." No particular part of the -hill was referred to, the text reading, "There being Ankerop, the Indian, -then brought us to the High Mountain which he named Maggeanapogh." The -time has passed when the name could have been made permanent. For all -coming time the hill will bear the familiar name of Mohonk, the Moggonck -of 1677, the Paltz Point and the High Point of local history, from the -foot of which the place of beginning of the boundary line was never -removed, although the course from it was changed.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i402">Magaat-Ramis,</a></b> the record name of the southeast boundmark of the Paltz -Patent, is located in the boundary description at "Juffrou's Hook, in -the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian Magaat-Ramis)." -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 15.) Juffrouw's Hook is now known as Blue Point. -It is about two miles north of Milton-on-the-Hudson, and takes its -modern name from the color of the rock which projects from a blue-stone -promontory and runs for some distance under the water of the river, -deflecting the current to the northwest. The primal appearance of the -promontory has been changed by the cut for the West Shore Railroad, but -the submerged point remains. The Dutch name, <i>Juffrouw's Hook,</i> was -obviously employed by the purchasers to locate the boundmark by terms -which were then generally understood. Juffrouw, the first word, means -"Maiden," one of the meanings of which is "Haai-rog"; "<i>rog</i>" means -"skate," or Angel-fish, of special application to a species of shark, -but in English shad, or any fish of the herring family, especially the -female. Hook means "Corner, cape, angle, incurved as a hook"; hence -"Maiden Hook," an angle or corner noted as a resort for shad, alewives, -etc.: by metonymie, "A noted or well-known fishing-place." The first -word of the Indian name, <i>Magaat,</i> stands for <i>Maghaak</i> (Moh.), <i>Machak</i> -(Zeisb., the hard surd mutes <i>k</i> and <i>t</i> exchanged), meaning "Great," -large, extended, occupying chief position. The second word, <i>Ramis</i> is -obscure. It has the appearance of a mishearing of the native word. What -that word was, however, may be inferred from the description, "Juffrou's -Hook, in the Long Reach, on the Great River (called in Indian -Magaat-Ramis)," or as written in the patent, "To a certain Point or -Hooke called the Jeuffrou's Hooke, lying in the Long Reach, named by the -Indians Magaat-Ramis." That the name was that of the river at that -place—the Long Reach—is made clear by the sentence which follows: -"Thence north along the river to the island called Rappoos, at the -commencement of the Long Reach," in which connection <i>Ramis</i> would stand -for <i>Kamis</i> or <i>Gamis,</i> from <i>Gami,</i> an Algonquian noun-generic meaning -"Water," frequently met in varying forms in Abnaki and Chippeway—less -frequently in the Delaware. In Cree the orthography is <i>Kume.</i> The final -<i>s</i> is the equivalent of <i>k,</i> locative, as in Abnaki <i>Gami-k,</i> a -particular place of water. "On the Great Water," is probably the meaning -of Ramis. In Chippeway <i>Keeche-gummee,</i> "The greatest water," was the -name of Lake Superior. As the name of the "Great Water," <i>Magaat-Ramis</i> -is worthy of preservation.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i403">Rappoos,</a></b> which formed the northeast boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is -specifically located in the Indian deed "Thence north [from Juffrou's -Hook] along the river to the island called Rappoos, lying in the Kromme -Elbow, at the commencement of the Long Reach." The island is now known -as Little Esopus Island, taking that name from Little Esopus Creek, which -flows to the Hudson at that point. It lies near the main land on the east -side of the river, and divides the current in two channels, the most -narrow of which is on the east. Kromme Elleboog (Crooked elbow), is the -abrupt bend in the river at the island, and the Long Reach extends from -the island south to Pollepel's Island. The name is of record Rappoos, -Raphoes, Raphos and Whaphoos, an equivalent, apparently, of <i>Wabose</i> and -<i>Warpose,</i> the latter met on Manhattan Island. It is not the name of the -island, but of the small channel on the east side of it from which it -was extended to the island. It means, "The narrows," in a general sense, -and specifically, "The small passage," or strait. The root is <i>Wab,</i> or -<i>Wap,</i> meaning, "A light or open place between two shores." (Brinton.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i404">Tawarataque,</a></b> now written and pronounced <i>Tower-a-tauch,</i> the name of the -northwestern boundmark of the Paltz Patent, is described in the Indian -deed already quoted: "Thence [from Rappoos] west to the high hills <i>to a -place</i> called <i>Warachoes</i> and <i>Tawarataque,</i>" which may refer to one and -the same place, or two different places. Surveyor Graham held that two -different places were referred to and marked the first on the east side -of the Wallkill at a place not now known, from whence by a sharp angle he -located the second "On the point of a small ridge of hills," where he -marked a flat rock, which, by the way, is not referred to in the name. -The precise place was at the south end of a clove between the hills, -access to which is by a small opening in the hills at a place now known -as Mud Hook. Probably <i>Warachoes</i> referred to this opening. By dialectic -exchange of <i>l</i> and <i>r</i> the word is <i>Walachoes—Walak,</i> "Hole," "A hollow -or excavation"; <i>-oes,</i> "Small," as a small or limited hollow or open -place. "Through this opening," referring to the opening in the side of -the hill at Mud Hook, "A road now runs leading to the clove between the -ridges of the mountain," wrote Mr. Ralph LeFever, editor of the "New -Paltz Independent," from personal knowledge. <i>Tawarataque</i> was the name -of this clove. It embodies the root <i>Walak</i> prefixed by the radical <i>Tau</i> -or <i>Taw,</i> meaning "Open," as an open space, a hollow, a clove, an open -field, etc., suffixed by the verb termination <i>-aque,</i> meaning "Place," -or <i>-áke</i> as Zeisberger wrote in <i>Wochitáke,</i> "Upon the house." The -reading in <i>Tawarataque</i> is, "Where there is an open space"; <i>i. e.,</i> the -clove. [FN] The late Hon. Edward Elting, of New Paltz, wrote me: "The -flat rock which Surveyor Graham marked as the bound, lies on the east -side of the depression of the Shawongunk Mountain Range leading -northwesterly from Mohunk, at the south end of the clove known as Mud -Hook, near the boundary line between New Paltz and Rosendale, say about -half a mile west of the Wallkill Valley R. R. station at Rosendale. I -think, but am not certain, that the rock can be seen as you pass on the -railroad. It is of the character known as Esopus Millstone, a white or -gray conglomerate. I cannot say that it bears the Surveyor's -inscription."</p> - -<p>It is not often that four boundmarks are met that stand out with the -distinctness of those of the Paltz Patent, or that are clothed with -deeper interest as geological features, or that preserve more distinctly -the geographical landmarks of the aboriginal people.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The adjectival formative <i>-alagat,</i> or <i>-aragat,</i> enters into the - composition of several words denoting "Hole," or "Open space," as - <i>Taw-álachg-at,</i> "Open space," <i>Sag-álachg-at,</i> "So deep the hole." The - verb substantive suffix <i>-aque,</i> or <i>-ake</i> (<i>qu</i> the sound of <i>k</i>), - meaning "Place," is entirely proper as a substitute for the verbal - termination <i>-at.</i></p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/hudsonbutterhill.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Hudson's River From Butter Hill to Magdelen Island"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i407a">Ossangwak</a></b> is written on Pownal's map as the name of what is known as the -Great Binnenwater (Dutch, "Inland water") in the town of Lloyd. The -orthography disguises the original, which may have been a pronunciation -of <i>Achsün</i> (Minsi), "Stone," as in <i>Otstónwakin</i>, read by Reichel, "A -high rock," or rocky hill. Perhaps the name referred to the rocky bluff -which bounds the Hudson there, immediately west of which the lake is -situated.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i407b">Esopus</a></b>—so written on Carte Figurative of 1614-16, and also by De Laet -in 1624-5; <i>Sopus,</i> contemporaneously; <i>Sypous,</i> Rev. Megapolensis, 1657, -is from <i>Sepuus</i> (Natick), "A brook"; in Delaware, <i>Sipoes</i> (Zeisberger). -It is from <i>Sepu</i>, "River," and <i>-es,</i> "small." On the Carte Figurative -it is written on the east side of the river near a stream north of -Wappingers' Creek, as it may have been legitimately, but in 1623 it came -to be located permanently at what is now Rondout Creek, from which it -was extended to several streams, [FN] to the Dutch settlement now -Kingston, to the resident Indians, and to a large district of country. -The chirographer of 1614-16 seems to have added the initial E from the -uncertain sound of the initial S, and later scribes further corrupted -it to the Greek and Latin Æ. (See Waronawanka.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The streams entering the Hudson in proximity came to be known as - the Kleine Esopus, south of Rondout; the Groot Esopus, now the Rondout, - and the Esopus, now the Saugerties. In the valley west of old Kingston - was a brook, called in records the "Mill Stream."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i407c">Waronawanka,</a></b> Carte Figurative 1614-16—<i>Warrawannan-koncks,</i> Wassenaer, -1621-5; <i>Warranawankongs,</i> De Laet, 1621-5, and <i>Waranawankcougys,</i> 1633; -<i>Waranawankongs,</i> Van der Donck, 1656; <i>Waerinnewongh,</i> local, 1677—is -located on the Carte Figurative on the west side of the Hudson a few -miles north of latitude 42. On Van der Donck's map it is placed on the -west side between Pollepel's Island and the Dans Kamer. De Laet wrote -in his "New World" (Leyden edition): "This reach [Vischer's, covering -Newburgh Bay] extends to another narrow pass, where, on the west side -of the river, there is a point of land juts out covered with sand, -opposite a bend in the river on which another nation of savages called -the <i>Waoranecks,</i> have their abode at a place called Esopus. A little -beyond, on the west side of the river, where there is a creek, and the -river becomes more shallow, the <i>Waranawankongs</i> reside. Here are several -small islands." In his French and Latin edition, 1633-40, the reading -is: "A little beyond where projects a sandy point and the river becomes -narrower, there is a place called Esopus, where the <i>Waoranekys</i> have -their abode. To them succeed, after a short interval, the -<i>Waranawancougys</i>, on the opposite side of the river." Read together -there would seem to be no doubt that the <i>Waoranecks</i> were seated on or -around the cove or bay at Low Point and the estuary of Wappingers' Creek, -and that the <i>Waranatwankongs</i> were seated at and around the cove or bay -at Kingston Point, "Where a creek comes in and the river becomes more -shallow."</p> - -<p>Of the meaning of the name Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of -Ethnology, wrote me: "If the <i>Warana-wan-ka</i> lived on a bay or cove of -Hudson's River, their name is certainly from <i>Walina,</i> which means -'hollowing, concave site,' and 'cove, bay,' in several eastern languages. -A good parallel are the <i>Wawenocks</i> of S. W. Maine, now living at St. -Francis, who call themselves <i>Walinaki,</i> or those living on a cove—'cove -dwellers'—in referring to their old home on the Atlantic coast near -Portland. In the Micmac (N. S.) dialect <i>Walini</i> is 'bay, cove,' and -even the large Bay of Fundy is called so. The meaning of <i>k</i> or <i>ka</i> is -not clear, but <i>ong,</i> in the later forms, is the locative 'at, on, upon.'"</p> - -<p>It is safe to say that at either the Dans Kamer, Low Point, or Kingston -Point, the clan would have been seated on a bay, cove, recess or -indentation shaped like a bay, and it is also safe to say that <i>Warona</i> -and <i>Walina</i> may be read as equivalents, the former in the local dialect, -and the latter in the Eastern, and that its general meaning is "Concave, -hollowing site." Zeisberger wrote <i>l</i> instead of <i>r</i> in the Minsi-Lenape, -hence <i>Woalac,</i> "A hollow or excavation"; <i>Walóh,</i> "A cove"; <i>Walpecat,</i> -"Very deep water." The dialectic <i>r</i> prevails pretty generally on the -Hudson and on the Upper Delaware. On the latter, near Port Jervis, is -met of record <i>Warin-sags-kameck,</i> which is surely the equivalent of -<i>Walina-ask-kameck,</i> "A hollowing or concave site, a meadow or field." -It was written by Arent Schuyler, the noted interpreter, as the name of -a field which he described as "A meadow or vly." <i>Vly</i> is a contraction -of Dutch <i>Vallei,</i> meaning "A hollow or depression in which water stands -in the rainy season and is dry at other times," hence "hollowing." <i>Ask</i> -(generic), meaning "Green, raw," is the radical of words meaning -"meadow," "marsh," etc., and <i>-kameck</i> stands for an enclosed field, or -place having definite boundaries as a hollow. <i>Awan</i> (<i>-awan, -wan, --uan,</i> etc.), as Dr. Gatschet probably read the orthography, is an -impersonal verb termination met on the Hudson in Matteawan, Kitchiwan, -etc. Mr. Gerard writes that it was sometimes followed by the participial -and subjunctive <i>k.</i> It may have been so written here, but it seems to -be a form of the guttural aspirate <i>gh,</i> for which it is exchanged in -many cases, here and in Kitchiwangh. In Connecticut on the Sound -apparently the same name is met in <i>Waranawankek,</i> indicating that -whoever wrote it on the Figurative of 1614-16 was familiar with the -dialect of the coast Indians. As it stands the name is one of the oldest -and most sonorous in the valley of Hudson's River.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i409">Ponkhockie</a></b> is the familiar form of the name of the point, cove or -landing-place on the south side of Kingston Point. It is from Dutch -<i>Punthoekje,</i> meaning, "Point of a small hook, or angle." The local -interpretation, "Canoe harbor," is not in the name, except inferentially -from the fact that the cove was a favorite landing place for canoes. -[FN-1] After the erection of a stockaded redoubt there, the Dutch called -the place Rondhout, meaning. "Standing timber," and the English followed -with Redoubt, and extended the name to the creek, as of record in 1670. -The present form is substantially a restoration of the early Dutch -Rondhout. The stockade was erected by Director Stuyvesant, at the -suggestion of the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company, about -1660. There were Dutch traders here certainly as early as 1622, and -presumably as early as 1614, but no permanent settlement appears of -record prior to 1652-3, nor is there evidence that there was a Rondhout -here prior to 1657-8. Compare Stuyvesant's letter of September, 1657, and -Kregier's Journal of the "Second Esopus War" (Col. Hist N. Y., xiii, 73, -314, also page 189), showing that the Rondhout was not completed until -the fall and winter of 1660. De Vries wrote in 1639-40, referring to -Kingston Point probably: "Some Indians live here and have some corn-lands, -but the lands are poor and stony." When Stuyvesant visited the place, in -1658, he anchored his barge "opposite to the two little houses of the -savages standing near the bank of the kil." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 82.) -In the vicinity the war of 1658 had its initiative in an unwise attack by -some settlers on a party of Indians who had been made crazy drunk on -brandy furnished them by Captain Thomas Chambers. Two houses were burned -belonging to settlers, and hostilities continued for eight or nine days. -"At the tennis-court near the Strand," a company of eleven Dutch soldiers -"allowed themselves to be taken prisoners," by the Indians, in 1659. It -does not seem probable that the Dutch had a Tennis Court here at that -early date, but the record so reads. [FN-2] The hook or cove, was the -most desirable place for landing on the south side of the Point. It has -since been the commercial centre of the town and city. Punthoekje is -certainly not without interesting history.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] In early times there were two principal landing places: One at - Punthoekje and one north of the present steamboat landing, or Columbus - Point as it is called. The Point is a low formation on the Hudson and - was primarily divided from the main land by a marsh. It was literally - "a concave, hollowing site." The marsh was later crossed by a corduroyed - turnpike connecting with the old Strand Road, now Union Avenue. A ferry - was established here in 1752 and is still operated under its original - charter. The Point is now traversed by rail and trolley roads.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Perhaps an Indian Football Court, resembling a Tennis Court. A - writer in 1609 says of the Virginia natives: "They use, beside, football - play, which women and boys do much play at. They have their goals as - ours, only they never fight and pull each other down." There was a - famous Tennis Court (Dutch <i>Kaatsbaan</i>) in the town of Saugerties, which - seems to have been there long before the Dutch settlement. The Tennis - Court referred to in the text is said to have been near the site of the - present City Hall in Kingston, but would that place be strictly "near - the Strand"? "Strand" means "shore, beach." It was probably on the - beach.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i410">Atkarkarton,</a></b> claimed by some local authorities as the Indian name of -Kingston, comes down to us from Rev. Megapolensis, who wrote, in 1657: -"About eighteen miles [Dutch] up the North River lies a place called by -the Dutch Esopus or Sypous, by the Indians Atkarkarton. It is an -exceedingly beautiful land." (Doc, Hist. N. Y., iii, 103.) The Reverend -writer obviously quoted the name as of general application, although it -would seem to have been that of a particular place. As stated in another -connection, Esopus, Sypous, and Sopus were at first (1623) applied to a -trading-post on the Hudson, from which it was extended inland as a -general name and later became specific as that of the first palisaded -Dutch village named Wildwijk, which was founded a year after Megapolensis -wrote. At the date of his writing the territory called Sopus included the -river front, the plateau on which Kingston stands, and the flats on the -Esopus immediately west, particularly the flat known as the Groot Plat, -and later (1662) as the Nieuw Dorp or New Village, [FN-1] as distinguished -from Sopus or Wildwijk, or the Old Village, the specific site of which -could not have been referred to. Of the site of the Old Village, Director -Stuyvesant wrote in 1658: "The spot marked out for the settlement has a -circumference of about two hundred and ten rods [FN-2] and is well -adapted for defensive purposes. When necessity requires it, it can be -surrounded by water on three sides, and it may be enlarged according to -the convenience and requirements of the present and of future -inhabitants." The palisaded enclosure was enlarged by Stuyvesant, in -1661, to over three times its original size. The precise spot was on the -northwest corner of the plateau. It was separated from the low lands of -the Esopus Valley by a ridge of moderate height extending on the north, -east, and west, and had on the south "a swampish morass" which was -required to be drained, in 1669, for the health of the town "and the -improvement of so much ground." The Groot Plat in the Esopus Valley was -a garden spot ready for the plough and was regarded as of size sufficient -for "fifty bouweries" (farms). From the description quoted, and present -conditions, it may be said with certainty that the site of the Old -Village of Wildwijk was a knoll in an area of prairie and marsh. Neither -of the village sites seem to have been occupied by the Indians except by -temporary huts and corn-lands. The Wildwijk site was given to Director -Stuyvesant by the Indians, in 1658, "to grease his feet with" after his -"long journey" from Manhattan. Of the Groot Plat one-half was given by -the Indians to Jacob Jansen Stoll in compensation for damages. A -commission appointed at that time to examine the tract, and to ascertain -what part of it the Indians wished to retain, reported that the Indians -had "some plantations" there, "but of little value"; that it was "only -a question of one or two pieces of cloth, then they would remove and -surrender the whole piece." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 86, 89.) Instead of -paying the Indians for the lands, however, the settlers commenced -occupation, with the result that the Indians burned the New Village, -June 7, 1663, attacked the Old Village, killed eighteen persons and -carried away thirty captives, women and children. The war of 1663 -followed, the results of which are accessible in several publications, -but especially in Colonial History of New York, Vol. xiii. It is -sufficient to say here that the Indians lost the lands in controversy -and a much larger territory. Interpretation of the name can only be made -conjecturally. William R. Gerard wrote me: "I think <i>Atkarkarton</i> simply -disguises <i>Atuk-ak-aten,</i> meaning 'Deerhill,' from <i>Atuk,</i> 'Deer'; <i>ak,</i> -plural, and <i>aten,</i> 'hill.' The <i>r's</i> in the name do not mean anything; -they simply indicate that the <i>a's</i> which precede them were nasal." The -Delaware word for "deer" is <i>Achtuch.</i> Dr. Schoolcraft wrote the -tradition that the first deers were the hunters of men.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] The land or place on the Esopus flat on which the New Village - was founded, is now known as Old Hurley Village. It is repeatedly and - specifically designated as "The Groot Plat"—"The large tract of land - called the New Village"—"The burnt village called the Groot Plat." - (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 275, <i>et. seq.</i>) Hurley was given to it by - Governor Lovelace in 1669, from his family, who were Barons Hurley of - Ireland.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] A Dutch rod is twelve feet, which would give this circumference - at less than an English half mile. Schoonmaker writes in "History of - Kingston": "The average length of the stockade was about thirteen - hundred feet, and the width about twelve hundred feet." Substantially, - it enclosed a square of about one-quarter of a mile.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i412">Wildwijk,</a></b> Dutch—<i>Wiltwyck,</i> modern—the name given by Governor -Stuyvesant, in 1650, to the palisaded village which later became Kingston, -and then and later called Sopus, is a composition of Dutch <i>Wild,</i> meaning -"Wild, savage," and <i>Wijk,</i> "Retreat, refuge, quarter"; constructively, -"A village, fort or refuge from the savages." The claim that the place -was so called by Stuyvesant as an acknowledgment of the fact that the -land was a gift from the Indians, is a figment. The English came in -possession, in 1664, and, in 1669, [FN] changed the early name to -Kingston. The Dutch recovered possession in 1673, and changed the name -to Swanendale, and the English restored Kingston in 1674. (See -Atkarkarton.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "On this day (vizt 25th) the towne formerly called Sopez was named - Kingston." Date Sept. 25th, 1669. (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 435.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i413a">Nanoseck,</a> Manoseck,</b> forms of the name of a small island in Rondout Creek, -so "called by the Indians" says the record, may be from Natick -<i>Nohōōsik,</i> "Pointed or tapering." The Dutch called it "Little Cupper's -Island." <i>Cupper,</i> "One who applies a cupping glass." Another island in -the same stream, was "called by the Indians <i>Assinke,</i>" that is "Stony -land" or place. (See Mattassink.) Another island was called by the Dutch -<i>Slypsten Eiland,</i> that is, "Whetstone Island"; probably from the quality -of the stone found on it. It lies in the Hudson next to Magdalen Island.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i413b">Wildmeet,</a></b> an Indian "house" so called by the Dutch, means, in the Dutch -language, "A place of meeting of savages." It was not a palisaded village. -It was burned by the Dutch forces in the war of 1660, at which time, the -narrative states, some sixty Indians had assembled at or were living in -it. Its location, by the late John W. Hasbrouck, at the junction of the -Vernoy and Rondout kills, is of doubtful correctness, as is also his -statement that it was "The council-house of all the Esopus Indians." Its -location was about two (Dutch) miles from Wildwyck, or about six or seven -English miles. Judge Schoonmaker wrote: "Supposed to have been located -in Marbletown."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i413c">Preumaker's Land,</a></b> a tract described as "Lying upon Esopus Kil, within -the bounds of Hurley," granted to Venike Rosen, April 1, 1686, was the -place of residence of Preumaker, "The oldest and best" of the Esopus -sachems, whose life was tragically ended by Dutch soldiers in the war -of 1660. The location of his "house" is described as having been "At the -second fall of Kit Davits Kil." [FN-1] A creek now bears the name of the -sachem, who was a hero if he was a savage.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "Kit Davits' Kil" or the Rondout was so called from Christopher - Davids, an Englishman, who was first at Fort Orange, and was an - interpreter. He obtained, in 1656, a patent for about sixty-five acres, - described as "Situate about a league (about three miles) inland from - the North River in the Esopus, on the west side of the Great Kil, - opposite to the land of Thomas Chambers, running west and northeast - halfway to a small pond on the border of a valley which divides this - parcel and the land of John de Hulter, deceased." Ensign Smith wrote: - "I came with my men to the second valley on Kit Davietsen's River.. . . - Further up in said valley I crossed the stream and found their house." - (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii.) Supposed to have been at LeFever's Falls in - Rosendale. (Schoonmaker.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i414a">Frudyachkamik,</a></b> so written in treaty—deed of 1677 as the name of a place -on the Hudson at the mouth of Esopus (now Saugerties) Creek, is written -Tintiagquanneck in deed of 1767 (Cal. Land Papers, 454), and by the late -John W. Hasbrouck, <i>Tendeyachameck.</i> The deed orthography of 1677 is -certainly wrong as there is no sound of F in Algonquian. (See -Kerhonksen.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> {TN} {Unable to locate interlinear references to the following two notes - which appear on this page.}</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] <i>Saugerties</i> is probably a corruption of Dutch <i>Zager's Kiltje,</i> - meaning in English, "Sawyer's little Kill." The original appears first - of record in Kregier's Journal of the Second Esopus War (1663), "They - were at Zager's Kiletje"; "To Sager's little Kill"; "To the Sager's - Killetje." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 342, 344.) The first corruption of - record also belongs to that period. It was by a Mohawk sachem who - visited Esopus and at a conference converted Zager's Kiltje to - Sagertjen. Some of the local Dutch followed with "de Zaagertje's." Other - corruptions were numerous until the English brought in Saugerties. The - original <i>Zager,</i> however, seems to have held legal place for many - years. In 1683, in a survey of the Meals Patent, covering lands now - included in Saugerties, it is written: "Being part of the land called - Sagers," and in another, "Between Cattskill and Sager's Kill." It is - also of record that a man known by the surname of Zager located on the - stream prior to 1663, obtained a cession of the lands on the kill from - Kaelcop, an Esopus sachem, and later disappeared without perfecting his - title by patent. <i>Zager</i> is now converted to <i>Sager,</i> and in English to - <i>Sawyer.</i> The claim that Zager had a sawmill at the mouth of the stream - seems to rest entirely upon his presumed occupation from the meaning of - his name. A sawmill here, in 1663, would seem to have been a useless - venture. In 1750, ninety years later, one Burregan had a mill at the - mouth of the kill. "Burregan" stands for Burhans.</p> - -<p class="quote">[FN-2] "To Freudeyachkamik on the Groote River." (Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 505.) It was probably the peninsular now known as Flatbush, - Glasco, etc., at the mouth of the creek. The orthographies of the name - are uncertain. An island south of the mouth of the creek was called - <i>Qusieries.</i> Three or four miles north is <i>Wanton</i> Island, the site of - a traditionary battle between the Mohawks and the Katskill Indians. It - is now the northeast boundmark of Ulster County. Neither of these - islands could have been the boundmark of the lands granted by the - Indians. <i>Wanton</i> seems to be from <i>Wanquon</i> (<i>Wankon,</i> Del.), - "Heel"—resembling a human heel in shape—pertuberant. The letter <i>t</i> - in the name is simply an exchange of the surd mutes <i>k</i> and <i>l.</i> Modern - changes have destroyed the original appearance of the island.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i414b">Kerhonkson,</a></b> now so written as the name of a stream of water and of a -village in the town of Wawarsing, Ulster County, is of record in several -forms—Kahanksen, Kahanghsen, Kahanksnix, Kahanckasink, etc. It takes -interest from its connection with the history and location of what is -known, in records of the Esopus Indian War of 1663, as the Old Fort as -distinguished from the New Fort. In the treaty of peace with the Dutch -in 1664, the fort is spoken of without name in connection with a district -of country admitted by the Indians to have been "conquered by the sword," -including the "two captured forts." In the subsequent treaty (1665) with -Governor Nicolls the ceded district is described as "A certain parcel of -land lying and being to the west or southwest of a certain creek or river -called by the name of Kahanksen, and so up to the head thereof where the -Old Fort was; and so with a direct line from thence through the woods and -crosse the meadows to the Great Hill lying to the west or southwest, -which Great Hill is to be the true west or southwest bounds, and the said -creek called Kahanksen the north or northeast bounds of the said lands." -In a treaty deed with Governor Andros twelve years later (April 27, -1677), the boundary lines <i>"as they were to be thereafter,"</i> are -described: "Beginning at the Rondouyt Kill, thence to a kill called -Kahanksnix, thence north along the hills to a kill called -Maggowasinghingh, thence to the Second Fall, easterly to Freudyachkamick -on the Groot River, south to Rondouyt Kill." In other words the district -conceded to have been "conquered by the sword" lay between the Esopus and -the Rondout on the Hudson, and extended west to the stream called -Kahanksen, thence north to a stream called Maggowasinghingh, thence -north, etc. The only stream that has been certainly identified as the -Maggowasinghingh is the Rondout, where it flows from the west to its -junction with the Sandberg Kill, east of Honk Falls, and this -identification certainly places Kahanksen <i>south</i> of that stream. And in -this connection it may be stated that <i>the conquered lands did not extend -west of the Rondout.</i> The Beekman and the Beake patents were held -primarily by Indian deeds. After the conquest the Indians did not sell -lands <i>east</i> of the boundary line, but did sell lands <i>west</i> of that -line. The deed from Beekman to Lowe distinctly states that the lands -conveyed were "within the bounds belonging to the Indians." As the lands -on the west of the kill were not conquered and ceded to the Dutch, the -Old Fort could not have been on that side of the stream. In reaching -conclusions respect must be had to Indian laws, treaties, and boundary -descriptions. In the records of the town of Rochester, of which town -Wawarsing was a part, is the entry, under date of July 22, 1709, "Marynus -van Aken desired the conveyance of about one hundred acres of land lying -over against the land of Colonel Jacob Rutsen called Kahankasinck, known -as Masseecs," that is the land asked for by Van Aken took the name of -Masseecs from a swamp which the name means. Colonel Rutsen's land has not -been located; he held several tracts at different times, and one -especially on the west line of Marbletown known as Rosendale. Whatever -its location it shows that its name of Kahankasinck was extended to it -or from it from some general feature. Obviously from the ancient treaty -and deed boundaries the site of the Old Fort has not been ascertained, -nor has the Great Hill been located. Presumably both must be looked for -on Shawongunk Mountain.</p> - -<p>The fort, as described by Kregier in his "Journal of the Second Esopus -War," was a palisaded village and the largest settlement of the Esopus -Indians. He made no reference to a stream or to a ravine, but did note -that he was obliged to pass over swamps, frequent kills, and "divers -mountains" that were so steep that it was necessary to "haul the wagons -and cannon up and down with ropes." His course was "mostly southwest" -from Wildwijk, and the fort "about ten miles" (Dutch), or from thirty to -thirty-five miles English. It was not so far southwest from Wildwijk -(Kingston) as the New Fort by "about four hours," a time measure equal -to nine or ten English miles. The Indians did not defend the fort; they -abandoned it "two days before" the Dutch troops arrived. No particular -description of it has been handed down. Under date of July 31, 1663, -Kregier wrote: "In the morning at dawn of day set fire to the fort and -all the houses, and while they were in full blaze marched out in good -order." And so disappeared forever the historic Indian settlement, not -even the name by which it was known certainly translatable in the absence -of knowledge of the topography of its precise location. [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The name has the appearance of derivation from <i>Gahan</i> (Del.), - "Shallow, low water"'; spoken with the guttural aspirate <i>-gks</i> - (Gahaks), and indefinite formative <i>-an.</i> As a generic it would be - applicable to the headwaters of any small stream, or place of low water, - and may be met in several places.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i416">Magowasinghinck,</a></b> so written in its earliest form in treaty deed of 1677 -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii) as the name of an Indian family, and also as the -name of a certain kill, or river—"Land lying on both sides of Rondout -Kill, or river, and known by the name of Moggewarsinck," in survey for -Henry Beekman, 1685—"Land on this side of Rondout Kill named -<i>Ragowasinck,</i> from the limits of Frederick Hussay, to a kill that runs -in the Ronduyt Kill, or where a large rock lies in the kill," grant to -George Davis, 1677. The Beekman grant was on both sides of Rondout Creek -west and immediately above Honk Falls, where a large rock lying in the -kill was the boundmark to which the name referred and from which it was -extended to the stream and place. The George Davis grant has not been -located, and may never have been taken up. Beekman sold to Peter Lowe in -1708, and the survey of the latter, in 1722, described his boundary as -running west from "the great fall called Heneck." In Mr. Lindsay's -History of Ulster County it is said that the grant was half a mile wide -on the southeast side of the stream and a mile wide on the northwest -side. Hon. Th. E. Benedict writes me: "The Rondout is eminently a river -of rocks. It rises on the east side of Peekamoose, Table, and Lone -mountains, and west side of Hanover Mountain of the Catskills, and flows -through chasms of giant rocks. All the way down there are notable rocks -reared in midstream. The rock above Honk Falls is hogback shape, a -hundred or more feet long. It lies entirely in the stream and divides -it into two swift channels which join together just above the falls. -Here, amid the roar, the swirl and dash of waters breaking through rocky -barriers, with the rapids at the falls, the Great Rock was an object to -be remembered as a boundmark."