NormalizeHEADmain

13 files changed, 17 insertions, 1860 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12a5799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #51089 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51089)
diff --git a/old/51089-0.txt b/old/51089-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index d2b88c9..0000000
--- a/old/51089-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,793 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Did Betsy Ross Design the Flag of the
-United States of America?, by Franklin Hanford
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: Did Betsy Ross Design the Flag of the United States of America?
-       Publication of the Scottsville Literary Society
-
-Author: Franklin Hanford
-
-Release Date: January 31, 2016 [EBook #51089]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DID BETSY ROSS DESIGN THE FLAG ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Emmy, MWS and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-[Transcriber's Note: Bold text is surrounded by =equal signs.=]
-
-
-    PUBLICATIONS
-
-    OF THE
-
-    SCOTTSVILLE LITERARY SOCIETY,
-
-    No. 7.
-
-    DID BETSEY ROSS DESIGN
-
-    THE FLAG OF THE
-
-    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA?
-
-    By Franklin Hanford.
-
-    SCOTTSVILLE, N. Y.
-
-    ISAAC VAN HOOSER. PRINTER.
-
-    1917.
-
-
-
-
-DID BETSY ROSS DESIGN THE FLAG OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA?
-
-By Franklin Hanford.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-A paper read before the Scottsville Literary Society, January 22, 1917.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-On Saturday, the fourteenth of June, 1777, the Continental Congress,
-then in session in Philadelphia, adopted a resolution which reads as
-follows: “Resolved, that the flag of the thirteen United States be
-thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union be thirteen
-stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.”
-
-“The Journal of Congress is silent as to the name of the member or
-committee that introduced this resolution and neither is there any
-record of the discussions that may have preceded the adoption of our
-national emblem.” “It is a matter of great regret that no record of
-the circumstances attending the birth of the Stars and Stripes has
-ever been found,” for we should like to know who designed our present
-flag, and also, though a matter of less interest, who made, that is
-manufactured, the first one.
-
-Some years ago I happened to see upon the wall at Mrs. Emma H. Miller’s
-house in Scottsville, a very attractive picture in colors. This picture
-represented General Washington seated on the left and Robert Morris and
-the Hon. George Ross standing near him, while, seated on the right, was
-Betsey Ross with a =completed= flag of thirteen stripes, and thirteen
-stars in a blue field, in her lap. “C. H. Weisberger, Copyright 1903,”
-was inscribed near the bottom of the picture. Underneath it was this
-legend; “Birth of our nation’s flag. The first American flag accepted
-by Congress and adopted by resolution of Congress June 14, 1777, as the
-national standard, was made by Betsey Ross, in 1776 at 239 Arch Street,
-Philadelphia, in the room represented in this picture. The Committee,
-Robert Morris and Hon. George Ross, accompanied by General George
-Washington, called upon this celebrated woman and together with her
-suggestions, produced our beautiful emblem of liberty.”
-
-The legend under this picture led me to make some inquiries as to
-Betsey Ross. Who was she? And did she assist in designing and did she
-make the first flag or ensign of the United States of America? If not
-Betsey Ross, who did design and make it? Endeavoring to answer these
-questions, I have consulted some thirteen works relating wholly or in
-part to the flag of the United States. A list of them is appended to
-this paper.
-
-Betsey or Elizabeth Griscom was the fifth daughter of Samuel and
-Rebecca (James) Griscom and was born January 1, 1752. She was
-married when quite young to John Ross, son of the Reverend Aeneas
-Ross, an Episcopal clergyman of Newcastle, Delaware, whose brother,
-the Hon. George Ross, became one of the signers of the Declaration
-of Independence. George Ross was interested in the furnishing of
-cannon-balls, with perhaps other military stores for the Colonial
-defence, and it was while on guard at night over these, with other
-young men, that the nephew, John Ross, Betsey’s first husband, received
-an injury from the effects of which he died in January, 1776.
-
-It was during her widowhood that Betsey Ross is said to have made
-the first Stars and Stripes. For a second husband she married a
-sea-captain, John or Joseph Ashburne, who died in Mill Prison, England,
-in 1782. The following year, she married Ashburne’s prison-mate, John
-Claypoole, who died in 1817.
-
-Betsey Ross died in her daughter’s home in Philadelphia January
-30, 1836, aged eighty-four. She was buried in the Cemetery of the
-Society of Free Quakers on South Fifth Street, from which place her
-remains were transferred in 1857 to Mount Moriah Cemetery. Four of
-her daughters grew up and married. Betsey Ross’ first husband was
-an upholsterer. She continued his business and for fifty years was
-an expert needlewoman, lace-maker and flag-maker. After her death,
-Mrs. Clarissa Wilson, one of her daughters, succeeded to the business
-and continued to make flags for the arsenals and navy-yards and for
-the mercantile marine for many years. But being conscientious on
-the subject of war, Mrs. Wilson gave up the Government business but
-continued to make flags for the merchant marine until 1857.
-
-The earliest “History of the National Flag,” of which I have knowledge,
-was written by Captain Schuyler Hamilton, U. S. Army, and published at
-Philadelphia in 1853, sixty-four years ago. Captain Hamilton makes no
-mention of Betsey Ross, and does not give to any one person or group of
-persons the honor of designing our flag.
-
-The next “History of Our Flag” was written by Ferdinand L. Sarmiento
-and published in 1864, during the Civil War, at Philadelphia.
-Sarmiento, like Captain Hamilton, does not mention Betsey Ross and
-does not credit the origin of our flag to any one person or to any
-committee, or group of persons, but considers honor due to many
-individuals who assisted, more or less, in the =development= of our
-flag.
-
-So far as I can learn, no mention of Mrs. Ross occurs in any history
-of our country or in any of the many biographies of Washington, prior
-to 1870, ninety-three years after the flag was adopted. In that year,
-however, “Mr. Wm. J. Canby of Philadelphia, read before the Historical
-Society of Pennsylvania, a paper on the history of the American flag,
-in which he stated that his maternal grandmother, Mrs. John Ross,
-was the first maker and partial designer of the Stars and Stripes.”
-Mr. Canby said that Mrs. Ross received a call in June, 1776, from
-General Washington, Col. George Ross, and Robert Morris, who told her
-they were a Committee of Congress and wanted her to make a flag from
-a rough drawing they had, which drawing, upon her suggestion, was
-redrawn by Washington in pencil. This was prior to the Declaration of
-Independence. Mr. Canby claimed that he had heard his grandmother tell
-the story when he was a boy eleven years old, and that three of Mrs.
-Ross’ daughters then living in 1870 and a niece, aged ninety-five,
-confirmed his statements.
-
-In the picture I have referred to, Mrs. Ross is represented as having a
-=completed= Stars and Stripes in her lap, although, at the time of the
-visit of the Committee to her, according to Mr. Canby’s statement, the
-flag had not even been designed or manufactured.
-
-The best and most complete “History of the Flag of the U. S. of
-America” was written by Rear Admiral George H. Preble, U. S. Navy. The
-first edition was published in 1872 and the second, revised, edition,
-in 1880. Rear-Admiral Preble gives Mr. Canby’s story about Mrs. Ross
-in full, and he considers it probable that Mrs. Ross did manufacture
-or have manufactured at different times flags of the United States of
-various designs. His conclusion, however, is that “it will probably
-never be known who designed our union of stars, the records of Congress
-being silent on the subject and there being no mention or suggestion
-of it in any of the voluminous correspondence or diaries of the time,
-public or private, which have ever been published.”
-
-In 1878, a ridiculous pamphlet was published, entitled “The History of
-the First United States Flag and the Patriotism of Betsey Ross, the
-Immortal Heroine that Originated the First Flag of the Union. Dedicated
-to the Ladies of the United States by Col. J. Franklin Reigart.” This
-was published at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
-
-In Reigart’s book, the claim is made that Mrs. Ross “=originated=”
-our flag. Mr. Canby, Mrs. Ross’ grandson, had claimed only that she
-=manufactured= it and that she suggested some changes in the sketch
-shown her by the committee. In Reigart’s book there is a pretended
-portrait of Betsey Ross making the first flag. This was really the
-portrait of a Quaker lady of Lancaster and was taken from a photograph.
-Mr. Canby repudiated Reigart’s book and said he did not correctly
-present his grandmother or her claim.
-
-In 1876 Mr. J. C. Julius Langbein wrote a small history of our flag and
-he accepts Mr. Canby’s account of Mrs. Ross making the first flag and
-suggesting some change in the original design.
-
-Learning that a book entitled “Betsey Ross” had been published in
-1901, I procured a copy thinking it biographical or historical but it
-proved to be a romance, pure and simple, woven about Mrs. Ross who is
-represented as the heroine of her day and the principal designer of the
-flag.
-
-Since 1891, several small works on the flag have been published,
-written by members of the Daughters of the American Revolution and
-dedicated to that organization. In those works great honor is given
-Mrs. Ross, indeed, the members of the D. A. R. as a whole, seem to
-have accepted Mr. Canby’s story as beyond dispute.
-
-In 1908, Mr. John H. Fow published at Philadelphia a book of fifty-four
-pages entitled “The True Story of the American Flag.” Mr. Fow devotes
-considerable space to the claims made for Mrs. Ross and considers them
-without any documentary or record proof. He says, “If Mrs. Ross made
-a flag in an Arch Street house as claimed, it was made after a design
-that had been conceived and born somewhere else, and her contribution
-was no more than the labor that is given by any girl or woman in a
-flag manufactory. Even according to the paper which was read (by Mr.
-Canby) before the (Historical) Society in 1870, it is admitted that a
-design made by someone else was taken to her but that she made some
-changes in it. Now,” says Mr. Fow, “that is all there is in the Betsey
-Ross claim. Yet the growing youths of the nation are being misled and
-taught an historical untruth.” Mr. Fow also says that the Canby claim
-“is practically charging Washington and the rest of the Committee with
-seeking to establish and set up in June, 1776, a national ensign
-before we had declared ourselves a free people on July 4, of the same
-year, and without any delegated authority to do so, the record of
-Congress being silent on the subject.”
-
-I will not quote further from Mr. Fow’s book, as to do so would
-unduly lengthen this paper, but the book itself can be found in the
-Scottsville Free Library.