</p> - -<p>Without knowledge of the locative of the name or of the facts of record -concerning it, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, replying to inquiry, wrote -me: "I take <i>Magow</i> or <i>Moggew-assing-ink</i> to be from <i>Macheu</i> (Del.), -'It is great, large'; <i>achsün,</i> 'stone', and <i>ink</i> locative; literally -'at the place of the large stone'." The name does not describe the place -where the rock lies. The Davis grant in terms other than the Indian name -located one as lying "in the kill," and the other is described in the -survey of the patent to Beekman: "Land situate, lying and being upon both -sides of Rondout Kill or river, and known by the name of Moggewarsinck, -beginning at a great rock stone in the middle of the river and opposite -to a marked tree on the south side of the river, between two great rock -stones, which is the bounds betwixt it and the purchase of Mr. William -Fisher," etc.; both records confirm Dr. Brinton's interpretation. As a -generic the name may, like Kahanksan, be found in several places, but the -particularly certain place in the Beekman grant was at the falls called -Honneck, now Honk.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i418a">Wawarasinke,</a></b> so written by the surveyor as the name of a tract of land -granted to Anna Beake and her children in 1685, has been retained as the -name of a village situate in part on that tract, about four miles north -of Ellenville. The precise location of the southern boundmark of the -patent was on the west bank of the Rondout, south of the mouth of -Wawarsing Creek, or Vernooy Kill as now called, which flows to the -Rondout in a deep rocky channel, the southern bank forming a very steep, -high hill or point. It is claimed that the Old Fort was on this hill, -and that to and from it an Indian path led east across the Shawongunk -Mountain to the New Fort and is still distinctly marked by the later -travel of the pioneers. That there was an Indian path will not be -questioned, nor will it be questioned that there may have been at least -a modern Indian village on the hill, but the Old Fort was not there. At -the point where the boundmark of the patent was placed the Rondout turns -at nearly a right angle from an east and west course to nearly north, -winding around a very considerable point or promontory. The orthography -of the name is imperfect. By dialectic exchange of <i>n</i> and <i>r,</i> it may be -read <i>Wa-wa-nawás-ink,</i> "At a place where the stream winds, bends, -twists, or eddies around a point or promontory." This explanation is -fully sustained by the topography. Hon. Th. E. Benedict writes me: "The -Rondout at that point (the corner of the Anna Beake Patent) winds around -at almost a right angle. At the bend is a deep pool with an eddying -current, caused by a rock in the bank below the bend. The bend is caused -by a point of high land. It is a promontory seventy-five feet high." The -inquiry as to the meaning of the name need not be pursued further. The -frequently quoted interpretation, "Blackbird's Nest," is puerile. (See -Wawayanda.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i418b">Honk,</a></b> now so written as the name of the falls on Rondout Creek at -Napanock, appears first in Rochester town records, in 1704, <i>Hoonek,</i> as -the name of the stream. In the Lowe Patent (1722), the reading is: -"Beginning by a Great Fall called <i>Honeck.</i>" The Rochester record is -probably correct in the designation of the name as that of the creek, -indicating that the original was <i>Hannek</i> (Del.), meaning, "A rapid -stream," or a stream flowing down descending slopes. As now written the -name means nothing unless read from Dutch <i>Honck,</i> "Home, a standing post -or place of beginning," but that could not have been the derivative for -the name was in place before the falls became the boundmark. The familiar -interpretation: "From <i>Honck</i> (Nar.), 'Goose'—'Wild-goose Falls,'" is -worthless. The local word for Goose was <i>Kaak.</i> The falls descend two -hundred feet, of which sixty is in a single cataract—primarily a wild, -dashing water-fall.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i419a">Lackawack</a></b> appears of record as the name of a stream in Sullivan County, -otherwise known as the West Branch of Rondout Creek, and also as the name -of the valley through which it passes. The valley passes into the town -of Wawarsing, Ulster County, where the name is met in the Beekman and in -the Lowe patents, with special application to the valley above Honk -Falls, and is retained as the name of a modern village. In the Lowe -Patent it is written Ragawack, the initials L and R exchanged; in the -Hardenberg Patent it is Laughawake. The German missionary orthography is -<i>Lechauwak</i> (Zeisb.), "Fork, division, separation," that which forks or -divides, or comes together in the form of a fork; literally, "The Fork." -<i>Lechauwak,</i> "Fork"; <i>Lechau-hanne,</i> "Fork of a river," from which -Lackawanna; <i>Lechau-wiechen,</i> "Fork of a road," from which -Lackawaxen—"abbreviated by the Germans to <i>Lecha,</i> and by the English -to <i>Lehigh.</i>" (Reichel.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i419b">Napanoch,</a></b> on the Rondout below Honk Falls, is probably the same word that -is met in <i>Nepeak,</i> translated by Dr. Trumbull, "Water-land, or land -overflowed by water." At or near Port Jervis, Napeneck, Napenack, etc. -The adjectival is <i>Nepé, Napé,</i> "Water."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i419c">Wassahawassing,</a></b> in the Lowe Patent and also in the deed to Lowe from -Henry Beekman, is probably from <i>Awossi-newás-ing</i> (Del.), "At the point -or promontory beyond," or on the other side of a certain place.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i419d">Mopochock</a>—</b>"A certain Great Kil called Mopochock," in patent to Joachim -Staats, 1688, is said to have been the name of what is now known as -Sandberg Kill, but was not, as that stream was in no way connected with -the Staats Patent.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i420a">Naversing</a></b> is entered on Pownal's map between Rosendale and Fountain -creeks, in the old town of Rochester. The map location may not be -correct. The name is from <i>Newás-ing,</i> (Del.), "At a point or -promontory." The familiar form is Neversink.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i420b">Mattachonts,</a></b> a modern orthography, preserves the name of a place in the -town of Rochester, Ulster County, and not that of an Indian maiden as -locally stated. The boundary description refers to a creek and to a -swamp. The record orthographies are Magtigkenighonk and Maghkenighonk, -in Calendar of Land Papers, and "Mattekah-onk Kill," local.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i420c">Amangag-arickan,</a></b> given as the name of an Indian family in western Ulster -(Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 505), is probably from <i>Amangak,</i> "Large," with -the related meaning of terrible, and <i>Anakakan,</i> "Rushes," or sharp -rushes. <i>Amangak</i> is from <i>Amangi,</i> "Big, large, powerful, dire," etc., -and <i>-ak,</i> animate plural.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i420d">Ochmoachk-ing,</a></b> an unlocated place, is described as "Above the village -called Mombackus, extending from the north bound of the land of Anna -Beake southerly on both sides of the creek or river to a certain place -called Ochmoachking." (Patent to Staats, 1688.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i420e">Shokan,</a></b> the name of a village on Esopus Creek, in the town of Olive, has -been interpreted as a pronunciation of <i>Schokkan</i> (Dutch), "To jolt, to -shake," etc., by metonymie, "A rough country." The district is -mountainous and a considerable portion of it is too rough for successful -cultivation, but no Hollander ever used the word <i>Schokken</i> to describe -rough land. At or near the village bearing the name a small creek flows -from the west to the Esopus, indicating that <i>Shokan</i> is a corruption of -<i>Sohkan,</i> "Outlet or mouth of a stream." <i>Sohk</i> is an eastern form and -<i>an</i> is an indefinite or diminutive formative. Heckewelder wrote in the -Delaware, <i>Saucon,</i> "The outlet of a small stream into a larger one." -<i>Ashokan</i> is a pronunciation. The same name is met at the mouth of the -East or Paghatagan Branch of the Delaware. Shokan Point is an elevation -rising 3100 feet.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i420f">Koxing Kil,</a></b> a stream so called in Rosendale, is of record <i>Cocksing</i> and -<i>Cucksink</i>—"A piece of land; it lyeth almost behind Marbletown." It is -not the name of the stream but of a place that was at or near some other -place; probably from <i>Koghksuhksing,</i> "Near a high place." (See -Coxackie.) On map of U. S. Geological Survey the name is given to the -outlet of Minnewaska Lake, which lies in a basin of hills on Shawongunk -Mountain, 1650 feet above sea level.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i421a">Shandaken,</a></b> the name of a town in Ulster County, is not from any word -meaning "Rapid water," as has been suggested, but is probably from -<i>Schindak,</i> "Hemlock woods"—<i>Schindak-ing,</i> "At the hemlock woods," or -place of hemlocks. The region has been noted for hemlocks from early -times.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i421b">Mombackus,</a></b> accepted as the name of a place in the present town of -Rochester, Ulster County, is first met in 1676, in application to three -grants of land described as "At ye Esopus at ye Mumbackers, lying at ye -Round Doubt River." In a grant to Tjerck Classen de Witt, in 1685, the -orthography is Mombackhouse—"Lying upon both sides of the Mumbackehous -Kill or brook." The stream is now known as Rochester Creek flowing from -a small lake in the town of Olive. The late John W. Hasbrouck wrote, -"Mombakkus is a Dutch term, literally meaning 'Silent head,' from <i>Mom,</i> -'silent,' and <i>Bak</i> or <i>Bakkus,</i> 'head.' It originated from the figure -of a man's face cut in a sycamore tree which stood near the confluence -of the Mombakkus and Rondout kills on the patent to Tjerck Classen de -Witt, and was carved, tradition says, to commemorate a battle fought -near the spot," that "for this information" he was "indebted to the late -Dr. Westbrook, who said the stump of the tree yet stood in his youthful -days." Although the evidence of the existence of a tree marked as -described is not entirely positive, the fact that trees similarly marked -were frequently met by Europeans in the ancient forests gives to its -existence reasonable probability. In his treatment of the name Mr. -Hasbrouck made several mistakes. "Place of death" is not in the word, -and Dutch <i>Mom</i> or <i>Mum</i> does not mean "Silent"; it means "Mask," or -covering, and <i>Bak</i> or <i>Bakkes,</i> does not mean "head," it is a cant term -for "Face, chops, visage." <i>Mombakkes</i> is plainly a vulgar Dutch word -for "Mask." It describes a grotesque face as seen on a Mascaron in -architecture, or a rude painting. Usually trees marked in the manner -described included other figures commemorative of the deeds of a warrior -designed to be honored. Sometimes the paintings were drawn by a member -of the clan or family to which the subject belonged, and sometimes by -the hero himself, who was flattered by the expectation that his memory -would thereby be preserved, or his importance or prowess impressed upon -his associates, or on those of other clans, and perhaps handed down to -later generations.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i422a">Wieskottine,</a></b> located on Van der Donck's map (1656), north of Esopus -Creek and apparently in the territory of the Catskill Indians, is a Dutch -notation of <i>Wishquot-attiny,</i> meaning, literally, "Walnut Hill." A hill -and trees are figured on the map. The dialect of the Catskill Indians -was Mahican or Mohegan. It seems to have influenced very considerably -the adjoining Lenape dialect. On a map of 1666, the orthography is -<i>Wichkotteine,</i> and the location placed more immediately north of the -stream. The settlement represented can be no other than that of the -ancient Wildwijk, now Kingston. The name has disappeared of record, as -has also <i>Namink</i> on the Groot Esopus.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i422b">Catskill,</a></b> now so written, primarily Dutch <i>Kat's Kil,</i> presumably from -<i>Káterákts,</i> or "Kil of the Katarakts," has come down from a very early -date in <i>Katskil.</i> On Van der Donck's map of 1656 it is written <i>Kats -Kill,</i> but he never wrote Kil with two l's. Older than Van der Donck's -map it evidently was from the frequent reference to the "Kats Kil -Indians" in Fort Orange records. Its origin is, of course, uncertain. -Reasonably and presumably it was a colloquial form of Katerakts -Kil—reasonably, because the falls on that stream would have naturally -attracted the attention of the early Dutch navigators, as they have -attracted the attention of many thousands of modern travelers. It was -the absence of an authoritative explanation that led Judge Benson to -inflict upon the innocent streams which now bear them the distinguishing -names of <i>Kat's</i> and <i>Kauter's,</i> and to relate that as catamounts were -probably very abundant in the mountains there and were naturally of the -male and female species, the former called by the Dutch <i>Kauter,</i> or "He -cat," and the latter <i>Kat,</i> "She cat," the streams were called by those -names. His hypothesis is absurd, but is firmly believed by most of modern -residents, who do not hesitate to write <i>Kauter,</i> "He cat," on their -cards and on their steamboats, although it is no older than Judge -Benson's application. He might have found a better basis for his -conjecture in the fact that in 1650, on the north side of the Kat's Kil -reigned in royal majesty, <i>Nipapoa,</i> a squaw sachem, while on the other -side <i>Machak-nimano,</i> "The great man of his people," held sway; that, -as they painted on their cabins a rude figure of a wolf, their totemic -emblem, easily mistaken for a catamount, the name of "He cat" was given -to one stream, and "She cat" to the other.</p> - -<p>Katarakts Kil, as it is met of record—now Judge Benson's Kauter Kil—is -formed by the outlets of two small lakes lying west of the well-known -Mountain House. A little below the lakes the united streams leap over a -ledge and fall 175 feet to a shelf of rock, and a few rod's below fall -85 feet to a ravine from which they find their way to the Kat's Kil. -Beautiful are the falls and appropriate is the ancient name "The Kil of -the Kataracts." Compare it, please, with Judge Benson's "He cat kil."</p> - -<p>The Kat's Kil Indians have an interesting history. They are supposed to -have been the "loving people" spoken of in Juet's Journal of Hudson's -voyage in 1609. They were Mahicans and always friendly in their -intercourse with the Dutch. In the wars with the Esopus Indians they took -no part. Their hereditary enemies were the Mohawks who adjoined them on -the west side of the mountains, their respective territories following -the line of the watersheds. They came to be more or less mixed with -fugitives from the eastern provinces, after the overthrow of King Philip. -A palisaded village they had north of the Esopus, and fierce traditional -battles with the Mohawks. They disappeared gradually by the sale of their -lands, and gave place to the Rip van Winkles of modern history.</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/riverathudson.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="The River at Hudson Looking West"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i425a">Quatawichnack</a></b> and <b>Katawichnack,</b> record forms of the name given as that -of a fall on Kauter's Kill, now so written, supposed to be the fall near -the bridge on the road to High Falls, has been interpreted "Place of the -greatest overflow," from the overflow of the stream which forms a marsh, -which, however, the name describes as a "Moist, boggy meadow," or boggy -land. (See Quatackuaohe.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i425b">Mawignack,</a> Mawichnack, Machawanick, Machwehenoc,</b> forms of the name given -as that of the meadow at the junction of the Kauter Kil and the Kat's -Kil, locally interpreted, "Place where two streams meet," means, "At the -fork of the river." (See Mawichnauk.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i426a">Pasgatikook</a></b> is another record name of the Katskill, varied in Pascakook -and Pistakook. It is an orthography of <i>Pishgachtigûk</i> (Moh.), meaning, -"Where the river divides, or branches." (See Schaghticoke.) In patent to -John Bronck, 1705, the name is given to "A small piece of land called -Pascak-ook, lying on the north side of Katskil creek." The locative is -claimed by the village of Leeds.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i426b">Teteachkie,</a></b> the name of a tract granted to Francis Salisbury and described -as "A place lying upon Katskill Creek," has not been located. <i>Teke,</i> from -<i>Teke-ne,</i> may stand for "Wood," and <i>-achkie</i> stand for land—a piece -of woodland.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i426c">Quachanock,</a></b> modern <i>Quajack,</i> the name of a place described as the west -boundary of a tract sold to Jacob Lockerman, does not mean "Christian -corn-lands," as locally interpreted, although the Indians may have called -"the five great plains" the "Christian corn-land" after their occupation -by the purchasers. The original word was probably <i>Pahquioke,</i> or -<i>Pohqu'un-auke</i> (<i>-ock</i>), "Cleared, opened land," or land from which the -trees and bushes had been removed to fit it for cultivation.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i426d">Wachachkeek,</a></b> of record as the name of the first of "five great flats, -with the woodland around them," which were included in the Catskill -Patent of 35,000 acres, is otherwise written <i>Machachkeek.</i> It is -described as "lying on both sides of Catskil Creek," and is claimed to -be known as a place west of the village of Leeds. Dr. O'Callaghan -interpreted the name from <i>Wacheu,</i> "hill," and <i>-keag,</i> "land" or -place—"Hill country," and Dr. Trumbull gave the same meaning from -<i>Wadchuauke.</i> The orthography of the second form, however, is probably -the most correct—<i>Machachkeek</i>—which pretty surely, from the locative, -stands for <i>Maskekeck,</i> meaning, "Marsh or wet meadow."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i426e">Wichquanachtekok,</a></b> the name of the second flat, is no doubt an equivalent -of <i>Wequan-achten-ûk,</i> "At the end of the hill," from <i>Wequa,</i> "the end"; -<i>-achtene,</i> "hill" or mountain, and <i>-ûk,</i> locative.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i427a">Pachquyak,</a> Pachquyak, Paquiage,</b> etc., forms of the name of the third flat -(<i>Pachquayack,</i> 1678), given also as the name of a flat "in the Great -Imbocht," [FN] is the equivalent of <i>Panqua-auke,</i> Mass., "Clear land, -open country." Brodhead wrote <i>Paquiage</i> as the name of the place on the -west side of the Hudson to which the followers of King Philip retreated -in 1675, but the name may have been that of any other open or unoccupied -land west of the Hudson. (See Potik.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] Dutch <i>Inbocht,</i> "In the bend," "bay," etc. "Great" was added as - an identification of the particular bend spoken off.</p> -<br><br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i427b">Paskaecq</a>—</b>"a certain piece of land at Katskill, on the north side of the -kill, called by the Indians Paskaecq, lying under a hill to the west of -it." Conveyed to Jan Bronk in 1674-5. The name describes a vale, cleft -or valley. It is widely distributed. (See Paskack.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i427c">Assiskowachok</a></b> or <b>Assiskowacheck,</b> the name of record as that of the fourth -flat, is no doubt from <i>Assiskeu,</i> "Mud"—<i>Assiskew-aughk-ûk,</i> "At (or -on) a muddy place."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i427d">Potic,</a></b> the name of the fifth flat, is also of record Potick, Potatik, and -Potateuck, probably an equivalent of <i>Powntuckûk</i> (Mass.), denoting, -"Country about the falls." (Trumbull.) From the flat the name was -extended to a hill and to a creek in the town of Athens. Hubbard, in his -"History of Indian Wars," assigns the same name to a place on the east -side of Hudson's River. (See Pachquyak and Schaghticoke.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i427e">Ganasnix</a></b> and <b>Ganasenix,</b> given as the name of a creek constituting the -southern boundary of the Lockerman Patent (1686), seems to be an -orthography of Kaniskek, which see.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i427f">Waweiantepakook,</a> Waweantepakoak, Wawantepekoak,</b> are forms of a name given -as that of "a high round hill" near Catskill. The description reads: "A -place on the northeast side of a brook called Kiskatamenakook, on the -west side of a hill called Waweantepakoak." (Land Papers, 242.) The -location has not been ascertained. <i>Antpéch</i> (<i>Antpek,</i> Zeisb.), means -"Head." In Mass. (Eliot), <i>Puhkuk—Muppukuk,</i> "A head." <i>Wawei</i> is a -reduplicative of <i>Wai</i> or <i>Way</i>; it means, "Many windings around," or -deviations from a direct line. The name is sufficiently explained by the -description, "On the west side of a hill," or a hill-side, but -descriptive of a hill resembling a head—"high, erect"—with the -accessory meaning of superiority. "Indian Head" is now applied to one -of the peaks of the Catskills. The parts of the body were sometimes -applied by the Indians to inanimate objects just as we apply them in -English—head of a cove, leg of a table, etc. (See Wawayanda.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i428a">Kiskatom,</a></b> a village and a stream of water so called in Greene County, -appears in two forms in original records, <i>Kiskatammeeche</i> and -<i>Kiskatamenakoak.</i> The abbreviated form, <i>Kiskatom,</i> appears in 1708, -more particularly describing "A certain tract by a place called -Kiskatammeeche, beginning at a turn of Catrick's Kill ten chains below -where Kiskatammeeche Kill watereth into Catrick's Kill," and "Under the -great mountain called Kiskatameck." Dr. Trumbull wrote: -"<i>Kiskato-minak-auke,</i> 'Place of thin-shelled nuts,' or shag-bark hickory -nuts." He explained: "Shag-bark hickory nuts, 'nuts to be cracked by -the teeth,' are the 'Kiskatominies' and 'Kisky Thomas nuts' of the -descendants of the Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York." (Comp. -Ind. Geographical Names.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i428b">Kaniskek,</a></b> or <b>Caniskek,</b> of record as the name of Athens, is described in -original deeds: "A certain tract of land on the west side of North River -opposite Claverack, called Caniskek, which stretches along the river from -the lands of Peter Bronck down to the valley lying near the point of the -main land behind the Barren Island, called Mackawameck," now known as -Black Rock, at the south part of Athens. The description covers the long -marshy flat in front of Athens, or between Athens and Hudson. The name -seems to be from <i>Quana</i> (<i>Quinnih,</i> Eliot), "Long"; <i>-ask,</i> the radical -of all names meaning grass, marsh, meadow, etc., and <i>-ek,</i> -formative—literally, "Long marsh or meadow." The early settlement at -Athens was called Loonenburgh, from one Jan van Loon, who located there -in 1706. Esperanza succeeded this name and was followed by Athens. The -particular place of first settlement is described as running "from the -corner called Mackawameck west into the woodland to the Kattskill road -or path, which land is called Loonenburgh." Athens is from the capital -of the ancient Greek State of Attica.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i429a">Keessienwey's Hoeck,</a></b> a place so called, [FN-1] has not been located. It -is presumed to have been in the vicinity of Kaniskek and to have taken -its name from the noted "chief or sachem" of the Katskill Indians called -Keessienwey, Keesiewey, Kesewig, Keeseway, etc. On the east side of the -river, south of Stockport, Kesieway's Kil is of record. Mr. Bernard -Fernow, in his translation of the Dutch text wrote, "<i>Keessienweyshoeck</i> -(Mallows Meadow Hook)," but no meadow of that character is of local -record. Kessiewey was a peace chief, or resident ruler, whose office it -was to negotiate treaties of peace for his own people, or for other clans -when requested, and in this capacity, with associates, announced himself -at Fort Orange, in 1660, as coming, "in the name of the Esopus sachems, -to ask for peace" with them. [FN-2] He was engaged in similar work in -negotiating the Esopus treaty of 1664; signed the deed for Kaniskek in -1665, and disappears of record after that date. In "History of Greene -County," he is confused with Aepjen, a peace chief of the Mahicans, and -in some records is classed as a Mahican, which he no doubt was tribally, -but not the less "a Katskil Indian." Beyond his footprints of record, -nothing is known of the noted diplomat. His name is probably from -<i>Keeche,</i> "Chief, principal, greatest." <i>Keechewae,</i> "He is chief." (See -Schodac.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] ". . . We have, therefore, gathered information from the - Mahicanders, who thought we knew of it, that more than fifteen days ago - some Esopus [Indians] had been at Keessienwey's Hoeck who wanted to come - up [to Fort Orange], but had been prevented until this time, and in - order to get at the truth of the matter, we have concluded to send for - two or three sachems of the Katskil Indians, especially Macsachneminanau - and Safpagood, also Keesienwey, to come hither." (Col. Hist. N. Y., - xiii, 309.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] "May 24, 1660. To-day appeared [at Fort Orange] three Mahican - chiefs, namely, Eskuvius, alias Aepjen (Little Ape), Aupaumut, and - Keessienway, alias Teunis, who answered that they came in the name of - the Esopus sachems to ask for peace."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i429b">Machawameck,</a></b> the south boundmark of Kaniskek, was not the name of -Barrent's Island, as stated in French's Gazetteer. It was the name of a -noted fishing place, now known as Black Rock, in the south part of -Athens. The prefix <i>Macha,</i> is the equivalent of <i>Massa</i> (Natick <i>Mogge</i>), -meaning "Great," and <i>-ameck</i> is an equivalent of <i>-ameek</i> (<i>-amuk,</i> -Del.), "Fishing-place." As the root, <i>-am,</i> means "To take by the mouth," -the place would seem to have been noted for fish of the smaller sort. -The Dutch called the place <i>Vlugt Hoek,</i> "Flying corner," it is so -entered in deed. Qr. "Flying," fishing with a hook in the form of a fly.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i430a">Koghkehaeje,</a> Kachhachinge, Coghsacky,</b> now Coxsackie, a very early place -name where it is still retained, was translated by Dr. Schoolcraft from -<i>Kuxakee</i> (Chip.), "The place of the cut banks," and by Dr. O'Callaghan, -"A corruption of Algonquin <i>Kaakaki,</i> from <i>Kaak,</i> 'goose,' and <i>-aki,</i> -'place.'" In his translation of the Journal of Jasper Dankers and Peter -Sluyter, in which the name is written <i>Koch-ackie</i> (German notation; -Dutch, <i>Kok,</i> "cook"), the late Hon. Henry C. Murphy wrote: "The true -orthography is probably <i>Koek's-rackie</i> (the Cook's Little Reach), to -distinguish it from the Koek's Reach below the Highlands, near New York." -Unfortunately there is no evidence that there was a reach called the -Cook's north of the Highlands, while it is certain that the name is -Algonquian. Dankers and Sluyter gave no description of the place in -1679-80, but their notice of it indicates that it was familiar at that -date. In 1718 it was given as the name of a bound-mark of a tract -described as "having on the east the land called Vlackte and Coxsackie." -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 124.) <i>Vlackte</i> (Vlakte) is Dutch for "Plain or -flat," and no doubt described the Great Nutten Hoek Flat which lies -fronting Coxsackie Landing, and Coxackie described the clay bluff which -skirts the river rising about one hundred feet. The bluff and flat -bounded the tract on the east. From the locative the name may be -translated from Mass. <i>Koghksuhk-ohke,</i> meaning "High land." The guttural -<i>ghks</i> had the sound of Greek x, hence <i>Kox</i> or <i>Cox.</i></p> - -<p><b><a id="i430b">Stighcook,</a></b> a tract of land so called, now in Greene County, granted to -Casparus Brunk and others in 1743, is located in patent as lying "to the -westward of Koghsacky." In Indian deed to Edward Collins, in 1734, the -description reads, "Westerly by the high woods known and called by the -Indian name Sticktakook." Apparently from Mass. <i>Mishuntugkook,</i> "At a -place of much wood." The district seems to have been famed for nut trees. -It is noted on Van der Donck's map "Noten Hoeck," from which it was -extended to Great Nutten Hook Island and Little Nutten Hook Island, on -which there were nut trees. (See Wieskottine, Kiskatom, etc.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i430c">Siesk-assin,</a></b> a boundmark of the Coeymans Patent, is described as a point -on the west side of the Hudson, "opposite the middle of the island called -<i>Sapanakock</i> and by the Dutch called Barrent's Island." The suffix -<i>-assin,</i> probably stands for <i>Assin,</i> "Stone," but the prefix is -unintelligible. <i>Sapanak-ock</i> means, "Place of wild potatoes," or bulbous -roots. (See Passapenoc.) Barrent's is from Barrent Coeymans, the founder -of the village of Coeymans. The earlier Dutch name was Beerin Island, or -"She-bear's Island," usually read Bear's Island.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i431a">Achquetuck</a></b> is given as the name of the flat at Coeyman's Hollow. The -suffix <i>-tuck</i> probably stands for "A tidal river or estuary," and -<i>Achque</i> means "On this side," or before. The reference seems to have -been to land before or on this side of the estuary, or the side toward -the speaker.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i431b">Oniskethau,</a></b> quoted as the name of Coeymans' Creek, is said to have been -the name of a Sunk-squa, or sachem's wife. Authority not given. The -stream descends in two falls at Coeymans' Village, covering seventy-five -feet. The same name is met in <i>Onisquathaw,</i> now <i>Niskata,</i> of record as -the name of a place in the town of New Scotland, Albany County.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i431c">Hahnakrois,</a></b> or <b>Haanakrois,</b> the name of a small stream sometimes called -Coeymans' Creek, which enters the Hudson in the northeast corner of -Greene County, is Dutch corrupted. The original was <i>Haan-Kraait,</i> -meaning "Cock-crowing" Kill, perhaps from the sound of the waterfall.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i431d">Sankagag,</a></b> otherwise written <i>Sanckhagag,</i> is given, in deed to Van -Rensselaer, 1630, as the name of a tract of land described as "Situated -on the west side of the North River, stretching in length from a little -above Beeren Island along the river upward to Smack's Island, and in -width two days' journey inland." Beeren Island is about twelve miles -south of Albany, and Smack's Island is near or at that city. The western -limit of the tract included the Helderberg [FN] hills.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Helder</i> (Dutch) means "Clear, bright, light, clearly, brightly," - and Berg means "hill" or mountain. It was probably employed to express - the appearance of the hills in the landscape. Some of the peaks of the - range afford fine view of the valley of Hudson's River.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i431e">Nepestekoak,</a></b> a tract of land described, "Beginning at the northernmost -fall of water in a certain brook, called by the Indians Nepestekoak"; -in another paper, Nepeesteegtock. The name was that of the place. It is -now assigned to a pond in the town of Cairo, Greene County. (See -Neweskeke.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i432a">Neweskeke,</a></b> -keek, about ten miles south of Albany, is described as "The -corner of a neck of land having a fresh water river running to the east -of it." In another paper the neck is located "near a pool of water called -Nepeesteek," and "a brook called Napeesteegtock." The name of the brook -and that of the pool is from <i>Nepé</i>, "Water," the first describing -"Water at rest," a pool or lake, and the second a place adjoining -extending to the stream. <i>Neweskeke</i> means "Promontory, point or -corner," [FN]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] This name appears to be a contraction of <i>Newas-askeg,</i> "Marshy - promontory,' or a promontory or point near a marsh." (Gerard.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i432b">Pachonahellick</a></b> and <b>Pachonakellick</b> are record forms of the name of Long -or Mahikander's Island, otherwise known historically as Castle Island. -It is the first island south of Albany, and lies on the west side of the -river, near the main land opposite the mouth of Norman's Kill. On some -maps it is called Patroon's Island and Martin Garretson's Island. The -first Dutch traders were permitted to occupy it, and they are said to -have erected on it, in 1614, a fort or "castle," which they called Fort -Nassau. In the spring of 1617 this fort was almost wholly destroyed by -freshet. The traders then erected a fort on the west bank of the river, -on the north side of Norman's Kill, which they called Fort Orange. This -fort was succeeded, in 1623, by one on or near the present steamboat -landing in Albany, to which the name was transferred and which was known -as Fort Orange until the English obtained possession (1664), when the -name was changed to Fort Albany, from which the present name of the -capital of the State. [FN-1] In addition to the early history of the -island the claim is made by Weise, in his "History of Albany," that it -was occupied by French traders in 1540; that they erected a fort or -castle thereon, which they were forced to leave by a freshet in the -spring of 1542, and that they called the river, and also their trading -post, "Norumbega." These facts are also stated in another connection. -There is some evidence that French traders visited the river, and that -they constructed a fort on Castle Island, but none that they called the -river "Norumbega." (See Muhheak-unuk.) By the construction of an -embankment and the filling of the passage between the island and the -main land, the island has nearly disappeared. [FN-2]</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Fort Albany was succeeded by a quadrangular fort called Fort - Frederick, built by the English (1742-3) on what is now State Street, - between St. Peter's Church and Geological Hall. It was demolished soon - after the Revolution. Wassenaer wrote, under date of 1625: "Right - opposite [Fort Orange] is the fort of the Maykans which they built - against their enemies the Maquas" [Mohawks]. "Right opposite" means - "directly opposite," <i>i. e.</i> directly opposite the present steamboat - landing at Albany, presumably on the bluff at Greenbush.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] The name seems to have been that of the mouth of Norman's Kill - immediately west of the island, and to be from <i>Sacona-hillak.</i> "An - out-pour of water," the mouth of the stream serving to locate the - island. "Patroon's Island" and "Patroon's Creek" were local Dutch - names. (See Norman's Kill.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i433">Norman's Kill,</a></b> so well known locally, took that name from one Albert -Andriessen, Brat de Noordman (the Northman), who leased the privilege -and erected a mill for grinding corn, sometime about 1638. On Van -Rensselaer's map of 1630 it is entered "Godyn's Kil and Water Val," a -mill stream, not a cataract. Brat de Noordman's mill was in the town of -Bethlehem, adjoining the city of Albany. The stream rises in Schenectady -County and flows southeast about twenty-eight miles to the Hudson. The -Mohawks called it <i>Tawalsontha.</i> In a petition for a grant of land near -Schenectady, in 1713, is the entry, "By ye Indian name Tawalsontha, -otherwise ye Norman's Kill"—"A creek called D'Wasontha" (1726)—from -the generic <i>Toowawsuntha</i> (Gallatin), meaning, "The falls of a stream"; -<i>Twasenta</i> (Bruyas), "Sault d'eau," applied by the French to rapids in -a stream—a leaping, jumping, tumbling waterfall.</p> - -<p>Aside from the names of the stream it has especial historic interest in -connection with early Dutch settlement and the location of Fort Orange -where Indians of all nations and tongues assembled for intercourse with -the government. (See Pachonahellick.) Dr. Schoolcraft wrote, without any -authority that I have been able to find, <i>Tawasentha</i> as the name of the -mound on which Fort Orange was erected, with the meaning, "Place of the -many dead," adding that the Mohawks had a village near and buried their -dead on this hill; a pure fiction certainly in connection with the period -to which he referred. The Mohawks never had a village here, nor owned a -foot of land east of the Helderberg range. The Mahicans were the owners -and occupants, but neither Mahicans or Mohawks would have permitted the -Dutch to build a fort on their burial ground. Heckewelder wrote, in his -"Indian Nations," "<i>Gaaschtinick,</i> since called by the name of Norman's -Kill," and recited a Delaware tradition, with the coloring of truth, that -that nation consented there, under advisement of the Dutch, to take the -rank of women, <i>i. e.</i> a nation without authority to make war or sell -lands. The tradition is worthless. The Dutch did make "covenants of -friendship" here with several tribes as early as 1625 (Doc Hist. N. Y. -iii, 51), but none of the character stated. All the tribes were treated -as equals in trade and friendship. Whatever of special favor there was -was with the Mahicans among whom they located. The first treaty, -"offensive and defensive," which was made was by the English with the -Five Nations in 1664-5. The Mahicans had then sold their lands and -retired to the Housatenuk, and the Mohawks and their alliant nations had -become the dominant power at Albany.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i434a">Nachtenak</a></b> is quoted as the Mahican name of Waterford, or rather as the -name of the point of land now occupied by that city, lying between the -Mohawk and the Hudson. Probably the same as the following:</p> - -<p><b><a id="i434b">Mathahenaak,</a></b> "being a part of a parcel of land called the foreland of the -Half-Moon, and by the Indians Mathahenaack, being on the north of the -fourth branch or fork of the Mohawk." <i>Matha</i> is an orthography of -<i>Macha</i> (Stockbridge, <i>Naukhu</i>; Del. <i>Lechau</i>), with locative <i>ûk,</i> "At -the fork"—now or otherwise known as Half-Moon Point, Waterford.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i434c">Quahemiscos</a></b> is a record form of the name of what is now known as Long -Island, near Waterford.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i434d">Monemius Island,</a></b> otherwise Cohoes Island and Haver Island, just below -Cohoes Falls, the site of Monemius's Castle, or residence of Monemius or -Moenemines, a sachem of the Mahicans in 1630, so entered on Van -Rensselaer's map. Haver is Dutch, "Oat straw." (See Haverstraw.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i434e">Saratoga,</a></b> now so written, was, primarily, the name of a specific place -extended to a district of country lying on both sides of the Hudson, -described, in a deed from the Indian owners to Cornelis van Dyk, Peter -Schuyler, and others, July 26, 1683, as "A tract of land called -<i>Sarachtogoe</i>" (by the Dutch), "or by the Maquas <i>Ochseratongue</i> or -<i>Ochsechrage,</i> and by the Machicanders <i>Amissohaendiek,</i> situated to the -north of Albany, beginning at the utmost limits of the land bought from -the Indians by Goose Gerritse and Philip Pieterse Schuyler deceased, -there being" (<i>i. e.</i> the bound-mark) "a kil called <i>Tioneendehouwe,</i> -and reaching northward on both sides of the river to the end of the -lands of <i>Sarachtoge,</i> bordering on a kil, on the east side of the river, -called <i>Dionandogeha</i> and having the same length on the west side to -opposite the kil (Tioneendehouwe), and reaching westward through the -woods as far as the Indian proprietors will show, and the same distance -through the woods on the east side." The boundary streams of this tract -are now known as the Hoosick (Tioneendehowe), and the Batten Kill -(Dionondehowe), as written on the map of the patent. The boundaries -included, specifically, the section of the Hudson known as "The Still -Water," [FN-1] noted from the earliest Dutch occupation as the Great -Fishing Place and Beaver Country, two elements the most dear to the -Indian heart and the most contributive to his support, inciting wars -for possession. Specifically, too, the locative of the name, from the -language of the deed and contemporary evidence, would seem to have been -on the east side of the river—"the end of the lands of Sarachtoge, -bordering on a kil on the east side of the river, called," etc., a place -which Governor Dongan selected, in 1685, on which to settle the Mohawk -Catholic converts, who had been induced to remove to Canada, as a -condition of their return, and which he described as a tract of land -"called Serachtogue, lying upon Hudson's River, about forty miles above -Albany," and for the protection of which Fort Saratoga was erected in -1709; noted by Governor Cornbury in 1703, as "A place called Saractoga, -which is the northernmost settlement we have"; topographically described, -in later years, as "a broad interval on the east side of the river, south -of Batten Kill," and as including the mouth of the kill and lake -Cossayuna. (Col. Hist. N. Y.; Fitch's Survey; Kalm's Travels.) On the -destruction of the fort, in the war of 1746, the settlement was removed -to the opposite side of the river and the name went with it, but to -which it had no legitimate title. (See Kayauderossa.)</p> - -<p>Apparently the Mahican name, <i>Amissohaendiek,</i> is the oldest. It carries -with it a history in connection with the wars between the Mohawks and -the Mahicans. At the sale of the lands, the Mahicans who were present -renounced claim to compensation "because in olden time the lands belonged -to them, before the Maquas took it from them." [FN-2] (Col. Hist. N. Y., -xiii, 537.) It is this section of Hudson's River that the only claim was -ever made and conceded of Mohawk possession by conquest.</p> - -<p>The Mohawk name, <i>Ochseratongue</i> or <i>Ochsechrage,</i> became, in the course -of its transmission, <i>Osarague</i> and <i>Saratoga,</i> and in the latter form, -without reference to its antecedents, was translated by the late Henry -R. Schoolcraft "From <i>Assarat,</i> 'Sparkling water,' and <i>Oga,</i> 'place,' -'the place of the sparkling water,'" the reference being to the mineral -springs, one of which. "High Rock," was, traditionally, known to the -Indians, who, it is said, conveyed Sir William Johnson thither, in 1767, -to test the medicinal virtues of the water; but, while the tradition may -recite a fact the translation is worthless.</p> - -<p>With a view to obtain a satisfactory explanation of the record names, -the writer submitted them to the late eminent Iroquoian philologist, -Horatio Hale, M. A., of Clinton, Ontario, Canada, and to the eminent -Algonquian linguist, the late Dr. D. G. Brinton, of Philadelphia. In -reply, Mr. Hale wrote: . . . "Your letter has proved very acceptable, -as the facts you present have thrown light on an interesting question -which has heretofore perplexed me. I have vainly sought to discover the -origin and meaning of the name Saratoga. My late distinguished friend, -L. H. Morgan, was, it seems, equally unsuccessful. In the appendix of -local names added to his admirable 'League of the Iroquois,' Saratoga -is given in the Indian form as <i>Sharlatoga,</i> with the addition, -'signification lost.' There can be no doubt that the word, as we have -it, and indeed as Morgan heard it, is, as you suggest, much abbreviated -and corrupted. One of the ancient forms, however, which you give from -the old Dutch authorities, seems to put us at once on the right track. -This form is <i>Ochsechrage.</i> The 'digraph' <i>ch</i> in this word evidently -represents the hard guttural aspirate, common to both the Dutch and the -German languages. This aspirate is of frequent occurrence in the Iroquois -dialects, but it is not a radical element. As I have elsewhere said, it -appears and disappears as capriciously as the common <i>h</i> in the speech -of the south of England. In etymologies it may always be disregarded. -Omitting it, we have the well-known word <i>Oserage</i>—in modern Iroquois -orthography <i>Oserake,</i> meaning 'At the beaver-dam.' It is derived from -<i>osera,</i> 'beaver-dam,' with the locative particle <i>ge</i> or <i>ke</i> affixed.</p> - -<p>"In Iroquois <i>r</i> and <i>l</i> are interchangeable, and <i>s</i> frequently sounds -like <i>sh.</i> Thus we can understand how in Cartier's orthography <i>Oserake</i> -(pronounced with an aspirate) became <i>Hochelaga,</i> the well-known -aboriginal name of what is now Montreal. That this name meant simply -'At the beaver-dam' is not questioned. It is rather curious, though not -surprising, that two such noted Indian names as <i>Saratoga</i> and -<i>Hochelaga</i> should have the same origin. In <i>Ochseratongue</i> the name is -lengthened by an addition which is so evidently corrupted that I hesitate -to explain it. I may say, however, that I suspect it to be a 'verbalized' -form. It may possibly be derived from the verb <i>atona,</i> 'to become' (in -its perfect tense <i>atonk</i>), added to <i>osera,</i> in which case the word -would mean, 'where a beaver-dam has been forming,' or, as we should -express it in English, 'where the beavers have been making a dam.'</p> - -<p>"With regard to the Mahican name <i>Amissohaendiek</i> or <i>Amissohaendick</i> -(whichever it is) I cannot say much, my knowledge of the Algonquin -dialects not being sufficient to warrant me in venturing on etymologies. -I remark, however, that 'beaver' in Mahican, as in several other -Algonquin dialects, is <i>Amisk</i> or some variant of that word. This would -apparently account for the first two syllables of the name. In Iroquois -the word for 'beaver-dam' 'has no connection with the word 'beaver,' but -it may be otherwise in Mahican." . . .</p> - -<p>Dr. Brinton wrote:</p> - -<p class="quote">. . . "I have little doubt but that the Mahican term is practically a -translation of the Iroquois name. It certainly begins with the element -<i>Amik, Amisk</i> or <i>Amisque,</i> 'Beaver,' and terminates with the locative -<i>ck</i> or <i>k.</i> The intermediate portion I am not clear about. There is -probably considerable garbling of the middle syllables, and this obscures -their forms. In a general way, however, it means 'Place where beavers -live,' or 'are found.'"</p> - -<p>Father Le June wrote <i>Amisc-ou,</i> "Beaver," an equivalent of <i>Amis-so</i> in -the text. Dr. Trumbull wrote: "<i>Amisk,</i> a generic name for beaver-kind, -has been retained in the principal Algonquian dialects." The district -was a part of Ochsaraga, "The beaver-hunting country of the Confederate -Indians," conquered by them about 1624. The evolution from -<i>Ochsera-tongue</i> (deed of 1683) appears in Serachtogue (Dongan, 1685); -Serasteau (contemporary French); Saractoga (Cornbury, 1703); Saratoga -(modern). The <i>Ossarague,</i> noted by Father Jogues, in 1646, as a famous -fishing-place, is now assigned to Schuylerville.</p> - -<p>Aside from its linguistic associations, the Batten Kill is an interesting -stream. It has two falls, one of which, near the Hudson, is seventy-five -feet and preserves in its modern name, <i>Dionandoghe,</i> its Mohawk name, -Ti-oneenda-houwe, for the meaning of which see Hoosick.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "At a place called the Still Water, so named for that the water - passeth so slowly as not to be discovered, yet at a little distance both - above and below is disturbed and rageth as in a sea, occasioned by great - rocks and great falls therein." (Col. Hist. N. Y., x, 194.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] The war in which the Mahicans lost and the Mohawks gained - possession of the lands here occurred in 1627, as stated in Dutch - records (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 48), sustained by the deed to King - George in 1701. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 773.) There was no conquest on - the Hudson south of Cohoes Falls.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i438a">Sacondaga,</a></b> quoted as the name of the west branch of the Hudson, is not -the name of the stream but of its mouth or outlet at Warrensburgh, -Warren County. It is from Mohawk generic <i>Swe'ken,</i> the equivalent of -Lenape <i>Sacon</i> (Zeisb.), meaning "Outlet," or "Mouth of a river," "Pouring -out," and <i>-daga,</i> a softened form of <i>-take,</i> "At the," the composition -meaning, literally, "At the outlet" or mouth of a river. (Hale.) -<i>Ti-osar-onda,</i> met in connection with the stream, means "Branch" or -"Tributory stream." (Hewitt.) The reference may have been to the stream -as a branch of the Hudson, or to some other stream. The stream comes -down from small lakes and streams in Lewis and Hamilton counties, and -is the principal northwestern affluent of the Hudson.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i438b">Scharon,</a> Scarron, Schroon,</b> orthographies of the name now conferred on a -lake and its outlet, and on a mountain range and a town in Essex County, -is said to have been originally given to the lake by French officers in -honor of the widow Scarron, the celebrated Madam Maintenon of the reign -of Louis XVI. (Watson.) The present form, <i>Schroon,</i> is quite modern. On -Sauthier's map the orthography is Scaron. The lake is about ten miles -long and forms a reservoir of waters flowing from a number of lakes and -springs in the Adirondacks. Its outlet unites with the Hudson on the east -side at Warrensburgh, Warren County, and has been known for many years -as the East Branch of Hudson's River. The Mohawk-Iroquoian name of the -stream at one place is of record <i>At-a-te'ton,</i> from <i>Ganawate<sup>c</sup>ton</i> -(Bruyas), meaning "Rapid river," "Swift current." (J. B. N. Hewitt.) A -little valley at the junction of the stream with the Hudson at -Warrensburgh, dignified by the name of "Indian Pass," bears the record -name of <i>Teohoken,</i> from Iroquois generic <i>De-ya-oken,</i> meaning "Where -it forks," or "Where the stream forks or enters the Hudson." (J. B. N. -Hewitt.) The little valley is described as "a picture of beauty and -repose in strong contrast with the rugged hills around." (Lossing.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i439">Oi-o-gue,</a></b> the name given by the Mohawks to Father Jogues in 1646, at Lake -George, to what we now fondly call Hudson's River, is fully explained in -another connection. The stream has its sources among the highest peaks -of the Adirondacks, the most quoted springlet being that in what is known -as "Adirondack or Indian Pass," a deep and rugged gorge between the steep -slopes of Mt. Mclntyre and the cliffs of Wallface Mountain, in Essex -County. The level of this gorge is 2,937 feet above tide. [FN-1] The -highest lakelet-head sources, however, are noted in Verplanck Colvin's -survey of the Adirondack region as Lake Moss and Lake Tear-of-the-clouds -on Mount Marcy, [FN-2] the former having an elevation of 4,312 feet above -sea-level and the latter 4,326 feet, "the loftiest water-mirror of the -stars" in the State. The little streams descending from these lakes, -gathering strength from other small lakes and springlets, flow rapidly -into Warren County, where they receive the Sacondaga and Schroon. Between -Warrensburgh and Glen's Falls the stream sweeps, in tortuous course with -a wealth of rapids, eastward among the lofty hills of the Luzerne [FN-3] -range of mountains, and at Glen's Falls descends about sixty feet, -passing over a precipice, in cataract, in flood seasons, about nine -hundred feet long, and then separates into three channels by rocks piled -in confusion. In times of low water there is, on the south side of the -gorge, a perpendicular descent of about forty feet. Below, the channels -unite and in one deep stream flow on gently between the grained cliffs -of fine black marble, which rises in some places from thirty to seventy -feet. At the foot of the fall the current is divided by a small island -which is said to bear on its flat rock surface a petrifaction having the -appearance of a big snake, which may have been regarded by the Mohawks -with awe as the personification of the spirit of evil, according to the -Huron legend, "<i>Onniare jotohatienn tiotkon,</i> The demon takes the figure -of a snake." (Bruyas.) Under the rock is a cave over which the serpent -lies as a keeper, extending from one channel to the other and which, as -well as the snake, comes down to us embalmed in Cooper's "Last of the -Mohegans," though some visitors with clear heads have failed to discover -the snake. In times of flood the cave is filled with water and all the -dividing rocks below the fall are covered, presenting one vast foaming -sheet.</p> - -<p>At Sandy Hill the river-channel curves to the south and pursues a broken -course to what are known as Baker's Falls, where the descent is between -seventy and eighty feet—primarily nearly as picturesque as at Glen's -Falls, untouched by Cooper's pen. The bend to the south at Sandy Hill is -substantially the head of the valley of Hudson's River. Throughout the -mountainous region above that point several Indian names are quoted by -writers in obscure orthographies and very doubtful interpretations, the -most tangible, aside from those which have been noticed, being that which -is said to have been the name of Glen's Falls, but was actually the name -of the very large district known as <i>Kay-au-do-ros-sa.</i> In Mohawk, Sandy -Hill would probably be called <i>Gea-di-go,</i> "Beautiful plain," but it has -no Indian name of record. The village stands upon a high sandy plain. It -has its traditionary Indian story, of course; in this section of country -it is easy to coin traditions of the wars of the Mohawks, the Hurons, and -the Algonquians; they interest but do not harm any one.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] This famous Pass is partly in the town of Newcomb and partly in - the town of North Elba, Essex County. Wall-face, on the west side, is - a perpendicular precipice 800 to 1,000 feet high, and Mt. Mclntyre rises - over 3,000 feet. The gorge is seldom traversed, even adventurous - tourists are repelled by its ruggedness.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] By Colvin's survey Mount Marcy has an elevation of 5,344.411 feet - "above mean-tide level in the Hudson." It is the highest mountain in the - State. Put four Butter Hills on the top of each other and the elevation - would be only a few hundred feet higher.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] French, "Spanish Trefoil." "Having a three-lobed extremity or - extremities, as a cross." Botanically, plants having three leaves, as - white clover, etc. Topographically, a mountain having three points or - extremities.</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/glensfalls.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Glens Falls Above Leather Stocking Cove"></P> -<br><br><br> - - - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i443a">Kay-au-do-ros-sa</a></b> (modern), <i>Kancader-osseras, Kanicader-oseras</i> (primary), -the name given as that of a stream of water, of a district of country, -and of a range of mountains, was originally the name of the stream now -known as Fish Creek, [FN] the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and signifies, -literally, "Where the lake mouths itself out." Horatio Hale wrote me: -"Lake, in Iroquois, is, in the French missionary spelling, <i>Kaniatare,</i> -the word being sounded as in Italian. <i>Mouth</i> is <i>Osa,</i> whence (writes -the Rev. J. A. Cuoq in his Lexique de la langue Iroquois), <i>Osara,</i> mouth -of a river, 'boudhe d'un fleure, embouchure d'une riviere.' This word -combined would give either <i>Kauicatarosa</i> or <i>Kaniatarossa,</i> with the -meaning of 'Lake mouth,' applicable to the mouth of a lake, or rather, -according to the verbalizing habit of the language, 'the place where the -lake disembogues,' literally, 'mouths itself out.'" To which J. B. N. -Hewitt added the explanation, "Or flood-lands of the lake—the overflow -of the lake."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "About Kayaderossres Creek and the lakes in that quarter." "The - chief tract of hunting land we have left, called Kayaderossres, with a - great quantity of land about it." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, 110.) The - stream drains an extensive district of country, flows into and becomes - the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and is now known as Fish Creek and Fish - Kill, a very cheap substitute for the expressive Mohawk term.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i443b">Adirondacks,</a></b> or <b>Ratirontaks,</b> a name now improperly applied to the -mountainous district of northern New York, is said to have been primarily -bestowed by the Iroquois on a tribe occupying the left bank of the St. -Lawrence above the present site of Quebec, who were called by the French -Algonquins specifically, as representatives of a title which had come to -be of general application to a group of tribes speaking radically the -same language. [FN-1] The term is understood to mean, "They eat trees," -<i>i. e.</i> people Who eat the bark of certain trees for food, presumably -from the climatic difficulty in raising corn in the latitude in which -they lived. [FN-2] Horatio Hale analyzed the name: "From <i>Adi,</i> 'they'; -<i>aronda,</i> 'tree,' and <i>ikeks,</i> 'eat.'" The name was not that of the -district, nor is it convertible with <i>Algonquin</i>. The later is a French -rendering of <i>Algoumquin,</i> from <i>A'goumak,</i> "On the other side of the -river," <i>i. e.</i> opposite their neighbors lower down. (Trumbull.) -Schoolcraft gave substantially the same interpretation from the Chippewa, -"<i>Odis-qua-guma,</i> 'People at the end of the waters,'" making its -application specific to the Chippewas as the original Algonquins, instead -of the Ottawas. The accepted interpretation, "Country of mountains and -forests," is correct only in that that it is descriptive of the country. -The record names of the district are <i>Cough-sagh-raga</i> and -<i>Canagariarchio</i>, the former entered on Pownal's map with the addition -"Or the beaver—hunting country of the Confederate Indians," and the -latter entered in the deed from the Five Nations to the King in 1701. -(Col, Hist. N. Y., iv, 909.) <i>Cough-sagh-raga</i> is now written <i>Koghsarage</i> -(Elliot) and <i>Kohserake</i> (modern), and signifies "Winter" or "Winter -land"; but the older name, <i>Cana-gariarc-hio,</i> means, "The beaver-hunting -country." [FN-3] It is not expected that this explanation will affect -the continuance, by conference, of <i>Adirondacks</i> as the name of the -district; but it may lead to the replanting of the much more expressive -Iroquoian title, <i>Kohsarake,</i> on some hill-top in the ancient wilderness.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The specific tribe called Algonquins by the French, were seated, - in 1738, near Montreal, and described as a remnant of "A nation the most - warlike, the most polished, and the most attached to the French." Their - armorial bearing, or totem, was an evergreen oak. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, - 16.) It is claimed that they were principally Ottawas, residing on the - Ottawa River. (Schoolcraft.) The primary location of the language is - only measurably involved in the first application of the name, the honor - being claimed for the Chippewa, the Cree, and the Lenni-Lenape. The - Eastern Algonquins substituted for the Iroquois Adirondacks, - <i>Mihtukméchaick</i> (Williams) with the same meaning.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] The bark of the chestnut, the walnut, and of other trees was - dried, macerated, and rolled in the fat of bears or other animals, and - probably formed a palatable and a healthful diet. Presumably the eating - of the bark of trees was not confined to a particular tribe.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] "<i>Coughsaghrage,</i> or the Beaver-Hunting Country of the Confederate - Indians. The Confederates, called by the French Iroquois, surrendered - this country to the English at Albany, on the 19th day of July, 1701; - and their action was confirmed the 14th of September, 1724. It belongs - to New York, and is full of Swamps, Lakes, Rivers, Drowned Lands; a Long - Chain of Snowy Mountains which are seen. Lake Champlain runs thro' the - whole tract. North and South. This country is not only uninhabited, but - even unknown except towards the South where several grants have been - made since the Peace."</p> - -<p class="quote"> So wrote Governor Pownal on his map of 1775. There is no question that - Coughsaghraga means "Winter." It may also mean "At the Beaver-dam," or - "In the country of Beaver-dams." <i>Kohseraka</i> may be a form of <i>Hochelaga</i> - or <i>Ochseraga.</i> <i>Osera</i> means "Beaver-dam" as well as "Winter," wrote - Horatio Hale. (See Saratoga.) In explanation of <i>Canagariachio</i> Mr. Hale - wrote: "<i>Kanagariarchio</i> is a slightly corrupted form of the Iroquois - word <i>Kanna'kari-kario,</i> which means simply 'Beaver.' It is a descriptive - term compounded of <i>Kannagare,</i> 'Stick' or club, <i>Kakarien,</i> To bite,' - and <i>Kario,</i> 'Wild animal.' It is not the most common Iroquois word for - Beaver, which, in the Mohawk dialect is <i>Tsionuito,</i> or <i>Djonuito.</i> That - the word should be understood to mean 'The Beaver-Hunting Country,' is - in accordance with Indian usage."</p> -<br><br> - - - <hr> -<br><br> - - <h2 class="direct">On the Mohawk.</h2> - - -<p><b><a id="i445">Mohawk,</a></b> the river so called—properly "the Mohawk's River," or river of -the Mohawks—rises near the centre of the State and reaches the Hudson -at Cohoes Falls. Its name preserves that by which the most eastern nation -of the Iroquoian confederacy, the Six Nations, is generally known in -history—the Maquaas of the early Dutch. The nation, however, did not -give that name to the stream except in the sense of occupation as the -seat of their possessions; to them it was the <i>O-hyoⁿhi-yo'ge,</i> "Large, -chief or principal river" (Hewitt); written by Van Curler in 1635, -<i>Vyoge</i> and <i>Oyoghi,</i> and by Bruyas "<i>Ohioge,</i> a la riviere," now written -<i>Ohio</i> as the name of one of the rivers of the west, nor did they apply -the word Mohawk to themselves; that title was conferred upon them by -their Algonquian enemies, as explained by Roger Williams, who wrote in -1646, "<i>Mohowaug-suck,</i> or <i>Mauquawog,</i> from <i>Moho,</i> 'to eat,' the -cannibals or men-eaters," the reference being to the custom of the nation -in eating the bodies of enemies who might fall into its hands, a custom -of which the Huron nations, of which it was a branch, seem to have been -especially guilty. To themselves they gave the much more pleasant name -<i>Canniengas,</i> from <i>Kannia,</i> "Flint," Which they adopted as their -national emblem and delineated it in their official signatures, -signifying, in that connection, "People of the Flint." When and why they -adopted this national emblem is a matter of conjecture. Presumably it -was generations prior to the incoming of Europeans and from the discovery -of the fire-producing qualities of the flint, which was certainly known -to them and to other Indian nations [FN-1] in pre-historic times. When -the flint and steel were introduced to them they added the latter to -their emblem, generally delineated it on all papers of national -importance, and called it <i>Kannien,</i> "batte-feu," as written by Bruyas, -a verbal form of <i>Kannia,</i> "a flint," or fire-stone, the verb describing -a new method of "striking fire out of a flint," or a new instrument for -striking fire, and a new emblem of their own superiority springing from -their ancient emblem. The Delawares called them <i>Sank-hikani,</i> [FN-2] or -"The fire-striking people," from Del. <i>Sank</i> or <i>San,</i> "stone" (from -<i>Assin</i>), and <i>-hikan,</i> "an implement," obviously a flint-stone implement -for striking fire, or, as interpreted by Heckewelder, "A fire-lock," and -by Zeisberger, "A fire-steel."</p> - -<p>The French called them <i>Agnié</i> and <i>Agniérs,</i> presumably derived from -<i>Canienga</i> (Huron, <i>Yanyenge</i>). The Dutch called them <i>Mahakuas</i>, by -contraction <i>Maquaas,</i> from Old Algonquian <i>Magkwah</i> (Stockbridge, -<i>Mquoh</i>), Bear, "He devours, he eats." As a nation they were Bears, -tearing, devouring, eating, enemies who fell into their hands. Bruyas -wrote in the Huron dialect, "<i>Okwari</i>, ourse (that is Bear); -<i>Ganniagwari,</i> grand ourse" (grand, glorious, superb, Bear), and in -another connection, "It is the name of the Agniers," the characteristic -type of the nation. They were divided in three ruling totemic tribes, -the Tortoise (<i>Anowara</i>), the Bear (<i>Ochquari</i>), and the Wolf (<i>Okwaho</i>), -and several sub-tribes, as the Beaver, the Elk, the Serpent, the -Porcupine, and the Fox, as shown by deeds of record, of which the most -frequently met is that of the Beaver. On Van der Donck's map of 1656, -the names of four tribal castles are entered: <i>Carenay, Ganagero, -Schanatisse,</i> and <i>t' Jonnontego.</i> In the recently recovered Journal of -a trip to the Mohawk country, by Arent van Curler, in the winter of -1634-5, the names are <i>Ouekagoncka, Ganagere, Sohanidisse,</i> and <i>Tenotoge</i> -or <i>Tenotogehooge.</i> In 1643, Father Isaac Jogues, in French notation, -wrote the name of the first, <i>Osseruehon,</i> and that of the last, -<i>Te-ononte-ogen.</i> Rev. Megapolensis, the Dutch minister at Fort Orange, -wrote, in 1644, the name of the first <i>Assarue,</i> the second <i>Banigiro,</i> -and the last <i>Thenondiago.</i> On a map republished in the Third Annual -Report of the State Historian, copied from a map published in Holland -in 1666, the first is called <i>Caneray</i> (Van der Donck's <i>Carenay</i>), and -the second, <i>Canagera.</i> [FN-3] The several names refer in all cases to -the same castles tribally, in some cases, apparently, by the name of a -specific topographical feature near which the castles were located, and -in some cases, apparently, by the name of the tribe. Cramoisy, in his -Relation of 1645-6, referring to the visit of Father Jogues to the -Mohawks, wrote: "They arrived at their first small village, called -<i>Oneugiouré,</i> formerly <i>Osserrion.</i>" (Relations, 29: 51), showing very -clearly that those two names referred to one and the same castle. What -<i>Oneugiouré</i> stands for certainly, cannot be stated, though it seems to -read easily from <i>Ohnaway</i> (Cuoq), "Current, swift river," indicating -that it may have referred to the long rapids. [FN-4] Chief W. H. Holmes, -of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "According to our best expert -authority, an Iroquoian, <i>Onekagoncka</i> signifies 'At the junction of the -waters,' and <i>Osserueñon, Osserrion, Assarue,</i> etc., signifies 'At the -beaver-dam.'" Accepting these interpretations, the particular place where -the two names seem to come together is at the mouth of Aurie's Creek -"where it falls into Mohawk's river." (See Oghracke.) As generic terms, -however, they would be applicable at any place where the features were -met and would only become specific here from other locative testimony, -which we seem to have.</p> - -<p>The first castle or town was that of the Tortoise tribe; the second, that -of the Bear tribe; the third, that of the Beaver (probably), and the -fourth, that of the Wolf tribe. On Van der Donck's map there are four, -and Greenhalgh, in 1677, noted four. In a Schenectady paper of the same -year the names of two sachems are subscribed who acted "for themselves" -and as "the representatives of ye four Mohock's castles." The French -invaded the valley in 1666, and burned all the castles of the early -period, and the tribes retreated to the north side of river and -established themselves, the first at Caughnawaga; the second about one -and one-half miles west of the first; the third, west of the second, and -the fourth beyond the third, in their ancient order as Greenhalgh found -them in 1677. The French destroyed them again in 1693, [FN-5] and the -tribes returned to and rebuilt on the south side of the river in proximity -to their ancient seats. After the changes which had swept over the -nation, three castles are noted in later records—the "Upper" at -Canajohare, the "Lower" at the mouth of Schohare Creek, and the "Third" -on the Schohare some sixteen miles inland.</p> - -<p>While the early castles were known to the Dutch traders prior to 1635, -and their locations marked, approximately, on their rude charts which -formed the basis of Van der Donck's and other early maps, it was not -until the recovery and publication in 1895, of Van Curler's Journal -[FN-6]that much was known concerning them prior to 1642-44, when the -Jesuit missionaries and the Dutch minister at Fort Orange, Rev. -Megapolensis, went into the field. Van Curler's Journal, supplemented by -the Relations of the Jesuit Fathers and Rev. Megapolensis's notes, -enables us now to almost look in upon the early homes of the "barbarians," -as they were called.</p> - -<p>The Mohawks were the most important factor in the "Five [Six] Nations -Confederacy," particularly from the standpoint of their proximity to and -relations with the Dutch and the English governments, primarily in trade -and later as alliants offensive and defensive under treaty of 1664 and -more definitely under treaty of 1683. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 576.) Their -written history is graven in no uncertain colors on the valley which -still bears their name, as well as on northeastern New York, marred -though it may be by claims to pre-historical supremacy which cannot be -maintained. When Van Curler visited them the nation was at peace, and the -occupants of the towns and villages engaged in the duties of home life. -He wrote that "Most of the people were out 'hunting for deer and bear"; -that "the houses were full of corn and beans"; that he "saw maize—yes, -in some of the houses more than three hundred bushels." He added that he -was hospitably entertained, was fed on "pumpkins cooked and baked, -roasted turkeys, venison and bear's meat," and altogether seems to have -fared sumptuously. Rev. Megapolensis wrote of them, that though they were -cruel to their enemies, they were very friendly to the Dutch. "We go with -them into the woods; we meet with each other, sometimes at an hour's walk -from any house, and think no more of it than if we met with Christians." -The dark side of their character may be seen in a single quotation from -Father Jogues's narrative, as related by Father Lalemant: "Happily for -the Father the very time when he was entering the gates, a messenger -arrived who brought news that a warrior and his comrades were returning -victorious, bringing twenty Abanaqois prisoners. Behold them all joyful; -they leave the poor Father; they burn, they flay, they roast, they eat -those poor victims with public rejoicings." Gentle and affable in peace, -with many evidences of a rude civilization, they were indeed "Demons in -war."