-
-I have lately found in the “Manual of Patriotism for Use in the Public
-Schools of the State of New York, Edition of 1904, Compiled, Arranged
-and Edited under direction of Charles R. Skinner, State Superintendent
-of Public Instruction” the following in relation to the origin of our
-flag, “A Committee of Congress accompanied by Washington sought out the
-home and services of Mrs. Elizabeth Ross of Philadelphia—better known
-as Betsey Ross—to aid them in the flag-making. Her skillful hands and
-willing heart soon worked out a plan and gave to this country that
-red, white and blue banner which is the admiration of all nations and
-the unfailing joy of every true American.” All of which is a very fine
-example of what may be called “patriotic gush.”
-
-Here you observe that Mr. Skinner gives Mrs. Ross =all= the credit for
-working out and giving us the flag. As it seemed to me that that sort
-of history and patriotism is all wrong and as there is, I believe,
-no warrant for that statement, I wrote on September 16, 1916, to the
-State Superintendent of Public Instruction at Albany, and asked to
-be furnished with the authority upon which that statement was based.
-A reply came very promptly signed “Wilmer L. Hall, Sub-librarian in
-history,” to whom my letter had been referred for reply. Mr. Hall says,
-“The statement you quote =may= be based upon one or more of the several
-histories of the American Flag. See for example; Peleg D. Harrison, The
-Stars and Stripes, 5th edition, 1914., and C. W. Stewart, The Stars and
-Stripes, 1915. These accounts do not assert that Betsey Ross originated
-the American flag but allow her the credit of making the first one.
-=It is said= that Congress appointed a Committee consisting of General
-Washington, Col. George Ross and Robert Morris, who called upon Mrs.
-Ross and submitted to her a rough drawing of the flag. As the American
-flag is a growth rather than a creation, its exact origin is not
-determined; =nor is the date of the manufacture= of the first one by
-Mrs. Ross and the date of its first use matters of exact knowledge.”
-
-Upon examining the two works referred to by Mr. Hall, I find that Mr.
-Harrison says that “the credit of making the first flag combining the
-Stars and Stripes is =generally given= to Mrs. Betsey Ross, and the
-story of its making is somewhat familiar to all.” Then Mr. Harrison
-goes on to give Mr. Canby’s account of what his grandmother told him.
-
-Mr. Stewart in his book says, “=Tradition tells us= that Mrs. Elizabeth
-Ross, known as Betsey Ross, of Philadelphia, constructed the first
-Stars and Stripes flag. Though we have no official record of the making
-of this first United States flag, the accounts given by Betsey Ross’
-relatives are =generally= accepted.”
-
-I will here call attention to the use by Mr. Hall, Mr. Harrison,
-Mr. Stewart, and other writers of such expressions as “It is said,”
-“Tradition tells us,” “It is believed,” “Credit is generally given,”
-and so forth and so forth. These expressions are to history what the
-expression “they say” in common gossip or talk is to the truth, and are
-worth just as much. The fact that a thing is =generally believed= does
-not make it true.
-
-Sometime after the receipt of the foregoing letter from Mr. Hall, I
-wrote him suggesting that the account given on page 5 of the “Manual of
-Patriotism” previously quoted, be corrected to agree with the facts.
-
-It will be noted from the above correspondence that the State
-Department of Public Instruction does not now assert, as it did in
-1904, that Betsey Ross =originated= the design of the flag for the
-United States.
-
-What became of the flag that Betsey Ross is said to have made in June,
-1776? In all the engagements that took place between the American and
-British troops from June, 1776, to August, 1777, there is no record
-in existence, public or private, that the flag claimed to have been
-designed by Mrs. Ross in June, 1776, was carried.
-
-The first time that the Stars and Stripes was carried by American
-troops was at the battle of the Brandywine, September, 1777.
-
-The Annals of the American Congress do not say that any Committee
-was appointed to design the flag. Washington made no note of a visit
-to Mrs. Ross’ house, although he was a voluminous letter-writer and
-kept most detailed diaries, and his writings do not contain a word
-that suggests when the first United States flag was made or designed.
-Neither do any of the distinguished historians of the Revolutionary
-period give us light on this question. Newspapers of Philadelphia,
-issued at that time, did not chronicle any portion of the story as told
-by Mr. Canby ninety-three years after the flag was adopted by Congress.
-Mrs. Ross did make =State= colors for vessels and batteries prior to
-June 14, 1777, but it was not until after the Stars and Stripes were
-ordained that she became a Government flag-maker.
-
-The Betsey Ross legend has grown up since 1870 entirely from her
-grandson’s statement as to what he and other descendants had heard her
-say. This legend is now generally believed and taught in our schools as
-history.
-
-The people of our country are very apt at setting up idols of one
-kind or another and at manufacturing heros and heroines. That Betsey
-Ross was a good woman, and an industrious and competent seamstress is
-entirely probable. That she was brave, we may believe,—she married
-three husbands!! At all events, we have now Betsey Ross Chapters,
-Betsey Ross Auxiliaries, and Betsey Ross this, that, and the other.
-And her former home at 239 Arch Street in Philadelphia has been bought
-and is preserved by the “American Flag House and Betsey Ross Memorial
-Association.” And a large sign across the front reads, “Birthplace of
-Old Glory.”