</p> - -<p>Faithful in their labors among them were the Jesuit Fathers. They were -men who were ready to suffer torture and death in the propagation of -their faith, as several of them did. The conflict of those heroes of the -Cross in the valley of the Mohawk, inaugurated by the capture and -martyrdom of Father Jogues and his companion, Rene Goupil, in 1646, did -not deter them; the wars of the nation with the French aided them. So -successful were they that many of the nation were drawn off to Canada -and became zealous partisans of the French and a scourge to English -settlements, especially emphasized in the massacre at Schenectady in -February, 1689-90. Those who remained true to the English became no -longer "barbarians" in the full sense of that word, but "Praying Maquas." -The subsequent story of the nation may be gleaned from the pages of -history. At the close of the Revolution the integrity of the Six Nations -had been effectually broken, and the castles of the Mohawks swept from -the valley proper. The history, of the latter nation especially, needs -to be studied, not in the wild glamour of fiction, but in the realm of -fact, as that of an original people, native to the soil of the New World, -clasping hands with the era of the origin of man; a people who, when they -were first met, had borrowed nothing, absolutely nothing, from the -civilizations or the languages of the Old World—the <i>Ougwe-howe,</i> the -"real men" of the Mohawk Valley.</p> - -<p>The locations of the castles or principal towns of the nation, as noted -in Van Curler's Journal, has given rise to considerable discussion, -particularly in regard to the location of the first of the series and -its identity under the different names by which it was called. Van Curler -was not an "ignorant Hollander wandering around in the woods," as one -writer states; on the contrary, he was an educated man and one of the -best equipped men then in the country for the trip he had undertaken, -and instead of "wandering around in the woods," he was conducted by -Mohawk guides. He wrote that he left Fort Orange in company with -Jeronimus la Crock, William Thomasson, and five Mohawks as guides and -bearers, "between nine and ten o'clock in the morning," December 12, -1634, and after walking "mostly northwest about eight miles" (Dutch), -stopped "at half-past twelve in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little -hunters' cabin near the stream that runs into their land, of the name -of Vyoge." His hours' travel and his miles' travel to this point were -either loosely stated in his manuscript or were misread by the -translator. [FN-7] A Dutch mile is one and one-quarter hours' walk and -the equivalent of three and one-half English miles and a fraction over. -Van Curler no doubt estimated his miles by this standard and not as -correct measurements of rough Indian paths. He certainly did not walk -eight Dutch miles in three hours. Twenty-four English miles would have -taken him to a point northwest of the later Schenectady stockade, which, -in 1690, was counted as twenty-four English miles from Fort Orange by -the road as then traveled. The "little hunters' cabin" at which he -stopped and which he located "near the Vyoge," he explained in his notes -of his second day's travel, as "one hour's walk" from the place where he -crossed the stream, which would have taken him to a crossing place west -of Schenectady, noted in a French Itinerary of 1757 as about one and -one-quarter leagues west of the then fort at that settlement, and, -presumably, by the canal survey of 1792, as at the first rift west of -the beginning of deep water one and one-half miles (English) east of the -rift referred to, from which point the survey gave the distance "to the -deep water at or above the mouth of Schohare creek" as twenty-five miles. -In going to, or from, the crossing-place he "passed Mohawk villages" -where "the ice drifted fast," and gave his later travel as "mostly along -the kill that ran swiftly," indicating very clearly that he passed along -the rapids. Why he crossed the Mohawk when there was a path on the south -side, is explained by Pearson's statement (Hist. Schenectady) that the -path on the north side "was the best and most frequently traveled path -to the Mohawk castles," and held that reputation for many years. It was -a trunk line from the Hudson with many connecting paths. In considering -his miles' travel the survey of 1792 may be safely referred to. [FN-8] -His miles' travel, which he wrote as "eleven" (Dutch) he wrote on his -return as "ten," which, counted as standard Dutch, would have been about -thirty-five English miles; if counted by General John S. Clark's average -of shrinkage, about thirty, which would have taken him from the hunters' -cabin to a point two or three miles west of the mouth of Schohare Creek.</p> - -<p>Referring particularly to his Journal: On the morning of the 13th, at -three o'clock, he left the "little hunters' cabin" where he passed the -night, spent one hour in walking to the crossing-place, crossed "in the -dark," resumed his march on the north side "mostly along the aforesaid -kill that ran swiftly," and after marching ten miles arrived, "at one -o'clock in the evening" (p. m.) "at a little house half a mile" (Dutch) -"from their First Castle." When he stopped he was so exhausted by the -rough road that he could scarcely move his feet, and hence remained at -the "little house" until the next morning, when he recrossed the Mohawk -to the south side "on the ice which had frozen over the kill during the -night," and "after going half-a-mile" (Dutch), or say one and one-half -English, arrived "at their First Castle," which he found "built on a high -mountain." It contained "thirty-six houses in rows like streets." The -houses were "one hundred, ninety or eighty paces long," and were no doubt -palisaded as he called the castle a "fort." The name of the castle, he -wrote later, was <i>Onekagoncka.</i> The crossing was the only one which he -made to the south side of the Mohawk in going west. <i>Where,</i> aside from -a fair computation of his miles' travel, <i>did he cross?</i> Certainly he did -not cross on the ice which had frozen over the rapids east of the mouth -of Schohare Creek, for they were never known to freeze over in one night, -if at all. Certainly he did not cross east of the rapids, for they -extended three and one-half miles east of the mouth of the creek. -Obviously, if he crossed Schohare Creek on the ice and "did not know it," -as one writer suggests, he must have crossed it in <i>going to the castle,</i> -which would surely locate the castle <i>west</i> of the stream. There is not -the slightest notice of the stream in his Journal, nor is there any place -for it in the harmony of his narrative. The tenable conclusion, from the -comparison of his miles and from the natural facts, is that he crossed -"on the ice" which had frozen over the deep water "at or above the mouth -of Schohare Creek"; that his march took him to the vicinity of Aurie's -Creek, or substantially to the castle which Father Jogues called -<i>Osseruenon,</i> the site of which is now marked by the Society of Jesus -with the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs," whether that castle was east or -west of Aurie's Creek, evidences of Indian occupation having been found -on a hill on the west side of the creek as well as on a hill on the east -side. [FN-9] These evidences, however, prove very little in determining -the location of a particular castle three hundred years ago; they only -become important when sustained by distances from given points or by -natural features of record.</p> - -<p>The locative conclusion stated above is more positively emphasized by -counting Van Curler's miles' travel and his landmarks in going west from -<i>Onekagoncka,</i> and by the natural features which he noted in his Journal. -Leaving <i>Onekagoncka,</i> he wrote that he walked "half a mile" (Dutch) "on -the ice" which had frozen over the kill, or say one and one-half English -miles, and in that distance passed "a village of six houses of the name -of <i>Canowarode.</i>" It was near the river obviously. Walking on the ice -"another half mile" (Dutch), he passed "a village of twelve houses named -<i>Senatsycrossy.</i>" After walking "another mile or mile and a half" on the -ice, he passed "great stretches of flat lands" and came to a castle which -he first called <i>Medatshet,</i> and later <i>Canagere,</i> which he denominated -"The Second Castle." His distances traveling west "on the ice" were -evidently more correctly computed than they were on his march on the -rough path "along the kill that ran swiftly." His miles from <i>Onekagoncka</i> -to <i>Canagere</i> are given as two and a half (Dutch) or about nine miles -English. The actual distance is supposed to have been about eight. He -found the castle "built on a hill without any palisades or any defence." -He located it east of Canajohare Creek, a stream which has never lost its -identity. When Van Curler visited the castle it contained "sixteen -houses, fifty, sixty, seventy or eighty paces long."</p> - -<p>Detained in this castle by a heavy fall of rain which broke up the -streams—the "January thaw" of 1635 in the Mohawk Valley—Van Curler -resumed his journey on the 20th, and "after marching a mile" (Dutch), -came to Canajohare Creek which he was obliged to ford. After crossing -and walking "half a mile" (Dutch), he came to what he called the "Third -Castle of the name of <i>Sohanidisse,</i>" later written by him <i>Rohanadisse,</i> -and by Van der Donck <i>Schanatisse,</i> suggesting the name of the hill on -which it stood, which Van Curler described as "very high." It contained -"thirty-two houses like the others"; was not palisaded. The very high -hill, and the flat lands which he referred to, remain.</p> - -<p>On the 21st, <i>before</i> reaching the second stream which he noted later -as having crossed, he wrote that "half a mile" <i>west</i> of Canajohare Creek -he came to a village of "nine houses of the name of <i>Osquage,</i>" which -gave name to the stream now known as the <i>Otsquage,</i> which he also called -<i>Okquage</i> and <i>Okwahohage,</i> "Wolves"—a village of the Wolf tribe. On the -23d he forded the Otsquage, and after going "half a mile" (Dutch) <i>west</i> -of that stream, came "to a village named <i>Cawaoge.</i>" It had fourteen -houses and stood "on a very high hill." On his return trip he wrote the -name <i>Nawaoga;</i> on old maps it is <i>Canawadage,</i> and has since 1635 been -known as the <i>Nowadage</i> or Fort Plain Creek. <i>He did not cross this -stream,</i> but after stopping at the village for a short time moved on "by -land," presumably inland either north or south, and "going another mile" -came to the "Fourth Castle," which he called <i>Tenotoge</i> and <i>Tenotohage,</i> -and Father Jogues called <i>Te-ouonte-ogén,</i> and also "the furthest castle." -It was no doubt the principal castle of the Wolf tribe, strongly palisaded -to defend the western approach to the seat of the nation, as was -<i>Onekagoncka</i> to guard the east. It was, he wrote, composed of fifty-five -houses like the others. It stood in a valley evidently, probably on the -bank of the creek, as he wrote that the stream (Otsquaga) which he had -crossed in the morning "ran past" the castle; that he saw on the opposite -(east) "bank" of the stream "a good many houses filled with corn and -beans," and also extensive flat lands. Further than this topographical -description the location of the castle cannot be determined. [FN-10] Van -Curler's miles to the castle from <i>Onekagonka,</i> as nearly as can be -counted from his Journal, were about six Dutch or about twenty-one -English, or as General Clark counted Dutch miles, about eighteen English. -As Van Curler traveled "on the ice" for the most considerable part of the -way from <i>Onekagoncka,</i> and followed necessarily the bend in the river -and diverged at times from the shore line, exact computation of his miles -cannot be made. General Clark located the castle at Spraker's Basin, -thirteen miles by rail west of Aurie's Creek. Van Curler located it <i>on -the west side of Otsquage Creek.</i> On Simeon DeWitt's map of survey of -patents in 1790 (Doc. Hist. N. Y., i, 420), the direct line from the west -side of the mouth of Otsquage Creek to the west side of the mouth of -Aurie's Creek is fifteen and three-tenths miles; following the bend in -the Mohawk, as Van Curler did, it is seventeen and one-half miles. -Granting that the lithographic reproduction of the map may vary from the -original, it nevertheless shows conclusively that <i>Onekagoncka</i> must have -been located at or near Aurie's Creek, The suggestion that it was located -on a hill on the east side of Schohare Creek is untenable, as is also the -suggestion that it was at Klein, eight miles east of Schohare Creek. -There may have been villages at a later date at the places suggested, but -never one of the ancient castles. Counted from the east or from the west -there is no location that meets Van Curler's miles, or Father Jogues' -"leagues," so certainly as does Aurie's Creek. (See Oghracke.)</p> - -<p>In addition to the locations of the ancient castles, Van Curler's notes -supply interesting evidence of the strength of the Mohawks when the Dutch -first met them, which was then at its highest known point in number and -in the number of their settlements, namely: Two hundred and twenty-five -"long houses" in castles and villages, without including villages on the -lower Mohawk "where the ice drifted fast," which he passed without -particular note, and those in villages or settlements which he did not -see. Two hundred and twenty-five houses were capable of holding and no -doubt did hold a very large number of people, packed as they were packed. -Father Pierron reported, in 1669, after the French invasion of 1666, that -he visited every week "six large villages, covering seven and one-half -leagues distance," around Caughnawaga where he was stationed. In almost -constant wars with the French, and with the Hurons and other Indian -tribes as allies of the French, their number had dwindled to an estimate -of eighty warriors in 1735. The story of their greatness and of their -decay is of the deepest interest. No student of American history can -dispense with its perusal and be well-informed in the events of the -pioneer era.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Arent Van Curler, in 1635, in his "Journal of a Visit to the - Seneca Country," wrote: "I was shown a parcel of flint-stones with which - they make a fire when in the forest. These stones would do very well for - flint-lock guns."</p> - -<p class="quote"> Roger Williams wrote of the Narraganset Indians in 1643: "I have seen - a native go into the woods with his hatchet, carrying a basket of corn - with him, and stones to strike a fire." Father Le June wrote, in 1634: - "They strike together two metallic stones, just as we do with a piece - of flint and iron or steel. . . . That is how they light their fire." - The "Metallic stones" spoken of are presumed, by some writers, to have - been iron pyrites, as they may have been in some cases, but the national - emblem was the flint.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] "<i>Sankhicani,</i> the Mohawk's, from <i>Sankhican,</i> a gun-lock." - (Heckewelder.) The name appears first on the Carte Figurative of 1614-16, - in application to the Indians of northern New Jersey (Delawares), who - were, by some writers, called "The Fire-workers." They seem to have - manufactured stone implements by the application of fire. Presumably - they were "Fire-strikers" as well as the Mohawks. Certainly they were - not Mohawks. Were the Mohawks the discoverers of the fire-striking - properties of the flint?</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] State Historian Hastings writes me: "The map of which you - inquire, appeared originally in a pamphlet published at Middleburgh, - Holland, at the Hague, 1666. It was first reproduced by the late Hon. - Henry C. Murphy in his translation of the 'Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland,' - etc. His reproduction gives <i>Canagere,</i> as the name of the second - castle, and <i>Caneray</i> as the name of the first, precisely as they appear - in order in our reproduction in our Third Report."</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-4] <i>Oneongoure</i> is a form of the name in Colonial History. In the - standard translation of Jesuit Relations it is <i>Oneugiouré.</i> <i>Oneon</i> is - a clerical error. The letters <i>u</i> and <i>ou</i> represent a sound produced - by the Indian in the throat without motion of the lips. Bruyas wrote it - 8{<i>sic</i> ȣ?}; it is now read <i>w-Onew.</i> Adding an <i>a,</i> we have very nearly - M. Cuoq's <i>Ohnawah,</i> "current," "swift river"; with suffix <i>gowa,</i> - "great," the reference being to the great rapids near which the castle - was located. The omission of the locative participle shows that it was - not "at" or "on" the great rapids.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-5] "Their three castles destroyed and themselves dispersed." (Col. - Hist. N. Y., iv, 20, 22.) The castles referred to Caughnawaga, Canagora, - and Tiononteogen. A castle on the south side of the Mohawk, said to have - been about two miles inland, escaped. Presumably it was the village of - the Beaver family, but we have nothing further concerning it. The attack - was made on the night of Feb. 16, 1693. The warriors of the first two - castles were absent, and the few old men and the women made little - resistance. At the third, the warriors fought bravely but unsuccessfully. - The three castles were burned; that at Caughnawaga was given to the - flames on the morning of February 20, 1693.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-6] Journal of Arent van Curler, of a visit to the Seneca country, - 1634-5 O. S., translated by General James Grant Wilson, printed in "The - Independent," N. Y., Oct. 5, 1895. Republished by National Historical - Society.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-7] General Wilson wrote me that the Journal was translated for him - by a Hollander, now (1905) dead, and that the manuscript had passed out - of his hands. The question of hours and miles is not important here. On - his return travel he gave the distance from the little hunters' cabin - (which in the meantime had been burned), as "A long walk," which will - not be disputed. It may be added that it is not justifiable to count - his two days' travel as one, and count the two as thirty-two English - miles from Fort Orange. The two days' travel are very distinct in the - Journal.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-8] Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 1087.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-9] Father Jogues noted in his narrative a "torrent" which passed - "At the foot of their village"—a brook or creek which was swollen by - rains into a torrent, and from which, on the later recedence of the - water, he recovered the remains of the body of his companion, Rene - Goupil, who had been murdered and his body thrown into it, probably with - the expectation that it would be carried down into the Mohawk, "At the - foot of their village," or at the foot of the hill on which the village - stood.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-10] In the town of Minden, four miles south of Fort Plain, on a - tongue of land formed by the Otsquaga Creek and one of its tributaries, - are the remains of an ancient fortification, showing a curved line two - hundred and forty feet in length, inclosing an area of about seven - acres. The remains are, of course, claimed as belonging to the age of - the mound-builders, but with equal probability are the remains of the - ancient fort which Van Curler visited.</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/mohakriver.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="The Mohawk River"></P> -<br><br><br> - -<hr> -<br><br> -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i458">Kahoos,</a> Kahoes, Cohoes, Co'os,</b> forms of the familiar name of the falls -of the Mohawk River at the junction of that stream with Hudson's River, -has had several interpretations based on the presumption that it is from -the Mohawk-Iroquoian dialect, but none that have been satisfactory to -students of that dialect, nor any that have not been purely conjectural. -One writer has read it: "From <i>Kaho,</i> a boat or ship," commemorative of -Hudson's advent at Half-Moon Point in 1609. Beauchamp repeated from -Morgan: "A shipwrecked canoe," and, in another connection: "From <i>Kaho,</i> -a torrent." Another writer has read it: "Cahoes, 'the parting of the -waters,' the reference being to the separation of the stream into three -channels at its junction with the Hudson." The late Horatio Hale wrote -me: "Morgan gives, as the Iroquois form of the name, <i>Gä-hŏ-oose</i> (in -which <i>ä</i> represents the Italian <i>a</i> as in father), with the signification -of 'ship-wrecked canoe.' This, I presume, is correct, though I cannot -analize the word to my satisfaction." The obvious reason for this -uncertainty is that the name is <i>not</i> Mohawk-Iroquoian, but an early -Dutch orthography of the Algonquian generic <i>Koowa,</i> "Pine"; <i>Koaaés,</i> -"Small pine," or "Small pine trees"; written with locative <i>it,</i> "Place -of small pine trees"; now applied to a small island. On the Connecticut -River this generic is met in <i>Co'os</i> and <i>Co'hos.</i> The "Upper Co-hos -Interval" on that stream (Sauthier's map) [FN-1] was a tract of low small -pine trees, between the hills and the river, corresponding with the -topography at the falls on the Hudson. The Dutch termination <i>-hoos,</i> -meaning in that language, "Water-spout," may have given rise to the -interpretation "The Great Falls," but if so the reading was simply -descriptive. The presumption that the name was Mohawk-Iroquoian was no -doubt from the general impression that the falls were primarily in a -Mohawk district, but the fact is precisely the reverse. The Hudson, on -both sides, was held by Algonquian-Mahicans when the Dutch located at -Albany, and for some years later, and the Dutch no doubt received the -name from them, as they did others. What few Mohawk names are met in this -district are of later introduction. It may be noted that there is no -element in the name in any dialect which refers to falls. [FN-2] When the -falls were first known they were regarded as the most wonderful in the -world, and even as late as 1680 they were so called by visitors. In early -days the stream poured a flood nine-hundred feet wide and eight feet deep -over a rocky declivity of seventy-eight feet, of which forty feet was -perpendicular, in addition to which are the rapids above and below. The -roar of the falling waters, and in the breaking up and precipitation of -ice, was very distinctly heard at Fort Orange, nine miles distant, and -the hills on which Albany now stands trembled under the impact. Primarily -the falls were much higher than they are now, the stream having cut its -way through one hundred feet of rock which rises on either side in -massive wall. Below the falls the water separates in four branches or -"Sprouts," the northerly and the southerly one reaching the Hudson five -miles apart, at Waterford and West Troy respectively.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "L. Intervale-Cowass or Kohas (Coas) meadows." (Pownal's Map.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] The name having been submitted to the Bureau of Ethnology for - interpretation, the late Prof. J. W. Powell, Chief, wrote me, as the - opinion of himself and his co-laborers: "The name is unquestionably - from the Algonquian <i>Koowa.</i>"</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i459a">Wathoiack,</a></b> of record as the name of "The Great Rift above Kahoes Falls" -(Cal. Land Papers, 134, etc.) is also written <i>Wathojax, D'Wathoiack,</i> -and <i>DeWathojaaks,</i> means, substantially, what it describes, a rift or -rapid. The cis-locative <i>De</i> locates a place "On this side of the rapid," -or the side toward the speaker. The flow of water is between walls of -rock over a rocky bed, and the rapids extend for a distance of -thirty-five or forty feet. (Ses Kahoes.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i459b">Niskayune,</a></b> now so written as the name of a town and of a village in -Schenectady County, is from <i>Kanistagionne,</i> primarily located on the -north side of the Mohawk, <i>Canastagiowane</i> (1667) being the oldest form -of record. The locative description reads: "Lying at a place called -<i>Neastegaione,</i> . . . known by the name of <i>Kanistegaione.</i>" West of -Schenectady the Mohawk is a succession of rapids. At or below Schenectady -it makes a bend to the northeast in the form of a crescent, around which -the water flows in a sluggish current. At the north point of the crescent -was, and probably is a place called by the Dutch the Aal-plaat -(Eel-place), marked on maps by a small stream from the north which still -bears the name, and which formed the eastern boundmark of the Schenectady -Patent. In Barber's collection it is stated that there was an Indian -village here called <i>Canastagaones,</i> or "People of the Eel-place." -Naturally there would be fishing villages in the vicinity. The location -of the Aal-plaat is particularly identified in the Mohawk deed for five -small islands lying at Kanastagiowne, in 1667, and by the abstract of -title filed by one Evart van Ness in 1715. (Cal. Land Papers.) The name -is from <i>Keantsica,</i> "Fish," of the larger kind, and <i>-gionni,</i> -"Long"—<i>tsi,</i> "Very long"—constructively, "The Long-fish place," the -Aal-plaat, or Eel-place, of the Dutch. The suggestion by Pearson (Hist. -Schenectady) that the name "was properly that of the flat on the north -side of the river," is untenable from the name itself. The reading by -the late Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan: "From <i>Oneasti,</i> 'Maize,' and <i>Couane,</i> -'Great'—'Great maize field'"—is also erroneous. The generic name for -the field or flat was <i>Shenondohawah,</i> compressed by the Dutch to -<i>Skonowa.</i> In the vicinity of the Aal-plaat was the ancient crossing-place -of the path from Fort Orange to the Mohawk castles, in early days -regarded as the "Best" as it was the "Most traveled." The path continued -north from the crossing as well as west to the castles.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i460">Schenectady,</a></b> now so written, is claimed by some authorities to be an -Anglicism of a Mohawk-Iroquoian verbal primarily applied by them to Fort -Orange (Albany), with the interpretations, "The place we arrive at by -passing through the pine trees" (Bleecker); "Beyond the opening" (L. H. -Morgan); "Beyond (or on the other side) of the door" (O'Callaghan), and -by Horatio Hale: "The name means simply, 'beyond the pines.' from -<i>oneghta</i> (or <i>skaneghet</i>), 'pine,' and <i>adi</i> or <i>ati,</i> a prepositional -suffix (if such an expression may be allowed), meaning 'beyond,' or 'on -the other side of.' The suffix is derived from <i>skati,</i> side. It was -equally applicable to Albany or Schenectady, both being reached from the -Mohawk castles by passing through openings in the pine forest." Mr. -Hale's interpretation, from the standpoint of a Mohawk term, is -exhaustive and no doubt correct, and the correctness of the preceding -interpretations may be admitted from the combinations which may have -been employed to determine the object of which <i>askati</i> was "one side," -as in "<i>Skannátati,</i> de un coste du village," or the end of, as in -"<i>Skannhahati,</i> a l'autre bout de la cabane" (Bruyas). The word does not -appear to mean "beyond," but one side or one end of anything. Aside from -a critical rendering, it would seem to be evident that all the -interpretations are in error, not in the translation of the name as a -Mohawk word-sentence, but in the assumption that Schenectady was primarily -a Mohawk phrase, instead of a confusion of the Mohawk <i>Skannatati</i> with -the original Dutch <i>Schaenhecstede,</i> the primary application of which is -amply sustained by official record, while the Mohawk term is without -standing in that connection, or later except as a corrupt Mohawk-Dutch -[FN-1] substitution. The facts of primary application may be briefly -stated. The deed from the Mohawk owners of the Schenectady flats, in -1661, reads: "A certain parcel of land called in Dutch the Groote -Vlachte, lying behind Fort Orange, between the same and the Mohawk -country called in Indian <i>Skonowe.</i>" <i>Skonowe</i> is the equivalent of the -Dutch "great flat," and nothing more. Its Mohawk equivalent is written -on the section <i>Shenondohawah,</i> which the Dutch reduced to <i>Skonowe.</i> -(See Shannondhoi.) Van der Donck wrote on his map (1656), in pure Dutch, -<i>Schoon Vlaack Land,</i> or "Fine flat land." It was not continued in -application to the Dutch settlement, the proprietors of which immediately -(1661) gave to it the Dutch name <i>Schaenechstede,</i> "as the town came to -be called." (Munsell's Annals of Albany, ii, 49, 52; Brodhead's Hist. -N. Y., i, 691.) Under that name the tract was surveyed (1664), and it -has remained apparent in the synthesis of the many corrupt forms in which -it is of record. <i>Schaenechstede</i> is a clear orthographic pronunciation -of the Dutch <i>Schoonehetstede,</i> signifying, literally, "The beautiful -town." The syllable <i>het</i> is properly <i>hek,</i> "fence, rail, gate," etc., -and in this connection indicates an enclosed or palisaded town. In 1680, -<i>Schaenschentendeel</i> appears—a pronunciation of <i>Schoonehettendal,</i> -"Beautiful valley," or the equivalent of the German <i>Schooneseckthal,</i> -"Beautiful corner or turn of a valley." The German Labadists, Jasper -Bankers and Peter Sluyter, made no mistake in their recognition of the -name when they wrote <i>Schoon-echten-deel</i> in their Journal in 1679-80, -describing the town as a square set off by palisades. [FN-2] Unfortunately -for the Dutch name it was conferred and came into use during the period -of the transition of the province from the Dutch to the English, with the -probability of its conversion to Mohawk-Dutch, as already noted. Certain -it is that the name is not met in any form until after its introduction -by the Dutch, and is not of record in any connection except at -Schenectady, the statement by Brodhead, on the authority of Schoolcraft, -that it was applied in one form, by the Mohawks, to a place some two -miles above Albany, as "the end of a portage path of the Mohawks coming -from the west," being without anterior or subsequent record, though -possibly traditional, and it may be added that it was never the name of -Albany, nor is there record that there ever was a Mohawk village "on the -site of the present city of Albany," nor anywhere near it. The Mohawks -did go there to trade and on business with the government and occupied -temporary encampments probably. The occupants primarily were Mahicans. -The evolution of the name from the original Dutch to its present form -may be readily traced in the channels through which it has passed. Even -though clouded by traditional and theoretical rendering, the truth of -history will ever rest in <i>Schoonehetstede</i> (Schaenechstede) and in the -interpretation which it was designed to express by the intelligent men -who conferred it. It is not expected that the correction will be adopted, -now that the term has passed to the domain of a "proper name." With the -aroma of assumed Mohawk origin and the negative "beyond" clinging to it, -it will remain at least as a harmless fiction, although the honor due to -a Dutch ancestry would seem to warrant a different result. By ancient -measurements Schenectady is "about nine miles (English) above the falls -called Cahoes" (1792).</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] A considerable number of the early settlers had Indian wives. - (Dominie Megapolensis wrote: "The Dutch are continually running after - the Mohawk women.") The children, growing up with Indian relatives, - among the tribes and with men speaking so great a variety of tongues, - built up a patois of their own, the "Mohawk-Dutch," many words in it - defying the dictionaries of the schools. Many words are untranslatable - save by the context. (Hist. Schenectady Patent, 388.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] Memoirs Long Island Hist. Soc, i, 315.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i462">Shannondhoi</a></b> and <b>Shenondohawah</b> are record forms of the name of a section -of Saratoga County now embraced in Clifton Park, Half-Moon, etc. It is -a sandy plain running west from the clay bluffs on the Hudson to the foot -of the mountain, and extends across the Mohawk into Schenectady County. -The name is generic Iroquois, signifying "Great plain," and as such was -their name for Wyoming, Pa., where it is written <i>Schahandoanah</i> (Col. -Hist. N. Y., vi, 48), and <i>Skehandowana</i> (Reichel). Scanandanani, -Schenondehowe, Skenandoah, and Shanandoah, are among other forms met in -application. Skonowe is followed on Van der Donck's map of 1656, by the -Dutch legend <i>Schoon Vlaack Land,</i> literally, "Fine, flat land," and for -all these years the name has been accepted as meaning, "Great meadow," -or "Great plain." The late Horatio Hale wrote: "The name is readily -accounted for by the word <i>Kahenta</i> (or <i>Kahenda</i>), meaning -'plain'—frequently abridged to <i>Kenta</i> (or <i>Kenda</i>)—with the nominal -prefix <i>S</i> and the augmentative suffix <i>owa</i> (or <i>owana</i>)." "The great -flat or plain in Pennsylvania was called, in the Minsi dialect, -'<i>M'chewomink</i>, at (or on) the great plain.' From this word we have the -modern name Wyoming. The Iroquois word for this flat was <i>Skahentowane,</i> -'Great meadow (or plain),' a term which was applied also to extensive -meadows in other localities and became corrupted to Shenandoah." -(Gerard.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i463">Quaquarionu,</a></b> of record, Calendar Land Papers, p. 6: "Bounds of a tract -of land above Schenectady purchased of the Mohawk Indians, extending from -Schenectady three miles westward, along both sides of the river, ending -at Quaquarionu, <i>where the last Mohawk castle stands.</i>" The deed of same -date (1672) reads: "The lands lying near the town of Schenhectady within -three Dutch miles in compass on both sides of the river westward, which -ends at Kinaquariones, where the last battle was between the Mohawks and -the North Indians." (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 465.) <i>Canaquarioeny</i> is the -orthography in another deed. In Pearson's History of Schenectady: "Lands -lying near the town of Schonnhectade within three Dutch miles [about -twelve English miles] on both sides of the river westward, which ends at -Hinquariones [Towareoune], where the last battle was between the Mohoax -and North Indians." The last battle in that section of country explains -the text. Father Pierron, in 1669, located the battle "In a place that -was precipitous, . . . about eight leagues [French] east of Gandauague" -(Caughnawaga), or about sixteen miles English, and modern authorities -have added, "A steep rocky hill on the north side of the Mohawk, just -west of Hoffman's Ferry, now called Towareoune Hill, east of Chucktanunda -Creek, a stream which is supposed to have taken its name from the -overhanging rocks of the hill." [FN] Dr. Beauchamp, on the authority of -Albert Cusick, an educated Tuscarorian, translated: "<i>Kinaquarioune,</i> -'She arrow-maker,' the name of a person who resided there." Rev. Isaac -Bearfoot, an educated Onondagian, especially instructed in the Mohawk -dialect, and an educator on the Canada Reservation, supplied to W. Max -Reid of Amsterdam, N. Y., the reading: "<i>Ki-na-qua-ri-one</i>, 'He killed -the Bear,' or, the place where the Bears die, or any place of death. It -seems to have been used to denote the place of the last great battle with -the Mahicans." The battle referred to occurred on the 18th of August, -1669. An account of it is given in Jesuit Relations, iii, 137, by Father -Pierron, the Jesuit missionary, who was then stationed at Caughnawaga. -The war which was then raging was continued until 1673, when the Governor -of New York succeeded in negotiating peace and by treaty "linked -together" the opposing nations as allies of the English government, a -relation which they subsequently sustained until the war of the -Revolution, when the Mahicans united with the revolutionists.