-
-Now with your permission, I will give my own conclusions on the
-subject. The evidence that General Washington, Robert Morris and
-Colonel George Ross called upon Mrs. Ross in June, 1776, and asked her
-to make a flag from a sketch which they showed her, that Mrs. Ross
-suggested alterations in the design, which the Committee accepted, and
-that she made a flag from the modified design which flag was a year
-later adopted by Congress as our national ensign, is entirely =heresay=
-evidence. It is based solely on statements by Betsey Ross’ descendants
-as to what they =heard= her say. This evidence, I think, would not be
-accepted in a court of law, and therefore it is not proved that Mrs.
-Ross either designed or manufactured our first flag.
-
-I read a portion of this paper on June 14, 1912, before the Caledonia
-chapter of the D. A. R. and asked them this question, Would you admit
-to membership in your society a person whose sole claim to membership
-was based on what she had heard her grandmother say? The unanimous
-reply was that they could not admit such a claimant.
-
-Possibly there may be some better evidence than I have been able to
-find to substantiate the claims made for Betsey Ross; but until such
-evidence is produced, then the people of our country should be taught
-the facts of the case and not a legend as a fact.
-
-The answer, then, to the question propounded at the beginning of this
-paper is, that Betsey Ross did not design the flag of the United States
-of America.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-BIBLIOGRAPHY.
-
-Did Betsey Ross Design the Flag of the United States of America?
-
-
-  =Bowson, Elizabeth M. (Mrs. Henry S.)=
-    Our Flag, Its History and What It Stands For                     1908
-
-  =Champion, Sarah E.=
-    Our Flag, Its History and Changes from 1607 to 1910              1910
-
-  =Fow, John H.=
-    The True Story of the American Flag                              1908
-
-  =Hamilton, Schuyler=
-    History of the National Flag of the United States of America     1852
-
-  =Hamilton, Schuyler=
-    Our National Flag: The Stars and Stripes                         1877
-
-  =Harrison, Peleg D.=
-    The Stars and Stripes                                            1914
-
-  =Hotchkiss, Chauncey C.=
-    Betsey Ross A Romance of the Flag                                1901
-
-  =Langbein, J. C. Julius=
-    The American Flag Its Origin and History                         1876
-
-  =Preble, George Henry Rear-Admiral, U. S. Navy=
-    History of the Flag of the United States of America  1st edition 1872
-                                                         2nd edition 1880
-
-  =Prescott, B. F.=
-    The Stars and Stripes                                            1876
-
-  =Sarmiento, Ferdinand L.=
-    The History of Our Flag                                          1864
-
-  =Smith, Col. Nicholas=
-    Our Nation’s Flag                                    2nd edition 1908
-
-  =Stewart, Charles W.=
-    The Stars and Stripes                                            1915
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-Transcriber’s Note: Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Did Betsy Ross Design the Flag of the
-United States of America?, by Franklin Hanford
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DID BETSY ROSS DESIGN THE FLAG ***
-
-***** This file should be named 51089-0.txt or 51089-0.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/8/51089/
-
-Produced by Emmy, MWS and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/51089-0.zip b/old/51089-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e0fd1f..0000000
--- a/old/51089-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/51089-h.zip b/old/51089-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index e5896c2..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/51089-h/51089-h.htm b/old/51089-h/51089-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f9a12c..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h/51089-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1067 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-    <title>
-      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Did Betsey Ross Design the Flag of the United States of America?, by Franklin Hanford.
-    </title>
-    <style type="text/css">
-
-body {
-    margin-left: 10%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-    h1,h2 {
-    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
-    clear: both;
-}
-    .faux {
-      font-size: 0.5em;  /*this font size could be anything */
-      visibility: hidden;}
-
-p {
-    margin-top: .75em;
-       text-align: justify;
-       text-indent: 1.25em;
-       margin-bottom: .75em;
-}
-
-
-     .maintitle  {font-size: 200%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent: 0;}
-     .author   {font-size: 120%; text-align: center;  text-indent: 0;}
-     div.chapter {page-break-before: always;}
-
-
-   img {border: 0;}
-    .tnote      {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em;
-                  padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;  text-indent: 0; text-align: center;}
-
-
-hr {
-    width: 33%;
-    margin-top: 1em;
-    margin-bottom: 1em;
-    margin-left: auto;
-    margin-right: auto;
-    clear: both;
-}
-
-hr.chap {width: 65%}
-hr.full {width: 95%;}
-
-
-table {
-    margin-left: auto;
-    margin-right: auto;
-}
-
-.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
-    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
-    position: absolute;
-    left: 92%;
-    font-size: smaller;
-    text-align: right;
-    font-style: normal;
- text-indent: 0;} /* page numbers */
-
-.center   {text-align: center;  text-indent: 0;}
-
-.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
-
-/* Images */
-.figcenter   {
-    margin: auto;
-    text-align: center;
-}
-
-
-@media handheld
-{
-  .chapter
-  {
-    page-break-before: always;
-  }
-
-  h2.no-break
-  {
-    page-break-before: avoid;
-    padding-top: 0;
-  }
-
-}
-
-
-    </style>
-  </head>
-<body>
-
-
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Did Betsy Ross Design the Flag of the
-United States of America?, by Franklin Hanford
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: Did Betsy Ross Design the Flag of the United States of America?
-       Publication of the Scottsville Literary Society
-
-Author: Franklin Hanford
-
-Release Date: January 31, 2016 [EBook #51089]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DID BETSY ROSS DESIGN THE FLAG ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Emmy, MWS and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-<h1 class="faux">Did Betsey Ross Design the Flag of the United States of America?</h1>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 513px;">
-<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="513" height="800" alt="Cover" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="center">
-PUBLICATIONS<br />
-<br />
-OF THE<br />
-<br />
-<b>SCOTTSVILLE LITERARY SOCIETY,</b><br />
-<br />
-No. 7.<br /></div>
-<div class="maintitle"><br />
-DID BETSEY ROSS DESIGN<br />
-<br />
-<small>THE FLAG OF THE</small><br />
-<br />
-UNITED STATES OF AMERICA?</div>
-<div class="center"><br />
-<span class="author">By Franklin Hanford.</span><br />
-<br />
-<b>SCOTTSVILLE, N. Y.</b><br />
-<br />
-<small><span class="smcap">Isaac Van Hooser. Printer.</span></small><br />
-<br />
-1917.<br />
-</div>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;">
-<img src="images/author_s_gift.jpg" width="368" height="500" alt="author's gift to Library of Congress: Handwritten: For the Library of Congress from Franklin Hanover, Scottsville NY, March 16, 1917 This copy is No. 71" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2>DID BETSY ROSS DESIGN<br />
-THE FLAG OF THE<br />
-UNITED STATES OF AMERICA?</h2>
-
-<div class="center">By Franklin Hanford.</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 82px;">
-<img src="images/deco-1.jpg" width="82" height="14" alt="decoration" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="center">A paper read before the Scottsville Literary
-Society, January 22, 1917.</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 82px;">
-<img src="images/deco-2.jpg" width="82" height="15" alt="decoration" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p>On Saturday, the fourteenth of June, 1777, the
-Continental Congress, then in session in Philadelphia,
-adopted a resolution which reads as follows:
-“Resolved, that the flag of the thirteen United
-States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white;
-that the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue
-field, representing a new constellation.”</p>
-
-<p>“The Journal of Congress is silent as to the
-name of the member or committee that introduced
-this resolution and neither is there any record of
-the discussions that may have preceded the adoption
-of our national emblem.” “It is a matter of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
-great regret that no record of the circumstances
-attending the birth of the Stars and Stripes has
-ever been found,” for we should like to know who
-designed our present flag, and also, though a matter
-of less interest, who made, that is manufactured,
-the first one.</p>
-
-<p>Some years ago I happened to see upon the wall
-at Mrs. Emma H. Miller’s house in Scottsville, a
-very attractive picture in colors. This picture
-represented General Washington seated on the
-left and Robert Morris and the Hon. George Ross
-standing near him, while, seated on the right, was
-Betsey Ross with a <b>completed</b> flag of thirteen
-stripes, and thirteen stars in a blue field, in her
-lap. “C. H. Weisberger, Copyright 1903,” was inscribed
-near the bottom of the picture. Underneath
-it was this legend; “Birth of our nation’s
-flag. The first American flag accepted by Congress
-and adopted by resolution of Congress June 14,
-1777, as the national standard, was made by Betsey
-Ross, in 1776 at 239 Arch Street, Philadelphia, in
-the room represented in this picture. The Committee,
-Robert Morris and Hon. George Ross, accompanied
-by General George Washington, called
-upon this celebrated woman and together with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
-her suggestions, produced our beautiful emblem
-of liberty.”</p>
-
-<p>The legend under this picture led me to make
-some inquiries as to Betsey Ross. Who was she?
-And did she assist in designing and did she make
-the first flag or ensign of the United States of
-America? If not Betsey Ross, who did design
-and make it? Endeavoring to answer these
-questions, I have consulted some thirteen works
-relating wholly or in part to the flag of the United
-States. A list of them is appended to this paper.</p>
-
-<p>Betsey or Elizabeth Griscom was the fifth
-daughter of Samuel and Rebecca (James) Griscom
-and was born January 1, 1752. She was married
-when quite young to John Ross, son of the Reverend
-Aeneas Ross, an Episcopal clergyman of Newcastle,
-Delaware, whose brother, the Hon. George
-Ross, became one of the signers of the Declaration
-of Independence. George Ross was interested in
-the furnishing of cannon-balls, with perhaps other
-military stores for the Colonial defence, and it
-was while on guard at night over these, with other
-young men, that the nephew, John Ross, Betsey’s
-first husband, received an injury from the effects<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
-of which he died in January, 1776.</p>
-
-<p>It was during her widowhood that Betsey Ross
-is said to have made the first Stars and Stripes.
-For a second husband she married a sea-captain,
-John or Joseph Ashburne, who died in Mill Prison,
-England, in 1782. The following year, she married
-Ashburne’s prison-mate, John Claypoole, who died
-in 1817.</p>
-
-<p>Betsey Ross died in her daughter’s home in
-Philadelphia January 30, 1836, aged eighty-four.
-She was buried in the Cemetery of the Society of
-Free Quakers on South Fifth Street, from which
-place her remains were transferred in 1857 to
-Mount Moriah Cemetery. Four of her daughters
-grew up and married. Betsey Ross’ first husband
-was an upholsterer. She continued his business
-and for fifty years was an expert needlewoman,
-lace-maker and flag-maker. After her death, Mrs.