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] In a deed of 1685 is the entry: "Opposite a place called - Jucktumunda, that is ye stone houses, being a hollow rock on ye river - bank where ye Indians generally lie under when they travel."</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i464">Onekee-dsi-enos</a></b> is of record in a deed of land purchased by one Abraham -Cuyler of Albany, in 1714, "from the native owners of the land at -Schohare, on the west side of Schohare creek, beginning on the north by -a stone mountain called by the Indians Onekeedsienos." (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 110.) The name is probably an equivalent of Bruyas' -<i>Onueja-tsi-entos,</i> a composition from <i>Onne'ja,</i> "Stone"; <i>tsi</i> or -<i>dsi,</i> augmentative, "Very hard," such as stones used for making -hatchets, axes, etc., and <i>entos,</i> plural inflection—"very hard stones," -or "where there are hard stones." The location has been claimed for Flint -Hill at Klein, Montgomery County, which, it is said, the name correctly -describes. Positive identification, however, can only be made from the -lines of the survey of Cuyler's purchase. It has also been claimed that -the Mohawk castle called <i>Onekagoncka</i> by Van Curler in 1635, and the -<i>Osseruenon</i> of 1642, was located at Klein, about eight miles east of -Schohare Creek. This claim is based on what is certainly an erroneous -computation of Van Curler's miles' travel, but particularly on the -location on Van der Donck's map of <i>Carenay</i> directly north of a small -lake now in the town of Duane, Schenectady County. Van der Donck's map -locations are merely approximative, however, and of no other value than -as showing that the places existed. On an ancient map reprinted by the -War Department at Washington, the lake and the castle are both located -east of Schenectady. The old maps are from traders' descriptions in -general terms.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i465a">Onuntadass,</a></b> <i>Onuntasasha,</i> etc., "six miles west from Schoharie between -the mountains of Schoharie and the hill called by the Indians Onuntadass" -(Cal. N. Y. Land Papers), describes a hill or mountain—<i>Ononté</i>—with -adjective termination <i>es</i> or <i>ese,</i> meaning "long" or "high." -<i>Jonondese,</i> "It is a high hill." The hill has not been located. The name -could be applied to any long or high hill.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i465b">Schoharie,</a></b> now so written as the name of a creek and of a county and -town, would properly be written without the <i>i</i>. The stream came into -notice particularly after 1693-4, when the Tortoise tribe retreated from -Caughnawaga and located their principal town on the west side of the -stream a short distance south of its junction with the Mohawk, taking -with them their ancient title of "The First Mohawk Castle," and where its -location became known by the name of <i>Ti-onondar-aga</i> and -<i>Ti-ononta-ogen;</i> but later from the location on the creek about sixteen -miles above its mouth of what was known in modern times as "The Third -Mohawk Castle," more frequently called "The Schohare Castle," a mixed -aggregation of Mohawks and Tuscaroras who had been converted by the -Jesuit missionaries and persuaded to remove to Canada, but subsequently -induced to return. "A few emigrants at Schohare," wrote Sir William -Johnson in 1763. In the same district was also gathered a settlement of -Mahicans and other Algonquian emigrants. From the elements which were -gathered in both settlements came what were, long known as the Schohare -Indians. The early record name of the creek, <i>To-was-sho'hare,</i> was -rendered for me by Mr. J. B. N. Hewitt, of the Bureau of Ethnology, -<i>T-yo<sup>c</sup>-skoⁿ-hà-re,</i> "An obstruction by drift wood." [FN] In Colonial -History, "<i>Skohere</i>, the Bear," means that the chief so called was of the -Bear tribe. He was otherwise known by the title, "He is the great -wood-drift."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "Schoharie, according to Brant, is an Indian word signifying drift - or flood-wood, the creek of that name running at the foot of a steep - precipice for many miles, from which it collected great quantities of - wood." (Spofford's Gazetteer.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i466">Ti-onondar-aga</a></b> and <b>Tiononta-ogen</b> are forms of the name by which the -"First Mohawk Castle" was located after the Tortoise tribe was driven by -the French from Caughnawaga in 1693. The castle was located on the <i>west</i> -side and near the mouth of Schohare Creek, as shown by a rough map in -Doc. Hist. N. Y., iii, 902, and also by a French Itinerary in 1757, in -the same work, Vol. i, 526. [FN-1] For the protection of the settlement, -the government erected, in 1710, what was known as Fort Hunter, by which -name the place is still known. The settlement was ruled over for a number -of years by "Little Abraham," brother of the Great King Hendrick of the -"Upper Mohawk Castle," at Canajohare. Its occupants were especially -classed as "Praying Maquas," and had a chapel and a bell and a priest of -the Church of England. In the war of the Revolution they professed to be -neutral but came to be regarded by the settlers as being composed of -spies and informers. So it came about that General Clinton sent out, in -1779, a detachment, captured all the inmates, and seized their stock and -property. [FN-2] There were only four houses—very good frame -buildings—then standing, and on the solicitation of settlers, who had -been made houseless in the Brant and Johnson raids, they were given to -them. It was the last Mohawk castle to disappear from the valley proper.</p> - -<p><i>Ti-onondar-ága</i> and <i>Te-ononte-ógen</i> are related terms but are not -precisely of the same meaning. The first has the locative particle <i>ke,</i> -or <i>acu</i>, as Zeisberger wrote it, and the second, <i>ógen,</i> means "A space -between," or "between two mountains," an intervale, or valley, a very -proper name for Schohare Valley. It is a generic composition and was also -employed in connection with the "Upper (Third) Mohawk Castle" (1635-'66).</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] The settlement included "Some thirty cabins of Mohawk Indians" - in 1757. as stated in the French Itinerary referred to, Rev. Gideon - Hawley described it, in 1753, as on the southwest side of the creek "Not - far from the place where it discharges its waters into Mohawk River." - The place is still known as "Fort Hunter," although the fort and the - Indian settlement disappeared years ago.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] A detachment of one hundred men, sent out for that purpose, - surprised the castle on the 29th of October, 1779, making prisoners of - "Every Indian inmate." The houseless settlers took possession of the four - houses and of all the stock, grain and furniture of the tribe. The tribe - made claim for restitution on the ground of neutrality, which the - settlers denied. They had come to hate the very name of Mohawk.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i467">Kadarode,</a></b> of record in 1693 as the name of a tract of land "Lying upon -Trinderogues (Schohare) creek, on both sides, made over to John Petersen -Mabie by <i>Roode,</i> the Indian, in his life time, [FN] principal sachem, -by and with the consent of the rest of the Praying Indian Castle in the -Mohawk country" (Land Papers, 61), is further referred to in grant of -permission to Mabie, in 1715, to purchase additional land "known as -Kadarode," on the <i>east</i> side of the creek, and also lands "adjoining" -his lands on the <i>west</i> side of the stream. (Ib. 118.) By the DeWitt map -of survey of 1790, Mabie's entire purchase extended east from the mouth -of Aurie's Creek to a point on the east side of Schohare Creek, a distance -of about four miles, the territory covering the presumed site of the -early Mohawk castle called by different writers from names which they had -heard spoken, Onekagoncka, Caneray, Osseruenon, and Oneugioure, now the -site of the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs." The Mohawk River, west of the -long rapids, above and including the mouth of Schohare Creek, flows "in -a broad, dark stream, with no apparent current," giving it the appearance -of a lake—"a long stretch of still water in a river." The section was -much favored by the Tortoise tribe, whose castle in 1635 and again in -1693-4 was seated upon it. The record name, <i>Kadarode,</i> has obviously -lost some letters. Its locative suggests its derivation from <i>Kanitare,</i> -"Lake," and <i>-okte</i>, "End, side, edge," etc. Van Curler wrote here, in -1635, <i>Canowarode,</i> the name of a village which he passed while walking -on the ice which had frozen over the Mohawk; it was evidently on the side -of the stream. <i>Carenay</i> or <i>Kaneray,</i> Van der Donck's name of the -castle, may easily have been from <i>Kanitare.</i> The letters <i>d</i> and <i>t</i> are -equivalent sounds in the Mohawk tongue. The aspirate <i>k</i> was frequently -dropped by European scribes; it does not represent a radical element. The -several record names which are met here is a point of interest to -students.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Roode</i> was living in 1683. An additional name was given to him in - a Schenectady patent of that year, indicating that the name by which he - was generally known was from his place of residence. He could easily - have been a sachem in 1635.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i468">Oghrackee,</a> Orachkee, Oghrackie,</b> orthographies of the record name of what -is now known as Aurie's Creek, appear in connection with land patented -to John Scott, 1722. In the survey of the patent by Cadwallader Colden, -in the same year, the description reads: "On the south side of Mohawk's -river, about two miles above Fort Hunter, . . . beginning at a certain -brook called by the Indians Oghrackie, otherwise known as Arie's creek, -where it falls into Maquas river." (N. Y. Land Papers, 164.) In other -words the name was that of a place at the mouth of the brook. Near the -brook at Auriesville, which takes its name from that of the stream, has -been located the Shrine, "Our Lady of Martyrs," marking the presumed site -of the Mohawk castle called by Father Jogues <i>Osserueñon,</i> in which he -suffered martyrdom in 1646. [FN] The Indian name, <i>Oghrackie,</i> has no -meaning as it stands; some part of it was probably lost by mishearing. -The digraph <i>gh</i> is not a radical element in Mohawk speech; it is -frequently dropped, as in <i>Orachkee,</i> one of the forms of the name here. -Omitting it from Colden's <i>Oghrackie,</i> and inserting the particle <i>se</i> or -<i>sa,</i> yields <i>Osarake,</i> "At the beaver dam," from <i>Osara,</i> "Beaver dam," -and locative participle <i>ke,</i> "At." (Hale.) This interpretation is -confirmed, substantially, by the Bureau of Ethnology in an interpretation -of <i>Osseruenon</i> which Father Jogues gave as that of the castle. W. H. -Holmes, Chief of the Bureau, wrote me, under date of March 8, 1906, as -has been above stated, "The term <i>Osserueñon</i> (or <i>Osserneñon, Asserua, -Osserion, Osserrinon</i>) appears to be from the Mohawk dialect of the -Iroquoian stock of languages. It signifies, if its English dress gives -any approximation to the sound of the original expression, 'At the beaver -dam.'" This expert testimony has its value in the force which it gives -to the conclusion that the castle in which Father Jogues suffered was at -or near Aurie's Creek. The relation between Megapolensis' <i>Assarue</i> and -Jogues's <i>Osseru</i> is readily seen by changing the initial <i>A</i> in the -former to <i>O.</i></p> - -<p><i>Aurie's,</i> the present name of the stream, otherwise written <i>Arie's,</i> is -Dutch for <i>Adrian</i> or <i>Adrianus</i> (Latin) "Of or pertaining to the sea." -It is suggestive of the name <i>Adriochten,</i> written by Van Curler as that -of the ruling sachem of the castle which he visited and called -<i>Onekagoncka</i> in 1635. The only tangible fact, however, is that the -stream took its present name from Aurie, a ruling sachem who resided on -or near it.</p> - -<p>In this connection the several names by which the castle was called, viz: -<i>Onekagoncka, Carenay</i> or <i>Caneray, Osserueñon, Assarue,</i> and -<i>Oneugiouré,</i> may be again referred to. As already stated, the "best -expert authority" of the Bureau of Ethnology reads <i>Onekagoncka</i> as -signifying, "At the junction of the waters," and <i>Osserueñon,</i> in any of -its forms, as signifying "At the beaver-dam." Possibly the names might be -read differently by a less expert authority, but <i>Oneka</i> certainly means -"Water," and <i>Ossera</i> means "Beaver-dam." Add the reading by the late -Horatio Hale of <i>Oghracke,</i> "At the beaver-dam," and the locative chain -is complete at the mouth of Aurie's Creek (Oghracke). <i>Tribally,</i> the -names referred to one and the same castle, as has been noted, and the -evidence seems to be clear that the location was the same. There is no -evidence whatever that any other than one and the same place was occupied -by the "first castle" between the years 1635 and 1667. It is not strictly -correct to say that "castles were frequently removed." Villages that were -not palisaded may have been frequently changed to new sites, but the -evidence is that palisaded towns remained in one place for a number of -years unless the tribe occupying was driven out by an enemy or by -continued unhealthfulness, as the known history of all the old castles -shows; nor were they ever removed to any considerable distance from their -original sites.</p> - -<p>Van Curler's description of the castle has been quoted. He did not say -that it was palisaded, but he did call it a "fort," which means the same -thing. Rev. Megapolensis wrote, in 1644: "These [the Tortoise tribe] have -built a fort of palisades and call their castle <i>Assarue.</i>" It was not -an old castle when Van Curler visited it in 1635, or when Father Jogues -was a prisoner in it in 1642, but in its then short existence it had had -an incident in the wars between the Mohawks and the Mahicans of which -there is no mention in our written histories. On his return trip Van -Curler wrote that after leaving <i>Onekagoncka</i> and walking about "two -miles," or about six English miles, his guide pointed to a high hill on -which the immediately preceding castle of the tribe had stood and from -which it had been driven by the Mahicans "nine years" previously, <i>i. e.</i> -in 1627, when the war was raging between the Mohawks and the Mahicans of -which Wassenaer wrote. It was obviously about that time that the tribe, -retreating from its enemies, rallied west of Schohare Creek and founded -the castle of which we are speaking, and there it remained until it was -driven out by the French under De Tracey in 1666, when its occupants -gathered together at Caughnawaga on the north side of the Mohawk, where -they remained until 1693 when their castle was again destroyed by the -French, and the tribe found a resting place on the west side of the mouth -of Schohare Creek. The remarkable episode in the early history of the -castle, the torture and murder of Father Jogues in 1646, is available in -many publications. The location in Brodhead's and other histories of the -castle in which he suffered as at Caughnawaga, is now known to be -erroneous. Caughnawaga was not occupied by the tribal castle until over -twenty years later.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The site of the Shrine was approved by the Society of Jesus mainly - on examinations and measurements made by General John S. Clark, the - locally eminent antiquarian of Auburn, N. Y., who gave the most - conscientious attention to the work of investigation. The data supplied - by Van Curler's Journal, which he did not have before him, may suggest - corrections in some of his locations.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i470">Senatsycrossy,</a></b> written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of a Mohawk -Village west of <i>Canowarode,</i> seems to have been in the vicinity of -Fultonville, where tradition has always located one, but where General -John S. Clark asserts that there never was one. It may not have remained -at the place named for a number of years. Villages that were not palisaded -were sometimes removed in a single night. Van Curler described it as a -village of twelve houses. It was, presumably, the seat of a sub-tribe or -gens of the Tortoise tribe. Its precise location is not important. A gens -or sub-tribe was a family of the original stock more or less numerous -from natural increase and intermarriages, and always springing from a -single pair—the old, old story of Adam and Eve, the founders of the -Hebrews. The sachem or first man of these gens was never a ruler of the -tribe proper. They did sign deeds for possessions which were admitted to -be their own, but never a treaty on the part of the nation.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i471">Caughnawaga,</a></b> probably the best known of the Mohawk castles of what may -be called the middle era (1667-93), and the immediate successor of -<i>Onekagoncka</i> of 1635, was located on the north side of the Mohawk, on -the edge of a hill, near the river, half a mile west of the mouth of -Cayuadutta Creek, in the present village of Fonda. The hill on which it -was built is now known as Kaneagah, writes Mr. W. Max Read of Amsterdam. -Its name appears first in French notation, in Jesuit Relations (1667), -<i>Gandaouagué.</i> [FN] Contemporaneous Dutch scribes wrote it <i>Kaghnawaga</i> -and <i>Caughnawaga,</i> and Greenhalgh, an English trader, who visited the -castle in 1677, wrote it <i>Cahaniaga,</i> and described it as "about a bowshot -from the river, doubly stockaded around, with four ports, and twenty-four -houses." The most salient points in its history are in connection with -its wars with the French and with the labors of the Jesuit missionaries, -who, after the murder of Father Jogues and the destruction of the castle -in which he suffered and the peace of 1667, were very successful, so much -so that in 1671 the occupants of the castle erected in its public square -a Cross, and a year later a very large number of the tribe under the lead -of the famous warrior Krin, removed to Canada and became allies of the -French. The members of the tribe who remained occupied the castle until -the winter of 1693, when it was captured and burned by the French, and -the tribe returned to the south side of the river and located on the -flats on the west side of Schohare Creek, where they were especially -known as "The Praying Maquaas," and where they remained until 1779, when -they were dispersed by the Revolutionary forces under General Clinton. -<i>Caughnawaga</i> is accepted as meaning "At the rapids," more correctly "At -the rapid current." It is from the Huron radical <i>Gannawa</i> (Bruyas), -for which M. Cuoq wrote in his Lexicon <i>Ohnawagh,</i> "Swift current," or -very nearly the Dutch <i>Kaghnawa</i>; with locative particle <i>-ge</i> or <i>-ga,</i> -"At the rapids." It is a generic term and is met of record in several -places. As has been noted elsewhere, the rapids of the Mohawk extend at -intervals fifteen in number from Schenectady to Little Falls, the longest -being east of the mouth of Schohare Creek. The rapid or rift at -Caughnawaga extends about half a mile.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The letters <i>ou,</i> in <i>Gandaouaga</i> and in other names, represents - a sound produced by the Mohawks in the throat without motion of the - lips. Bruyas wrote it 8. {<i>sic</i> ȣ?} It is now generally written - <i>w—Gandawaga.</i></p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i472a">Cayudutta,</a></b> modern orthography; <i>Caniadutta</i> and <i>Caniahdutta,</i> 1752. -"Beginning at a great rock, lying on the west side of a creek, called by -the Indians Caniadutta." (Cal. Land Papers, 270.) The name was that of -the rock, from which it was extended to the stream. It was probably a -rock of the calciferous sandstone type containing garnets, quartz and -flint, which are met in the vicinity. "The name is from <i>Onenhia,</i> or -<i>Onenya,</i> 'stone,' and <i>Kaniote,</i> 'to be elevated,' or standing" (Hale). -[FN] Dr. Beauchamp translated the name, "Stone standing out of the -water." The meaning, however, seems to be simply, "Standing stone," or -an elevated rock. Its location is stated in the patent description as -"lying on the west side of the creek." The place is claimed for Fulton -County. (See Caughnawaga.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] The same word is now written as the name of the Oneida nation. Van - Curler's trip, in 1635, extended to the castle of the Oneidas, which he - called' <i>Enneyuttehage,</i> "The standing-stone town." (Hale.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i472b">Canagere,</a></b> written by Van Curler, in 1635, as the name of the "Second -Castle" or tribal town, was written <i>Gandagiro</i> by Father Jogues, in -1643; <i>Banigiro</i> by Rev. Megapolensis; <i>Gandagora</i> in Jesuit Relations -in 1669, and <i>Canagora</i> by Greenhalgh in 1677. The several orthographies - are claimed to stand for <i>Canajohare,</i> from the fact that the castle was -"built on a high hill" east of Canajohare Creek. It was, however, the -castle of the Bear tribe, the <i>Ganniagwari,</i> or Grand Bear of the nation, -and carried its name with it to the north side of the Mohawk in 1667. -<i>Ganniagwari</i> and <i>Canajohare</i> are easily confused. The creek called -<i>Canajohare</i> gave a general locative name to a considerable district of -country around it. It took the name from a pot-hole in a mass of limestone -in its bed at the falls on the stream about one mile from its mouth. -Bruyas wrote "<i>Ganna-tsi-ohare,</i> laver de chaudiere" (to wash the cauldron -or large kettle). Rev. Samuel Kirkland, the noted missionary to the -Oneidas, wrote the same word "<i>Kanaohare</i>, or Great Boiling Pot, as it is -called by the Six Nations." (Dr. Dwight.) The letter <i>j</i> stands for -<i>tsi,</i> augmentative, and the radical <i>ohare</i> means "To wash." (Bruyas.) -The hole was obviously worn by a round stone or by pebbles, which, moved -by the action of the current, literally washed the kettle. Van Curler -described the castle as containing "sixteen houses, fifty, sixty, seventy, -or eighty paces long, and one of five paces containing a bear," which he -presumed was "to be fattened." No matter what may be said in regard to -precise location, this castle was <i>east</i> of Canajohare Creek.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i473a">Sohanidisse,</a></b> a castle so called by Van Curler, and denominated by him as -the "Third Castle," is marked on Van der Donck's map <i>Schanatisse.</i> It -is described by Van Curler as "on a very high hill," <i>west</i> of Canajohare -Creek, was composed of thirty-two long houses, and was not enclosed by -palisades. "Near this castle was plenty of flat land and the woods were -full of oak trees." The "very high hill" west of Canajohare Creek and the -flat lands remain to verify its position. It is supposed to have been the -castle of the Beaver tribe—a sub-gens.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i473b">Osquage,</a> Ohquage, Otsquage,</b> etc., was written by Van Curler as the name -of a village of nine houses situated east of what has been known since -1635 as Osquage or Otsquage Creek. The chief of the village was called -"<i>Oguoho,</i> that is Wolf." Megapolensis wrote the same term <i>Okwaho</i>; Van -Curler later wrote it <i>Ohquage,</i> and in vocabulary "<i>Okwahohage,</i> wolves," -accessorily, "Place of wolves." From the form <i>Osquage</i> we no doubt have -<i>Otsquage</i> or <i>Okquage.</i></p> - -<p><b><a id="i473c">Cawaoge,</a></b> a village so called by Van Curler, was described by him as on a -"very high hill" west of <i>Osquage.</i> On his return trip he wrote the name -<i>Nawoga;</i> on old maps it is <i>Canawadoga,</i> of which <i>Cawaoge</i> is a -compression, apparently from <i>Gannawake.</i> For centuries the name has been -preserved in <i>Nowadaga</i> as that of Fort Plain Creek.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i473d">Tenotoge</a></b> and <b>Tenotehage,</b> Van Curler; <i>t' Jonoutego,</i> Van der Donck; -<i>Te-onont-ogeu,</i> Jogues; <i>Thenondigo,</i> Megapolensis—called by Van Curler -the "Fourth Castle" and known later as the castle of the Wolf tribe, and -as the "Upper Mohawk Castle," was described by Van Curler as composed of -fifty-five houses "surrounded by three rows of palisades." It stood in a -valley evidently, as Van Curler wrote that the stream called the Osquaga -"ran past this castle." On the opposite (east) side of the stream he saw -"a good many houses filled with corn and beans," and extensive flat -lands. It was undoubtedly strongly palisaded to defend the western door -of the nation as was Onekagoncka on the east. <i>Te-onont-ogen,</i> which is -probably the most correct form of the name, means "Between two mountains," -an intervale or space between, from <i>Te,</i> "two"; <i>-ononte,</i> "mountain," -and <i>-ogen,</i> "between." The same name is met later at the mouth of -Schohare Creek. General John S. Clark located this castle at Spraker's -Basin, thirteen miles (railroad) <i>west</i> of Auriesville and three miles -<i>east</i> of Nowedaga Creek. The correctness of this location must be -determined by the topographical features stated by Van Curler and not -otherwise. General Clark did an excellent work in searching for the sites -of ancient castles from remaining evidences of Indian occupation, but the -remaining evidence of names and topographical features where they are met -of record must govern. In this case the creek that "ran past the door of -this castle," is an indisputable mark. The French destroyed the castle in -October, 1666. In the account of the occurrence (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii, -70) it is described as being surrounded by "A triple palisade, twenty -feet in height and flanked by four bastions." The tribe did not defend -their possession, only a few old persons remaining who were too feeble to -follow the retreat of the warriors and kindred. The tribe rebuilt the -castle on the north side of the Mohawk under the name of <i>Onondagowa,</i> -"A Great Hill." The French destroyed it again in 1693, and the tribe -returned to the south side of the river and located on the flat at the -mouth of the Nowadaga or Fort Plain Creek, where the government built, -in 1710, Fort Hendrick for its protection, and where it became known as -the Upper or Canajohare Castle.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i474">Aschalege,</a> Oschalage, Otsgarege,</b> etc., are record forms of the name given -as that of the stream now known as Cobel's Kill, a branch of Schohare -Creek in Schohare County. Morgan translated it from <i>Askwa</i> or <i>Oskwa,</i> -a scaffolding or platform of any kind, and <i>ge,</i> locative, the combination -yielding "At or on a bridge." Bruyas wrote <i>Otserage,</i> "A causeway," a -way or road raised above the natural level of the ground, serving as a -passage over wet or marshy grounds. Otsgarage is now applied to a noted -cavern near the stream in the town of Cobel's Kill.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i475a">Oneyagine,</a></b> "called by the Indians <i>Oneyagine,</i> and by the Christians -Stone Kill," is the record name of a creek in Schohare County. J. B. N. -Hewitt read it from <i>Onehya</i> (<i>Onne'ja,</i> Bruyas), "stone"; <i>Oneyagine,</i> -"At the broken stone," from which transferred to the stream.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i475b">Kanendenra,</a></b> "a hill called by the Indians Kanendenra, otherwise by the -Christians Anthony's Nose"—"to a point on Mohawk River near a hill called -by the Indians Kanandenra, and by the Christians Anthony's Nose"—"to a -certain hill called Anthony's Nose, whose point comes into the said -river"—"Kanendahhere, a hill on the south side of the Mohawk, by the -Christians lately called Anthony's Nose"—now known as "The Noses" and -applied to a range of hills that rises abruptly from the banks of the -Mohawk just below Spraker's. The name is an abstract noun, possessing a -specialized sense. The nose is the terminal peak of the Au Sable range. -The rock formation is gneiss, covered by heavy masses of calciferous -limestone containing garnets. "Anthony's Nose," probably so called from -resemblance to Anthony's Nose on the Hudson.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i475c">Etagragon,</a></b> now so written, the name of a boundmark on the Mohawk, is of -record "<i>Estaragoha,</i> a certain rock." The locative is on the south side -of the river about twenty-four miles above Schenectady. (Cal. N. Y. Land -Papers, 121.) The name is an equivalent of <i>Astenra-kowa,</i> "A large -rock." Modern <i>Otsteara-kowa,</i> Elliot.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i475d">Astenrogen,</a></b> of record as the name of "the first carrying place," now -Little Falls, is from <i>Ostenra,</i> "rock," and <i>ogen,</i> "divisionem" -(Bruyas), literally, "Divided or separated rock." The east end of the -gorge was the eastern boundmark of what is known as the "German Flats," -which was purchased and settled by a part of the Palatine immigrants who -had been located on the Livingston Patent in 1710. The patent to the -Germans here was granted in 1723. The description in it reads: "Beginning -at the first carrying place, being the easternmost bounds, called by the -natives <i>Astenrogen,</i> running along on both sides of said river westerly -unto <i>Ganendagaren,</i> or the upper end [<i>i. e.</i> of the flats, a fine -alluvial plain on both sides of the river], [FN] being about twenty-four -miles." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 182.) The passage between the rocks, now -Little Falls, covered a distance of "about three-quarters of a mile" and -the rapids "the height of thirty-nine feet," according to the survey of -1792. The Mohawk here breaks through the Allegheny ridge which primarily -divided the waters of the Ontario Basin from the Hudson. The overflow -from the basin here formed a waterfall that probably rivaled Niagara and -gradually wore away the rock. The channel of the stream was very deep and -on the subsidence of the ice sheet, which spread over the northern part -of the continent, became filled with drift. The opening in the ridge and -the formation of the valley of the Mohawk as now known are studies in the -work of creation. The settlements known as the German Flats were on both -sides of the river. The one that was on the north side was burned by the -French in the war of 1756-7. It was then composed of sixty houses. The -one on the south side was known as Fort Kouari and later as Fort -Herkimer. The district shared largely in the historic events in the -Mohawk Valley during the Revolution. There are very few districts of -country in the nation in which so many subjects for consideration are -centered.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Ganendagraen</i> is probably from <i>Gahenta</i> (Gahenda), "Prairie."</p> -<br><br> - - - <hr> -<br><br> - - - <h2 class="direct">On the Delaware.</h2> -<br> - -<p><b><a id="i476">Keht-hanne,</a></b> Heckewelder—<i>Kittan,</i> Zeisberger—"The principal or greatest -stream," <i>i. e.</i> of the country through which it passes, was the generic -name of the Delaware River, and <i>Lenapewihittuck,</i> "The river or stream -of the Lenape," its specific name, more especially referring to the -stream where its waters are affected by tidal currents. In the Minisink -country it was known as <i>Minisinks River,</i> or "River of the Minisinks." -At the Lehigh junction the main stream was called the East Branch and the -Lehigh the West Branch (Sauthier's map), but above that point the main -stream was known as the West Branch to its head in Utsyantha [FN-1] Lake, -on the north-east line of Delaware County, N. Y., where it was known as -the Mohawk's Branch. It forms the southwestern boundary of the State from -nearly its head to Port Jervis, Orange County, Where it enters or becomes -the western boundary of New Jersey. At Hancock, Delaware County, it -receives the waters of what was called by the Indians the <i>Paghkataghan,</i> -and by the English the East Branch. The West Branch was here known to the -Indians as the <i>Namaes-sipu</i> and its equivalent <i>Lamas-sépos,</i> or "Fish -River," by Europeans, Fish-Kill, "Because," says an affidavit of 1785, -"There was great numbers of <i>Maskunamack</i> (that is Bass) and <i>Guwam</i> -(that is Shad) [FN-2] went up that branch at Shokan, and but few or none -went up the East [Paghkataghan] Branch." [FN-3] In the course of time the -East or Paghkataghan [FN-4] Branch became known as the Papagonck from a -place so called. The lower part of the stream was called by the Dutch the -"Zuiden River," or South River. In early days the main or West Branch was -navigable by flat-boats from Cochecton Falls to Philadelphia and -Wilmington. Smith, in his "History of New Jersey," wrote: "From Cochecton -to Trenton are fourteen considerable rifts, yet all passable in the long -flat boats used in the navigation of these parts, some carrying 500 or -600 bushels of wheat." <i>Meggeckesson</i> (Col. Hist. N. Y., xii, 225) was -the name of what are now known as Trenton Falls, or rapids. It means, -briefly, "Strong water." Heckewelder's <i>Maskek-it-ong</i> and his -interpretation of it, "Strong falls at," are wrong, the name which he -quoted being that of a swamp in the vicinity of the falls, as noted in -Col. Hist. N. Y., and as shown by the name itself.</p> - -<p>The Delaware was the seat of the <i>Lenni-Lenapé</i> (<i>a</i> as <i>a</i> in father, -<i>é</i> as <i>a</i> in mate—<i>Lenahpa</i>), or "Original people," or people born of -the earth on which they lived, who were recognized, at the time of the -discovery, as the head or "Grandfather" of the Algonquian nations. From -their principal seat on the tide-waters of the Delaware, and their -jurisdiction on that stream, they became known and are generally met in -history as the Delawares. In tribal and sub-tribal organizations they -extended over Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and -New York as far north as the Katskills, speaking dialects radically the -same as that of the parent stock. [FN-5] They were composed of three -primary totemic tribes, the <i>Minsi</i> or Wolf, the <i>Unulachtigo</i> or Turkey, -and the <i>Unami</i> or Turtle, of whom the Turtle held the primacy. They were -a milder and less barbaric people than the Iroquoian tribes, with whom -they had little affinity and with whom they were almost constantly in -conflict until they were broken up by the incoming tide of Europeans, the -earliest and the succeeding waves of which fell upon their shores, and -the later alliance of the English with their ancient enemies, the -confederated Six Nations of New York, who, from their geographical -position and greater strength from their remoteness from the -demoralization of early European contact, offered the most substantial -advantages for repelling the advances of the French in Canada. Ultimately -conquered by the Six Nations, and made "Women," in their figurative -language, <i>i. e.