-Clarissa Wilson, one of her daughters, succeeded
-to the business and continued to make flags for
-the arsenals and navy-yards and for the mercantile
-marine for many years. But being conscientious
-on the subject of war, Mrs. Wilson gave up the
-Government business but continued to make flags<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
-for the merchant marine until 1857.</p>
-
-<p>The earliest “History of the National Flag,” of
-which I have knowledge, was written by Captain
-Schuyler Hamilton, U. S. Army, and published at
-Philadelphia in 1853, sixty-four years ago. Captain
-Hamilton makes no mention of Betsey Ross, and
-does not give to any one person or group of persons
-the honor of designing our flag.</p>
-
-<p>The next “History of Our Flag” was written
-by Ferdinand L. Sarmiento and published in 1864,
-during the Civil War, at Philadelphia. Sarmiento,
-like Captain Hamilton, does not mention Betsey
-Ross and does not credit the origin of our flag to
-any one person or to any committee, or group of
-persons, but considers honor due to many individuals
-who assisted, more or less, in the
-<b>development</b> of our flag.</p>
-
-<p>So far as I can learn, no mention of Mrs. Ross
-occurs in any history of our country or in any of
-the many biographies of Washington, prior to
-1870, ninety-three years after the flag was adopted.
-In that year, however, “Mr. Wm. J. Canby of
-Philadelphia, read before the Historical Society
-of Pennsylvania, a paper on the history of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
-American flag, in which he stated that his maternal
-grandmother, Mrs. John Ross, was the first
-maker and partial designer of the Stars and
-Stripes.” Mr. Canby said that Mrs. Ross received
-a call in June, 1776, from General Washington,
-Col. George Ross, and Robert Morris, who told
-her they were a Committee of Congress and
-wanted her to make a flag from a rough drawing
-they had, which drawing, upon her suggestion,
-was redrawn by Washington in pencil. This was
-prior to the Declaration of Independence. Mr.
-Canby claimed that he had heard his grandmother
-tell the story when he was a boy eleven years old,
-and that three of Mrs. Ross’ daughters then living
-in 1870 and a niece, aged ninety-five, confirmed
-his statements.</p>
-
-<p>In the picture I have referred to, Mrs. Ross is
-represented as having a <b>completed</b> Stars and
-Stripes in her lap, although, at the time of the
-visit of the Committee to her, according to Mr.
-Canby’s statement, the flag had not even been
-designed or manufactured.</p>
-
-<p>The best and most complete “History of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
-Flag of the U. S. of America” was written by Rear
-Admiral George H. Preble, U. S. Navy. The first
-edition was published in 1872 and the second, revised,
-edition, in 1880. Rear-Admiral Preble
-gives Mr. Canby’s story about Mrs. Ross in full,
-and he considers it probable that Mrs. Ross did
-manufacture or have manufactured at different
-times flags of the United States of various designs.
-His conclusion, however, is that “it will probably
-never be known who designed our union of stars,
-the records of Congress being silent on the subject
-and there being no mention or suggestion of it in
-any of the voluminous correspondence or diaries
-of the time, public or private, which have ever
-been published.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1878, a ridiculous pamphlet was published,
-entitled “The History of the First United States
-Flag and the Patriotism of Betsey Ross, the Immortal
-Heroine that Originated the First Flag of
-the Union. Dedicated to the Ladies of the United
-States by Col. J. Franklin Reigart.” This was
-published at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<p>In Reigart’s book, the claim is made that Mrs.
-Ross “<b>originated</b>” our flag. Mr. Canby, Mrs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
-Ross’ grandson, had claimed only that she
-<b>manufactured</b> it and that she suggested some
-changes in the sketch shown her by the committee.
-In Reigart’s book there is a pretended portrait of
-Betsey Ross making the first flag. This was
-really the portrait of a Quaker lady of Lancaster
-and was taken from a photograph. Mr. Canby
-repudiated Reigart’s book and said he did not
-correctly present his grandmother or her claim.</p>
-
-<p>In 1876 Mr. J. C. Julius Langbein wrote a small
-history of our flag and he accepts Mr. Canby’s
-account of Mrs. Ross making the first flag and
-suggesting some change in the original design.</p>
-
-<p>Learning that a book entitled “Betsey Ross”
-had been published in 1901, I procured a copy
-thinking it biographical or historical but it proved
-to be a romance, pure and simple, woven about
-Mrs. Ross who is represented as the heroine of
-her day and the principal designer of the flag.</p>
-
-<p>Since 1891, several small works on the flag
-have been published, written by members of the
-Daughters of the American Revolution and dedicated
-to that organization. In those works great
-honor is given Mrs. Ross, indeed, the members<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
-of the D. A. R. as a whole, seem to have accepted
-Mr. Canby’s story as beyond dispute.</p>
-
-<p>In 1908, Mr. John H. Fow published at Philadelphia
-a book of fifty-four pages entitled “The
-True Story of the American Flag.” Mr. Fow
-devotes considerable space to the claims made for
-Mrs. Ross and considers them without any documentary
-or record proof. He says, “If Mrs.
-Ross made a flag in an Arch Street house as
-claimed, it was made after a design that had been
-conceived and born somewhere else, and her
-contribution was no more than the labor that is
-given by any girl or woman in a flag manufactory.