</i> a people without power to make war or enter into -treaties except with the consent of their rulers, they nevertheless -maintained their integrity and won the title of "Men" as the outcome of -the war of 1754-6. Their history has been fully—perhaps too -favorably—written by Heckewelder and others. The geographical names -which they gave to the hills and streams of their native land are their -most remindful memorial. While western New York was Iroquoian, southern -New York was Lenni-Lenape or Algonquian.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Also written <i>Oteseontio</i> and claimed as the name of a spring. - The lake is a small body of water lying 1,800 feet above tide level, in - the town of Jefferson, Schohare County. It is usually quoted as the head - of the West Branch of Delaware River.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] "<i>Guwam;</i> modifications, <i>Choam, Schawan.</i> The stem appears to be - <i>Shawano,</i> 'South,' 'Coming from the south,' or from salt water." - (Brinton.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] Affidavit of Johannes Decker, Hist. Or. Co. (quarto) p. 699: - "Called by the Indians Lamas-Sepos, or Fish Kill, because they caught - the shad there." (Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 698, <i>et. seq.</i>)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-4] <i>Paghkataghan</i> means "The division or branch of a stream"—"Where - the stream divides or separates." The Moravian missionaries wrote the - name <i>Pachgahgoch,</i> from which, by corruption, <i>Papagonck.</i> The - Papagoncks seem to have been, primarily, Esopus Indians, and to have - retreated to that point after yielding up their Esopus lands. (See - Schaghticoke.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-5] Two slightly different dialects prevailed among the Delawares, - the one spoken by the Unami and the Unulachtigo, the other the Minsi. - The dialect which the missionaries Learned, and in which they composed - their works, was that of the Lehigh Valley. We may fairly consider it - to have been the upper or inland Unami. It stood between the Unulachto - and Southern Unami and the true Minsi. (Dr. Brinton.) The dialects - spoken in the valley of Hudson's River have been referred to in another - connection.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i478">Minisink,</a></b> now so written and preserved as the name of a town in Orange -County, appears primarily, in 1656, on Van der Donck's map, "Minnessinck -ofte t' Landt van Bacham," which may be read, constructively, "Indians -inhabiting the back or upper lands," or the highlands. [FN] Heckewelder -wrote: "The Minsi, which we have corrupted to Monsey, extended their -settlements from the Minisink, a place named after them, where they had -their council seat and fire," and Reichel added, "The Minisinks, <i>i. e.</i> -the habitation of the Monseys or Minsis." The application was both -general and specific to the district of country occupied by the Minsi -tribe and to the place where its council fire was held. The former -embraced the mountainous country of the Delaware River above the Forks -or junction of the Lehigh Branch; the latter was on Minnisink Plains in -New Jersey, about eight miles south of Port Jervis, Orange County. It was -obviously known to the Dutch long before Van der Donck wrote the name. -It was visited, in 1694, by Arent Schuyler, a credited interpreter, who -wrote, in his Journal, Minissink and Menissink as the name of the tribal -seat. Although it is claimed that there was another council-seat on the -East Branch of the Delaware, that on Minisink Plains was no doubt the -principal seat of the tribe, as records show that it was there that all -official intercourse with the tribe was conducted for many years. -Schuyler met sachems and members of the tribe there and the place was -later made a point for missionary labor. Their village was palisaded. -On one of the early maps it is represented as a circular enclosure. In -August, 1663, they asked the Dutch authorities at New Amsterdam, through -<i>Oratamy,</i> sachem of the Hackinsacks, "For a small piece of ordnance to -use in their fort against the <i>Sinuakas</i> and protect their corn." (Col. -Hist. N. Y., xiii, 290.) In the blanket deed which the tribe gave in -1758, to their territory in New Jersey they were styled "Minsis, Monseys, -or Minnisinks." <i>Minsis</i> and <i>Monseys</i> are convertible terms of which the -late Dr. D. G. Brinton wrote: "From investigation among living Delawares, -<i>Minsi,</i> properly <i>Minsiu,</i> formerly <i>Min-assin-iu,</i> means 'People of the -stony country,' or briefly, 'Mountaineers.' It is the synthesis of -<i>Minthiu,</i> 'To be scattered,' and <i>Achsin,</i> 'Stone.' according to the -best native authority." Apparently from <i>Min-assin</i> we have Van der -Donck's <i>Minn-essin;</i> with locative <i>-k, -ck, -g, -gh, Minn-essin-ks,</i> -"People of the stony country," back-landers or highlanders. -Interpretations of less merit have been made. One that is widely quoted -is from Old Algonquian and Chippeway <i>Minnis,</i> "Island," and <i>-ink,</i> -locative; but there is no evidence that <i>Minnis</i> was in the dialect spoken -here; on the contrary the record name of Great Minnisink Island, which -is supposed to have been referred to, was <i>Menag'nock,</i> by the German -notation <i>Menach'hen-ak.</i> Aside from this <i>Minnissingh</i> is of record at -Poughkeepsie, in 1683, where no island is known to have existed, and in -Westchester County the same term is met in <i>Men-assink</i> (<i>Min-assin-ink</i>), -"At a place of small stones." The deed description at Poughkeepsie -located the tract conveyed "On the bank of the river," <i>i. e.</i> on the -back or ridge lands. (See Minnis-ingh.) The final <i>s</i> which appears in -many of the forms of the name, and especially in <i>Minsis,</i> is a foreign -plural.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "Minnessinck ofte t' Landt Van Bacham," apparently received some - of its letters from the engraver of the map. <i>Ofte</i>—Dutch and Old Saxon, - <i>av</i>—English <i>of</i>—was probably used in the sense of identity or - equivalency. Bacham—Dutch, <i>bak;</i> Old High-German, <i>Bahhoham</i>—describes - "An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge." In application to - a tribe, "Ridge-landers," "Highlanders," or "Mountaineers." On the - Hudson the tribe was generally known as Highlanders. The double <i>n</i> and - the double <i>s,</i> in many of the forms, show that <i>e</i> was pronounced - short, or <i>i.</i></p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i480a">Menagnock,</a></b> the record name of what has long been known as "The Great -Mennissincks Island"—"The Great Island of the Mennisinks"—is probably -an equivalent of <i>Menach'henak</i> (Minsi) meaning "Islands." The island, -so called, is a flat cut up by water courses, forming several small -islands.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i480b">Namenock,</a></b> an island so called by Rev. Casparus Freymout in 1737, is -probably an equivalent of Naman-ock and Namee-ock, L. I., which was -translated by Dr. Trumbull from Mass. <i>Namau-ohke,</i> "Fishing place," or -"Fish country"—<i>Namauk,</i> Del, "Fishing place." Perhaps it was the site -of a weir or dam for impounding fish. Such dams or fishing places became -boundmarks in some cases. The name was corrupted to <i>Nomin-ack,</i> as the -name of a church and of a fort three or four miles below what is now -Montague, N. J. On Long Island the name is corrupted to <i>Nomin-ick.</i> -(See Moriches.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i480c">Magatsoot</a></b>—A tract of land "Called and known by the name of Magockomack -and Magatsoot"—so entered in petition of Philip French for Minisink -Patent in 1703, is noted in petition of Ebenezer Wilson (same patent), -in 1702, "Beginning on the northwest side of the mouth of Weachackamack -Creek where it enters Minisink River." The creek was then given the name -of the field called Maghaghkamieck; it is now called Neversink. -<i>Magatsoot</i> was the name of the mouth of the stream, "Where it enters -Minisink River," or the Delaware. It is an equivalent of <i>Machaak-sók,</i> -[FN] meaning, "The great outlet," or mouth of a river. Although specific -in application to the mouth of the river, it is more strictly the name -of the stream than that which it now bears. (See Magaat-Ramis.)</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Machaak,</i> Moh., <i>Mechek,</i> Len.; "Great, large"; <i>soot, sók, sóhk, - sauk,</i> "Pouring out," hence mouth or outlet of a river.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i481">Maghagh-kamieck,</a></b> so written in patent to Arent Schuyler in 1694, and -described therein as "A certain tract of land at a place called -Maghaghkamieck," which "Place" was granted, in 1697, to Swartwout, -Coddebeck, and others, has been handed down in many orthographies. The -precise location of the "Place" was never ascertained by survey, but by -occupation it consisted of some portion of a very fine section of -bottom-land extending along the northeast side of Neversink River from -near or in the vicinity of the junction of that stream and the Delaware -at Carpenter's Point to the junction of Basha's Kill [FN-1] and the -Neversink, in the present county of Sullivan, a distance of about eleven -miles. In general terms its boundaries are described in the patent as -extending from "The western bounds of the lands called <i>Nepeneck</i> to a -small run of water called by the Indian name <i>Assawaghkemek,</i> and so along -the same and the lands of Mansjoor, the Indian." It matters not that in -later years it was reported by a commission that the patent "Contained -no particular boundaries, but appeared rather to be a description of a -certain tract of country in which 1,200 acres were to be taken up," the -name nevertheless was that of a certain field or place so distinct in -character as to become a general locative of the whole, as in the Schuyler -grant of 1694. It may reasonably be presumed that the district to which -it was extended began at Carpenter's Point (Nepeneck) and ended on the -north side of Basha's Kill. (See Assawaghkemek.) The same name is met in -New Jersey on the Peaquaneck River, where it is of record in 1649, -"<i>Mechgacham-ik,</i> or Indian field" (Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii, 25); noted -as an Indian settlement in the Journal of Arent Schuyler, in 1694, giving -an account of his visit to the Minissinck country, in February of that -year, in which the orthography is <i>Maghagh-kamieck,</i> indicating very -clearly that the original was <i>Maghk-aghk-kamighk,</i> a combination of -<i>Maghaghk,</i> "Pumpkin," and <i>-kamik,</i> "Field," or place limited, where -those vegetables were cultivated, and a place that was widely known -evidently. [FN-2] The German missionaries wrote <i>Machg-ack,</i> "Pumpkin," -and Captain John Smith, in his Virginia notes of 1620, wrote the same -sound in <i>Mahcawq.</i> No mention is made of an Indian village here. If -there was one it certainly was not visited by Arent Schuyler in 1694, -as is shown by the general direction of his route, as well as by maps of -Indian paths. To have visited Maghaghkamik in Orange County would have -taken him many miles out of his way. Maghaghkamik Fork and Maghaghkamik -Church lost those names many years ago, but the ancient name is still -in use in some connections in Port Jervis, and most wretchedly spelled.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Basha's Kill, so called from a place called Basha's land, which - see.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] <i>Kamik,</i> Del., <i>Komuk,</i> Mass., in varying orthographies, means - "Place" in the sense of a limited enclosed, or occupied space; - "Generally," wrote Dr. Trumbull, "An enclosure, natural or artificial, - such as a house or other building, a village, or planted field, a thicket - or place surrounded by trees"; briefly, a place having definite - boundaries. <i>Maghkaghk</i> is an intense expression of quality—perfection. -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i482a">Nepeneck,</a></b> a boundmark so called in the Swartwout-Coddebeck Patent of -1697—Napenock, Napenack, Napenough, later forms—given as the name of -the western or southwestern bound of the Maghaghkamick tract, is -described: "Beginning at the western bounds of the lands called Nepeneck." -The place is presumed to have been at or near Carpenter's Point, on the -Delaware, which at times is overflowed by water. It disappears here after -1697, but reappears in a similar situation some twenty miles north at the -junction of the Sandberg and Rondout kills. It is probably a generic as -in <i>Nepeak,</i> L. I., meaning, "Water land," or land overflowed by water. -"<i>Nepenit</i> 'In a place of water.'" (Trumbull.) Carpenter's Point or -ancient Nepeneck, is the site of the famous Tri-States Rock, the boundmark -of three states.</p> -<br><br><br> - - -<P class="image" style="text-align: center; page-break-before: always;"><img src="images/tri-states.jpg"style="max-width:100%; max-height:100%" alt="Tri-states Rock"></P> -<br><br><br> - -<p style="page-break-before: always;"><b><a id="i482b">Assawaghkemek,</a></b> the name entered as that of the northeast boundmark of -the Swartwout-Coddebeck Patent, and described therein, "To a small run of -water called Assawaghkemek . . . and so along the same and the lands of -Mansjoor, the Indian," is known by settlement, to have been <i>at</i> and -<i>below</i> the junction of Basha's Kill and the Neversink, from which the -inference seems to be well sustained that "the lands of Mansjoor, the -Indian" were the lands or valley of Basha's Kill, which the name describes -as an enclosed or occupied place "beyond," or "on the other side" of the -small run of water. The prefix <i>Assaw,</i> otherwise written <i>Accaw, Agaw,</i> -etc., means "Beyond," "On the other side." The termination <i>agh,</i> or -<i>aug,</i> indicates that the name is formed as a verb. <i>Kemek</i> (Kamik) means -an enclosed, or occupied place, as already stated. The translation in -"History of Orange County," from <i>Waseleu,</i> "Light, bright, foaming," is -erroneous, as is also the application of the name to Fall Brook, near the -modern village of Huguenot. In no case was the name that of a stream, -except by extension to it.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i485a">Peenpack,</a></b> (Paan, Paen, Pien, Penn) is given, <i>traditionally,</i> as the name -of a "Small knoll or rise of ground, some fifty or sixty rods long, ten -wide, and about twenty feet high above the level of" Neversink River, -"on and around which the settlers of the Maghaghkamik Patent first -located their cabins." It has been preserved for many generations as the -name of what is known as the Peen-pach Valley, the long narrow flats on -the Neversink. Apparently it is corrupt Dutch from <i>Paan-pacht,</i> "Low, -soft land," or leased land. The same name is met in <i>Paan-paach,</i> Troy, -N. Y., and in <i>Penpack,</i> Somerset County, N. J. The places bearing it -were primary Dutch settlements on low lands. (See Paanpaach.) Doubtfully -a substitution for Algonquian from a root meaning, "To fall from a height" -(Abn., <i>Paⁿna;</i> Len. <i>Pange</i>), as in Abn. <i>Panaⁿk'i,</i> "Fall of land," -the downward slope of a mountain, suggested by the slope of the Shawongunk -Mountain range, which here runs southwest to northeast and falls off on -the west until it meets the narrow flats spoken of. The same feature is -met at Troy.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i485b">Tehannek,</a></b> traditionally the name of a small stream on the east side of -the Peenpack Knoll, probably means "Cold stream," from <i>Ta</i> or <i>Te,</i> -"cold," and <i>-hannek,</i> "stream." It is a mountain brook.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i485c">Sokapach,</a></b> traditionally the name of a spring in Deerpark, means, "A -spring." It is an equivalent of <i>Sókapeék,</i> "A spring or pool."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i486a">Neversink,</a></b> the name quoted as that of the stream flowing to the Delaware -at Carpenter's Point, is not a river name. It is a corruption of Lenape -<i>Newás,</i> "A promontory," and <i>-ink,</i> locative, meaning "At the -promontory." The particular promontory referred to seems to have been -what is now known as Neversink Point, in Sullivan County, which rises -3,300 feet. The name is generic and is met in several places, notably in -Neversink, N. J. (See Maghaghkameck.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i486b">Seneyaughquan,</a></b> given as the name of an Indian bridge which crossed the -Neversink, may have its equivalent in "<i>Tayachquano,</i> bridge—a dry -passage over a stream." (Heckewelder.) The bridge was a log and the -location said to have been above the junction of the stream with the -Mamacottin.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i486c">Saukhekemeck,</a></b> otherwise <i>Maghawam,</i> so entered in the Schuyler Patent, -1697, apparently refer to one and the same place. The locative has not -been ascertained. The patent covered lands now in New Jersey. The tract -is described in the patent: "Situated upon a river called Mennissincks, -before a certain island called Menagnock, which is adjacent to or near a -tract of land called by the natives Maghaghkamek." (See Menagnock.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i486d">Warensagskemeck,</a></b> a tract also conveyed to Arent Schuyler in 1697, -described as "A parcel of meadow or vly, adjacent to or near a tract -called Maghaghkamek," is probably, by exchange of <i>r</i> and <i>l</i> and -transpositions, <i>Walenaskameck; Walen,</i> "hollowing, concave"; <i>Walak,</i> -hole; <i>Waleck,</i> a hollow or excavation; <i>-ask,</i> "Grass"; <i>-kameck,</i> an -enclosed or limited field; substantially, "a meadow or vly," [FN] as -described in the deed.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] <i>Vly</i> is a Dutch contraction of <i>Vallei,</i> with the accepted - signification, "A swamp or morass; a depression with water in it in - rainy seasons, but dry at other times." A low meadow. <i>Walini,</i> - (Eastern), hollowing, concave site.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i486e">Schakaeckemick,</a></b> given as the name of a parcel of land on the Delaware -described as "lying in an elbow," seems to be an equivalent of -<i>Schaghach,</i> meaning "Straight." level, flat, and <i>-kamick,</i> a limited -field. The tract was given to one William Tietsort, a blacksmith, who had -escaped from the massacre at Schenectady (Feb. 1689-90), and was induced -by the gift to settle among the Minisinks to repair their fire-arms. He -was the first European settler on the Delaware within the limits of the -old county of Orange. He sold the land to one John Decker, and removed -to Duchess County. No abstract of title from Decker has been made, and -probably cannot be. Decker's name, however, appears in records as one of -the first settlers, in company with William Cole and Solomon Davis, in -what was long known as "The Lower Neighborhood"; in New Jersey annals, -"Cole's Fort." The precise location is uncertain. In History of Orange -Co. (Ed. 1881, p. 701), it is said: "It is believed that further -investigation will show that Tietsort's land was the later Benj. van -Vleet place, near Port Jervis." In Eager's "History of Orange County" -(p. 396), Stephen St. John is given as the later owner of the original -farm of John Decker. Decker's house was certainly in the "Lower -Neighborhood." It was palisaded and called a fort.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i487a">Wihlahoosa,</a></b> given, locally, as the name of a cavern in the rocks on the -side of the mountain, about three miles from Port Jervis, on the east -side of Neversink River, is probably from <i>Wihl</i> (Zeisb.), "Head," and -<i>-hōōs,</i> "Pot or kettle." The reference may have been to its shape, or -its position. In the vicinity of the cavern was an Indian burial ground -covering six acres. Skeletons have been unearthed there and found -invariably in a sitting posture. In one grave was found a sheet-iron -tobacco-box containing a handkerchief covered with hieroglyphics probably -reciting the owner's achievements. Tomahawks, arrow-heads and other -implements have also been found in graves. The place was long known as -"Penhausen's Land," from one of the grantors of the deed. The cavern may -have had some connection with the burial ground.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i487b">Walpack,</a></b> N. J., is probably a corruption of <i>Walpeék,</i> from <i>Walak</i> -(<i>Woalac,</i> Zeisb.), "A hollow or excavation," and <i>-peék,</i> "Lake," or -body of still water. The idea expressed is probably "Deep water." It was -the name of a lake.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i487c">Mamakating,</a></b> now so written and preserved in the name of a town in Sullivan -County, is written on Sauthier's map <i>Mamecatink</i> as the name of a -settlement and <i>Mamacotton</i> as the name of a stream. Other forms are -<i>Mamacoting</i> and <i>Mamacocking.</i> The stream bearing the name is now called -Basha's Kill, the waters of which find their way to the Delaware, and -Mamakating is assigned to a hollow. The settlement was primarily a trading -post which gathered in the neighborhood of the Groot Yaugh Huys (Dutch, -"Great Hunting House"), a large cabin constructed by the Indians for their -accommodation when on hunting expeditions, [FN-1] and subsequently -maintained by Europeans for the accommodation of hunters and travelers -passing over what was known as the "Mamacottin path," a trunk line road -connecting the Hudson and Delaware rivers, more modernly known as the -"Old Mine Road," which was opened as a highway in 1756. The Hunting House -is located on Sauthier's map immediately south of the Sandberg, in the -town of Mamakating, and more recently, by local authority, at or near -what is known as the "Manarse Smith Spring," otherwise as the "Great -Yaugh Huys Fontaine," or Great Hunting House Spring. [FN-2] The meaning -of the name is largely involved in the orthography of the suffix. If the -word was <i>-oten</i> it would refer to the trading post or town, as in -"<i>Otenink,</i> in the town" (Heckewelder), and, with the prefix <i>Mamak</i> -(<i>Mamach,</i> German notation), root <i>Mach,</i> "evil, bad, naughty" (<i>Mamak,</i> -iterative), would describe something that was very bad in the town; but, -if the word was <i>-atin,</i> "Hill or mountain," the name would refer to a -place that was at or on a very bad hill. Presumably the hill was the -objective feature, the settlement being at or near the Sandberg. There -is nothing in the name meaning plain or valley, nor anything "wonderful" -about it. Among other features on the ancient path was the wigwam of -<i>Tautapau,</i> "a medicine man," so entered in a patent to Jacob Rutzen in -1713. <i>Tautapau</i> (Taupowaw, Powaw), "A priest or medicine man," literally, -"A wise speaker."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Indian Hunting-houses were met in all parts of the country. They - were generally temporary huts, but in some cases became permanent. (See - Cochecton.)</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] <i>Fontaine</i> is French—"A spring of water issuing from the earth." - The stream flowing from the spring is met in local history as Fantine - Kill.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i488">Kau-na-ong-ga,</a></b> "Two wings," is said to have been the name of White Lake, -Sullivan County, the form of the lake being that of a pair of wings -expanded, according to the late Alfred B. Street, the poet-historian, -who embalmed the lake in verse years before it became noted as a -fashionable resort. (See Kong-hong-amok.)</p> - -<p class="list"> "Where the twin branches of the Delaware - Glide into one, and in their language call'd - <i>Chihocken,</i> or 'the meeting of the floods';" [FN-1]</p> - -<p>The "Willemoc," [FN-2] and "The Falls of the Mongaup," are also among -Street's poetical productions.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] "Formerly Shohakin or Chehocton." (French's Gaz.) In N. Y. Land - Papers, Schohakana is the orthography. Street's translation is a poetical - fancy. The name probably refers to a place at the mouth of the northwest - or Mohawk Branch of the Delaware, and the northeast or Paghkataghan - Branch, at Hancock, Del. Co.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] <i>Willemoc</i> probably stands for <i>Wilamauk,</i> "Good fishing-place." - There were two streams in the town, one known as the Beaver Kill and the - other as the <i>Williwemack.</i> In Cal. N. Y. Land Papers, 699, occurs the - entry: "The Beaver Kill or Whitenaughwemack." The date is 1785. The - orthography bears evidence of many years' corruption. It may have been - shortened to Willewemock and Willemoc, and stand for <i>Wilamochk,</i> "Good, - rich, beaver." It was, presumably, a superior resort for beavers.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i489a">Shawanoesberg</a></b> was conferred on a hill in the present town of Mamakating, -commemorative of a village of the Shawanoes who settled here in 1694 on -invitation of the Minisinks. (Council Minutes, Sept. 14, 1692.) Their -council-house is said to have been on the summit of the hill.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i489b">Basha's Land</a></b> and <b>Basha's Kill,</b> familiar local terms in Sullivan County, -are claimed to have been so called from a squaw-sachem known as Elizabeth -who lived near Westbrookville. "Basha's Land" was one of the boundmarks -of the Minisink Patent and Basha's Kill the northeast bound of the -Maghaghkemik Patent. Derivation of the name from Elizabeth is not -well-sustained. [FN-1] The original was probably an equivalent of -<i>Bashaba,</i> an Eastern-Algonquian term for "Sagamore of Sagamores," or -ruling sachem or king of a nation. It is met of record Bashaba, Betsebe, -Bessabe, Bashebe, etc. Hubbard wrote: "They called the chief rulers, -who commanded the rest, Bashabeas. Bashaba is a title." "Chiefs bearing -this title, and exercising the prerogatives of their rank, are frequently -spoken of by the early voyagers." [FN-2] (Hist. Mag., Second Series, 3, -49.) The lands spoken of were the recognized territorial possession of -the chief ruler of the nation or tribe. The "squaw-sachem" [FN-3] may -have held the title by succession or as the wife of the Bashaba.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Basha's Kill was applied to Mamcotten Kill north of the village - of Wurtsboro, south of which it retained the name of Mamacotten, as - written on Sauthier's map. Quinlan, in his "History of Sullivan County," - wrote: "The head-waters of Mamakating River subsequently became known - as Elizabeth's Kill, in compliment to Elizabeth Gonsaulus. We could - imagine that she was the original Basha, Betje, or Betsey, who owned the - land south of the Yaugh House Spring, and gave to the Mamakating stream - its present name; but unfortunately she was not born soon enough. - Twenty-five years before her family came to Mamakating, 'Basha's land' - was mentioned in official documents." It appears in the Minisink Patent - in 1704.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] A. S. Gatschet, of the Bureau of Ethnology, wrote me: "The Bashas, - Bashebas and Betsebas of old explorers of the coast of Maine, I explain - by <i>pe'sks,</i> 'one,' and <i>a'pi,</i> 'man,' or person—'First man in the - land.'"</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-3] <i>Squaw,</i> "Woman," means, literally, "Female animal." <i>Saunk-squa</i> - stands for "Sochem's squaw." "The squa-sachem, for so they call the - Sachem's wife." (Winslow.)</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i490a">Mongaup,</a></b> given as the name of a stream which constitutes in part the -western boundary of Orange County, is entered on Sauthier's map, -"Mangawping or Mangaup." Quinlan (Hist. Sullivan County) claimed for it -also Mingapochka and Mingwing, indicating that the stream carried the -names of two distinct places. <i>Mongaup</i> is a compression of Dutch -<i>Mondgauwpink,</i> meaning, substantially, "At the mouth of a small, rapid -river," for which a local writer has substituted "Dancing feather," which -is not in the composition in any language. <i>Mingapochka</i> (Alg.), appears -to be from <i>Mih'n</i> (<i>Mih'nall</i> plural; Zeisb.), "Huckleberry," and -<i>-pohoka,</i> "Cleft, clove or valley"—literally, "Huckleberry Valley." -Street, writing half a century ago, described the northern approach of -the stream as a valley wreathed (poetically) in whortle berries—</p> - -<p class="list"> "In large tempting clusters of light misty blue."</p> - -<p>The stream rises in the center of Sullivan County and flows to the -Delaware. The falls are said to be from sixty to eighty feet in four -cascades. (Hist. Sul. Co.) Another writer says: "Three miles above -Forestburgh village, the stream falls into a chasm seventy feet deep, -and the banks above the falls are over one hundred feet high."</p> - -<p><b><a id="i490b">Meenahga,</a></b> a modern place-name, is a somewhat remarkable orthography of -<i>Mih'n-acki</i> (aghki), "Huckleberry land" or place.</p> - -<p><b><a id="i490c">Callicoon,</a></b> the name of a town in Sullivan County, and of a stream, is -an Anglicism of <i>Kalkan</i> (Dutch), "Turkey"—<i>Wilde Kalkan,</i> "Wild -turkey"—in application, "Place of turkeys." The district bearing the -name is locally described as extending from Callicoon Creek to the mouth -of Ten Mile River, on the Delaware. Wild turkeys were abundant in the -vicinage of the stream no doubt, from which perhaps the name, but as -there is record evidence that a clan of the Turkey tribe of Delawares -located in the vicinity, it is quite probable that the name is from them. -The stream is a dashing mountain brook, embalmed poetically by the pen -of Street. (See Cochecton.)</p> - -<p><b><a id="i491a">Keshethton,</a></b> written by Colonel Hathorn in 1779, as the name of an Indian -path, is no doubt an orthography of Casheghton. In early years a -trunk-line path ran up the Delaware to Cochecton Falls, where, with other -paths, it connected with the main path leading to Wyoming Valley, [FN] -the importance of the latter path suggesting, in 1756, the erection of -a fort and the establishment of a base of supplies at Cochecton from -which to attack the Indians under Tedyuscung and Shingask in what was -then known as "The Great Swamp," from which those noted warriors and -their followers made their forays. (Doc. Hist. N. Y., ii. 715; Ib. Map, -i, 586.) Colonel Hathorn passed over part of this path in 1779, in pursuit -of Brant, and was disastrously defeated in what is called "The Battle of -Minnisink."</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN] "The first well-beaten path that connected the Delaware and - Susquehanna Rivers, and subsequently the first rude wagon road leading - from Cochecton through Little Meadows, in Salem township, and across - Moosic Mountains." (Hist. Penn.) It was with a view to connect the - commerce from this section with the Hudson that the Newburgh and - Cochecton Turnpike was constructed in the early years of 1800.</p> -<br><br> - -<p><b><a id="i491b">Cochecton,</a></b> the name of a town and of a village in Sullivan County, -extended on early maps to an island, to a range of hills, and to a fall -or rift in the Delaware River, is written Cashieghtunk and in other forms -on Sauthier's map of 1774; Cushieton on a map of 1768; <i>Keshecton,</i> Col. -Cortlandt, 1778; <i>Cashecton,</i> N. Y. Land Papers, 699; Cushietunk in the -proceedings of the Treaty of Easton, 1758, and in other New Jersey -records: Cashighton in 1744; Kishigton in N. Y. records in 1737, and -Cashiektunk by Cadwallader Colden in 1737, as the name of a place near -the boundmark claimed by the Province of New Jersey, latitude 41 degrees -40 minutes. "On the most northerly branch of Delaware River, which point -falls near Cashiektunk, an Indian village, on a branch of that river -called the Fish Kill." (Doc. Hist. N. Y., iv, 177.) In the Treaty of -Easton, 1758, the Indian title to land conveyed to New Jersey is -described: "Beginning at the Station Point between the Province of New -Jersey and New York, at the most northerly end of an Indian settlement -on the Delaware, known by the name of Casheitong." Station Point, called -also Station Rock, is about three miles southeast of the present village -of Cochecton, on a flat at a bend in the river, by old survey twenty-two -miles in a straight line from the mouth of Maghaghkamik Creek, now -Carpenter's Point, in the town of Deerpark, Orange County. Cochecton -Falls, so called, are a rocky rapid in a narrow gorge covering a fall -of two or three hundred feet, the obstruction throwing the water and the -deposits brought down back upon the low lands. The Callicoon flows to the -Delaware a few miles northeast of the falls. Between the latter and the -mouth of the Callicoon lies the Cochecton Flats or valley. The precise -location of "Station Point or Rock," described as "At the most northerly -end" of the Indian village, has not been ascertained, but can be readily -found. The late Hon. John C. Curtis, of Cochecton, wrote: "Our beautiful -valley, from Cochecton Falls to the mouth of the Callicoon, was called, -by the Indians, <i>Cushetunk,</i> or low lands," the locative of the name -having been handed down from generation to generation, and an -interpretation of the name which is inferentially correct. There is no -such word as <i>Cash</i> or <i>Cush</i> in the Delaware dialect, however; it stands -here obviously as a form of <i>K'sch,</i> intensive <i>K'schiecton</i> (Len. Eng. -Dic.); <i>Geschiechton,</i> Zeisberger, verbal noun, "To wash," "The act of -washing," as by the "overflow of the water of a sea or river. . . . The -river washed a valley in the plain"; with suffix <i>-unk</i> -(<i>K'schiechton-unk</i>—compressed to <i>Cushetunk</i>), denoting a place where -the action of the verb was performed, <i>i. e.</i> a place where at times the -land is washed or overflowed by water, from which the traditionary -interpretation, "Low land." [FN-1]</p> - -<p>The Indian town spoken of was established in 1744, although its site was -previously occupied by Indian hunting houses or huts for residences while -on hunting expeditions. In Col. Mss. v. 75, p. 10, is preserved a paper -in which it is stated that the Indians residing at Goshen, Orange County, -having "Removed to their hunting houses at Cashigton," were there -visited, in December, 1744, by a delegation of residents of Goshen, -consisting of Col. Thomas DeKay, William Coleman, Benj. Thompson, Major -Swartwout, Adam Wisner, interpreter, and two Indians as pilots, for the -purpose of ascertaining the cause of the removal; that the delegation -found the residents composed of two totemic families, Wolves and Turkeys; -that, having lost their sachem, they were debating "Out of which tribe -a successor should be chosen"; that they had removed from Goshen through -fear of the hostile intention on the part of the settlers there, who -"Were always carrying guns." Later, a delegation from the Indian town -visited Goshen, and was there "Linked together" with Colonel De Kay, as -the representative of the Governor of the province, in their peculiar -form of locking arms, for three hours, as a test of enduring friendship. -[FN-2] It was the only treaty with the Indians in Orange County of which -there is record.</p> - -<p>Aside from its Indian occupants the town is historic as the point forming -the old northwest boundmark of New Jersey (Lat. 41 degrees 40 minutes), -as recognized in the Treaty of Easton. (See Pompton.) From its association -with the history of three provinces, the story of the town is of more -than local interest. The lands were ultimately included in the Hardenberg -Patent, and most of the Indian descendants of its founders of 1744 -followed the lead of Brant in the Revolution. They probably deserved a -better fate than that which came to them. They are gone. The long night -with its starless robe has enveloped them in its folds—the ceaseless -wash of the waters of the Delaware upon the beautiful valley of Cochecton, -hymns their requiem.</p> - - <hr> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-1] Probably the same name is met in <i>Sheshecua-ung,</i> the broad flats - opposite and above the old Indian meadows, Wyoming Valley, where the - topography is substantially the same.