-Even according to the paper which was read (by
-Mr. Canby) before the (Historical) Society in 1870,
-it is admitted that a design made by someone else
-was taken to her but that she made some changes
-in it. Now,” says Mr. Fow, “that is all
-there is in the Betsey Ross claim. Yet the
-growing youths of the nation are being misled
-and taught an historical untruth.” Mr. Fow also
-says that the Canby claim “is practically charging
-Washington and the rest of the Committee with
-seeking to establish and set up in June, 1776, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
-national ensign before we had declared ourselves a
-free people on July 4, of the same year, and without
-any delegated authority to do so, the record
-of Congress being silent on the subject.”</p>
-
-<p>I will not quote further from Mr. Fow’s book,
-as to do so would unduly lengthen this paper, but
-the book itself can be found in the Scottsville
-Free Library.</p>
-
-<p>I have lately found in the “Manual of Patriotism
-for Use in the Public Schools of the State of New
-York, Edition of 1904, Compiled, Arranged and
-Edited under direction of Charles R. Skinner,
-State Superintendent of Public Instruction” the
-following in relation to the origin of our flag, “A
-Committee of Congress accompanied by Washington
-sought out the home and services of Mrs.
-Elizabeth Ross of Philadelphia—better known as
-Betsey Ross—to aid them in the flag-making.
-Her skillful hands and willing heart soon worked
-out a plan and gave to this country that red,
-white and blue banner which is the admiration of
-all nations and the unfailing joy of every true
-American.” All of which is a very fine example
-of what may be called “patriotic gush.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Here you observe that Mr. Skinner gives Mrs.
-Ross <b>all</b> the credit for working out and giving us
-the flag. As it seemed to me that that sort of
-history and patriotism is all wrong and as there
-is, I believe, no warrant for that statement, I
-wrote on September 16, 1916, to the State Superintendent
-of Public Instruction at Albany, and
-asked to be furnished with the authority upon
-which that statement was based. A reply came
-very promptly signed “Wilmer L. Hall, Sub-librarian
-in history,” to whom my letter had been
-referred for reply. Mr. Hall says, “The statement
-you quote <b>may</b> be based upon one or more
-of the several histories of the American Flag.
-See for example; Peleg D. Harrison, The Stars
-and Stripes, 5th edition, 1914., and C. W. Stewart,
-The Stars and Stripes, 1915. These accounts
-do not assert that Betsey Ross originated the
-American flag but allow her the credit of making
-the first one. <b>It is said</b> that Congress appointed
-a Committee consisting of General Washington,
-Col. George Ross and Robert Morris, who called
-upon Mrs. Ross and submitted to her a rough
-drawing of the flag. As the American flag is a
-growth rather than a creation, its exact origin is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
-not determined; <b>nor is the date of the manufacture</b>
-of the first one by Mrs. Ross and the
-date of its first use matters of exact knowledge.”</p>
-
-<p>Upon examining the two works referred to by
-Mr. Hall, I find that Mr. Harrison says that
-“the credit of making the first flag combining the
-Stars and Stripes is <b>generally given</b> to Mrs.
-Betsey Ross, and the story of its making is
-somewhat familiar to all.” Then Mr. Harrison
-goes on to give Mr. Canby’s account of what his
-grandmother told him.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Stewart in his book says, “<b>Tradition
-tells us</b> that Mrs. Elizabeth Ross, known as
-Betsey Ross, of Philadelphia, constructed the
-first Stars and Stripes flag. Though we have no
-official record of the making of this first United
-States flag, the accounts given by Betsey Ross’
-relatives are <b>generally</b> accepted.”</p>
-
-<p>I will here call attention to the use by Mr. Hall,
-Mr. Harrison, Mr. Stewart, and other writers of
-such expressions as “It is said,” “Tradition tells
-us,” “It is believed,” “Credit is generally given,”
-and so forth and so forth. These expressions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
-are to history what the expression “they say” in
-common gossip or talk is to the truth, and are
-worth just as much. The fact that a thing is
-<b>generally believed</b> does not make it true.</p>
-
-<p>Sometime after the receipt of the foregoing letter
-from Mr. Hall, I wrote him suggesting that
-the account given on page 5 of the “Manual of
-Patriotism” previously quoted, be corrected to
-agree with the facts.</p>
-
-<p>It will be noted from the above correspondence
-that the State Department of Public Instruction
-does not now assert, as it did in 1904, that
-Betsey Ross <b>originated</b> the design of the flag
-for the United States.</p>
-
-<p>What became of the flag that Betsey Ross is
-said to have made in June, 1776? In all the
-engagements that took place between the American
-and British troops from June, 1776, to August,
-1777, there is no record in existence, public or
-private, that the flag claimed to have been designed
-by Mrs. Ross in June, 1776, was carried.</p>
-
-<p>The first time that the Stars and Stripes was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
-carried by American troops was at the battle of
-the Brandywine, September, 1777.</p>
-
-<p>The Annals of the American Congress do not
-say that any Committee was appointed to design
-the flag. Washington made no note of a visit to
-Mrs. Ross’ house, although he was a voluminous
-letter-writer and kept most detailed diaries, and
-his writings do not contain a word that suggests
-when the first United States flag was made or
-designed. Neither do any of the distinguished
-historians of the Revolutionary period give us
-light on this question. Newspapers of Philadelphia,
-issued at that time, did not chronicle
-any portion of the story as told by Mr. Canby
-ninety-three years after the flag was adopted by
-Congress. Mrs. Ross did make <b>State</b> colors for
-vessels and batteries prior to June 14, 1777, but it
-was not until after the Stars and Stripes were
-ordained that she became a Government flag-maker.</p>
-
-<p>The Betsey Ross legend has grown up since
-1870 entirely from her grandson’s statement as to
-what he and other descendants had heard her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
-say. This legend is now generally believed and
-taught in our schools as history.</p>
-
-<p>The people of our country are very apt at setting
-up idols of one kind or another and at manufacturing
-heros and heroines. That Betsey Ross
-was a good woman, and an industrious and competent
-seamstress is entirely probable. That she
-was brave, we may believe,—she married three
-husbands!! At all events, we have now Betsey
-Ross Chapters, Betsey Ross Auxiliaries, and
-Betsey Ross this, that, and the other. And her
-former home at 239 Arch Street in Philadelphia
-has been bought and is preserved by the “American
-Flag House and Betsey Ross Memorial Association.”