</p> - -<p class="quote"> [FN-2] A belt was presented by the Indians to Col. De Kay, but what - became of it neither the records or tradition relates.</p> -<br><br> - - - <hr> -<br><br> - - -<p>Here we close our survey of the only monuments which remain of races -which for ages hunted the deer, chanted songs of love, and raised fierce -war cries—the names which they gave and which remain of record of the -hills and valleys, the lakes and waterfalls, amid which they had their -abiding places. Wonderfully suggestive and full of inferential deductions -are those monuments; volumes of history and romance are linked with them; -the most controlling influences in making our nation what it is is graven -in their crude orthographies. Their further reclamation and restoration -to the geographical locations to which they belonged is a duty devolving -on coming generations.</p> -<br><br> - - - <hr> -<br><br> - - - <h1 class="direct"><a id="i494">THE DUTCH RACKS OF 1625-6.</a></h1> - - - <p class="direct">[<i>From De Laet's "New World," Leyden Edition.</i>]</p> - - -<p class="quote"> "Within the first reach, where the land is low, there dwells a nation of - savages named Tappaans. . . . The second reach extends upward to a - narrow pass named by our people Haverstroo; then comes Seyl-maker's - (Zeil-maker's, sail-maker's) reach, as they call it; and next, a crooked - reach, in the form of a crescent, called Koch's reach (Cook's reach). - Next is Hooge-rack (High reach); and then follows Vossen reach (Foxes - reach), which extends to Klinckersberg (Stone mountain). This is - succeeded by Fisher's (Vischer's) reach, where, on the east bank of the - river, dwells a nation of savages called Pachamy. This reach extends to - another narrow pass, where, on the west side of the river, there is a - point of land that juts out covered with sand, opposite a bend in the - river, on which another nation of savages, called the Waoranecks, have - their abode, at a place called Esopus. A little beyond, on the west - side, where there is a creek, and the river becomes more shallow, the - Waronawankongs reside; <i>here are several small islands.</i> Next comes - another reach called Klaver-rack, where the water is deeper on the west - side, while the eastern side is sandy. Then follow Backer-rack, John - Playser's rack and Vaster rack as far as Hinnenhock. Finally, the - Herten-rack (Deer-rack) succeeds as far as Kinderhoek. Beyond Kinderhoek - there are several small islands, one of which is called Beeren Island - (Bear's Island). After this we come to a sheltered retreat named Onwee - Ree (<i>Onwereen,</i> to thunder, <i>Ree,</i> quick, sudden thunder storms), and - farther on are Sturgeon's Hoek, over against which, on the east side of - the river, dwell the Mohicans."</p> -<br><br><br> - - - - <h2 style="page-break-before: always;">TO THE READER.</h2> - - <hr> - -<p>A work of the character of that which is herewith presented to you would -be eminently remarkable if it was found to be entirely free from -typographical and clerical errors. No apology is made for such as you -may find, the rule being regarded as a good one that the discoverer of -an error is competent to make the necessary correction. Whatever you may -find that is erroneous, especially in the topographical features of -places, please have the kindness to forward to the compiler and enable -him to correct.</p> - -<p class="list"> Respectfully, - E. M. RUTTENBER, - Newburgh, N. Y.</p> -<br><br><br> - - - - <h1 class="direct" style="page-break-before: always;"><a id="index">INDEX.</a></h1> -<br><br> -<p class="quote">{Transcriber's note: The page numbers indicated below refer to pages in -the separate article, "Footprints of the Redmen," and are not in sequence -with the complete published volume of proceedings. The HTML and e-book -versions of the article have hyperlinks to the names indexed.}</p> - -<p class="quote">{Transcriber's Note: Some of the original index entries are incorrect. -The corrected page numbers are shown in braces {p.} Alphabetical placement -errors are left as in the original.}</p> -<br><br> - -<table> - <tr><td>Achquetuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i431a">177</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Achsinink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i398b">148</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ackinckes-hacky </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i352d">104</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Adirondacks </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i443b">187</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aepjin (Sachem) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i307e">59</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Agwam (Agawam) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i331d">83</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ahashewaghick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i299">51</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ahasimus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i354a">106</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aioskawasting </td><td style="text-align: right;">146 <a href="#i395">{145}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Alaskayering </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i398a">148</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Albany </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i432b">178</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Alipkonck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i268a">26</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Amagansett </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i331b">83</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Amangag-arickan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i420c">168</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Anaquassacook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i317b">69</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Anthony's Nose </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i275a">31,</a> <a href="#i475b">217</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Apanammis </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i277c">33</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Appamaghpogh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i274a">30</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aquackan-onck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i352b">104</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aquassing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i294c">46</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aquebogue </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i346e">98</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aquehung </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i276a">32</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Arackook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i389">139</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Arisheck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i354c">106</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Armonck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i277f">33</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Assawagh-kemek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i482b">224</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Assawanama </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i346d">98</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Assiskowackok </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i427c">173</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Assinapink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i374a">126</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Assup (Accup) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i325b">77</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aschalege </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i474">216</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aspetong </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i276d">32</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Astenrogan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i475d">217</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Athens </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i428b">174</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Atkarkarton </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i410">158</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aupaumut, Hendrick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i247">11</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aupauquack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i346b">98</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Aurie's Creek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i468">210</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Basha's Land </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i489b">229</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Bergen </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i354b">106</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Callicoon </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i490c">230</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Canagere </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i472b">214</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Canajohare </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i472b">214</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Canarsie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i336d">88</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Caneray (Carenay) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">191</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Caniade-rioit </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i318b">70</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Caniade-riguarunte </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i320">72</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Canniengas </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">189</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Canopus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i282d">36</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Casperses Creek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i292b">44</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cataconoche </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i328a">80</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Catskill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i422b">170</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Caughnawaga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i471">213</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Caumset </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i344b">96</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cawaoge </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i473c">215</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cayudutta </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i472a">214</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cheesek-ook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i365b">117</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Chihocken </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i488">229</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Chouckhass </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i383d">133</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ciskhekainck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i304">56</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Claverack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i303">55</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cobel's Kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i474">216</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cochecton </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i491b">231</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Comac </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i340b">92</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Commoenapa </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i353">105</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Connecticut </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i328d">80</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Copake </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i307b">59</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cronomer's Hill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i380a">130</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cumsequ-ogue </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i329c">81</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cussqunsuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i342e">94</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Cutchogue </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i332d">84</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Dans Kamer </td><td style="text-align: right;">183 <a href="#i388">{138}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>DeKay, Colonel Thomas </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i491b">232</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Delaware River </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i476">219</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Delawares, or Lenni-Lenape </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i476">219</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Di-ononda-howe </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i318a">70</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Dutch Racks (Rechts) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i494">234</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Eaquoris-ink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i293b">45</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Eauketaupucason </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i278a">34</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Esopus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i407b">155</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Espating </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i359a">111</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Essawatene </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i369a">121</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Etagragon </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i475c">217</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Fall-kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i292a">44</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Fish-kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i283b">37</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Fort Albany </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i432b">178</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Fort Frederick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i432b">178</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Fort Orange </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i432b">178</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Frudyach-kamik </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i414a">162</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ganasnix </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i427e">173</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Gentge-kamike </td><td style="text-align: right;">183 <a href="#i388">{138}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>German Flats </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i475d">217</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Gesmesseecks </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i309c">61</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Glens Falls </td><td style="text-align: right;">136 <a href="#i439">{186}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Gowanus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i338c">90</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Greenwich Village </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i255c">17</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hackingsack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i352d">104</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hahnakrois </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i431c">177</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hashamomuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i347d">99</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hashdisch </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i390a">140</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Haverstraw </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i372a">124</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hoboken </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i355">107</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hog's Island </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i344a">96</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hohokus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i363c">115</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Honk Falls </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i418b">166</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hoosick River </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i315b">67</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hopcogues </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i333e">85</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Horikans </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i318b">71</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Hudson's River </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i248">12</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Jamaica </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i336a">88</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Jogee Hill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i384a">134</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Jogues (Father) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i248">12,</a> <a href="#i439">185,</a> <a href="#i445">193</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kackkawanick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i302d">54</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kadarode </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i467">209</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kahoes (Kahoos) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i458">200</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kakeout </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i276b">32</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kakiate </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i364e">116</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kanendenra </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i475b">217</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kaniskek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i428b">174</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kapsee (Kapsick) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i255b">17</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Katawamoke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i345a">97</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Katonah (Sachem) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i281f">35</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kaphack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i307c">59</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kaunaumeek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i306g">58</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kau-na-ong-ga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i488">228</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kay-au-do-ros-sa </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i443a">187</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Keessienwey's Hoeck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i429a">175</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Keht-hanne </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i476">218</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kenagtiquak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i306d">58</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kerhonkson </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i414b">162</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Keschsechquereren </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i338a">90</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Keshethton </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i491a">231</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kesieway's Kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i305">57</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Keskeskick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i262">22</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Keskistk-onck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i274b">30</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kestateuw </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i336b">88</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ketchepunak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i333b">85</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kewighec-ack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i273c">29</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kinderhook </td><td style="text-align: right;">54 <a href="#i303">{55}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kingston </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i407b">155</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kiosh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i253c">15</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kiskatom </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i428a">174</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kitchaminch-oke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i330a">82</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kitchiwan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i271d">27</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kit Davit's Kil (Rondout) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i413c">161</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Kittatinny </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i275a">31</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Koghkehaeje (Coxackie) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i430a">176</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Koghsaraga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i443b">188</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Koxing Kil </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i420f">168</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Lackawack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i419a">167</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Lake Champlain </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i320">72</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Lake George </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i319">71</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Lake Tear-of-the-clouds </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i439">185</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Little Falls </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i475d">217</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Longhouse Creek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i387c">137</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Machackoesk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i306e">58</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Machawameck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i429b">175</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Magaat-Ramis </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i402">152</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Magatsoot </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i480c">222</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Magdalen Island </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i294d">46</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Maggeanapogh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i401">151</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Maghagh-kamieck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i481">223</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Magopson </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i277e">33</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Magow-asingh-inck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i416">164</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Maharness </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i281c">35</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mahask-ak-ook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i301b">52</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mahequa </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i370b">122</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mahopack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i282c">36</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mahway </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i360c">112</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mainaitanung </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i361a">113</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mamakating </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i487c">227</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mamaroneck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i278c">34</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manah-ackaquasu-wanock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i349a">101</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manahan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i377a">127</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manahawaghin </td><td style="text-align: right;">106 <a href="#i374c">{126}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manhaset </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i343b">95</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manhattan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i251a">13</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mananosick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i297c">49</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manette </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i339b">91</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manises </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i349b">101</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mannhon-ake </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i348d">100</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mannepies </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i265a">23</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manowtassquott </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i347g">99</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manuketesuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i281a">35</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Manussing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i278b">34</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Marechkawick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i339a">91</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Maretange Pond </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i395">145</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Marsep-inck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i341b">93</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Maschabeneer </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i394c">144</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Maskahn-ong </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i335a">87</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Maskutch-oung </td><td style="text-align: right;">84 <a href="#i334b">{86}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Massaback </td><td style="text-align: right;">85 <a href="#i332b">{84}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Massape-age </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i333f">85</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Masseks (Maskeks) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i394c">144</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mas-seps </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i334a">86</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Masspootapaug </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i347f">99</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mastic </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i327a">79</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mathahenaak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i434b">180</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Matinnec-ock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i343c">95</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Matouwackey (L. I.) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i321">73</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mattachonts </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i420b">168</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mattapan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i292b">44</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Matteawan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i283a">37</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mattituck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i332c">84</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mawe-nawas-igh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i284b">38</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mawichnauk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i301d">53</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mawighanuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i301d">58</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mawignack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i425b">171</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mattasink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i368a">120</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Meenahga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i490b">230</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Meghkak-assin </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i266a">24</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Menagnock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i480a">222</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Menagh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i273e">29</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Menisak-congue </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i370a">122</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Memanusack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i342d">94</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Memorasink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i393a">143</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Merick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i335b">87</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mespaechtes </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i342f">94</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Metambeson </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i294a">46</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Minasser-oke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i329a">81</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mingapochka </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i490a">230</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Minnahan-ock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i255a">17</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Minnepaug </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i347e">99</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Minnischtan-ock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i302c">54</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Minnissingh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i293a">45</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Minnisais </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i253b">15</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Minisink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i478">220</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mistucky </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i383b">133</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mochgonneck-onck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i326a">78</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mochquams </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i277d">33</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mogongh-kamigh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i306c">58</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Moggonck (Maggonck) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i398d">148</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Moharsic </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i281b">35</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mohawk River </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">189</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mohawk Castles </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">191,</a> <a href="#i468">211</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mombackus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i421b">169</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mombasha </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i364b">116</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Monachnong </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i254b">16</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Monatun </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i254a">16</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Monemius Island </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i434d">180</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mongaup </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i490a">230</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Monhagen </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i387b">137</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Monowautuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i328c">80</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Monsey </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i360b">112</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Montauk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i323">75</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Mopochock </td><td style="text-align: right;">169 <a href="#i419d">{167}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Moriches </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i329d">81</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Muchito </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i344c">96</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Muhheakun'nuk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i247">11</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Murderer's Creek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i380b">130</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Muscota </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i257b">19</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Much-Hattoes </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i379">129</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nachaquatuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i345b">97</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nachawakkano </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i301c">53</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nachtenack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i434a">180</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nahtonk (Recktauck) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i256">18</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Namaus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i329d">81</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Namenock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i480b">222</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Namke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i333d">85</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nanichiestawack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i281d">35</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nannakans </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i272c">28</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nanapenahaken </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i297d">49</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nanoseck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i413a">161</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Napanoch </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i419b">167</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Napeak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i324">76</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Narranshaw </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i364d">116</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Narratschoan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#errata">Errata</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Narrioch </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i338b">90</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Navers-ing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i420a">165</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Navish </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i272b">28</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nawas-ink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i372b">124</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nepeneck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i482a">224</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nepah-komuk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i265c">23</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Neperah (Nipproha) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i265b">23</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nepestek-oak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i431e">177</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nescotack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i393b">143</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Neversink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i350a">102,</a> <a href="#i486a">226</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Neweskake </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i432a">178</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Newburgh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i378">128</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Niamug (Niamuck) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i330b">82</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>New Fort </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i392">142</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nickankook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i297a">49</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Niskayune </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i459b">201</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nissequague </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i341a">93</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Norman's Kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i433">179</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Norumbega </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i432b">179</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nowadaga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i473c">215</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Nyack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i340c">92,</a> <a href="#i368b">120</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ochabacowesuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i348a">100</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ochmoach{k}-ing </td><td style="text-align: right;">165 <a href="#i420d">{168}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Oghrackee </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i468">210</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Oi-o-gue </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i248">12,</a> 189 <a href="#i439">{185}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Old Fort </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i414b">164</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Onekee-dsi-enos </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i464">206</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Onekagoncka </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">191</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Oneyagine </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i475a">217</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Oniskethau </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i431b">177</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Onuntadass </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i465a">207</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Orange </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i351">103</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Oscawanna </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i268b">26</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Osquage (Ohquage) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i473b">215</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ossangwack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i407a">155</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Osserrion </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">191</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Osseruenon </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">191</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pachonahellick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i432b">178</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pachquyak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i427a">173</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pagganck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i253a">15</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pahhaoke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i315a">67</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Palmagat </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i398c">148</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pamerpock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i363b">115</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Panhoosick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i315b">67</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Paanpaach (Troy) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i311a">63</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Papinemen </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i257c">19</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Paquapick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i359d">111</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pasgatikook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i426a">172</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Paskaecq </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i427b">173</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Passaic </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i359c">111</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Passapenoc </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i309d">61</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Patchogue </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i329b">81</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pattkoke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i303">55</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Peakadasank </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i396">146</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Peconic </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i331c">83</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Peekskill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i274c">30</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Peenpack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i485a">225</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Peningo </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i277b">33</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Peppineghek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i273b">29</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pequaock (Oyster Bay) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i346c">98</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pequannock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i359e">111</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Peram-sepus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i360a">112</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Perth Amboy </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i350b">102</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Petuckqua-paug </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i281e">35</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Petuckqua-paen </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i310a">62</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pietawickqu-assick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i287b">41</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pishgachtigok </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i288c">42</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Piskawn </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i311b">63</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pitkiskaker </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i395">145</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pocanteco </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i267">25</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pochuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i383c">133</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pockotessewacke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i278e">34</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Podunk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i317c">69</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Poesten Kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i310b">62</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pollepel Eiland </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i377b">127</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pompoenick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i306a">58</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Pompton </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i361b">113</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ponkhockie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i409">157</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Poosepatuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i327b">79</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Poplopen's Creek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i373b">125</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Poquatuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i327d">79</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Potic </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i427d">173</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Potunk (L. I.) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i348c">100</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Poughkeepsie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i291c">43</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Poughquag </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i287a">41</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Preumaker's Land </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i413c">161</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Primary Explanations </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i239">3</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Prince's Falls </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i374b">126</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quachanock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i426c">172</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quahemiscos </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i434c">180</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quantuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i335c">87</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quaquarion </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i463">205</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quarepogat </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i288b">42</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quarepos </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i277a">33</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quaspeck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i369b">121</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quassaick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i378">128</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quatackqua-ohe </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i317d">69</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quatawichnack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i425a">171</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quauntowunk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i326b">78</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quequick </td><td style="text-align: right;">65 <a href="#i314">{66}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quinnehung </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i275c">31</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quissichkook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i302e">54</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Quogue </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i335d">87</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ramapo </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i362">114</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Rapahamuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i342c">94</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Rappoos </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i403">153</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Raritangs </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i350c">102</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Reckgawank </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i372a">124</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Rechqua-akie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i335e">87</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Rennaquak-onck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i340a">92</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Rockaway </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i335e">87</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Roelof Jansen's Kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i295a">47</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ronkonkoma </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i348b">100</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Runboldt's Run </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i383a">133</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sachus (Sachoes) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i274c">30</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sacondaga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i438a">184</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sacrahung </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i275b">31</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sacut </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i336c">88</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sagabon-ock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i333a">85</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sag-Harbor </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i333a">85</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Saghtekoos </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i331a">83</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sahkaqua </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i302b">54</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sam's Point </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i395">146</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sanckhaick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i313c">65</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sankagag </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i431d">177</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sankapogh </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i373a">125</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Saponickan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i255c">17</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Saratoga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i434e">180</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Saaskahampka </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i297b">49</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Saugerties </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i414a">162</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Saukhenak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i295a">47</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Schaghticoke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i313d">65</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Schakaec-kemick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i486e">226</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Scharon (Schroon) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i438b">184</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Schenectady </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i460">202</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Schodac </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i307e">59</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Schoharie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i465b">207</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Schunnemunk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i381">131</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Scompamuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i307a">59</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Senasqua </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i273a">29</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Senatsycrossy </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i470">212</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Seneyaughquan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i486b">226</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shannondhoi </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i462">204</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shandaken </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i421a">169</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shappequa </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i276c">32</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shaupook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i301e">53</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shawanoesberg </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i489a">229</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shawangunk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i390c">140</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>She'kom'eko </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i288c">42</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shenandoah </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i291a">43</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sheepshack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i311c">63</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shildrake </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i271a">27</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shinnec'ock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i325c">77</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shokan </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i420e">165</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Shorakkapoch </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i261b">21</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sickajoock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i309b">61</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sickenekas </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i309a">61</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sicktew-hacky </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i330c">82</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Siesk-assin </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i430c">176</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sing-Sing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i271b">27</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Siskakes </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i359b">111</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sint-Sink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i343a">95</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Skoonnenoghky </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i371">123</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sleepy Hollow </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i267">26</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sohanidisse </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i473a">215</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sokapach </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i485c">225</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>So'was'set </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i347b">99</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Speonk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i327c">79</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Spuyten Duyvil </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i261a">21</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Stighcook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i430b">176</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Stissing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i291b">43</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Stoney Point </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i371">123</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Succabonk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i282a">36</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Succasunna </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i352a">104</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sugar-Loaf </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i382b">132</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Suggamuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i342b">94</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Sunquams </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i332a">84</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Taghkanick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i300">52</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tammoesis </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i273f">29</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tauquashqueick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i294d">46</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tappans </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i365c">117</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tawalsentha </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i251b">13,</a> <a href="#i433">179</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tawarataque </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i404">154</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tehannek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i485b">225</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tenotoge (Tenotehage) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i473d">215</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tenkenas </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i253d">15</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tete-achkie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i426b">172</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ticonderoga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i319">71</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Ti-oneenda-howe </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i315b">69</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tionondar-aga </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i466">208</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Titicus </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i272a">28</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tomhenack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i313a">65</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Torne </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i365a">117</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tri-States Rock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i482a">224</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tuckahoe </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i271c">27,</a> <a href="#i332e">84</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tuxedo </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i364a">116</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Twastawekah </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i302a">54</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Twischsawkin </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i390b">140</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Tyoshoke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i313b">65</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Unsheamuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i342a">94</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Valatie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i307d">59</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Van Curler's Journal </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i445">193,</a> <a href="#i445">194</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Vastrix Island </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i295b">48</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Verkerde Kill </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i396">147</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wachanekassick </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i295b">47</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Waichachkeekok </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i426e">172</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wading River </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i346c">98</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wahamanesing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i285">39</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wallabout Bay </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i339a">91</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wallam </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i287c">41</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wallumsch-ack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i312">64</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Walpack </td><td style="text-align: right;">228 <a href="#i487b">{227}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wanaksink </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i394b">144</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wapemwatsjo </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i306f">58</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wappingers' Creek </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i285">39</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Waragh-kameck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i294b">46</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Waranawonkongs </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i407c">155</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Waranecks </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i284a">38</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Waronawanka </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i407c">155</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Warpoes </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i257a">19</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wassahawassing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i419c">167</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wassaic </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i287c">41</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Watchunk </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i352c">104</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wathoiack </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i459a">201</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Waumaniuck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i278d">34</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wawanaquasik </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i298">50</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wawarasinke </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i418a">166</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wawayanda </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i384b">134</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Waweiantepakook </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i427f">173</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wawyacbtanock </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i293c">45</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wechquadnach </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i288c">42</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wehawken </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i357">109</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wehtak </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i288c">42</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Weputing </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i288a">42</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Weque-hackhe </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i282b">36</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wesegrorap </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i364c">116</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Whalefish Island </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i311c">63</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wicopee </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i282e">36</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wickaposset </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i347c">99</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wichquapakat </td><td style="text-align: right;">52 <a href="#i301a">{53}</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wichquaskeck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i266b">24</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wickqu-atenn-honck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i394a">144</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wieskottine </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i422a">170</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wildmeet </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i413b">161</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wihlahoosa </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i487a">227</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wildwijk (Wiltwyck) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i412">160</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Winegtekonck </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i382a">132</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wishauwemis </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i393c">143</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Woerawin </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i387a">137</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wompenanit </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i322">74</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wopowag </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i347a">99</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wyandanch (Sachem) </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i326b">79</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wynokie </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i363a">115</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Wynogkee </td><td style="text-align: right;">41 <a href="#i292a">{44}</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td style="text-align: right;"></td></tr> - <tr><td>Yaphank </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i328b">80</a></td></tr> - <tr><td>Yonkers </td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#i265b">23</a></td></tr> -</table> -<br><br><br> - - - <h1 class="direct" style="page-break-before: always;"><a id="errata">ERRATA.</a></h1> -<br> - - -<p>Through an oversight in revising manuscript written several years ago, -<i>Narratschoan</i> (page 121) was assigned to the Verdrietig Hoek Mountain. -It should have been assigned to Butter Hill, and <i>Klinkersberg</i> should -have been assigned to the Donderberg. <i>Klinkers</i> is from Dutch <i>Klinken,</i> -"To sound, to resound." It describes, with the suffix <i>-berg,</i> a hard -stone mountain or hill that resounds or echoes—Echo Hill. <i>Narratschoan,</i> -the name of Butter Hill, is from <i>Nâï,</i> "It is angular, it -corners"—"having corners or angles." (Trumbull.) The letters <i>-atscho</i> -stand for <i>-achtschu,</i> Zeisb., <i>-adchu,</i> Natick, "Hill or mountain," and -<i>-an</i> is the formative. The combination may be read, "A hill that forms -an angle or corner." To recover the Indian name of Butter Hill compensates -in some degree for oversight referred to.</p> - -<p>Brodhead (Hist. N. Y., i, 757, note), it will be seen by those who will -examine, made the same mistake in locating <i>Klinkersberg</i> that is referred -to above. The "Vischer's Rack" or "Fisherman's Bend" was clearly the bend -around West Point. The Donderberg, or Klinkersberg is the elevation -immediately north of Stony Point.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Footprints of the Redmen, by E. M. 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