-And a large sign across the front reads,
-“Birthplace of Old Glory.”</p>
-
-<p>Now with your permission, I will give my own
-conclusions on the subject. The evidence that
-General Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel
-George Ross called upon Mrs. Ross in June, 1776,
-and asked her to make a flag from a sketch which
-they showed her, that Mrs. Ross suggested alterations
-in the design, which the Committee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
-accepted, and that she made a flag from the modified
-design which flag was a year later adopted by
-Congress as our national ensign, is entirely
-<b>heresay</b> evidence. It is based solely on statements
-by Betsey Ross’ descendants as to what
-they <b>heard</b> her say. This evidence, I think,
-would not be accepted in a court of law, and
-therefore it is not proved that Mrs. Ross either
-designed or manufactured our first flag.</p>
-
-<p>I read a portion of this paper on June 14,
-1912, before the Caledonia chapter of the D. A. R.
-and asked them this question, Would you admit
-to membership in your society a person whose
-sole claim to membership was based on what she
-had heard her grandmother say? The unanimous
-reply was that they could not admit such a
-claimant.</p>
-
-<p>Possibly there may be some better evidence than
-I have been able to find to substantiate the claims
-made for Betsey Ross; but until such evidence is
-produced, then the people of our country should
-be taught the facts of the case and not a legend
-as a fact.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The answer, then, to the question propounded
-at the beginning of this paper is, that Betsey
-Ross did not design the flag of the United States
-of America.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 183px;">
-<img src="images/i-019.jpg" width="183" height="128" alt="bridge with bare trees beside it" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" /><div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2>
-
-<div class="center">Did Betsey Ross Design the Flag of the<br />
-United States of America?</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 231px;">
-<img src="images/deco-3.jpg" width="231" height="12" alt="decoration" />
-</div>
-
-
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Bibliography">
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Bowson, Elizabeth M. (Mrs. Henry S.)</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our Flag, Its History and What It Stands For</span></td><td align="right">1908</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Champion, Sarah E.</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our Flag, Its History and Changes from 1607 to 1910</span></td><td align="right">1910</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Fow, John H.</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The True Story of the American Flag</span></td><td align="right">1908</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Hamilton, Schuyler</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">History of the National Flag of the United States of America</span></td><td align="right">1852</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Hamilton, Schuyler</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our National Flag: The Stars and Stripes</span></td><td align="right">1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Harrison, Peleg D.</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Stars and Stripes</span></td><td align="right">1914</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Hotchkiss, Chauncey C.</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Betsey Ross A Romance of the Flag</span></td><td align="right">1901</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Langbein, J. C. Julius</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The American Flag Its Origin and History</span></td><td align="right">1876</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Preble, George Henry Rear-Admiral, U. S. Navy</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">History of the Flag of the United States of America</span></td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1st edition 1872<br />2nd edition 1880</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Prescott, B. F.</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Stars and Stripes</span></td><td align="right">1876</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Sarmiento, Ferdinand L.</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The History of Our Flag</span></td><td align="right">1864</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Smith, Col. Nicholas</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our Nation’s Flag</span></td><td align="right">2nd edition 1908</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><b>Stewart, Charles W.</b></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Stars and Stripes</span></td><td align="right">1915</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<hr class="full" />
-
-<div class="tnote"><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b> Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Did Betsy Ross Design the Flag of the
-United States of America?, by Franklin Hanford
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DID BETSY ROSS DESIGN THE FLAG ***
-
-***** This file should be named 51089-h.htm or 51089-h.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/8/51089/
-
-Produced by Emmy, MWS and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/51089-h/images/author_s_gift.jpg b/old/51089-h/images/author_s_gift.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2374924..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h/images/author_s_gift.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/51089-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/51089-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c86c5f5..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/51089-h/images/deco-1.jpg b/old/51089-h/images/deco-1.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f8e36b2..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h/images/deco-1.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/51089-h/images/deco-2.jpg b/old/51089-h/images/deco-2.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c0bbd86..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h/images/deco-2.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/51089-h/images/deco-3.jpg b/old/51089-h/images/deco-3.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fd5f38..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h/images/deco-3.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/51089-h/images/i-019.jpg b/old/51089-h/images/i-019.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d63161..0000000
--- a/old/51089-h/images/i-019.jpg
+++ /dev/null